(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBP appear) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN born) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB calculate))))))))) (. .)))
People appear to be born to calculate.
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
People
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
appear
appear
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
xcomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
bear
born
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
calculate
calculate
VERB
VB
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ numerical) (NNS skills)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS children)))) (VP (VBP develop) (ADVP (ADVP (RB so) (RB early)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (PRP it))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ easy)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB imagine) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ internal) (NN clock)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ mathematical) (NN maturity)))) (VP (VBG guiding) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN growth)))))))))))) (. .)))
The numerical skills of children develop so early that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
numerical
numerical
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
skill
skills
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
child
children
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
develop
develop
VERB
VBP
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
advmod
Degree=Pos
early
early
ADV
RB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
ccomp
Degree=Pos
easy
easy
ADJ
JJ
mark
to
to
PART
TO
csubj
VerbForm=Inf
imagine
imagine
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
internal
internal
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
clock
clock
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
mathematical
mathematical
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
maturity
maturity
NOUN
NN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
guide
guiding
VERB
VBG
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
their
their
PRON
PRP$
obj
Number=Sing
growth
growth
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (ADVP (RB Not) (RB long)) (IN after) (S (VP (VBG learning) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB walk) (CC and) (VB talk))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB set) (NP (DT the) (NN table)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ impressive) (NN accuracy)) (, --) (NP (NP (CD one) (NN plate)) (, ,) (NP (CD one) (NN knife)) (, ,) (NP (CD one) (NN spoon)) (, ,) (NP (NP (CD one) (NN fork)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT each)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (CD five) (NNS chairs))))))))))) (. .)))
Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork for each of the five chairs.
advmod
not
Not
PART
RB
advmod
Degree=Pos
long
long
ADV
RB
mark
after
after
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
learn
learning
VERB
VBG
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
walk
walk
VERB
VB
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
VerbForm=Inf
talk
talk
VERB
VB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
can
can
AUX
MD
root
VerbForm=Inf
set
set
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
table
table
NOUN
NN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
impressive
impressive
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
accuracy
accuracy
NOUN
NN
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
appos
Number=Sing
plate
plate
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
conj
Number=Sing
knife
knife
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
conj
Number=Sing
spoon
spoon
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
conj
Number=Sing
fork
fork
NOUN
NN
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod
each
each
DET
DT
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
five
five
NUM
CD
nmod
Number=Plur
chair
chairs
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Soon)) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ capable) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG noting) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VP (VBN placed) (NP (CD five) (NNS knives) (, ,) (NNS spoons) (CC and) (NNS forks)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN table)))) (, ,) (CC and) (ADVP (NP (DT a) (NN bit)) (RBR later)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT this)) (VP (VBZ amounts) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (CD fifteen) (NNS pieces)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN silverware))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table, and a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.
advmod
Degree=Pos
soon
Soon
ADV
RB
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
root
Degree=Pos
capable
capable
ADJ
JJ
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
note
noting
VERB
VBG
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
ccomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
place
placed
VERB
VBN
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
five
five
NUM
CD
obj
Number=Plur
knife
knives
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Number=Plur
spoon
spoons
NOUN
NNS
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Plur
fork
forks
NOUN
NNS
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
table
table
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl:npmod
Number=Sing
bit
bit
NOUN
NN
conj
Degree=Cmp
late
later
ADV
RBR
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
PRON
DT
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
amount
amounts
VERB
VBZ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
fifteen
fifteen
NUM
CD
obl
Number=Plur
piece
pieces
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
silverware
silverware
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Having) (ADVP (RB thus)) (VP (VBN mastered) (NP (NN addition))))) (, ,) (NP (DT some) (NNS people)) (VP (VBP expect) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (DT a) (NN child)) (VP (VP (VBD were) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT a) (NN desert) (NN island))) (PP (IN at) (NP (NN birth)))) (CC and) (VP (VBD brought) (ADVP (RB back)) (ADVP (NP (CD seven) (NNS years)) (RBR later)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP he) (CC or) (PRP she)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB enter) (NP (DT a) (JJ second-grade) (NN mathematics) (NN class)) (PP (IN without) (NP (NP (DT any) (JJ serious) (NNS problems)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ intellectual) (NN adjustment)))))))))) (. .)))
Having thus mastered addition, some people expect that if a child were on a desert island at birth and brought back seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
aux
VerbForm=Ger
have
Having
AUX
VBG
advmod
thus
thus
ADV
RB
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
master
mastered
VERB
VBN
obj
Number=Sing
addition
addition
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
some
some
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
person
people
NOUN
NNS
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
expect
expect
VERB
VBP
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
mark
if
if
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
child
child
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
desert
desert
NOUN
NN
advcl
Number=Sing
island
island
NOUN
NN
case
at
at
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
birth
birth
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
bring
brought
VERB
VBD
advmod
back
back
ADV
RB
nummod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
seven
seven
NUM
CD
obl:tmod
Number=Plur
year
years
NOUN
NNS
advmod
Degree=Cmp
late
later
ADV
RBR
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
he
PRON
PRP
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
she
she
PRON
PRP
aux
VerbForm=Fin
could
could
AUX
MD
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
enter
enter
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
second-grade
second-grade
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
mathematics
mathematics
NOUN
NN
obj
Number=Sing
class
class
NOUN
NN
case
without
without
ADP
IN
det
any
any
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
serious
serious
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
problem
problems
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
intellectual
intellectual
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
adjustment
adjustment
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (NFP  ))
root
PUNCT
NFP
(ROOT (S (ADVP (IN Of) (NN course)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN truth)) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (ADJP (RB so) (JJ simple))) (. .)))
Of course, the truth is not so simple.
advmod
of
Of
ADV
IN
fixed
Number=Sing
course
course
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
truth
truth
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
not
not
PART
RB
advmod
so
so
ADV
RB
root
Degree=Pos
simple
simple
ADJ
JJ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN century)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN work)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS psychologists)))) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN cast) (NP (NN light)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ unnoticeable) (NNS forms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ daily) (NN learning)) (SBAR (WHPP (IN on) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (JJ intellectual) (NN progress)) (VP (VBZ depends)))))))))) (. .)))
This century, the work of psychologists has cast light on the unnoticeable forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
This
DET
DT
obl:tmod
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
work
work
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
psychologist
psychologists
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
cast
cast
VERB
VBN
obj
Number=Sing
light
light
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
unnoticeable
unnoticeable
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Plur
form
forms
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
daily
daily
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
learning
learning
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
amod
Degree=Pos
intellectual
intellectual
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
progress
progress
NOUN
NN
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
depend
depends
VERB
VBZ
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Children)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN observed) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP they)) (ADVP (RB slowly)) (VP (VP (VBD grasped)) (, --) (CC or) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (DT the) (NN case)) (VP (MD might) (VP (VB be))))) (, ,) (VBD came) (ADVP (RB across)) (, --) (NP (NP (NNS concepts)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (NP (NNS adults)) (VP (VBP take) (PP (IN for) (VP (VBN granted))))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD refused)))) (, ,) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN instance))) (, ,) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB admit) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NN quantity)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ unchanged)) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ pours) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT a) (JJ short) (JJ thick) (NN glass))) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT a) (JJ tall) (JJ thin) (NN one))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Children were observed as they slowly grasped--or, as the case might be, came across--concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to admit that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short thick glass into a tall thin one.
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
child
Children
NOUN
NNS
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
observe
observed
VERB
VBN
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advmod
slowly
slowly
ADV
RB
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
grasp
grasped
VERB
VBD
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
case
case
NOUN
NN
aux
VerbForm=Fin
might
might
AUX
MD
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
come
came
VERB
VBD
advmod
across
across
ADV
RB
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
obj
Number=Plur
concept
concepts
NOUN
NNS
obj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
nsubj
Number=Plur
adult
adults
NOUN
NNS
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
take
take
VERB
VBP
case
for
for
ADP
IN
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
grant
granted
VERB
VBN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
they
PRON
PRP
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
refuse
refused
VERB
VBD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
for
for
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
instance
instance
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
admit
admit
VERB
VB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing
quantity
quantity
NOUN
NN
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
ccomp
Degree=Pos
unchanged
unchanged
ADJ
JJ
mark
as
as
SCONJ
IN
nsubj
Number=Sing
water
water
NOUN
NN
advcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
pour
pours
VERB
VBZ
case
from
from
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
short
short
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
thick
thick
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
glass
glass
NOUN
NN
case
into
into
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
tall
tall
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
thin
thin
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
one
one
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Psychologists)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB since)) (VP (VBN proved) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (JJ young) (NNS children)) (, ,) (VP (VBN asked) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB count) (NP (DT the) (NNS pencils)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN pile))))))) (, ,)) (ADVP (RB readily)) (VP (VP (VB report) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (ADJP (JJ blue) (CC or) (JJ red)) (NNS pencils))))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN persuaded) (PP (IN into) (S (VP (VBG finding) (NP (DT the) (NN total))))))))))))) (. .)))
Psychologists have since proved that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be persuaded into finding the total.
nsubj
Number=Plur
psychologist
Psychologists
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advmod
since
since
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
prove
proved
VERB
VBN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
young
young
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
child
children
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
ask
asked
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
xcomp
VerbForm=Inf
count
count
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
pencil
pencils
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
pile
pile
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
readily
readily
ADV
RB
ccomp
VerbForm=Inf
report
report
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
number
number
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
blue
blue
ADJ
JJ
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
conj
Degree=Pos
red
red
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
pencil
pencils
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
but
but
CCONJ
CC
aux
VerbForm=Fin
must
must
AUX
MD
aux:pass
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
conj
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
persuade
persuaded
VERB
VBN
mark
into
into
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
find
finding
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
total
total
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Such) (NNS studies)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN suggested) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ basic)) (NNS parts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN mathematics)))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VP (VBN mastered) (ADVP (RB gradually))) (, ,) (CC and) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN effort))))))))) (. .)))
Such studies have suggested that the most basic parts of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.
amod
Degree=Pos
such
Such
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
study
studies
NOUN
NNS
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
suggest
suggested
VERB
VBN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADV
RBS
amod
Degree=Pos
basic
basic
ADJ
JJ
nsubj:pass
Number=Plur
part
parts
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
mathematics
mathematics
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
AUX
VBP
ccomp
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
master
mastered
VERB
VBN
advmod
gradually
gradually
ADV
RB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
case
with
with
ADP
IN
conj
Number=Sing
effort
effort
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN suggested) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ very) (NN concept)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ abstract) (NNS numbers)))) (, --) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN idea)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN oneness)) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (NN twoness)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN threeness)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VP (VBZ applies) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT any) (NN class)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN object)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN prerequisite)) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VBG doing) (NP (NP (NP (NN anything)) (ADJP (ADVP (RBR more) (RB mathematically)) (VBG demanding))) (PP (IN than) (S (VP (VBG setting) (NP (DT a) (NN table)))))))))))))))))) (, --)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (PRP itself)) (PP (RB far) (IN from) (NP (JJ natural) (VBN born))))))))) (. .)))
They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers--the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of object and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table--is itself far from natural born.
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
They
PRON
PRP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
have
AUX
VBP
advmod
also
also
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
suggest
suggested
VERB
VBN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
very
very
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
concept
concept
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
abstract
abstract
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Plur
number
numbers
NOUN
NNS
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
appos
Number=Sing
idea
idea
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
oneness
oneness
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
twoness
twoness
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
threeness
threeness
NOUN
NN
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
apply
applies
VERB
VBZ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
any
any
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
class
class
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
object
object
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
prerequisite
prerequisite
NOUN
NN
mark
for
for
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
do
doing
VERB
VBG
obj
Number=Sing|PronType=Ind
anything
anything
PRON
NN
advmod
Degree=Cmp
more
more
ADV
RBR
advmod
mathematically
mathematically
ADV
RB
acl
VerbForm=Ger
demand
demanding
VERB
VBG
mark
than
than
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
set
setting
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
table
table
NOUN
NN
punct
--
--
PUNCT
,
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
obl:npmod
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes
itself
itself
PRON
PRP
ccomp
Degree=Pos
far
far
ADV
RB
mark
from
from
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
natural
natural
ADJ
JJ
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
bear
born
VERB
VBN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
People appear to be born to calculate. The numerical skills of children develop so early that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table, and a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, some people expect that if a child were on a desert island at birth and brought back seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.  Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of psychologists has cast light on the unnoticeable forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped--or, as the case might be, came across--concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to admit that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short thick glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since proved that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be persuaded into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the most basic parts of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers--the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of object and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table--is itself far from natural born.