$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
---
[ Probabilistic [
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | Maximum a Posterior
---
Estimate
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
|  | PRINCE
---
[111] |  | C/R
---
[Tab/Txt]
Yes [126] |  |
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
---
[ Random Walk [
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | PageRank
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| Probabilistic-Centric
---
| C-CHVAE
---
[112, 113] |  | C
---
[Tab]
Yes [127] |  |
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
[Variation Autoencoders]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | Integer Programming
---
Optimization
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
|  | ABELE
---
[115] |  | C
---
[Img]
Yes [128] |  |
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
[Variation Autoencoders]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | -
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
|  | RECOURSE
---
[117] |  | C
---
[Tab]
Yes [129] |  |
---
|  |
---
[Variation Autoencoders]
|  |  | Gradient Descent
---
|  | MC-BRP
---
[114] |  | R
---
[Tab]
Yes [130] |  |
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
| $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | Monte Carlo
---
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| GIC | [105] |  | C
---
[Tab]
No |  | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | Hill Climbing /
---
Genetic Algorithms
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| MACE | [93] |  | C
---
[Tab]
Yes [131] |  |
---
[L0/L1/L${}_{i}nf$-norm]
|  |
---
[constraint satisfaction]
|  | SMT | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
Constraint-Centric | Coherent Counterfactuals | [98] |  | C /R
---
[Tab / Txt]
Yes [132] |  |
---
[L1-norm]
|  |
---
[mixed polytopes]
|  |  | Gurobi
---
Optimization
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| MOCE | [92] |  | C
---
[Tab]
Yes [133] |  |
---
[L0-norm]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
[ min feature changes]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | NSGA-II | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| CERTIFAI | [107] |  | C
---
[Tab / Img ]
Yes [134] |  |
---
[L1-norm / SSIM]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
[mutations]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | Fitness | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
Genetic-Centric | LORE | [106] |  | C
---
[Tab]
Yes [135] |  |
---
[L2-norm / Match]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
[mutations]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | DecisionTree
---
Model
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| LIME-C | [136, 109] |  | C / R
---
[Tab / Txt / Img]
Yes [137] | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  | Additive Feature
---
Attribution
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox
to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox
to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{
}{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{
}\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{}
{}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{
} \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope
}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| SED-C | [95] |  | C
---
[Txt]
Yes [138] |  | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
---
[cosine similarity]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | - | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
Regression-Centric | CLEAR | [108] |  | C
---
[Tab]
Yes[139] |  |
---
[L2-norm]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ |  |
---
[ min feature changes]
$\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | Regression | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
| SHAP-C | [136, 109] |  | C / R
---
[Tab / Txt / Img]
Yes [140] | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | Shapley Values | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$
Game Theory Centric | SHAP-CC | [110] |  | C / R
---
[Tab]
No | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\color[rgb]{0.59375,0,0}\definecolor[named]{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope 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}\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0.59375}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor[named]{pgffillcolor}{rgb}{0.59375,0,0}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}{}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@moveto{0.0pt}{10.3333pt}\pgfsys@lineto{10.3333pt}{0.0pt}\pgfsys@stroke\pgfsys@invoke{ } \pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope{}{}{}\hss}\pgfsys@discardpath\pgfsys@invoke{\lxSVG@closescope }\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$ | Shapley Values | $\mathbin{\leavevmode\hbox to12.06pt{\vbox to12.06pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 0.8611pt\lower-0.8611pt\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }\definecolor{pgfstrokecolor}{rgb}{0,0,0}\pgfsys@color@rgb@stroke{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@color@rgb@fill{0}{0}{0}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\pgfsys@setlinewidth{0.4pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ }\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\pgfsys@beginscope\pgfsys@invoke{ }{}{}\pgfsys@setlinewidth{1.72221pt}\pgfsys@invoke{ 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| Case Based Reasoning
---
| CBR for Good
---
Counterfactuals
[96] |  | C
---
[Tab / Txt]
No |  |
---
[L1-norm]
|  |
---
[counterfactual potential]
|  |  | Nearest Unlikely
---
Neighbour
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}\pgfsys@endscope\hss}}\lxSVG@closescope\endpgfpicture}}}$

Table 2: Classification of collected model-agnostic counterfactual algorithms
for XAI based on different properties, theoretical backgrounds and
applications.

##  7 Counterfactual Approaches to Explainable AI: Applications

This work is motivated by Holzinger et al. [22] hypothesis, which states that
for a system to provide understandable human explanations, the user needs to
achieve a specified level of causal understanding with effectiveness,
efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use [48, 47, 141, 142,
83, 143]. One way to achieve this causal understanding is through
counterfactuals.

One of the main areas that showed a need for counterfactual explanations is in
medical decision support systems. As pointed by Holzinger et al. [144],
medical decision-making faces several challenges ranging from small labelled
datasets to the integration, fusion, and mapping of heterogeneous data to
appropriate visualisations [145]. Structured causal models that provide
explanatory factors of the data could be used to support medical experts.
However, learning causal relationships from observational data is a very
difficult problem [146, 147].

XAI is very relevant for industries [148]. Another area of application of
counterfactuals in XAI that is highly mentioned in the literature is loan
credit evaluation. Grath et al. [101] developed a model-agnostic
counterfactual explainer with an interface that uses weights generated from
feature importance to generate more compact and intelligible counterfactual
explanations for end users. Lucic et al. [114] also developed a model-agnostic
counterfactual explanation in the context of a challenge from the finance
industry’s interest in exploring algorithmic explanations [149].

Recently, interfaces that generate counterfactuals as explanations have been
proposed in the literature. The ”What-IF tool” [150] is an open-source
application that allows practitioners to probe, visualize, and analyze machine
learning systems with minimal coding. It also enables the user to investigate
decision boundaries and explore how general changes to data points affect the
prediction.

ViCE (Visual Counterfactual Explanations for Machine Learning Models) [151] is
an interactive visual analytics tool that generates instance-centric
counterfactual explanations to contextualize and evaluate model decisions in a
home equity line of credit scenario. ViCE highlights counterfactual
explanations and equips users with interactive methods to explore both the
data and the model.

DECE (Decision Explorer with Counterfactual Explanations for Machine Learning
Models) [152] is another example of an interactive visual analytics tool that
generates counterfactuals at an instance and subgroup levels. The main
difference to ViCE is that DECE allows users to interact with the
counterfactuals in order to find more actionable counterfactuals that suit
their needs. DECE showed effectiveness in supporting decision exploration
tasks and instance explanations.

##  8 Towards Causability: Opportunities for Research

Although the demand for providing XAI systems that promote the causability,
the literature is very scarce in this aspect. We only found one recent article
that proposed an explanation framework (FATE) based on causability [153]. This
framework focuses on human interaction, and the authors used the system
causability scale proposed by [22] to validate the effectiveness of their
system’s explanations.

Shin [153] highlight that causability represents the quality of explanations
and emphasize that it is an antecedent role to explainability. Furthermore,
they found that properties such as transparency, fairness, and accuracy, play
a critical role in improving user trust in the explanations. In general, this
framework is a guideline for developing user-centred interface design from the
perspective of user interaction and examines the effects of explainability in
terms of user trust. This framework does not refer to XAI algorithms
underpinned by a theory of causality, neither on how to achieve causability
from such mathematical constructs. In the next section, we provide a set of
conditions that we find are crucial elements for an XAI system to promote
causability. However, FATE causability system is not underpinned by any formal
theory of causality, and the causability metrics applied in this work focused
on the interaction of the human with the system.

Holzinger et al. [22] proposed a theoretical framework with a set of
guidelines to promote causability in XAI systems in the medical domain. One of
the policies put forward is in creating new visualization techniques that can
be trainable by medical experts, as the specialists can survey the underlying
explanatory factors of the data. Another point is to formalize a structural
causal model of human decision-making and delineating features in the model.
Holzinger [47] argue that a human-AI interface with counterfactual
explanations will help achieve causability. An open research opportunity is to
extend human-AI explainable interfaces with causability by allowing a domain
expert to interact and ask “what-if” questions (counterfactuals). This will
enable the user to gain insights into the underlying explanatory factors of
the predictions. Holzinger et al. [83] propose a system causability scale
framework as an evaluation tool for causability in XAI systems.

We conclude our systematic literature review by highlighting what properties
should an XAI system have to promote causability. We find that the process of
generating explanations that are human-understandable needs to go beyond the
minimisation of some loss function as proposed by the majority of the
algorithms in the literature. Explainability is a property that implies the
generation of human mental representations that can provide some degree of
human-understandability of the system and, consequently, allow users to trust
it. As Guidotti et al. [106] stated, explainability is the ability to present
interpretations in a meaningful and effective way to a human user. We argue
that for a system do be both explainable and promote causability, then it
cannot be resumed to a minimisation optimisation problem. Doing so would imply
a simplistic and objective explanation process that needs to be necessarily
human-centric to achieve human understandability [154]. We argue that, for a
system to promote causability, the following properties should be satisfied:

###  8.1 The Main Characteristics of a Causability System

  * 1.

Causality. The analysis we conducted revealed that current model-agnostic
explainable AI algorithms lack a foundation on a formal theory of causality.
Causal explanations are a crucial missing ingredient for opening the black box
to render it understandable to human decision-makers since knowing about the
cause/effect relationships of variables can promote human understandability.
We argue that causal approaches should be emphasised in XAI to promote a
higher degree of interpretability to its users and causability, although some
authors challenge this notion. Zheng et al. [119] found that providing causal
information to human users in some tasks, resulted in poor decision-making.
Zheng et al. [119] conducted studies to investigate whether presenting causal
explanations to a user would lead to better decision-making. Their results
were mixed. They found that if the user has prior and existing domain
knowledge, then presenting causal information did not improve the decision-
making quality of the user. On the other hand, if the user did not have any
prior knowledge or beliefs about a specific task, then causal information
enabled the user to make better decisions. More work is needed on whether
causal information leads to better decisions. Many unstudied factors may
contribute to this diverse literature on the topic ranging from human
cognitive bias to the way the explanations are presented in the interface
(supporting interactivity or not).

  * 2.

Counterfactual. Explanations generated by a causability system needs to be
counterfactual. Cognitive scientists agree that counterfactual reasoning is a
crucial ingredient in learning and a key for explaining adaptive behaviour in
a changing environment [155]. Counterfactual reasoning induces mental
representations of an event that happened and representations of some other
event alternative to it [58].  It has been recognised in the literature that
counterfactuals tend to help humans make causal judgments [156]. Additionally,
humans tend to think in a cause/effect way, but not in a strict probabilistic
sense [157]. It follows that for a machine to achieve a certain degree of
human intelligence, explainability systems need to provide counterfactual
explanations. Additionally, for a system to achieve causability, the
counterfactual explanations need to be underpinned by a formal theory of
causality [22, 83]. Properties to generate good counterfactuals, such as
diversity, feasibility, and plausibility, should also be considered to
increase the level of human understanding.

  * 3.

Human-Centric. Explanations need to be adapted to the information needs of
different users. For instance, in medical decision-making, a doctor is
interested in certain aspects of an explanation, while a general user is
interested in other types of information. Adapting the information for the
type of user is a crucial and challenging point currently missing in XAI
literature. There is the need to bring the human user back to the optimisation
process with human-in-the-loop strategies [158, 144] containing contextual
knowledge and domain-specific information. This interactive process can
promote causability since it will allow the user to create mental
representations of the counterfactual explanations in a symbiotic process
between the human and the counterfactual generation process.

  * 4.

Inference. To promote the system’s user understandability, we argue that a
causability framework should be equipped with causal inference mechanisms to
interact with the system and ask queries to the generated explanations.
Queries such as ”given that I know my patient has a fever, what changes this
information induces in the explanation?”. This type of interaction can be
highly engaging for the user and promote more transparency in the system. It
can enable more human-centric understandability of the system since the user
asks questions (performs inference) over variables of interest.

  * 5.

Semantic annotations. One of the major challenges in XAI and a current open
research problem is to convert the sub-symbolic information extracted from the
black-box into human-understandable explanations. Incorporating semantic
contextual knowledge and domain-specific information are crucial ingredients
that are currently missing in XAI. We argue that story models and narratives
are two important properties that need to be considered to generate human-
understandable and human-centric explanations. Story models and narratives can
promote higher degrees of believability in the system [159] and consequently
achieve causability.

##  9 Answers to Research Questions

This section summarises the key points presented throughout this work by
providing answers to the research questions that guided our research.

###  9.1 RQ1 & RQ2: What are the main theoretical approaches and algorithms
for counterfactuals in XAI?

Our systematic literature review revealed many different counterfactual
algorithms proposed in the literature. We were able to identify key elements
shared by these algorithms based on how the optimisation problem was framed
and by considering the counterfactual generation process. We classified the
existing model-agnostic-XAI by their ”master theoretical algorithm” from which
each algorithm derived:

  * 1.

Instance-Centric. These approaches are based on random feature permutations
and on finding counterfactuals closed to the original instance by some
distance function. These approaches are relatively straightforward to
implement. However, the generated counterfactuals are susceptible to fail the
plausibility and the diversity properties, although some algorithms
incorporate mechanisms to overcome this issue. Examples of algorithms that
fall in this category are WatcherCF [55], prototype counterfactuals [100],
weighted counterfactuals [101],FACE [56], DiCE [50], and TRUCE [103].

  * 2.

Constraint-Centric. These approaches are modelled as a constraint satisfaction
problem. Counterfactuals based on these approaches can easily satisfy
different properties such as diversity and plausibility. Examples of
algorithms that fall in this category are MACE [93], GIC [105], and Coherent
Counterfactuals [98].

  * 3.

Genetic-Centric. These approaches generate counterfactuals using the
principles of genetic algorithms. Due to genetic principles such as mutation
or crossover, these approaches can satisfy counterfactual properties such as
diversity and plausibility. Examples of algorithms that fall in this category
are CERTIFAI [107], MOCE [92], and LORE [106].

  * 4.

Regression-Centric. These approaches have LIME as their underlying framework,
and they use linear regression to fit a set of permutated features.
Counterfactuals based on these approaches have difficulties satisfying several
properties such as plausibility and diversity. Examples of algorithms that
fall in this category are LIME-C [109], SED-C [95], and CLEAR [108].

  * 5.

Game Theory Centric. These approaches have SHAP as their underlying framework,
and they use Shapley values to determine the local feature relevance.
Counterfactuals based on these approaches also have difficulties satisfying
several properties such as plausibility and diversity. Examples of algorithms
that fall in this category are SHAP-C [109], and SHAP-CC [110].

  * 6.

Case-Based Reasoning. These approaches are inspired in the case-based
reasoning paradigm of artificial intelligence and cognitive science. Since
they store in-memory examples of good counterfactuals, these approaches tend
to satisfy different counterfactual properties, such as plausibility and
diversity. An examples of an algorithms that fall in this category is CBR
Explanations by Keane and Smyth [96].

  * 7.

Probabilistic-Centric. These approaches mainly use probabilistic models to
find the nearest counterfactuals. Approaches such as recourse [117] have the
potential to generate causal counterfactuals based on the causality framework
proposed by Pearl [44]. However, as the authors acknowledge, it is challenging
to learn causal relationships from observational data without introducing
assumptions in the causal model.

This research suggests that current model-agnostic counterfactual algorithms
for explainable AI are not grounded on a causal theoretical formalism and,
consequently, might not promote causability to a human decision-maker. Our
findings show that the explanations derived from most of the model-agnostic
algorithms in the literature provide spurious correlations rather than
cause/effects relationships, leading to sub-optimal, erroneous, or even biased
explanations. This opens the door to new research directions on incorporating
formal causal theories of causation in XAI. The closest work that we found
that meets this goal is the Recouse algorithm [117], however, research is
still needed to investigate the extraction of structured causal models from
observational data.

There are also novel model-agnostic approaches proposed in the literature of
XAI based on probabilistic graphical models. For instance, Moreira et al.
[160] proposed to learn a local Bayesian network that enables the user to see
which features are correlated (or conditional independent from) the class
variable. They found four different rules that can measure the degree of
confidence of the interpretable model over the explanations and provide
specific recommendations for the user. However, this model is not causal, and
further research is needed to understand if such structures can be mapped into
structured causal models.

###  9.2 RQ3: What are the sufficient and necessary conditions for a system to
promote causability (Applications)?

The main purpose of this research work is to highlight some properties that
find relevant and necessary for causability systems. We proposed the following
properties.

  * 1.

Explanations need to be grounded on a structured and formal theory of
Causality. This will enable the usage of a full framework of algorithms of
causal discovery that have been proposed throughout the years [46].

  * 2.

Explanation algorithms need to be computed in the form of Counterfactuals. Due
to the evidence from cognitive science and social sciences, counterfactuals
are among the best approaches to promote human understandability and
interpretability [24], although some authors challenge this [119].

  * 3.

Explanations need to be Human-Centric. Explanations need to be specific to the
user’s needs: a medical doctor will be interested in different explanations
from a standard user.

  * 4.

The user should be able to interact with the generated explanations. The
interaction with explanations can help the user increase the levels of
understandability and interpretability of the internal workings of the XAI
algorithm. Probabilistic inference is a promising tool to provide answers to
users’ questions regarding explanations.

  * 5.

Explainable AI systems need to be complemented with semantic annotations of
features and domain knowledge. To achieve explainability, contextual knowledge
and domain-specific information need to be included in the system.

###  9.3  RQ4: What are the pressing challenges and research opportunities in
XAI systems that promote Causability?

This literature review enabled us to understand the current pressing
challenges and opportunities involved in creating XAI models that promote
causability. We identified the following research opportunities that can be
used for future research in the area.

  * 1.

Causal Theories for XAI. Pearl [88] argues that causal reasoning is
indispensable for machine learning to reach the human-level artificial
intelligence since it is the primary mechanism of humans to be aware of the
world. As a result, the causal methodology gradually becomes a vitally
important component in explainable and interpretable machine learning.
However, most current interpretability techniques pay attention to solving the
correlation statistic rather than the causation. Therefore, causal approaches
should be emphasized to achieve a higher degree of interpretability. The
reason why causal approaches for XAI are scarce is that finding causal
relationships from observational data is very hard and still an open research
question [146].

  * 2.

Standardized Evaluation Metrics for XAI. The field of metrics for XAI is also
a topic that needs development. Measures such as stability or fidelity [161]
are not very clear for counterfactuals [31]. Ultimately, XAI metrics should be
able to answer the following question: how does one know whether the
explanation works and the user has achieved a pragmatic understanding of the
AI? [32] We highlight that one research concern in XAI should be to develop
generalised and standardised evaluation protocols for XAI in different levels:
Objective Level (user-free), Functional Level (functionality-oriented), and
User Level (human-centric). The main challenges consist in deriving
standardised protocols that could fit so many algorithms underpinned by
different master theoretical approaches and at so many different levels,
although some interesting works have already been proposed in terms of
causability [47, 83, 48].

  * 3.

Intelligent Interfaces for Causability in XAI. XAI’s basilar applications lie
at the core of Intelligent User Interfaces (IUIs). Rather than generating
explanations as linear symbolic sequences, graphical interfaces enable people
to visually explore ML systems to understand how they perform over different
stimuli. The What-If tool [150] provides an excellent example, enabling people
to visualize model behavior across multiple models and subsets of input data
and for different ML fairness metrics. Such visual techniques leverage the
human visual channel’s high bandwidth to explore probabilistic inference,
allowing humans to interact with explanations while recommending different
descriptions. Taking advantage of the innate human ability to spot patterns,
these methods can provide better quality answers than purely automatic
approaches.

In a related direction van der Waa et al. [162] propose a framework that
considers users’ experience and reactions to explanations and evaluates these
effects in terms of understanding, persuasive power, and task performance.
This user-centric approach is crucial to assess assumptions and intuitions to
yield more effective explanations effectively.

Recent Intelligent Exploration Interfaces focus on making explanations
accessible to non-expert users to interpret the underlying models better.
Hoque and Mueller [163] argue that predictive and interactive models based on
causality are inherently interpretable and self-contained. They developed
Outcome Explorer, a causality-guided interactive interface that allows experts
and non-experts alike to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the models.

##  10 Conclusion

We conducted a systematic literature review to determine the modern theories
underpinning model-agnostic counterfactual algorithms for XAI and analyse if
any existing algorithms can promote causability. We extended the current
literature by proposing a new taxonomy for model-agnostic counterfactuals
based on six approaches: instance-centric, constraint-centric, genetic-
centric, regression-centric, game theory centric, case-based reasoning
centric, and probabilistic-centric. Our research also showed that model-
agnostic counterfactuals are not based on a formal and structured theory of
causality as proposed by [44]. For that reason, we argue that these systems
cannot promote a causal understanding to the user without the risk of the
explanations being biased, sub-optimal, or even erroneous. Current systems
determine relationships between features through correlation rather than
causation.

We conclude this survey by highlighting new key points to promote causability
in XAI systems, which derive from formal theories of causality such as
inference, counterfactuals, and probabilistic graphical models. Causal models
are a new research area, bursting with exciting new research challenges and
opportunities for XAI approaches grounded on probabilistic theories of
causality and graphical models. Indeed this field is highly relevant to
Intelligent User Interfaces (IUIs) [164] by its very nature, both in terms of
content generation engines and user interface architecture. Therefore, more
than a contraption powered by robust and effective causal models, XAI can be
seen as a cornerstone for next-generation IUIs. This can only be achieved by
marrying sound explanations delivered by fluid storytelling to persuasive and
articulate argumentation and a harmonious combination of different interaction
modalities. These will usher in powerful engines of persuasion, ultimately
leading to the rhetoric of causability.

##  11 Acknowledgement

This work was partially supported by Portuguese government national funds
through FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under project
UIDB/50021/2020.

This work was also partially supported by Queensland University of Technology
(QUT) Centre for Data Science First Byte Funding Program and by QUT’s Women in
Research Grant Scheme.

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