2019 234 25 October

$\text{J}/\psi$ nuclear modification factor in Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV

ALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for the list of collaboration
members ALICE Collaboration

The inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ meson production in Pb–Pb collisions at a
center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collision of $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV at midrapidity ($|y|<0.9$) is reported by the ALICE
Collaboration. The measurements are performed in the dielectron decay channel,
as a function of event centrality and $\text{J}/\psi$ transverse momentum
$p_{\text{T}}$, down to $p_{\text{T}}=0$. The $\text{J}/\psi$ mean transverse
momentum $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $r_{\text{AA}}$ ratio, defined as
$\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle_{\text{PbPb}}/\langle p_{\rm
T}^{2}\rangle_{\mathrm{pp}}$, are evaluated. Both observables show a
centrality dependence decreasing towards central (head-on) collisions. The
$\text{J}/\psi$ nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{AA}}$ exhibits a strong
$p_{\text{T}}$ dependence with a large suppression at high $p_{\text{T}}$ and
an increase to unity for decreasing $p_{\text{T}}$. When integrating over the
measured momentum range $p_{\text{T}}<10$ ${\rm GeV}/c$, the $\text{J}/\psi$
$R_{\text{AA}}$ shows a weak centrality dependence. Each measurement is
compared with results at lower center-of-mass energies and with ALICE
measurements at forward rapidity, as well as to theory calculations. All
reported features of the $\text{J}/\psi$ production at low $p_{\text{T}}$ are
consistent with a dominant contribution to the $\text{J}/\psi$ yield
originating from charm quark (re)combination.

##  1 Introduction

The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a state of strongly-interacting matter
characterized by quark and gluon degrees of freedom predicted by Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD) to exist at high temperature and energy density [1, 2].
Such conditions are realized during the initial hot and dense stages of ultra-
relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The medium produced in these collisions has
a short lifetime, which is of the order of $10$ fm/$c$ at the energies reached
at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), see e.g. [3].

Due to their large masses, charm and beauty quarks are produced in hard
partonic scatterings occurring during the early stage of the collision and
therefore experience the full evolution of the medium. Charmonia, i.e. the
bound states of charm and anti-charm quarks, are of particular interest for
the understanding of the QGP, see e.g. [4, 5]. In the framework of color-
screening models, the suppression of the charmonium state $\text{J}/\psi$ is
an unambiguous signature of the QGP [6, 7]. The high density of color charges
prevents charm and anti-charm quarks from forming bound states. Therefore, the
$\text{J}/\psi$ yield is expected to be suppressed compared to probes
unaffected by the hot and dense medium or from expectations of the incoherent
superposition of nucleon–nucleon collisions at the same energy. This was
experimentally observed in the most central heavy-ion collisions at SPS [8, 9,
10] and RHIC [11, 12, 13] energies.

At the significantly higher collision energies of the LHC, the suppression
pattern of $\text{J}/\psi$ mesons in heavy-ion collisions is fundamentally
changed. In central Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=~{}2.76$ TeV, where
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ is the center-of-mass collision energy per nucleon–nucleon
pair, the suppression was found to be weaker [14, 15, 16] in comparison with
the earlier measurements at lower energies mentioned above. The effect was
measured by the ALICE Collaboration at both mid- and forward rapidity,
dominantly for $\text{J}/\psi$ mesons at a low transverse momentum
($p_{\text{T}}$). This phenomenon is understood as the result of the
charmonium (re)generation due to copiously produced charm quarks, made
possible by the deconfined nature of the QGP. In addition to the weaker
nuclear suppression of charmonia, recent observations of non-zero elliptic
flow of D [17, 18] and $\text{J}/\psi$ [19] mesons, suggest that charm quarks
may thermalize and flow with the bulk particles during the QGP phase.

There are different phenomenological scenarios available for the description
of charmonium production in heavy-ion collisions. In the framework of
statistical hadronization, all charmonium states are created at chemical
equilibrium at the phase boundary and their abundances are determined by
thermal weights [20, 21]. The transport approach considers a continuous
production and dissociation of charmonium states already during the QGP phase
governed by a set of rate equations [22]. Another approach includes charmonium
dissociation by the scattering of comoving partons and hadrons with a
(re)generation component at LHC collision energies [23]. All current models
implementing statistical hadronization, microscopic transport approaches [24,
25] or comover interactions take into account both the hot medium and the cold
nuclear matter (CNM) [26] effects mainly originating from the modification of
the gluon distribution function in the nucleus compared to the corresponding
function of the free nucleon.

In this paper, we present the ALICE measurement of the inclusive
$\text{J}/\psi$ production at midrapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at a center-of-
mass energy per nucleon pair of $5.02$ TeV. The $\text{J}/\psi$ mesons are
reconstructed in the central barrel within the rapidity range $|y|<0.9$ via
the $\text{e}^{+}\text{e}^{-}$ decay channel down to $p_{\text{T}}=0$ ${\rm
GeV}/c$. The $\text{J}/\psi$ $p_{\text{T}}$ spectrum is measured in three
centrality intervals. The $\text{J}/\psi$ average transverse momentum $\langle
p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ are evaluated as a
function of collision centrality: the latter is shown in comparison with the
$\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ measured in $\rm pp$
collisions, via the ratio $r_{\text{AA}}=\langle p_{\rm
T}^{2}\rangle_{\text{PbPb}}/\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle_{\rm pp}$. The
nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{AA}}$, which is defined by the ratio of
the production yield in Pb–Pb collisions and the production cross section in
$\rm pp$ collisions normalized by the nuclear overlap function $\langle
T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$, as a function of event centrality and $\text{J}/\psi$
$p_{\text{T}}$, is obtained using the recent ALICE measurement of the
inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ cross section in $\rm pp$ collisions at
$\sqrt{s}=~{}5.02$ TeV [27]. The new $\rm pp$ reference and the larger Pb–Pb
data set allow for a significant reduction of the uncertainties compared to
our previous measurements at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=~{}2.76$ TeV [14, 28]. The
results are compared with statistical [20], microscopic parton transport [24,
25], and comover [23] model calculations.

The measurements presented in this publication provide a significant
complement to results in Pb–Pb collisions at the same collision energy by the
ALICE Collaboration at forward rapidity [29], the measurements on
$\text{J}/\psi$ suppression at high $p_{\text{T}}$ by the ATLAS [30] and CMS
[31] Collaborations around midrapidity, as well as to results at forward
rapidity in Xe–Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.44$ TeV [32].

##  2 Apparatus and data sample

A detailed description of the ALICE detector and its performance can be found
in Refs. [33, 34]. The ALICE central barrel detector allows for high
resolution tracking and particle identification over the full azimuthal angle
in the pseudorapidity range $|\eta|<0.9$. The entire setup is placed inside a
solenoidal magnet, which creates a uniform axial magnetic field of $B=0.5$ T
along the beam direction.

The main detectors used for the $\text{J}/\psi$ meson reconstruction in the
${\rm e}^{+}{\rm e}^{-}$ decay channel are the Inner Tracking System (ITS)
[35] and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [36]. The ITS consists of 6
cylindrical layers of silicon detectors placed at radial distances to the beam
line from $3.9$ cm to $43$ cm and provides high-precision tracking close to
the interaction point as well as the determination of the primary vertex of
the event. The two innermost layers form the Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), the
intermediate two layers are the Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), and the
outermost layers are the Silicon Strip Detector (SSD).

Placed around the ITS, the TPC detector is a large cylindrical drift chamber
extending radially from $85$ cm to $250$ cm from the nominal interaction point
($x=y=z=0$ cm) and longitudinally between $-250$ cm and $+250$ cm. In addition
to being the main tracking detector, the TPC also provides particle
identification via the measurement of the specific energy loss
($\text{d}E/\text{d}x$) of charged particles in the detector gas.

The V0 detectors [37] consist of two scintillator arrays, V0A and V0C, which
are located on both sides of the nominal interaction point at $z=329$ cm and
$z=-90$ cm and cover the pseudorapidity interval $2.8\leq\eta\leq 5.1$ and
$-3.7\leq\eta\leq-1.7$. The centrality of the events, expressed in fractions
of the total inelastic hadronic cross section, is determined via a Glauber fit
to the V0 amplitude as described in [38, 39, 40]. In addition, the V0
detectors are used to provide a minimum-bias trigger (MB), defined as the
coincidence of signals in both V0 arrays and the beam crossing.

The results presented in this paper are obtained using the MB trigger data
collected during the 2015 LHC Pb–Pb run at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon
pair of $5.02$ TeV. Beam-gas events are rejected using timing selections on
the signals from the V0 and Zero Degree Calorimeters [41]. Pileup events are
rejected online based on V0, but also in the offline analysis based on the
correlation between the V0 multiplicity and the number of tracks reconstructed
in the TPC. All events must have a reconstructed primary vertex with a
longitudinal position within $\pm 10$ cm around the nominal interaction point.
Only the events corresponding to the most central $90$% of the Pb–Pb inelastic
cross section ($0$–$90$%) are used in this analysis. For these events the MB
trigger is fully efficient and the contamination by electromagnetic
interactions is negligible. After all selections, a sample of $70$ million
events is available for analysis, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
${L}_{\text{int}}\approx 10~{}\mu\text{b}^{-1}$.

##  3 Analysis methods

The $\text{J}/\psi$ candidates are reconstructed using the ${\rm e}^{+}{\rm
e}^{-}$ decay channel. The selected electron candidates are tracks
reconstructed using both the ITS and TPC detectors. They must have a minimum
transverse momentum of $1$ ${\rm GeV}/c$ and pseudorapidity in the range
$|\eta|<0.9$. Primary electrons are selected using a maximum distance-of-
closest-approach to the event vertex of at most $1$ cm and $3$ cm in the
transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively. Additionally, kink-
daughters, i.e. secondary tracks from long-lived weak decays of charged
particles, are removed from the analysis. In order to improve the resolution
of track reconstruction and to reject secondary electrons from photon
conversions in the detector material, the tracks are selected to have at least
one hit in either of the two SPD layers. Electrons and positrons from photon
conversions are further rejected using a prefilter method [27] in which track
candidates forming pairs with an electron-positron invariant mass lower than
$50$ ${\rm MeV}/c^{2}$ are removed from any further pairing. In the TPC, the
electron candidates are required to have at least $70$ out of $159$ possible
space points attached to the track, which ensures good tracking and particle
identification resolution.

Figure 1: (Color online) Top panels: Invariant mass distribution of opposite-
sign pairs from the same event and mixed events for the $0$–$10$% (left) and
$60$–$90$% (right) centrality classes in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Bottom panels: Background-subtracted invariant mass
distributions in comparison with the expected Monte Carlo signal shape.

Electrons are identified by requiring that the measured $\text{d}E/\text{d}x$
in the TPC lies within a $\pm 3\sigma_{\rm{e}}$ band around the expected value
for electrons estimated from a parameterization of the Bethe formula, where
$\sigma_{\rm{e}}$ is the particle identification (PID) resolution in the TPC
for electrons. The hadron contamination is reduced by excluding tracks
compatible with the proton or pion hypothesis within $\pm
3.5\sigma_{\rm{p,\pi}}$.

The number of observed $\text{J}/\psi$ is obtained by constructing the
invariant mass distribution of all combinations of opposite-sign (OS) electron
pairs from the same event. The top panels of Figure 1 show the invariant mass
distributions obtained in central ($0$–$10$%, left) and peripheral
($60$–$90$%, right) collisions together with the estimated background. The
background is obtained using the distribution of OS pairs constructed by
pairing electrons and positrons from different events, so-called mixed events
(ME), which is scaled to match the same-event OS invariant mass distribution
in two mass intervals on either side of the $\text{J}/\psi$ signal region:
$2.0<m_{\rm ee}<2.5~{}{\rm GeV}/c^{2}$ and $3.2<m_{\rm ee}<3.7~{}{\rm
GeV}/c^{2}$, where the $\text{J}/\psi$ contribution is expected to be
negligible. The raw $\text{J}/\psi$ signal is then obtained by integrating the
background-subtracted distribution in the mass window $2.92$–$3.16~{}{\rm
GeV}/c^{2}$. The lower panels of Figure 1 show the OS invariant mass
distribution after background subtraction. Good agreement with the
$\text{J}/\psi$ invariant mass distribution from Monte Carlo (MC) simulation,
normalized to the integral of the raw signal, is observed. The potentially
remaining correlated background from semi-leptonic decays of
$\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ and $\text{b}\overline{\text{b}}$ pairs is
included in the systematic uncertainty.

The corrected $\text{J}/\psi$ $p_{\text{T}}$-differential production yield is
obtained in a given centrality class as

$\frac{\text{d}^{2}N}{\text{d}y\text{d}p_{\text{T}}}=\frac{N_{\text{J}/\psi}}{N_{\text{ev}}\times{\rm
BR}_{\text{J}/\psi\rightarrow{\rm ee}}\times(A\times\epsilon)\times\Delta
y\times\Delta p_{\text{T}}},$ (1)

where $N_{\text{J}/\psi}$ is the number of reconstructed $\text{J}/\psi$ in
the considered centrality class and $p_{\text{T}}$ and $y$ intervals,
$N_{\text{ev}}$ is the corresponding number of events, $A\times\epsilon$ is
the acceptance and efficiency correction factor and ${\rm
BR}_{\text{J}/\psi\rightarrow{\rm ee}}=(5.971\pm 0.032)$% is the branching
ratio of the $\text{J}/\psi$ decaying into the dielectron channel [42].

MC simulations of Pb–Pb collisions with embedded unpolarized $\text{J}/\psi$
mesons are used to obtain the $A\times\epsilon$ factors. The Pb–Pb collisions
are generated using HIJING [43]. For the $\text{J}/\psi$, the prompt component
is generated using a $p_{\text{T}}$ distribution tuned to the existing Pb–Pb
measurements at forward rapidity while the non-prompt component is obtained
from $\text{b}\overline{\text{b}}$ pairs generated with PYTHIA forced to decay
into channels with $\text{J}/\psi$ in the final state. The $\text{J}/\psi$
decays into the ${\rm e}^{+}{\rm e}^{-}$ channel are handled using PHOTOS
[44]. The transport of the simulated particles in the detector material is
performed using a GEANT3 [45] model of the ALICE apparatus and the same
algorithm as for the real data is used to reconstruct the simulated tracks.
The acceptance times efficiency correction factors include the kinematic
acceptance, the reconstruction and PID efficiencies, and the fraction of
signal in the integrated invariant mass window. The acceptance correction
factor amounts to 33% and the fraction of the signal in the mass counting
window is approximately 65%. Reconstruction and PID efficiencies are
centrality dependent and together amount to approximately $24$% in the most
central collisions growing monotonically to approximately $32$% in the most
peripheral collisions. The correction factors are also $p_{\text{T}}$
dependent which, for large $p_{\text{T}}$ intervals, induces a dependence on
the Monte Carlo $p_{\text{T}}$ distribution of the embedded $\text{J}/\psi$.
This is taken as a source of systematic uncertainty and is discussed in the
following section. The inclusive $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated $\text{J}/\psi$
production is measured in $5$ different centrality classes: $0$–$10$%,
$10$–$20$%, $20$–$40$% , $40$–$60$% and $60$–$90$% while the
$p_{\text{T}}$-differential cross sections are obtained in larger centrality
classes to ensure sufficient statistical significance: $0$–$20$%, $20$–$40$%
and $40$–$90$%.

The average transverse momentum of $\text{J}/\psi$, $\langle p_{\rm
T}\rangle$, is extracted using a binned log-likelihood fit of the $\langle
p_{\rm T}^{\rm ee}\rangle$ distribution of all electron pairs as a function of
the invariant mass. Each pair contribution is weighted by the
$(A\times\epsilon)^{-1}$ factor corresponding to its centrality and
$p_{\text{T}}$. The OS $\langle p_{\rm T}^{\rm ee}\rangle$ distribution is
fitted with the function:

$\langle p_{\rm T}^{\rm ee}\rangle(m_{\rm ee})=\frac{N^{\text{bkg}}(m_{\rm
ee})\times\langle p_{\text{T}}^{\text{bkg}}(m_{\rm
ee})\rangle+N^{\text{J}/\psi}(m_{\rm ee})\times\langle p_{\rm
T}\rangle}{N^{\rm bkg}(m_{\rm ee})+N^{\text{J}/\psi}(m_{\rm ee})},$ (2)

where $N^{\rm bkg}(m_{\rm ee})$ and $N^{\text{J}/\psi}(m_{\rm ee})$ are the
mass-dependent distributions of background and signal pairs determined via the
signal extraction procedure described above. The background mean transverse
momentum, $\langle p_{\text{T}}^{\text{bkg}}\rangle$, depends on the invariant
mass and its shape is obtained from the ME technique, while its overall
normalization can vary in the fit. Figure 2 illustrates the $\langle p_{\rm
T}\rangle$ extraction procedure for the most central and most peripheral
centrality intervals using dielectron pairs in the transverse momentum
interval $0.15<p_{\text{T}}<10~{}$ ${\rm GeV}/c$. A similar procedure is
employed also for the second moment of the transverse momentum distribution
$\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$.

Figure 2: (Color online) Extraction of the $\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle p_{\rm
T}\rangle$ in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV for the
$0$–$10$% (left) and $60$–$90$% (right) centrality classes in the transverse
momentum interval $0.15<p_{\text{T}}<10~{}$${\rm GeV}/c$. The background,
obtained from event-mixing, is shown by the red line.

A low-$p_{\text{T}}$ cut-off on the $\text{J}/\psi$ candidates is applied due
to the observation of a $\text{J}/\psi$ excess for $p_{\text{T}}<0.3$ ${\rm
GeV}/c$ at forward rapidity in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=2.76$ TeV [46], which is found to originate from coherent photo-
production. Since this production mechanism is not normally included in hadro-
production models, the low-$p_{\text{T}}$ interval is excluded for enabling
comparisons with theoretical calculations. At midrapidity, mainly due to a
better momentum resolution, nearly all of the coherent yield is contained in
the range of reconstructed $p_{\text{T}}<0.15$ ${\rm GeV}/c$, as shown by the
ALICE measurements of $\text{J}/\psi$ photo-production in ultra-peripheral
collisions [47]. A small component of incoherently photo-produced
$\text{J}/\psi$ is still present in the range $p_{\text{T}}<1$ ${\rm GeV}/c$,
but for the centrality intervals considered in this work it is negligible.
Thus, in the following, unless otherwise specified, all the results refer to
$\text{J}/\psi$ with $p_{\text{T}}$ larger than $0.15$ ${\rm GeV}/c$.

The inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ nuclear modification factor is computed for a
given centrality class as

$R_{\text{AA}}=\frac{\text{d}^{2}N/\text{d}y\text{d}p_{\text{T}}}{\langle
T_{\text{AA}}\rangle\text{d}^{2}\sigma_{\text{pp}}/\text{d}y\text{d}p_{\text{T}}},$
(3)

where $\text{d}^{2}N/\text{d}y\text{d}p_{\text{T}}$ is the inclusive
$\text{J}/\psi$ yield defined in Equation 1, the $\langle
T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$ is the average nuclear overlap function corresponding to
the considered centrality class and $\text{d}^{2}\sigma_{\rm
pp}/\text{d}y\text{d}p_{\text{T}}$ is the inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ cross
section measured by ALICE in $\rm pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV [27].
The values used for the nuclear overlap function are shown in Table 1 and are
obtained from [40].

Table 1: Average number of participant nucleons $\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle$ and average nuclear overlap function $\langle T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$ for the centrality classes used in this analysis. The values are derived from [40]. Centrality ($\%$) | $\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle$ |  $\langle T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$ (mb-1)
---|---|---
$0$–$10$ | $357.3\pm 0.8$ | $23.26\pm 0.17$
$0$–$20$ | $309.7\pm 0.9$ | $18.83\pm 0.14$
$10$–$20$ | $262.0\pm 1.2$ | $14.40\pm 0.13$
$20$–$40$ | $159.4\pm 1.3$ | $6.97\pm 0.09$
$40$–$60$ | $70.7\pm 0.9$ | $2.05\pm 0.04$
$40$–$90$ | $39.0\pm 0.7$ | $1.00\pm 0.03$
$60$–$90$ | $17.9\pm 0.3$ | $0.31\pm 0.01$
$0$–$90$ | $125.9\pm 1.0$ | $6.28\pm 0.12$

##  4 Systematic uncertainties

The systematic uncertainties on the measured $\text{J}/\psi$ yields, $\langle
p_{\rm T}\rangle$, and $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ originate from
uncertainties on tracking, electron identification, signal extraction
procedure, the kinematics used in the MC simulation for estimating the
$A\times\epsilon$ corrections, and the $\text{J}/\psi$ decay branching ratio.
For the $R_{\text{AA}}$ and the $r_{\text{AA}}$, the uncertainties on the
$\text{J}/\psi$ cross section measurement in $\rm pp$ collisions [27] and
(only in the case of the $R_{\text{AA}}$) on the nuclear overlap function
$\langle T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$ [40] need to be considered in addition. A
summary of the uncertainties on the $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated and
$p_{\text{T}}$-differential yields is given in Table 2.

The systematic uncertainty on the tracking of the candidate electrons is
mainly due to uncertainties on the ITS-TPC track matching and on the track
reconstruction efficiency in both the ITS and the TPC. These uncertainties,
mainly due to differences in the reconstruction efficiency between data and
MC, are estimated by varying the main track selection criteria and repeating
the whole analysis chain. All variations which provide a corrected yield that
deviates from the yield obtained with the standard selection criteria by more
than one standard deviation are considered [48]. The tracking uncertainty is
then obtained as the root-mean-square of the distribution of all the valid
variations, while the distribution mean is used as the central value. For the
$\text{J}/\psi$ yields, this uncertainty ranges between $2$% and $7$% as a
function of centrality (integrated over $p_{\text{T}}$) and between $4$% and
$9$% as a function of transverse momentum. The tracking systematic uncertainty
on the $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ are
smaller than those for the corrected yields and detailed in Table 2.

Uncertainties on the electron identification are due to the TPC electron PID
response and the hadron rejection. A data-driven procedure is used to improve
the matching between data and simulation for the electron selection by
employing a pure sample of electrons from tagged photon conversions in the
detector material. The residual mismatches are estimated by varying all the
PID selection criteria following a similar procedure as for the tracking
systematic uncertainty. The extracted uncertainty on the $\text{J}/\psi$
yields ranges between $1$% and $6$%, depending on the centrality and
transverse momentum interval.

Table 2: Systematic uncertainties on the $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated and on $p_{\text{T}}$-differential $\text{J}/\psi$ yields for different centrality intervals. Only the ranges of uncertainty are quoted over the considered centrality intervals. The individual contributions and the total uncertainties are given as percent values. Source |  $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated |  $p_{\text{T}}$-differential | $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ | $r_{\text{AA}}$
---|---|---|---|---
Tracking | 2–7 | 4–9 | 2–4 | 3–6
PID | 3–6 | 1–6 | 1–2 | 2–4
Signal extraction | 2–7 | 5–7 | 1–2 | 2–3
MC input | 2 | 1–2 | n.a. | n.a.
$\langle T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$ | 2–5 | 2–5 | n.a. | n.a.
pp reference | 7 | 9–12 | 3 | 5

The uncertainty from the signal extraction procedure includes two components,
one due to the $\text{J}/\psi$ signal shape and one due to the residual
correlated dielectron background in the $\text{J}/\psi$ mass region. In order
to estimate the uncertainty on the signal shape, the corrected $\text{J}/\psi$
yields are estimated using variations of the standard signal counting mass
region, 2.92-3.16 ${\rm GeV}/c^{2}$. For this we used three additional values
of the lower mass limit, between 2.92 and 2.80 ${\rm GeV}/c^{2}$ and two
additional values for the upper mass limit, namely 3.12 and 3.20 ${\rm
GeV}/c^{2}$. The correlated dielectron background in the invariant mass range
used to extract the signal has generally a different shape compared to the
combinatorial background. So matching the ME background in the sidebands of
the same-event OS distribution may lead to a bias in the estimation of the raw
yields. This is taken as a systematic uncertainty and is estimated by varying
the mass ranges of the sidebands where the ME background is matched. By these
variations the width of the sidebands was modified between 400 and 800 ${\rm
MeV}/c^{2}$. The total uncertainty on the signal extraction ranges between
$2$% to $7$% as a function of centrality and between $5$% and $7$% as a
function of $p_{\text{T}}$.

The acceptance and efficiency correction is $p_{\text{T}}$ dependent which
makes correction factors averaged over large $p_{\text{T}}$ intervals
sensitive to the $\text{J}/\psi$ $p_{\text{T}}$ spectrum used in the
simulation. Since precise measurements of the $\text{J}/\psi$ transverse
momentum spectra at midrapidity down to $p_{\text{T}}=0$ ${\rm GeV}/c$ are not
available, the simulations used for corrections rely on the ALICE measurement
at forward rapidity ($2.5<y<4.0$) in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV [29]. The measured spectrum including the statistical and
systematic uncertainties is fitted using a power law function and the fit
parameters are varied randomly within their allowed uncertainties taking into
account their correlation matrix. The resulting uncertainty amounts to $2$%
for the $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated corrected yields and ranges between $1$% to
$2$% in the considered $p_{\text{T}}$ intervals.

Systematic uncertainties on the extraction of $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and
$\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ are obtained by repeating the fit procedure
with similar variations of tracking and PID selections as for the yield
estimation. Since for this measurement the $A\times\epsilon$ correction is
applied for each dielectron pair using a fine-binned distribution of the
correction factors, the systematic uncertainty due to the kinematics of the
$\text{J}/\psi$ used in the MC simulation is negligible. In addition, the
$\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ are also
extracted by directly fitting the corrected $\text{J}/\psi$ spectrum with a
power law function and are found to be compatible to the values obtained from
the fit with Equation 2.

Systematic uncertainties on the tracking, PID and MC kinematics are considered
to be partly correlated over both the centrality and the transverse momentum.
The systematic uncertainties on signal extraction are considered as
uncorrelated. The uncertainties on the nuclear overlap function are taken as
uncorrelated over centrality and fully correlated over $p_{\text{T}}$ within a
given centrality interval. The uncertainty on the $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated pp
reference is considered to be fully correlated over centrality, while the
uncertainties on the $p_{\text{T}}$-differential values are fully correlated
over centrality and highly correlated over $p_{\text{T}}$.

##  5 Results and discussions

The inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ $p_{\text{T}}$-differential yields evaluated
using Equation 1 are shown in the left panel of Figure 3 (left) for the
$0$–$20$%, $20$–$40$%, and $40$–$90$% centrality intervals. The vertical error
bars indicate statistical uncertainties while the systematic uncertainties,
independently of their degree of correlation, are shown as boxes around the
data points. The horizontal error bars show the evaluated $p_{\text{T}}$-range
with the data point placed in the center.

Figure 3: (Color online) Left panel: Transverse momentum dependence of the
$\text{J}/\psi$ production yields in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV at midrapidity in the centrality intervals $0$–$20$%,
$20$–$40$%, and $40$–$90$%. Right panel: Comparison of the $p_{\text{T}}$
distribution in the centrality interval $0$–$20$% with models [49, 25].

The experimental results are compared with different phenomenological models
of the charmonium production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, i.e. the
statistical hadronization model (SHM) by Andronic et al. [21], the comover
interaction model (CIM) by Ferreiro [50, 23] and two different microscopic
transport models, by Zhao et al. (TM1) [24] and by Zhou et al.(TM2) [25].

In the SHM, all heavy quarks are produced during the initial hard partonic
interactions followed by their thermalization in the QGP and the subsequent
formation of bound states at the phase boundary according to their thermal
weights. The $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated charmed-hadron yields depend only on
the total $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ cross section in heavy-ion collisions
and on the chemical freeze-out parameters, which are determined by fitting
measured light-flavored hadron yields. In addition to the high-density core
part in the QGP, a corona contribution is added for the case that the nuclear
density decreases below $10$% of its maximal value, where no QGP is assumed
and the number of $\text{J}/\psi$ is calculated from yields in $\rm pp$
collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon–nucleon collision. A recent
update of the SHM [49] uses a MUSIC (3+1)D [51] hydrodynamical simulation to
extract the transverse flow velocity and the radial velocity profile of the
freeze-out hyper-surface, such that the $\text{J}/\psi$ $p_{\text{T}}$ can be
extracted from a blast-wave parameterization which follows a Hubble-like
expansion [52].

The CIM [23] was developed specifically for the description of charmonium
suppression in heavy-ion collisions via its interactions with a comoving
medium, either hadronic or partonic. The hot medium effects are modeled using
a rate equation which contains a loss term for charmonium dissociation, and a
gain term for (re)generation. In this model, the charmonium dissociation rate
depends on the density of comovers, obtained from experimental measurements
and on the charmonium dissociation cross section which is an energy-
independent parameter of the model, fixed from fits to low energy data.
Charmonium dissociation is balanced by the (re)generation component which
depends on the primordial charm-quark cross section.

Both microscopic transport models considered here, TM1 [24] and TM2 [25],
solve the Boltzmann equation for charmonia ($\text{J}/\psi$, $\chi_{c}$ and
$\psi^{\prime}$) with dissociation and recombination terms. Each model
considers the fireball evolution using implementations of ideal hydrodynamics
which include both the deconfined and the hadronic phase separated by a first
order phase transition. The dissociation rate in both models depends on the
medium density and on a lattice-QCD-inspired charmonium binding energy (in
TM1) or squared radius of the bound state (in TM2), all of them being
functions of temperature. The (re)generation component is implemented using
different approaches. In the TM1 calculations, it is based on the assumption
that the charm quarks reach statistical equilibration after a relaxation time
of about a few fm/$c$, while in the TM2 calculations the charm quarks are
recombined using the same cross section as for the dissociation process and a
thermalized distribution of charm quarks.

The primordial $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ production cross section in Pb–Pb
collisions is a common input for all of the above mentioned models. There is
so far no measurement of the $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ cross section in
Pb–Pb or $\rm pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV at midrapidity,
which lead dominantly to the uncertainty of the models. The cross section in
Pb–Pb collisions is obtained from the total $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$
cross section in $\rm pp$ collisions
$\text{d}\sigma_{\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}}/\text{d}y$ scaled by the average
number of nucleon–nucleon collisions $\langle N_{\rm coll}\rangle$ in a given
centrality class of Pb–Pb collisions with additional CNM effects taken into
account. For the rapidity interval used in this work, $|y|<0.9$, the value of
$\text{d}\sigma_{\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}}/\text{d}y$ estimated for MB
Pb–Pb collisions is $0.53\pm 0.10$ mb for the SHM, $0.76\pm 0.13$ mb for TM1,
$0.78\pm 0.09$ mb for TM2 and $0.56\pm 0.11$ mb for CIM.

The right panel of Figure 3 shows a comparison of the inclusive
$\text{J}/\psi$ transverse momentum spectrum in the $20$% most central Pb–Pb
collisions to calculations from the SHM and TM2 models. The bands indicate
model uncertainties mainly due to the assumptions on the
$\text{d}\sigma_{\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}}/\text{d}y$. Good agreement
between data and the SHM predictions is observed in the low-$p_{\text{T}}$
region, while for $p_{\text{T}}\gtrsim 5$ ${\rm GeV}/c$ the calculations
underestimate the data. The TM2 calculations underestimate the measured yields
over the measured $p_{\text{T}}$ range.

Figure 4: (Color online) $\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ (left) and
$r_{\text{AA}}$ (right) at midrapidity as a function of the mean number of
participant nucleons $\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle$. The ALICE measurements at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV are compared with previous results in $\rm pp$
and Pb–Pb collisions at $2.76$ TeV [28], Pb–Pb collisions at $5.02$ at forward
rapidity [53], and with those at lower collision energies at SPS [54] and RHIC
[55, 56, 11]. The red box around unity at $N_{\rm part}\approx 400$ in the
right panel indicates the correlated uncertainty of the ALICE data points due
to the $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ in $\rm pp$ collisions.

Figure 5: (Color online) Inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$
(left) and $r_{\text{AA}}$ (right) in $\rm pp$ [27] and Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV at midrapidity as a function of the mean number
of participating nucleons. The ALICE results are compared with calculations
from the transport models [57, 58] and the SHM [49]. The colored bands
represent model uncertainties. As in Figure 4, the red box around unity at
$N_{\rm part}\approx 400$ in the right panel indicates the correlated
uncertainty of the ALICE data points due to the $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$
in $\rm pp$ collisions.

In order to facilitate the comparison of the $\text{J}/\psi$ $p_{\text{T}}$
spectra obtained in this work with other measurements or theory calculations,
the $\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $\langle p_{\rm
T}^{2}\rangle$ are extracted in several centrality intervals, using the method
described in Sec. 3. The left panel of Figure 4 shows the $\text{J}/\psi$
$\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ dependence on the mean number of participant
nucleons $\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle$. The $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ in
Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV shows a monotonic decrease
from the most peripheral collisions, where it is compatible to the measurement
in $\rm pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV, to the most central collisions,
which hints towards a strong contribution from (re)combination processes. This
trend is not clearly visible for the measurement at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$
TeV, which suffered from large statistical and systematic uncertainties.

The $r_{\text{AA}}$ ratio, defined as $\langle p_{\rm
T}^{2}\rangle_{\text{PbPb}}/\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle_{\mathrm{pp}}$, which
is shown in the right panel of Figure 4, is a measure of the broadness of the
$p_{\text{T}}$ spectra in heavy-ion collisions relative to $\rm pp$ collisions
at the same energy. A strong decrease of the $r_{\text{AA}}$ is observed in
Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV between peripheral, where it
is consistent with unity, and central collisions where $r_{\text{AA}}$ reaches
a value of $0.6$ at midrapidity and $0.75$ at forward rapidity [53]. When
comparing with measurements at lower energies from RHIC [55, 56, 11] and SPS
[54], a very different picture emerges. While the RHIC measurements for both
$\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $r_{\text{AA}}$ are compatible with a constant
trend as a function of $\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle$ [25], the SPS results
show a monotonic increase of both $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and
$r_{\text{AA}}$ as a function of collision centrality which, at this energy,
can be explained by a broadening of the $p_{\text{T}}$ distribution due to the
Cronin effect [59].

The results for the $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $r_{\text{AA}}$ in Pb–Pb
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV are compared with model
calculations in Figure 5. The statistical hadronization model agrees with the
data only for the most central collisions but underestimates the measurements
for more peripheral collisions. A good description of the centrality trend is
obtained with the transport model TM1 calculation, which includes a detailed
implementation of the fireball evolution, with the exception of most central
collisions where the model overestimates both the $\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle
p_{\rm T}\rangle$ and $r_{\text{AA}}$.

Figure 6: (Color online) Inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ nuclear modification factor
at midrapidity, integrated over $p_{\text{T}}$, as a function of $\langle
N_{\rm part}\rangle$ in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV
compared with results at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV [14] (left panel) and
with calculations from the CIM [23], SHM [49], TM1 [58] and TM2 [25] models
(right panel). The yields in the left panel are shown without the
low-$p_{\text{T}}$ cut-off in order to be able to compare with the lower
energy data which are obtained for $p_{\text{T}}>0$. The calculations are
shown as bands indicating the model uncertainties. Boxes around unity at
$N_{\rm part}\approx 400$ in both panels indicate the correlated uncertainty
of the data points due to the cross section in $\rm pp$ collisions.

The $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated nuclear modification factor for inclusive
$\text{J}/\psi$ in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV obtained
using Equation 3 is shown in the left panel of Figure 6 as a function of the
mean number of participants and compared with a measurement at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=2.76$ TeV [14]. The boxes shown around unity indicate the correlated
systematic uncertainties and include the uncertainties on the $\rm pp$
reference. Besides the most central collisions where there is a hint of an
increase of the $R_{\text{AA}}$ with collision energy, the results at the two
energies are compatible within uncertainties. A comparison of the experimental
results at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV with calculations based on the models
described before is shown in the right panel of Figure 6. The calculations are
shown as bands that indicate model uncertainties, dominated by the
uncertainties on the $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ cross section and on the
CNM effects. The SHM calculation shows a good agreement with the data over the
entire centrality range. CIM, TM1 and TM2 calculations underestimate the
experimental results towards the data points corresponding to the most central
collisions despite the fact that the total $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ cross
section assumed in TM1 and TM2 is significantly larger compared to the SHM and
the CIM. The large model uncertainties do not allow a conclusion to be made on
the phenomenology of charmonium production in nuclear collisions. This
emphasizes the importance of a precise measurement of the total
$\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ cross section, but also the need of using
consistent model inputs, including the total $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$
cross section, the $\rm pp$ reference $\text{J}/\psi$ cross section and CNM
effects.

The inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ nuclear modification factor in Pb–Pb collisions
as a function of $p_{\text{T}}$ is shown in the left panel of Figure 7 for the
centrality intervals $0$–$20$%, $20$–$40$% and $40$–$90$%. The systematic
uncertainties shown as boxes around the data points include the systematic
uncertainties from the Pb–Pb analysis while the uncertainties from the $\rm
pp$ reference, correlated over centrality, are shown as the gray band around
unity. The colored boxes at high $p_{\text{T}}$ around unity indicate the
correlated uncertainties due to the $\langle T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$ values used
for the $R_{\text{AA}}$ calculation. These results are compatible with binary
scaling for $p_{\text{T}}<3$ ${\rm GeV}/c$, with the exception of the data
point around $2$ ${\rm GeV}/c$ which shows a downward statistical fluctuation
for $40$–$90$% centrality, while the $\text{J}/\psi$ production is suppressed
at higher $p_{\text{T}}$. With the current uncertainties it is difficult to
extract a centrality trend except for the highest $p_{\text{T}}$ interval,
$5$–$10$ ${\rm GeV}/c$, where a stronger suppression is observed in the most
central collisions relative to the more peripheral centrality intervals at a
significance level of about 3$\sigma$. The results for the $20$% most central
collisions are compared with model calculations and shown in the right panel
of Figure 7. Both the SHM and TM1 models describe qualitatively the data. In
these models, the increasing $R_{\text{AA}}$ towards low $p_{\text{T}}$ is a
consequence of the dominant contribution of (re)generated $\text{J}/\psi$. At
high $p_{\text{T}}$, the contribution from recombination decreases, and the
$\text{J}/\psi$ production is suppressed due to color charges in the medium.
The main $\text{J}/\psi$ sources at high $p_{\text{T}}$ are primordial
production and feed-down from beauty decays. The SHM, where the
$\text{J}/\psi$ at high $p_{\text{T}}$ are produced only in the corona,
overestimates the degree of $\text{J}/\psi$ suppression.

Figure 7: (Color online) Inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ $R_{\text{AA}}$ at
midrapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV as a function
of $p_{\text{T}}$ for different centrality intervals (left) and compared with
model calculations [49, 58] for the centrality interval $0$–$20$% (right).

Since the charm quark density, i.e. the $\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ cross
section, is expected to decrease towards larger rapidity, the comparison to
the forward-rapidity measurements is a valuable source of information. In the
left panel of Figure 8, the $p_{\text{T}}$ dependence of the $\text{J}/\psi$
$R_{\text{AA}}$ in the $20$% most central Pb–Pb collisions at midrapidity is
compared with the ALICE results measured at forward rapidity ($2.5<y<4$) [29].
The boxes around the data points represent systematic uncertainties, while the
boxes drawn around $R_{\text{AA}}=1$ show global uncertainties on the pp
reference due to uncertainties on the beam luminosity and $\langle
T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$. In the low-$p_{\text{T}}$ range ($p_{\text{T}}<5$ ${\rm
GeV}/c$) these data indicate larger $R_{\text{AA}}$ values at midrapidity
compared to those at forward rapidity, with a combined statistical
significance of nearly 4$\sigma$, compatible with expectations from a
(re)generation scenario due to the larger primordial
$\text{c}\overline{\text{c}}$ density at midrapidity. The rapidity dependence
of the inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ suppression, integrated over $p_{\text{T}}$,
is shown in the right panel of Figure 8 for the $0$–$90$% centrality interval.
The value of the $R_{\text{AA}}$ at midrapidity is $0.97\pm
0.05(\text{stat.})\pm 0.1(\text{syst.})$, and a monothonic decrease is
observed towards forward rapidity [29, 53].

Figure 8: (Color online) Left: Inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ $R_{\text{AA}}$ in
the $20$% most central Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV as a
function of $p_{\text{T}}$, at midrapidity and at forward rapidity [29, 53].
Right: Rapidity dependence of the inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ $R_{\text{AA}}$ in
the centrality interval $0$–$90$%. The error bars represent statistical
uncertainties, while the boxes around the data points represent systematic
uncertainties. The boxes around unity represent global uncertainties on the
$\rm pp$ reference due to normalization and $\langle T_{\text{AA}}\rangle$. In
the right panel, the correlated uncertainty of the point at midrapidity is
included in the box around the data point.

##  6 Conclusions

The measurements of the inclusive $\text{J}/\psi$ yields and nuclear
modification factors at midrapidity ($|y|<0.9$) were performed in the
dielectron decay channel in Pb–Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV using an integrated luminosity of
$L_{\text{int}}\approx 10~{}\mu\text{b}^{-1}$ collected by the ALICE
Collaboration. The results were presented as a function of transverse momentum
in different collision centrality classes.

The $\text{J}/\psi$ transverse momentum dependent yields in central Pb–Pb
collisions are well reproduced in the low $p_{\text{T}}$ range by an updated
SHM calculation [49] and underestimated for large $p_{\text{T}}$. The TM2 [25]
transport calculations underestimate the $\text{J}/\psi$ yields over the
entire measured $p_{\text{T}}$ range. The $\text{J}/\psi$ $\langle p_{\rm
T}\rangle$ and $\langle p_{\rm T}^{2}\rangle$ show a decrease from peripheral
collisions, where they are similar to the values observed in pp collisions,
towards most central collisions. This centrality-dependent behavior is
qualitatively different compared to the observations at lower energies from
RHIC and SPS and can be explained through the interplay between the
(re)generation process, dominant at low $p_{\text{T}}$ for central events at
the LHC, color screening, and CNM effects like gluon shadowing. A good
description of the observed trends is provided by the TM1 calculations, while
the SHM calculations agree with the data for central collisions only.

The $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated nuclear modification factor as a function of the
number of participant nucleons shows a moderate level of suppression in the
range $50<\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle<300$, and indicates an increase towards
central collisions. In the most peripheral collisions, our results are
compatible with binary scaling of the $\text{J}/\psi$ production. The nuclear
modification factor as a function of the transverse momentum shows a strong
suppression, centrality dependent, for $p_{\text{T}}>3~{}{\rm GeV}/c$ but is
compatible with unity or with a small enhancement at small $p_{\text{T}}$,
suggestive of the large contribution from the (re)generation process.
Furthermore, from these measurements we observe significantly larger values
for $R_{\text{AA}}$ compared to the results at forward rapidity [29] for both
the $p_{\text{T}}$-integrated values in the $0$–$90$% centrality interval and
for the $p_{\text{T}}$-differential $R_{\text{AA}}$ in the low $p_{\text{T}}$
region ($p_{\text{T}}<5$ ${\rm GeV}/c$) in the centrality interval $0$–$20$%.

Consequently, these results strenghten the hypothesis that charmonium at low
$p_{\text{T}}$ is produced predominantly via (re)generation in the late stages
of the collision at the LHC. However, due to the remaining experimental and
theoretical uncertainties, the exact phenomenology leading to these
observations cannot be determined yet.

## Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Région des Pays de la Loire, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

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##  Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

S. Acharyaorg141&D. Adamováorg94&A. Adlerorg74&J. Adolfssonorg80&M.M.
Aggarwalorg99&G. Aglieri Rinellaorg33&M. Agnelloorg30&N. Agrawalorg10,org53&Z.
Ahammedorg141&S. Ahmadorg16&S.U. Ahnorg76&A. Akindinovorg91&M. Al-
Turanyorg106&S.N. Alamorg141&D.S.D. Albuquerqueorg122&D. Aleksandrovorg87&B.
Alessandroorg58&H.M. Alfandaorg6&R. Alfaro Molinaorg71&B. Aliorg16&Y.
Aliorg14&A. Aliciorg10,org26,org53&A. Alkinorg2&J. Almeorg21&T. Altorg68&L.
Altenkamperorg21&I. Altsybeevorg112&M.N. Anaamorg6&C. Andreiorg47&D.
Andreouorg33&H.A. Andrewsorg110&A. Andronicorg144&M. Angelettiorg33&V.
Anguelovorg103&C. Ansonorg15&T. Antičićorg107&F. Antinoriorg56&P.
Antonioliorg53&R. Anwarorg125&N. Apadulaorg79&L. Aphecetcheorg114&H.
Appelshäuserorg68&S. Arcelliorg26&R. Arnaldiorg58&M. Arratiaorg79&I.C.
Arseneorg20&M. Arslandokorg103&A. Augustinusorg33&R. Averbeckorg106&S.
Azizorg61&M.D. Azmiorg16&A. Badalàorg55&Y.W. Baekorg40&S. Bagnascoorg58&X.
Baiorg106&R. Bailhacheorg68&R. Balaorg100&A. Baldisseriorg137&M. Ballorg42&S.
Balouzaorg104&R. Barberaorg27&L. Barioglioorg25&G.G. Barnaföldiorg145&L.S.
Barnbyorg93&V. Barretorg134&P. Bartaliniorg6&K. Barthorg33&E. Bartschorg68&F.
Baruffaldiorg28&N. Bastidorg134&S. Basuorg143&G. Batigneorg114&B.
Batyunyaorg75&D. Bauriorg48&J.L. Bazo Albaorg111&I.G. Beardenorg88&C.
Beddaorg63&N.K. Beheraorg60&I. Belikovorg136&A.D.C. Bell Hechavarriaorg144&F.
Belliniorg33&R. Bellwiedorg125&V. Belyaevorg92&G. Bencediorg145&S.
Beoleorg25&A. Bercuciorg47&Y. Berdnikovorg97&D. Berenyiorg145&R.A.
Bertensorg130&D. Berzanoorg58&M.G. Besoiuorg67&L. Betevorg33&A.
Bhasinorg100&I.R. Bhatorg100&M.A. Bhatorg3&H. Bhattorg48&B.
Bhattacharjeeorg41&A. Bianchiorg25&L. Bianchiorg25&N. Bianchiorg51&J.
Bielčíkorg36&J. Bielčíkováorg94&A. Bilandzicorg104,org117&G. Biroorg145&R.
Biswasorg3&S. Biswasorg3&J.T. Blairorg119&D. Blauorg87&C. Blumeorg68&G.
Bocaorg139&F. Bockorg33,org95&A. Bogdanovorg92&S. Boiorg23&L.
Boldizsárorg145&A. Bolozdynyaorg92&M. Bombaraorg37&G. Bonomiorg140&H.
Borelorg137&A. Borissovorg92,org144&H. Bossiorg146&E. Bottaorg25&L.
Bratrudorg68&P. Braun-Munzingerorg106&M. Bregantorg121&M. Brozorg36&E.J.
Bruckenorg43&E. Brunaorg58&G.E. Brunoorg105&M.D. Bucklandorg127&D.
Budnikovorg108&H. Bueschingorg68&S. Bufalinoorg30&O. Bugnonorg114&P.
Buhlerorg113&P. Buncicorg33&Z. Butheleziorg72,org131&J.B. Buttorg14&J.T.
Buxtonorg96&S.A. Bysiakorg118&D. Caffarriorg89&A. Calivaorg106&E. Calvo
Villarorg111&R.S. Camachoorg44&P. Cameriniorg24&A.A. Caponorg113&F.
Carnesecchiorg10,org26&R. Caronorg137&J. Castillo Castellanosorg137&A.J.
Castroorg130&E.A.R. Casulaorg54&F. Catalanoorg30&C. Ceballos Sanchezorg52&P.
Chakrabortyorg48&S. Chandraorg141&W. Changorg6&S. Chapelandorg33&M.
Chartierorg127&S. Chattopadhyayorg141&S. Chattopadhyayorg109&A.
Chauvinorg23&C. Cheshkovorg135&B. Cheynisorg135&V. Chibante Barrosoorg33&D.D.
Chinellatoorg122&S. Choorg60&P. Chochulaorg33&T. Chowdhuryorg134&P.
Christakoglouorg89&C.H. Christensenorg88&P. Christiansenorg80&T.
Chujoorg133&C. Cicaloorg54&L. Cifarelliorg10,org26&F. Cindoloorg53&J.
Cleymansorg124&F. Colamariaorg52&D. Colellaorg52&A. Colluorg79&M.
Colocciorg26&M. Concasorg58orgI&G. Conesa Balbastreorg78&Z. Conesa del
Valleorg61&G. Continorg24,org127&J.G. Contrerasorg36&T.M. Cormierorg95&Y.
Corrales Moralesorg25&P. Corteseorg31&M.R. Cosentinoorg123&F. Costaorg33&S.
Costanzaorg139&P. Crochetorg134&E. Cuautleorg69&P. Cuiorg6&L.
Cunqueiroorg95&D. Dabrowskiorg142&T. Dahmsorg104,org117&A. Daineseorg56&F.P.A.
Damasorg114,org137&M.C. Danischorg103&A. Danuorg67&D. Dasorg109&I.
Dasorg109&P. Dasorg85&P. Dasorg3&S. Dasorg3&A. Dashorg85&S. Dashorg48&S.
Deorg85&A. De Caroorg29&G. de Cataldoorg52&J. de Cuvelandorg38&A. De
Falcoorg23&D. De Gruttolaorg10&N. De Marcoorg58&S. De Pasqualeorg29&S.
Deborg49&B. Debjaniorg3&H.F. Degenhardtorg121&K.R. Dejaorg142&A.
Delofforg84&S. Delsantoorg25,org131&D. Devetakorg106&P. Dhankherorg48&D. Di
Bariorg32&A. Di Mauroorg33&R.A. Diazorg8&T. Dietelorg124&P.
Dillensegerorg68&Y. Dingorg6&R. Diviàorg33&D.U. Dixitorg19&Ø.
Djuvslandorg21&U. Dmitrievaorg62&A. Dobrinorg33,org67&B. Dönigusorg68&O.
Dordicorg20&A.K. Dubeyorg141&A. Dublaorg106&S. Dudiorg99&M. Dukhishyamorg85&P.
Dupieuxorg134&R.J. Ehlersorg146&V.N. Eikelandorg21&D. Eliaorg52&H.
Engelorg74&E. Eppleorg146&B. Erazmusorg114&F. Erhardtorg98&A.
Erokhinorg112&M.R. Ersdalorg21&B. Espagnonorg61&G. Eulisseorg33&D.
Evansorg110&S. Evdokimovorg90&L. Fabbiettiorg104,org117&M. Fagginorg28&J.
Faivreorg78&F. Fanorg6&A. Fantoniorg51&M. Faselorg95&P. Fecchioorg30&A.
Felicielloorg58&G. Feofilovorg112&A. Fernández Téllezorg44&A. Ferreroorg137&A.
Ferrettiorg25&A. Festantiorg33&V.J.G. Feuillardorg103&J. Figielorg118&S.
Filchaginorg108&D. Finogeevorg62&F.M. Fiondaorg21&G. Fiorenzaorg52&F.
Flororg125&S. Foertschorg72&P. Fokaorg106&S. Fokinorg87&E. Fragiacomoorg59&U.
Frankenfeldorg106&U. Fuchsorg33&C. Furgetorg78&A. Fursorg62&M. Fusco
Girardorg29&J.J. Gaardhøjeorg88&M. Gagliardiorg25&A.M. Gagoorg111&A.
Galorg136&C.D. Galvanorg120&P. Ganotiorg83&C. Garabatosorg106&E. Garcia-
Solisorg11&K. Gargorg27&C. Gargiuloorg33&A. Garibliorg86&K. Garnerorg144&P.
Gasikorg104,org117&E.F. Gaugerorg119&M.B. Gay Ducatiorg70&M. Germainorg114&J.
Ghoshorg109&P. Ghoshorg141&S.K. Ghoshorg3&P. Gianottiorg51&P.
Giubellinoorg58,org106&P. Giubilatoorg28&P. Glässelorg103&D.M. Goméz
Coralorg71&A. Gomez Ramirezorg74&V. Gonzalezorg106&P. González-Zamoraorg44&S.
Gorbunovorg38&L. Görlichorg118&S. Gotovacorg34&V. Grabskiorg71&L.K.
Graczykowskiorg142&K.L. Grahamorg110&L. Greinerorg79&A. Grelliorg63&C.
Grigorasorg33&V. Grigorievorg92&A. Grigoryanorg1&S. Grigoryanorg75&O.S.
Groettvikorg21&F. Grosaorg30&J.F. Grosse-Oetringhausorg33&R. Grossoorg106&R.
Guernaneorg78&M. Guittiereorg114&K. Gulbrandsenorg88&T. Gunjiorg132&A.
Guptaorg100&R. Guptaorg100&I.B. Guzmanorg44&R. Haakeorg146&M.K. Habiborg106&C.
Hadjidakisorg61&H. Hamagakiorg81&G. Hamarorg145&M. Hamidorg6&R.
Hanniganorg119&M.R. Haqueorg63,org85&A. Harlenderovaorg106&J.W.
Harrisorg146&A. Hartonorg11&J.A. Hasenbichlerorg33&H. Hassanorg95&D.
Hatzifotiadouorg10,org53&P. Hauerorg42&S. Hayashiorg132&S.T.
Heckelorg68,org104&E. Hellbärorg68&H. Helstruporg35&A. Herghelegiuorg47&T.
Hermanorg36&E.G. Hernandezorg44&G. Herrera Corralorg9&F. Herrmannorg144&K.F.
Hetlandorg35&T.E. Hildenorg43&H. Hillemannsorg33&C. Hillsorg127&B.
Hippolyteorg136&B. Hohlwegerorg104&D. Horakorg36&A. Hornungorg68&S.
Hornungorg106&R. Hosokawaorg15,org133&P. Hristovorg33&C. Huangorg61&C.
Hughesorg130&P. Huhnorg68&T.J. Humanicorg96&H. Hushnudorg109&L.A.
Husovaorg144&N. Hussainorg41&S.A. Hussainorg14&D. Hutterorg38&J.P.
Iddonorg33,org127&R. Ilkaevorg108&M. Inabaorg133&G.M. Innocentiorg33&M.
Ippolitovorg87&A. Isakovorg94&M.S. Islamorg109&M. Ivanovorg106&V.
Ivanovorg97&V. Izucheevorg90&B. Jacakorg79&N. Jacazioorg53&P.M. Jacobsorg79&S.
Jadlovskaorg116&J. Jadlovskyorg116&S. Jaelaniorg63&C. Jahnkeorg121&M.J.
Jakubowskaorg142&M.A. Janikorg142&T. Jansonorg74&M. Jercicorg98&O.
Jevonsorg110&R.T. Jimenez Bustamanteorg106&M. Jinorg125&F.
Jonasorg95,org144&P.G. Jonesorg110&J. Jungorg68&M. Jungorg68&A. Juskoorg110&P.
Kalinakorg64&A. Kalweitorg33&V. Kaplinorg92&S. Karorg6&A. Karasu Uysalorg77&O.
Karavichevorg62&T. Karavichevaorg62&P. Karczmarczykorg33&E. Karpechevorg62&A.
Kazantsevorg87&U. Kebschullorg74&R. Keidelorg46&M. Keilorg33&B. Ketzerorg42&Z.
Khabanovaorg89&A.M. Khanorg6&S. Khanorg16&S.A. Khanorg141&A.
Khanzadeevorg97&Y. Kharlovorg90&A. Khatunorg16&A. Khuntiaorg118&B.
Kilengorg35&B. Kimorg60&B. Kimorg133&D. Kimorg147&D.J. Kimorg126&E.J.
Kimorg73&H. Kimorg17,org147&J. Kimorg147&J.S. Kimorg40&J. Kimorg103&J.
Kimorg147&J. Kimorg73&M. Kimorg103&S. Kimorg18&T. Kimorg147&T. Kimorg147&S.
Kirschorg38,org68&I. Kiselorg38&S. Kiselevorg91&A. Kisielorg142&J.L.
Klayorg5&C. Kleinorg68&J. Kleinorg58&S. Kleinorg79&C. Klein-Bösingorg144&M.
Kleinerorg68&A. Klugeorg33&M.L. Knichelorg33&A.G. Knospeorg125&C.
Kobdajorg115&M.K. Köhlerorg103&T. Kolleggerorg106&A. Kondratyevorg75&N.
Kondratyevaorg92&E. Kondratyukorg90&J. Konigorg68&P.J. Konopkaorg33&L.
Koskaorg116&O. Kovalenkoorg84&V. Kovalenkoorg112&M. Kowalskiorg118&I.
Králikorg64&A. Kravčákováorg37&L. Kreisorg106&M. Krivdaorg64,org110&F.
Krizekorg94&K. Krizkova Gajdosovaorg36&M. Krügerorg68&E. Kryshenorg97&M.
Krzewickiorg38&A.M. Kuberaorg96&V. Kučeraorg60&C. Kuhnorg136&P.G.
Kuijerorg89&L. Kumarorg99&S. Kumarorg48&S. Kunduorg85&P. Kurashviliorg84&A.
Kurepinorg62&A.B. Kurepinorg62&A. Kuryakinorg108&S. Kushpilorg94&J.
Kvapilorg110&M.J. Kweonorg60&J.Y. Kwonorg60&Y. Kwonorg147&S.L. La
Pointeorg38&P. La Roccaorg27&Y.S. Laiorg79&R. Langoyorg129&K. Lapidusorg33&A.
Lardeuxorg20&P. Larionovorg51&E. Laudiorg33&R. Lavickaorg36&T.
Lazarevaorg112&R. Leaorg24&L. Leardiniorg103&J. Leeorg133&S. Leeorg147&F.
Lehasorg89&S. Lehnerorg113&J. Lehrbachorg38&R.C. Lemmonorg93&I. León
Monzónorg120&E.D. Lesserorg19&M. Lettrichorg33&P. Lévaiorg145&X. Liorg12&X.L.
Liorg6&J. Lienorg129&R. Lietavaorg110&B. Limorg17&V. Lindenstruthorg38&S.W.
Lindsayorg127&C. Lippmannorg106&M.A. Lisaorg96&V. Litichevskyiorg43&A.
Liuorg19&S. Liuorg96&W.J. Llopeorg143&I.M. Lofnesorg21&V. Loginovorg92&C.
Loizidesorg95&P. Loncarorg34&X. Lopezorg134&E. López Torresorg8&J.R.
Luhderorg144&M. Lunardonorg28&G. Luparelloorg59&Y. Maorg39&A.
Maevskayaorg62&M. Magerorg33&S.M. Mahmoodorg20&T. Mahmoudorg42&A.
Maireorg136&R.D. Majkaorg146&M. Malaevorg97&Q.W. Malikorg20&L.
Malininaorg75orgII&D. Mal’Kevichorg91&P. Malzacherorg106&G. Mandaglioorg55&V.
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Marešorg66&G.V. Margagliottiorg24&A. Margottiorg53&J. Marguttiorg63&A.
Marínorg106&C. Markertorg119&M. Marquardorg68&N.A. Martinorg103&P.
Martinengoorg33&J.L. Martinezorg125&M.I. Martínezorg44&G. Martínez
Garcíaorg114&M. Martinez Pedreiraorg33&S. Masciocchiorg106&M. Maseraorg25&A.
Masoniorg54&L. Massacrierorg61&E. Massonorg114&A. Mastroserioorg52,org138&A.M.
Mathisorg104,org117&O. Matonohaorg80&P.F.T. Matuokaorg121&A. Matyjaorg118&C.
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Meddiorg22&Y. Melikyanorg62,org92&A. Menchaca-Rochaorg71&C. Mengkeorg6&E.
Meninnoorg29,org113&M. Meresorg13&S. Mhlangaorg124&Y. Miakeorg133&L.
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Mohammadiorg33&A.P. Mohantyorg63&B. Mohantyorg85&M. Mohisin Khanorg16orgIII&C.
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Mudnicorg34&D. Mühlheimorg144&S. Muhuriorg141&J.D. Mulliganorg79&M.G.
Munhozorg121&R.H. Munzerorg68&H. Murakamiorg132&S. Murrayorg124&L.
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Nayakorg85&S. Nazarenkoorg108&A. Neaguorg20&R.A. Negrao De Oliveiraorg68&L.
Nellenorg69&S.V. Nesboorg35&G. Neskovicorg38&D. Nesterovorg112&L.T.
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Nikulinorg97&F. Noferiniorg10,org53&P. Nomokonovorg75&J. Normanorg78,org127&N.
Novitzkyorg133&P. Nowakowskiorg142&A. Nyaninorg87&J. Nystrandorg21&M.
Oginoorg81&A. Ohlsonorg80,org103&J. Oleniaczorg142&A.C. Oliveira Da
Silvaorg121,org130&M.H. Oliverorg146&C. Oppedisanoorg58&R. Oravaorg43&A. Ortiz
Velasquezorg69&A. Oskarssonorg80&J. Otwinowskiorg118&K. Oyamaorg81&Y.
Pachmayerorg103&V. Pacikorg88&D. Paganoorg140&G. Paićorg69&J. Panorg143&A.K.
Pandeyorg48&S. Panebiancoorg137&P. Pareekorg49,org141&J. Parkorg60&J.E.
Parkkilaorg126&S. Parmarorg99&S.P. Pathakorg125&R.N. Patraorg141&B.
Paulorg23,org58&H. Peiorg6&T. Peitzmannorg63&X. Pengorg6&L.G. Pereiraorg70&H.
Pereira Da Costaorg137&D. Peresunkoorg87&G.M. Perezorg8&E. Perez
Lezamaorg68&V. Peskovorg68&Y. Pestovorg4&V. Petráčekorg36&M.
Petroviciorg47&R.P. Pezziorg70&S. Pianoorg59&M. Piknaorg13&P. Pillotorg114&O.
Pinazzaorg33,org53&L. Pinskyorg125&C. Pintoorg27&S. Pisanoorg10,org51&D.
Pistoneorg55&M. Płoskońorg79&M. Planinicorg98&F. Pliquettorg68&J.
Plutaorg142&S. Pochybovaorg145org*&M.G. Poghosyanorg95&B. Polichtchoukorg90&N.
Poljakorg98&A. Poporg47&H. Poppenborgorg144&S. Porteboeuf-Houssaisorg134&V.
Pozdniakovorg75&S.K. Prasadorg3&R. Preghenellaorg53&F. Prinoorg58&C.A.
Pruneauorg143&I. Pshenichnovorg62&M. Puccioorg25,org33&J. Putschkeorg143&R.E.
Quishpeorg125&S. Ragoniorg110&S. Rahaorg3&S. Rajputorg100&J. Rakorg126&A.
Rakotozafindrabeorg137&L. Ramelloorg31&F. Ramiorg136&R. Raniwalaorg101&S.
Raniwalaorg101&S.S. Räsänenorg43&R. Rathorg49&V. Ratzaorg42&I.
Ravasengaorg30,org89&K.F. Readorg95,org130&K. Redlichorg84orgIV&A.
Rehmanorg21&P. Reicheltorg68&F. Reidtorg33&X. Renorg6&R. Renfordtorg68&Z.
Rescakovaorg37&J.-P. Revolorg10&K. Reygersorg103&V. Riabovorg97&T.
Richertorg80,org88&M. Richterorg20&P. Riedlerorg33&W. Rieglerorg33&F.
Riggiorg27&C. Risteaorg67&S.P. Rodeorg49&M. Rodríguez Cahuantziorg44&K.
Røedorg20&R. Rogalevorg90&E. Rogochayaorg75&D. Rohrorg33&D. Röhrichorg21&P.S.
Rokitaorg142&F. Ronchettiorg51&E.D. Rosasorg69&K. Roslonorg142&A.
Rossiorg28,org56&A. Rotondiorg139&A. Royorg49&P. Royorg109&O.V. Ruedaorg80&R.
Ruiorg24&B. Rumyantsevorg75&A. Rustamovorg86&E. Ryabinkinorg87&Y.
Ryabovorg97&A. Rybickiorg118&H. Rytkonenorg126&O.A.M. Saarimakiorg43&S.
Sadhuorg141&S. Sadovskyorg90&K. Šafaříkorg36&S.K. Sahaorg141&B. Sahooorg48&P.
Sahooorg48,org49&R. Sahooorg49&S. Sahooorg65&P.K. Sahuorg65&J. Sainiorg141&S.
Sakaiorg133&S. Sambyalorg100&V. Samsonovorg92,org97&D. Sarkarorg143&N.
Sarkarorg141&P. Sarmaorg41&V.M. Sartiorg104&M.H.P. Sasorg63&E.
Scapparoneorg53&B. Schaeferorg95&J. Schambachorg119&H.S. Scheidorg68&C.
Schiauaorg47&R. Schickerorg103&A. Schmahorg103&C. Schmidtorg106&H.R.
Schmidtorg102&M.O. Schmidtorg103&M. Schmidtorg102&N.V. Schmidtorg68,org95&A.R.
Schmierorg130&J. Schukraftorg88&Y. Schutzorg33,org136&K. Schwarzorg106&K.
Schwedaorg106&G. Scioliorg26&E. Scomparinorg58&M. Šefčíkorg37&J.E.
Segerorg15&Y. Sekiguchiorg132&D. Sekihataorg132&I. Selyuzhenkovorg92,org106&S.
Senyukovorg136&D. Serebryakovorg62&E. Serradillaorg71&A. Sevcencoorg67&A.
Shabanovorg62&A. Shabetaiorg114&R. Shahoyanorg33&W. Shaikhorg109&A.
Shangaraevorg90&A. Sharmaorg99&A. Sharmaorg100&H. Sharmaorg118&M.
Sharmaorg100&N. Sharmaorg99&A.I. Sheikhorg141&K. Shigakiorg45&M.
Shimomuraorg82&S. Shirinkinorg91&Q. Shouorg39&Y. Sibiriakorg87&S.
Siddhantaorg54&T. Siemiarczukorg84&D. Silvermyrorg80&G. Simatovicorg89&G.
Simonettiorg33,org104&R. Singhorg85&R. Singhorg100&R. Singhorg49&V.K.
Singhorg141&V. Singhalorg141&T. Sinhaorg109&B. Sitarorg13&M. Sittaorg31&T.B.
Skaaliorg20&M. Slupeckiorg126&N. Smirnovorg146&R.J.M. Snellingsorg63&T.W.
Snellmanorg43,org126&C. Sonccoorg111&J. Songorg60,org125&A.
Songmoolnakorg115&F. Soramelorg28&S. Sorensenorg130&I. Sputowskaorg118&J.
Stachelorg103&I. Stanorg67&P. Stankusorg95&P.J. Steffanicorg130&E.
Stenlundorg80&D. Stoccoorg114&M.M. Storetvedtorg35&L.D. Strittoorg29&A.A.P.
Suaideorg121&T. Sugitateorg45&C. Suireorg61&M. Suleymanovorg14&M.
Suljicorg33&R. Sultanovorg91&M. Šumberaorg94&S. Sumowidagdoorg50&S.
Swainorg65&A. Szaboorg13&I. Szarkaorg13&U. Tabassamorg14&G.
Taillepiedorg134&J. Takahashiorg122&G.J. Tambaveorg21&S. Tangorg6,org134&M.
Tarhiniorg114&M.G. Tarzilaorg47&A. Tauroorg33&G. Tejeda Muñozorg44&A.
Telescaorg33&C. Terrevoliorg125&D. Thakurorg49&S. Thakurorg141&D.
Thomasorg119&F. Thoresenorg88&R. Tieulentorg135&A. Tikhonovorg62&A.R.
Timminsorg125&A. Toiaorg68&N. Topilskayaorg62&M. Toppiorg51&F. Torales-
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Tripathyorg48&S. Trogoloorg28&G. Trombettaorg32&L. Tropporg37&V.
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Tsujiorg132&A. Tumkinorg108&R. Turrisiorg56&T.S. Tveterorg20&K.
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Utrobicicorg98&M. Valaorg37&N. Valleorg139&S. Valleroorg58&N. van der
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Vargaorg145&Z. Vargaorg145&M. Varga-Kofaragoorg145&A. Vargasorg44&M.
Vasileiouorg83&A. Vasilievorg87&O. Vázquez Doceorg104,org117&V.
Vecherninorg112&A.M. Veenorg63&E. Vercellinorg25&S. Vergara Limónorg44&L.
Vermuntorg63&R. Vernetorg7&R. Vértesiorg145&L. Vickovicorg34&Z.
Vilakaziorg131&O. Villalobos Baillieorg110&A. Villatoro Telloorg44&G.
Vinoorg52&A. Vinogradovorg87&T. Virgiliorg29&V. Vislaviciusorg88&A.
Vodopyanovorg75&B. Volkelorg33&M.A. Völklorg102&K. Voloshinorg91&S.A.
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Zaviyalovorg108&H. Zbroszczykorg142&M. Zhalovorg97&S. Zhangorg39&X.
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Zhouorg21&J. Zhuorg6,org106&Y. Zhuorg6&A. Zichichiorg10,org26&M.B.
Zimmermannorg33&G. Zinovjevorg2&N. Zurloorg140&

## Affiliation notes

org*Deceased

orgIDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

orgIIM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of
Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

orgIIIDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

orgIVInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland

## Collaboration Institutes

org1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute)
Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

org2Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

org3Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics
and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

org4Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

org5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California,
United States

org6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

org7Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org8Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana,
Cuba

org9Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City
and Mérida, Mexico

org10Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche
“Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

org11Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

org12China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

org13Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and
Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia

org14COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

org15Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

org16Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

org17Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of
Korea

org18Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

org19Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California,
United States

org20Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

org21Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway

org22Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN,
Rome, Italy

org23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

org24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

org25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org26Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Bologna, Italy

org27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Catania, Italy

org28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Padova, Italy

org29Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo
Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

org30Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org31Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del
Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

org32Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari,
Italy

org33European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

org34Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia

org35Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied
Sciences, Bergen, Norway

org36Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

org37Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

org38Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

org39Fudan University, Shanghai, China

org40Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea

org41Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

org42Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-
Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

org43Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

org44High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

org45Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

org46Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation
(ZTT), Worms, Germany

org47Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering,
Bucharest, Romania

org48Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

org49Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

org50Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

org51INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

org52INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

org53INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

org54INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

org55INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

org56INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

org57INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy

org58INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy

org59INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

org60Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

org61Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Institut National de
Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS), Université de
Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

org62Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

org63Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht,
Netherlands

org64Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice,
Slovakia

org65Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India

org66Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
Republic

org67Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

org68Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,
Frankfurt, Germany

org69Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mexico City, Mexico

org70Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),
Porto Alegre, Brazil

org71Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
City, Mexico

org72iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

org73Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

org74Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik,
Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany

org75Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

org76Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic
of Korea

org77KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

org78Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

org79Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United
States

org80Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics,
Lund, Sweden

org81Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

org82Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan

org83National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science,
Department of Physics , Athens, Greece

org84National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland

org85National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha
National Institute, Jatni, India

org86National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan

org87National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

org88Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

org89Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands

org90NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, Russia

org91NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - ITEP, Moscow, Russia

org92NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

org93Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United
Kingdom

org94Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež u Prahy,
Czech Republic

org95Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

org96Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

org97Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

org98Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia

org99Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

org100Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

org101Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

org102Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen,
Germany

org103Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,
Heidelberg, Germany

org104Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

org105Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy

org106Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI
Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

org107Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

org108Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

org109Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute,
Kolkata, India

org110School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
United Kingdom

org111Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

org112St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

org113Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

org114SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes,
France

org115Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

org116Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

org117Technische Universität München, Excellence Cluster ’Universe’, Munich,
Germany

org118The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

org119The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States

org120Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

org121Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

org122Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

org123Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

org124University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

org125University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

org126University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

org127University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

org128University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

org129University of South-Eastern Norway, Tonsberg, Norway

org130University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

org131University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

org132University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

org133University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

org134Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France

org135Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon,
Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org136Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg,
France, Strasbourg, France

org137Université Paris-Saclay Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU,
Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France

org138Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy

org139Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

org140Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

org141Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute,
Kolkata, India

org142Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

org143Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

org144Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik,
Münster, Germany

org145Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

org146Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

org147Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea