Mean |  | 1.70 | 0.014 | 0.0001 | 0.159 | 0.002 | 0.130 | 0.002 |
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko | 11/2/08 | 1.84 | $<0.2$ |  | 0.0700 | 0.003 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 1.84 | 0.067 | 0.0000 | 0.070 | 0.030 | 0.113 | 0.025 |
73P/S-W 3C | 5/3/06 | 1.07 |  $<$0.0026 |  |  |  |  |  | Dello Russo et al. (2007)
| 5/27/06 | 0.95 | 0.0047 | 0.0019 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2007)
| 5/30/06 | 0.95 | 0.0058 | 0.0018 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2007)
Mean |  | 0.99 | 0.004 | 0.0019 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
73P/S-W 3B | 5/9/06 | 1.03 |  $<$0.0019 |  |  |  |  |  | Dello Russo et al. (2007)
Mean |  | 1.03 | 0.001 | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.0005 |
157P/Tritton | 12/30/09 | 1.48 |  $<$0.14 |  | 0.0945 | 0.004 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 1.48 | 0.047 | 0.0000 | 0.095 | 0.004 | 0.114 | 0.003 |
22P/Kopff | 04/22/09 | 1.61 |  $<$0.03 |  | 0.2 | 0.02 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 12/11/09 | 2.43 |  $<$0.21 |  | 0.074 | 0.007 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 2.02 | 0.040 | 0.0000 | 0.137 | 0.013 | 0.135 | 0.010 |
81P/Wild 2 | 12/14/09 | 1.74 |  $<$0.03 |  | 0.15 | 0.015 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 1.74 | 0.010 | 0.0000 | 0.150 | 0.015 | 0.122 | 0.011 |
88P/Howell | 07/03/09 | 1.74 |  $<$0.06 |  | 0.25 | 0.02 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 1.74 | 0.020 | 0.0000 | 0.250 | 0.002 | 0.178 | 0.001 |
118P/Shoemaker-Levy 4 | 09/08/09 | 2.18 |  $<$0.21 |  | 0.23 | 0.023 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 2.18 | 0.070 | 0.0000 | 0.230 | 0.023 | 0.196 | 0.015 |
9P/Tempel 1 | 7/3/05 | 1.49 | 0.1087 | 0.049 | 0.0696 | 0.02 |  |  | Feaga et al. (2007)
| 7/5/05 | 1.51 | 0.043 | 0.012 |  |  |  |  | Mumma et al. (2005)
Mean |  | 1.50 | 0.076 | 0.0305 | 0.070 | 0.020 | 0.120 | 0.030 |
116P/Wild 4 | 05/15/09 | 2.22 |  $<$0.17 |  | 0.08 | 0.008 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 2.22 | 0.057 | 0.0000 | 0.080 | 0.008 | 0.112 | 0.007 |
C/1979 Y1 Bradfield | 01/10/1980 | 0.71 | 0.035 | 0.004 | 0.035 | 0.004 |  |  | Feldman et al. (1997)
Mean |  | 0.71 | 0.035 | 0.0040 | 0.035 | 0.004 | 0.063 | 0.005 |
C/1989 X1 Austin | 05/09/1990 | 0.83 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.008 |  |  | Feldman et al. (1997)
Mean |  | 0.83 | 0.017 | 0.0080 | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.036 | 0.011 |
C/1990 K1 Levy | 08/26/1990 | 1.38 | 0.041 | 0.008 | 0.069 | 0.008 |  |  | Feldman et al. (1997)
| 09/18/1990 | 1.13 | 0.084 | 0.015 | 0.133 | 0.015 |  |  | Feldman et al. (1997)
Mean |  | 1.25 | 0.062 | 0.0115 | 0.101 | 0.011 | 0.129 | 0.013 |
C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp | 01/21/97 | 1.49 | 0.267 | 0.0029 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
| 02/23/97 | 1.11 | 0.241 | 0.0016 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
| 03/01/97 | 1.06 | 0.271 | 0.0011 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
| 04/09/97 | 0.93 | 0.276 | 0.0022 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
| 04/16/97 | 0.95 | 0.297 | 0.0028 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
| 04/30/97 | 1.05 | 0.222 | 0.0023 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
| 05/01/97 | 1.06 | 0.280 | 0.0024 |  |  |  |  | CO:DiSanti et al. (2001)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Dello Russo et al. (2000)
Mean |  | 1.09 | 0.265 | 0.0022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.209 | 0.002 |
C/1996 B2 Hyakutake | 03/15/1996 | 1.24 | 0.149 | 0.033 |  |  |  |  | CO:Biver et al. (1999)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Gérard et al. (1998)
| 04/01/1996 | 0.89 | 0.178 | 0.047 |  |  |  |  | CO:Biver et al. (1999)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Gérard et al. (1998)
| 04/10/1996 | 0.67 | 0.328 | 0.02 |  |  |  |  | CO:Biver et al. (1999)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Bertaux et al. (1998)
Mean |  | 0.93 | 0.218 | 0.0333 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.179 | 0.027 |
C/1999 H1 Lee | 08/24/1999 | 1.12 | 0.04 | 0.01 |  |  |  |  | Biver et al. (2000)
| 08/20/1999 | 1.06 | 0.018 | 0.002 |  |  |  |  | Mumma et al. (2001a)
Mean |  | 1.09 | 0.029 | 0.0060 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.006 |
C/1999 S4 LINEAR | 07/4/2000 | 0.87 | 0.009 | 0.003 |  |  |  |  | Mumma et al. (2001b)
| 07/13/2000 | 0.81 | 0.004 | 0.003 |  |  |  |  | Mumma et al. (2001b)
Mean |  | 0.84 | 0.006 | 0.0030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
C/1999 T1 McNaught-Hartley | 01/06/2001 | 1.23 | 0.224 | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | Biver et al. (2006)
| 01/30/2001 | 1.41 | 0.102 | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | Biver et al. (2006)
| 02/05/2001 | 1.44 | 0.127 | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | Biver et al. (2006)
Mean |  | 1.36 | 0.151 | 0.1000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.131 | 0.087 |
C/2000 WM1 LINEAR | 11/23/2001 | 1.32 | 0.0052 | 0.001 |  |  |  |  | Radeva et al. (2010)
Mean |  | 1.32 | 0.005 | 0.0010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
C/2001 A2 LINEAR | 07/10/2001 | 1.17 | 0.0386 | 0.011 |  |  |  |  | CO: Magee-Sauer et al. (2008)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Gibb et al. (2007)
Mean |  | 1.17 | 0.039 | 0.0110 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.011 |
C/2002 T7 LINEAR (DN) | 05/03-09/2004 | 0.69 | 0.019 | 0.003 |  |  |  |  | CO/H2O: Anderson (2010)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O from OH:DiSanti et al. (2006)
Mean |  | 0.69 | 0.019 | 0.0030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.003 |
C/2004 Q2 Machholz | 11/29/04 | 1.48 | 0.0507 | 0.007 |  |  |  |  | Bonev et al. (2009)
Mean |  | 1.48 | 0.051 | 0.0070 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.048 | 0.007 |
C/2006 OF2 Broughton | 9/16/08 | 2.43 | $<0.04$ |  | 0.235 | 0.03 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 3/28/09 | 3.20 |  $<$0.26 |  | 0.58 | 0.06 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 2.82 | 0.050 | 0.0000 | 0.407 | 0.045 | 0.245 | 0.024 |
C/2006 M4 SWAN (DN) | 11/7/06 | 1.08 | 0.0049 | 0.0022 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2009)
| 11/9/06 | 1.10 | 0.0051 | 0.0021 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2009)
Mean |  | 1.09 | 0.005 | 0.0022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
C/2007 W1 Boattini (DN) | 7/10/08 | 0.90 | 0.045 | 0.0051 |  |  |  |  | Villanueva et al. (2011)
Mean |  | 0.90 | 0.045 | 0.0051 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 0.005 |
C/2007 N3 Lulin |  | 1.26-1.70 | 0.0223 | 0.002 | 0.1095 | 0.001 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 2/1/09 | 1.26 | .0219 | 0.001 |  |  |  |  | Gibb et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 1.48 | 0.022 | 0.0015 | 0.110 | 0.001 | 0.106 | 0.001 |
C/2007 Q3 Siding Spring | 03/03/09 | 3.29 | $<0.1$ |  | 0.19 | 0.07 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 3.29 | 0.033 | 0.0000 | 0.190 | 0.070 | 0.158 | 0.050 |
C/2008 Q3 Garradd | 07/05/09 | 1.81 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.03 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 07/06/09 | 1.81 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.03 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 01/03/10 | 2.96 |  $<$0.56 |  | 0.64 | 0.06 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 2.19 | 0.222 | 0.0300 | 0.390 | 0.040 | 0.306 | 0.025 |
C/2009 P1 Garradd | 9/18/11 | 2.02 | 0.135 | 0.015 |  |  |  |  | Paganini et al. (2012)
| 9/21/11 | 2.00 | 0.116 | 0.012 |  |  |  |  | Paganini et al. (2012)
| 9/21/11 | 2.01 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.116 | 0.009 |  |  | McKay et al. (2015)
| 10/10/2011 | 1.85 | 0.062 | 0.011 | 0.117 | 0.009 |  |  | McKay et al. (2015)
| 1/25/2012 | 1.62 | 0.147 | 0.032 |  |  |  |  | McKay et al. (2015)
| 2/27/2012 | 1.69 | 0.195 | 0.05 | 0.056 | 0.009 |  |  | McKay et al. (2015)
| 3/26/2012 | 2.00 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.085 | 0.02 |  |  | Feaga et al. (2014)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H2O:Bodewits et al. (2014)
Mean |  | 1.88 | 0.190 | 0.0644 | 0.094 | 0.012 | 0.206 | 0.048 |
29P Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 | 11/18/09 | 6.18 | 4.64 | 0.4 | $<0.04$ |  |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 6.18 | 4.640 | 0.4000 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.821 | 0.071 |
C/2012 F6 Lemmon | 3/31/13 | 0.75 | 0.0425 | 0.0064 |  |  |  |  | Paganini et al. (2014)
| 4/1/13 | 0.75 | 0.0382 | 0.0063 |  |  |  |  | Paganini et al. (2014)
Mean |  | 0.75 | 0.040 | 0.0063 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.039 | 0.006 |
C/2012 S1 ISON (DN) | 11/15/13 | 0.59 | 0.0151 | 0.0017 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2016)
| 11/16/13 | 0.56 | 0.0091 | 0.0027 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2016)
| 11/17/13 | 0.53 | 0.0134 | 0.0011 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2016)
| 11/22/13 | 0.35 | 0.0181 | 0.0037 |  |  |  |  | DiSanti et al. (2016)
Mean |  | 0.51 | 0.014 | 0.0023 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.002 |
C/2010 G2 Hill | 1/10/12 | 2.5 | 0.91 | 0.23 |  |  |  |  | Kawakita et al. (2014)
Mean |  | 2.50 | 0.910 | 0.2300 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.476 | 0.120 |
2P/Encke | 11/5/03 | 1.19 | $<.0177$ |  |  |  |  |  | Radeva et al. (2013)
Mean |  | 1.19 | 0.006 | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
C/2006 W3 Christensen | 12/21/08 | 3.66 | 3.61 | 0.3 | 1.02 | 0.1 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 06/16/09 | 3.13 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.06 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 3.40 | 2.295 | 0.1800 | 0.720 | 0.080 | 0.637 | 0.042 |
C/2006 Q1 (McNaught) | 06/03/08 | 2.78 | $<0.1$ |  | 0.45 | 0.05 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
| 02/23/09 | 3.64 |  $<$0.47 |  | 0.44 | 0.05 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 3.21 | 0.095 | 0.0000 | 0.445 | 0.050 | 0.272 | 0.025 |
C/2007 G1 (LINEAR) | 08/20/08 | 2.80 | $<0.17$ |  | 0.23 | 0.02 |  |  | Ootsubo et al. (2012)
Mean |  | 2.80 | 0.057 | 0.0000 | 0.230 | 0.020 | 0.189 | 0.013 |
21P/Giacobini-Zinner | 10/2/98 | 1.25 | 0.1 | 0.06 |  |  |  |  | Mumma et al. (2000)
| 10/26/98 | 1.10 |  $<$0.032 |  |  |  |  |  | Weaver et al. (1999)
Mean |  | 1.18 | 0.055 | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.052 | 0.000 |
C/2013 R1 Lovejoy | 10/24/13 | 1.34 | 0.099 | 0.02 |  |  |  |  | Paganini et al. (2014)
Mean |  | 1.34 | 0.099 | 0.0200 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.090 | 0.018 |
C/2016 R2 | 01-02/18 | 2.8 | 312.5 | 40.0 | 56.9 | 40.0 |  |  | McKay et al. (2019)
Mean |  | 2.80 | 312.500 | 40.0000 | 56.900 | 50.000 | 0.864 | 0.150 |

=2.2in

Table 2: Various production rates for molecules observed for 2I/Borisov. Productions rates are in units of $10^{24}$ molecules/second, except for H2O and CO which are 1026. Errors are included where possible.  Date | rH [au] | ${\rm Q({CN})}$ | ${\rm Q({C_{2}})}$ | ${\rm Q({C_{3}})}$ | ${\rm Q({OH})}$ | ${\rm Q({NH_{2}})}$ | ${\rm Q({H_{2}O})}$ | ${\rm Q({CO})}$ | ${\rm Q({HCN})}$ | Reference
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
9/20/19 | 2.67 | $3.7\pm 0.4$ | $<4$ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fitzsimmons et al. (2019)
9/20/19 | 2.67 | $<5$ | $<8$ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Kareta et al. (2020)
9/27/19 | 2.56 |  |  |  |  |  | $<8.2$ |  |  | Xing et al. (2020)
10/1/19 | 2.50 | $1.1\pm 2.0$ | $<2.5$ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Kareta et al. (2020)
10/1/19 | 2.51 | $1.8\pm 0.1$ | $<0.9$ | $<0.3$ |  |  |  |  |  | Opitom et al. (2019)
10/2/19 | 2.50 | $1.9\pm 0.1$ | $<0.6$ | $<0.2$ | $<20$ |  |  |  |  | Opitom et al. (2019)
10/9/19 | 2.41 | $1.59\pm 0.09$ | $<0.44$ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Kareta et al. (2020)
10/10/19 | 2.39 | $1.69\pm 0.04$ | $<0.162$ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Kareta et al. (2020)
10/11/19 | 2.38 |  |  |  |  |  | $6.3\pm 1.5$ |  |  | McKay et al. (2020)
10/13/19 | 2.36 | $2.1\pm 0.1$ | $<0.6$ | $<0.3$ | $<20$ |  |  |  |  | Opitom et al. (2019)
10/18/19 | 2.31 | $1.9\pm 0.6$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Opitom et al. (2019)
10/20/19 | 2.29 | $1.6\pm 0.5$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Opitom et al. (2019)
10/26/19 | 2.23 | $1.9\pm 0.3$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Kareta et al. (2020)
10/31/19 | 2.18 | $2.0\pm 0.2$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Lin et al. (2020)
11/1/19 | 2.17 |  |  |  |  |  | $7.0\pm 1.5$ |  |  | Xing et al. (2020)
11/4/19 | 2.15 | $2.4\pm 0.2$ | $5.5\pm 0.4$ | $0.03\pm 0.01$ |  |  |  |  |  | Lin et al. (2020)
11/10/19 | 2.12 | $1.9\pm 0.5$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Bannister et al. (2020)
11/14/19 | 2.09 | $1.8\pm 0.2$ | $1.1$ |  |  | $4.20$ |  |  |  | Bannister et al. (2020)
11/17/19 | 2.08 | $1.9\pm 0.5$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Bannister et al. (2020)
10/28/19-11/18/19 | 2.21-2.06 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $<6.3$ | Bergman et al. (2022)
11/25/19 | 2.04 | $1.6\pm 0.5$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Bannister et al. (2020)
11/26/19 | 2.04 | $1.8\pm 0.2$ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Bannister et al. (2020)
11/26/19 | 2.04 | $1.5\pm 0.5$ | $1.1$ |  |  | $4.80$ |  |  |  | Bannister et al. (2020)
11/30/19 | 2.01 | $3.36\pm 0.25$ | $1.82\pm 0.6$ | $0.197\pm 0.052$ |  |  |  |  |  | Aravind et al. (2021)
12/1/19 | 2.01 |  |  |  |  |  | $10.7\pm 1.2$ |  |  | Xing et al. (2020)
12/3/19 | 2.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $3.3\pm 0.8$ |  | Yang et al. (2021)
12/11/19 | 2.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $7.5\pm 2.3$ |  | Bodewits et al. (2020)
12/15-16/2019 | 2.02 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $4.4\pm 0.7$ | $0.7\pm 0.11$ | Cordiner et al. (2020)
12/19-22/2019 | 2.03 |  |  |  |  |  | $4.9\pm 0.9$ | $6.4\pm 1.4$ |  | Bodewits et al. (2020)
12/21/19 | 2.03 |  |  |  |  |  | $4.9\pm 0.9$ |  |  | Xing et al. (2020)
12/22/19 | 2.03 | $6.68\pm 0.27$ | $2.3\pm 0.82$ | $0.714\pm 0.074$ |  |  |  |  |  | Aravind et al. (2021)
12/30/19 | 2.07 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $10.7\pm 6.4$ |  | Bodewits et al. (2020)
1/13/20 | 2.16 |  |  |  |  |  | $<5.6$ | $8.7\pm 3.1$ |  | Bodewits et al. (2020)
1/14/20 | 2.17 |  |  |  |  |  | $<6.2$ |  |  | Xing et al. (2020)
2/17/20 | $2.54$ |  |  |  |  |  | $<2.3$ |  |  | Xing et al. (2020)