(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Grown-ups)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN surprised) (PP (IN by) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how) (RB well)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VP (VBP remember) (NP (NP (NN something)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD learned) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS children)))))))) (CC but) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB never)) (VP (VBN practiced) (ADVP (RB ever)) (ADVP (RB since)))))))))) (. .)))
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
grown-up
Grown-ups
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advmod
often
often
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
surprise
surprised
VERB
VBN
mark
by
by
ADP
IN
advmod
PronType=Int
how
how
ADV
WRB
advmod
Degree=Pos
well
well
ADV
RB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
remember
remember
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
learn
learned
VERB
VBD
case
as
as
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
child
children
NOUN
NNS
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advmod
never
never
ADV
RB
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
practice
practiced
VERB
VBN
advmod
ever
ever
ADV
RB
advmod
since
since
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (NN man)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBZ has) (RB not) (VP (VBN had) (NP (DT a) (NN chance) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB go) (S (VP (VBG swimming))) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNS years)))))))))))) (VP (MD can) (ADVP (RB still)) (VP (VB swim) (ADVP (RB as) (RB well) (PP (IN as) (ADVP (RB ever)))) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBZ gets) (ADVP (RB back)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN water)))))))) (. .)))
A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
man
man
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
have
had
VERB
VBN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
chance
chance
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
go
go
VERB
VB
xcomp
VerbForm=Ger
swim
swimming
VERB
VBG
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
year
years
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
swim
swim
VERB
VB
advmod
as
as
ADV
RB
fixed
Degree=Pos
well
well
ADV
RB
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
advmod
ever
ever
ADV
RB
advmod
PronType=Int
when
when
ADV
WRB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
he
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
get
gets
VERB
VBZ
advmod
back
back
ADV
RB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
water
water
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VP (VB get) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT a) (NN bicycle))) (PP (IN after) (NP (JJ many) (NNS years)))) (CC and) (ADVP (RB still)) (VP (VB ride) (ADVP (RB away))))) (. .)))
He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
get
get
VERB
VB
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
bicycle
bicycle
NOUN
NN
case
after
after
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
year
years
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
conj
Mood=Ind|VerbForm=Inf
ride
ride
VERB
VB
advmod
away
away
ADV
RB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VP (VB play) (NP (NN catch))) (CC and) (VP (VB hit) (NP (DT a) (NN ball))) (ADVP (RB as) (RB well) (PP (IN as) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN son)))))) (. .)))
He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
play
play
VERB
VB
obj
Number=Sing
catch
catch
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
hit
hit
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
ball
ball
NOUN
NN
cc
as
as
ADV
RB
fixed
Degree=Pos
well
well
ADV
RB
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
conj
Number=Sing
son
son
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (NN mother)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBZ has) (RB not) (VP (VBN thought) (PP (IN about) (NP (DT the) (NNS words))) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNS years)))))))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB teach) (NP (PRP$ her) (NN daughter)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN poem)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VP (VBZ begins) (NP (`` ``) (NP (NN Twinkle)) (, ,) (NP (NN twinkle)) (, ,) (NP (JJ little) (NN star)) ('' ''))) (CC or) (VP (VB remember) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN story)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNP Cinderella) (CC or) (NNP Goldilocks)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NNP Three) (NNPS Bears)))))))))))) (. .)))
A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
mother
mother
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
think
thought
VERB
VBN
case
about
about
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
year
years
NOUN
NNS
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
teach
teach
VERB
VB
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
her
her
PRON
PRP$
iobj
Number=Sing
daughter
daughter
NOUN
NN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
poem
poem
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
begin
begins
VERB
VBZ
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
obj
Number=Sing
twinkle
Twinkle
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Sing
twinkle
twinkle
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
little
little
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Sing
star
star
NOUN
NN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
remember
remember
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
story
story
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Cinderella
Cinderella
PROPN
NNP
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
Goldilock
Goldilocks
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
three
Three
NUM
NNP
conj
Number=Plur
Bear
Bears
PROPN
NNPS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (CD One) (NN explanation)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN law)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN overlearning)))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN stated) (SBAR (IN as) (S (VP (VBZ follows)))))))))) (: :) (S (SBAR (IN Once) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN learned) (NP (NN something)))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ additional) (NN learning) (NNS trials)) (VP (VBP increase) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN length)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN time)))) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB remember) (NP (PRP it))))))))))) (. .)))
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
One
NUM
CD
nsubj
Number=Sing
explanation
explanation
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
law
law
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
overlearning
overlearning
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
state
stated
VERB
VBN
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
follow
follows
VERB
VBZ
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
mark
once
Once
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
learn
learned
VERB
VBN
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
something
something
PRON
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
additional
additional
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
learning
learning
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
trial
trials
NOUN
NNS
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
increase
increase
VERB
VBP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
length
length
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
time
time
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
will
will
AUX
MD
acl:relcl
VerbForm=Inf
remember
remember
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN childhood))) (NP (PRP we)) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBP continue) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB practice) (NP (NP (JJ such) (NNS skills)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (NN swimming)) (, ,) (NP (NN bicycle) (NN riding)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (VBG playing) (NN baseball))))) (SBAR (ADVP (RB long)) (IN after) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN learned) (NP (PRP them)))))))))) (. .)))
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them.
case
in
In
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
childhood
childhood
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
advmod
usually
usually
ADV
RB
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
continue
continue
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
practice
practice
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
skill
skills
NOUN
NNS
case
as
as
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
swim
swimming
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
compound
Number=Sing
bicycle
bicycle
NOUN
NN
conj
Number=Sing
riding
riding
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Ger
play
playing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing
baseball
baseball
NOUN
NN
advmod
Degree=Pos
long
long
ADV
RB
mark
after
after
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
learn
learned
VERB
VBN
obj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP We)) (VP (VBP continue) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB listen) (PP (IN to))) (CC and) (VP (VB remind) (NP (PRP ourselves)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS words)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (`` ``) (NP (NP (NP (NN Twinkle)) (, ,) (NP (NN twinkle)) (, ,) (NP (JJ little) (NN star)) ('' '') (CC and) (NP (NN childhood) (NNS tales))) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NNP Cinderella) (CC and) (NNP Goldilocks))))))))))))) (. .)))
We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
We
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
continue
continue
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
listen
listen
VERB
VB
obl
to
to
ADP
IN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
remind
remind
VERB
VB
iobj
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes
ourselves
ourselves
PRON
PRP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
case
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nmod
Number=Sing
twinkle
Twinkle
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Sing
twinkle
twinkle
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
little
little
ADJ
JJ
conj
Number=Sing
star
star
NOUN
NN
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
compound
Number=Sing
childhood
childhood
NOUN
NN
conj
Number=Plur
tale
tales
NOUN
NNS
case
Degree=Pos
such
such
ADJ
JJ
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Cinderella
Cinderella
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
Goldilock
Goldilocks
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP We)) (CONJP (RB not) (RB only)) (VP (VB learn) (CC but) (VB overlearn)) (. .)))
We not only learn but overlearn.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
We
PRON
PRP
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
only
only
ADV
RB
root
VerbForm=Inf
learn
learn
VERB
VB
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
overlearn
overlearn
VERB
VB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN multiplication) (NNS tables)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN exception)) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT the) (JJ general) (NN rule))))) (. .)))
The multiplication tables are an exception to the general rule.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
multiplication
multiplication
NOUN
NN
nsubj
Number=Plur
table
tables
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
root
Number=Sing
exception
exception
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
general
general
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
rule
rule
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP forget) (ADVP (RB rather) (RB quickly)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS things)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP learn) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN school))))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT another)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS things)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP overlearn) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN childhood)))))))))))))) (. .)))
that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
forget
forget
VERB
VBP
advmod
rather
rather
ADV
RB
advmod
quickly
quickly
ADV
RB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
thing
things
NOUN
NNS
obj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
learn
learn
VERB
VBP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
school
school
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
because
because
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
advcl
another
another
DET
DT
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
thing
things
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs
we
we
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
overlearn
overlearn
VERB
VBP
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
childhood
childhood
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN law)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN overlearning)))) (VP (VBZ explains) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB why)) (S (VP (VBG cramming) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT an) (NN examination)))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN though) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB result) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN passing) (NN grade))))))) (, ,) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ satisfactory) (NN way)) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB learn) (NP (DT a) (NN college) (NN course))))))))) (. .)))
The law of overlearning explains why cramming for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
law
law
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
overlearning
overlearning
NOUN
NN
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
explain
explains
VERB
VBZ
advmod
PronType=Int
why
why
ADV
WRB
csubj
VerbForm=Ger
cram
cramming
VERB
VBG
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
examination
examination
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
though
though
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
result
result
VERB
VB
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
passing
passing
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
grade
grade
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
satisfactory
satisfactory
ADJ
JJ
ccomp
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
acl
VerbForm=Inf
learn
learn
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
college
college
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
course
course
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN By) (S (VP (VBG cramming)))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT a) (NN student)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB learn) (NP (DT the) (NN subject)) (ADVP (RB well) (RB enough) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB get) (PRT (IN by)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN examination)))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ likely) (S (ADVP (RB soon)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB forget) (NP (NP (RB almost) (NN everything)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBD learned))))))))))) (. .)))
By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.
mark
by
By
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
cram
cramming
VERB
VBG
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
student
student
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
may
may
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
learn
learn
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
subject
subject
NOUN
NN
advmod
Degree=Pos
well
well
ADV
RB
advmod
enough
enough
ADV
RB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
get
get
VERB
VB
obl
by
by
ADP
IN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
examination
examination
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
he
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
conj
Degree=Pos
likely
likely
ADJ
JJ
advmod
Degree=Pos
soon
soon
ADV
RB
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
forget
forget
VERB
VB
advmod
almost
almost
ADV
RB
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Tot
everything
everything
PRON
NN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
he
PRON
PRP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
learn
learned
VERB
VBD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (JJ little) (NN overlearning)) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand))) (, ,) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB really) (JJ necessary)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (PRP one) (POS 's)) (JJ future) (NN development))))))
A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
little
little
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
overlearning
overlearning
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
other
other
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
hand
hand
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
really
really
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
necessary
necessary
ADJ
JJ
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
one
one
PRON
PRP
case
's
's
PART
POS
amod
Degree=Pos
future
future
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
development
development
NOUN
NN
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.  One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.  In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.  The multiplication tables are an exception to the general rule. that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development