(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Reading) (PP (IN to) (NP (PRP oneself))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (JJ modern) (NN activity)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (RB almost) (JJ unknown) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBN learned)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ early) (NNS days)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN history)))))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN while) (S (PP (IN during) (NP (DT the) (JJ fifteenth) (NN century))) (NP (DT the) (NN term) (`` ``) (NN reading) (`` '')) (ADVP (RB undoubtedly)) (VP (VBN meant) (NP (NP (NN reading)) (NN aloud)))))))))) (. .)))
Reading to oneself is modern activity which was almost unknown to the learned in the early days of the history, while during the fifteenth century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud.
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
read
Reading
VERB
VBG
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes
oneself
oneself
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
amod
Degree=Pos
modern
modern
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
activity
activity
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advmod
almost
almost
ADV
RB
acl:relcl
Degree=Pos
unknown
unknown
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
learn
learned
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
early
early
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
day
days
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
history
history
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
while
while
SCONJ
IN
case
during
during
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord
fifteenth
fifteenth
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
term
term
NOUN
NN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
``
advmod
undoubtedly
undoubtedly
ADV
RB
parataxis
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
mean
meant
VERB
VBN
compound
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
xcomp
Number=Sing
aloud
aloud
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SINV (PP (ADVP (RB Only)) (IN during) (NP (DT the) (JJ nineteenth) (NN century))) (VBD did) (NP (JJ silent) (NN reading)) (VP (VB become) (ADJP (JJ popular))) (. .)))
Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become popular.
advmod
only
Only
ADV
RB
case
during
during
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord
nineteenth
nineteenth
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
do
did
VERB
VBD
amod
Degree=Pos
silent
silent
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
root
VerbForm=Inf
become
become
VERB
VB
xcomp
Degree=Pos
popular
popular
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (CD One)) (VP (MD should) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ careful)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB however)) (, ,) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG supposing) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ silent) (NN reading)) (VP (VBD came) (ADVP (RB about)) (SBAR (ADVP (RB simply)) (IN because) (S (S (VP (VBG reading) (ADVP (RB aloud)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NN distraction)) (PP (IN to) (NP (NNS others)))))))))))))) (. .)))
One should be careful, however, of supposing that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is distraction to others.
nsubj
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
One
NUM
CD
aux
VerbForm=Fin
should
should
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
root
Degree=Pos
careful
careful
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
however
however
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
suppose
supposing
VERB
VBG
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
silent
silent
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
come
came
VERB
VBD
advmod
about
about
ADV
RB
advmod
simply
simply
ADV
RB
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
advmod
aloud
aloud
ADV
RB
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advcl
Number=Sing
distraction
distraction
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN Examination)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS reasons)) (VP (VBN connected) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ historical) (NN development)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ silent) (NN reading))))))))) (VP (VBZ shows) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD became) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ usual) (NN mode)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (NN reading) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJS most) (NN adult) (NN reading) (NNS tasks))))))) (SBAR (ADVP (RB mainly)) (IN because) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS tasks)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP themselves)) (VP (VBD changed) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN character)))))))))))) (. .)))
Examination of reasons connected with the historical development of silent reading shows that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.
nsubj
Number=Sing
examination
Examination
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
reason
reasons
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
connect
connected
VERB
VBN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
historical
historical
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
development
development
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
silent
silent
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
show
shows
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
become
became
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
usual
usual
ADJ
JJ
xcomp
Number=Sing
mode
mode
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
SCONJ
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADJ
JJS
compound
Number=Sing
adult
adult
NOUN
NN
compound
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
task
tasks
NOUN
NNS
advmod
mainly
mainly
ADV
RB
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
task
tasks
NOUN
NNS
nmod:npmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes
themselves
themselves
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
change
changed
VERB
VBD
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
character
character
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ last) (NN century)) (VP (VBD saw) (NP (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ gradual) (NN increase)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN literacy)))) (CC and) (ADVP (RB thus)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS readers))))))) (. .)))
The last century saw a gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
last
last
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
see
saw
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
gradual
gradual
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
increase
increase
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
literacy
literacy
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
thus
thus
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
reader
readers
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NNS readers)) (VP (VBD increased)))) (, ,) (SBAR (RB so) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS listeners)))) (VP (VBD dropped)))) (, ,) (CC and) (ADVP (RB thus)) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBD was) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN reduction)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB read) (ADVP (RB aloud))))))))) (. .)))
As readers increased, so the number of listeners dropped, and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud.
mark
as
As
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
reader
readers
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
increase
increased
VERB
VBD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
listener
listeners
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
drop
dropped
VERB
VBD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
thus
thus
ADV
RB
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
VERB
VBD
det
some
some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
reduction
reduction
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
need
need
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
read
read
VERB
VB
advmod
aloud
aloud
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (S (VP (VBG reading) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN benefit)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS listeners))))))) (VP (VBD grew) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ common))))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB so)) (VP (VBD came)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN popularity)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (NN reading) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ private) (NN activity)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NP (JJ such) (JJ public) (NNS places)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS libraries) (, ,) (NNS trains) (CC and) (NNS offices)))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (S (VP (VBG reading) (ADVP (RB aloud)))) (VP (MD would) (VP (VB disturb) (NP (JJ other) (NNS readers)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN way))))))))))))))) (. .)))
As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the popularity of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, trains and offices, where reading aloud would disturb other readers in a way.
mark
as
As
SCONJ
IN
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
benefit
benefit
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
listener
listeners
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
grow
grew
VERB
VBD
advmod
Degree=Cmp
less
less
ADV
RBR
xcomp
Degree=Pos
common
common
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
come
came
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
popularity
popularity
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
private
private
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
activity
activity
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
public
public
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
place
places
NOUN
NNS
case
as
as
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
library
libraries
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
train
trains
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
office
offices
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Rel
where
where
ADV
WRB
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
advmod
aloud
aloud
ADV
RB
aux
VerbForm=Fin
would
would
AUX
MD
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
disturb
disturb
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
reader
readers
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (PP (IN Towards) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN end)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN century))))) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (RB still)) (NP (NP (VBN heated) (NN argument)) (PP (IN over) (SBAR (SBAR (IN whether) (S (NP (NNS books)) (VP (MD should) (VP (VB be) (VP (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN information)))) (CC or) (VP (VBN treated) (ADVP (RB respectfully)))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (PP (IN over) (SBAR (IN whether) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN reading)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN material)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NNS newspapers)))))) (VP (VBD was) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN way)) (VP (ADVP (RB mentally)) (VBG weakening)))))))))))) (. .)))
Towards the end of the century there was still heated argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.
case
towards
Towards
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
end
end
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
VERB
VBD
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
heat
heated
VERB
VBN
nsubj
Number=Sing
argument
argument
NOUN
NN
mark
over
over
SCONJ
IN
mark
whether
whether
SCONJ
IN
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
should
should
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
use
used
VERB
VBN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
information
information
NOUN
NN
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
treat
treated
VERB
VBN
advmod
respectfully
respectfully
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
mark
over
over
SCONJ
IN
mark
whether
whether
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
material
material
NOUN
NN
case
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
newspaper
newspapers
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
advmod
mentally
mentally
ADV
RB
conj
VerbForm=Ger
weaken
weakening
VERB
VBG
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Indeed)) (NP (DT this) (NN argument)) (VP (VBZ remains) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (PRP us)) (ADVP (RB still)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN education)))))) (. .)))
Indeed this argument remains with us still in education.
advmod
indeed
Indeed
ADV
RB
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
argument
argument
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
remain
remains
VERB
VBZ
case
with
with
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
us
PRON
PRP
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
education
education
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT whatever)) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS advantages))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ old) (VBN shared) (NN literacy) (NN culture)) (VP (VP (VBD had) (VP (VBN gone))) (CC and) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN replaced) (PP (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBN printed) (NN mass) (NN media)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (CD one) (NN hand))))) (CC and) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS books) (CC and) (NNS magazines)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ specialized) (NN readership)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (JJ other))))))))))) (. .)))
However, whatever its advantages, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.
advmod
however
However
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advcl
PronType=Int
whatever
whatever
DET
WDT
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
its
its
PRON
PRP$
nsubj
Number=Plur
advantage
advantages
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
old
old
ADJ
JJ
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
share
shared
VERB
VBN
compound
Number=Sing
literacy
literacy
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
culture
culture
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
AUX
VBD
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
go
gone
VERB
VBN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
replace
replaced
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
print
printed
VERB
VBN
compound
Number=Sing
mass
mass
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
media
media
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
nmod
Number=Sing
hand
hand
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
case
by
by
ADP
IN
conj
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
magazine
magazines
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
specialized
specialized
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
readership
readership
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (PP (IN By) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN end)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN century))))) (NP (NNS students)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN advised) (S (VP (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (DT some) (JJ new) (NNS ideas)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS books)))))) (CC and) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB use) (NP (NN skill)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG reading) (NP (NP (PRP them)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBD were) (RB not) (ADJP (JJ proper) (, ,) (CONJP (IN if) (RB not)) (JJ impossible) (, ,) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (JJ oral) (NN reader)))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
By the end of the century students were being advised to have some new ideas of books and to use skill in reading them which were not proper, if not impossible, for the oral reader.
case
by
By
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
end
end
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Ger
be
being
AUX
VBG
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
advise
advised
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
det
some
some
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
idea
ideas
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
mark
to
to
PART
TO
conj
VerbForm=Inf
use
use
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
skill
skill
NOUN
NN
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
nsubj
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
acl:relcl
Degree=Pos
proper
proper
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advcl
Degree=Pos
impossible
impossible
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
oral
oral
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
reader
reader
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (ADJP (JJ social) (, ,) (JJ cultural) (, ,) (CC and) (JJ technological)) (NNS developments)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN century)))) (VP (VBD had) (ADVP (RB greatly)) (VP (VBN changed) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN term) (`` ``) (NN reading) ('' '')) (VP (VBN referred) (PP (IN to))))))) (. .)))
The social, cultural, and technological developments in the century had greatly changed what the term "reading" referred to.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Degree=Pos
cultural
cultural
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
technological
technological
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
development
developments
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
AUX
VBD
advmod
greatly
greatly
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
change
changed
VERB
VBN
obj
PronType=Rel
what
what
PRON
WP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
term
term
NOUN
NN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
refer
referred
VERB
VBN
obl
to
to
ADP
IN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Reading to oneself is modern activity which was almost unknown to the learned in the early days of the history, while during the fifteenth century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become popular.  One should be careful, however, of supposing that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is distraction to others. Examination of reasons connected with the historical development of silent reading shows that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.  The last century saw a gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of listeners dropped, and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the popularity of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, trains and offices, where reading aloud would disturb other readers in a way.  Towards the end of the century there was still heated argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its advantages, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.  By the end of the century students were being advised to have some new ideas of books and to use skill in reading them which were not proper, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological developments in the century had greatly changed what the term "reading" referred to.