CCTV in Spa is violation of Right to Privacy: Madras High Court
Recently, a case involving legitimacy of putting up CCTV cameras in Spa was under question in respect of right to privacy. This was examined by a Madurai bench of Madras High Court consisting of Justice G.R. Swaminathan in the matters between Payel Biswas v. Commissioner of Police decided on 4.1.2022. The fact of this case are that the Government issued a notification for installation of CCTV cameras at the entry and exit points of spa or massage establishments “without prejudice to clients and employees”The Petitioner applied for obtaining a license for installing such  camera which was mandatory. There was no action taken and she filed a writ petition directing the police to issue NOC to prevent the police from interfering in conducting her business. The counsel on behalf of the Appellant contended that since it was a mandate by the notification to obtain license and set up CCTV, the police should not interfere with the conduct of her business and issue NOC in this regard The counsel on behalf of the Respondent contended that they are duty bound to raid as a part of their routine work into places where there is suspicion of some illegal activities being committed and hence CCTV cameras inside such establishments should be set up. The Madras High Court held that installation of CCTV equipments inside the premises of private places like Spa is a clear violation of right of bodily autonomy where “prying eyes of state cannot be allowed.”There is no requirement of transparency in such places simply upon the pretext of suspicion that immoral and illegal activities are taking place.
 BEFORE THE MADURAI BENCH OF MADRAS HIGH COURTDATED: 04.01.2022CORAMTHE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE G.R.SWAMINATHANWPThillai Nagar police station Trichy City 600 017. ... RespondentsPrayer: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India to issue a Writ of Mandamus to direct the second respondent to issue a No Objection Certificate to the petitioner to run a “SPA” i.e. cross massage in the name and style of “QUEEN AYURVEDIC CROSS SPA CENTRE” at No.A.A.18 King Square Anna Nagar Thillai Nagar Main Road Tennur Trichy District 17 by passing orders on the petitioner s representation dated 17.11.2021. For Petitioner : Mr.N.Edwin Jeyakumar for Mr.S.Leonard Vasanth.For Respondents : Mr.M.Sakthi Kumar Government Advocate. 1 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis ORDERAfter a tiring day trekking in the forest Lord Rama chose a resting place. He dropped his bow and arrows on the ground. When he woke up the next morning he found that one of his arrows had fatally pierced a frog. The frog was about to breathe its last. The anguished Rama asked the frog as to why it did not raise an alarm. The innocent frog replied “when others hurt me I call your name “Rama Rama” but when you are the source of trouble who else can I call ” .2.Any constitutional democracyrests on three pillars. When the individual liberty is threatened by legislative or executive action one turns to judiciary for relief and remedy. In State of Madras v. V.G.RowJustice M.Patanjali Sastri C.J. remarked that the Supreme Court had been assigned the role of a sentinel on the qui vive as regards the fundamental rights. I venture to think that this applies with equal force to every court and not just the constitutional courts. 3.Why such reflections and prefatory remarks The petitioner herein is running a Spa in the name and style of “Queen Ayurvedic 2 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis Cross Spa Centre” at Trichy. Originally there was no law regulating the said business and no license was required from any governmental authority. Since vide Gazette Notification No.252 dated 16.07.2018 obtaining of license has been made mandatory the petitioner applied for such license. Since no action was taken on his request he filed this writ petition for directing the police authority to issue “no objection certificate”. He also wanted this Court to restrain the police from interfering with the running of the Spa. The petitioner s counsel relied on an earlier order dated 12.08.2021 made in WP No.168121. A learned Judge of this Court had directed the authorities concerned to issue “no objection certificate” if the applicant satisfied all the requirements. In the event of granting such NOC the respondents were restrained from interfering with the activities of the Spa so long as it is run in accordance with law. I was informed that a number of such orders have been passed. In line with the same I disposed of the writ petition on 21.12.2021.4.While so the learned Government counsel made a mention that another learned Judge of this Courtwhile dealing with a similar writ petition had issued the following directions vide order dated 20.12.2021 in WP No.3708 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis 2015: “1)The respondents are directed to issue appropriate orders to all the Spa and Massage centers Therapy centers etc. across the State of Tamil Nadu to install CCTV cameras which must be functional in all circumstances. 2)Appropriate directions are to be issued to ensure that these Spa Massage centers Therapy centers etc. are conducting their business activities in a transparent manner and avoid secluded or closed rooms paving way for illegal activities. 3)In the event of any reasonable suspicion information or complaint the Police authorities are directed to initiate all appropriate actions in the manner known to law.”The learned Government counsel felt that it was his bounden duty to bring it to my notice about the passing of such an order a day prior to the disposal of the present writ petition. 5.I wondered if I should recall the order earlier passed and refer the matter to My Lord the Hon ble Chief Justice. The Hon ble Supreme Court in S.Kasi vs. Statehad held that a coordinate Bench cannot take a contrary view and that it can only refer 4 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis the matter for consideration by a Larger Bench. But where the law has already been laid down by the Hon ble Supreme Court in view of Article 141 of the Constitution of India one is obliged to follow the same. 6.In my humblest opinion and I say this with the greatest of respect to my revered brother Judge the judgment in C.P Girija v. The Superintendent of Police and Others appears to run counter to the law laid down by the 9 judge bench judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in K.S Puttaswamy v. Union of India 10 SCC 1. Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees to all persons the fundamental right to privacy. Through a unanimous verdict the Hon ble Supreme Court declared in ringing terms that the right to life and personal liberty guaranteed in Article 21 also includes implicitly within it a right to privacy. This right to privacy is seen as both possessing inherent value in that it is important for every person’s basic dignity and also instrumental value in that it furthers a person’s ability to live life free of interference. The Court held that privacy as guaranteed in Article 21 takes several different forms it includes a right to bodily autonomy a right to informational privacy and a right to a privacy of choice. The installation of CCTV equipment inside premises such as a spa would unquestionably infract upon a person’s bodily autonomy. 5 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis These are inviolable spaces where the prying eye of the state simply cannot be allowed to enter. 7.The following observations from the judgment in Puttaswamy are apposite: “While the legitimate expectation of privacy may vary from intimate zone to the private zone and from the private to the public arena it is important to underscore that privacy is not lost or surrendered merely because the individual is in a public place.”of his conclusion)“The entitlement to such a condition is not confined only to intimate spaces such as the bedroom or the washroom but goes with a person wherever he is even in a public place.”legality which postulates the existence of law need defined in terms of a legitimate state aim andproportionality which ensures a rational nexus between the objects and the means adopted to achieve them. In the first place unless a legislature mandates by law that CCTV cameras ought to be installed in a certain space to do so would violate Article 21. In this case the notification issued by the Government contemplates installation of CCTV cameras only at the entry and exit points. It consciously caveats that this would be without prejudice to the individual s privacy. Thus the executive while enacting subordinate legislation has been conscious of the privacy concerns of the citizens. 8.No right including a fundamental right can be absolute. But the restrictions can be put in place only by the legislature or the executive. The sweep and the reach of the fundamental rights cannot be curtailed by any judicial measure. The Hon ble Supreme Court alone can do so in exercise of its power under Article 142 of the Constitution. A decision to install a CCTV camera which has a bearing on a person’s privacy requires the most careful of considerations—it requires the government to apply its mind prudently and determine what manner of regulations ought to be put in place for its proper use. 7 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis 9.The right to life and personal liberty enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution of India includes the right to relax. This right can be exercised in a variety of forms. The Puttaswamy verdict posits that there are three essential features of privacy repose sanctuary and intimate decisions. “Repose” refers to freedom from unwarranted attention “sanctuary” refers to the freedom of keeping things to oneself and “intimate decisions” refers to the freedom of autonomy to make personal life choices. The right of an individual to avail means of relaxationfalls within the ambit of the right of repose and sanctuary. Therefore any intrusion into the right to relax shall necessarily have to satisfy the test of legality legitimate aim and proportionality. 10.The Commissioner Greater Chennai Corporation had issued Notification under Section 373 of the Chennai City Municipal Corporation Act 1919 and the same was also published in Tamil Nadu Government Gazette No.9 dated 27.02.2019. It reads as follows : 8 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis 9 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis 10 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis It is not known as to whether other local bodies have passed similar notifications. C.P.Girija judgment refers to the aforesaid notification. In the said notification while a hair cutting saloon and beauty parlour can be without partition or room a Spa or massage parlour are to have partition room Sauna bathing facilities. When the executive notification itself contemplates that Spa Massage parlours should have partitions or rooms there is no need to issue a further direction that the licensees should conduct their business activities in a transparent manner and avoid secluded or closed rooms. One can take judicial notice of the fact that after a massage session the customer might prefer to take a soothing hot water bath. That is why the aforesaid notification refers to Sauna bathing facilities. They have to be necessarily in closed rooms. There cannot be transparency in such matters. 11.Suspicion that immoral activities are taking place in massage centres cannot be reason enough to intrude into an individual s right to relax for it intrinsically is part and parcel of his fundamental right to privacy. The question of whether concerns of breach of morality can be made a ground for intruding into one s private space was pondered over in Govind v. State of MPand Ors.10 SCC 1).12.It may not be out of place to refer to the decision of the Hon ble Division Bench in WA No.5715installed in the rest room and lockers room. The Hon ble Division Bench observed that such installation is not only objectionable but also impermissible in law in light of Puttaswamy judgment. The essence of Puttaswamy was summarised in the following terms :“....the right to privacy is a fundamental right that does not need to be separately articulated but can be derived from Articles 14 19 & 21 of the Constitution of India that it is a natural right that subsists as an integral part to the right to life and liberty that it is a fundamental and inalienable right and attaches to the person covering all information about that person and the choices that he she makes that it protects an individual from the scrutiny of the State in their home of their movements and over their reproductive choices choice of partners food habits etc. therefore any action by the State that results in an infringement of the right of privacy is subject to judicial review in the case on hand since there is no infringement of privacy by the State the first respondent writ petitioner cannot lay their claim before this Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In the judgment of the Hon ble Apex Court in Justice K.S. Puttaswamyv. Union of 13 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis IndiaHon ble Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaulrecognizing the breach of privacy committed by private individuals private entities non State actors called upon the legislature to legislate on this issue and ensure privacy of individuals against other citizens as well.”The Hon ble Division Bench of course doubted the maintainability of the Writ Petition only because it was sought to be enforced against a private management. 13.Most of us view privacy as an individual right. Time has come to look beyond. Priscilla M Regan in her seminal work “Legislating Privacy” highlights the importance of developing and understanding of the social importance of privacy. She conceptualizes privacy as a value and as a goal of public policy. 14.In the decision reported in 2015MLJ 308a learned Judge of this Court disposed of a similar writ petition in the following terms : “67.In the light of the above all the writ petitions are disposed of to the following effect:14 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis The respondents shall not as a matter of routine and without any basis conduct any raids and interfere with the business carried on by the petitionersIn specific cases where the police have reasonable grounds to believe that an offence punishable under the Immoral TrafficAct has been or is being committed it is open to the police to take action after scrupulously following all the steps indicated in Section 15 of the said Act. The steps to be followed are narrated by me in paragraph 28 above and(iii) Based upon the laws enacted in various States of the United States of America and Singapore which I have dealt with in paragraphs 39 to 54 the respondents may take appropriate steps for bringing in either a new legislation or a subordinate legislation in terms of the provisions of the Chennai City Municipal Corporation Act or the Chennai City Police Act so that public order decency and morality which can form the basis for a regulatory law under Article 19(2) of The Constitution are taken care of. The Government shall file a report on or before 31.3.2015 before this Court about the decision taken.”Obviously pursuant to the aforesaid order the Chennai City Municipal Corporation issued the Notification dated 27.02.2019. When the 15 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis notification issued by the appropriate authority is holding the field it may not be open to the court to supplement the same. In these circumstances the first respondent is directed to consider the petitioner s representation dated 17.11.2021 and dispose of the same on merits and in accordance with law within a period of four weeks from the date of receipt of copy of this order. If the first respondent issues No Objection Certificate and if based thereon the competent authority grants license in favour of the petitioner of course the respondents will not thereafter interfere with the petitioner s business so long as it is running in the manner known to law. 15.The writ petition is disposed of. No costs. 04.01.2022Index : Yes NoInternet : Yes NoskmNote: In view of the present lock down owing to COVID 19 pandemic a web copy of the order may be utilized for official purposes but ensuring that the copy of the order that is presented is the correct copy shall be the responsibility of the advocate litigant concerned.16 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis To:1. The Commissioner of Police Trichy City. 2. The Inspector of PoliceThillai Nagar Police Station. Trichy City 600 017. 3.The Additional Public Prosecutor Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court Madurai.17 18 https: www.mhc.tn.gov.in judis G.R.SWAMINATHAN J.SKMW.P.(MD)No.22662104.01.202218 18 