circuits on chips Sato  _et al._ (2011). Manipulation of trapped photons on
the chip can be used to implement quantum protocols at a miniaturized scale,
i.e., a huge number of components can be packed in a small spatial region.
Such integrated photonic circuits have also wider applications such as
creating slow light, buffering and switching of photons Sato  _et al._ (2011),
etc.

In the context of long distance communication, a large-scale network of
cavities is required. An advantage of cavity-based architecture is that the
coupling between distant cavities can be established via optical fibers, a
well-established technology developed for the conventional communication
systems. Coupling between the cavities allows to transfer quantum states
between them with high fidelities and distribute entanglement across the
entire network. This, in turn, enables distributed quantum information
processing and communication. In addition, if a network contains an atom or
nonlinear media in each of the cavities, controlled transfer of photons
between a source cavity and target cavity is feasible due to this in-cavity
nonlinearity. The in-cavity nonlinearity also allows for manipulation of
cavity field states, generation of single photons, creation of entanglement
among the fields in the cavities, etc. These physical processes provide scope
for creating quantum gates, teleportation and dense coding in cavities.
Therefore, a distributed quantum communication architecture is achievable in
cavity networks which in all likelihood will be a suitable candidate for
realizing quantum internet in near future Kimble (2008).

Even though cavity networks are viable systems to carry out quantum
information processing and computation, there are issues to be sorted out
which limit their efficiency. At a practical level, making nearly identical
cavities having suitable resonance frequencies, which are essential for strong
coupling between the cavities, is a difficult task. However, tuning of
resonance frequencies over a wide range is possible through various techniques
Vignolini  _et al._ (2010a, b); Fushman  _et al._ (2007); Dundar  _et al._
(2012); Hopman  _et al._ (2006); Cai  _et al._ (2013a). Like any other
physical system, cavities also suffer from dissipation which may lead to
destruction of quantum coherence and thereby inhibit the transfer of states
between the cavities. To sustain a quantum state in the cavity for a long
time, feedback mechanisms are necessary Vitali  _et al._ (1998). The loss of
photons and accumulation of errors due to change of state of photons while
passing through optical fibers are other factors that affect the efficiency of
transferring information in a network. It is, however, possible to circumvent
this deficiency by incorporating quantum repeaters in conjunction with atom-
based quantum memories in the network Sangouard  _et al._ (2011); Ruihong and
Ying (2019) which guarantees high fidelity transfer of quantum states between
the sender and the receiver over long, lossy channels. There are also smart
algorithms such as the quantum error correction Devitt  _et al._ (2013) to
identify errors gathered in the quantum state of photons while passing through
noisy channels and rectify the errors. These techniques are robust enough to
perform highly reliable computations and long distance quantum communications.

Although, we have restricted our review to the relevance of cavities
containing atoms or nonlinear medium for quantum information processing and
computation, thermal diodes Barzanjeh  _et al._ (2018); Meher and Sivakumar
(2020b) and thermal transistors Xiong  _et al._ (2018) can be realized using
cavities as conduits to transfer energy between two thermal baths. A related
physical system is an optomechanical device that has one or more cavities
interacting with mechanical oscillators. These are also suitable for studying
the fundamentals of light-matter interaction and implementing quantum
protocols Aspelmeyer  _et al._ (2014); Stannigel  _et al._ (2012). In
optomechanical systems, photons and phonons are used as qubits to encode
information. Both these platforms, the coupled cavities and the optomechanical
systems, are reliable for experimentally verifying ideas in quantum
information processing, quantum thermodynamics Gelbwaser-Klimovsky  _et al._
(2013b, a); Villa and De Chiara (2018) and quantum chemistry Sidler  _et al._
(2020). However, it is beyond the scope of this review to present
optomechanics and quantum thermodynamics.

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