(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Markovian) (NNP Parallax) (NNP Denigrate)) (VP (VBZ refers) (PP (IN to) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN series)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS articles)) (VP (VBN posted) (PP (IN to) (NP (NNP Usenet))) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNP August) (CD 5) (, ,) (CD 1996))))))))) (. .)))
Markovian Parallax Denigrate refers to a series of articles posted to Usenet on August 5, 1996.
nsubj
Number=Sing
Markovian
Markovian
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Parallax
Parallax
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Denigrate
Denigrate
PROPN
NNP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
refer
refers
VERB
VBZ
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
series
series
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
article
articles
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
post
posted
VERB
VBN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Usenet
Usenet
PROPN
NNP
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
August
August
PROPN
NNP
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
5
5
NUM
CD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1996
1996
NUM
CD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJS Most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP them)))) (VP (VBP consist) (PP (IN of) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (VP (VBP appear) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (JJ random) (NNS words)) (, ,) (VP (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VBG numbering) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNS thousands))) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (NN posting))))))))))))) (. .)))
Most of them consist of what appear to be random words, sometimes numbering in the thousands in a single posting.
nsubj
Degree=Sup
most
Most
ADJ
JJS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs
they
them
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
consist
consist
VERB
VBP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
obl
PronType=Rel
what
what
PRON
WP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
appear
appear
VERB
VBP
mark
to
to
PART
TO
cop
VerbForm=Inf
be
be
AUX
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
random
random
ADJ
JJ
xcomp
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
advmod
sometimes
sometimes
ADV
RB
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
number
numbering
VERB
VBG
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Plur
thousand
thousands
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
single
single
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
posting
posting
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN name)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN taken) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN subject) (NN line)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ many)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS articles))))))))) (. .)))
The name is taken from the subject line of many of the articles.
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
name
name
NOUN
NN
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
take
taken
VERB
VBN
case
from
from
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
subject
subject
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
line
line
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
article
articles
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Judging) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT this) (NN subject) (NN line))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (PRP it))) (VP (VBZ seems) (S (ADJP (JJ possible))) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN method)) (VP (VBN used) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB generate) (NP (DT the) (NNS articles)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT some) (NN way)))))))) (VP (VBZ employs) (NP (NP (NNP Markov) (NNS chains)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN processing) (NN method)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN language) (NML (NN parsing) (CC and) (NN generation)) (NNS techniques)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NML (NML (JJ natural) (NN language)) (NN processing)) (NN field)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ artificial) (NN intelligence)))))))))))))) (. .)))
Judging by this subject line, it seems possible that the method used to generate the articles in some way employs Markov chains, a processing method used by some language parsing and generation techniques in the natural language processing field of artificial intelligence.
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
judge
Judging
VERB
VBG
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
subject
subject
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
line
line
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
expl
Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
seem
seems
VERB
VBZ
xcomp
Degree=Pos
possible
possible
ADJ
JJ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
method
method
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
use
used
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
generate
generate
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Plur
article
articles
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
way
way
NOUN
NN
csubj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
employ
employs
VERB
VBZ
compound
Number=Sing
Markov
Markov
PROPN
NNP
obj
Number=Plur
chain
chains
NOUN
NNS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
processing
processing
NOUN
NN
appos
Number=Sing
method
method
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
use
used
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
compound
Number=Sing
parsing
parsing
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
generation
generation
NOUN
NN
obl:agent
Number=Plur
technique
techniques
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
natural
natural
ADJ
JJ
compound
Number=Sing
language
language
NOUN
NN
compound
Number=Sing
processing
processing
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
field
field
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
artificial
artificial
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
intelligence
intelligence
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN Despite) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ random) (NN appearance)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS words)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN message))))))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ many) (NNS theories)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP propose) (NP (NP (NNS meanings)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (NNS messages))))))))) (: :)))
Despite the random appearance of the words in the message, there are many theories that propose meanings for the messages:
case
despite
Despite
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
random
random
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
appearance
appearance
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
word
words
NOUN
NNS
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
message
message
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
are
VERB
VBP
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Plur
theory
theories
NOUN
NNS
nsubj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
propose
propose
VERB
VBP
obj
Number=Plur
meaning
meanings
NOUN
NNS
case
for
for
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
message
messages
NOUN
NNS
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (NN sample)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS messages)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB below))) (: :)))
A sample of one of the messages is below:
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
sample
sample
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
message
messages
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
root
below
below
ADV
RB
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD One)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS names)) (VP (VBN listed) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the))) (PP (IN From) (: :) (NP (NP (NN line)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS messages))))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (`` ") (NNP Susan) (NNP Lindauer) ('' ")) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NN name)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN woman)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN arrested) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NNS charges)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN espionage))))) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNP March) (CD 11) (, ,) (CD 2004)))))))))))) (. .)))
One of the names listed in the From: line of the messages is " Susan Lindauer ", the same name as a woman who was arrested on charges of espionage on March 11, 2004.
nsubj
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
One
NUM
CD
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
name
names
NOUN
NNS
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
list
listed
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
obl
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
from
From
ADP
IN
punct
:
:
PUNCT
:
nsubj
Number=Sing
line
line
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Plur
message
messages
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
punct
"
"
PUNCT
``
root
Number=Sing
Susan
Susan
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Lindauer
Lindauer
PROPN
NNP
punct
"
"
PUNCT
''
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
same
same
ADJ
JJ
appos
Number=Sing
name
name
NOUN
NN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
woman
woman
NOUN
NN
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
arrest
arrested
VERB
VBN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Plur
charge
charges
NOUN
NNS
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
espionage
espionage
NOUN
NN
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
March
March
PROPN
NNP
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
11
11
NUM
CD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
2004
2004
NUM
CD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (PP (IN To) (NP (NP (DT some) (NNS theorists)) (-LRB- [) (WHNP (WP who)) (. ?))))
To some theorists [who?
case
to
To
ADP
IN
det
some
some
DET
DT
root
Number=Plur
theorist
theorists
NOUN
NNS
punct
[
[
PUNCT
-LRB-
appos
PronType=Rel
who
who
PRON
WP
punct
?
?
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (-RRB- ]) (, ,) (NP (DT this)) (VP (VBZ lends) (NP (NN credence)) (PP (IN to) (NP (DT the) (NN idea) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS messages)) (VP (VBD were) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN form)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBN encoded) (NN information)))))))))) (. .)))
], this lends credence to the idea that the messages were a form of encoded information.
punct
]
]
PUNCT
-RRB-
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
PRON
DT
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
lend
lends
VERB
VBZ
obj
Number=Sing
credence
credence
NOUN
NN
case
to
to
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
idea
idea
NOUN
NN
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
message
messages
NOUN
NNS
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
were
AUX
VBD
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
acl
Number=Sing
form
form
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
encode
encoded
VERB
VBN
nmod
Number=Sing
information
information
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
(ROOT (S (PP (IN Beyond) (NP (DT the) (NN name) (NN connection))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (NP (NP (DT no) (JJ compelling) (NN information)) (VP (VBN introduced) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB suggest) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT these) (NNS messages)) (VP (VBD had) (NP (NP (DT any) (NN sort)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN meaning)))))))))))))) (. .)))
Beyond the name connection, there has been no compelling information introduced to suggest that these messages had any sort of meaning.
case
beyond
Beyond
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
Number=Sing
name
name
NOUN
NN
obl
Number=Sing
connection
connection
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
expl
there
there
PRON
EX
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
VERB
VBN
det
no
no
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
compelling
compelling
ADJ
JJ
nsubj
Number=Sing
information
information
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
introduce
introduced
VERB
VBN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
suggest
suggest
VERB
VB
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
det
Number=Plur|PronType=Dem
this
these
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Plur
message
messages
NOUN
NNS
ccomp
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
have
had
VERB
VBD
det
any
any
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
sort
sort
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
meaning
meaning
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Markovian Parallax Denigrate refers to a series of articles posted to Usenet on August 5, 1996. Most of them consist of what appear to be random words, sometimes numbering in the thousands in a single posting. The name is taken from the subject line of many of the articles. Judging by this subject line, it seems possible that the method used to generate the articles in some way employs Markov chains, a processing method used by some language parsing and generation techniques in the natural language processing field of artificial intelligence. Despite the random appearance of the words in the message, there are many theories that propose meanings for the messages: A sample of one of the messages is below: One of the names listed in the From: line of the messages is " Susan Lindauer ", the same name as a woman who was arrested on charges of espionage on March 11, 2004. To some theorists [who? ], this lends credence to the idea that the messages were a form of encoded information. Beyond the name connection, there has been no compelling information introduced to suggest that these messages had any sort of meaning.