  The small group of lambda Bootis stars comprises late B to early F-type
stars, with moderate to extreme (up to a factor 100) surface underabundances of
most Fe-peak elements and solar abundances of lighter elements (C, N, O, and
S). The main mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are atmospheric
diffusion, meridional mixing and accretion of material from their surroundings.
Especially spectroscopic binary (SB) systems with lambda Bootis type components
are very important to investigate the evolutionary status and accretion process
in more details. For HD 210111, also delta Scuti type pulsation was found which
gives the opportunity to use the tools of asteroseismology for further
investigations. The latter could result in strict constraints for the amount of
diffusion for this star. Together with models for the accretion and its source
this provides a unique opportunity to shed more light on these important
processes. We present classification and high resolution spectra for HD 210111.
A detailed investigation of the most likely combinations of single star
components was performed. For this, composite spectra with different stellar
astrophysical parameters were calculated and compared to the observations to
find the best fitting combination. HD 210111 comprises two equal (within the
estimated errors) stars with T(eff)=7400K, logg=3.8dex, [M/H]=-1.0dex and
vsini=30km/s. This result is in line with other strict observational facts
published so far for this object. It is only the third detailed investigated
lambda Bootis type SB system, but the first one with a known IR-excess.


  As humans and animals learn in the natural world, they encounter
distributions of entities, situations and events that are far from uniform.
Typically, a relatively small set of experiences are encountered frequently,
while many important experiences occur only rarely. The highly-skewed,
heavy-tailed nature of reality poses particular learning challenges that humans
and animals have met by evolving specialised memory systems. By contrast, most
popular RL environments and benchmarks involve approximately uniform variation
of properties, objects, situations or tasks. How will RL algorithms perform in
worlds (like ours) where the distribution of environment features is far less
uniform? To explore this question, we develop three complementary RL
environments where the agent's experience varies according to a Zipfian
(discrete power law) distribution. On these benchmarks, we find that standard
Deep RL architectures and algorithms acquire useful knowledge of common
situations and tasks, but fail to adequately learn about rarer ones. To
understand this failure better, we explore how different aspects of current
approaches may be adjusted to help improve performance on rare events, and show
that the RL objective function, the agent's memory system and self-supervised
learning objectives can all influence an agent's ability to learn from uncommon
experiences. Together, these results show that learning robustly from skewed
experience is a critical challenge for applying Deep RL methods beyond
simulations or laboratories, and our Zipfian environments provide a basis for
measuring future progress towards this goal.


  We examine the thermalization of an ensemble of the octet of pseudoscalar
mesons, in the isospin symmetric limit, whose interactions are constrained
through chiral symmetry, unitarity, and measurements. The reaction amplitudes
generate all resonances up to masses of about 2 GeV, with twelve input
parameters, namely f_pi, three masses, and eight low energy constants (LECs) of
chiral perturbation theory. In linear response theory, we find that matter
takes an extremely long time to thermalize. These long relaxation times are
directly related to the fact that these mesons are pseudo-Goldstone bosons of
chiral symmetry breaking. This result indicates that fireballs created with
zero baryon number in heavy-ion collisions will drop out of chemical
equilibrium once they enter the chiral symmetry broken phase.


  We represent explicitly the excluded volume Ve{B1,B2} of two generic
cylindrically symmetric, convex rigid bodies, B1 and B2, in terms of a family
of shape functionals evaluated separately on B1 and B2. We show that Ve{B1,B2}
fails systematically to feature a dipolar component, thus making illusory the
assignment of any shape dipole to a tapered body in this class. The method
proposed here is applied to cones and validated by a shape-reconstruction
algorithm. It is further applied to spheroids (ellipsoids of revolution), for
which it shows how some analytic estimates already regarded as classics should
indeed be emended.


  This paper deals with the algebraic structure of the sequence of harmonics
when combined with equal temperaments. Fractals and the golden ratio appear
surprisingly on the way. The sequence of physical harmonics is an increasingly
enumerable submonoid of (R+,+) whose pairs of consecutive terms get arbitrarily
close as they grow. These properties suggest the definition of a new
mathematical object which we denote a tempered monoid. Mapping the elements of
the tempered monoid of physical harmonics from R to N may be considered
tantamount to defining equal temperaments. The number of equal parts of the
octave in an equal temperament corresponds to the multiplicity of the related
numerical semigroup. Analyzing the sequence of musical harmonics we derive two
important properties that tempered monoids may have: that of being
product-compatible and that of being fractal. We demonstrate that, up to
normalization, there is only one product-compatible tempered monoid, which is
the logarithmic monoid, and there is only one nonbisectional fractal monoid
which is generated by the golden ratio. The example of half-closed cylindrical
pipes imposes a third property to the sequence of musical harmonics, the
so-called odd-filterability property. We prove that the maximum number of equal
divisions of the octave such that the discretizations of the golden fractal
monoid and the logarithmic monoid coincide, and such that the discretization is
odd-filterable is 12. This is nothing else but the number of equal divisions of
the octave in classical Western music.


  In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a generalized Nash
equilibrium (GNE) in strongly monotone games. First, we propose a novel
continuous-time solution algorithm that uses regular projections and
first-order information. As second main contribution, we design a data-driven
variant of the former algorithm where each agent estimates their individual
pseudo-gradient via zero-order information, namely, measurements of their
individual cost function values, as typical of extremum seeking control. Third,
we generalize our setup and results for multi-agent systems with nonlinear
dynamics. Finally, we apply our algorithms to connectivity control in robotic
sensor networks and distributed wind farm optimization.


  The increasing reliance on Deep Learning models, combined with their inherent
lack of transparency, has spurred the development of a novel field of study
known as eXplainable AI (XAI) methods. These methods seek to enhance the trust
of end-users in automated systems by providing insights into the rationale
behind their decisions. This paper presents a novel approach for measuring user
trust in XAI systems, allowing their refinement. Our proposed metric combines
both performance metrics and trust indicators from an objective perspective. To
validate this novel methodology, we conducted a case study in a realistic
medical scenario: the usage of XAI system for the detection of pneumonia from
x-ray images.


  We define the notion of componentwise regularity and study some of its basic
properties. We prove an analogue, when working with weight orders, of
Buchberger's criterion to compute Gr\"obner bases; the proof of our criterion
relies on a strengthening of a lifting lemma of Buchsbaum and Eisenbud. This
criterion helps us to show a stronger version of Green's crystallization
theorem in a quite general setting, according to the componentwise regularity
of the initial object. Finally we show a necessary condition, given a submodule
$M$ of a free one over the polynomial ring and a weight such that $in(M)$ is
componentwise linear, for the existence of an $i$ such that
$\beta_i(M)=\beta_i(in(M))$.


  A slow $J/\psi$ bump exists in the inclusive $B\to J/\psi + X$ spectrum,
while the softness of $J/\psi$ spectrum in $\Upsilon(1S) \to J/\psi + X$ decay
is in strong contrast with expectations from color octet mechanism. We propose
{\it intrinsic} charm as the explanation:the former is due to $\bar B\to J/\psi
D \pi$,with three charm quarks in the final state; the latter is just a small
fraction of $\Upsilon(1S) \to (c\bar c)_{\rm slow} + 2$"jet" events, where the
slow moving $c\bar c$ system evolves into $D^{(*)}$ pairs. Experimental search
for these phenomena at B Factories and the Tevatron is strongly urged, as the
implications go beyond QCD.


  The Pythagorean formula is one of the most popular ways to measure the true
ability of a team. It is very easy to use, estimating a team's winning
percentage from the runs they score and allow. This data is readily available
on standings pages; no computationally intensive simulations are needed.
Normally accurate to within a few games per season, it allows teams to
determine how much a run is worth in different situations. This determination
helps solve some of the most important economic decisions a team faces: How
much is a player worth, which players should be pursued, and how much should
they be offered. We discuss the formula and these applications in detail, and
provide a theoretical justification, both for the formula as well as simpler
linear estimators of a team's winning percentage. The calculations and modeling
are discussed in detail, and when possible multiple proofs are given. We
analyze the 2012 season in detail, and see that the data for that and other
recent years support our modeling conjectures. We conclude with a discussion of
work in progress to generalize the formula and increase its predictive power
\emph{without} needing expensive simulations, though at the cost of requiring
play-by-play data.


  Recently, Benini et al. showed that, in simply connected wandering domains of
entire functions, all pairs of orbits behave in the same way relative to the
hyperbolic metric, thus giving us our first insight into the general internal
dynamics of such domains. After proving in a recent manuscript that the same is
not true for multiply connected wandering domains, a natural question is: how
inhomogeneous can multiply connected wandering domains be? We give an answer to
this question, in that we show that uniform dynamics inside an open subset of
the domain generalises to the whole wandering domain. As an application of this
result, we construct the first example of a meromorphic function with a
semi-contracting infinitely connected wandering domain.


  A tightly focused pulsed laser can locally modify the crystal structure
inside the bulk of a scintillator. The result is incorporation of so-called
optical barriers with a refractive index (RI) different from that of the
crystal bulk, that can be used to redirect the scintillation light and control
the light spread in the detector. We systematically study the scintillation
light transport in detectors fabricated using the Laser Induced Optical Barrier
technique, and objectively compare their potential performance characteristics
with the two mainstream detector types: monolithic and mechanically pixelated
arrays. Among countless optical barrier patterns, we explore barriers arranged
in a pixel-like pattern extending all-way or half-way through a 20 mm thick
LYSO:Ce crystal. We analyze the performance of the detectors coupled to MPPC
arrays, in terms of light response functions, position histograms, line
profiles, and light collection efficiency. Our results show that
laser-processed detectors constitute a new detector category with a behavior
between the two standard detector types. When the barrier-crystal interface is
smooth, no DOI information can be obtained regardless of barrier RI. However,
with a rough barrier-crystal interface we can extract multiple DOI levels.
Lower barrier RI results in larger light confinement, leading to better
transverse resolution. Laser-processed crystals can also potentially increase
the light collection efficiency, which could lead to improved energy resolution
and timing resolution due to higher signals. For a laser-processed detector
with smooth barrier-crystal interfaces the light collection efficiency is
simulated to >44%, and for rough interfaces >73%. The numbers for a monolithic
crystal is 39% with polished surfaces, and 71% with rough surfaces, and for a
mechanically pixelated array 33% with polished pixel surfaces and 51% with
rough surfaces.


  We present here the results of a deep (130 ks) XMM-Newton observation of the
cluster of galaxies 2A 0335+096. The deep exposure allows us to study in detail
its temperature structure and its elemental abundances. We fit three different
thermal models and find that the multi-temperature wdem model fits our data
best. We find that the abundance structure of the cluster is consistent with a
scenario where the relative number of Type Ia supernovae contributing to the
enrichment of the intra-cluster medium is ~25%, while the relative number of
core collapse supernovae is ~75%. Comparison of the observed abundances to the
supernova yields does not allow us to put any constrains on the contribution of
Pop III stars to the enrichment of the ICM. Radial abundance profiles show a
strong central peak of both Type Ia and core collapse supernova products. Both
the temperature and iron abundance maps show an asymmetry in the direction of
the elongated morphology of the surface brightness. In particular the
temperature map shows a sharp change over a brightness edge on the southern
side of the core, which was identified as a cold front in the Chandra data.
This suggests that the cluster is in the process of a merger with a subcluster.
Moreover, we find that the blobs or filaments discovered in the core of the
cluster by Chandra are, contrary to the previous results, colder than the
ambient gas and they appear to be in pressure equilibrium with their
environment.


  We revisit the population synthesis of isolated radio-pulsars incorporating
recent advances on the evolution of the magnetic field and the angle between
the magnetic and rotational axes from new simulations of the magneto-thermal
evolution and magnetosphere models, respectively. An interesting novelty in our
approach is that we do not assume the existence of a death line. We discuss
regions in parameter space that are more consistent with the observational
data. In particular, we find that any broad distribution of birth spin periods
with $P_0\lesssim 0.5$ s can fit the data, and that if the alignment angle is
allowed to vary consistently with the torque model, realistic magnetospheric
models are favoured compared to models with classical magneto-dipolar radiation
losses. Assuming that the initial magnetic field is given by a lognormal
distribution, our optimal model has mean strength $\langle\log B_0{\rm
[G]}\rangle \approx 13.0-13.2$ with width $\sigma (\log B_0) = 0.6-0.7$.
However, there are strong correlations between parameters. This degeneracy in
the parameter space can be broken by an independent estimate of the pulsar
birth rate or by future studies correlating this information with the
population in other observational bands (X-rays and $\gamma$-rays).


  This paper considers an uplink Internet of Things system with synchronous
periodic traffic, where multiple devices generate their status updates at the
beginning of each global frame and attempt to send them to a common access
point. To achieve a low network-wide age of information (AoI) in an easily
implementable manner, we require each device to adopt an age-dependent random
access protocol, i.e., to transmit with a certain probability only when its
corresponding AoI reaches a certain threshold. We analyze the time-average
expected AoI by a multi-layer Markov model where an external infinite-horizon
Markov chain manages the jumps between the beginnings of frames, while two
internal finite-horizon Markov chains manage the evolution during an arbitrary
frame for different cases. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the
modeling and the AoI advantage over age-independent schemes.


  Consider a continuous random pair $(X,Y)$ whose dependence is characterized
by an extreme-value copula with Pickands dependence function $A$. When the
marginal distributions of $X$ and $Y$ are known, several consistent estimators
of $A$ are available. Most of them are variants of the estimators due to
Pickands [Bull. Inst. Internat. Statist. 49 (1981) 859--878] and
Cap\'{e}ra\`{a}, Foug\`{e}res and Genest [Biometrika 84 (1997) 567--577]. In
this paper, rank-based versions of these estimators are proposed for the more
common case where the margins of $X$ and $Y$ are unknown. Results on the limit
behavior of a class of weighted bivariate empirical processes are used to show
the consistency and asymptotic normality of these rank-based estimators. Their
finite- and large-sample performance is then compared to that of their
known-margin analogues, as well as with endpoint-corrected versions thereof.
Explicit formulas and consistent estimates for their asymptotic variances are
also given.


  $\textit{Normalizer circuits}$ [1,2] are generalized Clifford circuits that
act on arbitrary finite-dimensional systems $\mathcal{H}_{d_1}\otimes ...
\otimes \mathcal{H}_{d_n}$ with a standard basis labeled by the elements of a
finite Abelian group $G=\mathbb{Z}_{d_1}\times... \times \mathbb{Z}_{d_n}$.
Normalizer gates implement operations associated with the group $G$ and can be
of three types: quantum Fourier transforms, group automorphism gates and
quadratic phase gates. In this work, we extend the normalizer formalism [1,2]
to infinite dimensions, by allowing normalizer gates to act on systems of the
form $\mathcal{H}_\mathbb{Z}^{\otimes a}$: each factor $\mathcal{H}_\mathbb{Z}$
has a standard basis labeled by $\textit{integers}$ $\mathbb{Z}$, and a Fourier
basis labeled by $\textit{angles}$, elements of the circle group $\mathbb{T}$.
Normalizer circuits become hybrid quantum circuits acting both on continuous-
and discrete-variable systems. We show that infinite-dimensional normalizer
circuits can be efficiently simulated classically with a generalized
$\textit{stabilizer formalism}$ for Hilbert spaces associated with groups of
the form $\mathbb{Z}^a\times \mathbb{T}^b \times
\mathbb{Z}_{d_1}\times...\times \mathbb{Z}_{d_n}$. We develop new techniques to
track stabilizer-groups based on normal forms for group automorphisms and
quadratic functions. We use our normal forms to reduce the problem of
simulating normalizer circuits to that of finding general solutions of systems
of mixed real-integer linear equations [3] and exploit this fact to devise a
robust simulation algorithm: the latter remains efficient even in pathological
cases where stabilizer groups become infinite, uncountable and non-compact. The
techniques developed in this paper might find applications in the study of
fault-tolerant quantum computation with superconducting qubits [4,5].


  Results from a comprehensive new analysis on the excitation spectrum of the
QCD string are presented. A rapid onset of string formation is observed in the
spectrum on a length scale of 2 fm, with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The
crossover from the short distance spectrum towards string excitations and an
observed fine structure in the 1--3 fm range are related to effective string
theory. The deficiencies of the Nambu-Goto bosonic string model in describing
the observed spectrum are briefly discussed.


  In this paper we extend the notion of Melham sum to the Pell and Pell-Lucas
sequences. While the proofs of general statements rely on the binomial theorem,
we prove some spacial cases by the known Pell identities. We also give
extensions of obtained expressions to the other recursive sequences.


  The combined effects of buoyancy-driven Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard convection (RC)
and surface tension-driven Marangoni convection (MC) are studied in a
triple-layer configuration which serves as a simplified model for a liquid
metal battery (LMB). The three-layer model consists of a liquid metal alloy
cathode, a molten salt separation layer, and a liquid metal anode at the top.
Convection is triggered by the temperature gradient between the hot electrolyte
and the colder electrodes, which is a consequence of the release of resistive
heat during operation. We present a linear stability analysis of the state of
pure thermal conduction in combination with three-dimensional direct numerical
simulations of the nonlinear turbulent evolution on the basis of a
pseudospectral method. Five different modes of convection are identified in the
configuration, which are partly coupled to each other: RC in the upper
electrode, RC with internal heating in the molten salt layer, MC at both
interfaces between molten salt and electrode as well as anti-convectionin the
middle layer and lower electrode. The linear stability analysis confirms that
the additional Marangoni effect in the present setup increases the growth rates
of the linearly unstable modes, i.e. Marangoni and Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard
instability act together in the molten salt layer. The critical Grashof and
Marangoni numbers decrease with increasing middle layer thickness. The
calculated thresholds for the onset of convection are found for realistic
current densities of laboratory-sized LMBs. The global turbulent heat transfer
follows scaling predictions for internally heated RC. The global turbulent
momentum transfer is comparable with turbulent convection in the classical
Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard case.


  We present full (3+1)D dynamical simulations to study collective behavior in
ultra-peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions (UPC) at the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) with the 3DGlauber+MUSIC+UrQMD framework. By extrapolating from
asymmetric p+Pb collisions, we simulate a quasi-real photon $\gamma^*$
interacting with the Pb nucleus in an ultra-peripheral collision at the LHC,
assuming strong final-state effects. We study the elliptic flow hierarchy
between p+Pb and $\gamma^*$+Pb collisions, which is dominated by the difference
in longitudinal flow decorrelations. Our theoretical framework provides a
quantitative tool to study collectivity in small asymmetric collision systems
at current and future collider experiments.


  The TATA-box Binding Protein (TBP) is required by all three eukaryotic RNA
polymerases for the initiation of transcription from most promoters. TBP
recognizes, binds to, and bends promoter sequences called ``TATA-boxes'' in the
DNA. We present results from the study of individual Saccharomyces cerevisia
TBPs interacting with single DNA molecules containing a TATA-box. Using video
microscopy, we observed the Brownian motion of beads tethered by short
surface-bound DNA. When TBP binds to and bends the DNA, the conformation of the
DNA changes and the amplitude of Brownian motion of the tethered bead is
reduced compared to that of unbent DNA. We detected individual binding and
dissociation events and derived kinetic parameters for the process.
Dissociation was induced by increasing the salt concentration or by directly
pulling on the tethered bead using optical tweezers. In addition to the
well-defined free and bound classes of Brownian motion, we observed another two
classes of motion. These extra classes were identified with intermediate states
on a three-step, linear binding pathway. Biological implications of the
intermediate states are discussed.


  This proceeding discusses the potential modifications to the mid-infrared
spectral energy distribution (SED) of a high-redshift dusty AGN that is
graviationally lensed by a foreground galaxy. The mid-infrared colour of a
lensed galaxy would typically be bluer than that of the same galaxy in the
absence of magnification. This effect would make it more difficult to interpret
the very small sample of high-redshift dusty AGN for which broad-band SEDs are
known in terms of the viewing angle of an obscuring dust torus, as all are
known to be lensed by galaxies.


  We study a class of Hopfield models where the memories are represented by a
mixture of Gaussian and binary variables and the neurons are Ising spins. We
study the properties of this family of models as the relative weight of the two
kinds of variables in the patterns varies. We quantitatively determine how the
retrieval phase squeezes towards zero as the memory patterns contain a larger
fraction of mismatched variables. As the memory is purely Gaussian retrieval is
lost for any positive storage capacity. It is shown that this comes about
because of the spherical symmetry of the free energy in the Gaussian case.
Introducing two different memory pattern overlaps between spin configurations
and each contribution to the pattern from the two kinds of variables one can
observe that the Gaussian parts of the patterns act as a noise, making
retrieval more difficult. The basins of attraction of the states, the accuracy
of the retrieval and the storage capacity are studied by means of Monte Carlo
numerical simulations. We uncover that even in the limit where the network
capacity shrinks to zero, the (few) retrieval states maintain a large basin of
attraction and large overlaps with the mismatched patterns. So the network can
be used for retrieval, but with a very small capacity.


  We study the distribution of the maximal height of the outermost path in the
model of $N$ nonintersecting Brownian motions on the half-line as $N\to
\infty$, showing that it converges in the proper scaling to the Tracy-Widom
distribution for the largest eigenvalue of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble.
This is as expected from the viewpoint that the maximal height of the outermost
path converges to the maximum of the $\textrm{Airy}_2$ process minus a
parabola. Our proof is based on Riemann-Hilbert analysis of a system of
discrete orthogonal polynomials with a Gaussian weight in the double scaling
limit as this system approaches saturation. We consequently compute the
asymptotics of the free energy and the reproducing kernel of the corresponding
discrete orthogonal polynomial ensemble in the critical scaling in which the
density of particles approaches saturation. Both of these results can be viewed
as dual to the case in which the mean density of eigenvalues in a random matrix
model is vanishing at one point.


  Quantum computing is offering a novel perspective for solving combinatorial
optimization problems. To fully explore the possibilities offered by quantum
computers, the problems need to be formulated as unconstrained binary models,
taking into account limitation and advantages of quantum devices. In this work,
we provide a detailed analysis of the Travelling Salesman Problem with Time
Windows (TSPTW) in the context of solving it on a quantum computer. We
introduce quadratic unconstrained binary optimization and higher order binary
optimization formulations of this problem. We demonstrate the advantages of
edge-based and node-based formulations of the TSPTW problem. Additionally, we
investigate the experimental realization of the presented methods on a quantum
annealing device. The provided results pave the path for utilizing quantum
computer for a variety of real-world task which can be cast in the form of
Travelling Salesman Problem with Time Windows problem.


  Hybrid silicon nanowires with an integrated light-emitting segment can
significantly advance nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. They would combine
transport and optical characteristics in a nanoscale device, which can operate
in the fundamental single-electron and single-photon regime. III-V materials,
such as direct bandgap gallium-arsenide, are excellent candidates for such
optical segments. However, interfacing them with silicon during crystal growth
is a major challenge, because of the lattice mismatch, different expansion
coefficients and the formation of anti-phase boundaries. Here, we demonstrate a
silicon nanowire with an integrated gallium-arsenide segment. We precisely
control the catalyst composition and surface chemistry to obtain
dislocation-free interfaces. The integration of gallium-arsenide of high
optical quality with silicon is enabled by short gallium phosphide buffers. We
anticipate that such hybrid silicon/III-V nanowires open practical routes for
quantum information devices, where for instance electronic and photonic quantum
bits are manipulated in a III-V segment and stored in a silicon section.


  A system of fermions with a short-range interaction proportional to the
scattering length $a$ is studied at finite density. At any order $a^n$, we
evaluate the complete contributions to the energy per particle $\bar E(k_f)$
arising from combined (multiple) particle-particle and hole-hole rescatterings
in the medium. This novel result is achieved by simply decomposing the
particle-hole propagator into the vacuum propagator plus a medium-insertion and
correcting for certain symmetry factors in the $(n-1)$-th power of the
in-medium loop. Known results for the low-density expansion up to and including
order $a^4$ are accurately reproduced. The emerging series in $a k_f$ can be
summed to all orders in the form of a double-integral over an arctangent
function. In that representation the unitary limit $a\to \infty$ can be taken
and one obtains the value $\xi= 0.5067$ for the universal Bertsch parameter. We
discuss also applications to the equation of state of neutron matter at low
densities and mention further extensions of the resummation method.


  It is known that a large neutrino number, of the order of a few percent of
the entropy of the universe, leads to symmetry breaking at high temperature. We
show here that in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) this implies
the breaking of electromagnetic charge invariance at T >> M_W allowing for the
solution of the monopole problem.


  An augmented rack is a set with a self-distributive binary operation induced
by a group action, and has been extensively used in knot theory. Solutions to
the Yang-Baxter equation (YBE) have been also used for knots, since the
discovery of the Jones polynomial. In this paper, an interpretation of
augmented racks in tensor categories is given for coalgebras that are Hopf
algebra modules, and associated solutions to the YBE are constructed. Explicit
constructions are given using quantum heaps and the adjoint of Hopf algebras.
Furthermore, an inductive construction of Yang-Baxter solutions is given by
means of the categorical augmented racks, yielding infinite families of
solutions. Constructions of braided monoidal categories are also provided using
categorical augmented racks.


  Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success in many computer
vision tasks recently, but the huge number of parameters and the high
computation overhead hinder their deployments on resource-constrained edge
devices. It is worth noting that channel pruning is an effective approach for
compressing DNN models. A critical challenge is to determine which channels are
to be removed, so that the model accuracy will not be negatively affected. In
this paper, we first propose Spatial and Channel Attention (SCA), a new
attention module combining both spatial and channel attention that respectively
focuses on "where" and "what" are the most informative parts. Guided by the
scale values generated by SCA for measuring channel importance, we further
propose a new channel pruning approach called Channel Pruning guided by Spatial
and Channel Attention (CPSCA). Experimental results indicate that SCA achieves
the best inference accuracy, while incurring negligibly extra resource
consumption, compared to other state-of-the-art attention modules. Our
evaluation on two benchmark datasets shows that, with the guidance of SCA, our
CPSCA approach achieves higher inference accuracy than other state-of-the-art
pruning methods under the same pruning ratios.


  The dynamical behavior of a higher-order cubic Ginzburg-Landau equation is
found to include a wide range of scenarios due to the interplay of higher-order
physically relevant terms. We find that the competition between the third-order
dispersion and stimulated Raman scattering effects, gives rise to rich
dynamics: this extends from Poincar\'{e}-Bendixson--type scenarios, in the
sense that bounded solutions may converge either to distinct equilibria via
orbital connections, or space-time periodic solutions, to the emergence of
almost periodic and chaotic behavior. One of our main results is that the
third-order dispersion has a dominant role in the development of such complex
dynamics, since it can be chiefly responsible (i.e., even in the absence of the
other higher-order effects) for the existence of the periodic, quasi-periodic
and chaotic spatiotemporal structures. Suitable low-dimensional phase space
diagnostics are devised and used to illustrate the different possibilities and
identify their respective parametric intervals over multiple parameters of the
model.


  Gas in protostellar disks provides the raw material for giant planet
formation and controls the dynamics of the planetesimal-building dust grains.
Accurate gas mass measurements help map the observed properties of
planet-forming disks onto the formation environments of known exoplanets. Rare
isotopologues of carbon monoxide (CO) have been used as gas mass tracers for
disks in the Lupus star-forming region, with an assumed interstellar CO/H$_2$
abundance ratio. Unfortunately, observations of T-Tauri disks show that CO
abundance is not interstellar---a finding reproduced by models that show CO
abundance decreasing both with distance from the star and as a function of
time. Here we present radiative transfer simulations that assess the accuracy
of CO-based disk mass measurements. We find that the combination of CO chemical
depletion in the outer disk and optically thick emission from the inner disk
leads observers to underestimate gas mass by more than an order of magnitude if
they use the standard assumptions of interstellar CO/H$_2$ ratio and optically
thin emission. Furthermore, CO abundance changes on million-year timescales,
introducing an age/mass degeneracy into observations. To reach factor of a few
accuracy for CO-based disk mass measurements, we suggest that observers and
modelers adopt the following strategies: (1) select the low-$J$ transitions;
(2) observe multiple CO isotopologues and use either intensity ratios or
normalized line profiles to diagnose CO chemical depletion; and (3) use
spatially resolved observations to measure the CO abundance distribution.


  We present observations of the Lockman Hole with the Giant Metrewave Radio
Telescope (GMRT). Twelve pointings were observed, covering a total area of ~
five square degrees with a resolution of 6 x 5 arcsec, position angle +45deg.
The majority of the pointings have an rms noise of 60 microJy/beam before
correction for the attenuation of the GMRT primary beam. Techniques used for
data reduction and production of a mosaicked image of the region are described,
and the final mosaic is presented, along with a catalogue of 2845 sources
detected above 6 sigma. Radio source counts are calculated at 610 MHz and
combined with existing 1.4-GHz source counts, in order to show that pure
luminosity evolution of the local radio luminosity functions for active
galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies is sufficient to account for the two
source counts simultaneously.


  Observations of the CO J(1-0) 115 GHz and J(2-1) 230 GHz lines in comet
C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) were performed with the IRAM Plateau de Bure
interferometer on 11 March, 1997. The observations were conducted in both
single-dish (ON-OFF) and interferometric modes with 0.13 km s-1 spectral
resolution. Images of CO emission with 1.7 to 3" angular resolution were
obtained. The ON-OFF and interferometric spectra show a velocity shift with
sinusoidal time variations related to the Hale-Bopp nucleus rotation of 11.35
h. The peak position of the CO images moves perpendicularly to the spin axis
direction in the plane of the sky. This suggests the presence of a CO jet,
which is active night and day at about the same extent, and is spiralling with
nucleus rotation. The high quality of the data allows us to constrain the
characteristics of this CO jet. We have developed a 3-D model to interpret the
temporal evolution of CO spectra and maps. The CO coma is represented as the
combination of an isotropic distribution and a spiralling gas jet, both of
nucleus origin. Spectra and visibilities (the direct output of interferometric
data) analysis shows that the CO jet comprises ~40% the total CO production and
is located at a latitude ~20 degrees North on the nucleus surface. Our
inability to reproduce all observational characteristics shows that the real
structure of the CO coma is more complex than assumed, especially in the first
thousand kilometres from the nucleus. The presence of another moving CO
structure, faint but compact and possibly created by an outburst, is
identified.


  We study the origin of the interstellar object 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua by
juxtaposing estimates based on the observations with simulations. We speculate
that objects like 'Oumuamua are formed in the debris disc as left over from the
star and planet formation process, and subsequently liberated. The liberation
process is mediated either by interaction with other stars in the parental
star-cluster, by resonant interactions within the planetesimal disc or by the
relatively sudden mass loss when the host star becomes a compact object.
Integrating backward in time in the Galactic potential together with stars from
the Gaia-TGAS catalogue we find that about 1.3Myr ago 'Oumuamua passed the
nearby star HIP 17288 within a mean distance of $1.3$pc. By comparing nearby
observed L-dwarfs with simulations of the Galaxy we conclude that the
kinematics of 'Oumuamua is consistent with relatively young objects of
$1.1$--$1.7$Gyr. We just met 'Oumuamua by chance, and with a derived mean
Galactic density of $\sim 3\times 10^{5}$ similarly sized objects within
100\,au from the Sun or $\sim 10^{14}$ per cubic parsec we expect about 2 to 12
such visitors per year within 1au from the Sun.


  Generating high-quality summaries for chat dialogs often requires large
labeled datasets. We propose a method to efficiently use unlabeled data for
extractive summarization of customer-agent dialogs. In our method, we frame
summarization as a question-answering problem and use state-of-the-art large
language models (LLMs) to generate pseudo-labels for a dialog. We then use
these pseudo-labels to fine-tune a chat summarization model, effectively
transferring knowledge from the large LLM into a smaller specialized model. We
demonstrate our method on the \tweetsumm dataset, and show that using 10% of
the original labelled data set we can achieve 65.9/57.0/61.0 ROUGE-1/-2/-L,
whereas the current state-of-the-art trained on the entire training data set
obtains 65.16/55.81/64.37 ROUGE-1/-2/-L. In other words, in the worst case
(i.e., ROUGE-L) we still effectively retain 94.7% of the performance while
using only 10% of the data.


  We present a version of so called formula size games for regular expressions.
These games characterize the equivalence of languages up to expressions of a
given size. We use the regular expression size game to give a simple proof of a
known non-elementary succinctness gap between first-order logic and regular
expressions. We also use the game to only count the number of stars in an
expression instead of the overall size. For regular expressions this measure
trivially gives a hierarchy in terms of expressive power. We obtain such a
hierarchy also for what we call RE over star-free expressions, where star-free
expressions, that is ones with complement but no stars, are combined using the
operations of regular expressions.


  In this study, a new well-resolved large-eddy-simulation (LES) of an
incompressible near-equilibrium adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent
boundary layer (TBL) over a flat plate is presented. In this simulation, we
have established a near-equilibrium APG over a wide Reynolds-number range. In
this so-called region of interest (ROI), the Clauser--Rotta pressure-gradient
parameter $\beta$ exhibits an approximately constant value of around 1.4, and
the Reynolds number based on momentum thickness reaches $Re_{\theta}=8700$. To
the authors' knowledge, this is to date the highest $Re_{\theta}$ achieved for
a near-equilibrium APG TBL under an approximately constant moderate APG. We
evaluated the self-similarity of the outer region using two scalings, namely
the Zagarola--Smits and an alternative one based on edge velocity and
displacement thickness. Our results reveal that outer-layer similarity is
achieved, and the viscous scaling collapses the near-wall region of the mean
flow in agreement with classical theory. Spectral analysis reveals that the APG
displaces some small-scale energy from the near-wall to the outer region, an
effect observed for all the components of the Reynolds-stress tensor, which
becomes more evident at higher Reynolds numbers. Generally, the effects of the
APG are more noticeable at lower Reynolds numbers. For instance, the outer peak
of turbulent-kinetic-energy (TKE) production is less prominent at higher $Re$.
While the scale separation increases with $Re$ in zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG)
TBLs, this effect becomes accentuated by the APG. Despite the reduction of the
outer TKE production at higher Reynolds numbers, the mechanisms of energization
of large scales are still present.


  We report on the observations of 14 dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Fermi
Gamma-Ray Space Telescope taken during the first 11 months of survey mode
operations. The Fermi telescope provides a new opportunity to test particle
dark matter models through the expected gamma-ray emission produced by pair
annihilation of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). Local Group dwarf
spheroidal galaxies, the largest galactic substructures predicted by the cold
dark matter scenario, are attractive targets for such indirect searches for
dark matter because they are nearby and among the most extreme dark matter
dominated environments. No significant gamma-ray emission was detected above
100 MeV from the candidate dwarf galaxies. We determine upper limits to the
gamma-ray flux assuming both power-law spectra and representative spectra from
WIMP annihilation. The resulting integral flux above 100 MeV is constrained to
be at a level below around 10^-9 photons cm^-2 s^-1. Using recent stellar
kinematic data, the gamma-ray flux limits are combined with improved
determinations of the dark matter density profile in 8 of the 14 candidate
dwarfs to place limits on the pair annihilation cross-section of WIMPs in
several widely studied extensions of the standard model. With the present data,
we are able to rule out large parts of the parameter space where the thermal
relic density is below the observed cosmological dark matter density and WIMPs
(neutralinos here) are dominantly produced non-thermally, e.g. in models where
supersymmetry breaking occurs via anomaly mediation. The gamma-ray limits
presented here also constrain some WIMP models proposed to explain the Fermi
and PAMELA e^+e^- data, including low-mass wino-like neutralinos and models
with TeV masses pair-annihilating into muon-antimuon pairs. (Abridged)


  Fourier Neural Operators (FNO) offer a principled approach to solving
challenging partial differential equations (PDE) such as turbulent flows. At
the core of FNO is a spectral layer that leverages a discretization-convergent
representation in the Fourier domain, and learns weights over a fixed set of
frequencies. However, training FNO presents two significant challenges,
particularly in large-scale, high-resolution applications: (i) Computing
Fourier transform on high-resolution inputs is computationally intensive but
necessary since fine-scale details are needed for solving many PDEs, such as
fluid flows, (ii) selecting the relevant set of frequencies in the spectral
layers is challenging, and too many modes can lead to overfitting, while too
few can lead to underfitting. To address these issues, we introduce the
Incremental Fourier Neural Operator (iFNO), which progressively increases both
the number of frequency modes used by the model as well as the resolution of
the training data. We empirically show that iFNO reduces total training time
while maintaining or improving generalization performance across various
datasets. Our method demonstrates a 10% lower testing error, using 20% fewer
frequency modes compared to the existing Fourier Neural Operator, while also
achieving a 30% faster training.


  It is evaluated the first order temperature correction to the energy of
massive neutrino in the case of weak magnetic field.


  Galactic spiral shocks are dominant morphological features and believed to be
responsible for substructure formation within spiral arms in disk galaxies.
They can also contribute a substantial amount of kinetic energy to the
interstellar gas by tapping the (differential) rotational motion. We use
numerical hydrodynamic simulations to investigate dynamics and structure of
spiral shocks with thermal instability in vertically stratified galactic disks,
focusing on environmental conditions (of heating and the galactic potential)
similar to the Solar neighborhood. We initially consider an isothermal disk in
vertical hydrostatic equilibrium and let it evolve subject to interstellar
cooling and heating as well as a stellar spiral potential. Due to thermal
instability, a disk with surface density $\Sigma_0 \geq 6.7\Surf$ rapidly turns
to a thin dense slab near the midplane sandwiched between layers of rarefied
gas. The imposed spiral potential leads to a vertically curved shock that
exhibits strong flapping motions in the plane perpendicular to the arm. The
overall flow structure at saturation is comprised of arm, postshock expansion
zone, and interarm regions that occupy typically 10\%, 20\%, and 70\% of the
arm-to-arm distance, in which the gas resides for 15\%, 30\%, and 55\% of the
arm-to-arm crossing time, respectively. The flows are characterized by
transitions from rarefied to dense phases at the shock and from dense to
rarefied phases in the postshock expansion zone, although gas with too-large
postshock-density does not undergo this return phase transition, instead
forming dense condensations. If self-gravity is omitted, the shock flapping
drives random motions in the gas, but only up to $\sim 2-3 \kms$ in the
in-plane direction and less than $2\kms$ in the vertical direction.
Time-averaged shock profiles show... (abridged).


  In high energy heavy ion collisions the pion multiplicity is large, and one
might expect that pions are radiated semi-classically. The axial symmetry of
the collision and approximately zero isotopic spin of the colliding nuclei
result then in peculiar isotopic spin -- azimuth correlations of the produced
pions. These correlations are easy to test -- and should be tested.


  Diffusion can be conceptualized, at microscopic scales, as the random hopping
of particles between neighboring lattice sites. In the case of diffusion in
inhomogeneous media, distinct spatial domains in the system may yield distinct
particle hopping rates. Starting from the master equations (MEs) governing
diffusion in inhomogeneous media we derive here, for arbitrary spatial
dimensions, the deterministic lattice equations (DLEs) specifying the average
particle number at each lattice site for randomly diffusing particles in
inhomogeneous media. We consider the case of free diffusion with no steric
constraints on the maximum particle number per lattice site as well as the case
of diffusion under steric constraints imposing a maximum particle
concentration. We find, for both transient and asymptotic regimes, excellent
agreement between the DLEs and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the MEs. The
DLEs provide a computationally efficient method for predicting the (average)
distribution of randomly diffusing particles in inhomogeneous media, with the
number of DLEs associated with a given system being independent of the number
of particles in the system. From the DLEs we obtain general analytic
expressions for the steady-state particle distributions for free diffusion and,
in special cases, diffusion under steric constraints in inhomogeneous media. We
find that, in the steady state of the system, the average fraction of particles
in a given domain is independent of most system properties, such as the
arrangement and shape of domains, and only depends on the number of lattice
sites in each domain, the hopping rates, the number of distinct particle
species, and the total number of particles of each particle species in the
system. Our results provide general insights into the role of spatially
inhomogeneous particle hopping rates in setting the particle distributions in
inhomogeneous media.


  We study stable blow-up dynamics in the $L^2$-critical nonlinear
Schr\"{o}dinger equation in high dimensions. First, we show that in dimensions
$d=4$ to $d=12$ generic blow-up behavior confirms the "log-log" regime in our
numerical simulations, including the log-log rate and the convergence of the
blow-up profiles to the rescaled ground state; this matches the description of
the stable blow-up regime in the dimension $d =2$ (for the 2d cubic NLS
equation).
  Next, we address the question of rigorous justification of the "log-log"
dynamics in higher dimensions ($d \geq5)$, at least for the initial data with
the mass slightly larger than the mass of the ground state, for which the
spectral conjecture has yet to be proved, see [34] and [10]. We give a
numerically-assisted proof of the spectral property for the dimensions from
$d=5$ to $d=12$, and a modification of it in dimensions $2 \leq d \leq 12$.
This, combined with previous results of Merle-Rapha\"el, proves the "log-log"
stable blow-up regime in dimensions $d \leq 10$ and radially stable for $d \leq
12$.


  A fundamental challenge of over-parameterized deep learning models is
learning meaningful data representations that yield good performance on a
downstream task without over-fitting spurious input features. This work
proposes MaskTune, a masking strategy that prevents over-reliance on spurious
(or a limited number of) features. MaskTune forces the trained model to explore
new features during a single epoch finetuning by masking previously discovered
features. MaskTune, unlike earlier approaches for mitigating shortcut learning,
does not require any supervision, such as annotating spurious features or
labels for subgroup samples in a dataset. Our empirical results on biased
MNIST, CelebA, Waterbirds, and ImagenNet-9L datasets show that MaskTune is
effective on tasks that often suffer from the existence of spurious
correlations. Finally, we show that MaskTune outperforms or achieves similar
performance to the competing methods when applied to the selective
classification (classification with rejection option) task. Code for MaskTune
is available at https://github.com/aliasgharkhani/Masktune.


  We propose a post-processing variationally scheduled quantum algorithm
(pVSQA) for solving constrained combinatorial optimization problems (COPs).
COPs are typically transformed into ground-state search problems of the Ising
model on a quantum annealer or gate-type quantum device. Variational methods
are used to find an optimal schedule function that leads to high-quality
solutions in a short amount of time. Post-processing techniques convert the
output solutions of the quantum devices to satisfy the constraints of the COPs.
pVSQA combines the variational methods and the post-processing technique. We
obtain a sufficient condition for constrained COPs to apply pVSQA based on a
greedy post-processing algorithm. We apply the proposed method to two
constrained NP-hard COPs: the graph partitioning problem and the quadratic
knapsack problem. pVSQA on a simulator shows that a small number of variational
parameters is sufficient to achieve a (near-)optimal performance within a
predetermined operation time. Then building upon the simulator results, we
implement pVSQA on a quantum annealer and a gate-type quantum device. The
experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.


  This letter studies a wireless system consisting of distributed ground
terminals (GTs) communicating with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that serves
as a mobile base station (BS). The UAV flies cyclically above the GTs at a
fixed altitude, which results in a cyclical pattern of the strength of the
UAV-GT channels. To exploit such periodic channel variations, we propose a new
cyclical multiple access (CMA) scheme to schedule the communications between
the UAV and GTs in a cyclical time-division manner based on the flying UAV's
position. The time allocations to different GTs are optimized to maximize their
minimum throughput. It is revealed that there is a fundamental tradeoff between
throughput and access delay in the proposed CMA. Simulation results show
significant throughput gains over the case of a static UAV BS in delay-tolerant
applications.


  Numeric truncation is a widely spread error in software written in languages
with static data typing, such as C/C++ or Java. It occurs when the significant
bits of the value with a bigger type size are truncated during value conversion
to the smaller type. Utilizing one of the most powerful methods for path
exploration and automated bug detection called dynamic symbolic execution
(DSE), we propose the symbolic security predicate for numeric truncation error
detection, developed on top of DSE tool Sydr. Firstly, we execute the program
on the data, which does not lead to any errors. During program execution we
update symbolic shadow stack and shadow registers to track symbolic sizes of
the symbolic variables to avoid false positives. Then, if we meet the
instruction, which truncates the symbolic variable, we build the security
predicate, try to solve it with the SMT-solver and in case of success save new
input file to reproduce the error. We tested our approach on Juliet Dynamic
test suite for CWE-197 and achieved 100% accuracy. We approved the workability
of our approach by detecting 12 new errors of numeric truncation in 5 different
real-world open source projects within OSS-Sydr-Fuzz project. All of the errors
were reported, most of the reports were equipped with appropriate fixes,
successfully confirmed and applied by project maintainers.


  We examine the nature of electroweak Baryogenesis when the Higgs boson's
properties are modified by the effects of new physics. We utilize the effective
potential to one loop (ring improving the finite temperature perturbative
expansion) while retaining parametrically enhanced dimension six operators of
O(v^2/f^2) in the Higgs sector. These parametrically enhanced operators would
be present if the Higgs is a pseudo-goldstone boson of a new physics sector
with a characteristic mass scale Lambda ~ TeV, a coupling constant (4 pi) > g >
1 and a strong decay constant scale f = Lambda/g. We find that generically the
effect of new physics of this form allows a sufficiently first order
electro-weak phase transition so that the produced Baryon number can avoid
washing out, and has enhanced effects due to new sources CP violation. We also
improve the description of the electroweak phase transition in perturbation
theory by determining the thermal mass eigenstate basis of the standard model
gauge boson fields. This improves the calculation of the finite temperature
effects through incorporating mixing in the determination of the vector boson
thermal masses of the standard model. These effects are essential to
determining the nature of the phase transition in the standard model and are of
interest in our Pseudo-Goldstone Baryogenesis scenario.


  A key requirement for graph neural networks is that they must process a graph
in a way that does not depend on how the graph is described. Traditionally this
has been taken to mean that a graph network must be equivariant to node
permutations. Here we show that instead of equivariance, the more general
concept of naturality is sufficient for a graph network to be well-defined,
opening up a larger class of graph networks. We define global and local natural
graph networks, the latter of which are as scalable as conventional message
passing graph neural networks while being more flexible. We give one practical
instantiation of a natural network on graphs which uses an equivariant message
network parameterization, yielding good performance on several benchmarks.


  Spherical symmetry is ubiquitous in nature. It's therefore unfortunate that
spherical system simulations are so hard, and require complete spheres with
millions of interacting particles. Here we introduce an approach to model
spherical systems, using revised periodic boundary conditions adapted to
spherical symmetry. Method reduces computational costs by orders of magnitude,
and is applicable for both solid and liquid membranes, provided the curvature
is sufficiently small. We demonstrate the method by calculating the bending and
Gaussian curvature moduli of single- and multi-layer graphene. Method works
with any interaction (ab initio, classical interactions), with any approach
(molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo), and with applications ranging from science
to engineering, from liquid to solid membranes, from bubbles to balloons.


  Lionel Levine's hat challenge has $t$ players, each with a (very large, or
infinite) stack of hats on their head, each hat independently colored at random
black or white. The players are allowed to coordinate before the random colors
are chosen, but not after. Each player sees all hats except for those on her
own head. They then proceed to simultaneously try and each pick a black hat
from their respective stacks. They are proclaimed successful only if they are
all correct. Levine's conjecture is that the success probability tends to zero
when the number of players grows. We prove that this success probability is
strictly decreasing in the number of players, and present some connections to
problems in graph theory: relating the size of the largest independent set in a
graph and in a random induced subgraph of it, and bounding the size of a set of
vertices intersecting every maximum-size independent set in a graph.


  We show that determining if an $n$-vertex graph has twin-width at most 4 is
NP-complete, and requires time $2^{\Omega(n/\log n)}$ unless the
Exponential-Time Hypothesis fails. Along the way, we give an elementary proof
that $n$-vertex graphs subdivided at least $2 \log n$ times have twin-width at
most 4. We also show how to encode trigraphs $H$ (2-edge colored graphs
involved in the definition of twin-width) into graphs $G$, in the sense that
every $d$-sequence (sequence of vertex contractions witnessing that the
twin-width is at most $d$) of $G$ inevitably creates $H$ as an induced
subtrigraph, whereas there exists a partial $d$-sequence that actually goes
from $G$ to $H$. We believe that these facts and their proofs can be of
independent interest.


  Direct numerical simulations are utilised to investigate mass transfer
processes at gas-evolving electrodes that experience successive formation and
detachment of bubbles. The gas-liquid interface is modeled employing an
Immersed Boundary Method. We simulate the growth phase of the bubbles followed
by their departure from the electrode surface in order to study the mixing
induced by these processes. We find that the growth of the bubbles switches
from a diffusion-limited mode at low to moderate fractional bubble-coverages of
the electrode to reaction-limited growth dynamics at high coverages.
Furthermore, our results indicate that the net transport within the system is
governed by the effective buoyancy driving induced by the rising bubbles and
that mechanisms commonly subsumed under the term `microconvection' do not
significantly affect the mass transport. Consequently, the resulting gas
transport for different bubble sizes, current densities, and electrode
coverages can be collapsed onto one single curve and only depends on an
effective Grashof number. The same holds for the mixing of the electrolyte when
additionally taking the effect of surface blockage by attached bubbles into
account. For the gas transport to the bubble, we find that the relevant
Sherwood numbers also collapse onto a single curve when accounting for the
driving force of bubble growth, incorporated in an effective Jakob number.
Finally, linking the hydrogen transfer rates at the electrode and the bubble
interface, an approximate correlation for the gas-evolution efficiency has been
established. Taken together, these findings enable us to deduce
parametrizations for all response parameters of the systems.


  This paper proposes an attention module augmented relational network called
SARN(Sequential Attention Relational Network) that can carry out relational
reasoning by extracting reference objects and making efficient pairing between
objects. SARN greatly reduces the computational and memory requirements of the
relational network, which computes all object pairs. It also shows high
accuracy on the Sort-of-CLEVR dataset compared to other models, especially on
relational questions.


  We calculate the binding energy and deformation parameter for light nuclei
with and without pairing using a deformed relativistic mean field model. The
role of BCS-type pairing effect is analyzed for Ne and F isotopes. The
calculated odd-even staggering and the deformation parameters argue strongly
against the role of pairing in the light nuclei.


  A discrete analogue of the dynamical (Kapitza) trapping effect, known for
classical and quantum particles in rapidly oscillating potentials, is proposed
for light waves in modulated graded-index waveguide lattices. As in the
non-modulated waveguide lattice a graded-index potential can confine light at
either normal or Bragg angle incidence, periodic modulation of the potential in
the longitudinal direction enables to trap optical beams at both normal and
Bragg incidence angles.


  There being no precise definition of the quantum integrability, the
separability of variables can serve as its practical substitute. For any
quantum integrable model generated by the Yangian Y[sl(3)] the canonical
coordinates and the conjugated operators are constructed which satisfy the
``quantum characteristic equation'' (quantum counterpart of the spectral
algebraic curve for the L operator). The coordinates constructed provide a
local separation of variables. The conditions are enlisted which are necessary
for the global separation of variables to take place.


  The impact of fluid drops on solid substrates has widespread interest in many
industrial coating and spraying applications, such as ink-jet printing and
agricultural pesticide sprays. Many of the fluids used in these applications
are non-Newtonian, that is they contain particulate or polymeric additives that
strongly modify their flow behaviour. While a large body of experimental and
theoretical work has been done to understand the impact dynamics of Newtonian
fluids, we as a community have much progress to make to understand how these
dynamics are modified when the impact fluid has non-Newtonian rheology. In this
review, we outline recent experimental, theoretical, and computational advances
in the study of impact dynamics of complex fluids on solid surfaces. Here, we
provide an overview of this field that is geared towards a multidisciplinary
audience. Our discussion is segmented by two principal material constitutions:
polymeric fluids and particulate suspensions. Throughout, we highlight
promising future directions, as well as ongoing experimental and theoretical
challenges in the field.


  Perpendicular shape anisotropy (PSA) offers a practical solution to downscale
spin-transfer torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM) beyond the sub-20
nm technology node whilst retaining thermal stability of the storage layer
magnetization. However, our understanding of the thermomagnetic behavior of
PSA-STT-MRAM is often indirect, relying on magnetoresistance measurements and
micromagnetic modelling. Here, the magnetism of a FeCoB / NiFe PSA-STT-MRAM
nano-pillar is investigated using off-axis electron holography, providing
spatially resolved magnetic information as a function of temperature, which has
been previously inaccessible. Magnetic induction maps reveal the micromagnetic
configuration of the NiFe storage layer (60 nm high, 20 nm diameter),
confirming the PSA induced by its 3:1 aspect ratio. In-situ heating
demonstrates that the PSA of the FeCoB / NiFe composite storage layer is
maintained up to at least 250 degrees centigrade, and direct quantitative
measurements reveal the very moderate decrease of magnetic induction with
temperature. Hence, this study shows explicitly that PSA provides significant
stability in STT-MRAM applications that require reliable performance over a
range of operating temperatures.


  Quantifying the temperature of microdevices is critical for probing nanoscale
energy transport.Such quantification is often accomplished by integrating
resistance thermometers into microdevices. However, such thermometers
frequently become structurally unstable and fail due to thermal stresses at
elevated temperatures. Here, we show that custom-fabricated scanning thermal
probes (STPs) with a sharp tip and an integrated heater/thermometer can
accurately measure the temperature of microdevices held at elevated
temperatures. This measurement is accomplished by introducing a modulated heat
input to the STP after contacting the microdevice with the STP's tip, and
characterizing the DC and AC components of the STP's temperature.From these
measured temperature components, the tip-to-sample thermal resistance and the
microdevice surface temperature are deduced via a simple lumped-capacitance
model. The advances presented here can greatly facilitate temperature
measurements of a variety of heated microdevices.


  Results of a calculation of the c-axis infrared conductivity sigma_c for a
d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductor which include both elastic impurity and
inelastic spin-fluctuation scattering are presented and compared with the
ab-plane conductivity sigma_{ab} in the same model. In this model,the
interlayer c-axis coupling is taken to be weak and diffusive. While in clean
systems, inelastic scattering leads to a peak at omega = 4*Delta_0 in
sigma_{ab} for T < T_c, it has little effect on the corresponding sigma_c,
which exhibits structure only at omega = 2*Delta_0 and is directly related to
the single-particle density of states N(omega). The c-axis penetration depth
lambda_c in the same model is predicted to vary as T^3 at low temperatures in
clean samples. We discuss recent optical experiments on the cuprates and
compare with these predictions.


  In this paper, we will use the coincident gauge to investigate new solutions
of the f(Q) theory applied in the context of black holes, regular black holes,
and the black-bounce spacetime. For each of these approaches, we compute the
linear solutions and the solutions with the constraint that the non-metricity
scalar is zero. We also analyze the geodesics of each solution to interpret
whether the spacetime is extensible or not, find the Kretschmann scalar to
determine the regularity along spacetime, and in the context of regular black
holes and black-bounce, we calculate the energy conditions. In the latter
black-bounce case we realize that the null energy condition $(NEC)$,
specifically the $NEC_1=WEC_1=SEC_1\leftrightarrow \rho+p_{r}\geq 0$, is
satisfied outside the event horizon.


  We generalize the Callan-Harvey mechanism to the case of actions with a non
local mass term for the fermions. Using a 2+1-dimensional model as a concrete
example, we show that both the existence and properties of localized zero modes
can also be consistently studied when the mass is non local. We derive some
general properties from a study of the resulting integral equations, and
consider their realization in a concrete example.


  Complex vector modes represent a general state of light nonseparable in their
spatial and polarization degrees of freedom, which have inspired a wide variety
of novel applications and phenomena, such as their unexpected propagation
behaviour. For example, they can propagate describing periodic polarization
transitions, changing from one vector beam to another. Here, we put forward a
novel class of vector modes with the capability to experience an abruptly
autofocusing behaviour. To achieve such beams, we encode the spatial degree of
freedom in the Circular Airy Gaussian vortex (CAGV) beams. We demonstrate the
experimental generation of arbitrary CAGV vector beams and evince some of their
properties, such as a rotation of intermodal phase. We anticipate that the
fascinating properties of theses modes will prompt the development of novel
applications associated to their autofocusing behaviour and polarization
distribution.


  In 1977, Victor Guillemin published a paper discussing geometric scattering
theory, in which he related the Lax-Phillips Scattering matrices (associated to
a noncompact hyperbolic surface with cusps) and the sojourn times associated to
a set of geodesics which run to infinity in either direction. This work was
later extended to $\mathbb{Q}$-rank one Locally symmetric spaces coming from
Semisimple Lie groups by Lizhen Ji and Maciej Zworski. Here, we will extend
some of the above mentioned results to higher rank locally symmetric spaces, in
particular we will introduce higher dimensional analogues of scattering
geodesics called $\textbf{Scattering Flat}$ and study these flats in the case
of the locally symmetric space given by the quotient $SL(3,\mathbb{Z})
\backslash SL(3,\mathbb{R}) / SO(3)$. A parametrization space is discussed for
such scattering flats as well as an associated vector valued parameter (bearing
similarities to sojourn times) called $\textbf{sojourn vector}$ and these are
related to the frequency of oscillations of the associated scattering matrices
coming from the minimal parabolic subgroups of $\text{SL}(3,\mathbb{R})$. The
key technique is the factorization of higher rank scattering matrices.


  We report growth of high-quality single crystals of CeCl3 using a modified
Bridgman Stockbarger method in an infrared image furnace. The grown crystals
are characterized using single-crystal/powder X-ray diffraction, Laue X-ray
diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, magnetization, and heat capacity probes. CeCl3
crystallizes in a hexagonal structure with a weak trigonal distortion. The
Raman spectrum at 300 K showcases five, clearly resolvable, phonon modes at
106.8, 181.2, 189, 213, and 219.7 wavenumbers. The magnetic susceptibility show
a large anisotropy with a broad peak in the perpendicular orientation, which is
explained using the crystal field theory. The crystal field in CeCl3 splits the
J = 5/2 manifold of Ce3+ into three Kramers doublets, resulting in a
well-isolated ground state. In the specific heat, no magnetic ordering is
detected above 2 K. However, in non-zero fields the low-temperature specific
heat changes dramatically, showcasing a peak at 2.5 K under a moderate field of
30 kOe. The weak Ce-Ce exchange, large Ce moment in the crystal field ground
state, and significant anisotropy are ingredients for realizing a high
magnetocaloric effect. A maximum entropy change of 23 J/Kg/K is observed near
2.5 K in fields ranging from 50 kOe to 60 kOe. These values are comparable to
some of the best Gd-based magnetocaloric materials, signifying the potential of
CeCl3 as a magnetic coolant.


  We expand our previous study on the relationship between changes in the
orientation of the angular momentum vector of dark matter haloes ("spin flips")
and changes in their mass (Bett & Frenk 2012), to cover the full range of halo
masses in a simulation cube of length 100 $h^{-1}$ Mpc. Since strong
disturbances to a halo (such as might be indicated by a large change in the
spin direction) are likely also to disturb the galaxy evolving within, spin
flips could be a mechanism for galaxy morphological transformation without
involving major mergers. We find that 35% of haloes have, at some point in
their lifetimes, had a spin flip of at least $45\deg$ that does not coincide
with a major merger. Over 75% of large spin flips coincide with non-major
mergers; only a quarter coincide with major mergers. We find a similar picture
for changes to the inner-halo spin orientation, although here there is an
increased likelihood of a flip occurring. Changes in halo angular momentum
orientation, and other such measures of halo perturbation, are therefore very
important quantities to consider, in addition to halo mergers, when modelling
the formation and evolution of galaxies and confronting such models with
observations.


  Let $t$ be a rooted tree and $n_i(t)$ the number of nodes in $t$ having $i$
children. The degree sequence $(n_i(t),i\geq 0)$ of $t$ satisfies $\sum_{i\ge
0} n_i(t)=1+\sum_{i\ge 0} in_i(t)=|t|$, where $|t|$ denotes the number of nodes
in $t$. In this paper, we consider trees sampled uniformly among all trees
having the same degree sequence $\ds$; we write $`P_\ds$ for the corresponding
distribution. Let $\ds(\kappa)=(n_i(\kappa),i\geq 0)$ be a list of degree
sequences indexed by $\kappa$ corresponding to trees with size $\nk\to+\infty$.
We show that under some simple and natural hypotheses on
$(\ds(\kappa),\kappa>0)$ the trees sampled under $`P_{\ds(\kappa)}$ converge to
the Brownian continuum random tree after normalisation by $\nk^{1/2}$. Some
applications concerning Galton--Watson trees and coalescence processes are
provided.


  Recently, although pre-trained language models have achieved great success on
multilingual NLP (Natural Language Processing) tasks, the lack of training data
on many tasks in low-resource languages still limits their performance. One
effective way of solving that problem is to transfer knowledge from
rich-resource languages to low-resource languages. However, many previous works
on cross-lingual transfer rely heavily on the parallel corpus or translation
models, which are often difficult to obtain. We propose a novel approach to
conduct zero-shot cross-lingual transfer with a pre-trained model. It consists
of a Bilingual Task Fitting module that applies task-related bilingual
information alignment; a self-training module generates pseudo soft and hard
labels for unlabeled data and utilizes them to conduct self-training. We got
the new SOTA on different tasks without any dependencies on the parallel corpus
or translation models.


  The two-time Green function method in quantum electrodynamics of high-Z
few-electron atoms is described in detail. This method provides a simple
procedure for deriving formulas for the energy shift of a single level and for
the energies and wave functions of degenerate and quasi-degenerate states. It
also allows one to derive formulas for the transition and scattering
amplitudes. Application of the method to resonance scattering processes yields
a systematic theory for the spectral line shape. The practical ability of the
method is demonstrated by deriving formulas for the QED and
interelectronic-interaction corrections to energy levels and transition and
scattering amplitudes in one-, two-, and three-electron atoms. Numerical
calculations of the Lamb shift, the hyperfine splitting, the bound-electron g
factor, and the radiative recombination cross section in heavy ions are also
reviewed.


  Motivated by the preponderance of so-called "heavy black holes" in the binary
black hole (BBH) gravitational wave (GW) detections to date, and the role that
gravitational lensing continues to play in discovering new galaxy populations,
we explore the possibility that the GWs are strongly-lensed by massive galaxy
clusters. For example, if one of the GW sources were actually located at $z=1$,
then the rest-frame mass of the associated BHs would be reduced by a factor
$\sim2$. Based on the known populations of BBH GW sources and strong-lensing
clusters, we estimate a conservative lower limit on the number of BBH mergers
detected per detector year at LIGO/Virgo's current sensitivity that are
multiply-imaged, of $R_{\rm detect}\simeq10^{-5}{\rm yr}^{-1}$. This is
equivalent to rejecting the hypothesis that one of the BBH GWs detected to date
was multiply-imaged at $<\sim4\sigma$. It is therefore unlikely but not
impossible that one of the GWs is multiply-imaged. We identify three
spectroscopically confirmed strong-lensing clusters with well constrained mass
models within the $90\%$ credible sky localisations of the BBH GWs from LIGO's
first observing run. In the event that one of these clusters multiply-imaged
one of the BBH GWs, we predict that $20-60\%$ of the putative next appearances
of the GWs would be detectable by LIGO, and that they would arrive at Earth
within three years of first detection.


  We analyze the bipartite and multipartite entanglement for the ground state
of the one-dimensional XY model in a transverse magnetic field in the
thermodynamical limit. We explicitly take into account the spontaneous symmetry
breaking in order to explore the relation between entanglement and quantum
phase transitions. As a result we show that while both bipartite and
multipartite entanglement can be enhanced by spontaneous symmetry breaking deep
into the ferromagnetic phase, only the latter is affected by it in the vicinity
of the critical point. This result adds to the evidence that multipartite, and
not bipartite, entanglement is the fundamental indicator of long range
correlations in quantum phase transitions.


  A characterization of the existence of non-central Wishart distributions
(with shape and non-centrality parameter) as well as the existence of solutions
to Wishart stochastic differential equations (with initial data and drift
parameter) in terms of their exact parameter domains is given. These two
families are the natural extensions of the non-central chi-square distributions
and the squared Bessel processes to the positive semidefinite matrices.


  The key to the phenomenological success of inflation models with axion and
SU(2) gauge fields is the isotropic background of the SU(2) field. Previous
studies showed that this isotropic background is an attractor solution during
inflation starting from anisotropic (Bianchi Type I) spacetime; however, not
all possible initial anisotropic parameter space was explored. In this paper,
we explore more generic initial conditions without assuming the initial
slow-roll dynamics. We find some initial anisotropic parameter space which does
not lead to the isotropic background, but to violation of slow-roll conditions,
terminating inflation prematurely. The basin of attraction increases when we
introduce another scalar field acting as inflaton and make the axion-SU(2)
system a spectator sector. Therefore, the spectator axion-SU(2) model is
phenomenologically more attractive.


  We study a non local version of the sine-Gordon model connected to a
many-body system with backward and umklapp scattering processes. Using
renormalization group methods we derive the flow equations for the couplings
and show how non locality affects the gap in the spectrum of charge-density
excitations. We compare our results with previous predictions obtained through
the self-consistent harmonic approximation.


  In this paper we provide an integral variational formulation for a vector
play operator where the inputs are allowed to be arbitrary functions with
(pointwise) bounded variation, not necessarily left or right continuous. We
prove that this problem admits a unique solution, and we show that in the left
continuous and right continuous cases it reduces to the well known existing
formulations.


  We present 3-79 keV NuSTAR observations of the neutron star low-mass X-ray
binary 4U 1636-53 in the soft, transitional and hard state. The spectra display
a broad emission line at 5-10 keV. We applied several models to fit this line:
A GAUSSIAN line, a relativistically broadened emission line model, KYRLINE, and
two models including relativistically smeared and ionized reflection off the
accretion disc with different coronal heights, RELXILL and RELXILLLP. All
models fit the spectra well, however, the KYRLINE and RELXILL models yield an
inclination of the accretion disc of $\sim88\degree$ with respect to the line
of sight, which is at odds with the fact that this source shows no dips or
eclipses. The RELXILLLP model, on the other hand, gives a reasonable
inclination of $\sim56\degree$. We discuss our results for these models in this
source and the possible primary source of the hard X-rays.


  We introduce Modelizer - a novel framework that, given a black-box program,
learns a _model from its input/output behavior_ using _neural machine
translation_. The resulting model _mocks_ the original program: Given an input,
the model predicts the output that would have been produced by the program.
However, the model is also _reversible_ - that is, the model can predict the
input that would have produced a given output. Finally, the model is
_differentiable_ and can be efficiently restricted to predict only a certain
aspect of the program behavior.
  Modelizer uses _grammars_ to synthesize inputs and to parse the resulting
outputs, allowing it to learn sequence-to-sequence associations between token
streams. Other than input and output grammars, Modelizer only requires the
ability to execute the program.
  The resulting models are _small_, requiring fewer than 6.3 million parameters
for languages such as Markdown or HTML; and they are _accurate_, achieving up
to 95.4% accuracy and a BLEU score of 0.98 with standard error 0.04 in mocking
real-world applications. We foresee several _applications_ of these models,
especially as the output of the program can be any aspect of program behavior.
Besides mocking and predicting program behavior, the model can also synthesize
inputs that are likely to produce a particular behavior, such as failures or
coverage.


  We carry out a large program to classify newly discovered star clusters from
Froebrich et al. (2006) in the inner Galaxy. Here, we present a first analysis
of a new high-priority globular cluster candidate, FSR1735 at l=339.1879;
b=-1.8534, based on new deep near infrared observations from Sofi at the NTT. A
significant peak in the K-band luminosity function is found, which is
interpreted as the clump of post-He-flash stars. The distance and the reddening
of the cluster are determined to 9.1kpc and A_K=0.5mag, respectively, the
metallicity is estimated to [M/H]=-0.8. Radial star density profiles are used
to measure the core radius and the tidal radius of the cluster.
  The lack of signs for on-going star formation and the position in the Galaxy
pose strong arguments against the interpretation of this object as a young or
old open cluster. All the observational evidence is in agreement with the
interpretation that FSR1735 is a so far unknown globular cluster in the inner
Galaxy.


  Environmental, demographical and psychological factors have a demonstrated
impact on risky crossing behaviour. In this work we focus on the potential
influence of social factors on the considered phenomenon (i.e. group crossing
decision). We present the results of a video-recorded observation about the
crossing behaviour of singles and dyads at non-signalized intersections.
Results showed that crossing behaviour is characterized by three distinct
phases: (i) approaching, (ii) appraising (decision making) and (iii) crossing.
Dyads walk slower than single pedestrians in all phases. The crossing behaviour
of dyads is characterized by the emergence of a leader who takes the decision
to cross first, followed by the companion. However, there is no difference
between the accepted safety gap of singles and dyads. Understanding factors
influencing the crossing decision of social groups represents an important
result supporting the development of agent-based simulations of
pedestrian-vehicle interactions.


  Edwin Powel Hubble is regarded as one of the most important astronomers of
20th century. In despite of his great contributions to the field of astronomy,
he never received the Nobel Prize because astronomy was not considered as the
field of the Nobel Prize in Physics at that era. There is an anecdote about the
relation between Hubble and the Nobel Prize. According to this anecdote, the
Nobel Committee decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 to Hubble
as the first Nobel laureate as an astronomer (Christianson 1995). However,
Hubble was died just before its announcement, and the Nobel prize is not
awarded posthumously. Documents of the Nobel selection committee are open after
50 years, thus this anecdote can be verified. I confirmed that the Nobel
selection committee endorsed Frederik Zernike as the Nobel laureate in Physics
in 1953 on September 15th, 1953, which is 13 days before the Hubble's death in
September 28th, 1953. I also confirmed that Hubble and Henry Norris Russell
were nominated but they are not endorsed because the Committee concluded their
astronomical works were not appropriate for the Nobel Prize in Physics.


  We have considered a cosmological model with a cosmological constant of the
form $\Lambda=3\alpha\frac{\dot R^2}{R^2}+\bt\frac{\ddot R}{R} \alpha, \bt=\rm
const.$ The cosmological constant is found to decrease as $t^{-2}$ and the rate
of particle creation is smaller than the Steady State value. We have found that
this behavior gives $\frac{\Lambda_{Pl}}{\Lambda_p}=10^{120}$ where
$\Lambda_{Pl}$ is the value of $\Lambda$ at Planck time. Solutions with
$\bt=3\alpha$ in the radiation dominated era and $\bt=6\alpha$ in the matter
dominated era are equivalent to the FRW results. We have found an inflationary
solution of the de-Sitter type with $\bt=3-3\alpha$. Some problems of the
Standard Model may be resolved with the presence of the above cosmological
constant in the Einstein's equation. Since observations suggest a contribution
of the vacuum energy density in the range $0.40<\Omega^\Lambda<0.76$, one gets
$4<\beta<12$. If $\alpha=0$ the minimum age of the universe is found to be
$H_p^{-1}$ ($H_p$ is the present Hubble constant) with $\beta=\infty$.


  We consider two classes of piecewise expanding maps $T$ of $[0,1]$: a class
of uniformly expanding maps for which the Perron-Frobenius operator has a
spectral gap in the space of bounded variation functions, and a class of
expanding maps with a neutral fixed point at zero. In both cases, we give a
large class of unbounded functions $f$ for which the partial sums of $f\circ
T^i$ satisfy an almost sure invariance principle. This class contains piecewise
monotonic functions (with a finite number of branches) such that: - For
uniformly expanding maps, they are square integrable with respect to the
absolutely continuous invariant probability measure. - For maps having a
neutral fixed point at zero, they satisfy an (optimal) tail condition with
respect to the absolutely continuous invariant probability measure.


  With the ever-increasing cases of hate spread on social media platforms, it
is critical to design abuse detection mechanisms to proactively avoid and
control such incidents. While there exist methods for hate speech detection,
they stereotype words and hence suffer from inherently biased training. Bias
removal has been traditionally studied for structured datasets, but we aim at
bias mitigation from unstructured text data. In this paper, we make two
important contributions. First, we systematically design methods to quantify
the bias for any model and propose algorithms for identifying the set of words
which the model stereotypes. Second, we propose novel methods leveraging
knowledge-based generalizations for bias-free learning. Knowledge-based
generalization provides an effective way to encode knowledge because the
abstraction they provide not only generalizes content but also facilitates
retraction of information from the hate speech detection classifier, thereby
reducing the imbalance. We experiment with multiple knowledge generalization
policies and analyze their effect on general performance and in mitigating
bias. Our experiments with two real-world datasets, a Wikipedia Talk Pages
dataset (WikiDetox) of size ~96k and a Twitter dataset of size ~24k, show that
the use of knowledge-based generalizations results in better performance by
forcing the classifier to learn from generalized content. Our methods utilize
existing knowledge-bases and can easily be extended to other tasks


  We apply the linear response theory to systems with long-range interactions
described by hydrodynamic equations such as the Euler, Smoluchowski, and damped
Euler equations. We analytically determine the response of the system submitted
to a pulse and to a step function. We compare these results with those obtained
for collisionless systems described by the Vlasov equation. We show that, in
the linear regime, the evolution of a collisionless system (Vlasov) with the
waterbag distribution is the same as the evolution of a collision-dominated gas
without dissipation (Euler). In this analogy, the maximum velocity of the
waterbag distribution plays the role of the velocity of sound in the
corresponding barotropic gas. When submitted to a step function, these systems
exhibit permanent oscillations. Other distributions exhibit Landau damping and
relax towards a steady state. We illustrate this behaviour with the Cauchy
distribution which can be studied analytically. We apply our results to the HMF
model and obtain a generalized Curie-Weiss law for the magnetic susceptibility.
Finally, we compare the linear response theory to the initial value problem for
the linearized Vlasov equation and report a case of algebraic damping of the
initial perturbation.


  Thanks to aggressive campaigns of multi-wavelength observations of X-ray
binaries in outbursts over the last decade or so, we have now reached a
reasonable understanding of their radio phenomenology in response to changes in
the global X-ray properties. Here I shall subjectively review the latest
progresses made in assessing the interplay between inflow and outflow from an
observational point of view, as well as point out a number of open issues that
still need to be addressed both theoretically and observationally.


  We show that Lubin--Tate theories attached to algebraically closed fields are
characterized among $T(n)$-local $\mathbb{E}_{\infty}$-rings as those that
satisfy an analogue of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz. Furthermore, we show that for
every $T(n)$-local $\mathbb{E}_{\infty}$-ring $R$, the collection of
$\mathbb{E}_\infty$-ring maps from $R$ to such Lubin-Tate theories jointly
detect nilpotence. In particular, we deduce that every non-zero $T(n)$-local
$\mathbb{E}_{\infty}$-ring $R$ admits an $\mathbb{E}_\infty$-ring map to such a
Lubin-Tate theory. As consequences, we construct $\mathbb{E}_{\infty}$ complex
orientations of algebraically closed Lubin-Tate theories, compute the strict
Picard spectra of such Lubin-Tate theories, and prove redshift for the
algebraic $\mathrm{K}$-theory of arbitrary $\mathbb{E}_{\infty}$-rings.


  We prove that a semigroup generated by a reversible two-state Mealy automaton
is either finite or free of rank 2. This fact leads to the decidability of
finiteness for groups generated by two-state or two-letter
invertible-reversible Mealy automata and to the decidability of freeness for
semigroups generated by two-state invertible-reversible Mealy automata.


  We perform the derivation of the two-point correlation function in N=4 D=4
super Yang-Mills theory from superstring theory by computing the dilaton
scattering amplitude in the NSR formulation of superstring theory on
$AdS_5\times{S^5}$


  We present an overview of the capabilities of a new software developed for
use with multiterminal measurements. The program supports two configurations of
current and voltage contacts known in the parlance of the field as "flux
transformer" and " I$\|$c" geometries. The problem of instability of the
results obtained by the multiterminal method and the ways to overcome it is
also discussed.


  The purpose of this paper is to prove some results on the absence of bound
states for certain nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations on noncompact metric
graphs with localized nonlinearity. In particular, we show how the topological
and metric properties of graphs affect the existence/nonexistence of bound
states. This work completes the discussion initiated in [17, 18].


  The tunnelling process always occur nearby the event horizon of the black
hole. In this paper, we investigate the tunnelling radiation in the background
of the Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT black hole. The new coordinate system for
Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT is introduced, which helps us to form new line element.
This line element helps us to show that new coordinate is exhaustively acted at
event horizon. With the help of conservation of angular momentum, self
gravitational effect and energy, we will show that Hawking's radiation is not
exclusively thermal.


  We discuss results of an exploratory non-LTE analysis of two metal-rich
A-type supergiants in M31. Using comprehensive model atoms we derive accurate
atmospheric parameters from multiple indicators and show that non-LTE effects
on the abundance determination can be substantial (by a factor 2-3). The
non-LTE analysis removes systematic trends apparent in the LTE approach and
reduces statistical uncertainties. Characteristic abundance patterns of the
light elements provide empirical constraints on the evolution of metal-rich
massive stars.


  This expository survey is based on my online talk at the ICCM 2020. It aims
to sketch key steps of the recent proof of the uniform Mordell-Lang conjecture
for curves embedded into Jacobians (a question of Mazur). The full version of
this conjecture is proved by combining Dimitrov-Gao-Habegger
(https://annals.math.princeton.edu/articles/17715) and K\"{u}hne
(arXiv:2101.10272). We include in this survey a detailed proof on how to
combine these two results, which was implicitly done in another short paper of
Dimitrov-Gao-Habegger (arXiv:2009.08505) but not explicitly written in existing
literature. At the end of the survey we state some future aspects.


  We discuss the relic density of the lightest of the supersymmetric particles
({\small LSP}) in view of new cosmological data, which favour the concept of an
accelerating Universe with a non-vanishing cosmological constant. The new bound
on the Cold Dark Matter density, $\Omega_{\mathrm{CDM}} h_0^2 \lesssim 0.22$,
puts stringent constraints on supersymmetry preferring low supersymmetry
breaking scales, in sharp contrast to electroweak precision measurements
favouring large supersymmetry breaking scales. Supersymmetric predictions are
in agreement with cosmological data and electroweak precision data in the
window of the parameter space: $m_0<200\GeV$, $300\GeV<M_{1/2}<400\GeV$,
putting bounds on sparticle masses, which may be evaded if $m_{LSP}
<m_{{\tilde{\tau}}_R} \lesssim 1.2 m_{LSP}$.


  Businesses communicate using Twitter for a variety of reasons -- to raise
awareness of their brands, to market new products, to respond to community
comments, and to connect with their customers and potential customers in a
targeted manner. For businesses to do this effectively, they need to understand
which content and structural elements about a tweet make it influential, that
is, widely liked, followed, and retweeted. This paper presents a systematic
methodology for analyzing commercial tweets, and predicting the influence on
their readers. Our model, which use a combination of decoration and meta
features, outperforms the prediction ability of the baseline model as well as
the tweet embedding model. Further, in order to demonstrate a practical use of
this work, we show how an unsuccessful tweet may be engineered (for example,
reworded) to increase its potential for success.


  In this research announcement we associate to each convex polytope, possibly
nonrational and nonsimple, a family of compact spaces that are stratified by
quasifolds, i.e. the strata are locally modelled by $\R^k$ modulo the action of
a discrete, possibly infinite, group. Each stratified space is endowed with a
symplectic structure and a moment mapping having the property that its image
gives the original polytope back. These spaces may be viewed as a natural
generalization of symplectic toric varieties to the nonrational setting. We
provide here the explicit construction of these spaces, and a thorough
description of the stratification.


  This paper suggests an improvement to the BB84 scheme in Quantum key
distribution. The original scheme has its weakness in letting quantifiably more
information gain to an eavesdropper during public announcement of unencrypted
bases lists. The security of the secret key comes at the expense of the final
key length. We aim at exploiting the randomness of preparation (measurement)
basis and the bit values encoded (observed), so as to randomize the bases lists
before they are communicated over the public channel. A proof of security is
given for our scheme and proven that our protocol results in lesser information
gain by Eve in comparison with BB84 and its other extensions. Moreover, an
analysis is made on the feasibility of our proposal as such and to support
entanglement based QKD. The performance of our protocol is compared in terms of
the upper and lower bounds on the tolerable bit error rate. We also quantify
the information gain (by Eve) mathematically using the familiar approach of the
concept of Shannon entropy. The paper models the attack by Eve in terms of
interference in a multi-access quantum channel. Besides, this paper also hints
at the invalidation of a separate privacy amplification step in the
"prepare-and-measure" protocols in general.