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## Appendix A

The Gaia mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in
alphabetical order by country:

  * •

the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique
of Bouzareah Observatory;

  * •

the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha
Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737;

  * •

the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme
de Développement d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants and the Polish
Academy of Sciences - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek through grant
VS.091.16N, and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), and the
Research Council of Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven through grant
C16/18/005 (Pushing AsteRoseismology to the next level with TESS, GaiA, and
the Sloan DIgital Sky SurvEy – PARADISE);

  * •

the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado
de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior (CAPES) - Comité Français d’Evaluation de la Coopération
Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB);

  * •

the Chilean Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) through
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Regular
Project 1210992 (L. Chemin);

  * •

the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants
11573054, 11703065, and 12173069, the China Scholarship Council through grant
201806040200, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai through grant
21ZR1474100;

  * •

the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171
‘Mining the Variable Sky’, with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research
Programme;

  * •

the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG
15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office
through ESA PECS contract 98058;

  * •

the Danish Ministry of Science;

  * •

the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1;

  * •

the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme through the European
Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network
(MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space
AsteroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie
Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European
Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740
(FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User
Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European
Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network;

  * •

the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) through COST Action
CA18104 ‘Revealing the Milky Way with Gaia (MW-Gaia)’;

  * •

the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360, 647208, and 834148
and through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation and
excellent science programmes through Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 745617 (Our
Galaxy at full HD – Gal-HD) and 895174 (The build-up and fate of self-
gravitating systems in the Universe) as well as grants 687378 (Small Bodies:
Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the
Interaction of Galaxies), 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries
and Cepheids – CepBin), 716155 (Structured ACCREtion Disks – SACCRED), 951549
(Sub-percent calibration of the extragalactic distance scale in the era of big
surveys – UniverScale), and 101004214 (Innovative Scientific Data Exploration
and Exploitation Applications for Space Sciences – EXPLORE);

  * •

the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research
for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF);

  * •

the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through
the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through contracts
C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, through contract
4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany, and through PROgramme de Développement
d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grant 4000127986 for Slovenia;

  * •

the Academy of Finland through grants 299543, 307157, 325805, 328654, 336546,
and 345115 and the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation;

  * •

the French Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de
la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the ‘Investissements
d’avenir’ programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project ‘Modelling the
Milky Way in the Gaia era’ (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for
project ‘The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era’ (ARCHEOGAL), through
grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project ‘Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as
primary distance calibrators’ (UnlockCepheids), through grant ANR-19-CE31-0017
for project ‘Secular evolution of galxies’ (SEGAL), and through grant
ANR-18-CE31-0006 for project ‘Galactic Dark Matter’ (GaDaMa), the Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut
des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), its Programmes Nationaux: Cosmologie et
Galaxies (PNCG), Gravitation Références Astronomie Métrologie (PNGRAM),
Planétologie (PNP), Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI), and
Physique Stellaire (PNPS), the ‘Action Fédératrice Gaia’ of the Observatoire
de Paris, the Région de Franche-Comté, the Institut National Polytechnique
(INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des
Particules (IN2P3) co-funded by CNES;

  * •

the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.,
DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901,
50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, 50QG1904,
50QG2101, 50QG2102, and 50QG2202, and the Centre for Information Services and
High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität Dresden for
generous allocations of computer time;

  * •

the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the Lendület Programme grants
LP2014-17 and LP2018-7 and the Hungarian National Research, Development, and
Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grant KKP-137523 (‘SeismoLab’);

  * •

the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University
Research Fellowship (M. Fraser);

  * •

the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology through grant 3-18143 and the
Tel Aviv University Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science (TAD)
through a grant;

  * •

the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0,
2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto
Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2 to INAF for the
Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data
Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and
2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC
S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research
(Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca) through the
Premiale project ‘MIning The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology
for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology’ (MITiC);

  * •

the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant
NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza
prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA);

  * •

the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2018/30/M/ST9/00311
and DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221 and the Ministry of Science and Higher
Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12;

  * •

the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national
funds, grants SFRH/BD/128840/2017 and PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, and work
contract DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0006, the Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento
Regional (FEDER) through grant POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389 and its Programa
Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (COMPETE2020) through grants
UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020, and the Strategic Programme
UIDB/00099/2020 for the Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação (CENTRA);

  * •

the Slovenian Research Agency through grant P1-0188;

  * •

the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the Spanish Ministry of
Science and Innovation (MICIN), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture,
and Sports, and the Spanish Government through grants BES-2016-078499,
BES-2017-083126, BES-C-2017-0085, ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80079-C2-2-R,
FPU16/03827, PDC2021-121059-C22, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, and TIN2015-65316-P
(‘Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII’), the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación
Programme (FJCI-2015-2671 and IJC2019-04862-I for F. Anders), the Severo Ochoa
Centre of Excellence Programme (SEV2015-0493), and
MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (and the European Union through European
Regional Development Fund ‘A way of making Europe’) through grant
RTI2018-095076-B-C21, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona
(ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia ‘María de Maeztu’) through grant
CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona’s official doctoral programme
for the development of an R+D+i project through an Ajuts de Personal
Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory through
project AyA2017-84089, the Galician Regional Government, Xunta de Galicia,
through grants ED431B-2021/36, ED481A-2019/155, and ED481A-2021/296, the
Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones
(CITIC), funded by the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European
Regional Development Fund – Galicia 2014-2020 Programme), through grant
ED431G-2019/01, the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources
at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre - Centro Nacional de
Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2017-2-0002,
AECT-2017-3-0006, AECT-2018-1-0017, AECT-2018-2-0013, AECT-2018-3-0011,
AECT-2019-1-0010, AECT-2019-2-0014, AECT-2019-3-0003, AECT-2020-1-0004, and
DATA-2020-1-0010, the Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la
Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project ‘Models de
Programació i Entorns d’Execució Parallels’ (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal
Fellowship RYC2018-025968-I funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the
European Science Foundation (‘Investing in your future’);

  * •

the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen);

  * •

the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through
the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires and the Swiss National Science
Foundation through an Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship (award PCEFP2_194638
for R. Anderson);

  * •

the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC),
the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the
United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the
University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, the University of
Edinburgh, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory
of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, ST/I000852/1,
ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/L006561/1,
ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1,
ST/S000976/1, ST/S000984/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S001980/1,
ST/S002103/1, ST/V000969/1, ST/W002469/1, ST/W002493/1, ST/W002671/1,
ST/W002809/1, and EP/V520342/1.

The Gaia project and data processing have made use of:

  * •

the Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical
Data (SIMBAD, Wenger et al. 2000), the ‘Aladin sky atlas’ (Bonnarel et al.
2000; Boch & Fernique 2014), and the VizieR catalogue access tool (Ochsenbein
et al. 2000), all operated at the Centre de Données astronomiques de
Strasbourg (CDS);

  * •

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrophysics Data
System (ADS);

  * •

the SPace ENVironment Information System (SPENVIS), initiated by the Space
Environment and Effects Section (TEC-EES) of ESA and developed by the Belgian
Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) under ESA contract through ESA’s
General Support Technologies Programme (GSTP), administered by the BELgian
federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO);

  * •

the software products TOPCAT, STIL, and STILTS (Taylor 2005, 2006);

  * •

Matplotlib (Hunter 2007);

  * •

IPython (Pérez & Granger 2007);

  * •

Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy
Collaboration et al. 2018);

  * •

R (R Core Team 2013);

  * •

Vaex (Breddels & Veljanoski 2018);

  * •

the Hipparcos-2 catalogue (van Leeuwen 2007). The Hipparcos and Tycho
catalogues were constructed under the responsibility of large scientific teams
collaborating with ESA. The Consortia Leaders were Lennart Lindegren (Lund,
Sweden: NDAC) and Jean Kovalevsky (Grasse, France: FAST), together responsible
for the Hipparcos Catalogue; Erik Høg (Copenhagen, Denmark: TDAC) responsible
for the Tycho Catalogue; and Catherine Turon (Meudon, France: INCA)
responsible for the Hipparcos Input Catalogue (HIC);

  * •

the Tycho-2 catalogue (Høg et al. 2000), the construction of which was
supported by the Velux Foundation of 1981 and the Danish Space Board;

  * •

The Tycho double star catalogue (TDSC, Fabricius et al. 2002), based on
observations made with the ESA Hipparcos astrometry satellite, as supported by
the Danish Space Board and the United States Naval Observatory through their
double-star programme;

  * •

data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS, Skrutskie et al.
2006), which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) / California Institute of
Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA;

  * •

the ninth data release of the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS, Henden
et al. 2016), funded by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund;

  * •

the first data release of the Pan-STARRS survey (Chambers et al. 2016; Magnier
et al. 2020a; Waters et al. 2020; Magnier et al. 2020c, b; Flewelling et al.
2020). The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have
been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the
University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society
and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy,
Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics,
Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of
Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope
Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
through grant NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the
NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation through
grant AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University
(ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore
Foundation;

  * •

the second release of the Guide Star Catalogue (GSC2.3, Lasker et al. 2008).
The Guide Star Catalogue II is a joint project of the Space Telescope Science
Institute (STScI) and the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo). STScI is
operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA),
for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under contract
NAS5-26555. OATo is operated by the Italian National Institute for
Astrophysics (INAF). Additional support was provided by the European Southern
Observatory (ESO), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (STECF),
the International GEMINI project, and the European Space Agency (ESA)
Astrophysics Division (nowadays SCI-S);

  * •

the eXtended, Large (XL) version of the catalogue of Positions and Proper
Motions (PPM-XL, Roeser et al. 2010);

  * •

data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which is a
joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, and NEOWISE, which
is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of
Technology. WISE and NEOWISE are funded by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA);

  * •

the first data release of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) Robotic
Astrometric Telescope (URAT-1, Zacharias et al. 2015);

  * •

the fourth data release of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) CCD
Astrograph Catalogue (UCAC-4, Zacharias et al. 2013);

  * •

the sixth and final data release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE DR6,
Steinmetz et al. 2020a, b). Funding for RAVE has been provided by the Leibniz
Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), the Australian Astronomical
Observatory, the Australian National University, the Australian Research
Council, the French National Research Agency, the German Research Foundation
(SPP 1177 and SFB 881), the European Research Council (ERC-StG 240271
Galactica), the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica at Padova, the Johns Hopkins
University, the National Science Foundation of the USA (AST-0908326), the W.M.
Keck foundation, the Macquarie University, the Netherlands Research School for
Astronomy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,
the Slovenian Research Agency, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the
Science & Technology Facilities Council of the UK, Opticon, Strasbourg
Observatory, and the Universities of Basel, Groningen, Heidelberg, and Sydney.
The RAVE website is at https://www.rave-survey.org/;

  * •

the first data release of the Large sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic
Telescope (LAMOST DR1, Luo et al. 2015);

  * •

the K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalogue (EPIC, Huber et al. 2016);

  * •

the ninth data release of the Sloan Digitial Sky Survey (SDSS DR9, Ahn et al.
2012). Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan
Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation,
and the United States Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III
website is http://www.sdss3.org/. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical
Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III
Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation
Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, University
of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group,
Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, the Michigan
State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max
Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University,
New York University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University,
University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation
Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University,
University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University;

  * •

the thirteenth release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR13, Albareti et
al. 2017). Funding for SDSS-IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan
Foundation, the United States Department of Energy Office of Science, and the
Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from
the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS
web site is https://www.sdss.org/. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical
Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS
Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie
Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation
Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins
University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
(IPMU) / University of Tokyo, the Korean Participation Group, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP),
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut für
Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik
(MPE), National Astronomical Observatories of China, New Mexico State
University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observatário
Nacional / MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University,
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona, University of
Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University
of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of
Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University;

  * •

the second release of the SkyMapper catalogue (SkyMapper DR2, Onken et al.
2019, Digital Object Identifier 10.25914/5ce60d31ce759). The national facility
capability for SkyMapper has been funded through grant LE130100104 from the
Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment, and
Facilities (LIEF) programme, awarded to the University of Sydney, the
Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the
University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University
of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University, and the
Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The
Australian National University’s Research School of Astronomy and
Astrophysics. The survey data were processed and provided by the SkyMapper
Team at the the Australian National University. The SkyMapper node of the All-
Sky Virtual Observatory (ASVO) is hosted at the National Computational
Infrastructure (NCI). Development and support the SkyMapper node of the ASVO
has been funded in part by Astronomy Australia Limited (AAL) and the
Australian Government through the Commonwealth’s Education Investment Fund
(EIF) and National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS),
particularly the National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR)
and the Australian National Data Service Projects (ANDS);

  * •

the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey (GES, Gilmore et al. 2022; Randich et
al. 2022). The Gaia-ESO Survey is based on data products from observations
made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme
ID 188.B-3002. Public data releases are available through the ESO Science
Portal. The project has received funding from the Leverhulme Trust (project
RPG-2012-541), the European Research Council (project ERC-2012-AdG
320360-Gaia-ESO-MW), and the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, INAF (2012:
CRA 1.05.01.09.16; 2013: CRA 1.05.06.02.07).

The GBOT programme uses observations collected at (i) the European
Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) with
the VLT Survey Telescope (VST), under ESO programmes 092.B-0165, 093.B-0236,
094.B-0181, 095.B-0046, 096.B-0162, 097.B-0304, 098.B-0030, 099.B-0034,
0100.B-0131, 0101.B-0156, 0102.B-0174, and 0103.B-0165; and (ii) the Liverpool
Telescope, which is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John
Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of
the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias with financial support from the
United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council, and (iii) telescopes
of the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network.