(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ 's) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ sure) (NN sign) (SBAR (IN that) (S (S (NP (NN summer)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB over)))) (CC and) (S (NP (NN winter)) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN way)))))))) (, --) (NP (NP (NNS leaves)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD were) (ADVP (RB once)) (NP (ADJP (JJ deep) (JJ green)) (VP (VB turn) (NP (ADJP (JJ red) (, ,) (JJ yellow) (CC and) (JJ bright)) (NN orange)))))))))) (. .)))
It's a sure sign that summer is over and winter is on the way--leaves that were once deep green turn red, yellow and bright orange.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
's
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
sure
sure
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
sign
sign
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing
summer
summer
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
acl:relcl
over
over
ADV
RB
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Number=Sing
winter
winter
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
parataxis
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
advmod
NumType=Mult
once
once
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
deep
deep
ADJ
JJ
acl:relcl
Degree=Pos
green
green
ADJ
JJ
acl:relcl
VerbForm=Inf
turn
turn
VERB
VB
xcomp
Degree=Pos
red
red
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Degree=Pos
yellow
yellow
ADJ
JJ
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
amod
Degree=Pos
bright
bright
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Sing
orange
orange
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ happens) (NP (DT every) (NN autumn))) (. .)))
It happens every autumn.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
happen
happens
VERB
VBZ
det
PronType=Tot
every
every
DET
DT
obl:tmod
Number=Sing
autumn
autumn
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SQ (CC But) (VBD did) (NP (PRP you)) (ADVP (RB ever)) (VP (VB wonder) (SBARQ (WHADVP (WRB why)))) (. ?)))
But did you ever wonder why?
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
do
did
AUX
VBD
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
advmod
ever
ever
ADV
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
wonder
wonder
VERB
VB
obj
PronType=Int
why
why
ADV
WRB
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS leaves)) (VP (VBP start) (S (VP (VBG changing) (NP (NN color)))) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (S (NP (DT the) (NNS nights)) (VP (VBP start) (S (VP (VBG getting) (ADJP (RBR longer)))))) (CC and) (S (NP (DT the) (NN temperature)) (VP (VBZ starts) (S (VP (VBG getting) (ADJP (JJR cooler))))))))) (. .)))
The leaves start changing color when the nights start getting longer and the temperature starts getting cooler.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
start
start
VERB
VBP
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
change
changing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
color
color
NOUN
NN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
night
nights
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
start
start
VERB
VBP
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
get
getting
VERB
VBG
advmod
Degree=Cmp
long
longer
ADV
RBR
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
temperature
temperature
NOUN
NN
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
start
starts
VERB
VBZ
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
get
getting
VERB
VBG
xcomp
Degree=Cmp
cool
cooler
ADJ
JJR
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT Some) (NNS scientists)) (VP (VBP think) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN daylight) (NNS hours)))) (VP (VBZ shrinks) (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves))))) (VP (VBP stop) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (NP (NN chlorophyll)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ makes) (S (NP (NNS plants)) (ADJP (JJ green))))))))))))) (. .)))
Some scientists think that as the number of daylight hours shrinks the leaves stop making chlorophyll which makes plants green.
det
some
Some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
scientist
scientists
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
think
think
VERB
VBP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
daylight
daylight
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
hour
hours
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
shrink
shrinks
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
stop
stop
VERB
VBP
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
make
making
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
chlorophyll
chlorophyll
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
make
makes
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Plur
plant
plants
NOUN
NNS
xcomp
Degree=Pos
green
green
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN reason)) (VP (VBZ is) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN process)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (NN chlorophyll)))))) (VP (VBZ requires) (NP (NN sunlight)))))) (. .)))
The reason is that the process of making chlorophyll requires sunlight.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj:outer
Number=Sing
reason
reason
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
make
making
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
chlorophyll
chlorophyll
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
require
requires
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Sing
sunlight
sunlight
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (CC But) (PP (VBG according) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (NML (NN horticulture) (NN educator)) (NNP Susan) (NNP Rose)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NML (NNP Colorado) (NNP State)) (NNP University)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ turns) (PRT (RP out)) (SBAR (S (NP (NNS leaves)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (ADVP (RB really)) (VP (VB change) (NP (NN color)) (ADVP (IN at) (DT all))))))) (. .)))
But according to horticulture educator Susan Rose from Colorado State University, it turns out leaves don't really change color at all.
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
case
ExtPos=ADP|VerbForm=Ger
accord
according
VERB
VBG
fixed
to
to
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
horticulture
horticulture
NOUN
NN
compound
Number=Sing
educator
educator
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
Susan
Susan
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Rose
Rose
PROPN
NNP
case
from
from
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
Colorado
Colorado
PROPN
NNP
compound
Number=Sing
State
State
PROPN
NNP
nmod
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
turn
turns
VERB
VBZ
compound:prt
out
out
ADP
RP
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
advmod
really
really
ADV
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
change
change
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
color
color
NOUN
NN
case
at
at
ADP
IN
obl
all
all
DET
DT
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (S (NP (DT The) (NN fall) (NNS colors)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB actually)) (ADVP (RB there)) (ADVP (RB all) (RB along)))) (, ,) ('' '') (NP (PRP she)) (VP (VBD said)) (. .)))
"The fall colors are actually there all along," she said.
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
fall
fall
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
color
colors
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
actually
actually
ADV
RB
ccomp
PronType=Dem
there
there
ADV
RB
advmod
all
all
ADV
RB
advmod
along
along
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
she
she
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (CC But) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN covered) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (JJ green) (NN chlorophyll))))) (. .)))
"But they are covered by the green chlorophyll.
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
nsubj:pass
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
cover
covered
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
green
green
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Sing
chlorophyll
chlorophyll
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (DT the) (NN chlorophyll)) (VP (VBZ stops) (S (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN produced))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NNS colors)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB shine) (ADVP (RB through)))) (. .) ('' '')))
As the chlorophyll stops being produced, the other colors can shine through."
mark
as
As
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
chlorophyll
chlorophyll
NOUN
NN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
stop
stops
VERB
VBZ
aux:pass
VerbForm=Ger
be
being
AUX
VBG
xcomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
produce
produced
VERB
VBN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
color
colors
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
shine
shine
VERB
VB
advmod
through
through
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NP (DT The) (NN kind)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN color)))) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG going) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB change) (PP (IN to)))))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN determined) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN plant) (POS 's)) (JJ genetic) (NN background))))) (. .)))
The kind of color that the leaves are going to change to is determined by the plant's genetic background.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
kind
kind
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
color
color
NOUN
NN
obl
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
go
going
VERB
VBG
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
change
change
VERB
VB
case
to
to
ADP
IN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
determine
determined
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
plant
plant
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
amod
Degree=Pos
genetic
genetic
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Sing
background
background
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT some) (NNS places))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves)) (VP (VBP start) (S (VP (VBG changing) (NP (NN color)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP September))))) (, --) (SBAR (IN before) (S (NP (NN autumn)) (ADVP (RB even) (RB officially)) (VP (VBZ begins))))) (. .)))
In some places, the leaves start changing color in September--before autumn even officially begins.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
place
places
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
start
start
VERB
VBP
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
change
changing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
color
color
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
September
September
PROPN
NNP
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
case
before
before
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
autumn
autumn
NOUN
NN
advmod
even
even
ADV
RB
advmod
officially
officially
ADV
RB
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
begin
begins
VERB
VBZ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (JJ other) (NNS places))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB change) (PP (IN until) (NP (NP (JJ late) (NNP October)) (CC or) (NP (RB even) (NNP November)))))) (. .)))
In other places, they don't change until late October or even November.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
place
places
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
change
change
VERB
VB
case
until
until
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
late
late
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
October
October
PROPN
NNP
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
advmod
even
even
ADV
RB
conj
Number=Sing
November
November
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT Some) (NNS scientists)) (VP (VBP say) (SBAR (S (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBG changing) (NP (NP (NN color)) (ADVP (RBR later) (PP (IN than) (ADJP (JJ usual))))) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ recent) (NNS years))))))))) (. .)))
Some scientists say the leaves have been changing color later than usual in recent years.
det
some
Some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
scientist
scientists
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
say
say
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
aux
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
ccomp
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
change
changing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
color
color
NOUN
NN
advmod
Degree=Cmp
late
later
ADV
RBR
case
than
than
ADP
IN
obl
Degree=Pos
usual
usual
ADJ
JJ
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
recent
recent
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
year
years
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (CC And) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP think) (SBAR (S (NP (JJ global) (NN warming)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (NN something)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB do) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT that)))))))))))) (. .)))
And they think global warming has something to do with that.
cc
and
And
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
think
think
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Pos
global
global
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
warming
warming
NOUN
NN
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
do
do
VERB
VB
case
with
with
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
that
PRON
DT
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (CD one) (NN study))) (, ,) (NP (NNS researchers)) (VP (VBD found) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG growing) (NN season)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP Northern) (NNP Hemisphere)))) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (NP (QP (RB nearly) (DT a)) (NN week)) (RBR longer)) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (ADJP (NN average))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 2008))) (SBAR (IN than) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD was) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1982)))))))))) (. .)))
In one study, researchers found that the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere was nearly a week longer, on average, in 2008 than it was in 1982.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
obl
Number=Sing
study
study
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
researcher
researchers
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
find
found
VERB
VBD
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
VerbForm=Ger
grow
growing
VERB
VBG
nsubj
Number=Sing
season
season
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
Northern
Northern
ADJ
NNP
nmod
Number=Sing
Hemisphere
Hemisphere
PROPN
NNP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advmod
nearly
nearly
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl:npmod
Number=Sing
week
week
NOUN
NN
ccomp
Degree=Cmp
long
longer
ADV
RBR
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
average
average
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
2008
2008
NUM
CD
mark
than
than
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
case
in
in
ADP
IN
advcl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1982
1982
NUM
CD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (CC And) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN professor)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NNP Harvard) (NNP University)))) (VP (VBD found) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB west) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNP Boston)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Massachusetts))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG changing) (NP (NN color)) (PP (IN about) (ADVP (ADVP (NP (CD three) (NNS days)) (RBR later)) (SBAR (IN than) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD used) (S (VP (TO to))))))))))))) (. .)))
And a professor from Harvard University found that the leaves, west of Boston, Massachusetts, are changing color about three days later than they used to.
cc
and
And
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
professor
professor
NOUN
NN
case
from
from
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
Harvard
Harvard
PROPN
NNP
nmod
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
find
found
VERB
VBD
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
west
west
ADV
RB
case
of
of
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Boston
Boston
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
appos
Number=Sing
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
ccomp
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
change
changing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
color
color
NOUN
NN
advmod
about
about
ADP
IN
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
three
three
NUM
CD
obl:npmod
Number=Plur
day
days
NOUN
NNS
advmod
Degree=Cmp
late
later
ADV
RBR
mark
than
than
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
use
used
VERB
VBD
xcomp
to
to
PART
TO
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (NP (JJ other) (NNS scientists)) (VP (VBP disagree) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NML (JJ global) (NN warming)) (NN theory)))) (. .)))
However, other scientists disagree with the global warming theory.
advmod
however
However
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
scientist
scientists
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
disagree
disagree
VERB
VBP
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
global
global
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
warming
warming
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
theory
theory
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Susan) (NNP Rose)) (VP (VBD said) (SBAR (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (PRP$ her) (NN part)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Colorado)))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG changing) (`` ``) (PP (ADVP (RB right)) (IN on) (NP (NN schedule)))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
Susan Rose said the leaves in her part of Colorado are changing "right on schedule."
nsubj
Number=Sing
Susan
Susan
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Rose
Rose
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
her
her
PRON
PRP$
nmod
Number=Sing
part
part
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Colorado
Colorado
PROPN
NNP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
ccomp
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
change
changing
VERB
VBG
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
advmod
right
right
ADV
RB
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
schedule
schedule
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (S (CC But) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS leaves)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS parts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT that) (NN state)))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG running) (ADJP (NP (DT a) (JJ little)) (JJ late)))) (. .)))
But the leaves in other parts of that state are running a little late.
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leave
leaves
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
part
parts
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
that
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
state
state
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
run
running
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl:npmod
Degree=Pos
little
little
ADJ
JJ
xcomp
Degree=Pos
late
late
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN lateness)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNS mountains)))) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (NN something)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB do) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB really) (JJ warm)) (NML (NML (JJ late) (NN summer)) (CC and) (NML (JJ early) (NN fall))))))))))))) (, ,) ('' '') (NP (PRP she)) (VP (VBD said)) (. .)))
"The lateness in the mountains may have something to do with the really warm late summer and early fall," she said.
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
lateness
lateness
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
mountain
mountains
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
do
do
VERB
VB
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
really
really
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
warm
warm
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
late
late
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
summer
summer
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
amod
Degree=Pos
early
early
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Sing
fall
fall
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
she
she
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (CC But) (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBP 'm) (ADJP (JJ afraid) (SBAR (S (NP (DT that)) (VP (VBZ 's) (ADVP (RB just)) (NP (DT a) (NN guess))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
"But I'm afraid that's just a guess."
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
'm
AUX
VBP
root
Degree=Pos
afraid
afraid
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
that
PRON
DT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
's
AUX
VBZ
advmod
just
just
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
ccomp
Number=Sing
guess
guess
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
It's a sure sign that summer is over and winter is on the way--leaves that were once deep green turn red, yellow and bright orange. It happens every autumn. But did you ever wonder why?  The leaves start changing color when the nights start getting longer and the temperature starts getting cooler. Some scientists think that as the number of daylight hours shrinks the leaves stop making chlorophyll which makes plants green. The reason is that the process of making chlorophyll requires sunlight. But according to horticulture educator Susan Rose from Colorado State University, it turns out leaves don't really change color at all. "The fall colors are actually there all along," she said. "But they are covered by the green chlorophyll. As the chlorophyll stops being produced, the other colors can shine through."  The kind of color that the leaves are going to change to is determined by the plant's genetic background. In some places, the leaves start changing color in September--before autumn even officially begins. In other places, they don't change until late October or even November. Some scientists say the leaves have been changing color later than usual in recent years. And they think global warming has something to do with that.  In one study, researchers found that the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere was nearly a week longer, on average, in 2008 than it was in 1982. And a professor from Harvard University found that the leaves, west of Boston, Massachusetts, are changing color about three days later than they used to. However, other scientists disagree with the global warming theory. Susan Rose said the leaves in her part of Colorado are changing "right on schedule." But the leaves in other parts of that state are running a little late. "The lateness in the mountains may have something to do with the really warm late summer and early fall," she said. "But I'm afraid that's just a guess."