``French Institute, Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris, 10 July 1820. Sir,--The Academy has received with a lively degree of interest, the Essay that you obligingly addressed to it on Involution and Evolution, or a Method of determining the Numerical Value of any Function of an unknown Quantity. I am desired, in its name, to thank you for sending this interesting work, which has been honourably placed in the Library of the Academy; and to express the sense of obligation which the Institution entertains for your attention. Receive, Sir, I beg, the assurance of the most distinguished respect with which I am, Your's etc. B.G. Cuvier ''-- Letter from the Perpetual Secretary to Mr Peter Nicholson. Although almost entirely forgotten as a mathematician, Nicholson is still remembered as an architect and in the 1978 edition of his standard work, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600--1840, Howard M. Colvin claims that ``Nicholson was one of the leading intellects behind nineteenth-century building technology. He used his great ability as a mathematician to simplify many old formulae used by architectural draughtsmen as well as to devise new ones.''
``French Institute, Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris, 10 July 1820.
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
amod
Degree=Pos
French
French
ADJ
NNP
root
Number=Sing
Institute
Institute
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
amod
Degree=Pos
Royal
Royal
ADJ
NNP
list
Number=Sing
Academy
Academy
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Plur
Science
Sciences
PROPN
NNPS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
list
Number=Sing
Paris
Paris
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
list
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
10
10
NUM
CD
compound
Number=Sing
July
July
PROPN
NNP
nummod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1820
1820
NUM
CD
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Sir,--The Academy has received with a lively degree of interest, the Essay that you obligingly addressed to it on Involution and Evolution, or a Method of determining the Numerical Value of any Function of an unknown Quantity.
vocative
Number=Sing
Sir
Sir
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
punct
--
--
PUNCT
NFP
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
The
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
Academy
Academy
PROPN
NNP
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
receive
received
VERB
VBN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
lively
lively
ADJ
JJ
obl
Number=Sing
degree
degree
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
interest
interest
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
appos
Number=Sing
Essay
Essay
PROPN
NNP
obj
PronType=Rel
that
that
PRON
WDT
nsubj
Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
advmod
obligingly
obligingly
ADV
RB
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
address
addressed
VERB
VBD
case
to
to
ADP
IN
obl
Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
it
it
PRON
PRP
case
on
on
ADP
IN
obl
Number=Sing
Involution
Involution
PROPN
NNP
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
conj
Number=Sing
Evolution
Evolution
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
cc
or
or
CCONJ
CC
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
conj
Number=Sing
method
Method
NOUN
NN
mark
of
of
SCONJ
IN
acl
VerbForm=Ger
determine
determining
VERB
VBG
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
Numerical
Numerical
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
value
Value
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
any
any
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
function
Function
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
unknown
unknown
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
quantity
Quantity
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
I am desired, in its name, to thank you for sending this interesting work, which has been honourably placed in the Library of the Academy; and to express the sense of obligation which the Institution entertains for your attention.
nsubj:pass
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
am
AUX
VBP
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
desire
desired
VERB
VBN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
case
in
in
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
its
its
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
name
name
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
thank
thank
VERB
VB
obj
Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs
you
you
PRON
PRP
mark
for
for
SCONJ
IN
advcl
VerbForm=Ger
send
sending
VERB
VBG
det
Number=Sing|PronType=Dem
this
this
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
interesting
interesting
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
work
work
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
aux
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
have
has
AUX
VBZ
aux:pass
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
be
been
AUX
VBN
advmod
honourably
honourably
ADV
RB
acl:relcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
place
placed
VERB
VBN
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
Library
Library
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nmod
Number=Sing
Academy
Academy
PROPN
NNP
punct
;
;
PUNCT
:
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
mark
to
to
PART
TO
conj
VerbForm=Inf
express
express
VERB
VB
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
obj
Number=Sing
sense
sense
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
obligation
obligation
NOUN
NN
obj
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
nsubj
Number=Sing
Institution
Institution
PROPN
NNP
acl:relcl
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
entertain
entertains
VERB
VBZ
case
for
for
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
your
your
PRON
PRP$
obl
Number=Sing
attention
attention
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Receive, Sir, I beg, the assurance of the most distinguished respect with which I am, Your's etc.
root
Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin
receive
Receive
VERB
VB
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
vocative
Number=Sing
Sir
Sir
PROPN
NNP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
parataxis
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
beg
beg
VERB
VBP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
parataxis
Number=Sing
assurance
assurance
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
advmod
Degree=Sup
most
most
ADV
RBS
amod
Degree=Pos
distinguished
distinguished
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
respect
respect
NOUN
NN
case
with
with
ADP
IN
nmod
PronType=Rel
which
which
PRON
WDT
nsubj
Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs
I
I
PRON
PRP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
am
AUX
VBP
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
your
Your
PRON
PRP$
case
's
's
PART
POS
conj
Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur
etc.
etc.
NOUN
FW
B.G. Cuvier ''-- Letter from the Perpetual Secretary to Mr Peter Nicholson.
root
Number=Sing
B.G.
B.G.
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Cuvier
Cuvier
PROPN
NNP
punct
''--
''--
PUNCT
HYPH
appos
Number=Sing
Letter
Letter
PROPN
NNP
case
from
from
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
perpetual
Perpetual
ADJ
NNP
nmod
Number=Sing
Secretary
Secretary
PROPN
NNP
case
to
to
ADP
IN
nmod
Number=Sing
Mr
Mr
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Peter
Peter
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Nicholson
Nicholson
PROPN
NNP
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
Although almost entirely forgotten as a mathematician, Nicholson is still remembered as an architect and in the 1978 edition of his standard work, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600--1840, Howard M. Colvin claims that ``Nicholson was one of the leading intellects behind nineteenth-century building technology.
mark
although
Although
SCONJ
IN
advmod
almost
almost
ADV
RB
advmod
entirely
entirely
ADV
RB
advcl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
forget
forgotten
VERB
VBN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
mathematician
mathematician
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj:pass
Number=Sing
Nicholson
Nicholson
PROPN
NNP
aux:pass
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
be
is
AUX
VBZ
advmod
still
still
ADV
RB
root
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
remember
remembered
VERB
VBN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
an
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
architect
architect
NOUN
NN
cc
and
and
CCONJ
CC
case
in
in
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
compound
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1978
1978
NUM
CD
obl
Number=Sing
edition
edition
NOUN
NN
case
of
of
ADP
IN
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
standard
standard
ADJ
JJ
nmod
Number=Sing
work
work
NOUN
NN
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
A
DET
DT
amod
Degree=Pos
Biographical
Biographical
ADJ
NNP
nsubj
Number=Sing
Dictionary
Dictionary
PROPN
NNP
case
of
of
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
British
British
ADJ
NNP
nmod
Number=Plur
Architect
Architects
PROPN
NNPS
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nmod:tmod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1600
1600
NUM
CD
case
-
-
SYM
SYM
case
-
-
SYM
SYM
nmod
NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card
1840
1840
NUM
CD
punct
,
,
PUNCT
,
nsubj
Number=Sing
Howard
Howard
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
M.
M.
PROPN
NNP
flat
Number=Sing
Colvin
Colvin
PROPN
NNP
conj
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
claim
claims
VERB
VBZ
mark
that
that
SCONJ
IN
punct
``
``
PUNCT
``
nsubj
Number=Sing
Nicholson
Nicholson
PROPN
NNP
cop
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
be
was
AUX
VBD
ccomp
NumForm=Word|NumType=Card
one
one
NUM
CD
case
of
of
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Def|PronType=Art
the
the
DET
DT
amod
VerbForm=Ger
lead
leading
VERB
VBG
nmod
Number=Plur
intellect
intellects
NOUN
NNS
case
behind
behind
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
nineteenth
nineteenth
ADJ
JJ
punct
-
-
PUNCT
HYPH
compound
Number=Sing
century
century
NOUN
NN
compound
Number=Sing
building
building
NOUN
NN
nmod
Number=Sing
technology
technology
NOUN
NN
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
He used his great ability as a mathematician to simplify many old formulae used by architectural draughtsmen as well as to devise new ones.''
nsubj
Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs
he
He
PRON
PRP
root
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
use
used
VERB
VBD
nmod:poss
Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs
his
his
PRON
PRP$
amod
Degree=Pos
great
great
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
ability
ability
NOUN
NN
case
as
as
ADP
IN
det
Definite=Ind|PronType=Art
a
a
DET
DT
obl
Number=Sing
mathematician
mathematician
NOUN
NN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
advcl
VerbForm=Inf
simplify
simplify
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
many
many
ADJ
JJ
amod
Degree=Pos
old
old
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Sing
formulae
formulae
NOUN
NN
acl
Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
use
used
VERB
VBN
case
by
by
ADP
IN
amod
Degree=Pos
architectural
architectural
ADJ
JJ
obl:agent
Number=Plur
draughtsman
draughtsmen
NOUN
NNS
cc
as
as
ADV
RB
fixed
Degree=Pos
well
well
ADV
RB
fixed
as
as
ADP
IN
mark
to
to
PART
TO
conj
VerbForm=Inf
devise
devise
VERB
VB
amod
Degree=Pos
new
new
ADJ
JJ
obj
Number=Plur
one
ones
NOUN
NNS
punct
.
.
PUNCT
.
punct
''
''
PUNCT
''