1.6: Medea
MEDEA
Euripides (ca. 484-ca.407 B.C.E.)
First performed in 431 B.C.E.
Greece
Of the three great ancient Greek tragedians (including Aeschylus and Sophocles), Euripides was perhaps the most controversial, and intentionally so. He did not win many of the Dionysian festival competitions among Greek dramatists with his shocking depictions of wellknown stories, but nineteen of his over ninety plays have survived. As with most of his plays, Euripides’ version of the story of Medea focuses on the psychological aspects of the character. Medea, the niece of the sorceress Circe, had earlier helped Jason take the Golden Fleece from the land of Colchis, betraying both her family and her country in the process (including killing her own brother). Medea also had used her magic to restore youth to Jason’s father, Aeson. Before meeting Medea, Jason had already abandoned his previous “wife,” Hypsipyle, and his twin children with her; the play begins with Medea learning that she and her children with Jason are about to be abandoned for a new wife.
Written by Laura J. Getty
MEDEA
Euripedes, explanatory notes by Gilbert Murray, M.A., LL.D. and Rhonda Kelley
CHARACTERS OF THE PLAY
Medea, daughter of Aiêtês, King of Colchis.
Jason, chief of the Argonauts; nephew of Pelias, King of Iôlcos in Thessaly.
Creon, ruler of Corinth.
Aegeus, King of Athens.
Nurse of Medea.
Two Children of Jason and Medea.
Attendant on the children.
A Messenger.
Chorus of Corinthian Women, with their Leader.
Soldiers and Attendants.
The scene is laid in Corinth.\(^{23}\)
The Scene represents the front of Medea’s House in Corinth. A road to the right leads towards the royal castle, one on the left to the harbour. The Nurse is discovered alone.
NURSE
Would God no Argo\(^{24}\) e’er had winged the seas
To Colchis\(^{25}\) through the blue Symplêgades:\(^{26}\)
No shaft of riven\(^{27}\)pine in Pêlion’s\(^{28}\) glen
Shaped that first oar-blade in the hands of men
Valiant, who won, to save King Pelias’ vow,
The fleece All-golden! Never then, I trow,\(^{29}\)
Mine own princess,\(^{30}\)her spirit wounded sore
With love of Jason, to the encastled\(^{31}\) shore
Had sailed of old Iôlcos:\(^{32}\) never wrought
The daughters of King Pelias, knowing not,
To spill their father’s life:\(^{33}\)nor fled in fear,
Hunted for that fierce sin, to Corinth here
With Jason and her babes. This folk at need
Stood friend to her, and she in word and deed
Served alway Jason. Surely this doth bind,
Through all ill days, the hurts of humankind,
When man and woman in one music move.
But now, the world is angry, and true love
Sick as with poison. Jason doth forsake
My mistress and his own two sons, to make
His couch in a king’s chamber. He must wed:\(^{34}\)
Wed with this Creon’s child, who now is head
And chief of Corinth. Wherefore sore betrayed
Medea calleth up the oath they made,
They two, and wakes the claspèd hands again,
The troth surpassing speech, and cries amain\(^{35}\)
On God in heaven to mark the end, and how
Jason hath paid his debt.
All fasting now
And cold, her body yielded up to pain,
Her days a waste of weeping, she hath lain,
Since first she knew that he was false.  If friends will speak, she hears no more
Than some dead rock or wave that beats the shore:
Only the white throat in a sudden shame
May writhe, and all alone she moans the name
Of father, and land, and home, forsook that day
For this man’s sake, who casteth her away.

Methinks she hath a dread, not joy, to see
Her children near. ‘Tis this that maketh me
Most tremble, lest she do I know not what.
Her heart is no light thing, and useth not
To brook much wrong. I know that woman, aye,
And dread her! Will she creep alone to die
Bleeding in that old room, where still is laid
Lord Jason’s bed? She hath for that a blade
Made keen.\(^{36}\) Or slay the bridegroom and the king,
And win herself God knows what direr thing?
‘Tis a fell spirit. Few, I ween,\(^{37}\)shall stir
Her hate unscathed, or lightly humble her.
Ha! ‘Tis the children from their games again,
Rested and gay; and all their mother’s pain
Forgotten! Young lives ever turn from gloom!
 Will our mistress be
Content, this long time to be left by thee?
NURSE
Grey\(^{39}\) guard of Jason’s children, a good thrall
Hath his own grief, if any hurt befall
His masters. Aye, it holds one’s heart! . . .
Meseems\(^{40}\)
I have strayed out so deep in evil dreams,
I longed to rest me here alone, and cry
Medea’s wrongs to this still Earth and Sky.\(^{41}\)
ATTENDANT
How? Are the tears yet running in her eyes?
NURSE
‘Twere good to be like thee! . . . Her sorrow lies
Scarce wakened yet, not half its perils wrought.
ATTENDANT
Mad spirit! . . . if a man may speak his thought
Of masters mad.—And nothing in her ears
Hath sounded yet of her last cause for tears!
[He moves towards the house, but the Nurse checks him.]
NURSE
What cause, old man? . . . Nay, grudge me not one word.
ATTENDANT
‘Tis nothing. Best forget what thou hast heard.
NURSE
Nay, housemate, by thy beard! Hold it not hid
From me. . . . I will keep silence if thou bid.
ATTENDANT
I heard an old man talking, where he sate
At draughts in the sun, beside the fountain gate,
And never thought of me, there standing still
Beside him. And he said, ‘Twas Creon’s will,
Being lord of all this land, that she be sent,
And with her her two sons, to banishment.
Maybe ‘tis all false. For myself, I know
No further, and I would it were not so.
NURSE
Jason will never bear it —his own sons
Banished,—however hot his anger runs
Against their mother!
ATTENDANT
Old love burneth low
When new love wakes, men say. He is not now
Husband nor father here, nor any kin.
NURSE
But this is ruin! New waves breaking in
To wreck us, ere we are righted from the old!
Attendant
Well, hold thy peace. Our mistress will be told
All in good time. Speak thou no word hereof.
NURSE
My babes! What think ye of your father’s love?

ATTENDANT
And what man on earth is different? How?
Hast thou lived all these years, and learned but now
That every man more loveth his own head
Than other men’s? He dreameth of the bed
Of this new bride, and thinks not of his sons.
NURSE
Go: run into the house, my little ones:
All will end happily! . . . Keep them apart:
Let not their mother meet them while her heart
Is darkened. Yester night I saw a flame
Stand in her eye, as though she hated them,
And would I know not what. For sure her wrath
Will never turn nor slumber, till she hath . . .
Go: and if some must suffer, may it be
Not we who love her, but some enemy!
Voice (within).

Would I could die in my misery!
[The Children and the Attendant go in.]
NURSE
Ah, children, hark! She moves again
Her frozen heart, her sleeping wrath.
In, quick! And never cross her path,
Nor rouse that dark eye in its pain;
That fell sea-spirit, and the dire
Spring of a will untaught, unbowed.
Quick, now!—Methinks this weeping cloud
Hath in its heart some thunder-fire,
Slow gathering, that must flash ere long.
I know not how, for ill or well,
It turns, this uncontrollable
Tempestuous spirit, blind with wrong.
Voice (within).
Have I not suffered? Doth it call
No tears? . . .
NURSE
For pity! What have they to do,
Babes, with their father’s sin? Why call
Thy curse on these? . . . Ah, children, all
These days my bosom bleeds for you.
Rude are the wills of princes: yea,
Prevailing alway, seldom crossed,
On fitful winds their moods are tossed:
‘Tis best men tread the equal way
Aye, not with glory but with peace
May the long summers find me crowned:
For gentleness—her very sound
Is magic, and her usages.
All wholesome: but the fiercely great
Hath little music on his road,
And falleth, when the hand of God
Shall move, most deep and desolate.
[During the last words the Leader of the Chorus\(^{42}\) has entered. Other women follow her.]
LEADER
I heard a voice and a moan,
A voice of the eastern seas:
Hath she found not yet her ease?
Speak, O agèd one.
For I stood afar at the gate,
And there came from within a cry,
And wailing desolate.
Ah, no more joy have I,
For the griefs this house doth see,
And the love it hath wrought in me.
NURSE
There is no house! ‘Tis gone. The lord
Seeketh a prouder\(^{43}\) bed: and she
Wastes in her chamber, not one word
Will hear of care or charity.
Voice (within).

What profiteth living? Oh,
Shall I not lift the slow
Yoke, and let Life go,
As a beast out in the night,
To lie, and be rid of pain?
CHORUS
Some Women
A. “O Zeus, O Earth, O Light:”
The cry of a bride forlorn
Heard ye, and wailing born
Of lost delight?
B. Why weariest thou this day,
Wild heart, for the bed abhorrèd,
The cold bed in the clay?
Death cometh though no man pray,
Ungarlanded, un-adorèd.
Call him not thou.
C. If another’s arms be now
Where thine have been,
On his head be the sin:
Rend not thy brow!
D. All that thou sufferest,
God seeth: Oh, not so sore
Waste nor weep for the breast
That was thine of yore.
Voice (within).
Virgin of Righteousness,
Virgin of hallowed Troth,\(^{44})\
Ye marked me when with an oath
I bound him; mark no less
That oath’s end. Give me to see
Him and his bride, who sought
My grief when I wronged her not,
Broken in misery
And all her house. . . . O God,
My mother’s home, and the dim
Shore that I left for him,
And the voice of my brother’s blood. . . .\(^{45}\)
NURSE
Oh, wild words! Did ye hear her cry
To them that guard man’s faith forsworn,
Themis and Zeus? . . .
CHORUS
Other Women
A. Would she but come to seek
Our faces, that love her well,
And take to her heart the spell
Of words that speak?
B. Alas for the heavy hate
And anger that burneth ever!
Would it but now abate,
Ah God, I love her yet.
And surely my love’s endeavour
Shall fail not here.
C. Go: from that chamber drear
Forth to the day
Lead her, and say, Oh, say
That we love her dear.
D. Go, lest her hand be hard
On the innocent: Ah, let be!
For her grief moves hitherward,
Like an angry sea.
NURSE
That will I: though what words of mine
Or love shall move her? Let them lie
With the old lost labours! . . . Yet her eye—
Know ye the eyes of the wild kine,
The lion flash that guards their brood?
So looks she now if any thrall
Speak comfort, or draw near at all
My mistress in her evil mood.
[The Nurse goes into the house.]
CHORUS
A Woman
Alas, the bold blithe bards of old\(^{46}\)
That all for joy their music made,
For feasts and dancing manifold,
That Life might listen and be glad.
But all the darkness and the wrong,
Quick deaths and dim heart-aching things,
Would no man ease them with a song
Or music of a thousand strings?
Then song had served us in our need.
What profit, o’er the banquet’s swell
That lingering cry that none may heed?
The feast hath filled them: all is well!
Others
I heard a song, but it comes no more.
Where the tears ran over:
A keen cry but tired, tired:
A woman’s cry for her heart’s desired,
For a traitor’s kiss and a lost lover.
But a prayer, methinks, yet riseth sore
To God, to Faith, God’s ancient daughter—
The Faith that over sundering seas
Drew her to Hellas, and the breeze
Of midnight shivered, and the door
Closed of the salt unsounded water.
[During the last words Medea has come out from the house.]
MEDEA
Women of Corinth, I am come to show
My face, lest ye despise me. For I know
Some heads stand high and fail not, even at night
Alone—far less like this, in all men’s sight:
And we, who study not our wayfarings
But feel and cry—Oh we are drifting things,
And evil! For what truth is in men’s eyes,
Which search no heart, but in a flash despise
A strange face, shuddering back from one that ne’er
Hath wronged them? . . . Sure, far-comers anywhere,
I know, must bow them and be gentle. Nay,
A Greek himself men praise not, who alway
Should seek his own will recking not. . . . But I—
This thing undreamed of, sudden from on high,
Hath sapped my soul: I dazzle where I stand,
The cup of all life shattered in my hand,
Longing to die—O friends! He, even he,
Whom to know well was all the world to me,
The man I loved, hath proved most evil.—Oh,
Of all things upon earth that bleed and grow,
A herb most bruised is woman.(\^{47}\) We must pay
Our store of gold, hoarded for that one day,
To buy us some man’s love; and lo, they bring
A master of our flesh! There comes the sting
Of the whole shame. And then the jeopardy,
For good or ill, what shall that master be;
Reject she cannot: and if he but stays
His suit, ‘tis shame on all that woman’s days.
So thrown amid new laws, new places, why,
‘Tis magic she must have, or prophecy—
Home never taught her that—how best to guide
Toward peace this thing that sleepeth at her side.
And she who, labouring long, shall find some way
Whereby her lord may bear with her, nor fray
His yoke too fiercely, blessed is the breath
That woman draws! Else, let her pray for death.

And then, forsooth, ‘tis they that face the call
Of war, while we sit sheltered, hid from all
Peril!—False mocking! Sooner would I stand
Three times to face their battles, shield in hand,
Than bear one child.
But peace! There cannot be
Ever the same tale told of thee and me.
Thou hast this city, and thy father’s home,
And joy of friends, and hope in days to come:
But I, being citiless, am cast aside
By him that wedded me, a savage bride
Won in far seas and left—no mother near,
No brother, not one kinsman anywhere
For harbour in this storm. Therefore of thee
I ask one thing. If chance yet ope to me
Some path, if even now my hand can win
Strength to requite this Jason for his sin,
Betray me not! Oh, in all things but this,
I know how full of fears a woman is,
And faint at need, and shrinking from the light
Of battle: but once spoil her of her right
In man’s love, and there moves, I warn thee well,
No bloodier spirit between heaven and hell.
LEADER
I will betray thee not. It is but just,
Thou smite him.—And that weeping in the dust
And stormy tears, how should I blame them? . . .
Stay:
‘Tis Creon, lord of Corinth, makes his way
Hither, and bears, methinks, some word of weight.
Enter from the right Creon, the King, with armed Attendants.
 Make no delay:
Seeing ourselves, the King, are come this day
To see our charge fulfilled; nor shall again
Look homeward ere we have led thy children twain
And thee beyond our realm’s last boundary.
MEDEA
Lost! Lost!
Mine haters at the helm with sail flung free
Pursuing; and for us no beach nor shore
In the endless waters! . . . Yet, though stricken sore,
I still will ask thee, for what crime, what thing
Unlawful, wilt thou cast me out, O King?
CREON
What crime? I fear thee, woman—little need
To cloak my reasons—lest thou work some deed
Of darkness on my child. And in that fear
Reasons enough have part. Thou comest here
A wise-woman confessed, and full of lore
In unknown ways of evil.(\^{48}\) Thou art sore
In heart, being parted from thy lover’s arms.
And more, thou hast made menace . . . so the alarms
But now have reached mine ear . . . on bride and groom,
And him who gave the bride, to work thy doom
Of vengeance. Which, ere yet it be too late,
I sweep aside. I choose to earn thine hate
Of set will now, not palter with the mood
Of mercy, and hereafter weep in blood.
MEDEA
‘Tis not the first nor second time, O King,
That fame hath hurt me, and come nigh to bring
My ruin. . . . How can any man, whose eyes
Are wholesome, seek to rear his children wise
Beyond men’s wont?
Come unto fools with knowledge of new things,
They deem it vanity, not knowledge. Aye,
And men that erst for wisdom were held high,
Feel thee a thorn to fret them, privily
Held higher than they. So hath it been with me.
A wise-woman I am; and for that sin
To divers ill names men would pen me in;
A seed of strife; an eastern dreamer; one
Of brand not theirs; one hard to play upon . . .
Ah, I am not so wondrous wise!—And now,
To thee, I am terrible! What fearest thou?
What dire deed? Do I tread so proud a path—
Fear me not thou!—that I should brave the wrath
Of princes? Thou: what has thou ever done
To wrong me? Granted thine own child to one
Whom thy soul chose.—Ah, him out of my heart
I hate; but thou, meseems, hast done thy part
Not ill. And for thine houses’ happiness
I hold no grudge. Go: marry, and God bless
Your issues. Only suffer me to rest
Somewhere within this land. Though sore oppressed,
I will be still, knowing mine own defeat.
CREON
Thy words be gentle: but I fear me yet
Lest even now there creep some wickedness
Deep hid within thee. And for that the less
I trust thee now than ere these words began.
A woman quick of wrath, aye, or a man,
Is easier watching than the cold and still.
Up, straight, and find thy road! Mock not my will
With words. This doom is passed beyond recall;
Nor all thy crafts shall help thee, being withal
My manifest foe, to linger at my side.
Medea (suddenly throwing herself down and clinging to Creon).
Oh, by thy knees! By that new-wedded bride . . .
CREON
‘Tis waste of words. Thou shalt not weaken me.
MEDEA
Wilt hunt me? Spurn me when I kneel to thee?
CREON
‘Tis mine own house that kneels to me, not thou.
MEDEA
Home, my lost home, how I desire thee now!
CREON
And I mine, and my child, beyond all things.
MEDEA
O Loves of man, what curse is on your wings!
CREON
Blessing or curse, ‘tis as their chances flow.
MEDEA
Remember, Zeus, the cause of all this woe!
CREON
Oh, rid me of my pains! Up, get thee gone!
MEDEA
What would I with thy pains? I have mine own.49
CREON
Up: or, ‘fore God, my soldiers here shall fling . . .
MEDEA
Not that! Not that!50 . . . I do but pray, O King . . .
CREON
Thou wilt not? I must face the harsher task?
MEDEA
I accept mine exile. ‘Tis not that I ask.
CREON
Why then so wild? Why clinging to mine hand?
Medea ( rising ).
For one day only leave me in thy land
At peace, to find some counsel, ere the strain
Of exile fall, some comfort for these twain,
Mine innocents; since others take no thought,
It seems, to save the babes that they begot.
Ah! Thou wilt pity them! Thou also art
A father: thou hast somewhere still a heart
That feels. . . . I reck not of myself: ‘tis they
That break me, fallen upon so dire a day
CREON
Mine is no tyrant’s mood. Aye, many a time
Ere this my tenderness hath marred the chime
Of wisest counsels. And I know that now
I do mere folly. But so be it! Thou
Shalt have this grace . . . But this I warn thee clear,
If once the morrow’s sunlight find thee here
Within my borders, thee or child of thine,
Thou diest! . . . Of this judgment not a line
Shall waver nor abate. So linger on,
If thou needs must, till the next risen sun;
No further. . . . In one day there scarce can be
Those perils wrought whose dread yet haunteth me.
[ Exit Creon with his suite. ]
CHORUS
O woman, woman of sorrow,
Where wilt thou turn and flee?
What town shall be thine to-morrow,
What land of all lands that be,
What door of a strange man’s home?
Yea, God hath hunted thee,
Medea, forth to the foam
Of a trackless sea.
MEDEA
Defeat on every side; what else? (\^{51}\)—But Oh,
Not here the end is: think it not! I know
For bride and groom one battle yet untried,
And goodly pains for him that gave the bride.
Dost dream I would have grovelled to this man,
Save that I won mine end, and shaped my plan
For merry deeds? My lips had never deigned
Speak word with him: my flesh been never stained
With touching. . . . Fool, Oh, triple fool!  Oh, I have tried
So many thoughts of murder to my turn,
I know not which best likes me. Shall I burn
Their house with fire? Or stealing past unseen
To Jason’s bed—I have a blade made keen
For that—stab, breast to breast, that wedded pair?
Good, but for one thing.
Nay,
I love the old way best, the simple way
Of poison, where we too are strong as men.(\^{53}\)
Ah me!
And they being dead—what place shall hold me then?
What friend shall rise, with land inviolate
And trusty doors, to shelter from their hate
This flesh? . . . None anywhere! . . . A little more
I needs must wait: and, if there ope some door
Of refuge, some strong tower to shield me, good:
In craft and darkness I will hunt this blood.
Else, if mine hour be come and no hope nigh,
Then sword in hand, full-willed and sure to die,
I yet will live to slay them. I will wend
Man-like, their road of daring to the end.
So help me She who of all Gods hath been
The best to me, of all my chosen queen
And helpmate, Hecatê, who dwells apart,
The flame of flame, in my fire’s inmost heart:
For all their strength, they shall not stab my soul
And laugh thereafter! Dark and full of dole
Their bridal feast shall be, most dark the day
They joined their hands, and hunted me away.
Awake thee now, Medea! Whatso plot
Thou hast, or cunning, strive and falter not.
On to the peril-point! Now comes the strain
Of daring. Shall they trample thee again?
How? And with Hellas laughing o’er thy fall
While this thief ’s daughter weds, and weds withal
Jason? . . . A true king was thy father, yea,
And born of the ancient Sun!54 . . . Thou know’st the way;
And God hath made thee woman,55 things most vain
For help, but wondrous in the paths of pain.
[Medea goes into the House.]
CHORUS (\^{56}\)
Back streams the wave on the ever running river:(\^{57}\)
Life, life is changed and the laws of it o’ertrod.
Man shall be the slave, the affrighted, the low-liver!
Man hath forgotten God.
And woman, yea, woman, shall be terrible in story:
The tales too, meseemeth, shall be other than of yore.
For a fear there is that cometh out of Woman and a glory,
And the hard hating voices shall encompass her no more!
The old bards(\^{58}\) shall cease, and their memory that lingers
Of frail brides and faithless, shall be shrivelled as with fire.
For they loved us not, nor knew us: and our lips were dumb, our fingers
Could wake not the secret of the lyre.

But the old World knoweth—’tis the speech of all his ages—
Man’s wrong and ours: he knoweth and is still.
Some Women.
Forth from thy father’s home
Thou camest, O heart of fire,
To the Dark Blue Rocks, to the clashing foam,
To the seas of thy desire:
Till the Dark Blue Bar was crossed;
And, lo, by an alien river
Standing, thy lover lost,
Void-armed for ever,
Forth yet again, O lowest
Of landless women, a ranger
Of desolate ways, thou goest,
From the walls of the stranger.
Others.
And the great Oath waxeth weak;
And Ruth, as a thing outstriven,
Is fled, fled, from the shores of the Greek,
Away on the winds of heaven.
Dark is the house afar,
Where an old king called thee daughter;
All that was once thy star
In stormy water,
Dark: and, lo, in the nearer
House that was sworn to love thee,
Another, queenlier, dearer,
Is thronèd above thee.
Enter from the right Jason.
JASON
Oft have I seen, in other days than these,
How a dark temper maketh maladies
No friend can heal. ‘Twas easy to have kept
Both land and home. It needed but to accept
Unstrivingly the pleasure of our lords.
But thou, for mere delight in stormy words,
Wilt lose all! . . . Now thy speech provokes not me.
Rail on. Of all mankind let Jason be
Most evil; none shall check thee. But for these
Dark threats cast out against the majesties
Of Corinth, count as veriest gain thy path
Of exile. I myself, when princely wrath
Was hot against thee, strove with all good will
To appease the wrath, and wished to keep thee still
Beside me. But thy mouth would never stay
From vanity, blaspheming night and day
Our masters. Therefore thou shalt fly the land.
Yet, even so, I will not hold my hand
From succouring mine own people. Here am I
To help thee, woman, pondering heedfully
Thy new state. For I would not have thee flung
Provisionless away—aye, and the young
Children as well; nor lacking aught that will
Of mine can bring thee. Many a lesser ill
Hangs on the heels of exile. . . . Aye, and though
Thou hate me, dream not that my heart can know
Or fashion aught of angry will to thee.
 Thou comest to me, thou,
Mine enemy! ( Turning to the Chorus.) Oh, say, how call ye this,
To face, and smile, the comrade whom his kiss
Betrayed? Scorn? Insult? Courage? None of these:
‘Tis but of all man’s inward sicknesses
The vilest, that he knoweth not of shame
Nor pity! Yet I praise him that he came . . .
To me it shall bring comfort, once to clear
My heart on thee, and thou shalt wince to hear.
I will begin with that, ‘twixt me and thee,
That first befell. I saved thee. I saved thee—
Let thine own Greeks be witness, every one
That sailed on Argo—saved thee, sent alone
To yoke with yokes the bulls of fiery breath,
And sow that Acre of the Lords of Death;
And mine own ancient Serpent, who did keep
The Golden Fleece, the eyes that knew not sleep,
And shining coils, him also did I smite
Dead for thy sake, and lifted up the light
That bade thee live. Myself, uncounsellèd,
Stole forth from father and from home, and fled Where dark Iôlcos under Pelion lies,
With thee—Oh, single-hearted more than wise!

And cast me off and taken thee for bride
Another? And with children at thy side!
One could forgive a childless man. But no:
I have borne thee children . . .
Is sworn faith so low
And weak a thing? I understand it not.
Are the old gods dead? Are the old laws forgot,
And new laws made? Since not my passioning,
But thine own heart, doth cry thee for a thing
Forsworn.
[ She catches sight of her own hand which she has
thrown out to denounce him.]
Poor, poor right hand of mine, whom he
Did cling to, and these knees, so cravingly,
We are unclean, thou and I; we have caught the stain
Of bad men’s flesh . . . and dreamed our dreams in vain.
Thou comest to befriend me? Give me, then,
Thy counsel. ‘Tis not that I dream again
For good from thee: but, questioned, thou wilt show
The viler. Say: now whither shall I go?
Back to my father? Him I did betray,
And all his land, when we two fled away.
To those poor Peliad maids? For them ‘twere good
To take me in, who spilled their father’s blood. . . .
Aye, so my whole life stands! There were at home
Who loved me well: to them I am become
A curse. And the first friends who sheltered me,(\^{59}\)
Whom most I should have spared, to pleasure thee
I have turned to foes. Oh, therefore hast thou laid
My crown upon me, blest of many a maid
In Hellas, now I have won what all did crave,
Thee, the world-wondered lover and the brave;(\^{60}\)
Who this day looks and sees me banished, thrown
Away with these two babes, all, all, alone . . .
Oh, merry mocking when the lamps are red:
“Where go the bridegroom’s babes to beg their bread
In exile, and the woman who gave all
To save him?”
O great God, shall gold withal
Bear thy clear mark, to sift the base and fine,
And o’er man’s living visage runs no sign
To show the lie within, ere all too late?
LEADER
Dire and beyond all healing is the hate
When hearts that loved are turned to enmity.
JASON
In speech at least, meseemeth, I must be
Not evil;61 but, as some old pilot goes
Furled to his sail’s last edge, when danger blows
Too fiery, run before the wind and swell,
Woman, of thy loud storms.—And thus I tell
My tale. Since thou wilt build so wondrous high
Thy deeds of service in my jeopardy,
To all my crew and quest I know but one
Saviour, of Gods or mortals one alone,
The Cyprian.  But enough. I will not score
That count too close. ‘Twas good help: and therefor
I give thee thanks, howe’er the help was wrought.
Howbeit, in my deliverance, thou hast got
Far more than given.
A good Greek land hath been
Thy lasting home, not barbary.(\^{62}\)
Thou hast seen Our ordered life, and justice,(\^{63}\) and the long
Still grasp of law not changing with the strong
Man’s pleasure. Then, all Hellas far and near
Hath learned thy wisdom, and in every ear
Thy fame is. Had thy days run by unseen
On that last edge of the world, where then had been The story of great Medea? Thou and I . . .
What worth to us were treasures heapèd high
In rich kings’ rooms;
what worth a voice of gold
More sweet than ever rang from Orpheus old,
Unless our deeds have glory?(\^{64}\)
Speak I so,
Touching the Quest I wrought, thyself did throw
The challenge down. Next for thy cavilling
Of wrath at mine alliance with a king,
Here thou shalt see I both was wise, and free
From touch of passion, and a friend to thee
Most potent, and my children . . . Nay, be still!
When first I stood in Corinth, clogged with ill
From many a desperate mischance, what bliss
Could I that day have dreamed of, like to this,
To wed with a king’s daughter, I exiled
And beggared? Not—what makes thy passion wild—
From loathing of thy bed; not over-fraught
With love for this new bride; not that I sought
To upbuild mine house with offspring: ‘tis enough,
What thou hast borne: I make no word thereof:
But, first and greatest, that we all might dwell
In a fair house and want not, knowing well
That poor men have no friends, but far and near
Shunning and silence.  What more need hast thou
Of children?(\^{65}\) And for me, it serves my star
To link in strength the children that now are
With those that shall be.
Have I counselled ill?
Not thine own self would say it, couldst thou still
One hour thy jealous flesh.—’Tis ever so!
Who looks for more in women? When the flow
Of love runs plain, why, all the world is fair:
But, once there fall some ill chance anywhere
To baulk that thirst, down in swift hate are trod
Men’s dearest aims and noblest. Would to God
We mortals by some other seed could raise
Our fruits, and no blind women block our ways!
Then had there been no curse to wreck mankind.
LEADER
Lord Jason, very subtly hast thou twined
Thy speech: but yet, though all athwart thy will
I speak, this is not well thou dost, but ill,
Betraying her who loved thee and was true.
MEDEA
Surely I have my thoughts, and not a few
Have held me strange. To me it seemeth, when
A crafty tongue is given to evil men
‘Tis like to wreck, not help them.
As thou—be not so seeming-fair to me
Nor deft of speech. One word will make thee fall.
Wert thou not false, ‘twas thine to tell me all,
And charge me help thy marriage path, as I
Did love thee; not befool me with a lie.
JASON
An easy task had that been! Aye, and thou
A loving aid, who canst not, even now,
Still that loud heart that surges like the tide!
MEDEA
That moved thee not. Thine old barbarian bride,
The dog out of the east who loved thee sore,
She grew grey-haired, she served thy pride no more.
JASON
Now understand for once! The girl to me
Is nothing, in this web of sovranty
I hold. I do but seek to save, even yet,
Thee: and for brethren to our sons beget
Young kings, to prosper all our lives again.
MEDEA
God shelter me from prosperous days of pain,
And wealth that maketh wounds about my heart.
JASON
Wilt change that prayer, and choose a wiser part?
Pray not to hold true sense for pain, nor rate
Thyself unhappy, being too fortunate.
MEDEA
Aye, mock me; thou hast where to lay thine head,
But I go naked to mine exile.
JASON
Tread
Thine own path! Thou hast made it all to be.
MEDEA
How? By seducing and forsaking thee?
JASON
By those vile curses on the royal halls
Let loose. . . .
MEDEA
On thy house also, as chance falls,
I am a living curse.(\^{66}\)
JASON
Oh, peace! Enough
Of these vain wars: I will no more thereof.
If thou wilt take from all that I possess
Aid for these babes and thine own helplessness
Of exile, speak thy bidding. Here I stand
Full-willed to succour thee with stintless hand,
And send my signet to old friends that dwell
On foreign shores, who will entreat thee well.
Refuse, and thou shalt do a deed most vain.
But cast thy rage away, and thou shalt gain
Much, and lose little for thine anger’s sake.
MEDEA
I will not seek thy friends. I will not take
Thy givings. Give them not. Fruits of a stem
Unholy bring no blessing after them.
JASON
Now God in heaven be witness, all my heart
Is willing, in all ways, to do its part
For thee and for thy babes. But nothing good
Can please thee. In sheer savageness of mood
Thou drivest from thee every friend. Wherefore
I warrant thee, thy pains shall be the more.
[
He goes slowly away.]
MEDEA
Go: thou art weary for the new delight
Thou wooest, so long tarrying out of sight
Of her sweet chamber. Go, fulfil thy pride,
O bridegroom! For it may be, such a bride
Shall wait thee,—yea, God heareth me in this—
As thine own heart shall sicken ere it kiss.
CHORUS
Alas, the Love(\^{67}\) that falleth like a flood,
Strong-winged and transitory:
Why praise ye him? What beareth he of good
To man, or glory?
Yet Love there is that moves in gentleness,
Heart-filling, sweetest of all powers that bless.
Loose not on me, O Holder of man’s heart,
Thy golden quiver,
Nor steep in poison of desire the dart
That heals not ever.
The pent hate of the word that cavilleth,
The strife that hath no fill,
Where once was fondness; and the mad heart’s breath
For strange love panting still:
O Cyprian, cast me not on these; but sift,
Keen-eyed, of love the good and evil gift.
Make Innocence my friend, God’s fairest star,
Yea, and abate not
The rare sweet beat of bosoms without war,
That love, and hate not.
Others.
Home of my heart, land of my own,
Cast me not, nay, for pity,
Out on my ways, helpless, alone,
Where the feet fail in the mire and stone,
A woman without a city.
Ah, not that! Better the end:
The green grave cover me rather,
If a break must come in the days I know,
And the skies be changed and the earth below;
For the weariest road that man may wend
Is forth from the home of his father.
Lo, we have seen: ‘tis not a song
Sung, nor learned of another.
For whom hast thou in thy direst wrong
For comfort? Never a city strong
To hide thee, never a brother.
Ah, but the man—cursèd be he,
Cursèd beyond recover,
Who openeth, shattering, seal by seal,
A friend’s clean heart, then turns his heel,
Deaf unto love: never in me
Friend shall he know nor lover.
[ While Medea is waiting downcast, seated upon her door-step, there passes from the left a traveller with followers. As
he catches sight of Medea he stops .(\^{68}\) ]
AEGEUS
Have joy, Medea! ‘Tis the homeliest
Word that old friends can greet with, and the best.
Medea ( looking up, surprised ).
Oh, joy on thee, too, Aegeus, gentle king
Of Athens!—But whence com’st thou journeying?
AEGEUS
From Delphi now and the old encaverned stair. . . .
MEDEA
Where Earth's heart speaks in song? What mad'st thou there?
AEGEUS
Prayed heaven for children—the same search alway.
MEDEA
Children? Ah God! Art childless to this day?
AEGEUS
So God hath willed. Childless and desolate.
MEDEA
What word did Phœbus(\^{69}\) speak, to change thy fate?
AEGEUS
Riddles, too hard for mortal man to read.
MEDEA
Which I may hear?
AEGEUS
Assuredly: they need
A rarer wit.
MEDEA
How said he?
AEGEUS
Not to spill
Life’s wine, nor seek for more. . . .
MEDEA
Until?
AEGEUS
Until
I tread the hearth-stone of my sires of yore.(\^{70}\)
MEDEA
And what should bring thee here, by Creon’s shore?
AEGEUS
One Pittheus know’st thou, high lord of Trozên?
MEDEA
Aye, Pelops’ son, a man most pure of sin.
AEGEUS
Him I would ask, touching Apollo’s will.
MEDEA
Much use in God’s ways hath he, and much skill.
AEGEUS
And, long years back he was my battle-friend,
The truest e’er man had.
MEDEA
Well, may God send
Good hap to thee, and grant all thy desire.
AEGEUS
But thou . . . ? Thy frame is wasted, and the fire Dead in thine eyes.
MEDEA
Aegeus, my husband is
The falsest man in the world.
AEGEUS
What word is this?
Say clearly what thus makes thy visage dim?
MEDEA
He is false to me, who never injured him.
AEGEUS
What hath he done? Show all, that I may see.
MEDEA
Ta’en him a wife; a wife, set over me
To rule his house.
AEGEUS
He hath not dared to do,
Jason, a thing so shameful?
MEDEA
Aye, ‘tis true:
And those he loved of yore have no place now.
AEGEUS
Some passion sweepeth him? Or is it thou
He turns from?
MEDEA
Passion, passion to betray
His dearest!
AEGEUS
Shame be his, so fallen away
From honour!
MEDEA
Passion to be near a throne,
A king’s heir!
AEGEUS
How, who gives the bride? Say on.
MEDEA
Creon, who o’er all Corinth standeth chief.
AEGEUS
Woman, thou hast indeed much cause for grief.
MEDEA
‘Tis ruin.—And they have cast me out as well.
AEGEUS
Who? ‘Tis a new wrong this, and terrible.
MEDEA
Creon the king, from every land and shore. . . .
AEGEUS
And Jason suffers him? Oh, ‘tis too sore!
MEDEA
He loveth to bear bravely ills like these!
 Oh, pity one
So miserable. Thou never wilt stand there
And see me cast out friendless to despair.
Give me a home in Athens . . . by the fire
Of thine own hearth! Oh, so may thy desire
Of children be fulfilled of God, and thou
Die happy! . . . Thou canst know not; even now
Thy prize is won! I, I will make of thee
A childless man no more. The seed shall be,
I swear it, sown. Such magic herbs I know.
AEGEUS
Woman, indeed my heart goes forth to show
This help to thee, first for religion’s sake,
Then for thy promised hope, to heal my ache
Of childlessness. ‘Tis this hath made mine whole
Life as a shadow, and starved out my soul.
But thus it stands with me. Once make thy way
To Attic earth, I, as in law I may,
Will keep thee and befriend. But in this land,
Where Creon rules, I may not raise my hand
To shelter thee. Move of thine own essay
To seek my house, there thou shalt alway stay,
Inviolate, never to be seized again.
But come thyself from Corinth.
I would fain Even in foreign eyes be alway just.
MEDEA
‘Tis well. Give me an oath wherein to trust(\^{71}\)
And all that man could ask thou hast granted me.
AEGEUS
Dost trust me not? Or what thing troubleth thee?
MEDEA
I trust thee. But so many, far and near,
Do hate me—all King Pelias’ house, and here
Creon. Once bound by oaths and sanctities
Thou canst not yield me up for such as these
To drag from Athens. But a spoken word,
No more, to bind thee, which no God hath heard. . .
The embassies, methinks, would come and go:
They all are friends to thee. . . . Ah me, I know
Thou wilt not list to me! So weak am I,
And they full-filled with gold and majesty.
AEGEUS
Methinks ‘tis a far foresight, this thine oath.
Still, if thou so wilt have it, nothing loath
Am I to serve thee. Mine own hand is so
The stronger, if I have this plea to show
Thy persecutors: and for thee withal
The bond more sure.—On what God shall I call?
MEDEA
Swear by the Earth thou treadest, by the Sun,
Sire of my sires, and all the gods as one. . . .
AEGEUS
To do what thing or not do? Make all plain.
MEDEA
Never thyself to cast me out again.
Nor let another, whatsoe’er his plea,
Take me, while thou yet livest and art free.
AEGEUS
Never: so hear me, Earth, and the great star
Of daylight, and all other gods that are!
MEDEA
‘Tis well: and if thou falter from thy vow . . . ?
AEGEUS
God’s judgment on the godless break my brow!
MEDEA
Go! Go thy ways rejoicing.—All is bright
And clear before me. Go: and ere the night
Myself will follow, when the deed is done
I purpose, and the end I thirst for won.
[Aegeus and his train depart .]
CHORUS
Farewell: and Maia’s guiding Son
Back lead thee to thy hearth and fire,
Aegeus; and all the long desire
That wasteth thee, at last be won:
Our eyes have seen thee as thou art,
A gentle and a righteous heart.
MEDEA
God, and God’s Justice, and ye blinding Skies!
At last the victory dawneth! Yea, mine eyes
See, and my foot is on the mountain’s brow.
Mine enemies! Mine enemies, oh, now
Atonement cometh! Here at my worst hour
A friend is found, a very port of power
To save my shipwreck. Here will I make fast Mine anchor, and escape them at the last
In Athens’ wallèd hill.—But ere the end
‘Tis meet I show thee all my counsel, friend:
Take it, no tale to make men laugh withal!
Straightway to Jason I will send some thrall
To entreat him to my presence. Comes he here,
Then with soft reasons will I feed his ear,
How his will now is my will, how all things
Are well, touching this marriage-bed of kings
For which I am betrayed—all wise and rare
And profitable! Yet will I make one prayer,
That my two children be no more exiled
But stay. . . .  With gifts they shall be sent,
Gifts to the bride to spare their banishment,
Fine robings and a carcanet of gold.

Such poison shall they drink, my robe and wreath!
Howbeit, of that no more. I gnash my teeth
Thinking on what a path my feet must tread
Thereafter. I shall lay those children dead—
Mine, whom no hand shall steal from me away!
Then, leaving Jason childless, and the day
As night above him, I will go my road
To exile, flying, flying from the blood
Of these my best-beloved, and having wrought
All horror, so but one thing reach me not,
The laugh of them that hate us.
Let it come!
What profits life to me? I have no home,
No country now, nor shield from any wrong.

For never child of mine shall Jason see
Hereafter living, never child beget
From his new bride, who this day, desolate
Even as she made me desolate, shall die
Shrieking amid my poisons. . . . Names have I
Among your folk? One light? One weak of hand?
An eastern dreamer?—Nay, but with
the brand Of strange suns burnt, my hate, by God above,
A perilous thing, and passing sweet my love!
For these it is that make life glorious.
LEADER
Since thou has bared thy fell intent to us
I, loving thee, and helping in their need
Man’s laws, adjure thee, dream not of this deed!
MEDEA
There is no other way.—I pardon thee
Thy littleness, who art not wronged like me.

MEDEA
Yes: if the man I hate be pained the more.
LEADER
And thou made miserable, most miserable?
MEDEA
Oh, let it come! All words of good or ill
Are wasted now.
[
She claps her hands: the
Nurse
comes
out
(\^{72}\)
from the house
.]
Ho, woman; get thee gone
And lead lord Jason hither. . . . There is none
Like thee, to work me these high services.
But speak no word of what my purpose is,
As thou art faithful, thou, and bold to try
All succours, and a woman even as I!(\^{73}\)
[ The Nurse departs .]
CHORUS
The sons of Erechtheus, the olden,(\^{74}\)
Whom high gods planted of yore
In an old land of heaven upholden,
A proud land untrodden of war:
They are hungered, and, lo, their desire
With wisdom is fed as with meat:
In their skies is a shining of fire,
A joy in the fall of their feet:
And thither, with manifold dowers,
From the North, from the hills, from the morn,
The Muses did gather their powers,
That a child of the Nine should be born;
And Harmony, sown as the flowers,
Grew gold in the acres of corn.
And Cephîsus, the fair-flowing river—
The Cyprian dipping her hand
Hath drawn of his dew, and the shiver
Of her touch is as joy in the land.
For her breathing in fragrance is written,
And in music her path as she goes,
And the cloud of her hair, it is litten
With stars of the wind-woven rose.
So fareth she ever and ever,
And forth of her bosom is blown,
As dews on the winds of the river,
An hunger of passions unknown.
Strong Loves of all godlike endeavour,
Whom Wisdom shall throne on her throne.
Some Women.
But Cephîsus the fair-flowing,
Will he bear thee on his shore?
Shall the land that succours all, succour thee,
Who art foul among thy kind,
With the tears of children blind?
Dost thou see the red gash growing,
Thine own burden dost thou see?
Every side, Every way,
Lo, we kneel to thee and pray:
By thy knees, by thy soul, O woman wild!
One at least thou canst not slay,
Not thy child!
Others.
Hast thou ice that thou shalt bind it
To thy breast, and make thee dead
To thy children, to thine own spirit’s pain?
When the hand knows what it dares,
When thine eyes look into theirs,
Shalt thou keep by tears unblinded
Thy dividing of the slain?
These be deeds Not for thee:
These be things that cannot be!
Thy babes—though thine hardihood be fell,
When they cling about thy knee,
‘Twill be well!
Enter Jason.(\^{75}\)
JASON
I answer to thy call. Though full of hate
Thou be, I yet will not so far abate
My kindness for thee, nor refuse mine ear.
Say in what new desire thou hast called me here.
MEDEA
Jason, I pray thee, for my words but now
Spoken, forgive me. My bad moods. . . . Oh, thou
At least wilt strive to bear with them! There be
Many old deeds of love ‘twixt me and thee.
Lo, I have reasoned with myself apart
And chidden: “Why must I be mad, O heart
Of mine: and raging against one whose word
Is wisdom: making me a thing abhorred
To them that rule the land, and to mine own
Husband, who doth but that which, being done,
Will help us all—to wed a queen, and get
Young kings for brethren to my sons? And yet
I rage alone, and cannot quit my rage—
What aileth me?—when God sends harbourage
So simple? Have I not my children? Know
I not we are but exiles, and must go
Beggared and friendless else?” Thought upon thought
So pressed me, till I knew myself full-fraught
With bitterness of heart and blinded eyes.
So now—I give thee thanks: and hold thee wise
To have caught this anchor for our aid. The fool
Was I; who should have been thy friend, thy tool;
Gone wooing with thee, stood at thy bed-side
Serving, and welcomed duteously thy bride.
But, as we are, we are—I will not say
Mere evil—women! Why must thou to-day
Turn strange, and make thee like some evil thing,
Childish, to meet my childish passioning?
See, I surrender: and confess that then
I had bad thoughts, but now have turned again
And found my wiser mind. [ She claps her hands. ]
Ho, children! Run
Quickly! Come hither, out into the sun,
[ The Children come from the house, followed by their Attendant.]
And greet your father.  Our peace
Is made, and all the old bad war shall cease
For ever.—Go, and take his hand. . . .
[ As the Children go to Jason, she suddenly bursts into tears. The Children quickly return to her: she recovers herself, smiling amid her tears .]
 Shall it be
A long time more, my children, that ye live
To reach to me those dear, dear arms? . . . Forgive!
 I sought to smooth away
The long strife with your father, and, lo, now
I have all drowned with tears this little brow!
[ She wipes the child’s face.]
LEADER
O’er mine eyes too there stealeth a pale tear:
Let the evil rest, O God, let it rest here!
JASON
Woman, indeed I praise thee now, nor say
Ill of thine other hour. ‘Tis nature’s way,
A woman needs must stir herself to wrath,
When work of marriage by so strange a path
Crosseth her lord. But thou, thine heart doth wend
The happier road. Thou hast seen, ere quite the end,
What choice must needs be stronger: which to do
Shows a wise-minded woman. . . . And for you,
Children; your father never has forgot
Your needs. If God but help him, he hath wrought
A strong deliverance for your weakness. Yea,
I think you, with your brethren, yet one day
Shall be the mightiest voices in this land.
Do you grow tall and strong. Your father’s hand
Guideth all else, and whatso power divine
Hath alway helped him. . . . Ah, may it be mine
To see you yet in manhood, stern of brow,
Strong-armed, set high o’er those that hate me. . . .
How?
Woman, thy face is turned. Thy cheek is swept
With pallor of strange tears. Dost not accept
Gladly and of good will my benisons?
MEDEA
‘Tis nothing. Thinking of these little ones. . . .
JASON
Take heart, then. I will guard them from all ill.
MEDEA
I do take heart. Thy word I never will
Mistrust. Alas, a woman’s bosom bears
But woman’s courage, a thing born for tears.
JASON
What ails thee?—All too sore thou weepest there.
I was their mother! When I heard thy prayer
Of long life for them, there swept over me
A horror, wondering how these things shall be.
But for the matter of my need that thou
Should speak with me, part I have said, and now Will finish.—Seeing it is the king’s behest
To cast me out from Corinth . . . aye, and best,
Far best, for me—I know it—not to stay
Longer to trouble thee and those who sway
The realm, being held to all their house a foe. . . .
Behold, I spread my sails, and meekly go
To exile. But our children. . . . Could this land
Be still their home awhile: could thine own hand
But guide their boyhood. . . .
Seek the king, and pray His pity, that he bid thy children stay!
JASON
He is hard to move. Yet surely ‘twere well done.
MEDEA
Bid her—for thy sake, for a daughters boon. . . .
JASON
Well thought! Her I can fashion to my mind.
MEDEA
Surely.
Yet I will aid thee in thy labour; I
Will send her gifts, the fairest gifts that lie
In the hands of men, things of the days of old,
Fine robings and a carcanet of gold,(\^{76}\)
By the boys’ hands.—Go, quick, some handmaiden,
And fetch the raiment.
[
A handmaid goes into the house.]
Ah, her cup shall then
Be filled indeed! What more should woman crave,
Being wed with thee, the bravest of the brave,
And girt with raiment which of old the sire
Of all my house, the Sun, gave, steeped in fire,
To his own fiery race?
[ The handmaid has returned bearing the Gifts.]
Come, children, lift
With heed these caskets. Bear them as your gift
To her, being bride and princess and of right
Blessed!—I think she will not hold them light.
JASON
Fond woman, why wilt empty thus thine hand
Of treasure? Doth King Creon’s castle stand
In stint of raiment, or in stint of gold?
Keep these, and make no gift. For if she hold
Jason of any worth at all, I swear
Chattels like these will not weigh more with her.
MEDEA
Ah, chide me not! ‘Tis written, gifts persuade
The gods in heaven; and gold is stronger made
Than words innumerable to bend men’s ways.
Fortune is hers. God maketh great her days:
Young and a crownèd queen! And banishment
For those two babes. . . . I would not gold were spent,
But life’s blood, ere that come.
My children, go
Forth into those rich halls, and, bowing low,
Beseech your father’s bride, whom I obey,
Ye be not, of her mercy, cast away
Exiled: and give the caskets—above all
Mark this!—to none but her, to hold withal
And keep. . . . Go quick!  Go!
[ She goes quickly into the house. Jason and the Children with their Attendant depart .]
CHORUS
Now I have no hope more of the children’s living;
No hope more. They are gone forth unto death.
The bride, she taketh the poison of their giving:
She taketh the bounden gold and openeth;
And the crown, the crown, she lifteth about her brow,
Where the light brown curls are clustering. No hope now!
O sweet and cloudy gleam of the garments golden!
The robe, it hath clasped her breast and the crown her head.
Then, then, she decketh the bride, as a bride of olden
Story, that goeth pale to the kiss of the dead.
For the ring hath closed, and the portion of death is there;
And she flieth not, but perisheth unaware.
Some Women.
O bridegroom, bridegroom of the kiss so cold,
Art thou wed with princes, art thou girt with gold,
Who know’st not, suing
For thy child’s undoing,
And, on her thou lovest, for a doom untold?
How art thou fallen from thy place of old!
Others.
O Mother, Mother, what hast thou to reap,
When the harvest cometh, between wake and sleep?
For a heart unslaken,
For a troth forsaken,
Lo, babes that call thee from a bloody deep:
And thy love returns not. Get thee forth and weep!
Enter the
Attendant
with the
two
Children: Medea
comes out from the house
.
ATTENDANT
Mistress, these children from their banishment
Are spared. The royal bride hath mildly bent
Her hand to accept thy gifts, and all is now
Peace for the children.—Ha, why standest thou
Confounded, when good fortune draweth near?
Ah God!
ATTENDANT
This chimes not with the news I bear.
O God, have mercy!
ATTENDANT
Is some word of wrath
Here hidden that I knew not of? And hath
My hope to give thee joy so cheated me?
Thou givest what thou givest: I blame not thee.

For bitter need, Old Man! The gods have willed,
And my own evil mind, that this should come.
Home? . . . I have others to send home. Woe’s me!
Be patient. Many a mother before thee
Hath parted from her children. We poor things
Of men must needs endure what fortune brings.
I will endure.—Go thou within, and lay
All ready that my sons may need to-day.
[ The Attendant goes into the house .]
O children, children mine: and you have found
A land and home, where, leaving me discrowned
And desolate, forever you will stay,
Motherless children! And I go my way
To other lands, an exile, ere you bring
Your fruits home, ere I see you prospering
Or know your brides, or deck the bridal bed,
All flowers, and lift your torches overhead.
Oh cursèd be mine own hard heart! ‘Twas all
In vain, then, that I reared you up, so tall
And fair; in vain I bore you, and was torn
With those long pitiless pains, when you were born.
Ah, wondrous hopes my poor heart had in you,
How you would tend me in mine age, and do
The shroud about me with your own dear hands,
When I lay cold, blessèd in all the lands
That knew us. And that gentle thought is dead!

And never your dear eyes, never again,
Shall see your mother, far away being thrown
To other shapes of life. . . . My babes, my own,
Why gaze ye so?—What is it that ye see?—
 Woe is me,
What shall I do?
Women, my strength is gone,
Gone like a dream, since once I looked upon
Those shining faces. . . . I can do it not.
Good-bye to all the thoughts that burned so hot
Aforetime! I will take and hide them far,
Far, from men’s eyes. Why should I seek a war
So blind: by these babes’ wounds to sting again
Their father’s heart, and win myself a pain
Twice deeper? Never, never! I forget
Henceforward all I laboured for.
And yet, What is it with me? Would I be a thing
Mocked at, and leave mine enemies to sting
Unsmitten? It must be. O coward heart,
Ever to harbour such soft words!—Depart
Out of my sight, ye twain. [ The Children go in .]
And they whose eyes
Shall hold it sin to share my sacrifice,
On their heads be it! My hand shall swerve not now.
Ah, Ah, thou Wrath within me! Do not thou,
Do not. . . . Down, down, thou tortured thing, and spare
My children! They will dwell with us, aye, there
Far off, and give thee peace.
Too late, too late!
By all Hell’s living agonies of hate,
They shall not take my little ones alive
To make their mock with! Howsoe’er I strive
The thing is doomed; it shall not escape now
From being. Aye, the crown is on the brow,
And the robe girt, and in the robe that high
Queen dying.
I know all. Yet . . . seeing that I
Must go so long a journey, and these twain
A longer yet and darker, I would fain
Speak with them, ere I go.
[ A handmaid brings the Children out again .]
Come, children; stand
A little from me. There. Reach out your hand,
Your right hand—so—to mother: and good-bye!
[ She has kept them hitherto at arm’s length: but at the touch of their hands, her resolution breaks down, and she gath- ers them passionately into her arms.]
Oh, darling hand! Oh, darling mouth, and eye,
And royal mien, and bright brave faces clear,
May you be blessèd, but not here!  Ah God, the glow
Of cheek on cheek, the tender touch; and Oh,
Sweet scent of childhood. . . . Go! Go! . . . Am I blind? . . .
Mine eyes can see not, when I look to find
Their places. I am broken by the wings
Of evil. . . . Yea, I know to what bad things
I go, but louder than all thought doth cry
Anger, which maketh man’s worst misery.
[ She follows the Children into the house .]
CHORUS
My thoughts have roamed a cloudy land,
And heard a fierier music fall
Than woman’s heart should stir withal:
And yet some Muse majestical,
Unknown, hath hold of woman’s hand,
Seeking for Wisdom—not in all:
A feeble seed, a scattered band,
Thou yet shalt find in lonely places,
Not dead amongst us, nor our faces
Turned alway from the Muses’ call.
And thus my thought would speak: that she
Who ne’er hath borne a child nor known
Is nearer to felicity:
Unlit she goeth and alone,
With little understanding what
A child’s touch means of joy or woe,
And many toils she beareth not.
But they within whose garden fair
That gentle plant hath blown, they go
Deep-written all their days with care—
To rear the children, to make fast
Their hold, to win them wealth; and then
Much darkness, if the seed at last
Bear fruit in good or evil men!
And one thing at the end of all
Abideth, that which all men dread:
The wealth is won, the limbs are bred
To manhood, and the heart withal
Honest: and, lo, where Fortune smiled,
Some change, and what hath fallen? Hark!

What therefore doth it bring of gain
To man, whose cup stood full before,
That God should send this one thing more
Of hunger and of dread, a door
Set wide to every wind of pain?
[Medea comes out alone from the house .]
MEDEA
Friends, this long hour I wait on Fortune’s eyes,
And strain my senses in a hot surmise
What passeth on that hill.—Ha! even now
There comes . . . ‘tis one of Jason’s men, I trow.
His wild-perturbèd breath doth warrant me
The tidings of some strange calamity.
[ Enter Messenger.]
MESSENGER
O dire and ghastly deed! Get thee away,
Medea! Fly! Nor let behind thee stay
One chariot’s wing, one keel that sweeps the seas. . . .
MEDEA
And what hath chanced, to cause such flights as these?
MESSENGER
The maiden princess lieth—and her sire,
The king—both murdered by thy poison-fire.
MEDEA
Most happy tiding! Which thy name prefers
Henceforth among my friends and well-wishers.
MESSENGER
What say’st thou? Woman, is thy mind within
Clear, and not raving? Thou art found in sin
Most bloody wrought against the king’s high head,
And laughest at the tale, and hast no dread?
MEDEA
I have words also that could answer well
Thy word. But take thine ease, good friend, and tell,
How died they? Hath it been a very foul
Death, prithee? That were comfort to my soul.
MESSENGER
When thy two children, hand in hand entwined,
Came with their father, and passed on to find
The new-made bridal rooms, Oh, we were glad,
We thralls, who ever loved thee well, and had
Grief in thy grief. And straight there passed a word
From ear to ear, that thou and thy false lord
Had poured peace offering upon wrath foregone.
A right glad welcome gave we them, and one
Kissed the small hand, and one the shining hair:
Myself, for very joy, I followed where
The women’s rooms are. There our mistress . . . she
Whom now we name so . . . thinking not to see
Thy little pair, with glad and eager brow
Sate waiting Jason. Then she saw, and slow
Shrouded her eyes, and backward turned again,
Sick that thy children should come near her. Then
Thy husband quick went forward, to entreat
The young maid’s fitful wrath. “Thou will not meet
Love’s coming with unkindness? Nay, refrain
Thy suddenness, and turn thy face again,
Holding as friends all that to me are dear,
Thine husband. And accept these robes they bear
As gifts: and beg thy father to unmake
His doom of exile on them—for my sake.”
When once she saw the raiment, she could still
Her joy no more, but gave him all his will.
And almost ere the father and the two
Children were gone from out the room, she drew
The flowerèd garments forth, and sate her down
To her arraying: bound the golden crown
Through her long curls, and in a mirror fair
Arranged their separate clusters, smiling there
At the dead self that faced her. Then aside
She pushed her seat, and paced those chambers wide
Alone, her white foot poising delicately—
So passing joyful in those gifts was she!—
And many a time would pause, straight-limbed, and wheel
Her head to watch the long fold to her heel
Sweeping. And then came something strange.
Her cheek Seemed pale, and back with crooked steps and weak
Groping of arms she walked, and scarcely found
Her old seat, that she fell not to the ground.
 Oh, swiftly then one woman flew
To seek her father’s rooms, one for the new
Bridegroom, to tell the tale. And all the place
Was loud with hurrying feet.
So long a space
As a swift walker on a measured way
Would pace a furlong’s course in, there she lay
Speechless, with veilèd lids. Then wide her eyes
She oped, and wildly, as she strove to rise,
Shrieked: for two diverse waves upon her rolled
Of stabbing death. The carcanet of gold
That gripped her brow was molten in a dire
And wondrous river of devouring fire.
And those fine robes, the gift thy children gave—
God’s mercy!—everywhere did lap and lave
The delicate flesh; till up she sprang, and fled,
A fiery pillar, shaking locks and head
This way and that, seeking to cast the crown
Somewhere away. But like a thing nailed down
The burning gold held fast the anadem,
And through her locks, the more she scattered them,
Came fire the fiercer, till to earth she fell
A thing—save to her sire—scarce nameable,
And strove no more. That cheek of royal mien,
Where was it—or the place where eyes had been?
Only from crown and temples came faint blood
Shot through with fire. The very flesh, it stood
Out from the bones, as from a wounded pine
The gum starts, where those gnawing poisons fine
Bit in the dark—a ghastly sight! And touch
The dead we durst not. We had seen too much.
But that poor father, knowing not, had sped,
Swift to his daughter’s room, and there the dead
Lay at his feet. He knelt, and groaning low,
Folded her in his arms, and kissed her: “Oh,
Unhappy child, what thing unnatural hath
So hideously undone thee? Or what wrath
Of gods, to make this old grey sepulchre
Childless of thee?  So he cried.
But after, when he stayed from tears, and tried
To uplift his old bent frame, lo, in the folds
Of those fine robes it held, as ivy holds
Strangling among your laurel boughs. Oh, then
A ghastly struggle came! Again, again,
Up on his knee he writhed; but that dead breast
Clung still to his: till, wild, like one possessed,
He dragged himself half free; and, lo, the live
Flesh parted; and he laid him down to strive
No more with death, but perish; for the deep
Had risen above his soul. And there they sleep,
At last, the old proud father and the bride,
Even as his tears had craved it, side by side.
For thee—Oh, no word more! Thyself will know
How best to baffle vengeance. . . . Long ago
I looked upon man’s days, and found a grey
Shadow. And this thing more I surely say,
That those of all men who are counted wise,
Strong wits, devisers of great policies,
Do pay the bitterest toll. Since life began,
Hath there in God’s eye stood one happy man?
Fair days roll on, and bear more gifts or less
Of fortune, but to no man happiness.
[ Exit Messenger.]
CHORUS
Some Women.
Wrath upon wrath, meseems, this day shall fall
From God on Jason! He hath earned it all.
Other Women.
O miserable maiden, all my heart
Is torn for thee, so sudden to depart
From thy king’s chambers and the light above To darkness, all for sake of Jason’s love!
MEDEA
Women, my mind is clear.   And, seeing that they must, ‘tis I
Shall slay them, I their mother, touched of none
Beside. Oh, up and get thine armour on,
My heart! Why longer tarry we to win
Our crown of dire inevitable sin?
Take up thy sword, O poor right hand of mine,
Thy sword: then onward to the thin-drawn line
Where life turns agony. Let there be naught
Of softness now: and keep thee from that thought,
‘Born of thy flesh,’ ‘thine own belovèd.’ Now,
For one brief day, forget thy children: thou
Shalt weep hereafter. Though thou slay them, yet
Sweet were they. . . . I am sore unfortunate.
[ She goes into the house.]
CHORUS
Some Women.

Look upon one accurst,
Ere yet in blood she twine
Red hands—blood that is thine!
O Sun, save her first!
She is thy daughter still,
Of thine own golden line;
Save her! Or shall man spill
The life divine?
Give peace, O Fire that diest not! Send thy spell
To stay her yet, to lift her afar, afar—
A torture-changèd spirit, a voice of Hell
Wrought of old wrongs and war!
Others.
Alas for the mother’s pain
Wasted! Alas the dear
Life that was born in vain!
Woman, what mak’st thou here,
Thou from beyond the Gate
Where dim Symplêgades
Clash in the dark blue seas,
The shores where death doth wait?
Why hast thou taken on thee,
To make us desolate,
This anger of misery
And guilt of hate?
For fierce are the smitings back of blood once shed
Where love hath been: God’s wrath upon them that kill,
And an anguished earth, and the wonder of the dead
Haunting as music still. . . .
[ A cry is heard within.]
A WOMAN
Hark! Did ye hear? Heard ye the children’s cry?
ANOTHER
O miserable woman! O abhorred!
A CHILD WITHIN
What shall I do? What is it? Keep me fast
From mother!
THE OTHER CHILD
I know nothing. Brother! Oh,
I think she means to kill us.
A WOMAN
Let me go!
I will—Help! Help!—and save them at the last.
A CHILD
Yes, in God’s name! Help quickly ere we die!
THE OTHER CHILD
She has almost caught me now. She has a sword.
[ Many of the Women are now beating at the barred door to get in. Others are standing apart. Women at the door.]
Thou stone, thou thing of iron! Wilt verily
Spill with thine hand that life, the vintage stored Of thine own agony?
The Other Women.
A Mother slew her babes in days of yore,
One, only one, from dawn to eventide,
Ino, god-maddened, whom the Queen of Heaven
Set frenzied, flying to the dark: and she
Cast her for sorrow to the wide salt sea,
Forth from those rooms of murder unforgiven,
Wild-footed from a white crag of the shore,
And clasping still her children twain, she died.
O Love of Woman, charged with sorrow sore,
What hast thou wrought upon us? What beside
Resteth to tremble for?
[ Enter hurriedly Jason and Attendants .
JASON
Ye women by this doorway clustering
Speak, is the doer of the ghastly thing
Yet here, or fled? What hopeth she of flight?
Shall the deep yawn to shield her? Shall the height
Send wings, and hide her in the vaulted sky
To work red murder on her lords, and fly
Unrecompensed? But let her go! My care
Is but to save my children, not for her.
Let them she wronged requite her as they may.
I care not. ‘Tis my sons I must some way
Save, ere the kinsmen of the dead can win
From them the payment of their mother’s sin
LEADER
Unhappy man, indeed thou knowest not
What dark place thou art come to! Else, God wot,
Jason, no word like these could fall from thee.
JASON
What is it?—Ha! The woman would kill me?

JASON
How? Not the children. . . . I scarce understand. . . .
O God, thou hast broken me!
LEADER
Think of those twain
As things once fair, that ne’er shall bloom again.
JASON
Where did she murder them? In that old room?
LEADER
Open, and thou shalt see thy children’s doom.
JASON
Ho, thralls! Unloose me yonder bars! Make more
Of speed! Wrench out the jointing of the door.
And show my two-edged curse, the children dead,
The woman. . . .
[While the Attendants are still battering at the door Medeaappears on the roof, standing on a chariot of winged Dragons, in which are the children’s bodies.]
MEDEA
What make ye at my gates?  Peace! . . . And thou, if aught of mine
Thou needest, speak, though never touch of thine
Shall scathe me more. Out of his firmament
My fathers’ father, the high Sun, hath sent
This, that shall save me from mine enemies’ rage.
JASON
Thou living hate!  Now, Oh, now mine eyes can see,
That then were blinded, when from savagery
Of eastern chambers, from a cruel land,
To Greece and home I gathered in mine hand
Thee, thou incarnate curse: one that betrayed
Her home, her father, her . . . Oh, God hath laid
Thy sins on me!—I knew, I knew, there lay
A brother murdered on thy hearth that day
When thy first footstep fell on Argo’s hull. . . .
Argo, my own, my swift and beautiful
That was her first beginning. Then a wife
I made her in my house. She bore to life
Children: and now for love, for chambering
And men’s arms, she hath murdered them! A thing
Not one of all the maids of Greece, not one,
Had dreamed of; whom I spurned, and for mine own
Chose thee, a bride of hate to me and death,
Tigress, not woman, beast of wilder breath
Than Skylla shrieking o’er the Tuscan sea.
Enough! No scorn of mine can reach to thee,
Such iron is o’er thine eyes. Out from my road,
Thou crime-begetter, blind with children’s blood!

MEDEA
An easy answer had I to this swell
Of speech, but Zeus our father knoweth well,
All I for thee have wrought, and thou for me.
So let it rest. This thing was not to be,
That thou shouldst live a merry life, my bed
Forgotten and my heart uncomforted,
Thou nor thy princess: nor the king that planned
Thy marriage drive Medea from his land,
And suffer not. Call me what thing thou please,
Tigress or Skylla from the Tuscan seas:
My claws have gripped thine heart, and all things shine.
JASON
Thou too hast grief. Thy pain is fierce as mine.
MEDEA
I love the pain, so thou shalt laugh no more.
JASON
Oh, what a womb of sin my children bore!
MEDEA
Sons, did ye perish for your father’s shame?
JASON
How? It was not my hand that murdered them.
MEDEA
‘Twas thy false wooings, ‘twas thy trampling pride.
JASON
Thou hast said it! For thy lust of love they died.
MEDEA
And love to women a slight thing should be?
JASON
To women pure!—All thy vile life to thee!
MEDEA
Think of thy torment. They are dead, they are dead!
JASON
No: quick, great God; quick curses round thy head!
MEDEA
The Gods know who began this work of woe.
JASON
Thy heart and all its loathliness they know.
MEDEA
Loathe on. . . . But, Oh, thy voice. It hurts me sore.
JASON
Aye, and thine me. Wouldst hear me then no more?
MEDEA
How? Show me but the way. ‘Tis this I crave.
JASON
Give me the dead to weep, and make their grave.
MEDEA
Never! Myself will lay them in a still
Green sepulchre, where Hera by the Hill
Hath precinct holy, that no angry men
May break their graves and cast them forth again
To evil. So I lay on all this shore
Of Corinth a high feast for evermore
And rite, to purge them yearly of the stain
Of this poor blood. And I, to Pallas’ plain
I go, to dwell beside Pandion’s son,
Aegeus.—For thee, behold, death draweth on,
Evil and lonely, like thine heart: the hands
Of thine old Argo, rotting where she stands,
Shall smite thine head in twain, and bitter be
To the last end thy memories of me.
[She rises on the chariot and is slowly borne away.]
JASON
May They that hear the weeping child
Blast thee, and They that walk in blood!
MEDEA
Thy broken vows, thy friends beguiled
Have shut for thee the ears of God.
JASON
Go, thou art wet with children’s tears!
MEDEA
Go thou, and lay thy bride to sleep.
JASON
Childless, I go, to weep and weep.
MEDEA
Not yet! Age cometh and long years.
JASON
My sons, mine own!
MEDEA
Not thine, but mine . . .
JASON
. . . Who slew them!
MEDEA
Yes: to torture thee.
JASON
Once let me kiss their lips, once twine
Mine arms and touch. . . . Ah, woe is me!
MEDEA
Wouldst love them and entreat? But now
They were as nothing.
JASON
At the last,
O God, to touch that tender brow!
MEDEA
Thy words upon the wind are cast.
JASON
Thou, Zeus, wilt hear me. All is said
For naught. I am but spurned away
And trampled by this tigress, red
With children’s blood. Yet, come what may,
So far as thou hast granted, yea,
So far as yet my strength may stand,
I weep upon these dead, and say
Their last farewell, and raise my hand
To all the daemons of the air
In witness of these things; how she
Who slew them, will not suffer me
To gather up my babes, nor bear
To earth their bodies; whom, O stone
Of women, would I ne’er had known
Nor gotten, to be slain by thee!
[He casts himself upon the earth.]
CHORUS
Great treasure halls hath Zeus in heaven,
From whence to man strange dooms be given,
Past hope or fear.
And the end men looked for cometh not,
And a path is there where no man thought:
So hath it fallen here.
___________________________
23. The play was first acted when Pythodôrus was Archon, Olympiad 87, year 1 (B.C. 431). Euphorion was first, Sophocles second, Euripides third, with Medea, Philoctêtes, Dictys, and the Harvesters, a Satyr-play.
24 Jason’s famed ship.
25 Medea’s homeland.
26 “The Symplêgades (“Clashing”) or Kuaneai (“Dark blue”) were two rocks in the sea which used to clash together and crush anything that was between them. They stood above the north end of the Bosphorus and formed the Gate to the Axeinos Pontos, or “Stranger-less Sea,” where all Greeks were murdered. At the farthest eastern end of that sea was the land of Colchis.” (Euripides, The Medea of Euripides, 8th ed., trans. Gilbert Murray [London: G. Allen, 1910], 81.)
27 Split.
28 “The great mountain in Thessaly. Iôlcos, a little kingdom between Pêlion and the sea, ruled originally by Aeson, Jason’s father, then by the usurping Pĕlias.” (Murray, 81.)
29 Believe.
30 Medea.
31 Fortified.
32 Of old Iolcos: from Iolcos, Jason’s homeland.
33 Pelias is Jason’s uncle who usurped his throne; Pelias’ daughters were tricked by Medea into killing their father; it is for this reason that Jason cannot return to Iolcos.
34 “Medea was not legally married to Jason, and could not be, though in common parlance he is sometimes called her husband. Intermarriage between the subjects of two separate states was not possible in antiquity without a special treaty. And naturally there was no such treaty with Colchis. “This is, I think, the view of the play, and corresponds to the normal Athenian conceptions of society. In the original legend it is likely enough that Medea belongs to “matriarchal” times before the institution of marriage.” (Murray, 81.)
35 Vehemently.
36 “These lines are repeated in a different context later on. The sword which to the Nurse suggested suicide was really meant for murder.” (Murray, 82.)
37 Think.
38 “Greek Paidagôgos, or “pedagogue”; a confidential servant who escorted the boys to and from school, and in similar ways looked after them. Notice the rather light and cynical character of this man, compared with the tenderness of the Nurse.” (Murray, 82.)
39 As in gray-haired, elderly.
40 It seems to me.
41 “It was the ancient practice, if you had bad dreams or terrors of the night, to “show” them to the Sun in the morning, that he might clear them away.” (Murray, 82.)
42 “As Dr. Verrall has remarked, the presence of the Chorus is in this play unusually awkward from the dramatic point of view. Medea’s plot demands most absolute secrecy; and it is incredible that fifteen Corinthian women, simply because they were women, should allow a half-mad foreigner to murder several people, including their own Corinthian king and princess—who was a woman also—rather than reveal her plot. We must remember in palliation (1) that these women belong to the faction in Corinth which was friendly to Medea and hostile to Creon; (2) that the appeal to them as women had more force in antiquity than it would now, and the princess had really turned traitor to her sex. … (3) The non-interference of the Chorus seems monstrous: yet in ancient times, when law was weak and punishment was chiefly the concern of the injured persons, and of no one else, the reluctance of bystanders to interfere was much greater than it is now in an ordered society. Some oriental countries, and perhaps even California or Texas, could afford us some startling instances of impassiveness among bystanders.” (Murray, 82-83.)
43 That of a princess, younger, richer, and Greek
44 Themis, goddess of customs and mores.
45 “The Nurse breaks in, hoping to drown her mistress’s dangerous self-betrayal. Medea’s murder of her brother was by ordinary
standards her worst act, and seems not to have been known in Corinth. It forms the climax of Jason’s denunciation.” (Murray, 83.)
46 “Who is the speaker? According to the MSS. the Nurse, and there is some difficulty in taking the lines from her. Yet (1) she has no
reason to sing a song outside after saying that she is going in; and (2) it is quite necessary that she should take a little time indoors persuading Medea to come out. The words seem to suit the lips of an impersonal Chorus.
“The general sense of the poem is interesting. It is an apology for tragedy. It gives the tragic poet’s conception of the place of his art in the service of humanity, as against the usual feeling of the public, whose serious work is devoted to something else, and who ‘go to a play to be amused.’” (Murray, 83-84.)
47 “This fine statement of the wrongs of women in Athens doubtless contains a great deal of the poet’s own mind; but from the dramatic point of view it is justified in several ways. (1) Medea is seeking for a common ground on which to appeal to the Corinthian women. (2) She herself is now in the position of all others in which a woman is most hardly treated as compared with a man. (3) Besides this, one can see that, being a person of great powers and vehement will, she feels keenly her lack of outlet. If she had men’s work to do, she could be a hero: debarred from proper action (from τὸ πράσσειν, Hip. 1019) she is bound to make mischief. …
“There is a slight anachronism in applying the Attic system of doweries to primitive times. Medea’s contemporaries either lived in a “matriarchal” system without any marriage, or else were bought by their husbands for so many cows.” (Murray, 84-85).
48 “Medea was a ‘wise woman’ which in her time meant much the same as a witch or enchantress. She did really know more than other women; but most of this extra knowledge consisted—or was supposed to consist—either in lore of poisons and charms, or in useless learning and speculation.” (Murray, 85)
49 “A conceit almost in the Elizabethan style, as if by taking “pains” away from Creon, she would have them herself.” (Murray, 85.)
50 “Observe what a dislike Medea has of being touched: cf. l. 370 (“my flesh been never stained,” &c.) and l. 496 (“poor, poor right hand of mine!”)” (Murray, 85.)
51 “Observe (1) that in this speech Medea’s vengeance is to take the form of a clear fight to the death against the three guilty persons. It is both courageous and, judged by the appropriate standard, just. (2) She wants to save her own life, not from cowardice, but simply to make her revenge more complete. To kill her enemies and escape is victory.  Other enemies will live and “laugh.” (3) Already in this first soliloquy there is a suggestion of that strain of madness which becomes unmistakable later on in the play. (‘Oh, I have tried so many thoughts of murder,’ &c., and especially the lashing of her own fury, ‘Awake thee now, Medea.’)” (Murray, 85-86.)
52 Attack.
53 Medea, touting the advantages of the “woman’s weapon,” makes it sound both honorable and reasonable.
54 Medea is the granddaughter of Helios, the sun god.
55 Note well Medea's gendering of her situation: Though poison is a woman's weapon, she will be "man-like" in her assault on her three enemies, because as a woman she understands pain and helplessness.
56 “It is curious how the four main Choruses of the Medea are divided each into two parts, distinct in subject and in metre.” (Murray, 86-87.)
57 “The song celebrates the coming triumph of Woman in her rebellion against Man; not by any means Woman as typifying the domestic virtues, but rather as the downtrodden, uncivilised, unreasoning, and fiercely emotional half of humanity. A woman who in defence of her honour and her rights will die sword in hand, slaying the man who wronged her, seems to the Chorus like a deliverer of the whole sex.” (Murray, 86.)
58 “Early literature in most countries contains a good deal of heavy satire on women: e.g. Hesiod’s ‘Who trusts a woman trusts a thief;’ or Phocylides’ ‘Two days of a woman are very sweet: when you marry her and when you carry her to her grave.’” (Murray, 86.)
59 “ i.e. the kindred of Pelias.” (Murray, 87.)
60 “Jason was, of course, the great romantic hero of his time. Cf. his own words.” (Murray, 87.)
61 “Jason’s defence is made the weaker by his reluctance to be definitely insulting to Medea.  This point comes out unveiled in his later speech.” (Murray, 87-88.)
62 Barbarian lands, i.e. her homeland, Colchis.
63 “Jason has brought the benefits of civilisation to Medea! He is doubtless sincere, but the peculiar ironic cruelty of the plea is obvi- ous.” (Murray, 88.)
64 “This, I think, is absolutely sincere. To Jason ambition is everything. And, as Medea has largely shared his great deeds with him, he thinks that she cannot but feel the same. It seems to him contemptible that her mere craving for personal love should outweigh all the possi- ble glories of life.” (Murray, 88.)
65 “He only means, ‘of more children than you now have.’ But the words suggest to Medea a different meaning, and sow in her mind the first seed of the child-murder. See on the Aegeus scene below.” (Murray, 88.)
66 “Though she spoke no word, the existence of a being so deeply wronged would be a curse on her oppressors. So a murdered man’s blood, or an involuntary cry of pain (Aesch. Ag. 237) on the part of an injured person is in itself fraught with a curse.” (Murray, 88.)67
67 “A highly characteristic Euripidean poem, keenly observant of fact, yet with a lyrical note penetrating all its realism. A love which really produces ‘good to man and glory,’ is treated in the next chorus.” (Murray, 88.)
68 “This scene is generally considered to be a mere blot on the play, not, I think, justly. It is argued that the obvious purpose which the scene serves, the provision of an asylum for Medea, has no keen dramatic interest. The spectator would just as soon, or sooner, have her die. And, besides, her actual mode of escape is largely independent of Aegeus. Further, the arrival of Aegeus at this moment seems to be a mere coincidence ( Ar. Poetics , 61 b, 23), and one cannot help suspecting that the Athenian poet was influenced by mere local interests in dragging in the Athenian king and the praises of Athens where they were not specially appropriate.
“To these criticisms one may make some answer. (1) As to the coincidence, it is important to remember always that Greek tragedies are primarily historical plays, not works of fiction. They are based on definite Logoi or traditions ( Frogs , l. 1052. p. 254) and therefore can, and should, represent accidental coincidences when it was a datum of the tradition that these coincidences actually happened. By Aristotle’s time the practice had changed. The tragedies of his age were essentially fiction; and he tends to criticise the ancient tragedies by fictional standards. “Now it was certainly a datum in the Medea legend that she took refuge with Aegeus, King of Athens, and was afterwards an enemy to his son Theseus; but I think we may go further. This play pretty certainly has for its foundation the rites performed by the Corinthians at the Grave
of the Children of Medea in the precinct of Hera Acraia near Corinth. See here. The legend in such cases is usually invented to explain the ritual; and I suspect that in the ritual, and, consequently, in the legend, there were two other data: first, a pursuit of Medea and her flight on a dragon-chariot, and, secondly, a meeting between Medea and Aegeus. (Both subjects are frequent on vase paintings, and may well be derived from historical pictures in some temple at Corinth.)
“Thus, the meeting with Aegeus is probably not the free invention of Euripides, but one of the data supplied to him by his subject. But he has made it serve, as von Arnim was the first to perceive, a remarkable dramatic purpose. Aegeus was under a curse of childlessness, and his desolate condition suggests to Medea the ultimate form of her vengeance. She will make Jason childless. Cf. l. 670, ‘Children! Ah God, art childless?’ (A childless king in antiquity was a miserable object: likely to be deposed and dishonoured, and to miss his due worship after death. See the fragments of Euripides’ Oineus .)
“There is also a further purpose in the scene, of a curious and characteristic kind. In several plays of Euripides, when a heroine hesitates on the verge of a crime, the thing that drives her over the brink is some sudden and violent lowering of her self-respect. Thus Phædra writes her false letter immediately after her public shame. Creûsa in the Ion turns murderous only after crying in the god’s ears the story of her seduc- tion. Medea, a princess and, as we have seen, a woman of rather proud chastity, feels, after the offer which she makes to Aegeus in this scene ... that she need shrink from nothing.” (Murray, 88-90).
69 Apollo, the god of the Delphic oracle.
70 “This sounds as if it meant Aegeus’ own house: in reality, by an oracular riddle, it meant the house of Pittheus, by whose daughter, Aethra, Aegeus became the father of Theseus.” (Murray, 91.)
71 “Observe that Medea is deceiving Aegeus. She intends to commit a murder before going to him, and therefore wishes to bind him down so firmly that, however much he wish to repudiate her, he shall be unable. Hence this insistence on the oath and the exact form of the oath. (At this time, apparently, she scarcely thinks of the children, only of her revenge.)” (Murray, 91.)
72 “There is no indication in the original to show who comes out. But it is certainly a woman; as certainly it is not one of the Chorus; and Medea’s words suit the Nurse well. It is an almost devilish act to send the Nurse, who would have died rather than take such a message had she understood it.” (Murray, 91.)
73 Note well Medea’s appeal to the Nurse “as a woman.” Medea and the Chorus repeatedly define women as an oppressed class that must stand together. They are thus able to dismiss the king’s daughter as a traitor to their class because she has wronged a member of it.
74 “This poem is interesting as showing the ideal conception of Athens entertained by a fifth century Athenian. One might compare with it Pericles’ famous speech in Thucydides, ii., where the emphasis is laid on Athenian “plain living and high thinking” and the freedom
of daily life. Or, again, the speeches of Aethra in Euripides’
Suppliant Women
, where more stress is laid on mercy and championship of the oppressed.
“The allegory of ‘Harmony,’ as a sort of Korê, or Earth-maiden, planted by all the Muses in the soil of Attica, seems to be an invention of the poet. Not any given Art or Muse, but a spirit which unites and harmonises all, is the special spirit of Athens. The Attic connection with Erôs, on the other hand, is old and traditional. But Euripides has transformed the primitive nature-god into a mystic and passionate longing for ‘all manner of high deed,’ a Love which, different from that described in the preceding chorus, really ennobles human life.
“This first part of the Chorus is, of course, suggested by Aegeus; the second is more closely connected with the action of the play. ‘How can Medea dream of asking that stainless land to shelter her crimes? But the whole plan of her revenge is not only wicked but impossible. She simply could not do such a thing, if she tried.’” (Murray, 91-92.)
75 “Dicæarchus, and perhaps his master Aristotle also, seems to have complained of Medea’s bursting into tears in this scene, instead of acting her part consistently—a very prejudiced criticism. What strikes one about Medea’s assumed rôle is that in it she remains so like her- self and so unlike another woman. Had she really determined to yield to Jason, she would have done so in just this way, keen-sighted and yet passionate. One is reminded of the deceits of half-insane persons, which are due not so much to conscious art as to the emergence of another side of the personality.” (Murray, 92.)
76 “Repeated from l. 786, where it came full in the midst of Medea’s avowal of her murderous purpose. It startles one here, almost as though she had spoken out the word “murder” in some way which Jason could not understand.” (Murray, 92.)


20.3: Chemical Defenses - Overview
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- Ying Liu
- City College of San Francisco
Learning Objectives
- Describe how enzymes in body fluids provide protection against infection or disease
- Recognize the chemical defense mechanisms in several organ systems
In addition to physical defenses, the innate nonspecific immune system uses a number of chemical mediators that inhibit microbial invaders. The term “chemical mediators” encompasses a wide array of substances found in various body fluids and tissues throughout the body. Chemical mediators may work alone or in conjunction with each other to inhibit microbial colonization and infection.
Some chemical mediators are endogenously produced, meaning they are produced by human body cells; others are produced exogenously , meaning that they are produced by certain microbes that are part of the microbiome. Some mediators are produced continually, bathing the area in the antimicrobial substance; others are produced or activated primarily in response to some stimulus, such as the presence of microbes.
Chemical and Enzymatic Mediators Found in Body Fluids
Fluids produced by the skin include examples of both endogenous and exogenous mediators. Sebaceous glands in the dermis secrete an oil called sebum that is released onto the skin surface through hair follicles. This sebum is an endogenous mediator , providing an additional layer of defense by helping seal off the pore of the hair follicle, preventing bacteria on the skin’s surface from invading sweat glands and surrounding tissue (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Certain members of the microbiome , such as the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes and the fungus Malassezia , among others, can use lipase enzymes to degrade sebum, using it as a food source. This produces oleic acid, which creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin that is inhospitable to many pathogenic microbes. Oleic acid is an example of an exogenously produced mediator because it is produced by resident microbes and not directly by body cells.
Query \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Environmental factors that affect the microbiota of the skin can have a direct impact on the production of chemical mediators. Low humidity or decreased sebum production, for example, could make the skin less habitable for microbes that produce oleic acid, thus making the skin more susceptible to pathogens normally inhibited by the skin’s low pH. Many skin moisturizers are formulated to counter such effects by restoring moisture and essential oils to the skin.
Chemical Defense Mechanisms in Organ Systems
The digestive tract also produces a large number of chemical mediators that inhibit or kill microbes. In the oral cavity, saliva contains mediators such as lactoperoxidase enzymes, and mucus secreted by the esophagus contains the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme. In the stomach, highly acidic gastric fluid kills most microbes. In the lower digestive tract, the intestines have pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, antibacterial peptides (cryptins), bile produced from the liver, and specialized Paneth cells that produce lysozyme. Together, these mediators are able to eliminate most pathogens that manage to survive the acidic environment of the stomach.
Query \(\PageIndex{1}\)
In the urinary tract , urine flushes microbes out of the body during urination. Furthermore, the slight acidity of urine (the average pH is about 6) inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens in the urinary tract.
The female reproductive system employs lactate , an exogenously produced chemical mediator, to inhibit microbial growth. The cells and tissue layers composing the vagina produce glycogen, a branched and more complex polymer of glucose. Lactobacilli in the area ferment glycogen to produce lactate, lowering the pH in the vagina and inhibiting transient microbiota, opportunistic pathogens like Candida (a yeast associated with vaginal infections), and other pathogens responsible for sexually transmitted diseases.
In the eyes , tears contain the chemical mediators lysozyme and lactoferrin, both of which are capable of eliminating microbes that have found their way to the surface of the eyes. Lysozyme cleaves the bond between NAG and NAM in peptidoglycan, a component of the cell wall in bacteria. It is more effective against gram-positive bacteria, which lack the protective outer membrane associated with gram-negative bacteria. Lactoferrin inhibits microbial growth by chemically binding and sequestering iron. This effectually starves many microbes that require iron for growth.
In the ears , cerumen (earwax) exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids, which lower the pH to between 3 and 5.
The respiratory tract uses various chemical mediators in the nasal passages, trachea, and lungs. The mucus produced in the nasal passages contains a mix of antimicrobial molecules similar to those found in tears and saliva (e.g., lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase). Secretions in the trachea and lungs also contain lysozyme and lactoferrin, as well as a diverse group of additional chemical mediators, such as the lipoprotein complex called surfactant, which has antibacterial properties.
Query \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Key Concepts and Summary
- Numerous chemical mediators produced endogenously and exogenously exhibit nonspecific antimicrobial functions.
- Many chemical mediators are found in body fluids such as sebum, saliva, mucus, gastric and intestinal fluids, urine, tears, cerumen, and vaginal secretions.