Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although
there
is
no
formal
process
of
selection
,
in
larger
groups
,
leaders
are
usually
chosen
formally
through
election
or
recruitment
.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any "natural leaders".
Although
leaders
are
often
thought
to
be
people
with
unusual
personal
ability
,
decades
of
research
have
failed
to
produce
evidence
that
there
are
any
``
natural
leaders
''
.
It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
It
seems
that
there
is
no
set
of
personal
qualities
that
all
leaders
have
in
common
;
or
rather
,
any
person
may
be
recognized
as
a
leader
if
the
person
has
qualities
that
meet
the
needs
of
that
particular
group
.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.
Research
suggests
that
there
are
typically
two
different
leadership
roles
that
are
held
by
different
individuals
.
Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.
Instrumental
leadership
is
leadership
that
emphasizes
the
completion
of
tasks
by
a
social
group
.
Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done".
Group
members
look
to
instrumental
leaders
to
``
get
things
done
''
.
Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.
Expressive
leadership
,
on
the
other
hand
,
is
leadership
that
emphasizes
the
collective
well-beings
of
a
social
group
's
members
.
Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Expressive
leaders
are
less
concerned
with
the
overall
goals
of
the
group
than
with
providing
emotional
support
to
group
members
and
attempting
to
minimize
tension
and
conflict
among
them
.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members.
Instrumental
leaders
are
likely
to
have
a
rather
secondary
relationship
to
other
group
members
.
They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals.
They
give
others
and
may
discipline
group
members
who
inhibit
attainment
of
the
group
's
goals
.
Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group.
Expressive
leaders
develop
a
more
personal
or
primary
relationship
to
others
in
the
group
.
They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group.
They
offer
sympathy
when
someone
experiences
difficulties
and
try
to
solve
problems
that
threaten
to
divide
the
group
.
As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
As
the
difference
between
these
two
roles
suggests
,
expressive
leaders
generally
receive
more
personal
affection
from
group
members
;
instrumental
leaders
,
if
they
are
successful
in
promoting
group
goals
,
may
enjoy
a
more
distant
respect
.
Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.  Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.  Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.  Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group. As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.