(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Birds)) (VP (MD Can) (VP (`` ``) (VB Read) (`` '') (NP (JJ Human) (NN Gaze))))))
Birds Can "Read" Human Gaze
nsubj
Number=Plur
bird
Birds
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
Can
AUX
MD
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
root
VerbForm=Inf
read
Read
VERB
VB
punct
''
''
PUNCT
``
amod
Degree=Pos
human
Human
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
gaze
Gaze
NOUN
NN
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (PRP We)) (NP (DT all))) (VP (VBP know) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NNS people)) (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VP (VBP change) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN behavior)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NN someone)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG looking) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN way)))))))))) (. .)))
We all know that people sometimes change their behavior when someone is looking their way.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
We
PRON
PRP
det
all
all
DET
DT
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
know
know
VERB
VBP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advmod
sometimes
sometimes
ADV
RB
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
change
change
VERB
VBP
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Sing
behavior
behavior
NOUN
NN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advcl
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
look
looking
VERB
VBG
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Now)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ new) (NN study)) (VP (VBD reported) (ADVP (RB online)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNP April) (NN 2nd))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Current) (NNP Biology))))) (VP (VBZ shows) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NNS jackdaws)) (, --) (NP (NP (NNS birds)) (VP (JJ related) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (NP (NNS crows)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NNS eyes)))) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP appear) (S (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ human) (NNS eyes)))))))))))) (, --)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB do) (NP (DT the) (JJ same))))))) (. .)))
Now, a new study reported online on April 2nd in Current Biology shows that jackdaws--birds related to crows with eyes that appear similar to human eyes--can do the same.
advmod
now
Now
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
study
study
NOUN
NN
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
report
reported
VERB
VBD
advmod
online
online
ADV
RB
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
April
April
PROPN
NNP
nummod
NumType=Ord|Number=Sing
2nd
2nd
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
current
Current
ADJ
NNP
nmod
Number=Sing
biology
Biology
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
show
shows
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
jackdaw
jackdaws
NOUN
NNS
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
appos
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
amod
Degree=Pos
related
related
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
crow
crows
NOUN
NNS
case
with
with
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
appear
appear
VERB
VBP
xcomp
Degree=Pos
similar
similar
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
human
human
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
do
do
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (SINV (`` ``) (S (S (NP (NNPS Jackdaws)) (VP (VBP seem) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB recognize) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN eye) (POS 's)) (NN role)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ visual) (NN perception))))))))) (, ,) (CC or) (S (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ very) (JJS least)))) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ sensitive) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN way)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ human) (NNS eyes)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN oriented))))))))))) (, ,) ('' '') (VP (VBD said)) (NP (NP (NNP Auguste) (NNP von) (NNP Bayern)) (, ,) (UCP (ADVP (RB formerly) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Cambridge)))))) (CC and) (ADVP (RB now)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Oxford))))))) (. .)))
"Jackdaws seem to recognize the eye's role in visual perception, or at the very least they are extremely sensitive to the way that human eyes are oriented," said Auguste von Bayern, formerly of the University of Cambridge and now at the University of Oxford.
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Plur
Jackdaws
Jackdaws
PROPN
NNPS
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
seem
seem
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
recognize
recognize
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
eye
eye
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
obj
Number=Sing
role
role
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
visual
visual
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
perception
perception
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
case
at
at
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Degree=Pos
very
very
ADJ
JJ
fixed
Degree=Sup
least
least
ADJ
JJS
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
extremely
extremely
ADV
RB
conj
Degree=Pos
sensitive
sensitive
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
human
human
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
orient
oriented
VERB
VBN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
nsubj
Number=Sing
Auguste
Auguste
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
von
von
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Bayern
Bayern
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
formerly
formerly
ADV
RB
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Cambridge
Cambridge
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
now
now
ADV
RB
case
at
at
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Oxford
Oxford
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (VP (VBN presented) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT a) (VBN preferred) (NN food)))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ hand-raised) (NNS jackdaws)) (VP (VBD took) (ADVP (RB significantly) (RBR longer)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB get) (NP (DT the) (NN reward))))) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT a) (NN person)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBG directing) (NP (PRP$ his) (NNS eyes)) (PP (IN towards) (NP (DT the) (NN food))) (PP (IN than) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBG looking) (ADVP (RB away))))))))))) (, ,) (PP (VBG according) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN research) (NN team)) (VP (VBN led) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNP Nathan) (NNP Emery)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Cambridge)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (NML (NNP Queen) (NNP Mary)) (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP London))))))))))))) (. .)))
When presented with a preferred food, hand-raised jackdaws took significantly longer to get the reward when a person was directing his eyes towards the food than when he was looking away, according to the research team led by Nathan Emery of the University of Cambridge and Queen Mary University of London.
advmod
PronType=Int
when
When
ADV
WRB
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
present
presented
VERB
VBN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
prefer
preferred
VERB
VBN
obl
Number=Sing
food
food
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
hand-raised
hand-raised
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
jackdaw
jackdaws
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
take
took
VERB
VBD
advmod
significantly
significantly
ADV
RB
advmod
Degree=Cmp
long
longer
ADV
RBR
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
get
get
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
reward
reward
NOUN
NN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advcl
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
direct
directing
VERB
VBG
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
case
towards
towards
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
food
food
NOUN
NN
case
than
than
ADP
IN
obl
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
he
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advcl:relcl
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
look
looking
VERB
VBG
advmod
away
away
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
ExtPos=ADP|VerbForm=Ger
accord
according
VERB
VBG
fixed
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
research
research
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
team
team
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
lead
led
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
obl:agent
Number=Sing
Nathan
Nathan
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Emery
Emery
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Cambridge
Cambridge
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
compound
Number=Sing
Queen
Queen
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Mary
Mary
PROPN
NNP
conj
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
London
London
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS birds)) (VP (VBD hesitated) (SBAR (WHADVP (RB only) (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT the) (NN person)) (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (ADJP (JJ unfamiliar)) (CC and) (ADVP (RB thus)) (ADVP (RB potentially)) (VP (VBG threatening))))))) (. .)))
The birds hesitated only when the person was unfamiliar and thus potentially threatening.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
hesitate
hesitated
VERB
VBD
advmod
only
only
ADV
RB
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advcl
Degree=Pos
unfamiliar
unfamiliar
ADJ
JJ
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
thus
thus
ADV
RB
advmod
potentially
potentially
ADV
RB
conj
VerbForm=Ger
threaten
threatening
VERB
VBG
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN addition))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS birds)) (VP (VBD were) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB interpret) (NP (NP (JJ human) (JJ communicative) (NNS gestures)) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NN gaze) (NN alternation) (CC and) (NN pointing))) (, ,)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help) (S (NP (PRP them)) (VP (VB find) (NP (JJ hidden) (NN food))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD found)) (. .)))
In addition, the birds were able to interpret human communicative gestures, such as gaze alternation and pointing, to help them find hidden food, they found.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
addition
addition
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
root
Degree=Pos
able
able
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
interpret
interpret
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
human
human
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
communicative
communicative
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
gesture
gestures
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
gaze
gaze
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
alternation
alternation
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
point
pointing
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
find
find
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
hidden
hidden
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
food
food
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
find
found
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS birds)) (VP (VBD were) (ADJP (JJ unsuccessful)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (NP (JJ unmoving) (NNS cues)) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NP (NN eye) (NN gaze)) (CC or) (NP (NN head) (NN orientation))))))))) (. .)))
The birds were unsuccessful in using unmoving cues, including eye gaze or head orientation.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
root
Degree=Pos
unsuccessful
unsuccessful
ADJ
JJ
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
use
using
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
unmoving
unmoving
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
cue
cues
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
VerbForm=Ger
include
including
VERB
VBG
compound
Number=Sing
eye
eye
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
gaze
gaze
NOUN
NN
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
compound
Number=Sing
head
head
NOUN
NN
conj
Number=Sing
orientation
orientation
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (PP (IN Unlike) (NP (JJS most) (NNS birds))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS jackdaws) (POS ')) (NNS eyes)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ dark) (NN pupil)) (VP (VBN surrounded) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT a) (JJ silvery) (JJ white) (NN iris)))))) (. .)))
Unlike most birds, jackdaws' eyes have a dark pupil surrounded by a silvery white iris.
case
unlike
Unlike
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADJ
JJS
obl
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nmod:poss
Number=Plur
jackdaw
jackdaws
NOUN
NNS
case
's
'
PART
POS
nsubj
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
dark
dark
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
pupil
pupil
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
surround
surrounded
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
silvery
silvery
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
white
white
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Sing
iri
iris
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS researchers)) (VP (VBD said) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP believe) (SBAR (S (NP (NNS jackdaws)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB probably)) (ADJP (JJ sensitive) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ human) (NNS eyes)))) (SBAR (IN because) (, ,) (S (PP (IN as) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS humans)))) (, ,) (NP (NNS eyes)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ important) (NN means)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN communication))) (PP (IN for) (NP (PRP them)))))))))))))) (. .)))
The researchers said they believe jackdaws are probably sensitive to human eyes because, as in humans, eyes are an important means of communication for them.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
researcher
researchers
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
believe
believe
VERB
VBP
nsubj
Number=Plur
jackdaw
jackdaws
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
probably
probably
ADV
RB
ccomp
Degree=Pos
sensitive
sensitive
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
human
human
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
human
humans
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
eye
eyes
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
important
important
ADJ
JJ
advcl
Number=Sing
means
means
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
communication
communication
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ hand-raised) (NNS birds)) (VP (VBN examined) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN study))))) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (ADJP (RB even) (JJR better)) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ wild) (NNS jackdaws)))) (PP (IN at) (S (VP (VP (VBG attending) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ human) (NN gaze)))) (CC and) (VP (VBG responding) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS gestures)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS people)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN raised) (NP (PRP them)))))))))))))))) (. .)))
The hand-raised birds examined in the study may be even better than wild jackdaws at attending to human gaze and responding to the gestures of the people who have raised them.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
hand-raised
hand-raised
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
examine
examined
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
study
study
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
even
even
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Cmp
good
better
ADJ
JJR
case
than
than
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
wild
wild
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
jackdaw
jackdaws
NOUN
NNS
mark
at
at
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
attend
attending
VERB
VBG
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
human
human
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
gaze
gaze
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Ger
respond
responding
VERB
VBG
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
gesture
gestures
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
raise
raised
VERB
VBN
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (S (NP (DT The) (NNS findings)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB particularly) (JJ notable)) (PP (VBN given) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJS most) (JJ other) (NNS species)) (VP (VBD investigated) (ADVP (RB so) (RB far)) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (S (NP (NP (PRP$ our) (JJS closest) (POS s)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN chimpanzee)) (CC and) (NP (`` ``) (NP (NP (NN man) (POS 's)) (JJS best) (NN friend)) (, ,) ('' '') (NP (DT the) (NN dog)) (, ,)))) (VP (VBP are) (RB not) (ADJP (RB particularly) (JJ sensitive) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (NN eye) (NN orientation)) (CC and) (NP (NN eye) (NN gaze)))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNP von) (NNP Bayern)) (VP (VBD said)) (. .)))
The findings are particularly notable given that most other species investigated so far, including our closest s the chimpanzee and "man's best friend," the dog, are not particularly sensitive to eye orientation and eye gaze, von Bayern said.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
finding
findings
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
particularly
particularly
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
notable
notable
ADJ
JJ
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
give
given
VERB
VBN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADJ
JJS
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
species
species
NOUN
NNS
acl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
investigate
investigated
VERB
VBD
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
advmod
Degree=Pos
far
far
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
VerbForm=Ger
include
including
VERB
VBG
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
our
our
PRON
PRP$
nmod:poss
Degree=Sup
close
closest
ADJ
JJS
case
Typo=Yes
's
s
PART
POS
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
chimpanzee
chimpanzee
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
man
man
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
amod
Degree=Sup
good
best
ADJ
JJS
conj
Number=Sing
friend
friend
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
appos
Number=Sing
dog
dog
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
particularly
particularly
ADV
RB
advcl
Degree=Pos
sensitive
sensitive
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
eye
eye
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
orientation
orientation
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
compound
Number=Sing
eye
eye
NOUN
NN
conj
Number=Sing
gaze
gaze
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Sing
von
von
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Bayern
Bayern
PROPN
NNP
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Rather)) (PRN (, ,) (S (NP (PRP she)) (VP (VBD continued))) (, ,)) (NP (NNS chimps) (CC and) (NNS dogs)) (VP (VBP seem) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB rely) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS cues)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NN head) (CC or) (NN body) (NN orientation))) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG determining) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG looking) (NN direction)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS others))))))))))))) (. .)))
Rather, she continued, chimps and dogs seem to rely on other cues such as head or body orientation in determining the looking direction of others.
advmod
rather
Rather
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
she
she
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
continue
continued
VERB
VBD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
chimp
chimps
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
dog
dogs
NOUN
NNS
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
seem
seem
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
rely
rely
VERB
VB
case
on
on
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
cue
cues
NOUN
NNS
case
Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
head
head
NOUN
NN
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
body
body
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
orientation
orientation
NOUN
NN
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
determine
determining
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
VerbForm=Ger
look
looking
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
direction
direction
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS results)) (VP (VBP suggest) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NNS birds)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB deserve) (NP (NP (JJR more) (NN respect)) (PP (IN for) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ mental) (NNS abilities))))))))) (. .)))
The results suggest that birds may deserve more respect for their mental abilities.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
result
results
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
suggest
suggest
VERB
VBP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
deserve
deserve
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
obj
Number=Sing
respect
respect
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
mental
mental
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
ability
abilities
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (S (NP (PRP We)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN understated) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ psychological) (NN world)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS birds)))))))) (, ,) ('' '') (NP (NNP von) (NNP Bayern)) (VP (VBD said)) (. .)))
"We may have understated the psychological world of birds," von Bayern said.
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
We
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
aux
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
AUX
VB
ccomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
understate
understated
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
psychological
psychological
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
world
world
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
nsubj
Number=Sing
von
von
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Bayern
Bayern
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
say
said
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (`` ``) (NP (NNPS Jackdaws)) (, ,) (PP (IN among) (NP (JJ many) (JJ other) (NNS birds))) (, ,) (VP (VP (VB form) (NP (NN pair) (NNS ties)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN life)))) (CC and) (VP (VBP need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (JJ much)) (PP (IN in) (ADJP (JJ common))))) (CC and) (VP (VBP work) (ADVP (RB together)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NN partner)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ requires) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ efficient) (NN way)) (PP (IN of) (VP (VBG communicating) (CC and) (NN sensitivity))) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NN partner) (POS 's)) (NN viewpoint))))))))))))))) (. .) ('' '')))
"Jackdaws, among many other birds, form pair ties for life and need to have much in common and work together with their partner, which requires an efficient way of communicating and sensitivity to their partner's viewpoint."
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Plur
Jackdaws
Jackdaws
PROPN
NNPS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
among
among
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
bird
birds
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
root
VerbForm=Fin
form
form
VERB
VB
compound
Number=Sing
pair
pair
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
tie
ties
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
life
life
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
need
need
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
obj
Degree=Pos
much
much
ADJ
JJ
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Degree=Pos
common
common
ADJ
JJ
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
work
work
VERB
VBP
advmod
together
together
ADV
RB
case
with
with
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
partner
partner
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
require
requires
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
efficient
efficient
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
communicate
communicating
VERB
VBG
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
sensitivity
sensitivity
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
partner
partner
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
nmod
Number=Sing
viewpoint
viewpoint
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
Birds Can "Read" Human Gaze  We all know that people sometimes change their behavior when someone is looking their way. Now, a new study reported online on April 2nd in Current Biology shows that jackdaws--birds related to crows with eyes that appear similar to human eyes--can do the same.  "Jackdaws seem to recognize the eye's role in visual perception, or at the very least they are extremely sensitive to the way that human eyes are oriented," said Auguste von Bayern, formerly of the University of Cambridge and now at the University of Oxford.  When presented with a preferred food, hand-raised jackdaws took significantly longer to get the reward when a person was directing his eyes towards the food than when he was looking away, according to the research team led by Nathan Emery of the University of Cambridge and Queen Mary University of London. The birds hesitated only when the person was unfamiliar and thus potentially threatening.  In addition, the birds were able to interpret human communicative gestures, such as gaze alternation and pointing, to help them find hidden food, they found. The birds were unsuccessful in using unmoving cues, including eye gaze or head orientation.  Unlike most birds, jackdaws' eyes have a dark pupil surrounded by a silvery white iris. The researchers said they believe jackdaws are probably sensitive to human eyes because, as in humans, eyes are an important means of communication for them. The hand-raised birds examined in the study may be even better than wild jackdaws at attending to human gaze and responding to the gestures of the people who have raised them.  The findings are particularly notable given that most other species investigated so far, including our closest s the chimpanzee and "man's best friend," the dog, are not particularly sensitive to eye orientation and eye gaze, von Bayern said. Rather, she continued, chimps and dogs seem to rely on other cues such as head or body orientation in determining the looking direction of others. The results suggest that birds may deserve more respect for their mental abilities.  "We may have understated the psychological world of birds," von Bayern said. "Jackdaws, among many other birds, form pair ties for life and need to have much in common and work together with their partner, which requires an efficient way of communicating and sensitivity to their partner's viewpoint."