2019 241 28 October Charge-dependent directed flow of hadrons and D mesons

ALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for the list of collaboration
members ALICE Collaboration

The first measurement at the LHC of charge-dependent directed flow ($v_{1}$)
relative to the spectator plane is presented for Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV. Results are reported for charged hadrons and
$\rm D^{0}$ mesons for the transverse momentum intervals $p_{\rm T}>0.2$
GeV/$c$ and $3<p_{\rm T}<$ 6 GeV/$c$ in the 5–40% and 10–40% centrality
classes, respectively. The difference between the positively and negatively
charged hadron $v_{1}$ has a positive slope as a function of pseudorapidity
$\eta$, ${\rm d}\Delta{v_{1}}/{\rm d}\eta=$[1.68 $\pm$ 0.49 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.41
(syst.)] $\times 10^{-4}$. The same measurement for $\rm D^{0}$ and
$\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons yields a positive value ${\rm
d}\Delta{v_{1}}/{\rm d}\eta$= [4.9 $\pm$ 1.7 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.6 (syst.)]$\times
10^{-1}$, which is about three orders of magnitude larger than the one of the
charged hadrons. These measurements can provide new insights into the effects
of the strong electromagnetic field and the initial tilt of matter created in
non-central heavy-ion collisions on the dynamics of light (u, d, and s) and
heavy (c) quarks. The large difference between the observed $\Delta{v_{1}}$ of
charged hadrons and $\rm D^{0}$ mesons may reflect different sensitivity of
the charm and light quarks to the early time dynamics of a heavy-ion
collision. These observations challenge some recent theoretical calculations,
which predicted a negative and an order of magnitude smaller value of ${\rm
d}\Delta{v_{1}}/{\rm d}\eta$ for both light-flavour and charmed hadrons.

Quantum Chromo-dynamic (QCD) calculations on the lattice [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
predict at high temperatures the existence of a deconfined state of quarks and
gluons, known as the quark–gluon plasma (QGP). Characterizing the QGP
properties is among the main goals of the experimental program with ultra-
relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Measurements of the anisotropic transverse flow [7, 8, 9, 10, 11], quantified
by the second ($v_{2}$) and higher order ($n>2$) harmonic coefficients
$v_{n}$, allowed one to characterize the different phases of a heavy-ion
collision and to constrain the properties of the QGP [12, 13, 14, 15, 16].

The directed flow, $v_{1}$, has a special role due to its sensitivity to the
three-dimensional spatial profile of the initial conditions and the pre-
equilibrium early time dynamics in the evolution of the collision. The space-
momentum correlations in particle production from a longitudinally tilted
source result in a non-zero $v_{1}$. The tilt arises from the asymmetries in
the number of forward and backward moving participant nucleons at different
positions in the transverse plane [17, 18, 19]. The directed flow of charged
hadrons at the LHC [20] has significantly smaller magnitude compared to that
at lower RHIC energies [21], which can be interpreted as a smaller initial
tilt at the LHC [22, 23, 24].

Charm quarks are produced early in the collision via hard scattering
processes. Their emission region is not tilted in the longitudinal direction
[19] unlike the one of light quarks, which are predominantly produced in soft
processes at later stages of the collision [18, 25]. Consequently, the region
of charm quark production in the transverse plane is shifted with respect to
that of light quarks and gluons, resulting in an enhanced dipole asymmetry in
the charm quark distribution [19]. During the system expansion, charm quarks
would be dragged by the flow of the light quarks in the transverse direction
of the shift, which is predicted to result in a larger $v_{1}$ of charm
hadrons compared to light-flavour hadrons [19, 26]. Consequently, the
measurements of the charge-integrated directed flow of hadrons containing
light (u, d, and s) and heavy (c) quarks together with their difference in
magnitude are of great interest and allow one to probe the three-dimensional
space-time evolution of the produced matter.

Heavy-ion collisions are also characterized by extremely strong
electromagnetic fields primarily induced by spectator protons, which do not
undergo inelastic collisions. There is strong interest in characterizing the
time evolution of these fields, which are estimated to reach $\rm 10^{18}$ –
$\rm 10^{19}$ Gauss in the early stages ($<$ 0.5 fm) of Pb–Pb collisions at
LHC energies [27, 28]. Phenomena predicted to occur in the presence of this
strong electromagnetic field include the chiral magnetic effect (CME), which
is driven by the generation of an electric current along the magnetic field in
a medium with chiral imbalance [29, 30, 31, 32]. While experimental results
for charge-dependent correlations are in qualitative agreement with
theoretical expectations for the CME [33, 34, 35], possible background
contributions, such as effects of local charge conservation coupled with the
anisotropic flow, prevent their unambiguous interpretation [36] and have led
to upper limits on the CME at LHC energies. Thus it is fundamental to use
other observables with direct sensitivity to the electromagnetic fields in
order to constrain their magnitudes and time evolution in heavy-ion
collisions.

The charge dependence of the produced particle directed flow relative to the
spectator plane is directly sensitive to the presence of electromagnetic
fields. The spectator plane is defined by the deflection direction of the
collision spectators. On average its orientation is perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field generated by the positively charged
spectators. The charge dependence of $v_{1}$ comes from two competing effects,
acting in opposite directions, i.e. the Lorentz force and the Coulomb force,
both induced by the rapidly decreasing magnetic field. In an electrically
conducting plasma the induced charged currents might slow down the decay of
the magnetic field [27]. The measurement of charge-dependent $v_{1}$ can
therefore constrain the QGP electric conductivity.

First estimates of these effects on the $v_{1}$ of charged particles were
presented in [37, 38]. Using the electric conductivity from lattice QCD
calculations [39, 40], the difference between the $v_{1}$ of positively and
negatively charged pions, $\Delta{}v_{1}(\pi)=v_{1}(\pi^{+})-v_{1}(\pi^{-})$,
in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV was estimated to be not
larger than $10^{-5}$ for $|\eta|~{}<~{}1$ [38]. Charm quarks, which are
produced in the early stages when the magnetic field is maximal, should be
more strongly affected by the electromagnetic fields than light quarks [41,
26]. The difference $\Delta{}v_{1}$ between the $v_{1}$ of $\rm D^{0}$
($\rm{c\bar{u}}$) and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ ($\rm{\bar{c}u}$) mesons should
therefore provide better sensitivity to this initial magnetic field. A
calculation of $v_{1}$ of charmed mesons in the rapidity interval
$|y|~{}<~{}1$ gives a value $\Delta{}v_{1}(D)~{}\sim~{}10^{-2}$ [41], which is
three orders of magnitude larger than the one expected for pions. Recently,
the STAR Collaboration published a measurement of directed flow of $\rm D^{0}$
and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons in 10–80% central Au–Au collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 200 GeV [42]. The slope of $v_{1}$ of $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm
and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons as a function of rapidity is negative and
about a factor of 25 times larger than that of charged kaons.

This Letter reports the first measurements at the LHC of the charge dependence
of $v_{1}$ relative to the spectator plane for charged hadrons and $\rm D^{0}$
mesons as a function of pseudorapidity in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV.

About 23 (19) million Pb–Pb collisions in the 5–40% (10–40%) centrality
interval are used for the charged hadron ($\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm
and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ meson) $v_{1}$ measurements. Only events with a
primary vertex reconstructed within $\pm$10 cm from the detector centre along
the beam direction are analysed. Two forward scintillator arrays (V0A and V0C)
[43] are used to determine the collision centrality. For the most central
(0–5%) collisions, the small number of spectators prevents an accurate
reconstruction of their deflection. In the 5–10% centrality interval the large
combinatorial background does not allow the measurement of the $\rm
D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ $v_{1}$.

The deflection direction of the collision spectators is reconstructed from
spectator neutrons detected using two Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC) [44, 45].
The ZDCs have a 2$\times$2 segmentation in the plane transverse to the beam
direction and are installed at 112.5 m distance from the detector centre on
both sides of the interaction point, covering the "projectile" ($\eta>8.78$)
and the "target" ($\eta<-8.78$) spectator regions. For each ZDC a flow vector
is constructed following the procedure described in [20]

${\rm\bf Q}^{t,p}\equiv({\rm Q}_{x}^{t,p},{\rm
Q}_{y}^{t,p})=\left.{\sum_{i=1}^{4}{\rm\bf
n}_{i}E^{t,p}_{i}}\right/{\sum_{i=1}^{4}E_{i}^{t,p}},$ (1)

where $p$ and $t$ denote the ZDC on the projectile and target side, $E_{i}$ is
the measured signal and ${\rm\bf n}_{i}$ = $(x_{i},y_{i})$ are the coordinates
of the center of the $i$-th ZDC segment.

The deflection direction of the spectator neutrons is estimated event-by-event
with the ${\rm\bf Q}^{t,p}$ vectors corrected for the run-dependent variation
of the LHC beam crossing position [46]. In mid-central collisions this
deflection direction is strongly correlated with the magnetic field
orientation. The deflection is expected to be opposite (anti-correlated) for
the projectile and the target sides, i.e. $\langle{\rm Q}_{x}^{p}{\rm
Q}_{x}^{t}\rangle$ = $\langle{\rm Q}_{y}^{p}{\rm Q}_{y}^{t}\rangle$ $<$ 0 and
$\langle{\rm Q}_{y}^{p}{\rm Q}_{x}^{t}\rangle$ and $\langle{\rm Q}_{x}^{p}{\rm
Q}_{y}^{t}\rangle$ = 0. A deviation from these expectations, mostly for
peripheral collisions with centrality above 40%, is observed even after
applying the flow-vector correction. These residual variations are used in the
estimation of the systematic uncertainty as described in [20] and discussed
below.

The directed flow is measured using the scalar-product method [47]

$v_{1}^{t,p}=\frac{\left\langle{\rm\bf u}{\rm\bf
Q}^{t,p}\right\rangle}{\sqrt{\Big{|}\left\langle{\rm\bf Q}^{t}{\rm\bf
Q}^{p}\right\rangle\Big{|}}}=\frac{\left\langle{\rm u_{x}}{\rm
Q}_{x}^{t,p}+{\rm u_{y}}{\rm
Q}_{y}^{t,p}\right\rangle}{\sqrt{\Big{|}\left\langle{\rm Q}_{x}^{t}{\rm
Q}_{x}^{p}+{\rm Q}_{y}^{t}{\rm Q}_{y}^{p}\right\rangle\Big{|}}},$ (2)

where ${\rm\bf u}=(\cos\varphi,\sin\varphi)$ is the unit flow vector of the
charged hadron or $\rm D^{0}$ meson candidate with azimuthal angle $\varphi$.
The directed flow is calculated as: $v_{1}$ = ($v_{1}^{p}$ \- $v_{1}^{t}$)/2.
The sign of $v_{1}$ is defined relative to the deflection of the projectile
spectators, corresponding to the rapidity-odd component of the $v_{1}$
discussed in [20]. The measurement of $v_{1}$ using spectators does not
require any treatment of the momentum conservation unlike the measurements
based on correlations between particles produced at midrapidity [48]. This is
justified by the observation of a vanishing relative momentum shift along the
spectator plane at $\eta=0$ [20].

The charged-hadron $v_{1}$ is measured from tracks reconstructed with the
Inner Tracking System (ITS) [49] and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [50]
and selected requiring $p_{\rm T}$ $>$ 0.2 GeV/$c$, $|\eta|~{}<~{}\rm 0.8$, at
least 70 (out of a maximum of 159) TPC space points and $\chi^{2}$/ndf $<$ 2
for the momentum fit in the TPC. In order to reduce the contamination from
secondary particles only tracks with a maximum distance of closest approach
(DCA) to the reconstructed primary vertex in both the transverse ($\rm
DCA_{xy}~{}<$ 2.4 cm) and the longitudinal direction ($\rm DCA_{z}~{}<$ 3.2
cm) are accepted.

The $\rm D^{0}$ and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons are reconstructed using the
decay channel $\rm D^{0}~{}\rightarrow~{}K^{-}\pi^{+}$ and its charge
conjugate for $3~{}<~{}p_{\rm T}<~{}6$ GeV/$c$. Pions and kaons are
reconstructed in the TPC and ITS detectors. Tracks are selected requiring
$|\eta|~{}<$ 0.8, $p_{\rm T}~{}>$ 0.4 GeV/$c$, at least 70 hits in TPC and at
least 2 hits (out of a maximum of 6) in the ITS, out of which at least one has
to be in the two innermost layers. Particle identification is based on
measurements of the specific ionisation energy loss d$E$/d$x$ in the TPC and
the flight time from the interaction point to the Time-Of-Flight (TOF)
detector [51]. The charge of the identified pions and kaons allows one to
distinguish between the $\rm D^{0}~{}\rightarrow~{}K^{-}\pi^{+}$ and
$\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}~{}\rightarrow~{}K^{+}\pi^{-}$ candidates. Geometrical
selections on the displaced decay vertex topology are applied to reduce the
combinatorial background [52].

The $v_{1}^{\rm D}$ is extracted separately for $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm
and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons via a simultaneous fit to the number
$N(M)$ of $K^{\mp}\pi^{\pm}$ pairs and their $v_{1}(M)$ as a function of the
invariant mass, $M$:

$\displaystyle N(M)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle N_{D}(M)+N_{\rm bg}(M),$
(3) $\displaystyle v_{1}(M)$ $\displaystyle=$
$\displaystyle[v^{D}_{1}N_{D}(M)+v^{\rm bg}_{1}(M)N_{\rm
bg}(M)]/[N_{D}(M)+N_{\rm bg}(M)].$ (4)

An example of the simultaneous fit is shown in Fig. 1. The invariant mass
distribution is fitted with the sum of a Gaussian function $N_{D}(M)$ for the
$\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ signal and an exponential
function $N_{\rm bg}(M)$ for the background. The invariant mass dependence of
the directed flow of background candidates $v^{\rm bg}_{1}(M)$ is parametrized
by a linear function.

Candidates, which satisfy both the $\rm K^{-}\pi^{+}$ and $\rm K^{+}\pi^{-}$
hypotheses (reflected kinematics) and therefore can not be tagged uniquely as
$\rm D^{0}$ or $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$, are rejected. This removes about 35%
of the signal and increases the signal-to-background ratio by about 30–40%,
with a net result of a negligible reduction of the statistical significance of
the $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ yield. The extracted
$v_{1}^{\rm D}$ includes contributions from both prompt $\rm D^{0}$ mesons and
feed-down $\rm D^{0}$ mesons from beauty-hadron decays. The fraction of prompt
$\rm D^{0}$ meson is about 85% for the analysed centrality class and $p_{\rm
T}$ interval [53].

Figure 1:  (color online) Illustration of the $\rm D^{0}$ meson $v_{1}$
extraction procedure via a simultaneous fit to the candidate invariant mass
distribution (upper panel) and $v_{1}$ (lower panel) for $3<p_{\rm T}<6$
GeV/$c$ and $-0.4<\eta<0$ in the 10–40% centrality interval. The blue solid
lines correspond to the combined signal and background fit functions, while
the red dashed lines represent the background contribution.

Common sources of systematic uncertainty between charged hadrons and D mesons
are related to the resolution of the spectator plane and to the dependence on
the ALICE magnet polarity. The absolute systematic uncertainty related to the
residual asymmetry in the spectator plane estimation is given by the
difference between the $v_{1}$ obtained separately from $\langle{\rm
u_{x}}{\rm Q}_{x}\rangle$ and $\langle{\rm u_{y}}{\rm Q}_{y}\rangle$
correlations with the ZDCs in Eq. 2. It is about $3.5\times 10^{-5}$ ($2\times
10^{-2}$) for charged hadrons ($\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$
mesons). Effects related to track reconstruction and geometrical alignment of
the detectors, which could influence positive and negative tracks differently,
are estimated by comparing the $v_{1}$ results obtained using data taken with
opposite magnet polarity. This comparison also probes the bias in the
spectator plane estimation due to the non-zero beam crossing angle in the
vertical plane, which had opposite values ($\pm$60 $\mu$rad) for the opposite
magnet polarities. The absolute difference between the $v_{1}$ values obtained
with the two field polarities is ${\rm 2.5\times 10^{-5}}$ ($2\times 10^{-2}$)
for charged hadrons ($\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$). These
systematic uncertainties are correlated in pseudorapidity for charged hadrons,
while for $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons no
significant correlation, beyond statistical uncertainties, is observed.

For charged hadrons, the track quality selections are varied and an absolute
systematic uncertainty of ${\rm 2.5\times 10^{-5}}$ is assigned. The
contribution from secondaries is varied by changing the maximum $\rm
DCA_{xy}$, which resulted in a negligible variation of $v_{1}$. The
contamination due to TPC tracks originating from pile-up collisions during the
readout time of the TPC is estimated by varying the selections on the
correlations between the event multiplicity (centrality) estimated with
detectors with different readout times. The resulting systematic uncertainty
is ${\rm 10^{-5}}$ for the charged hadrons. No systematic uncertainty is
assigned for $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ because the
topological selections effectively remove tracks from pile-up. The uncertainty
due to the $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ signal extraction
is estimated by varying (i) the fit functions in Eq. (3) and (4) for $N(M)$
and $v_{1}(M)$, (ii) fixing the Gaussian width and mean to the values
extracted from Monte Carlo simulations, and (iii) varying the invariant mass
fit range. The absolute systematic uncertainty assigned to $v_{1}$ due to the
$\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ yield extraction is $2\times
10^{-2}$. The possible bias due to the $p_{\rm T}$-dependent efficiency in the
$\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ $v_{1}$ analysis is tested by
re-weighting both signal and background with the inverse value of the signal
reconstruction efficiency as a function of $p_{\rm T}$. The assigned absolute
systematic uncertainty is $10^{-2}$.

The total systematic uncertainty on $v_{1}$ is obtained by adding in
quadrature the contributions described above. In the calculation of $\Delta
v_{1}(D)$ all individual systematic uncertainties are propagated as fully
uncorrelated between $\rm D^{0}$ and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$. For charged
hadrons, the systematic uncertainties due to the asymmetry in the spectator
plane estimation and the magnet polarity are correlated between positive and
negative tracks and largely cancel in $\Delta v_{1}(h)$.

The pseudorapidity dependence of the directed flow of positively and
negatively charged hadrons for the 5–40% centrality class in Pb–Pb collisions
at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV is shown in the upper left panel of Fig. 2.
The negative slope of $v_{1}$ is usually attributed to the effect of the
initial tilt [18] or rotation [25] of the particle-emitting source. The
charge-integrated $v_{1}$ at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV agrees within
uncertainties with the results at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV [20].

The difference $\Delta{}v_{1}(h)$ between the $v_{1}$ of positively and
negatively charged hadrons as a function of pseudorapidity is shown in the
lower left panel of Fig. 2. The rapidity slope d$\Delta v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$,
extracted with a linear fit (constrained to $v_{1}$ = 0 at $\eta$ = 0), is
d$\Delta v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$ = [1.68 $\pm$ 0.49 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.41 (syst.)]
$\times$ $\rm 10^{-4}$ with a significance of 2.6$\sigma$ for having a
positive value. The d$\Delta v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$ is expected to reflect
different effects, including those originating from the early-time magnetic
field dynamics [41, 26, 19], the Coulomb interaction with charged spectators
[54], as well as the transport to mid-rapidity via the baryon stopping
mechanism [17] of the positive charge carried by the protons from the
colliding nuclei. The importance of baryon stopping for the charge dependence
of unidentified hadron $v_{1}$ is supported by the observed difference, even
at top RHIC energy, between proton and anti-proton $v_{1}$ [55, 56, 22]. The
baryon stopping effects are expected to decrease with increasing collision
energy, as supported by the observation of a smaller magnitude of $v_{1}$ [20]
and of a proton-to-antiproton ratio closer to unity at the LHC as compared to
RHIC [57]. Despite the overall decrease, the baryon stopping can contribute
significantly to the proton and anti-proton $v_{1}$ difference, and as such to
the charge dependence of the inclusive hadron $v_{1}$.

The charged-hadron d$\Delta v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$ at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02
TeV is one order of magnitude larger and has an opposite sign with respect to
calculations for charged pions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV [38] based on
the analytic solution of relativistic hydrodynamics [58] with a constant
electrical conductivity of the QGP. More recent calculations [54], using
viscous hydrodynamic calculations [59], yield an absolute value of d$\Delta
v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$ of similar magnitude as the one measured for charged
hadrons, but with opposite sign.

Figure 2:  (color online) Upper left: $v_{1}$ of positively (red) and
negatively (blue) charged hadrons for the 5–40% centrality interval. Upper
right: $v_{1}$ of $\rm D^{0}$ (red) and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ (blue) for the
10–40% centrality interval. Lower left and right:
$\Delta{}v_{1}(h)=v_{1}({h^{+}})-v_{1}({h^{-}})$ and $\Delta{}v_{1}(\rm
D)=v_{1}(\rm D^{0})-v_{1}(\rm\overline{D}{}^{0})$, respectively. Dashed lines
represent fits with a linear function.

The $\rm D^{0}$ and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ $v_{1}$ as a function of
pseudorapidity is shown in the upper right panel of Fig. 2. The data suggest a
positive slope for the rapidity dependence of the $v_{1}$ of $\rm D^{0}$ and a
negative slope for $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$, with a significance of about
2$\sigma$ in both cases. The slopes are different from the measurements in
Au–Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 200 GeV [42], where a negative value
is observed for both $\rm D^{0}$ and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$. Additionally,
the $v_{1}$ for $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons with 3
$<$ $p_{\rm T}$ $<$ 6 GeV/$c$ ($\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$ $\approx$ 4.2
GeV/$c$) in the 10–40% centrality interval is about three orders of magnitude
larger than that of charged hadrons with $p_{\rm T}$ $>$ 0.2 GeV/$c$ ($\langle
p_{\rm T}\rangle$ $\approx$ 0.7 GeV/$c$) in the 5–40% centrality class. The
different $p_{\rm T}$ intervals used for the charged-hadron and $\rm
D^{0}$-meson $v_{1}$ measurements are imposed by the statistical precision of
the data, which simultaneously limits the yield of high-$p_{\rm T}$ charged
hadrons and results in low significance of the $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm
and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ meson yield at low $p_{\rm T}$. The charged
hadron $v_{1}$ at the LHC has a weak centrality dependence and changes sign
around $p_{\rm T}\approx 1.5$ GeV/$c$ [20]. The differences in centrality and
transverse momentum intervals should not be responsible for the observed
difference between the magnitude of the $v_{1}$ of charged hadrons and $\rm
D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons. The $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm
and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ $v_{1}$ is an order of magnitude larger than the
predictions from the transport [41] and hydrodynamic [26, 19] model
calculations. The difference between the $v_{1}$ values of $\rm D^{0}$ and
$\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons $\Delta{}v_{1}(D)$ is shown in the lower right
panel of Fig. 2. The value of d$\Delta v_{1}/\rm{d}\eta$ = [4.9 $\pm$ 1.7
(stat.) $\pm$ 0.6 (syst.)] $\times 10^{-1}$ corresponds to a significance of
2.7$\sigma$ to have a positive slope. A negative value for d$\Delta
v_{1}/\rm{d}\eta$ was predicted in [41] and is observed in Au–Au collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 200 GeV [42]. The opposite sign of the measured $\rm
D^{0}$-meson and charged-hadron $\Delta v_{1}$ slope with respect to model
calculations might indicate a stronger effect of the Lorentz force relative to
the Coulomb one. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the $v_{1}$ to
the interplay among the effects of the rapidly decreasing magnetic field and
the initial tilt of the source.

In summary, first measurements of the charge dependence of $v_{1}$ relative to
the spectator plane in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ =
5.02 TeV are presented. The $v_{1}$ and the difference $\Delta v_{1}$ between
positively and negatively charged hadrons and $\rm D^{0}$ mesons are sensitive
to the effects of the electromagnetic fields induced by spectator protons,
baryon number transport, and the initial tilt or rotation of the particle-
emitting source for non-central collisions. An indication of a positive slope
d$\Delta{}v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$ of the charge-dependent $v_{1}$ at midrapidity
for both charged hadrons and $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$
mesons is observed. The slope d$\Delta{}v_{1}/{\rm d}\eta$ is [1.68 $\pm$ 0.49
(stat.) $\pm$ 0.41 (syst.)] $\times 10^{-4}$ for charged hadrons with $p_{\rm
T}>0.2$ GeV/$c$ and [4.9 $\pm$ 1.7 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.6 (syst.)]$\times 10^{-1}$
for $\rm D^{0}~{}{\rm and}~{}\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons with $3<p_{\rm
T}<6$ GeV/$c$, with significance of $2.6\sigma$ and $2.7\sigma$ for having a
positive value, respectively. The measured values of $v_{1}$ for $\rm D^{0}$
and $\rm\overline{D}{}^{0}$ mesons are about three orders of magnitude larger
than the one of charged hadrons. These measurements together with those at
RHIC [42] provide new insights and can constrain the theoretical modelling
[41, 38] of electromagnetic effects. Further constraints will be set by future
higher precision measurements at the LHC [60, 61].

## Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Région des Pays de la Loire, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

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##  Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

S. Acharyaorg141&D. Adamováorg94&A. Adlerorg74&J. Adolfssonorg80&M.M.
Aggarwalorg99&G. Aglieri Rinellaorg33&M. Agnelloorg30&N. Agrawalorg10,org53&Z.
Ahammedorg141&S. Ahmadorg16&S.U. Ahnorg76&A. Akindinovorg91&M. Al-
Turanyorg106&S.N. Alamorg141&D.S.D. Albuquerqueorg122&D. Aleksandrovorg87&B.
Alessandroorg58&H.M. Alfandaorg6&R. Alfaro Molinaorg71&B. Aliorg16&Y.
Aliorg14&A. Aliciorg10,org26,org53&A. Alkinorg2&J. Almeorg21&T. Altorg68&L.
Altenkamperorg21&I. Altsybeevorg112&M.N. Anaamorg6&C. Andreiorg47&D.
Andreouorg33&H.A. Andrewsorg110&A. Andronicorg144&M. Angelettiorg33&V.
Anguelovorg103&C. Ansonorg15&T. Antičićorg107&F. Antinoriorg56&P.
Antonioliorg53&R. Anwarorg125&N. Apadulaorg79&L. Aphecetcheorg114&H.
Appelshäuserorg68&S. Arcelliorg26&R. Arnaldiorg58&M. Arratiaorg79&I.C.
Arseneorg20&M. Arslandokorg103&A. Augustinusorg33&R. Averbeckorg106&S.
Azizorg61&M.D. Azmiorg16&A. Badalàorg55&Y.W. Baekorg40&S. Bagnascoorg58&X.
Baiorg106&R. Bailhacheorg68&R. Balaorg100&A. Baldisseriorg137&M. Ballorg42&S.
Balouzaorg104&R. Barberaorg27&L. Barioglioorg25&G.G. Barnaföldiorg145&L.S.
Barnbyorg93&V. Barretorg134&P. Bartaliniorg6&K. Barthorg33&E. Bartschorg68&F.
Baruffaldiorg28&N. Bastidorg134&S. Basuorg143&G. Batigneorg114&B.
Batyunyaorg75&D. Bauriorg48&J.L. Bazo Albaorg111&I.G. Beardenorg88&C.
Beddaorg63&N.K. Beheraorg60&I. Belikovorg136&A.D.C. Bell Hechavarriaorg144&F.
Belliniorg33&R. Bellwiedorg125&V. Belyaevorg92&G. Bencediorg145&S.
Beoleorg25&A. Bercuciorg47&Y. Berdnikovorg97&D. Berenyiorg145&R.A.
Bertensorg130&D. Berzanoorg58&M.G. Besoiuorg67&L. Betevorg33&A.
Bhasinorg100&I.R. Bhatorg100&M.A. Bhatorg3&H. Bhattorg48&B.
Bhattacharjeeorg41&A. Bianchiorg25&L. Bianchiorg25&N. Bianchiorg51&J.
Bielčíkorg36&J. Bielčíkováorg94&A. Bilandzicorg104,org117&G. Biroorg145&R.
Biswasorg3&S. Biswasorg3&J.T. Blairorg119&D. Blauorg87&C. Blumeorg68&G.
Bocaorg139&F. Bockorg33,org95&A. Bogdanovorg92&S. Boiorg23&L.
Boldizsárorg145&A. Bolozdynyaorg92&M. Bombaraorg37&G. Bonomiorg140&H.
Borelorg137&A. Borissovorg92,org144&H. Bossiorg146&E. Bottaorg25&L.
Bratrudorg68&P. Braun-Munzingerorg106&M. Bregantorg121&M. Brozorg36&E.J.
Bruckenorg43&E. Brunaorg58&G.E. Brunoorg105&M.D. Bucklandorg127&D.
Budnikovorg108&H. Bueschingorg68&S. Bufalinoorg30&O. Bugnonorg114&P.
Buhlerorg113&P. Buncicorg33&Z. Butheleziorg72,org131&J.B. Buttorg14&J.T.
Buxtonorg96&S.A. Bysiakorg118&D. Caffarriorg89&A. Calivaorg106&E. Calvo
Villarorg111&R.S. Camachoorg44&P. Cameriniorg24&A.A. Caponorg113&F.
Carnesecchiorg10,org26&R. Caronorg137&J. Castillo Castellanosorg137&A.J.
Castroorg130&E.A.R. Casulaorg54&F. Catalanoorg30&C. Ceballos Sanchezorg52&P.
Chakrabortyorg48&S. Chandraorg141&W. Changorg6&S. Chapelandorg33&M.
Chartierorg127&S. Chattopadhyayorg141&S. Chattopadhyayorg109&A.
Chauvinorg23&C. Cheshkovorg135&B. Cheynisorg135&V. Chibante Barrosoorg33&D.D.
Chinellatoorg122&S. Choorg60&P. Chochulaorg33&T. Chowdhuryorg134&P.
Christakoglouorg89&C.H. Christensenorg88&P. Christiansenorg80&T.
Chujoorg133&C. Cicaloorg54&L. Cifarelliorg10,org26&F. Cindoloorg53&J.
Cleymansorg124&F. Colamariaorg52&D. Colellaorg52&A. Colluorg79&M.
Colocciorg26&M. Concasorg58orgI&G. Conesa Balbastreorg78&Z. Conesa del
Valleorg61&G. Continorg24,org127&J.G. Contrerasorg36&T.M. Cormierorg95&Y.
Corrales Moralesorg25&P. Corteseorg31&M.R. Cosentinoorg123&F. Costaorg33&S.
Costanzaorg139&P. Crochetorg134&E. Cuautleorg69&P. Cuiorg6&L.
Cunqueiroorg95&D. Dabrowskiorg142&T. Dahmsorg104,org117&A. Daineseorg56&F.P.A.
Damasorg114,org137&M.C. Danischorg103&A. Danuorg67&D. Dasorg109&I.
Dasorg109&P. Dasorg85&P. Dasorg3&S. Dasorg3&A. Dashorg85&S. Dashorg48&S.
Deorg85&A. De Caroorg29&G. de Cataldoorg52&J. de Cuvelandorg38&A. De
Falcoorg23&D. De Gruttolaorg10&N. De Marcoorg58&S. De Pasqualeorg29&S.
Deborg49&B. Debjaniorg3&H.F. Degenhardtorg121&K.R. Dejaorg142&A.
Delofforg84&S. Delsantoorg25,org131&D. Devetakorg106&P. Dhankherorg48&D. Di
Bariorg32&A. Di Mauroorg33&R.A. Diazorg8&T. Dietelorg124&P.
Dillensegerorg68&Y. Dingorg6&R. Diviàorg33&D.U. Dixitorg19&Ø.
Djuvslandorg21&U. Dmitrievaorg62&A. Dobrinorg33,org67&B. Dönigusorg68&O.
Dordicorg20&A.K. Dubeyorg141&A. Dublaorg106&S. Dudiorg99&M. Dukhishyamorg85&P.
Dupieuxorg134&R.J. Ehlersorg146&V.N. Eikelandorg21&D. Eliaorg52&H.
Engelorg74&E. Eppleorg146&B. Erazmusorg114&F. Erhardtorg98&A.
Erokhinorg112&M.R. Ersdalorg21&B. Espagnonorg61&S. Esumiorg133&, G.
Eulisseorg33&D. Evansorg110&S. Evdokimovorg90&L. Fabbiettiorg104,org117&M.
Fagginorg28&J. Faivreorg78&F. Fanorg6&A. Fantoniorg51&M. Faselorg95&P.
Fecchioorg30&A. Felicielloorg58&G. Feofilovorg112&A. Fernández Téllezorg44&A.
Ferreroorg137&A. Ferrettiorg25&A. Festantiorg33&V.J.G. Feuillardorg103&J.
Figielorg118&S. Filchaginorg108&D. Finogeevorg62&F.M. Fiondaorg21&G.
Fiorenzaorg52&F. Flororg125&S. Foertschorg72&P. Fokaorg106&S. Fokinorg87&E.
Fragiacomoorg59&U. Frankenfeldorg106&U. Fuchsorg33&C. Furgetorg78&A.
Fursorg62&M. Fusco Girardorg29&J.J. Gaardhøjeorg88&M. Gagliardiorg25&A.M.
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Zimmermannorg33&G. Zinovjevorg2&N. Zurloorg140&

## Affiliation notes

org*Deceased

orgIDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

orgIIM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of
Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

orgIIIDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

orgIVInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland

## Collaboration Institutes

org1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute)
Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

org2Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

org3Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics
and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

org4Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

org5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California,
United States

org6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

org7Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org8Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana,
Cuba

org9Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City
and Mérida, Mexico

org10Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche
“Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

org11Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

org12China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

org13Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and
Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia

org14COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

org15Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

org16Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

org17Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of
Korea

org18Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

org19Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California,
United States

org20Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

org21Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway

org22Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN,
Rome, Italy

org23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

org24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

org25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org26Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Bologna, Italy

org27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Catania, Italy

org28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Padova, Italy

org29Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo
Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

org30Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org31Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del
Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

org32Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari,
Italy

org33European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

org34Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia

org35Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied
Sciences, Bergen, Norway

org36Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

org37Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

org38Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

org39Fudan University, Shanghai, China

org40Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea

org41Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

org42Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-
Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

org43Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

org44High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

org45Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

org46Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation
(ZTT), Worms, Germany

org47Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering,
Bucharest, Romania

org48Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

org49Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

org50Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

org51INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

org52INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

org53INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

org54INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

org55INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

org56INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

org57INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy

org58INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy

org59INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

org60Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

org61Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Institut National de
Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS), Université de
Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

org62Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

org63Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht,
Netherlands

org64Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice,
Slovakia

org65Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India

org66Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
Republic

org67Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

org68Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,
Frankfurt, Germany

org69Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mexico City, Mexico

org70Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),
Porto Alegre, Brazil

org71Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
City, Mexico

org72iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

org73Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

org74Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik,
Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany

org75Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

org76Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic
of Korea

org77KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

org78Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

org79Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United
States

org80Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics,
Lund, Sweden

org81Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

org82Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan

org83National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science,
Department of Physics , Athens, Greece

org84National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland

org85National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha
National Institute, Jatni, India

org86National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan

org87National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

org88Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

org89Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands

org90NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, Russia

org91NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - ITEP, Moscow, Russia

org92NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

org93Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United
Kingdom

org94Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež u Prahy,
Czech Republic

org95Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

org96Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

org97Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

org98Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia

org99Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

org100Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

org101Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

org102Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen,
Germany

org103Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,
Heidelberg, Germany

org104Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

org105Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy

org106Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI
Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

org107Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

org108Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

org109Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute,
Kolkata, India

org110School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
United Kingdom

org111Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

org112St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

org113Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

org114SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes,
France

org115Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

org116Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

org117Technische Universität München, Excellence Cluster ’Universe’, Munich,
Germany

org118The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

org119The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States

org120Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

org121Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

org122Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

org123Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

org124University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

org125University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

org126University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

org127University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

org128University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

org129University of South-Eastern Norway, Tonsberg, Norway

org130University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

org131University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

org132University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

org133University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

org134Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France

org135Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon,
Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org136Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg,
France, Strasbourg, France

org137Université Paris-Saclay Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU,
Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France

org138Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy

org139Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

org140Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

org141Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute,
Kolkata, India

org142Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

org143Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

org144Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik,
Münster, Germany

org145Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

org146Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

org147Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea