(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (JJ Many) (NNS objects)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ daily) (NN use)))) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB clearly)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN influenced) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN science))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NN form) (CC and) (NN function)) (, ,) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS dimensions) (CC and) (NN appearance)) (, ,)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN determined) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS technologists) (, ,) (NNS artisans) (, ,) (NNS designers) (, ,) (NNS inventors) (, ,) (CC and) (NNS engineers)) (. ?) (S (NP (NNP D)) (VP (VBG using) (NP (NP (JJ nonscientific) (NNS modes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN thought))))))))))) (. .)))
Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers? D using nonscientific modes of thought.
amod
Degree=Pos
many
Many
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
object
objects
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
daily
daily
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
use
use
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advmod
clearly
clearly
ADV
RB
aux:pass
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
influence
influenced
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
obl:agent
Number=Sing
science
science
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
form
form
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
function
function
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
conj
Number=Plur
dimension
dimensions
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
appearance
appearance
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
determine
determined
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
technologist
technologists
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
artisan
artisans
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
designer
designers
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
inventor
inventors
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
engineer
engineers
NOUN
NNS
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
D
D
PROPN
NNP
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
use
using
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
nonscientific
nonscientific
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
mode
modes
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
thought
thought
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (JJ Many) (NNS features) (CC and) (NNS qualities)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS objects)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (NP (DT a) (NN technologist)) (VP (VBZ thinks) (PP (IN about)))))))) (VP (MD can) (RB not) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN reduced) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ unambiguous) (JJ verbal) (NNS descriptions))))))) (: ;) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN dealt) (PP (IN with)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN mind))) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT a) (JJ visual) (, ,) (JJ nonverbal) (NN process)))))) (. .)))
Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process.
amod
Degree=Pos
many
Many
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
feature
features
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
quality
qualities
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
object
objects
NOUN
NNS
obj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
technologist
technologist
NOUN
NN
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
think
thinks
VERB
VBZ
case
about
about
SCONJ
IN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
reduce
reduced
VERB
VBN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
unambiguous
unambiguous
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
verbal
verbal
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
description
descriptions
NOUN
NNS
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
nsubj:pass
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
parataxis
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
deal
dealt
VERB
VBN
obl
with
with
ADP
IN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
mind
mind
NOUN
NN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
visual
visual
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
nonverbal
nonverbal
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN development)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ Western) (NN technology))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (NP (NP (NP (JJ nonverbal) (NN thinking)) (, ,) (ADVP (IN by) (CC and) (JJ large))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VP (VBN fixed) (NP (DT the) (NNS outlines))) (CC and) (VP (VBN filled) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS details)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ our) (NN material) (NNS surroundings))))))))))))) (. .)))
In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
development
development
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
western
Western
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
technology
technology
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
cop
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
amod
Degree=Pos
nonverbal
nonverbal
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
thinking
thinking
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
by
by
ADP
IN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
large
large
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
fix
fixed
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
outline
outlines
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
fill
filled
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
detail
details
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
our
our
PRON
PRP$
compound
Number=Sing
material
material
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
surroundings
surroundings
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NNS Pyramids) (, ,) (NNS cathedrals) (, ,) (CC and) (NNS rockets)) (VP (VBP exist) (PP (RB not) (IN because) (IN of) (NP (NN geometry) (CC or) (NN thermodynamics))))) (, ,) (CC but) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD were) (ADVP (RB first)) (NP (DT a) (NN picture)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS minds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT those)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBD built) (NP (PRP them)))))))))))) (. .)))
Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
nsubj
Number=Plur
Pyramid
Pyramids
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
cathedral
cathedrals
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
rocket
rockets
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
exist
exist
VERB
VBP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
case
because
because
ADP
IN
fixed
of
of
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
geometry
geometry
NOUN
NN
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
thermodynamic
thermodynamics
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
advmod
NumType=Ord
first
first
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
picture
picture
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
mind
minds
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
that
those
PRON
DT
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
build
built
VERB
VBD
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ creative) (NN shaping) (NN process)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN technologist) (POS 's)) (NN mind)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN seen) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (QP (RB nearly) (DT every)) (NN artifact)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ exists))))))))) (. .)))
The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
creative
creative
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
shaping
shaping
NOUN
NN
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
technologist
technologist
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
nmod
Number=Sing
mind
mind
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
see
seen
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
advmod
nearly
nearly
ADV
RB
det
every
every
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
artifact
artifact
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
exist
exists
VERB
VBZ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG designing) (NP (DT a) (NN diesel) (NN engine))))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (NN technologist)) (VP (MD might) (VP (VB impress) (NP (NP (JJ individual) (NNS ways)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ nonverbal) (NN thinking)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN machine)))))) (PP (IN by) (S (ADVP (RB continually)) (VP (VBG using) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ intuitive) (NN sense)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN rightness) (CC and) (NN fitness))))))))) (. .)))
For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness.
case
for
For
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
example
example
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
design
designing
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
diesel
diesel
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
engine
engine
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
technologist
technologist
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
might
might
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
impress
impress
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
individual
individual
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
way
ways
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
nonverbal
nonverbal
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
thinking
thinking
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
machine
machine
NOUN
NN
mark
by
by
SCONJ
IN
advmod
continually
continually
ADV
RB
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
use
using
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
intuitive
intuitive
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
sense
sense
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
rightness
rightness
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
fitness
fitness
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SBARQ (WHNP (WP What)) (SQ (MD would) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN shape)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN combustion) (NN chamber)))))) (. ?)))
What would be the shape of the combustion chamber?
root
PronType=Int
what
What
PRON
WP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
would
would
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
shape
shape
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
combustion
combustion
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
chamber
chamber
NOUN
NN
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SBARQ (WHADVP (WRB Where)) (SQ (MD should) (VP (VB be) (NP (NNS valves))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN placed)))) (. ?)))
Where should be valves be placed?
advmod
PronType=Int
where
Where
ADV
WRB
aux
VerbForm=Fin
should
should
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
valfe
valves
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
place
placed
VERB
VBN
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SQ (MD Should) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VB have) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (JJ long) (CC or) (JJ short)) (NN piston))) (. ?)))
Should it have a long or short piston?
aux
VerbForm=Fin
should
Should
AUX
MD
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
root
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
long
long
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
short
short
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
piston
piston
NOUN
NN
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Such) (NNS questions)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN range)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS answers)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN supplied) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN experience))) (, ,) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ physical) (NNS requirements))) (, ,) (PP (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS limitations)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ available) (NN space))))) (, ,) (CC and) (PP (ADVP (RB not) (JJS least)) (IN by) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN sense)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN form)))))))))))))) (. .)))
Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form.
amod
Degree=Pos
such
Such
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
question
questions
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
range
range
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
answer
answers
NOUN
NNS
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
supply
supplied
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
obl:agent
Number=Sing
experience
experience
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
physical
physical
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Plur
requirement
requirements
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
by
by
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
limitation
limitations
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
available
available
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
space
space
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
fixed
Degree=Sup
least
least
ADJ
JJS
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
sense
sense
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
form
form
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT Some) (NNS decisions)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NP (NN wall) (NN thickness)) (CC and) (NP (NN pin) (NN diameter))))) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB depend) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ scientific) (NNS calculations)))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ nonscientific) (NN component)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN design)))) (VP (VBZ remains) (ADJP (JJ primary)))) (. .)))
Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.
det
some
Some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
decision
decisions
NOUN
NNS
case
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
wall
wall
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
thickness
thickness
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
compound
Number=Sing
pin
pin
NOUN
NN
conj
Number=Sing
diameter
diameter
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
depend
depend
VERB
VB
case
on
on
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
scientific
scientific
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
calculation
calculations
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
nonscientific
nonscientific
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
component
component
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
design
design
NOUN
NN
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
remain
remains
VERB
VBZ
xcomp
Degree=Pos
primary
primary
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NN Design) (NNS courses)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB then)) (, ,) (VP (MD should) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ essential) (NN element)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN engineering) (NN curricula)))))) (. .)))
Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula.
compound
Number=Sing
design
Design
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
course
courses
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Dem
then
then
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
aux
VerbForm=Fin
should
should
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
essential
essential
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
element
element
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
engineering
engineering
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
curricula
curricula
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Nonverbal) (NN thinking)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ central) (NN mechanism)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN engineering) (NN design)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ involves) (NP (NP (NNS perceptions)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN stock-in-trade)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN artist)) (, ,) (RB not) (NP (DT the) (NN scientist))))))) (. .)))
Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist.
amod
Degree=Pos
nonverbal
Nonverbal
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
thinking
thinking
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
central
central
ADJ
JJ
appos
Number=Sing
mechanism
mechanism
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
engineering
engineering
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
design
design
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
involve
involves
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Plur
perception
perceptions
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
appos
Number=Sing
stock-in-trade
stock-in-trade
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
artist
artist
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
scientist
scientist
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Because) (S (NP (JJ perceptive) (NNS processes)) (VP (VBP are) (RB not) (VP (VBN assumed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB entail) (NP (JJ hard) (NN thinking))))))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ nonverbal) (NN thought)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VP (VBN seen) (PP (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ primitive) (NN stage)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN development)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ cognitive) (NNS processes))))))) (CC and) (ADJP (JJ inferior) (PP (IN to) (NP (ADJP (JJ verbal) (CC or) (JJ mathematical)) (NN thought))))))) (. .)))
Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought.
mark
because
Because
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
perceptive
perceptive
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
process
processes
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
assume
assumed
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
entail
entail
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
hard
hard
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
thinking
thinking
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
nonverbal
nonverbal
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
thought
thought
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
sometimes
sometimes
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
see
seen
VERB
VBN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
primitive
primitive
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
stage
stage
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
development
development
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
cognitive
cognitive
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
process
processes
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
inferior
inferior
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
verbal
verbal
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
mathematical
mathematical
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
thought
thought
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (CC But) (NP (NP (PRP it))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ paradoxical)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN staff)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NML (NNP Historic) (NNP American)) (NNP Engineering) (NNP Record)))) (VP (VBD wished) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (NNS drawings)) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS machines)) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ isometric) (NNS views)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ industrial) (NNS processes)))))) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ historical) (NN record)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ American) (NN engineering))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ only) (NN college) (NNS students)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (JJ requisite) (NNS abilities)))) (VP (VBD were) (RB not) (NP (NP (NN engineering) (NNS students)) (, ,) (CC but) (ADVP (RB rather)) (NP (NP (NNS students)) (VP (VBG attending) (NP (JJ architectural) (NNS schools))))))))) (. .)))
But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Degree=Pos
paradoxical
paradoxical
ADJ
JJ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
staff
staff
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
Historic
Historic
ADJ
NNP
amod
Degree=Pos
American
American
ADJ
NNP
compound
Number=Sing
Engineering
Engineering
PROPN
NNP
nmod
Number=Sing
record
Record
PROPN
NNP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
wish
wished
VERB
VBD
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
drawing
drawings
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
make
made
VERB
VBN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
machine
machines
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
amod
Degree=Pos
isometric
isometric
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Plur
view
views
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
industrial
industrial
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
process
processes
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
its
its
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
historical
historical
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
record
record
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
American
American
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
engineering
engineering
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
only
only
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
college
college
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
requisite
requisite
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
ability
abilities
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
compound
Number=Sing
engineering
engineering
NOUN
NN
csubj
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
advmod
rather
rather
ADV
RB
conj
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
acl
VerbForm=Ger
attend
attending
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
architectural
architectural
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
school
schools
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN If) (S (NP (NP (NNS courses)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN design)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB strongly) (JJ analytical)) (NN engineering) (NN curriculum))) (VP (VBP provide) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN background)) (VP (VBN required) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ practical) (NN problem-solving)))))))) (, ,)))) (VP (VBP are) (RB not) (VP (VBN provided))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP we)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB expect) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB encounter) (NP (NP (ADJP (JJ silly) (CC but) (JJ costly)) (NNS errors)) (VP (VBG occurring) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ advanced) (NN engineering) (NNS systems)))))))))) (. .)))
If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems.
mark
if
If
SCONJ
IN
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
course
courses
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
design
design
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
advmod
strongly
strongly
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
analytical
analytical
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
engineering
engineering
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
curriculum
curriculum
NOUN
NN
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
provide
provide
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
background
background
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
require
required
VERB
VBN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
practical
practical
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
problem-solving
problem-solving
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
provide
provided
VERB
VBN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
expect
expect
VERB
VB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
encounter
encounter
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
silly
silly
ADJ
JJ
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
costly
costly
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
error
errors
NOUN
NNS
acl
VerbForm=Ger
occur
occurring
VERB
VBG
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
advanced
advanced
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
engineering
engineering
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Plur
system
systems
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (NP (NP (JJ early) (NNS models)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ high-speed) (NN railroad) (NNS cars)) (VP (VBN loaded) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ sophisticated) (NNS controls))))))) (VP (VBD were) (ADJP (JJ unable) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB operate) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN snowstorm))))))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (DT a) (NN fan)) (VP (VBD sucked) (NP (NN snow)) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (JJ electrical) (NN system))))))) (. .)))
For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system.
case
for
For
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
example
example
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
early
early
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
model
models
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
high-speed
high-speed
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
railroad
railroad
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
car
cars
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
load
loaded
VERB
VBN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
sophisticated
sophisticated
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
control
controls
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
root
Degree=Pos
unable
unable
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
operate
operate
VERB
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
snowstorm
snowstorm
NOUN
NN
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
fan
fan
NOUN
NN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
suck
sucked
VERB
VBD
obj
Number=Sing
snow
snow
NOUN
NN
case
into
into
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
electrical
electrical
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
system
system
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (JJ Absurd) (JJ random) (NNS failures)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP plague) (NP (NML (JJ automatic) (NN control)) (NNS systems)))))) (VP (VBP are) (RB not) (ADVP (RB merely)) (NP (JJ trivial) (NNS aberrations)))) (: ;) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN reflection)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN chaos)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ results) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NN design)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN assumed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (ADVP (RB primarily)) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN problem)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN mathematics))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
amod
Degree=Pos
absurd
Absurd
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
random
random
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
failure
failures
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
plague
plague
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Pos
automatic
automatic
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
control
control
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
system
systems
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
merely
merely
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
trivial
trivial
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Plur
aberration
aberrations
NOUN
NNS
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
parataxis
Number=Sing
reflection
reflection
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
chaos
chaos
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
result
results
VERB
VBZ
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
design
design
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
assume
assumed
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
primarily
primarily
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
xcomp
Number=Sing
problem
problem
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
mathematics
mathematics
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers? D using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.  The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.  Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.  If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.