(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Prosocial) (NNS behaviors)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT those)) (VP (VBN intended) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help) (NP (JJ other) (NNS people)))))))) (. .)))
Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people.
amod
Degree=Pos
prosocial
Prosocial
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
behavior
behaviors
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
that
those
PRON
DT
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
intend
intended
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Behaviors)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN described) (PP (IN as) (NP (JJ pro) (JJ social))))))))) (VP (VBP include) (S (VP (VP (VBG feeling) (NP (NP (NN empathy) (CC and) (NN concern)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNS others))))) (CC and) (VP (VBG behaving) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS ways)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help) (CC or) (VB benefit) (NP (JJ other) (NNS people)))))))))))) (. .)))
Behaviors that can be described as pro social include feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.
nsubj
Number=Plur
behavior
Behaviors
NOUN
NNS
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
describe
described
VERB
VBN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
pro
pro
ADJ
JJ
obl
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
include
include
VERB
VBP
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
feel
feeling
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
empathy
empathy
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
concern
concern
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Ger
behave
behaving
VERB
VBG
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
way
ways
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
benefit
benefit
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Prosocial) (NN behavior)) (VP (VBZ has) (ADVP (RB long)) (VP (VBN posed) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN challenge)) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (JJ social) (NNS scientists)) (VP (VBG seeking) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB understand) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB why)) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBP engage) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG helping) (NP (NP (NNS behaviors)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (ADJP (JJ beneficial) (PP (IN to) (NP (NNS others)))) (, ,) (CC but) (ADJP (JJ costly) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN individual)) (VP (VBG performing) (NP (DT the) (NN action)))))))))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action.
amod
Degree=Pos
prosocial
Prosocial
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
behavior
behavior
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
advmod
Degree=Pos
long
long
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
pose
posed
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
challenge
challenge
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
scientist
scientists
NOUN
NNS
acl
VerbForm=Ger
seek
seeking
VERB
VBG
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
understand
understand
VERB
VB
obj
PronType=Rel
why
why
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advcl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
engage
engage
VERB
VBP
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
help
helping
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Plur
behavior
behaviors
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Degree=Pos
beneficial
beneficial
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
costly
costly
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
individual
individual
NOUN
NN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
perform
performing
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
action
action
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SBARQ (WHADVP (WRB Why)) (SQ (MD would) (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VB do) (NP (NP (NN something)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VP (VBZ benefits) (NP (NN someone) (JJ else))) (CC but) (VP (VBZ offers) (NP (DT no) (JJ immediate) (NN benefit)) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT the) (NN doer)))))))))) (. ?)))
Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?
advmod
PronType=Int
why
Why
ADV
WRB
aux
VerbForm=Fin
would
would
AUX
MD
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
root
VerbForm=Inf
do
do
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
benefit
benefits
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
amod
Degree=Pos
else
else
ADJ
JJ
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
offer
offers
VERB
VBZ
det
no
no
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
immediate
immediate
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
benefit
benefit
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
doer
doer
NOUN
NN
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Psychologists)) (VP (VBP suggest) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS reasons)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB why)) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBP engage) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ pro) (JJ social) (NN behavior))))))))))))) (. .)))
Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in pro social behavior.
nsubj
Number=Plur
psychologist
Psychologists
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
suggest
suggest
VERB
VBP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
reason
reasons
NOUN
NNS
advmod
PronType=Rel
why
why
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
engage
engage
VERB
VBP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
pro
pro
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
behavior
behavior
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (JJ many) (NNS cases))) (, ,) (NP (JJ such) (NNS behaviors)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN fostered) (PP (IN during) (NP (NN childhood) (CC and) (NN adolescence))) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (NNS adults)) (VP (VBP encourage) (NP (NNS children)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB share)) (, ,) (VP (VB act) (ADVP (RB kindly))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VB help) (NP (NNS others))))))))))) (. .)))
In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
case
cases
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
behavior
behaviors
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
foster
fostered
VERB
VBN
case
during
during
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
childhood
childhood
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
adolescence
adolescence
NOUN
NN
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
adult
adults
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
encourage
encourage
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Plur
child
children
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
share
share
VERB
VB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
VerbForm=Inf
act
act
VERB
VB
advmod
kindly
kindly
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Prosocial) (NNS behaviors)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN seen) (PP (IN as) (S (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN compelled) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS factors))))) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NP (NP (JJ egoistic) (NNS reasons)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VBG doing) (NP (NNS things)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB improve) (NP (NP (PRP one) (POS 's)) (NN self-image))))))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (NP (NP (JJ reciprocal) (NNS benefits)) (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VBG doing) (NP (NP (NN something)) (ADJP (JJ nice))) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NN someone)) (SBAR (IN so) (IN that) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD may) (NP (CD one) (NN day)) (VP (VB return) (NP (DT the) (NN favor)))))))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ altruistic)) (NNS reasons)) (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VBG performing) (NP (NNS actions)) (PP (ADVP (RB purely)) (IN out) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN empathy)))) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT another) (NN individual))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))))))) (. .)))
Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's self-image), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).
amod
Degree=Pos
prosocial
Prosocial
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
behavior
behaviors
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
see
seen
VERB
VBN
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
aux:pass
VerbForm=Ger
be
being
AUX
VBG
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
compel
compelled
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl:agent
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
factor
factors
NOUN
NNS
case
VerbForm=Ger
include
including
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
egoistic
egoistic
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
reason
reasons
NOUN
NNS
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
acl
VerbForm=Ger
do
doing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Plur
thing
things
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
improve
improve
VERB
VB
nmod:poss
Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
one
one
PRON
PRP
case
's
's
PART
POS
obj
Number=Sing
self-image
self-image
NOUN
NN
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
reciprocal
reciprocal
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Plur
benefit
benefits
NOUN
NNS
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
acl
VerbForm=Ger
do
doing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
amod
Degree=Pos
nice
nice
ADJ
JJ
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
mark
so
so
SCONJ
IN
fixed
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
obl:tmod
Number=Sing
day
day
NOUN
NN
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
return
return
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
favor
favor
NOUN
NN
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
amod
Degree=Pos
altruistic
altruistic
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Plur
reason
reasons
NOUN
NNS
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
acl
VerbForm=Ger
perform
performing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Plur
action
actions
NOUN
NNS
advmod
purely
purely
ADV
RB
case
out
out
ADP
IN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
empathy
empathy
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
another
another
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
individual
individual
NOUN
NN
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Characteristics)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN situation)))) (VP (MD can) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ powerful) (NN impact)) (PP (IN on) (SBAR (IN whether) (CC or) (RB not) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBP engage) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ pro) (JJ social) (NNS actions)))))))))) (. .)))
Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in pro social actions.
nsubj
Number=Plur
characteristic
Characteristics
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
situation
situation
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
advmod
also
also
ADV
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
powerful
powerful
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
impact
impact
NOUN
NN
mark
on
on
SCONJ
IN
mark
whether
whether
SCONJ
IN
fixed
or
or
CCONJ
CC
fixed
not
not
PART
RB
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
acl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
engage
engage
VERB
VBP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
pro
pro
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
action
actions
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN bystander) (NN effect)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ notable)) (NNS examples)) (PP (IN of) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (NP (DT the) (NN situation)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB impact) (S (VP (VBG helping) (NP (NNS behaviors))))))))))))) (. .)))
The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
bystander
bystander
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
effect
effect
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADV
RBS
amod
Degree=Pos
notable
notable
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
example
examples
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
PronType=Int
how
how
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
situation
situation
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
acl
VerbForm=Inf
impact
impact
VERB
VB
amod
VerbForm=Ger
help
helping
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Plur
behavior
behaviors
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN bystander) (NN effect)) (VP (VBZ refers) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT the) (NN tendency) (SBAR (IN for) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB become) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ likely) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB assist) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN person)) (IN in)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS people)) (VP (ADVP (RB also)) (JJ present))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in when there are a number of other people also present.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
bystander
bystander
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
effect
effect
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
refer
refers
VERB
VBZ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
tendency
tendency
NOUN
NN
mark
for
for
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
become
become
VERB
VB
advmod
Degree=Cmp
less
less
ADV
RBR
xcomp
Degree=Pos
likely
likely
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
assist
assist
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advmod
also
also
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
present
present
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN if) (S (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP drop) (NP (PRP$ your) (NN purse)))) (CC and) (S (NP (JJ several) (NNS items)) (VP (VBP fall) (PRT (RP out)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN likelihood) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NN someone)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VB stop)) (CC and) (VP (VB help) (NP (PRP you)))))))) (VP (VBZ decreases) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ many) (JJ other) (NNS people)) (ADJP (JJ present))))))) (. .)))
For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present.
case
for
For
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
example
example
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
drop
drop
VERB
VBP
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
your
your
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Sing
purse
purse
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
amod
Degree=Pos
several
several
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
item
items
NOUN
NNS
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
fall
fall
VERB
VBP
compound:prt
out
out
ADP
RP
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
ground
ground
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
likelihood
likelihood
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
will
will
AUX
MD
acl
VerbForm=Inf
stop
stop
VERB
VB
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
decrease
decreases
VERB
VBZ
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
amod
Degree=Pos
present
present
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT This) (JJ same) (NN sort)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN thing)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB happen) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS cases)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (NP (NN someone)) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ serious) (NN danger))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NN someone)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN involved) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN car) (NN accident))))))))))))))) (. .)))
This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident.
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
sort
sort
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
thing
thing
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
happen
happen
VERB
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
case
cases
NOUN
NNS
advmod
PronType=Rel
where
where
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
serious
serious
ADJ
JJ
acl:relcl
Number=Sing
danger
danger
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
involve
involved
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
car
car
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
accident
accident
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT some) (NNS cases))) (, ,) (NP (NNS witnesses)) (VP (MD might) (VP (VB assume) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (IN since) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB so) (JJ many)) (JJ other) (NNS people)) (ADJP (JJ present)))))) (, ,) (NP (NN someone) (JJ else)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB have) (ADVP (RB surely)) (ADVP (RB already)) (VP (VBN called) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN help)))))))))) (. .)))
In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other people present, someone else will have surely already called for help.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
case
cases
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
witness
witnesses
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
might
might
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
assume
assume
VERB
VB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
mark
since
since
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
amod
Degree=Pos
present
present
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
amod
Degree=Pos
else
else
ADJ
JJ
aux
VerbForm=Fin
will
will
AUX
MD
aux
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
AUX
VB
advmod
surely
surely
ADV
RB
advmod
already
already
ADV
RB
ccomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
call
called
VERB
VBN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
help
help
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (SBARQ (WHADVP (WRB Why)) (SQ (VBP do) (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VB help) (PP (PP (IN in) (NP (DT some) (NNS situations))) (CC but) (RB not) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS others)))))) (. ?)) (NP (NNS Experts)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN discovered) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ different) (JJ situational) (NNS variables)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP contribute) (PP (IN to) (-LRB- -LRB-) (CC and) (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VP (VBP interfere) (PP (IN with))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (JJ pro) (JJ social) (NNS behaviors)))))))))) (. .)))
Why do people help in some situations but not in others? Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) pro social behaviors.
advmod
PronType=Int
why
Why
ADV
WRB
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
root
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
situation
situations
NOUN
NNS
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
conj
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
nsubj
Number=Plur
expert
Experts
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
parataxis
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
discover
discovered
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
situational
situational
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
variable
variables
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
contribute
contribute
VERB
VBP
case
to
to
ADP
IN
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
sometimes
sometimes
ADV
RB
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
interfere
interfere
VERB
VBP
obl
with
with
ADP
IN
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
amod
Degree=Pos
pro
pro
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
behavior
behaviors
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB First)) (, ,) (NP (NP (ADJP (DT the) (JJR more)) (NNS people)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ present)))))) (VP (VBZ decreases) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN amount)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ personal) (NN responsibility)) (SBAR (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBP feel) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN situation)))))))))) (. .)))
First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation.
advmod
NumType=Ord
first
First
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Degree=Pos
present
present
ADJ
JJ
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
decrease
decreases
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
amount
amount
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
personal
personal
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
responsibility
responsibility
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
feel
feel
VERB
VBP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
situation
situation
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBP tend) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB look) (PP (IN to) (NP (NNS others))) (PP (IN for) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB respond) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ such) (NNS situations)))))))) (, ,) (SBAR (ADVP (RB particularly)) (IN if) (S (NP (DT the) (NN event)) (VP (VBZ contains) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN level)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN ambiguity))))))))))) (. .)))
People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity.
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
People
NOUN
NNS
advmod
also
also
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
tend
tend
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
look
look
VERB
VB
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
PronType=Int
how
how
ADV
WRB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
respond
respond
VERB
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
situation
situations
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
particularly
particularly
ADV
RB
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
event
event
NOUN
NN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
contain
contains
VERB
VBZ
det
some
some
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
level
level
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
ambiguity
ambiguity
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN Fear)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN judged) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS members)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN group)))))))))) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBZ plays) (NP (DT a) (NN role))) (. .)))
Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role.
nsubj
Number=Sing
fear
Fear
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
aux:pass
VerbForm=Ger
be
being
AUX
VBG
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
judge
judged
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
advmod
also
also
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
play
plays
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
role
role
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VP (VBP fear) (S (VP (VBG leaping) (PP (IN to) (NP (NN assistance))))) (, ,) (S (ADVP (RB only)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB discover) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP$ their) (NN help)) (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (JJ unwanted) (CC or) (JJ unwarranted))))))))) (. .)))
People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted.
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
People
NOUN
NNS
advmod
sometimes
sometimes
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
fear
fear
VERB
VBP
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
leap
leaping
VERB
VBG
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
assistance
assistance
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
only
only
ADV
RB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
discover
discover
VERB
VB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nsubj
Number=Sing
help
help
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
ccomp
Degree=Pos
unwanted
unwanted
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
unwarranted
unwarranted
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN In) (NN order) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB avoid) (S (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN judged) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ other) (NNS bystanders)))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS people)) (ADVP (RB simply)) (VP (VBP take) (NP (DT no) (NN action))) (. .)))
In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders, people simply take no action.
mark
in
In
SCONJ
IN
fixed
Number=Sing
order
order
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
avoid
avoid
VERB
VB
aux:pass
VerbForm=Ger
be
being
AUX
VBG
xcomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
judge
judged
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
bystander
bystanders
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advmod
simply
simply
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
take
take
VERB
VBP
det
no
no
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
action
action
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Experts)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN suggested) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT some) (JJ key) (NNS things)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB happen) (SBAR (IN in) (NP (NP (NN order)) (SBAR (IN for) (S (NP (DT a) (NN person)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB take) (NP (NN action)))))))))))))) (. .)))
Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action.
nsubj
Number=Plur
expert
Experts
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
suggest
suggested
VERB
VBN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
key
key
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
thing
things
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
must
must
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
happen
happen
VERB
VB
mark
in
in
ADP
IN
fixed
Number=Sing
order
order
NOUN
NN
mark
for
for
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
take
take
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
action
action
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Behaviors that can be described as pro social include feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.  Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action. Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?  Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in pro social behavior. In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others. Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's self-image), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).  Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in pro social actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present. This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident. In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other people present, someone else will have surely already called for help.  Why do people help in some situations but not in others? Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) pro social behaviors. First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation. People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity. Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role. People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted. In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders, people simply take no action.  Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action.