(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT no) (JJ formal) (NN process)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN selection))))))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJR larger) (NNS groups))) (, ,) (NP (NNS leaders)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBN chosen) (ADVP (RB formally)) (PP (IN through) (NP (NN election) (CC or) (NN recruitment))))) (. .)))
Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
mark
although
Although
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
VERB
VBZ
det
no
no
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
formal
formal
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
process
process
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
selection
selection
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
in
in
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Cmp
large
larger
ADJ
JJR
obl
Number=Plur
group
groups
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
usually
usually
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
choose
chosen
VERB
VBN
advmod
formally
formally
ADV
RB
case
through
through
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
election
election
NOUN
NN
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
recruitment
recruitment
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (NNS leaders)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN thought) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (NNS people)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ unusual) (JJ personal) (NN ability))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS decades)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN research)))) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN failed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB produce) (NP (NN evidence) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (DT any) (`` ``) (JJ natural) (NNS leaders) ('' ''))))))))))) (. .)))
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any "natural leaders".
mark
although
Although
SCONJ
IN
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
think
thought
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
xcomp
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
case
with
with
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
unusual
unusual
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
personal
personal
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
ability
ability
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Plur
decade
decades
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
research
research
NOUN
NN
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
fail
failed
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
produce
produce
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
evidence
evidence
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
acl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
det
any
any
DET
DT
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
amod
Degree=Pos
natural
natural
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ seems) (SBAR (IN that) (S (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT no) (NN set)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ personal) (NNS qualities)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (NP (DT all) (NNS leaders)) (VP (VBP have) (PP (IN in) (ADJP (JJ common))))))))))) (: ;) (CC or) (S (ADVP (RB rather)) (, ,) (NP (DT any) (NN person)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN recognized) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN leader))) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (DT the) (NN person)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (NNS qualities)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP meet) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS needs)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT that) (JJ particular) (NN group)))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
It
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
seem
seems
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
csubj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
VERB
VBZ
det
no
no
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
set
set
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
personal
personal
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
quality
qualities
NOUN
NNS
obj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
det
all
all
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
VERB
VBP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Degree=Pos
common
common
ADJ
JJ
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
advmod
rather
rather
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
any
any
DET
DT
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
recognize
recognized
VERB
VBN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
leader
leader
NOUN
NN
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
person
person
NOUN
NN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Plur
quality
qualities
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
meet
meet
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
need
needs
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
that
that
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
particular
particular
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (NN Research)) (VP (VBZ suggests) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB typically)) (NP (NP (CD two) (JJ different) (NN leadership) (NNS roles)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN held) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ different) (NNS individuals)))))))))))) (. .)))
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.
nsubj
Number=Sing
research
Research
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
suggest
suggests
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
advmod
typically
typically
ADV
RB
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
two
two
NUM
CD
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
leadership
leadership
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
role
roles
NOUN
NNS
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
hold
held
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
different
different
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Plur
individual
individuals
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Instrumental) (NN leadership)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NN leadership)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ emphasizes) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN completion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS tasks))) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT a) (JJ social) (NN group))))))))) (. .)))
Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.
amod
Degree=Pos
instrumental
Instrumental
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
leadership
leadership
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Number=Sing
leadership
leadership
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
emphasize
emphasizes
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
completion
completion
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
task
tasks
NOUN
NNS
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NN Group) (NNS members)) (VP (VBP look) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ instrumental) (NNS leaders))) (S (VP (TO to) (`` ``) (VP (VB get) (S (NP (NNS things)) (ADJP (VBN done))))))) ('' '') (. .)))
Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done".
compound
Number=Sing
group
Group
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
look
look
VERB
VBP
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
instrumental
instrumental
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
mark
to
to
PART
TO
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
get
get
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
thing
things
NOUN
NNS
xcomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
do
done
VERB
VBN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Expressive) (NN leadership)) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand))) (, ,) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NN leadership)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ emphasizes) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ collective) (NNS well-beings)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ social) (NN group) (POS 's)) (NNS members))))))))) (. .)))
Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.
amod
Degree=Pos
expressive
Expressive
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
leadership
leadership
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
hand
hand
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Number=Sing
leadership
leadership
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
emphasize
emphasizes
VERB
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
collective
collective
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
well-beings
well-beings
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
social
social
ADJ
JJ
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
nmod
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Expressive) (NNS leaders)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ concerned) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ overall) (NNS goals)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN group))))) (PP (IN than) (PP (IN with) (S (VP (VP (VBG providing) (NP (JJ emotional) (NN support)) (PP (IN to) (NP (NN group) (NNS members)))) (CC and) (VP (VBG attempting) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB minimize) (NP (NN tension) (CC and) (NN conflict)) (PP (IN among) (NP (PRP them))))))))))))) (. .)))
Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
amod
Degree=Pos
expressive
Expressive
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
Degree=Cmp
less
less
ADV
RBR
root
Degree=Pos
concerned
concerned
ADJ
JJ
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
overall
overall
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
goal
goals
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
mark
than
than
SCONJ
IN
mark
with
with
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
provide
providing
VERB
VBG
amod
Degree=Pos
emotional
emotional
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
support
support
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Ger
attempt
attempting
VERB
VBG
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
minimize
minimize
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
tension
tension
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
conflict
conflict
NOUN
NN
case
among
among
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Instrumental) (NNS leaders)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ likely) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB rather) (JJ secondary)) (NN relationship)) (PP (IN to) (NP (JJ other) (NN group) (NNS members))))))))) (. .)))
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members.
amod
Degree=Pos
instrumental
Instrumental
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Degree=Pos
likely
likely
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
have
have
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
advmod
rather
rather
ADV
RB
amod
Degree=Pos
secondary
secondary
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
relationship
relationship
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VP (VBP give) (NP (NNS others))) (CC and) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB discipline) (NP (NP (NN group) (NNS members)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBP inhibit) (NP (NP (NN attainment)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN group) (POS 's)) (NNS goals))))))))))) (. .)))
They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
They
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
give
give
VERB
VBP
iobj
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
conj
VerbForm=Inf
discipline
discipline
VERB
VB
compound
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
inhibit
inhibit
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing
attainment
attainment
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod:poss
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
case
's
's
PART
POS
nmod
Number=Plur
goal
goals
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Expressive) (NNS leaders)) (VP (VBP develop) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ personal) (CC or) (JJ primary)) (NN relationship)) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (NNS others)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN group))))))) (. .)))
Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group.
amod
Degree=Pos
expressive
Expressive
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
develop
develop
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
amod
Degree=Pos
personal
personal
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
primary
primary
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
relationship
relationship
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
other
others
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP offer) (NP (NN sympathy)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NN someone)) (VP (VP (VBZ experiences) (NP (NNS difficulties))) (CC and) (VP (VBP try) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB solve) (NP (NP (NNS problems)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP threaten) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB divide) (NP (DT the) (NN group))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
They
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
offer
offer
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing
sympathy
sympathy
NOUN
NN
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
someone
someone
PRON
NN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
experience
experiences
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Plur
difficulty
difficulties
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
try
try
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
solve
solve
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Plur
problem
problems
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
threaten
threaten
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
divide
divide
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN difference)) (PP (IN between) (NP (DT these) (CD two) (NNS roles)))) (VP (VBZ suggests)))) (, ,) (NP (JJ expressive) (NNS leaders)) (ADVP (RB generally)) (VP (VBP receive) (NP (JJR more) (JJ personal) (NN affection)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN group) (NNS members))))) (: ;) (S (NP (JJ instrumental) (NNS leaders)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ successful)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG promoting) (NP (NN group) (NNS goals)))))))) (, ,) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB enjoy) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ distant)) (NN respect))))) (. .)))
As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
mark
as
As
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
difference
difference
NOUN
NN
case
between
between
ADP
IN
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
these
DET
DT
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
two
two
NUM
CD
nmod
Number=Plur
role
roles
NOUN
NNS
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
suggest
suggests
VERB
VBZ
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
expressive
expressive
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
advmod
generally
generally
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
receive
receive
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADJ
JJR
amod
Degree=Pos
personal
personal
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
affection
affection
NOUN
NN
case
from
from
ADP
IN
compound
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Plur
member
members
NOUN
NNS
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
amod
Degree=Pos
instrumental
instrumental
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
leader
leaders
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advcl
Degree=Pos
successful
successful
ADJ
JJ
mark
in
in
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
promote
promoting
VERB
VBG
compound
Number=Sing
group
group
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Plur
goal
goals
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
parataxis
VerbForm=Inf
enjoy
enjoy
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
amod
Degree=Pos
distant
distant
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
respect
respect
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.  Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.  Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.  Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group. As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.