(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN brain)) (, ,) (PP (RB rather) (IN than) (NP (PRP$ our) (NNS eyes))) (, ,)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ important)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN sight)))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS researchers)) (VP (VBG studying) (NP (NN fruit) (NNS flies)))) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN discovered))) (. .)))
The brain, rather than our eyes, may be more important for sight, researchers studying fruit flies have discovered.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
rather
rather
ADV
RB
fixed
than
than
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
our
our
PRON
PRP$
conj
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
root
Degree=Pos
important
important
ADJ
JJ
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
sight
sight
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
researcher
researchers
NOUN
NNS
acl
VerbForm=Ger
study
studying
VERB
VBG
compound
Number=Sing
fruit
fruit
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
fly
flies
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
parataxis
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
discover
discovered
VERB
VBN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN discovery)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB change) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN way)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP think) (PP (IN about) (NP (NN vision))))))))) (. .)))
The discovery could change the way we think about vision.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
discovery
discovery
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
could
could
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
change
change
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
think
think
VERB
VBP
case
about
about
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
vision
vision
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Researchers)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Virginia)))))) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN found) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ simple)) (NNS eyes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN fruit) (VBP fly) (NN larva))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (QP (RB only) (CD 24)) (JJ total) (NN photo) (NNS receptors)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ human) (NN eye)) (VP (VBZ contains) (NP (QP (JJR more) (IN than) (CD 125) (CD million))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP provide) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB just) (JJ enough)) (NN light) (NN input)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB allow) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN animal) (POS 's)) (JJ large) (NN brain)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (DT that) (NN input)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NNS images)))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Researchers in the University of Virginia have found that the very simple eyes of fruit fly larva, with only 24 total photo receptors (the human eye contains more than 125 million), provide just enough light input to allow the animal's large brain to make that input into images.
nsubj
Number=Plur
researcher
Researchers
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Virginia
Virginia
PROPN
NNP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
find
found
VERB
VBN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
very
very
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
simple
simple
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing
fruit
fruit
NOUN
NN
acl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
fly
fly
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing
larva
larva
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
with
with
ADP
IN
advmod
only
only
ADV
RB
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
24
24
NUM
CD
amod
Degree=Pos
total
total
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
photo
photo
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
receptor
receptors
NOUN
NNS
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
human
human
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
eye
eye
NOUN
NN
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
contain
contains
VERB
VBZ
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
fixed
than
than
ADP
IN
compound
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
125
125
NUM
CD
obj
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
million
million
NUM
CD
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
provide
provide
VERB
VBP
advmod
just
just
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
enough
enough
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
light
light
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
input
input
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
allow
allow
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
animal
animal
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
amod
Degree=Pos
large
large
ADJ
JJ
iobj
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
make
make
VERB
VB
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
that
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
input
input
NOUN
NN
case
into
into
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
image
images
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ Their) (NN discovery)) (VP (VBZ shows) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NN vision)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ important) (PP (IN to) (S (VP (`` ``) (VBG seeing) ('' '') (SBAR (IN than) (S (ADJP (RB previously) (JJ thought-and)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN fact))) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN brain) (POS 's)) (NN ability) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB process))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS points)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN light))) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (JJ complex) (NNS images)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ key))))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Their discovery shows that vision may be less important to "seeing" than previously thought-and in fact it is the brain's ability to process, points of light into complex images that is key.
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
Their
PRON
PRP$
nsubj
Number=Sing
discovery
discovery
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
show
shows
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing
vision
vision
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
Degree=Cmp
less
less
ADV
RBR
ccomp
Degree=Pos
important
important
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
ADP
IN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
see
seeing
VERB
VBG
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
case
than
than
ADP
IN
advmod
previously
previously
ADV
RB
obl
Degree=Pos
thought-and
thought-and
ADJ
JJ
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
fact
fact
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
ccomp
Number=Sing
ability
ability
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
process
process
VERB
VB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
obj
Number=Plur
point
points
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
light
light
NOUN
NN
case
into
into
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
complex
complex
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
image
images
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
acl:relcl
Degree=Pos
key
key
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ blows) (ADJP (JJ open)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP think) (PP (IN about) (NP (NN vision))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
"It blows open how we think about vision."
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
blow
blows
VERB
VBZ
xcomp
Degree=Pos
open
open
ADJ
JJ
advmod
PronType=Int
how
how
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
think
think
VERB
VBP
case
about
about
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
vision
vision
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (SINV (VP (VBD said)) (NP (NNP Barry) (NNP Condron)) (. .)))
said Barry Condron.
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
nsubj
Number=Sing
Barry
Barry
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Condron
Condron
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ tells) (NP (PRP us)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ visual) (NN input)) (VP (MD may) (RB not) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (RB as) (JJ important) (PP (IN to) (NP (NN sight))) (PP (IN as) (S (NP (DT the) (NN brain)) (VP (VBG working) (PP (IN behind) (NP (PRP it)))))))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
"This tells us that visual input may not be as important to sight as the brain working behind it."
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
PRON
DT
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
tell
tells
VERB
VBZ
iobj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
us
PRON
PRP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
visual
visual
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
input
input
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
as
as
ADV
RB
ccomp
Degree=Pos
important
important
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
sight
sight
NOUN
NN
mark
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
work
working
VERB
VBG
case
behind
behind
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NP (NNP Condron) (POS 's)) (NN graduate) (NNS students)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Elizabeth) (NNP Daubert)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Nick) (NNP Macedonia)) (CC and) (NP (NNP Catherine) (NNP Hamilton)) (, ,)) (VP (VBD conducted) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN series)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS experiments)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB test) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN vision)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NML (NN fruit) (NN fly)) (NNS larvae)))))))))))) (. .)))
Condron's graduate students, Elizabeth Daubert, Nick Macedonia and Catherine Hamilton, conducted a series of experiments to test the vision of fruit fly larvae.
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
Condron
Condron
PROPN
NNP
case
's
's
PART
POS
compound
Number=Sing
graduate
graduate
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
appos
Number=Sing
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Daubert
Daubert
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Sing
Nick
Nick
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Macedonia
Macedonia
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
Catherine
Catherine
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Hamilton
Hamilton
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
conduct
conducted
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
series
series
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
experiment
experiments
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
test
test
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
vision
vision
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
fruit
fruit
NOUN
NN
compound
Number=Sing
fly
fly
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
larvae
larvae
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBD found) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT a) (NN larva)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN tied) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN bottom)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (NN dish))))))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ other) (NNS larvae)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN attracted) (PP (IN to) (NP (PRP it))) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD attempted) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB free) (NP (PRP itself))))))))))))) (. .)))
They found that when a larva was tied to the bottom of a dish, other larvae were attracted to it as it attempted to free itself.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
They
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
find
found
VERB
VBD
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
larva
larva
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
tie
tied
VERB
VBN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
bottom
bottom
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
dish
dish
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
larvae
larvae
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
ccomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
attract
attracted
VERB
VBN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
attempt
attempted
VERB
VBD
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
free
free
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes
itself
itself
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN After) (NP (NP (JJ several) (JJ further) (NNS experiments)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB understand) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD sensed) (NP (DT the) (NN motion))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS researchers)) (VP (VBD learned) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB nearly) (JJ blind)) (NNS animals)) (ADVP (RB likely)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBG seeing) (NP (DT the) (NN action))))))) (. .)))
After several further experiments to understand how they sensed the motion, the researchers learned that the nearly blind animals likely were seeing the action.
case
after
After
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
several
several
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
further
further
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
experiment
experiments
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
understand
understand
VERB
VB
obj
PronType=Int
how
how
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
sense
sensed
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
motion
motion
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
researcher
researchers
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
learn
learned
VERB
VBD
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
nearly
nearly
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
blind
blind
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
animal
animals
NOUN
NNS
advmod
likely
likely
ADV
RB
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
ccomp
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
see
seeing
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
action
action
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (NP (DT The) (NN answer)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB be) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN brain)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT these) (NNS animals))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
"The answer must be in the brain of these animals."
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
answer
answer
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
must
must
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
these
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
animal
animals
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Condron)) (VP (VBD said)) (. .)))
Condron said.
nsubj
Number=Sing
Condron
Condron
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB take) (NP (NP (QP (RB just) (DT a) (NN couple) (CD dozen)) (NNS points)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN light))))) (CC and) (RB then) (VP (VB process) (NP (DT that)) (PP (IN into) (NP (JJ recognizable) (NNS images))))))))) (: ;) (NP (NP (NN something)) (PP (IN like) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (NN astronomer)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT a) (JJ small) (NN telescope)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB use) (NP (NNS techniques)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB improve) (NP (DT a) (JJ limited) (NN image)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (JJ useful) (NN information)) (PP (IN about) (NP (DT a) (NN star))))))))))))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
"They are able to take just a couple dozen points of light and then process that into recognizable images; something like when an astronomer with a small telescope is able to use techniques to improve a limited image into useful information about a star."
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
They
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Degree=Pos
able
able
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
take
take
VERB
VB
advmod
just
just
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl:npmod
Number=Sing
couple
couple
NOUN
NN
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
dozen
dozen
NUM
CD
obj
Number=Plur
point
points
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
light
light
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
PronType=Dem
then
then
ADV
RB
conj
VerbForm=Inf
process
process
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
that
PRON
DT
case
into
into
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
recognizable
recognizable
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
image
images
NOUN
NNS
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
parataxis
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
mark
like
like
ADP
IN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
astronomer
astronomer
NOUN
NN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
small
small
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
telescope
telescope
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
acl
Degree=Pos
able
able
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
use
use
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
technique
techniques
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
improve
improve
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
limited
limited
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
image
image
NOUN
NN
case
into
into
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
useful
useful
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
information
information
NOUN
NN
case
about
about
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
star
star
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Condron)) (VP (VBZ believes) (SBAR (S (S (NP (DT the) (NNS animals)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB assemble) (NP (JJ useful) (NNS images)) (PP (IN by) (S (ADVP (RB rapidly)) (VP (VBG scanning) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS heads))))))))))) (CC and) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG doing) (ADVP (RB so))))) (, ,) (VP (VB gather) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (JJ enough) (NN light) (NNS points)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB allow) (S (NP (DT the) (NN brain)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB compose) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN image)) (ADJP (JJ clear) (RB enough) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (`` ``) (VB see) ('' '')))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Condron believes the animals are able to assemble useful images by rapidly scanning their heads and, in doing so, gather up enough light points to allow the brain to compose an image clear enough to "see".
nsubj
Number=Sing
Condron
Condron
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
believe
believes
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
animal
animals
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
ccomp
Degree=Pos
able
able
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
assemble
assemble
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
useful
useful
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
image
images
NOUN
NNS
mark
by
by
SCONJ
IN
advmod
rapidly
rapidly
ADV
RB
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
scan
scanning
VERB
VBG
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Plur
head
heads
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
do
doing
VERB
VBG
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
VerbForm=Inf
gather
gather
VERB
VB
compound:prt
up
up
ADP
RP
amod
Degree=Pos
enough
enough
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
light
light
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
point
points
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
allow
allow
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
iobj
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
compose
compose
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
image
image
NOUN
NN
amod
Degree=Pos
clear
clear
ADJ
JJ
advmod
enough
enough
ADV
RB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
see
see
VERB
VB
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS researchers)) (VP (VP (VBD tested) (NP (DT this)) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG presenting) (NP (NN larva)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT a) (NN video))) (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADVP (RB therefore)) (NP (NP (DT no) (NN sound)) (CC and) (NP (DT no) (NN smell))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD found) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS larvae)) (ADVP (RB still)) (VP (VP (VBD sensed)) (CC and) (VP (VBD sought) (PRT (RP out)) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG struggling) (NN larva)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN video)))))))))) (. .)))
The researchers tested this by presenting larva with a video (therefore no sound and no smell) and found that the larvae still sensed and sought out the struggling larva on the video.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
researcher
researchers
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
test
tested
VERB
VBD
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
PRON
DT
mark
by
by
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
present
presenting
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
larva
larva
NOUN
NN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
video
video
NOUN
NN
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
advmod
therefore
therefore
ADV
RB
det
no
no
DET
DT
appos
Number=Sing
sound
sound
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
det
no
no
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
smell
smell
NOUN
NN
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
find
found
VERB
VBD
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
larvae
larvae
NOUN
NNS
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
sense
sensed
VERB
VBD
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
seek
sought
VERB
VBD
compound:prt
out
out
ADP
RP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
VerbForm=Ger
struggle
struggling
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
larva
larva
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
video
video
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ provides) (NP (PRP us)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ good) (NN model)) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VBG trying) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB understand) (NP (DT the) (NN role) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (NN brain)) (VP (VBZ plays) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG helping) (NP (NP (NP (NP (NNS organisms)) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NNS humans))) (, ,)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB process) (NP (NNS images))))))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (S (VP (VBG recognizing) (NP (NNS faces)))))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
This provides us with a good model for trying to understand the role that the brain plays in helping organisms, including humans, to process images, such as recognizing faces.
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
PRON
DT
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
provide
provides
VERB
VBZ
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
us
PRON
PRP
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
good
good
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
model
model
NOUN
NN
mark
for
for
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
try
trying
VERB
VBG
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
understand
understand
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
role
role
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
brain
brain
NOUN
NN
acl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
play
plays
VERB
VBZ
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
help
helping
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Plur
organism
organisms
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
VerbForm=Ger
include
including
VERB
VBG
nmod
Number=Plur
human
humans
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
process
process
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
image
images
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
recognize
recognizing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Plur
face
faces
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
The brain, rather than our eyes, may be more important for sight, researchers studying fruit flies have discovered. The discovery could change the way we think about vision.  Researchers in the University of Virginia have found that the very simple eyes of fruit fly larva, with only 24 total photo receptors (the human eye contains more than 125 million), provide just enough light input to allow the animal's large brain to make that input into images. Their discovery shows that vision may be less important to "seeing" than previously thought-and in fact it is the brain's ability to process, points of light into complex images that is key.  "It blows open how we think about vision." said Barry Condron. "This tells us that visual input may not be as important to sight as the brain working behind it."  Condron's graduate students, Elizabeth Daubert, Nick Macedonia and Catherine Hamilton, conducted a series of experiments to test the vision of fruit fly larvae. They found that when a larva was tied to the bottom of a dish, other larvae were attracted to it as it attempted to free itself. After several further experiments to understand how they sensed the motion, the researchers learned that the nearly blind animals likely were seeing the action.  "The answer must be in the brain of these animals." Condron said. "They are able to take just a couple dozen points of light and then process that into recognizable images; something like when an astronomer with a small telescope is able to use techniques to improve a limited image into useful information about a star." Condron believes the animals are able to assemble useful images by rapidly scanning their heads and, in doing so, gather up enough light points to allow the brain to compose an image clear enough to "see".  The researchers tested this by presenting larva with a video (therefore no sound and no smell) and found that the larvae still sensed and sought out the struggling larva on the video. This provides us with a good model for trying to understand the role that the brain plays in helping organisms, including humans, to process images, such as recognizing faces.