(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (PRP It))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ well-known)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NNS twins)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJR closer) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT each)) (ADJP (JJ other)))) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJS most) (NNS brothers) (CC and) (NNS sisters))))))))) (, --) (, --) (S (ADVP (IN after) (DT all)) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (ADVP (RB probably)) (VP (VBP spend) (NP (JJR more) (NN time)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT each) (JJ other))))) (. .)))
It is well-known that twins are closer to each other than most brothers and sisters---- after all, they probably spend more time with each other.
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Degree=Pos
well-known
well-known
ADJ
JJ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
csubj
Degree=Cmp
close
closer
ADJ
JJR
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
each
each
DET
DT
obl
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
case
than
than
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADJ
JJS
obl
Number=Plur
brother
brothers
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
sister
sisters
NOUN
NNS
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
case
after
after
ADP
IN
obl
all
all
DET
DT
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advmod
probably
probably
ADV
RB
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
spend
spend
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
obj
Number=Sing
time
time
NOUN
NN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
obl
ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp
each
each
DET
DT
fixed
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Parents)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS twins)))) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBP notice) (SBAR (IN that) (S (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP develop) (NP (NP (JJ special) (NNS ways)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG communicating))))))) (: :) (S (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP invent) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ own) (NNS words)))) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP one)) (VP (MD can) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VB finish) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN other) (POS 's)) (NN sentence))))))))) (. .)))
Parents of twins often notice that they develop special ways of communicating: they invent their own words and one can often finish the other's sentence.
nsubj
Number=Plur
Parent
Parents
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
notice
notice
VERB
VBP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
develop
develop
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Pos
special
special
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
way
ways
NOUN
NNS
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
communicate
communicating
VERB
VBG
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
invent
invent
VERB
VBP
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
own
own
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
one
one
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
conj
VerbForm=Inf
finish
finish
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
other
other
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
obj
Number=Sing
sentence
sentence
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (PP (IN In) (NP (JJ exceptional) (NNS circumstances))) (, ,) (NP (DT this) (NN closeness)) (VP (VBZ becomes) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ extreme)))) (: :) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP invent) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ whole) (NN language)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ own)))) (, ,) (PP (IN as) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN case)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (NNP Grace) (CC and) (NNP Virginia) (NNP Kennedy)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NNP Georgia))) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP USA)))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBD communicated) (ADVP (RB so) (RB successfully)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ own) (JJ special) (NN language))) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD did) (RB not) (VP (VB speak) (NP (DT any) (NNP English)) (ADVP (IN at) (DT all)) (PP (IN until) (SBAR (IN after) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD started) (NP (NN school)))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
In exceptional circumstances, this closeness becomes more extreme: they invent a whole language of their own, as in the case of Grace and Virginia Kennedy from Georgia in the USA, who communicated so successfully in their own special language that they did not speak any English at all until after they started school.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
exceptional
exceptional
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
circumstance
circumstances
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
closeness
closeness
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
become
becomes
VERB
VBZ
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
xcomp
Degree=Pos
extreme
extreme
ADJ
JJ
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
invent
invent
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
whole
whole
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nmod
Degree=Pos
own
own
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
as
as
ADP
IN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
case
case
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Grace
Grace
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
Virginia
Virginia
PROPN
NNP
conj
Number=Sing
Kennedy
Kennedy
PROPN
NNP
case
from
from
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Georgia
Georgia
PROPN
NNP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
USA
USA
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
communicate
communicated
VERB
VBD
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
advmod
successfully
successfully
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
own
own
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
special
special
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
do
did
AUX
VBD
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
speak
speak
VERB
VB
det
any
any
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
English
English
PROPN
NNP
case
at
at
ADP
IN
obl
all
all
DET
DT
mark
until
until
SCONJ
IN
mark
after
after
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
start
started
VERB
VBD
obj
Number=Sing
school
school
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (NP (DT these) (JJ special) (NNS relationships)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN result)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS lives)) (VP (VBN spent) (ADVP (RB almost) (RB entirely)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT each) (JJ other) (POS 's)) (NN company)))))))) (. .)))
However, these special relationships are the result of lives spent almost entirely in each other's company.
advmod
however
However
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
these
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
special
special
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
relationship
relationships
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
result
result
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
life
lives
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
spend
spent
VERB
VBN
advmod
almost
almost
ADV
RB
advmod
entirely
entirely
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp
each
each
DET
DT
fixed
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
case
's
's
PART
POS
obl
Number=Sing
company
company
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SBARQ (WHNP (WP What)) (SQ (VP (VBZ happens) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NNS twins)) (VP (VBP do) (RB not) (VP (VB grow) (PRT (RP up)) (ADVP (RB together)))))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN separated) (PP (IN at) (NP (NN birth))) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT some) (NN reason))))))))) (. ?)))
What happens when twins do not grow up together, when they are separated at birth for some reason?
nsubj
PronType=Int
what
What
PRON
WP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
happen
happens
VERB
VBZ
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
grow
grow
VERB
VB
compound:prt
up
up
ADP
RP
advmod
together
together
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj:pass
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
separate
separated
VERB
VBN
case
at
at
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
birth
birth
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
reason
reason
NOUN
NN
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SQ (VBP Are) (NP (PRP they)) (PP (ADVP (RB just)) (IN like) (NP (DT any) (JJ other) (NNS strangers)))) (, ,) (CC or) (SQ (VBP are) (NP (EX there)) (ADVP (RB still)) (NP (NP (JJ special) (NNS similarities)) (PP (IN between) (NP (PRP them))))) (. ?)))
Are they just like any other strangers, or are there still special similarities between them?
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
Are
AUX
VBP
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advmod
just
just
ADV
RB
case
like
like
ADP
IN
det
any
any
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Plur
stranger
strangers
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
special
special
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
similarity
similarities
NOUN
NNS
case
between
between
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Professor) (NNP Tom) (NNP Bouchard)) (, ,) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Minnesota))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBD set) (PRT (RP out)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB find) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN answer)) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT this) (NN question)))))))) (. .)))
Professor Tom Bouchard, of the University of Minnesota, set out to find the answer to this question.
nsubj
Number=Sing
Professor
Professor
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Tom
Tom
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Bouchard
Bouchard
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
University
University
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Minnesota
Minnesota
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
set
set
VERB
VBD
compound:prt
out
out
ADP
RP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
find
find
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
answer
answer
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
question
question
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (VBD traced) (NP (NP (CD sixteen) (NNS pairs)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS twins)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN adopted) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ different) (NNS families))) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VP (VBD were) (NP (NNS babies))) (, ,) (CC and) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN brought) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (IN in) (NP (ADJP (RB very) (JJ different)) (NNS circumstances))))))))))))))) (. .)))
He traced sixteen pairs of twins, who were adopted by different families when they were babies, and often brought up in very different circumstances.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
trace
traced
VERB
VBD
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
sixteen
sixteen
NUM
CD
obj
Number=Plur
pair
pairs
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
adopt
adopted
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Plur
family
families
NOUN
NNS
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
advcl
Number=Plur
baby
babies
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
bring
brought
VERB
VBN
compound:prt
up
up
ADP
RP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
advmod
very
very
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
circumstance
circumstances
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT Each) (NN twin)) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (RB then)) (VP (VBN interviewed) (PP (IN about) (NP (NP (DT every) (JJ small) (NN detail)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN life))))))) (. .)))
Each twin was then interviewed about every small detail of their life.
det
each
Each
DET
DT
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
twin
twin
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
advmod
PronType=Dem
then
then
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
interview
interviewed
VERB
VBN
case
about
about
ADP
IN
det
every
every
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
small
small
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
detail
detail
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nmod
Number=Sing
life
life
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNS results)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT this) (NN research)))) (VP (VBP make) (NP (DT a) (JJ surprising) (NN reading))) (. .)))
The results of this research make a surprising reading.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
result
results
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
research
research
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
make
make
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
surprising
surprising
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
reading
reading
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (JJ Many)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS twins)))) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN found) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NNS hobbies)))))))) (, ,) (S (NP (JJ many)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN suffered) (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NNS illnesses))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (DT some)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB even)) (VP (VBN had) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NN type)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN accident)))) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NN point)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS lives)))))))) (. .)))
Many of the twins were found to have the same hobbies, many have suffered the same illnesses, and some have even had the same type of accident at the same point in their lives.
nsubj:pass
Degree=Pos
many
Many
ADJ
JJ
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
find
found
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
hobby
hobbies
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
parataxis
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
suffer
suffered
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
illness
illnesses
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
some
some
DET
DT
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advmod
even
even
ADV
RB
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
have
had
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
type
type
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
accident
accident
NOUN
NN
case
at
at
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
point
point
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
nmod
Number=Plur
life
lives
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (CD One) (NN pair)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ middle-aged) (NNS women)))) (VP (VBD arrived) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ first) (NN meeting)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ similar) (NNS dresses))))))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT another) (NN pair)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBG wearing) (NP (JJ similar) (NN jewellery))))) (. .)))
One pair of middle-aged women arrived for their first meeting in similar dresses, another pair were wearing similar jewellery.
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
One
NUM
CD
nsubj
Number=Sing
pair
pair
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
middle-aged
middle-aged
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
woman
women
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
arrive
arrived
VERB
VBD
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos|NumType=Ord
first
first
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
meeting
meeting
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
similar
similar
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
dress
dresses
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
another
another
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
pair
pair
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
parataxis
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
wear
wearing
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
similar
similar
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
jewellery
jewellery
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ incredible)) (NNS similarities)) (VP (VBP are) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN case)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNP Jim) (NNP Springer)) (CC and) (NP (NNP Jim) (NNP Lewis)))) (PP (IN from) (NP (NNP Ohio))) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP USA)))))))))) (. .)))
The most incredible similarities are to be found in the case of Jim Springer and Jim Lewis from Ohio in the USA.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADV
RBS
amod
Degree=Pos
incredible
incredible
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
similarity
similarities
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
find
found
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
case
case
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Jim
Jim
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Springer
Springer
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
Jim
Jim
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Lewis
Lewis
PROPN
NNP
case
from
from
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Ohio
Ohio
PROPN
NNP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
USA
USA
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN story)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP 'Jim) (NNPS Twins) (POS ')))) (VP (VBN made) (NP (NN headline) (NN news)) (PP (IN across) (NP (NNP USA)))) (. .)))
The story of the 'Jim Twins' made headline news across USA.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
story
story
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
'Jim
'Jim
PROPN
NNP
nmod:poss
Number=Plur
Twins
Twins
PROPN
NNPS
case
's
'
PART
POS
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
make
made
VERB
VBN
compound
Number=Sing
headline
headline
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
news
news
NOUN
NN
case
across
across
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
USA
USA
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (VP (VP (VBN Born) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT an) (NN immigrant) (NN woman))) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1939)))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBN adopted) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ different) (NNS families))) (PP (IN at) (NP (NN birth)))))) (, ,) (NP (DT both) (NNS babies)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN named) (S (NP (NNP Jim))) (PP (IN by) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ new) (NNS parents))))) (. .)))
Born to an immigrant woman in 1939, and adopted by different families at birth, both babies were named Jim by their new parents.
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
bear
Born
VERB
VBN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
immigrant
immigrant
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
woman
woman
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1939
1939
NUM
CD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
adopt
adopted
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Plur
family
families
NOUN
NNS
case
at
at
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
birth
birth
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
PronType=Art
both
both
DET
DT
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
baby
babies
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
name
named
VERB
VBN
xcomp
Number=Sing
Jim
Jim
PROPN
NNP
case
by
by
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
parent
parents
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (SBARQ (CC But) (WHNP (WP what)) (SQ (MD can) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN explanation)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT these) (JJ remarkable) (NNS similarities)))))) (. ?)))
But what can be the explanation for these remarkable similarities?
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
PronType=Int
what
what
PRON
WP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
explanation
explanation
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
these
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
remarkable
remarkable
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
similarity
similarities
NOUN
NNS
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SQ (VBZ Is) (NP (NP (PRP it))) (NP (DT all) (JJ pure) (NN coincidence)) (, ,) (CC or) (SQ (VBZ is) (NP (DT the) (NN explanation)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT some) (NN way))) (ADJP (JJ genetic))) (. ?)))
Is it all pure coincidence, or is the explanation in some way genetic?
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
Is
AUX
VBZ
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
advmod
all
all
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
pure
pure
ADJ
JJ
root
Number=Sing
coincidence
coincidence
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
explanation
explanation
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
conj
Degree=Pos
genetic
genetic
ADJ
JJ
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN Research)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS lives)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS twins)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG forcing) (NP (DT some) (NNS experts)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB admit) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP$ our) (NNS personalities)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (ADVP (ADVP (IN at) (JJS least)) (RB partly)) (JJ due) (PP (IN to) (NP (NN 'nature)))))))))))) ('' ') (. .)))
Research into the lives of twins is forcing some experts to admit that our personalities may be at least partly due to 'nature'.
nsubj
Number=Sing
research
Research
NOUN
NN
case
into
into
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
life
lives
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
force
forcing
VERB
VBG
det
some
some
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
expert
experts
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
admit
admit
VERB
VB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
our
our
PRON
PRP$
nsubj
Number=Plur
personality
personalities
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
at
at
ADP
IN
fixed
Degree=Sup
least
least
ADJ
JJS
advmod
partly
partly
ADV
RB
ccomp
Degree=Pos
due
due
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
'nature
'nature
NOUN
NN
punct
'
'
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN On) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand))) (, ,) (NP (NNS analysts)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (ADJP (JJ anxious) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB emphasise) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ incredible) (NNS coincidences)) (VP (VBP do) (VP (VB happen) (NP (PDT all) (DT the) (NN time)) (, ,) (PP (CONJP (RB not) (RB just)) (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS lives)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS twins)))))))))))))) (. .)))
On the other hand, analysts are also anxious to emphasise that incredible coincidences do happen all the time, not just in the lives of twins.
case
on
On
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
hand
hand
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
analyst
analysts
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
also
also
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
anxious
anxious
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
emphasise
emphasise
VERB
VB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
incredible
incredible
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
coincidence
coincidences
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
happen
happen
VERB
VB
det:predet
all
all
DET
PDT
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl:tmod
Number=Sing
time
time
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
just
just
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
life
lives
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
twin
twins
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
It is well-known that twins are closer to each other than most brothers and sisters---- after all, they probably spend more time with each other. Parents of twins often notice that they develop special ways of communicating: they invent their own words and one can often finish the other's sentence. In exceptional circumstances, this closeness becomes more extreme: they invent a whole language of their own, as in the case of Grace and Virginia Kennedy from Georgia in the USA, who communicated so successfully in their own special language that they did not speak any English at all until after they started school.  However, these special relationships are the result of lives spent almost entirely in each other's company. What happens when twins do not grow up together, when they are separated at birth for some reason? Are they just like any other strangers, or are there still special similarities between them? Professor Tom Bouchard, of the University of Minnesota, set out to find the answer to this question. He traced sixteen pairs of twins, who were adopted by different families when they were babies, and often brought up in very different circumstances. Each twin was then interviewed about every small detail of their life.  The results of this research make a surprising reading. Many of the twins were found to have the same hobbies, many have suffered the same illnesses, and some have even had the same type of accident at the same point in their lives. One pair of middle-aged women arrived for their first meeting in similar dresses, another pair were wearing similar jewellery. The most incredible similarities are to be found in the case of Jim Springer and Jim Lewis from Ohio in the USA. The story of the 'Jim Twins' made headline news across USA. Born to an immigrant woman in 1939, and adopted by different families at birth, both babies were named Jim by their new parents.  But what can be the explanation for these remarkable similarities? Is it all pure coincidence, or is the explanation in some way genetic? Research into the lives of twins is forcing some experts to admit that our personalities may be at least partly due to 'nature'. On the other hand, analysts are also anxious to emphasise that incredible coincidences do happen all the time, not just in the lives of twins.