(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Learners)) (VP (VBP report) (NP (NP (NP (CD two) (JJ main) (NNS difficulties)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN reading)))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN linked)))))))) (. .)))
Learners report two main difficulties in reading, which may be linked.
nsubj
Number=Plur
learner
Learners
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
report
report
VERB
VBP
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
two
two
NUM
CD
amod
Degree=Pos
main
main
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
difficulty
difficulties
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
link
linked
VERB
VBN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (ADJP (RB too) (JJ many)) (JJ unknown) (NNS words)))) (CC and) (S (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN result))) (NP (NN reading)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB simply)) (RB not) (NP (DT a) (NN pleasure)))) (. .)))
There are too many unknown words and as a result reading is simply not a pleasure.
expl
there
There
PRON
EX
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
advmod
too
too
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
unknown
unknown
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
result
result
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
simply
simply
ADV
RB
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
pleasure
pleasure
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (DT some) (NNS students))) (, ,) (S (ADVP (RB even)) (VP (VBG reading) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ own) (NN language))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (NN chore))) (. .)))
For some students, even reading in their own language is a chore.
case
for
For
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
even
even
ADV
RB
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
own
own
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
chore
chore
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Having) (NP (DT a) (JJ wide) (NN vocabulary)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ essential) (PP (IN to) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (NP (NN sense)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBN written) (NN language))))))))) (. .)))
Having a wide vocabulary is essential to making sense of written language.
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
have
Having
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
wide
wide
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
vocabulary
vocabulary
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Degree=Pos
essential
essential
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
make
making
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
sense
sense
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
write
written
VERB
VBN
nmod
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (IN Of) (NN course)) (, ,) (NP (DT this)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (JJ circular) (NN argument)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN because) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJR more)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP read) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (JJR more) (NN vocabulary)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP learn))))) (CC and) (NP (NP (ADVP (DT the) (JJR more)) (NNS words)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP know) (ADVP (ADVP (DT the) (RBR more) (RB easily)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB read))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Of course, this is a circular argument, because the more you read the more vocabulary you learn and the more words you know the more easily you can read.
advmod
of
Of
ADV
IN
fixed
Number=Sing
course
course
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
PRON
DT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
circular
circular
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
argument
argument
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
read
read
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
obj
Number=Sing
vocabulary
vocabulary
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
learn
learn
VERB
VBP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
obj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
reparandum
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
know
know
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
advmod
easily
easily
ADV
RB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
conj
VerbForm=Inf
read
read
VERB
VB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (VP (VB Do) (RB n't) (VP (VB make) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN mistake)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VP (VBG reading) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (PRP$ your) (NN dictionary)) (PP (IN beside) (NP (PRP you)))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG looking) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (DT every) (JJ single) (ADJP (JJ new) (CC or) (JJ doubtful)) (NN word))))))))) (. .)))
Don't make the mistake of reading with your dictionary beside you, looking up every single new or doubtful word.
aux
Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin
do
Do
AUX
VB
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin
make
make
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
mistake
mistake
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
case
with
with
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
your
your
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
dictionary
dictionary
NOUN
NN
case
beside
beside
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
look
looking
VERB
VBG
compound:prt
up
up
ADP
RP
det
PronType=Tot
every
every
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
single
single
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
doubtful
doubtful
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
word
word
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ laborious))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ prevents) (NP (PRP you)) (PP (IN from) (S (VP (VBG practicing) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN skill)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN prediction))))))))) (. .)))
This is laborious and prevents you from practicing the skill of prediction.
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
PRON
DT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Degree=Pos
laborious
laborious
ADJ
JJ
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
prevent
prevents
VERB
VBZ
obj
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
mark
from
from
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
practice
practicing
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
skill
skill
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
prediction
prediction
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Sometimes)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG reading)))) (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP find) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN word)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP know)))))) (CC but) (S (NP (DT the) (NN sense)) (VP (VBZ does) (RB n't) (VP (VB seem) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB fit) (PRT (RP in)))))))) (. .)))
Sometimes in reading you find a word you know but the sense doesn't seem to fit in.
advmod
sometimes
Sometimes
ADV
RB
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
find
find
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
word
word
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
know
know
VERB
VBP
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
sense
sense
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
does
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
conj
VerbForm=Inf
seem
seem
VERB
VB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
fit
fit
VERB
VB
compound:prt
in
in
ADP
RP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (ADJP (JJ surprising)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS words)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB so) (JJ many)) (NNS meanings) (CC and) (NNS degrees)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN meaning)))))))) (. .)))
This is not surprising because words have so many meanings and degrees of meaning.
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
PRON
DT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
root
Degree=Pos
surprising
surprising
ADJ
JJ
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
VERB
VBP
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
meaning
meanings
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
degree
degrees
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
meaning
meaning
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHNP (WP What)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJR more))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NN part)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN meaning)))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN shaped) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS words)) (PP (IN around) (NP (PRP them))))))) (. .)))
What is more, part of their meaning is shaped by the words around them.
nsubj
PronType=Int
what
What
PRON
WP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advcl
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
part
part
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nmod
Number=Sing
meaning
meaning
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
shape
shaped
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl:agent
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
case
around
around
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (VP (VB Keep) (VP (VP (VBG looking) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (VBG surrounding) (NNS words)))) (CC and) (VP (VBG asking) (NP (PRP yourself)) (`` ``) (SBAR (WHNP (WHNP (WDT what) (NN sort)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN meaning)))) (S (VP (MD would) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN sense)) (ADVP (RB here))))))))) (. ?) ('' '')))
Keep looking at the surrounding words and asking yourself "what sort of meaning would make sense here?"
root
Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin
keep
Keep
VERB
VB
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
look
looking
VERB
VBG
case
at
at
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
VerbForm=Ger
surround
surrounding
VERB
VBG
obl
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Ger
ask
asking
VERB
VBG
iobj
Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes
yourself
yourself
PRON
PRP
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
det
PronType=Int
what
what
DET
WDT
nsubj
Number=Sing
sort
sort
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
meaning
meaning
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
would
would
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
make
make
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
sense
sense
NOUN
NN
advmod
PronType=Dem
here
here
ADV
RB
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (ADVP (ADJP (DT The) (JJR more)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBP study) (NP (DT the) (NN reading) (NN process)))))) (, ,) (ADJP (DT the) (JJR better)) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB pass) (PRT (RP on)) (PP (IN to) (NP (NN language) (NNS learners))) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN range)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN advice)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB choose) (PP (IN from))))))))))) (. .)))
The more that people study the reading process, the better they can pass on to language learners a range of advice to choose from.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
acl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
study
study
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Cmp
good
better
ADJ
JJR
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
pass
pass
VERB
VB
compound:prt
on
on
ADP
RP
case
to
to
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Plur
learner
learners
NOUN
NNS
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
range
range
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
advice
advice
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
choose
choose
VERB
VB
obl
from
from
ADP
IN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN learned) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB read) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT all) (NNS kinds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS ways)))))))))) (. .)))
People have learned to read in all kinds of ways.
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
People
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
learn
learned
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
read
read
VERB
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
all
all
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
kind
kinds
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
way
ways
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SINV (ADVP (RB Here)) (VP (VBZ is)) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN information)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD could) (VP (VB help) (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VB plan) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJR better) (NN reader)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ foreign) (NN language)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG studying)))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Here is some information that could help you plan to be a better reader in the foreign language you are studying.
expl
PronType=Dem
here
Here
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
VERB
VBZ
det
some
some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
information
information
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
aux
VerbForm=Fin
could
could
AUX
MD
acl:relcl
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
plan
plan
VERB
VB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Cmp
good
better
ADJ
JJR
xcomp
Number=Sing
reader
reader
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
foreign
foreign
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
study
studying
VERB
VBG
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (LST (LS 1)) (-RRB- -RRB-) (VP (VB Work) (PRT (RP out)) (NP (DT the) (JJ general) (NN meaning)) (ADVP (RB first)))))
1) Work out the general meaning first
nummod
1
1
NUM
LS
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
root
Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin
work
Work
VERB
VB
compound:prt
out
out
ADP
RP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
general
general
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
meaning
meaning
NOUN
NN
advmod
NumType=Ord
first
first
ADV
RB
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBD read) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (JJ new) (NN language)))))) (NP (PRP they)) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBP feel) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB take) (NP (DT a) (JJ detailed) (NN approach)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG focusing) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT every) (NN word)) (, ,) (NP (NP (ADVP (RB particularly)) (DT those)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB know))))))))))))))) (. .)))
When people read in a new language they often feel they must take a detailed approach, focusing on every word, particularly those they don't know.
advmod
PronType=Int
when
When
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
read
read
VERB
VBD
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
feel
feel
VERB
VBP
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
must
must
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
take
take
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
detailed
detailed
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
approach
approach
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
focus
focusing
VERB
VBG
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
every
every
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
word
word
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
particularly
particularly
ADV
RB
appos
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
that
those
PRON
DT
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
acl:relcl
VerbForm=Inf
know
know
VERB
VB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBD read) (SBAR (IN as) (IN if) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBG using) (NP (DT a) (NN microscope)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG looking) (ADVP (RB carefully)) (PP (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT each)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ small) (NNS pieces)) (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (DT the) (JJ individual) (NNS words)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (, ,) (CC but) (CONJP (RB not) (RB necessarily)) (VP (VBG seeing) (NP (DT the) (JJ whole) (NN picture)) (PP (IN at) (ADVP (RB first)))))))))))) (. .)))
They read as if they were using a microscope, looking carefully at each of the small pieces (the individual words), but not necessarily seeing the whole picture at first.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
They
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
read
read
VERB
VBD
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
advcl
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
use
using
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
microscope
microscope
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
look
looking
VERB
VBG
advmod
carefully
carefully
ADV
RB
case
at
at
ADP
IN
obl
each
each
DET
DT
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
small
small
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
piece
pieces
NOUN
NNS
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
individual
individual
ADJ
JJ
appos
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
necessarily
necessarily
ADV
RB
conj
VerbForm=Ger
see
seeing
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
whole
whole
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
picture
picture
NOUN
NN
case
at
at
ADP
IN
obl
NumType=Ord
first
first
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN called) (S (NP (DT the) (`` ``) (NN bottom-up) ('' '') (NN approach))))) (. .)))
This is called the "bottom-up" approach.
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
PRON
DT
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
call
called
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
compound
Number=Sing
bottom-up
bottom-up
NOUN
NN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
obj
Number=Sing
approach
approach
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Other) (NNS readers)) (VP (VBP try) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB look) (ADVP (RB first)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ big) (NN picture)) (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (DT the) (`` ``) (JJ top-down) ('' '') (NN approach)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (, ,) (VP (VBG attending) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ individual) (NNS bricks))) (PP (ADVP (RB only)) (IN as) (ADJP (JJ necessary)))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN process)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ involves) (NP (DT some) (JJ intelligent) (NN guesswork)))))))))) (. .)))
Other readers try to look first at the big picture (the "top-down" approach), attending to individual bricks only as necessary, a process that involves some intelligent guesswork.
amod
Degree=Pos
other
Other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
reader
readers
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
try
try
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
look
look
VERB
VB
advmod
NumType=Ord
first
first
ADV
RB
case
at
at
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
big
big
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
picture
picture
NOUN
NN
punct
(
(
PUNCT
-LRB-
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
amod
Degree=Pos
top-down
top-down
ADJ
JJ
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
appos
Number=Sing
approach
approach
NOUN
NN
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
acl
VerbForm=Ger
attend
attending
VERB
VBG
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
individual
individual
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
brick
bricks
NOUN
NNS
advmod
only
only
ADV
RB
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
acl
Degree=Pos
necessary
necessary
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
appos
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
involve
involves
VERB
VBZ
det
some
some
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
intelligent
intelligent
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
guesswork
guesswork
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Generally)) (NP (DT this) (JJ second) (NN approach)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN recommended) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ successful) (NNS learners))))) (. .)))
Generally this second approach is recommended by successful learners.
advmod
generally
Generally
ADV
RB
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord
second
second
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
approach
approach
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
recommend
recommended
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
successful
successful
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Plur
learner
learners
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (FRAG (INTJ (LS 2)) (-RRB- -RRB-) (NP (JJ Interactive) (NN reading))))
2) Interactive reading
nummod
2
2
NUM
LS
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
amod
Degree=Pos
interactive
Interactive
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT Another) (NN way)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG thinking) (PP (IN about) (NP (NN reading))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB describe) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ interactive) (NN process)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (S (NP (DT the) (NN text)) (VP (VBZ brings) (NP (NN something)) (PP (IN to) (NP (PRP you))))) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP bring) (NP (NN something)) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT the) (NN text))))))))))))) (. .)))
Another way of thinking about reading is to describe it as an interactive process, where the text brings something to you and you bring something to the text.
det
another
Another
DET
DT
nsubj:outer
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
think
thinking
VERB
VBG
case
about
about
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
root
VerbForm=Inf
describe
describe
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
interactive
interactive
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Rel
where
where
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
text
text
NOUN
NN
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
bring
brings
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
bring
bring
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
text
text
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Readers)) (VP (VBP bring) (ADVP (RB together)) (NP (NP (PDT all) (PRP$ their) (NN knowledge)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN world)))) (PP (IN with) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP see) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN page))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN front)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP them)))))))))) (. .)))
Readers bring together all their knowledge of the world with what they see on the page in front of them.
nsubj
Number=Plur
reader
Readers
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
bring
bring
VERB
VBP
advmod
together
together
ADV
RB
det:predet
all
all
DET
PDT
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Sing
knowledge
knowledge
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
world
world
NOUN
NN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
obl
PronType=Rel
what
what
PRON
WP
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
see
see
VERB
VBP
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
page
page
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
front
front
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT That)) (VP (VBZ is) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB why)) (, ,) (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (VP (VBG reading) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ our) (JJ own) (NN language)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB read) (NP (DT every) (NN word)))))))))) (. .)))
That is why, when reading in our own language, we don't need to read every word.
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
That
PRON
DT
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
PronType=Int
why
why
ADV
WRB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
our
our
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
own
own
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
advcl:relcl
VerbForm=Inf
need
need
VERB
VB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
read
read
VERB
VB
det
every
every
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
word
word
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP We)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NP (NN meaning)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (ADVP (RB actually)) (VP (VBN stated))))))) (. .)))
We add meaning which is not actually stated.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
We
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
add
add
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing
meaning
meaning
NOUN
NN
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
actually
actually
ADV
RB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
state
stated
VERB
VBN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (LST (LS 3) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (PP (IN From) (NP (NP (VBN supported) (NN reading)) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ independent) (NN reading)))))))
3) From supported reading to independent reading
nummod
3
3
NUM
LS
punct
)
)
PUNCT
-RRB-
case
from
From
ADP
IN
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
support
supported
VERB
VBN
root
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
independent
independent
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NN Language) (NNS learners)) (VP (VBP start) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG needing) (NP (JJ considerable) (NN support)) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP read)))))))) (. .)))
Language learners start by needing considerable support as they read.
compound
Number=Sing
language
Language
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
learner
learners
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
start
start
VERB
VBP
mark
by
by
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
need
needing
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
considerable
considerable
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
support
support
NOUN
NN
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
read
read
VERB
VBP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Textbooks)) (VP (VBP supply) (NP (DT this) (NN support)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN form)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS introductions)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ summaries) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS contents) (, ,) (NNS glossaries) (, ,) (NNS pictures) (, ,) (NNS explanations)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ new) (NN grammar) (NNS points)))))))))))) (. .)))
Textbooks supply this support in the form of introductions that summaries the contents, glossaries, pictures, explanations of new grammar points.
nsubj
Number=Plur
textbook
Textbooks
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
supply
supply
VERB
VBP
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
support
support
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
form
form
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
introduction
introductions
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
summary
summaries
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
content
contents
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
glossary
glossaries
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
picture
pictures
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
explanation
explanations
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
grammar
grammar
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
point
points
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (PRP$ your) (NN reading))) (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB move) (ADVP (RB gradually)) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT this) (NN support))) (PP (IN to) (S (VP (VBG reading) (ADVP (RBR more)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN text)) (NP (PRP itself)))))))))) (. .)))
In your reading you need to move gradually from this support to reading more the text itself.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
your
your
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
need
need
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
move
move
VERB
VB
advmod
gradually
gradually
ADV
RB
case
from
from
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
support
support
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
read
reading
VERB
VBG
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
text
text
NOUN
NN
nmod:npmod
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes
itself
itself
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Learners report two main difficulties in reading, which may be linked. There are too many unknown words and as a result reading is simply not a pleasure. For some students, even reading in their own language is a chore.  Having a wide vocabulary is essential to making sense of written language. Of course, this is a circular argument, because the more you read the more vocabulary you learn and the more words you know the more easily you can read. Don't make the mistake of reading with your dictionary beside you, looking up every single new or doubtful word. This is laborious and prevents you from practicing the skill of prediction.  Sometimes in reading you find a word you know but the sense doesn't seem to fit in. This is not surprising because words have so many meanings and degrees of meaning. What is more, part of their meaning is shaped by the words around them. Keep looking at the surrounding words and asking yourself "what sort of meaning would make sense here?"  The more that people study the reading process, the better they can pass on to language learners a range of advice to choose from. People have learned to read in all kinds of ways. Here is some information that could help you plan to be a better reader in the foreign language you are studying.  1) Work out the general meaning first  When people read in a new language they often feel they must take a detailed approach, focusing on every word, particularly those they don't know. They read as if they were using a microscope, looking carefully at each of the small pieces (the individual words), but not necessarily seeing the whole picture at first. This is called the "bottom-up" approach. Other readers try to look first at the big picture (the "top-down" approach), attending to individual bricks only as necessary, a process that involves some intelligent guesswork. Generally this second approach is recommended by successful learners.  2) Interactive reading  Another way of thinking about reading is to describe it as an interactive process, where the text brings something to you and you bring something to the text. Readers bring together all their knowledge of the world with what they see on the page in front of them. That is why, when reading in our own language, we don't need to read every word. We add meaning which is not actually stated.  3) From supported reading to independent reading  Language learners start by needing considerable support as they read. Textbooks supply this support in the form of introductions that summaries the contents, glossaries, pictures, explanations of new grammar points. In your reading you need to move gradually from this support to reading more the text itself.