(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Johann) (NNP Gutenberg)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBD worked) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN goldsmith)))))) (, ,)) (VP (VP (VBD took) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (VP (VBD had) (ADVP (RB already)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN discovered))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBD created) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ small) (NN invention)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD changed) (NP (NN history)))))))) (. .)))
Johann Gutenberg, who worked as a goldsmith, took what had already been discovered, and created a small invention that changed history.
nsubj
Number=Sing
Johann
Johann
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
work
worked
VERB
VBD
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
goldsmith
goldsmith
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
take
took
VERB
VBD
obj
PronType=Rel
what
what
PRON
WP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
AUX
VBD
advmod
already
already
ADV
RB
aux:pass
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
discover
discovered
VERB
VBN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
create
created
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
small
small
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
invention
invention
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
change
changed
VERB
VBD
obj
Number=Sing
history
history
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (VBD created) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN machine)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD allowed) (S (NP (PRP him)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB move) (NP (NP (JJ small) (NNS blocks)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS letters)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (PDT such) (DT a) (NN way)) (SBAR (WHADVP (IN that)) (S (NP (VBN written) (NN material)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN printed) (CC and) (VBN mass-produced)))))))))))))))) (. .)))
He created a machine that allowed him to move small blocks of letters in such a way that written material could be printed and mass-produced.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
create
created
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
machine
machine
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
allow
allowed
VERB
VBD
iobj
Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
him
PRON
PRP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
move
move
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
small
small
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
block
blocks
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
letter
letters
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det:predet
such
such
DET
PDT
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
write
written
VERB
VBN
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
material
material
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
could
could
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
print
printed
VERB
VBN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
mass-produce
mass-produced
VERB
VBN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ Few) (NNS people)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB read) (SBAR (IN before) (S (NP (NNP Guttenberg)) (VP (VBD made) (NP (DT the) (NN invention)))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (SBAR (IN once) (S (NP (NNS books)) (VP (VBD became) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ expensive))))) (, ,) (NP (JJR more) (NNPS Europeans)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB read) (CC and) (VB write)))) (. .)))
Few people could read before Guttenberg made the invention, but once books became less expensive, more Europeans could read and write.
amod
Degree=Pos
few
Few
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
could
could
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
read
read
VERB
VB
mark
before
before
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing
Guttenberg
Guttenberg
PROPN
NNP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
make
made
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
invention
invention
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
mark
once
once
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
become
became
VERB
VBD
advmod
Degree=Cmp
less
less
ADV
RBR
xcomp
Degree=Pos
expensive
expensive
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
nsubj
Number=Plur
European
Europeans
PROPN
NNPS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
could
could
AUX
MD
conj
VerbForm=Inf
read
read
VERB
VB
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
write
write
VERB
VB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NN Block) (NN printing)) (VP (VBD existed) (PP (ADVP (RB long)) (IN before) (NP (NNP Gutenberg)))) (. .)))
Block printing existed long before Gutenberg.
compound
Number=Sing
block
Block
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
printing
printing
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
exist
existed
VERB
VBD
advmod
Degree=Pos
long
long
ADV
RB
case
before
before
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (DT The) (NNPS Chinese)) (VP (VBD had) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBG using) (NP (NN wood) (NNS blocks)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB print) (NP (NNS books)) (ADVP (ADVP (RB as) (RB early)) (PP (IN as) (NP (CD 868))))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ new) (NN set)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS woodcuts)))) (VP (VBD had) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT each) (NN book))))))))) (. .)))
The Chinese had been using wood blocks to print books as early as 868, but a new set of woodcuts had to be made for each book.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
Chinese
Chinese
PROPN
NNPS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
AUX
VBD
aux
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
root
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
use
using
VERB
VBG
compound
Number=Sing
wood
wood
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
block
blocks
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
print
print
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
advmod
as
as
ADV
RB
advmod
Degree=Pos
early
early
ADV
RB
case
as
as
ADP
IN
obl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
868
868
NUM
CD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
set
set
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
woodcut
woodcuts
NOUN
NNS
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
VERB
VBD
mark
to
to
PART
TO
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
xcomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
make
made
VERB
VBN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
each
each
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
book
book
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (S (VP (VBG Producing) (NP (CD one) (NN book)))) (VP (VBD was) (RB not) (ADJP (JJ easy)))) (: ;) (S (S (VP (VBG producing) (NP (NP (DT all) (NNS kinds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS books)))))) (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ difficult)))) (. .)))
Producing one book was not easy; producing all kinds of books was more difficult.
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
produce
Producing
VERB
VBG
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
obj
Number=Sing
book
book
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
root
Degree=Pos
easy
easy
ADJ
JJ
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
produce
producing
VERB
VBG
det
all
all
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
kind
kinds
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
parataxis
Degree=Pos
difficult
difficult
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (VP (VBG Writing) (NP (NN ink) (NNS dates)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 2500)) (NN BC)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Egypt) (CC and) (NNP China)))))) (. .)))
Writing ink dates from about 2500 BC in Egypt and China.
root
VerbForm=Ger
write
Writing
VERB
VBG
compound
Number=Sing
ink
ink
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
date
dates
NOUN
NNS
case
from
from
ADP
IN
advmod
about
about
ADV
RB
obl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
2500
2500
NUM
CD
nmod:tmod
Number=Sing
bc
BC
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Egypt
Egypt
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
China
China
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Gutenberg)) (VP (VBD used) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ oil-based) (NN printing) (NN ink)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD would) (VP (VB last) (ADVP (ADVP (RBR longer)) (SBAR (IN than) (S (NP (JJ other) (NNS inks)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN time))))))))))))) (. .)))
Gutenberg used an oil-based printing ink that would last longer than other inks used in his time.
nsubj
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
use
used
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
oil-based
oil-based
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
printing
printing
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
ink
ink
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
aux
VerbForm=Fin
would
would
AUX
MD
acl:relcl
VerbForm=Inf
last
last
VERB
VB
advmod
Degree=Cmp
long
longer
ADV
RBR
case
than
than
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
link
inks
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
use
used
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
time
time
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP We)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB know) (NP (NP (JJ much)) (PP (IN about) (NP (NNP Gutenberg)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBD was) (RB not) (ADJP (JJ famous)) (PP (IN during) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN lifetime)))))))) (. .)))
We don't know much about Gutenberg because he was not famous during his lifetime.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
We
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
know
know
VERB
VB
obj
Degree=Pos
much
much
ADJ
JJ
case
about
about
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
he
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advcl
Degree=Pos
famous
famous
ADJ
JJ
case
during
during
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
lifetime
lifetime
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN born) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Germany))) (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 1400))))) (. .)))
He was born in Germany about 1400.
nsubj:pass
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
bear
born
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Germany
Germany
PROPN
NNP
advmod
about
about
ADV
RB
obl:tmod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1400
1400
NUM
CD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (CD 1448))) (, ,) (NP (NNP Gutenberg)) (VP (VBD developed) (NP (NP (NNS signatures)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT each) (NML (NN number) (, ,) (NN letter) (, ,) (CC and) (NN punctuation)) (NN mark))))) (. .)))
In 1448, Gutenberg developed signatures for each number, letter, and punctuation mark.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
obl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1448
1448
NUM
CD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
develop
developed
VERB
VBD
obj
Number=Plur
signature
signatures
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
each
each
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Sing
letter
letter
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
compound
Number=Sing
punctuation
punctuation
NOUN
NN
conj
Number=Sing
mark
mark
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (ADVP (RB then)) (VP (VBD built) (NP (DT the) (NNS molds)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB hold) (NP (DT the) (NNS signatures)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN place))))))) (. .)))
He then built the molds to hold the signatures in place.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
advmod
PronType=Dem
then
then
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
build
built
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
mold
molds
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
hold
hold
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
signature
signatures
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
place
place
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Gutenberg)) (VP (VBD published) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (JJ mass-produced) (NN book)) (: :) (NP (DT a) (CD 1,282) (NN page) (NNP Bible)))) (. .)))
Gutenberg published the first mass-produced book: a 1,282 page Bible.
nsubj
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
publish
published
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord
first
first
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
mass-produced
mass-produced
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
book
book
NOUN
NN
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1282
1,282
NUM
CD
compound
Number=Sing
page
page
NOUN
NN
appos
Number=Sing
Bible
Bible
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN To) (NP (DT this) (NN day))) (, ,) (NP (NP (JJR more) (NNS copies)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Bible)))) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN printed) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT any) (JJ other) (NN book)))))) (. .)))
To this day, more copies of the Bible have been printed than any other book.
case
to
To
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
day
day
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
copy
copies
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
Bible
Bible
PROPN
NNP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
aux:pass
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
print
printed
VERB
VBN
case
than
than
ADP
IN
det
any
any
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
book
book
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (NNS Copies)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNP Gutenberg) (POS 's)) (NN invention)))) (VP (VBD spread) (PP (IN throughout) (NP (NNP Europe))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ German) (NN goldsmith)) (VP (VBD did) (RB not) (VP (VB get) (ADJP (JJ rich) (PP (IN from) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN invention))))))) (. .)))
Copies of Gutenberg's invention spread throughout Europe, but the German goldsmith did not get rich from his invention.
nsubj
Number=Plur
copy
Copies
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
Gutenberg
Gutenberg
PROPN
NNP
case
's
's
PART
POS
nmod
Number=Sing
invention
invention
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
spread
spread
VERB
VBD
case
throughout
throughout
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Europe
Europe
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
German
German
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
goldsmith
goldsmith
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
do
did
AUX
VBD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
conj
VerbForm=Inf
get
get
VERB
VB
xcomp
Degree=Pos
rich
rich
ADJ
JJ
case
from
from
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
invention
invention
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT Some) (NNS officials)) (VP (VBD denounced) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN invention)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN printing)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD feared) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD would) (VP (VB spread) (NP (JJ bad) (NNS ideas)))))))))) (. .)))
Some officials denounced the invention of printing because they feared that it would spread bad ideas.
det
some
Some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
official
officials
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
denounce
denounced
VERB
VBD
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
invention
invention
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
printing
printing
NOUN
NN
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
fear
feared
VERB
VBD
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
would
would
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
spread
spread
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
bad
bad
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
idea
ideas
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN By) (NP (CD 1500))) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBD were) (NP (CD 1,700) (NN printing) (NNS presses)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Europe)))) (. .)))
By 1500 there were 1,700 printing presses in Europe.
case
by
By
ADP
IN
obl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1500
1500
NUM
CD
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
VERB
VBD
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1700
1,700
NUM
CD
compound
Number=Sing
printing
printing
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
press
presses
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Europe
Europe
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS presses)) (VP (VBD had) (ADVP (RB already)) (VP (VBN produced) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 20) (CD million)) (NNS volumes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (CD 40,000) (JJ different) (NNS books)))))) (. .)))
The presses had already produced about 20 million volumes of 40,000 different books.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
press
presses
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
AUX
VBD
advmod
already
already
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
produce
produced
VERB
VBN
advmod
about
about
ADV
RB
compound
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
20
20
NUM
CD
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
million
million
NUM
CD
obj
Number=Plur
volume
volumes
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
40000
40,000
NUM
CD
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
book
books
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Johann Gutenberg, who worked as a goldsmith, took what had already been discovered, and created a small invention that changed history. He created a machine that allowed him to move small blocks of letters in such a way that written material could be printed and mass-produced. Few people could read before Guttenberg made the invention, but once books became less expensive, more Europeans could read and write.  Block printing existed long before Gutenberg. The Chinese had been using wood blocks to print books as early as 868, but a new set of woodcuts had to be made for each book. Producing one book was not easy; producing all kinds of books was more difficult.  Writing ink dates from about 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Gutenberg used an oil-based printing ink that would last longer than other inks used in his time. We don't know much about Gutenberg because he was not famous during his lifetime. He was born in Germany about 1400. In 1448, Gutenberg developed signatures for each number, letter, and punctuation mark. He then built the molds to hold the signatures in place. Gutenberg published the first mass-produced book: a 1,282 page Bible. To this day, more copies of the Bible have been printed than any other book.  Copies of Gutenberg's invention spread throughout Europe, but the German goldsmith did not get rich from his invention. Some officials denounced the invention of printing because they feared that it would spread bad ideas. By 1500 there were 1,700 printing presses in Europe. The presses had already produced about 20 million volumes of 40,000 different books.