(ROOT (S (NP (NN Language) (NNS changes)) (NP (PDT all) (DT the) (NN time)) (. .)))
Language changes all the time.
compound
Number=Sing
language
Language
NOUN
NN
root
Number=Plur
change
changes
NOUN
NNS
det:predet
all
all
DET
PDT
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:tmod
Number=Sing
time
time
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNS words)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ young) (NNS people)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP UK))))))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ different) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT those)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNS adults))))))))) (. .)))
The words used by young people in the UK can be very different to those used by adults.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
use
used
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
young
young
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
UK
UK
PROPN
NNP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
very
very
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
that
those
PRON
DT
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
use
used
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
obl:agent
Number=Plur
adult
adults
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ informal)) (NNS words) (CC and) (NNS expressions)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN known) (PP (IN as) (`` ``) (NP (NN slang)) ('' '')))) (. .)))
These extremely informal words and expressions are known as "slang".
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
These
DET
DT
advmod
extremely
extremely
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
informal
informal
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
expression
expressions
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
know
known
VERB
VBN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
obl
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SINV (ADVP (RB Here)) (VP (VBP are)) (NP (DT a) (JJ few) (NNS examples)) (: :)))
Here are a few examples:
root
PronType=Dem
here
Here
ADV
RB
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
few
few
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
example
examples
NOUN
NNS
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN *Instead)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (JJ different) (NN tag) (NN question)) (PP (UH like)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (RB n't) (NP (PRP it))) (. ?)))
*Instead of using different tag question like isn't it?
nsubj
Number=Sing
*instead
*Instead
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
use
using
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
tag
tag
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
question
question
NOUN
NN
discourse
like
like
INTJ
UH
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SQ (MD Ca) (RB n't) (NP (PRP you)) (CC or) (SQ (VBP do) (RB n't) (NP (PRP they))) (. ?)))
Can't you or don't they?
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
Ca
AUX
MD
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBP use) (`` ``) (INTJ (UH innit)) ('' '') (NN .e.g)) (. .)))
People use "innit".e.g.
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
People
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
use
use
VERB
VBP
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
compound
innit
innit
INTJ
UH
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
obj
Number=Sing
.e.g
.e.g
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ 's) (ADJP (JJ hot)) (ADVP (RB here)))) (, ,) (SQ (VBZ is) (RB n't) (NP (PRP it))) (. ?)))
It's hot here, isn't it?
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
's
AUX
VBZ
root
Degree=Pos
hot
hot
ADJ
JJ
advmod
PronType=Dem
here
here
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NFP =) (`` ``) (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ 's) (`` '') (ADJP (JJ hot) (ADVP (RB here))) (, ,) (VP (UH innit))) (. !)))
= "It's" hot here, innit!
punct
=
=
PUNCT
NFP
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
's
AUX
VBZ
punct
''
''
PUNCT
``
root
Degree=Pos
hot
hot
ADJ
JJ
advmod
PronType=Dem
here
here
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
discourse
innit
innit
INTJ
UH
punct
!
!
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN *Instead)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG saying) (ADJP (RB very) (, ,) (RB really) (CC or) (RB completely)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP use) (`` ``) (ADVP (UH well)) ('' '')) (. .)))
*Instead of saying very, really or completely, they use "well".
vocative
Number=Sing
*instead
*Instead
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
say
saying
VERB
VBG
advmod
very
very
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
really
really
ADV
RB
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
completely
completely
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
use
use
VERB
VBP
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
discourse
well
well
INTJ
UH
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NP (FW e.g) (. .)))
e.g.
root
e.g
e.g
X
FW
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBP 'm) (ADJP (RB well) (JJ tired))) (. .)))
I'm well tired.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
'm
AUX
VBP
advmod
Degree=Pos
well
well
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
tired
tired
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NFP *) (`` ``) (WHNP (WP Whatever)) (`` '') (VP (VBZ means) (S (`` ``) (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB care))))) ('' '') (. .)))
* "Whatever" means "I don't care".
punct
*
*
PUNCT
NFP
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
obj
PronType=Rel
whatever
Whatever
PRON
WP
punct
''
''
PUNCT
``
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
mean
means
VERB
VBZ
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
care
care
VERB
VB
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NP (FW e.g) (. .)))
e.g.
root
e.g
e.g
X
FW
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (FRAG (NP (DT A)) (: :) (CC But) (NP (DT the) (NN teacher)) (VP (VBZ says) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (MD ca) (RB n't) (VP (VB leave) (SBAR (IN until) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP 've) (VP (VBN finished)))))))))) (. .)))
A: But the teacher says we can't leave until we've finished.
root
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
teacher
teacher
NOUN
NN
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
say
says
VERB
VBZ
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
ca
AUX
MD
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
leave
leave
VERB
VB
mark
until
until
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
've
AUX
VBP
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
finish
finished
VERB
VBN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NP (NP (NN B)) (: :) (NP (WP Whatever)) (. .)))
B: Whatever.
root
Number=Sing
B
B
NOUN
NN
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
parataxis
PronType=Int
whatever
Whatever
PRON
WP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBP 'm) (VP (VBG going))) (. .)))
I'm going.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
'm
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part
go
going
VERB
VBG
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (S (NP (NN Nobody)) (VP (VBZ uses) (NP (NN slang)))) (CC and) (S (NP (RB not) (NN everybody)) (VP (VBZ likes) (NP (PRP it)))) (. .)))
Nobody uses slang and not everybody likes it.
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Neg
nobody
Nobody
PRON
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
use
uses
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Tot
everybody
everybody
PRON
NN
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
like
likes
VERB
VBZ
obj
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (NN school)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Sheffield))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN north)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP England))))) (, ,)) (ADVP (RB recently)) (VP (VBD instructed) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS pupils)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stop) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (NN slang) (NNS words)))))))) (. .)))
A school in Sheffield, in the north of England, recently instructed its pupils to stop using slang words.
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
school
school
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Sheffield
Sheffield
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
north
north
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
England
England
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
recently
recently
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
instruct
instructed
VERB
VBD
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
its
its
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Plur
pupil
pupils
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
stop
stop
VERB
VB
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
use
using
VERB
VBG
compound
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN head) (NN teacher)) (VP (VBZ says) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (JJ young) (NNS people)) (VP (VBP learn) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB speak) (ADVP (RB 'correctly)))))))) (`` ') (NP (DT this)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB help) (S (NP (PRP them)) (VP (VB get) (NP (DT a) (JJ good) (NN job))))))))) (. .)))
The head teacher says that if young people learn to speak 'correctly' this will help them get a good job.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
head
head
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
teacher
teacher
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
say
says
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
young
young
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
learn
learn
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
speak
speak
VERB
VB
advmod
'correctly
'correctly
ADV
RB
punct
'
'
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
PRON
DT
aux
VerbForm=Fin
will
will
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
help
help
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
get
get
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
good
good
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
job
job
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (JJ British) (NNS people)) (VP (VBP use) (NP (NN slang))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (PRP it))) (VP (VBZ 's) (NP (DT no) (NN surprise)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT some) (NNS students)) (VP (VBP say) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD ca) (RB n't) (VP (VB understand) (NP (JJ native) (NNS speakers)))))))))) (. .)))
When British people use slang, it's no surprise that some students say they can't understand native speakers.
advmod
PronType=Int
when
When
ADV
WRB
amod
Degree=Pos
British
British
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
use
use
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
's
AUX
VBZ
det
no
no
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
surprise
surprise
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
student
students
NOUN
NNS
csubj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
say
say
VERB
VBP
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
ca
AUX
MD
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
understand
understand
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
native
native
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
speaker
speakers
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (CC But) (ADVP (RB perhaps)) (NP (NNS learners)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB worry) (PP (IN about) (S (VP (VBG communicating) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ native) (NNS speakers))) (ADVP (RB so) (RB much)))))))))) (. .)))
But perhaps learners don't need to worry about communicating with native speakers so much.
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
advmod
perhaps
perhaps
ADV
RB
nsubj
Number=Plur
learner
learners
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
do
do
AUX
VBP
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
need
need
VERB
VB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
worry
worry
VERB
VB
mark
about
about
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
communicate
communicating
VERB
VBG
case
with
with
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
native
native
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
speaker
speakers
NOUN
NNS
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
advmod
much
much
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NN Research)) (VP (VBZ shows) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (JJS most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP English)) (VP (VBN spoken) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN world))))))) (NP (NN today)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN spoken) (PP (IN between) (NP (NP (JJ non-native) (NNS speakers)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN language)))))))))) (. .)))
Research shows that most of the English spoken in the world today is spoken between non-native speakers of the language.
nsubj
Number=Sing
research
Research
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
show
shows
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj:pass
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADJ
JJS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
English
English
PROPN
NNP
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
speak
spoken
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
world
world
NOUN
NN
obl:tmod
Number=Sing
today
today
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
ccomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
speak
spoken
VERB
VBN
case
between
between
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
non-native
non-native
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
speaker
speakers
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN fact))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP think) (PP (IN about) (`` ``) (NP (NNP International) (NNP English)) ('' ''))))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT no) (JJ such) (NN thing)) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (JJ native) (CC or) (JJ non-native)) (NN speaker))))) (. .)))
In fact, when we think about "International English", there is no such thing as a native or non-native speaker.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
fact
fact
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
think
think
VERB
VBP
case
about
about
ADP
IN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
amod
Degree=Pos
International
International
ADJ
NNP
obl
Number=Sing
English
English
PROPN
NNP
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
VERB
VBZ
det
no
no
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
thing
thing
NOUN
NN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
native
native
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
non-native
non-native
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
speaker
speaker
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (SBARQ (WHADJP (WRB How) (JJ important)) (SQ (VBZ is) (NP (PRP it)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB understand) (NP (DT these) (NN slang) (NNS words) (CC and) (NNS expressions)))))) (. ?)))
How important is it to understand these slang words and expressions?
advmod
PronType=Int
how
How
ADV
WRB
root
Degree=Pos
important
important
ADJ
JJ
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
csubj
VerbForm=Inf
understand
understand
VERB
VB
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
these
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
expression
expressions
NOUN
NNS
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN If) (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VP (VBP watch) (NP (NNS films) (CC or) (NN TV))) (, ,) (S (VP (VB chat) (ADVP (RB online)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP English)))))))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB then)) (S (VP (NN understanding) (NP (NN slang)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ useful)))) (. .)))
If you watch films or TV, chat online in English, then understanding slang can be very useful.
mark
if
If
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
watch
watch
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Plur
film
films
NOUN
NNS
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
TV
TV
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
parataxis
Mood=Imp|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin
chat
chat
VERB
VB
advmod
online
online
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
English
English
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
PronType=Dem
then
then
ADV
RB
amod
Number=Sing
understanding
understanding
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
advmod
very
very
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
useful
useful
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (CC But) (NP (PRP you)) (ADVP (RB probably)) (VP (MD wo) (RB n't) (VP (VB see) (NP (JJ much) (NN slang)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ your) (JJ English) (NN exam))) (ADVP (RB though)))) (. .)))
But you probably won't see much slang in your English exam though.
cc
but
But
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
advmod
probably
probably
ADV
RB
aux
VerbForm=Fin
will
wo
AUX
MD
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
see
see
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
much
much
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
slang
slang
NOUN
NN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
your
your
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
English
English
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
exam
exam
NOUN
NN
advmod
though
though
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN With) (S (NP (QP (RB over) (CD seven) (CD billion)) (NNS people)) (VP (VBG living) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ our) (NN planet))) (NP (NN today))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (PRP it))) (VP (VBZ 's) (ADJP (JJ easy)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB think) (SBAR (S (NP (NP (CD one) (NN person) (POS 's)) (NNS actions)) (VP (MD wo) (RB n't) (VP (VB make) (NP (DT a) (NN difference)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB however)) (, ,) (PP (IN from) (NP (JJ personal) (NN experience))) (PRN (, ,) (S (NP (PRP I)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB say)))) (: :)) (SBAR (S (NP (NP (DT each)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP us)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ capable) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN difference)) (, ,) (ADJP (RB however) (JJ small)) (, ,)) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (NN someone) (POS 's)) (NN life)))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
With over seven billion people living on our planet today, it's easy to think one person's actions won't make a difference, however, from personal experience, I can say: each of us is capable of making a difference, however small, to someone's life.
case
with
With
ADP
IN
advmod
over
over
ADV
RB
compound
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
seven
seven
NUM
CD
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
billion
billion
NUM
CD
obl
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
acl
VerbForm=Ger
live
living
VERB
VBG
case
on
on
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
our
our
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
planet
planet
NOUN
NN
obl:tmod
Number=Sing
today
today
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
's
AUX
VBZ
root
Degree=Pos
easy
easy
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
csubj
VerbForm=Inf
think
think
VERB
VB
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
nsubj
Number=Plur
action
actions
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
will
wo
AUX
MD
advmod
not
n't
PART
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
make
make
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
difference
difference
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
however
however
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
from
from
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
personal
personal
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
experience
experience
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
parataxis
VerbForm=Inf
say
say
VERB
VB
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
nsubj
each
each
DET
DT
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
us
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
ccomp
Degree=Pos
capable
capable
ADJ
JJ
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
make
making
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
difference
difference
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
however
however
ADV
RB
appos
Degree=Pos
small
small
ADJ
JJ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
to
to
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
obl
Number=Sing
life
life
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Language changes all the time. The words used by young people in the UK can be very different to those used by adults. These extremely informal words and expressions are known as "slang". Here are a few examples:  *Instead of using different tag question like isn't it? Can't you or don't they? People use "innit".e.g. It's hot here, isn't it? = "It's" hot here, innit!  *Instead of saying very, really or completely, they use "well". e.g. I'm well tired.  * "Whatever" means "I don't care". e.g. A: But the teacher says we can't leave until we've finished. B: Whatever. I'm going.  Nobody uses slang and not everybody likes it. A school in Sheffield, in the north of England, recently instructed its pupils to stop using slang words. The head teacher says that if young people learn to speak 'correctly' this will help them get a good job.  When British people use slang, it's no surprise that some students say they can't understand native speakers. But perhaps learners don't need to worry about communicating with native speakers so much. Research shows that most of the English spoken in the world today is spoken between non-native speakers of the language. In fact, when we think about "International English", there is no such thing as a native or non-native speaker.  How important is it to understand these slang words and expressions? If you watch films or TV, chat online in English, then understanding slang can be very useful. But you probably won't see much slang in your English exam though. With over seven billion people living on our planet today, it's easy to think one person's actions won't make a difference, however, from personal experience, I can say: each of us is capable of making a difference, however small, to someone's life.