  Controlling lattice complexity or inhomogeneity of the doped oxide
superconductors is shown to be a key term for control of the superconductivity
critical temperature. All high temperature superconductors show anisotropic
gaps and/or multi-gap superconductivity in the clean limit. They show the shape
resonance in superconducting gaps that is a type of Fano resonance driven by
the Josephson-like term for pairs transfer. These resonances occur where one of
the multiple Fermi surface spots is near a 2.5 Lifshitz transition. The Fano
antiresonance occurs between a BCS condensate and a BEC-like condensate. In a
system near a 2.5 Lifshitz transition the lattice is close to an instability.
This drives to the formation of a granular superconducting phase made of a
charge density metal formed by puddles of ordered oxygen interstitials or
ordered local lattice distortions (static short range charge density waves)
detected by scanning nano-x-ray diffraction imaging. We show that the scale
free networks of superconducting grains tuned to a Fano resonance is an
essential feature of high temperature superconductors that favours high Tc.


  The inverse scattering transform for the defocusing-defocusing coupled Hirota
equations with non-zero boundary conditions at infinity is thoroughly
discussed. We delve into the analytical properties of the Jost eigenfunctions
and scrutinize the characteristics of the scattering coefficients. To enhance
our investigation of the fundamental eigenfunctions, we have derived additional
auxiliary eigenfunctions with the help of the adjoint problem. Two symmetry
conditions are studied to constrain the behavior of the eigenfunctions and
scattering coefficients. Utilizing these symmetries, we precisely delineate the
discrete spectrum and establish the associated symmetries of the scattering
data. By framing the inverse problem within the context of the Riemann-Hilbert
problem, we develop suitable jump conditions to express the eigenfunctions.
Consequently, we deduce the pure soliton solutions from the
defocusing-defocusing coupled Hirota equations, and the double-poles solutions
are provided explicitly for the first time in this work.


  The quantum cohomology of CP^1 is generated by some potential (Frobenius
manifold) that also has an interpretation as a potential of some harmonic map.
Actually, the potential induces harmonic maps into three different symmetric
spaces and each of these harmonic maps induces an immersion of an integrable
surface. The final goal of this paper is to investigate if any of the
associated immersions closes around the singularity at z=0 (none does). The
crucial tool for deciding this question is the main technical result of the
paper, which states that the dressing isotropy of the CP^1 potential is
trivial.


  We show that when the Aubry transition occurs in incommensurately distorted
structures, the amplitude of the distortions is not necessarily large as
suggested by the standard Frenkel-Kontorova mechanical model. By modifying the
shape of the potential in such a way that the mechanical force is locally
stronger (i.e. increasing the nonlinearities), the transition may occur at a
small amplitude of the potential with small distortions. A ``phason'' gap then
opens, while the phonon spectrum resembles a standard undistorted spectrum at
higher energies. This may explain the existence of pinned phases with small
distortions as experimentally observed in charge-density waves.


  We have observed an environmentally induced quantum dynamical phase
transition in the dynamics of a two spin experimental swapping gate [J. Chem.
Phys. 124, 194507 (2006)]. There, the exchange of the coupled states |+,-> and
,+> gives an oscillation with a Rabi frecuency b/$\hbar$ (the spins coupling).
The interaction, $\hbar$/tSE with a spin-bath degrades the oscillation with a
characteristic decoherence time. We showed that the swapping regime is
restricted only to b\tSE>$hbar$. However, beyond a critical interaction with
the environment the swapping freezes and the system enters to a Quantum Zeno
dynamical phase where relaxation decreases as coupling with the environment
increases. Here, we solve the quantum dynamics of a two spin system coupled to
a spin-bath within a Liouville-von Neumann quantum master equation and we
compare the results with our previous work within the Keldysh formalism. Then,
we extend the model to a three interacting spin system where only one is
coupled to the environment. Beyond a critical interaction the two spins not
coupled to the environment oscillate with the bare Rabi frequency and relax
more slowly. This effect is more pronounced when the anisotropy of the
system-environment interaction goes from a purely XY to an Ising interaction
form.


  Recent results on the study of light-quark baryons with the ANL-Osaka
dynamical coupled-channels (DCC) approach are presented, which contain the N*
and Delta* spectroscopy via the analysis of pi N and gamma N reactions and the
Lambda* and Sigma* spectroscopy via the analysis of K- p reactions. A recent
application of our DCC approach to neutrino-nucleon reactions in the resonance
region is also presented.


  We propose to directly compute classification estimates by learning features
encoded with their class scores using PCA. Our resulting model has a
encoder-decoder structure suitable for supervised learning, it is
computationally efficient and performs well for classification on several
datasets.


  It is known that the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature
fluctuations are modified by gravitational lensing since the angular positions
of photons are altered by the metric perturbations. We reconsider this effect
in the context of geodesic deviation on a perturbed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker
(FRW) spacetime with scalar and tensor modes. We first give an alternative
derivation of the Sachs-Wolfe effect by using the solutions of the null
geodesic equation. Then, we determine the two-dimensional induced metric on the
transverse cross section of the null geodesic congruence corresponding to a
beam of photons after decoupling. This metric, whose variation along the
congruence can be decomposed as expansion and shear, is shown to produce a
nontrivial intensity profile which can be characterized by three variables
analogous to the Stokes parameters of the polarization tensor.


  We report on an investigation of the environments of the SLACS sample of
gravitational lenses. The local and global environments of the lenses are
characterized using SDSS photometry and, when available, spectroscopy. We find
that the lens systems that are best modelled with steeper than isothermal
density profiles are more likely to have close companions than lenses with
shallower than isothermal profiles. This suggests that the profile steepening
may be caused by interactions with a companion galaxy as indicated by N-body
simulations of group galaxies. The global environments of the SLACS lenses are
typical of non-lensing SDSS galaxies with comparable properties to the lenses,
and the richnesses of the lens groups are not as strongly correlated with the
lens density profiles as the local environments. Furthermore, we investigate
the possibility of line-of-sight contamination affecting the lens models but do
not find a significant over-density of sources compared to lines of sight
without lenses.


  Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy we find that
perylenetetracarboxylic-dianhydride on Au(788) exhibits three coexisting
adsorption phases. Single-molecule tunneling spectroscopy reveals orbital
energies, which differ in the different adsorption phases. Density functional
theory calculations associate the experimentally observed submolecular
corrugation to the spatial distribution of the second-to-lowest unoccupied
molecular orbital. We tentatively attribute the orbital shifts to a varying
number of hydrogen bonds.


  We studied both components of a slightly overlooked visual binary HR 1847
spectroscopically to determine its basic physical and orbital parameters. Basic
stellar parameters were determined by comparing synthetic spectra to the
observed echelle spectra, which cover both the optical and near-IR regions. New
observations of this system used the Ond\v{r}ejov and Rozhen 2-m telescopes and
their coud\'e spectrographs. Radial velocities from individual spectra were
measured and then analysed with the code {\FOTEL} to determine orbital
parameters. The spectroscopic orbit of HR 1847A is presented for the first
time. It is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with a B-type primary, a period
of 719.79 days, and a highly eccentric orbit with e=0.7. We confirmed that HR
1847B is a Be star. Its H\alpha emission significantly decreased from 2003 to
2008. Both components have a spectral type B7-8 and luminosity class IV-V.


  Recently it was suggested that certain perturbations of integrable spin
chains lead to a weak breaking of integrability in the sense that integrability
is preserved at the first order in the coupling. Here we examine this claim
using level spacing distribution. We find that the volume dependent crossover
between integrable and chaotic level spacing statistics which marks the onset
of quantum chaotic behaviour, is markedly different for weak vs. strong
breaking of integrability. In particular, for the gapless case we find that the
crossover coupling as a function of the volume $L$ scales with a $1/L^2$ law
for weak breaking as opposed to the $1/L^3$ law previously found for the strong
case.


  The non-thermal nature of the stochastic gravitational-wave background of
cosmological origin (CGWB) poses a challenge in defining the initial conditions
for the graviton overdensity. Specifically, the adiabatic initial condition,
which holds for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons, is not guaranteed a
priori for the primordial GWs. In this letter, we compute the initial
conditions for the cosmological background generated by quantum fluctuations of
the metric during inflation. Our analysis reveals that adiabatic initial
conditions are no longer valid. The violation of adiabaticity arises from the
presence of independent tensor perturbations during inflation, which behave as
two extra fields that affect the standard single-clock argument. Since the
energy density of the CGWB is subdominant compared to ordinary matter,
gravitational radiation plays a negligible role in Einstein's equations.
Therefore, the only way to compute the initial conditions is to perturb the
energy-momentum tensor defined in terms of the gravitational strain. A direct
consequence of our finding is that the initial conditions from inflation
enhance the total CGWB angular power-spectrum by an order of magnitude compared
to the standard adiabatic case.


  A low order diagrammatic study of the dimension dependent
Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model Hamiltonian in the weak electron-phonon coupling
regime is presented. Exact computation of both the charge carrier effective
mass and the electron spectral function shows that electrons are good
quasiparticles in the antiadiabatic limit but new features emerge in the
adiabatic and intermediate regime, where the phonons and the electrons compare
on the energy scale. Here we find: i) a sizeable mass enhancement over the bare
band value, ii) the appearance of many transition peaks in the band bottom
spectral function together with a growing loss of spectral weight at larger
{\it e-ph} couplings. The onset of a polaronic state is favoured in two
dimensions.


  We consider modified gravity models driven by a scalar field whose effects
are screened in high density regions due to the presence of non-linearities in
its interaction potential and/or its coupling to matter. Our approach covers
chameleon, f(R) gravity, dilaton and symmetron models and allows a unified
description of all these theories. We find that the dynamics of modified
gravity are entirely captured by the time variation of the scalar field mass
and its coupling to matter evaluated at the cosmological minimum of its
effective potential, where the scalar field sits since an epoch prior to Big
Bang Nucleosynthesis. This new parameterisation of modified gravity allows one
to reconstruct the potential and coupling to matter and therefore to analyse
the full dynamics of the models, from the scale dependent growth of structures
at the linear level to non-linear effects requiring N-body simulations. This
procedure is illustrated with explicit examples of reconstruction for
chameleon, dilaton, f(R) and symmetron models.


  Using anisotropic hydrodynamics, we examine the existence of early-time
attractors of non-conformal systems undergoing Bjorken expansion. In the case
of a constant mass, we find that the evolution of the scaled longitudinal
pressure is insensitive to variations of initial conditions converging onto an
early-time universal curve and eventually merging with the late-time
Navier-Stokes attractor (the hydrodynamic attractor). On the other hand, the
bulk and the shear viscous corrections do not show an early-time attractor
behavior. These results are consistent with previous studies considering a
constant mass. When a realistic equation of state is included in the dynamics
with a thermal mass, we demonstrate for the first time the absence of strict
late-time universal attractors. However, a semi-universal feature of the
evolution at very late times remains.


  The electronic and optoelectronic properties of two dimensional materials
have been extensively explored in graphene and layered transition metal
dichalcogenides (TMDs). Spintronics in these two-dimensional materials could
provide novel opportunities for future electronics, for example, efficient
generation of spin current, which should enable the efficient manipulation of
magnetic elements. So far, the quantitative determination of charge current
induced spin current and spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on the magnetic layer
adjacent to two-dimensional materials is still lacking. Here, we report a large
SOT generated by current-induced spin accumulation through the Rashba-Edelstein
effect in the composites of monolayer TMD (MoS$_2$ or WSe$_2$)/CoFeB bilayer.
The effective spin conductivity corresponding to the SOT turns out to be almost
temperature-independent. Our results suggest that the charge-spin conversion in
the chemical vapor deposition-grown large-scale monolayer TMDs could
potentially lead to high energy efficiency for magnetization reversal and
convenient device integration for future spintronics based on two-dimensional
materials.


  Indexing strings via prefix (or suffix) sorting is, arguably, one of the most
successful algorithmic techniques developed in the last decades. Can indexing
be extended to languages? The main contribution of this paper is to initiate
the study of the sub-class of regular languages accepted by an automaton whose
states can be prefix-sorted. Starting from the recent notion of Wheeler graph
[Gagie et al., TCS 2017]-which extends naturally the concept of prefix sorting
to labeled graphs-we investigate the properties of Wheeler languages, that is,
regular languages admitting an accepting Wheeler finite automaton.
Interestingly, we characterize this family as the natural extension of regular
languages endowed with the co-lexicographic ordering: when sorted, the strings
belonging to a Wheeler language are partitioned into a finite number of
co-lexicographic intervals, each formed by elements from a single Myhill-Nerode
equivalence class. Moreover: (i) We show that every Wheeler NFA (WNFA) with $n$
states admits an equivalent Wheeler DFA (WDFA) with at most $2n-1-|\Sigma|$
states that can be computed in $O(n^3)$ time. This is in sharp contrast with
general NFAs. (ii) We describe a quadratic algorithm to prefix-sort a proper
superset of the WDFAs, a $O(n\log n)$-time online algorithm to sort acyclic
WDFAs, and an optimal linear-time offline algorithm to sort general WDFAs. By
contribution (i), our algorithms can also be used to index any WNFA at the
moderate price of doubling the automaton's size. (iii) We provide a
minimization theorem that characterizes the smallest WDFA recognizing the same
language of any input WDFA. The corresponding constructive algorithm runs in
optimal linear time in the acyclic case, and in $O(n\log n)$ time in the
general case. (iv) We show how to compute the smallest WDFA equivalent to any
acyclic DFA in nearly-optimal time.


  This study evaluated the three dimensions of performance of commercial banks
in Bangladesh by analyzing the trend of the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI)
of the Total Factor Productivity (TFP), Return on Asset (ROA) and Total Stock
Return (TSR) over the period 2011 to 2015. The study developed an empirical
framework with the intention to examine the equivalency of three dimensions of
performance. Since, the measures of performance are different, they cannot be
tested in their original form; hence, the growth rate of each category of
performance measures were estimated and tested to examine the comparability
among them. Evaluation of profitability revealed a decreasing trend and
evaluation of stock performance suggests that investors are incurring losses on
their investment over the selected period. Evaluation of productivity indicates
that productivity regress was recorded initially but at the end of the studied
period a modest productivity growth was recorded. Finally, this study was able
to ascertain the anticipated equivalency of outcome of the three dimensions of
performance.


  Inspired by a recent experiment showing that La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ exhibits high
$T_c$ superconductivity under high pressure, we theoretically revisit the
possibility of superconductivity in this material. We find that
superconductivity can take place which is essentially similar to that of the
bilayer Hubbard model consisting of the Ni $3d_{3z^2-r^2}$ orbitals. Although
the coupling with the $3d_{x^2-y^2}$ orbitals degrades superconductivity, $T_c$
can still be high enough to understand the experiment thanks to the very high
$T_c$ reached in the bilayer Hubbard model.


  Source code written in textual programming languages is typically edited in
integrated development environments or specialized code editors. These tools
often display various visual items, such as icons, color highlights or more
advanced graphical overlays directly in the main editable source code view. We
call such visualizations source code editor augmentation.
  In this paper, we present a first systematic mapping study of source code
editor augmentation tools and approaches. We manually reviewed the metadata of
5,553 articles published during the last twenty years in two phases -- keyword
search and references search. The result is a list of 103 relevant articles and
a taxonomy of source code editor augmentation tools with seven dimensions,
which we used to categorize the resulting list of the surveyed articles.
  We also provide the definition of the term source code editor augmentation,
along with a brief overview of historical development and augmentations
available in current industrial IDEs.


  We analyze the spin structure of the ground state of four-component exciton
condensates in coupled quantum wells as a function of spin-dependent
interactions and applied magnetic field. The four components correspond to the
degenerate exciton states characterized by $\pm2$ and $\pm1$ spin projections
to the axis of the structure. We show that in a wide range of parameters, the
chemical potential of the system increases as a function of magnetic field,
which manifests a pseudo-diamagnetism of the system. The transitions to
polarized two- and one-component condensates can be of the first-order in this
case. The predicted effects are caused by energy conserving mixing of $\pm2$
and $\pm1$ excitons.


  We attack the long-standing problem of finding the AdS dual of N = 2
superconformal QCD, the N=2 super Yang Mills theory with gauge group SU(N_c)
and N_f = 2 N_c fundamental hyper multiplets. The theory admits a Veneziano
expansion of large N_c and large N_f, with N_f/N_c and lambda = g^2 N_c kept
fixed. The topological structure of large N diagrams motivates a general
conjecture: the flavor-singlet sector of a gauge theory in the Veneziano limit
is dual to a closed string theory; single closed string states correspond to
"generalized single-trace" operators, where adjoint letters and
flavor-contracted fundamental/antifundamental pairs are stringed together in a
closed chain. We look for the string dual of N = 2 superconformal QCD from two
fronts. From the bottom-up, we perform a systematic analysis of the protected
spectrum using superconformal representation theory. We also evaluate the
one-loop dilation operator in the scalar sector, finding a novel spin chain.
  From the top-down, we consider the decoupling limit of known brane
constructions. In both approaches, more insight is gained by viewing the theory
as the degenerate limit of the N = 2 Z_2 orbifold of N = 4 SYM, as one of the
two gauge couplings is tuned to zero. A consistent picture emerges. We conclude
that the string dual is a sub-critical background with seven "geometric"
dimensions, containing both an AdS_5 and an S^1 factor. The supergravity
approximation is never entirely valid, even for large lambda, indeed the field
theory has an exponential degeneracy of exactly protected states with higher
spin, which must be dual to a sector of light string states.


  The critical behavior of charge-density waves (CDWs) in the pinned phase is
studied for applied fields increasing toward the threshold field, using
recently developed renormalization group techniques and simulations of
automaton models. Despite the existence of many metastable states in the pinned
state of the CDW, the renormalization group treatment can be used successfully
to find the divergences in the polarization and the correlation length, and, to
first order in an $\epsilon = 4-d$ expansion, the diverging time scale. The
automaton models studied are a charge-density wave model and a ``sandpile''
model with periodic boundary conditions; these models are found to have the
same critical behavior, associated with diverging avalanche sizes. The
numerical results for the polarization and the diverging length and time scales
in dimensions $d=2,3$ are in agreement with the analytical treatment. These
results clarify the connections between the behaviour above and below
threshold: the characteristic correlation lengths on both sides of the
transition diverge with different exponents. The scaling of the distribution of
avalanches on the approach to threshold is found to be different for automaton
and continuous-variable models.


  Estimation of the signal amplitudes and counting rates for coherent
scattering of reactor antineutrino off atomic nuclei in two-phase xenon and
argon detectors has been done. A conceptual design of detector based on the
existing technologies and experience has been proposed. It is shown that a
condensed xenon/argon two-phase detector possesses the necessary sensitivity
for the use in experiment on detection of coherent scattering of the reactor
antineutrino off nuclei. It is shown that a two-phase detector with both
optical readout by PMTs and ionisation readout by GEM/THGEM possesses superior
capability for identification of the events of coherent antineutrino
scattering.


  In this paper, we find exact string cosmological solutions for FRW cosmology,
by using Hojman symmetry approach. The string cosmology under consideration
includes a scalar field $\psi(t)$ with the potential $W(\psi)$, and a totally
antisymmetric field strength $H_{\mu\nu\rho}$ which is specifically defined in
terms of the scale factor $a(t)$. We show that for this string cosmology,
Hojman conserved quantities exist using which new exact solutions for the scale
factor and the scalar field are obtained for specific potentials $W(\psi)$ with
some free parameters. The presence of these parameters, together with those of
arising from Hojman symmetry, is an important advantage using which one can
construct the solutions $a(t)$ and $\psi(t)$ with variety of cosmological
behaviors.


  In this paper, we propose differentially private algorithms for the problem
of stochastic linear bandits in the central, local and shuffled models. In the
central model, we achieve almost the same regret as the optimal non-private
algorithms, which means we get privacy for free. In particular, we achieve a
regret of $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{T}+\frac{1}{\epsilon})$ matching the known lower
bound for private linear bandits, while the best previously known algorithm
achieves $\tilde{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\sqrt{T})$. In the local case, we achieve
a regret of $\tilde{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon}{\sqrt{T}})$ which matches the
non-private regret for constant $\epsilon$, but suffers a regret penalty when
$\epsilon$ is small. In the shuffled model, we also achieve regret of
$\tilde{O}(\sqrt{T}+\frac{1}{\epsilon})$ %for small $\epsilon$ as in the
central case, while the best previously known algorithm suffers a regret of
$\tilde{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon}{T^{3/5}})$. Our numerical evaluation validates
our theoretical results.


  Neural networks solving real-world problems are often required not only to
make accurate predictions but also to provide a confidence level in the
forecast. The calibration of a model indicates how close the estimated
confidence is to the true probability. This paper presents a survey of
confidence calibration problems in the context of neural networks and provides
an empirical comparison of calibration methods. We analyze problem statement,
calibration definitions, and different approaches to evaluation: visualizations
and scalar measures that estimate whether the model is well-calibrated. We
review modern calibration techniques: based on post-processing or requiring
changes in training. Empirical experiments cover various datasets and models,
comparing calibration methods according to different criteria.


  An exact expression for the Drude conductivity in one dimension is derived
under the presence of an arbitrary potential. In getting the conductivity the
influence of the electric field on the crystal potential is taken into account.
This coupling leads to a systematic deformation of the potential and
consequently to a significant modification of the charge transport. The
corrections to the conventional Drude conductivity are determined by the
configurational part of the partition function. The activation energy for the
conductivity process is expressed by a combination of the free energy of the
underlying equilibrium system. The electric current is calculated in the linear
response regime by solving the Smoluchowski equation. The steady state solution
differs significantly from the equilibrium distribution. In case of a tight
binding potential the conductivity offers corrections depending on the
amplitude of the potential. As a further application we discuss nanocontacts
with piecewise constant potentials. The electric conductivity is corrected by
the potential height.


  We have studied in perturbative QCD all independent helicity amplitudes
describing the photoproduction of light vector mesons at large $t$. We found a
new hard production mechanism which is related to the possibility for a real
photon to fluctuate into a massless $q\bar q$ pair in a chiral-odd spin
configuration. Each helicity amplitude is given as a sum of a usual chiral-even
contribution (when the helicities of quark and antiquark are antiparallel) and
this additional chiral-odd part (where the helicities of quark and antiquark
are parallel). The chiral-odd contribution is large, it leads to a dominance of
the non spin-flip amplitude in a very broad region of intermediately high
$|t|$. All amplitudes are expressed in terms of short distance asymptotics of
the light-cone wave functions of vector meson (photon). We demonstrate that for
each helicity amplitude there exists a soft non-factorizable contribution. We
give arguments that for dominant non spin-flip helicity amplitude the relative
contribution of the soft nonfactorizable interactions is numerically not large.


  A combination of program algebra with the theory of meadows is designed
leading to a theory of computation in algebraic structures which use in
addition to a zero test and copying instructions the instruction set $\{x
\Leftarrow 0, x \Leftarrow 1, x\Leftarrow -x, x\Leftarrow x^{-1}, x\Leftarrow
x+y, x\Leftarrow x\cdot y\}$. It is proven that total functions on cancellation
meadows can be computed by straight-line programs using at most 5 auxiliary
variables. A similar result is obtained for signed meadows.


  We investigate the thermodynamic properties and the lattice stability of
two-dimensional crystalline membranes, such as graphene and related compounds,
in the low temperature quantum regime $T\rightarrow0$. A key role is played by
the anharmonic coupling between in-plane and out-of plane lattice modes that,
in the quantum limit, has very different consequences than in the classical
regime. The role of retardation, namely of the frequency dependence, in the
effective anharmonic interactions turns out to be crucial in the quantum
regime. We identify a crossover temperature, $T^{*}$, between classical and
quantum regimes, which is $\sim 70 - 90$ K for graphene. Below $T^{*}$, the
heat capacity and thermal expansion coefficient decrease as power laws with
decreasing temperature, tending to zero for $T\rightarrow0$ as required by the
third law of thermodynamics.


  Hybrid beamforming is vital in modern wireless systems, especially for
massive MIMO and millimeter-wave deployments, offering efficient directional
transmission with reduced hardware complexity. However, effective beamforming
in multi-user scenarios relies heavily on accurate channel state information,
the acquisition of which often incurs excessive pilot overhead, degrading
system performance. To address this and inspired by the spatial congruence
between sub-6GHz (sub-6G) and mmWave channels, we propose a Sub-6G information
Aided Multi-User Hybrid Beamforming (SA-MUHBF) framework, avoiding excessive
use of pilots. SA-MUHBF employs a convolutional neural network to predict
mmWave beamspace from sub-6G channel estimate, followed by a novel multi-layer
graph neural network for analog beam selection and a linear minimum mean-square
error algorithm for digital beamforming. Numerical results demonstrate that
SA-MUHBF efficiently predicts the mmWave beamspace representation and achieves
superior spectrum efficiency over state-of-the-art benchmarks. Moreover,
SA-MUHBF demonstrates robust performance across varied sub-6G system
configurations and exhibits strong generalization to unseen scenarios.


  We give a self-contained account of a construction due to Rossmann which
lifts Springer's action of a Weyl group on the cohomology of a Springer fiber
to an action on its homotopy type. We use this construction to produce a
generalization of an "induction theorem" of Alvis and Lusztig, which relates
the Springer representations attached to a reductive group to those attached to
a Levi subgroup. Our generalization applies to more general centralizers and to
representations of Weyl groups on mod p cohomology.


  We investigate the supernova remnant (SNR) 3C 397 and its neighboring pulsar
PSR J1906+0722 in high energy gamma rays by using nearly six years of archival
data of {\it Large Area Telescope} on board {\it Fermi Gamma Ray Space
Telescope} (Fermi-LAT). The off-pulse analysis of gamma-ray flux from the
location of PSR J1906+0722 reveals an excess emission which is found to be very
close to the radio location of 3C 397. Here, we present the preliminary results
of this gamma-ray analysis of 3C 397 and PSR J1906+0722.


  We prove that for a stratifiable scattered space $X$ of finite scattered
height, the function space $C_k(X)$ endowed with the compact-open topology is
Baire if and only if $X$ has the Moving Off Property of Gruenhage and Ma. As a
byproduct of the proof we establish many interesting Baire category properties
of the function spaces $C_k'(X,Y)=\{f\in C_k(X,Y):f(X')\subset\{*_Y\}\}$, where
$X$ is a topological space, $X'$ is the set of non-isolated points of $X$, and
$Y$ is a topological space with a distinguished point $*_Y$.


  Existing effect measures for compositional features are inadequate for many
modern applications for two reasons. First, modern datasets with compositional
covariates, for example in microbiome research, display traits such as
high-dimensionality and sparsity that can be poorly modelled with traditional
parametric approaches. Second, assessing -- in an unbiased way -- how summary
statistics of a composition (e.g., racial diversity) affect a response variable
is not straightforward. In this work, we propose a framework based on
hypothetical data perturbations that addresses both issues. Unlike many
existing effect measures for compositional features, we do not define our
effects based on a parametric model or a transformation of the data. Instead,
we use perturbations to define interpretable statistical functionals on the
compositions themselves, which we call average perturbation effects. These
effects naturally account for confounding that biases frequently used marginal
dependence analyses. We show how average perturbation effects can be estimated
efficiently by deriving a perturbation-dependent reparametrization and applying
semiparametric estimation techniques. We analyze the proposed estimators
empirically on simulated and semi-synthetic data and demonstrate advantages
over existing techniques on data from New York schools and microbiome data. For
all proposed estimators, we provide confidence intervals with uniform
asymptotic coverage guarantees.


  We study the effect of structural disorder on the transition from the bound
states in the continuum (BICs) to quasi-BICs by the example of the periodic
photonic structure composed of two layers of parallel dielectric rods. We
uncover the specificity in the robustness of the symmetry-protected and
accidental BICs against various types of structural disorder. We analyze how
the spatial mode localization induced by the structural disorder results in an
effective reduction of the system length and limits the Q factor of quasi-BICs.
Our results are essential for the practical implementation of BICs especially
in natural and self-assembled photonic structures, where the structural
disorder plays a crucial role.


  The principle of sufficient reason asserts that anything that happens does so
for a reason: no definite state of affairs can come into being unless there is
a sufficient reason why that particular thing should happen. This principle is
usually attributed to Leibniz, although the first recorded Western philosopher
to use it was Anaximander of Miletus. The demand that nature be rational, in
the sense that it be compatible with the principle of sufficient reason,
conflicts with a basic feature of contemporary orthodox physical theory, namely
the notion that nature's response to the probing action of an observer is
determined by pure chance, and hence on the basis of absolutely no reason at
all. This appeal to pure chance can be deemed to have no rational fundamental
place in reason-based Western science. It is argued here, on the basis of the
other basic principles of quantum physics, that in a world that conforms to the
principle of sufficient reason, the usual quantum statistical rules will
naturally emerge at the pragmatic level, in cases where the reason behind
nature's choice of response is unknown, but that the usual statistics can
become biased in an empirically manifest way when the reason for the choice is
empirically identifiable. It is shown here that if the statistical laws of
quantum mechanics were to be biased in this way then the basically
forward-in-time unfolding of empirical reality described by orthodox quantum
mechanics would generate the appearances of backward-time-effects of the kind
that have been reported in the scientific literature.


  The scattering matrix S of a ballistic chaotic cavity is the direct sum of a
`classical' and a `quantum' part, which describe the scattering of channels
with typical dwell time smaller and larger than the Ehrenfest time,
respectively. According to the `effective random matrix theory' of Silvestrov,
Goorden, and Beenakker [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 116801 (2003)], statistical
averages involving the quantum-mechanical scattering matrix are given by random
matrix theory. While this effective random matrix theory is known not to be
applicable for quantum interference corrections to transport, which appear to
subleading order in the number of scattering channels N, it is believed to
correctly describe quantum transport to leading order in N. We here partially
verify this belief, by comparing the predictions of the effective random matrix
theory for the ensemble averages of polynomial functions of S and S^dagger of
degree 2, 4, and 6 to a semiclassical calculation.


  We provide a combinatorial and self-contained proof that for all graphs $G$
embedded on a surface $S$, the Colin de Verdi\`ere parameter $\mu(G)$ is upper
bounded by $7-2\chi(S)$.


  While the precise mechanism of generating pulsed coherent radio emission from
pulsars remains elusive, certain gap-invoking models (especially, the inner gap
model) offer a comprehensive and plausible explanation for the genesis and
termination of such emissions. However, the transition stage between the period
of persistent radio emission and the period of radio quiet remains poorly
understood, despite observations indicating that a radio pulsar in the pulse
nulling state is undergoing the transition stage. In this study, we present a
qualitative explanation for the elusive transition stage by modeling pulsar
magnetospheres analytically as equivalent RC circuits based on the inner gap
model. Our result indicates that, due to lengthy spin-down, older radio pulsars
will gradually shift from the state of persistent radio emission to a certain
type of pulse nulling state by delayed sparks within their inner gaps.


  Grounded theory (GT) is a research methodology that entails a systematic
workflow for theory generation grounded on emergent data. In this paper, we
juxtapose GT workflows with typical workflows in visualization and visual
analytics, shortly VIS, and underline the characteristics shared by these
workflows. We explore the research landscape of VIS to observe where GT has
been applied to generate VIS theories, explicitly as well as implicitly. We
propose a "why" typology for characterizing aspects in VIS where GT can
potentially play a significant role. We outline a "how" methodology for
conducting GT research in VIS, which addresses the need for theoretical
advancement in VIS while benefitting from other methods and techniques in VIS.
We exemplify this "how" methodology by adopting GT approaches in studying the
messages posted on VisGuides - an Open Discourse Forum for discussing
visualization guidelines.


  The exotic superconductors, defined as those which follow the
phenomenological trend of Uemura (Tc approximately proportional to penetration
depth^-2), presently constitute the most broad and general class of
superconductors which can reasonably be considered "similar to the high-Tc
cuprates". It is therefore of much interest to determine the forms of their
pairing gap functions. We examine evidence for the gap forms in non-cuprate
exotics, and demonstrate some general features. The cubic materials often have
highly anisotropic gaps. The planar materials tend to have even stronger gap
anisotropy, to the extent that they often have gap nodes, but nevertheless they
usually have an s-wave-like gap symmetry. There is good evidence for the latter
even in the controversial cases of planar organics and nickel borocarbides.
Exceptions to these generalizations are also pointed out and discussed.


  Concurrent multi-player games with $\omega$-regular objectives are a standard
model for systems that consist of several interacting components, each with its
own objective. The standard solution concept for such games is Nash
Equilibrium, which is a "stable" strategy profile for the players.
  In many settings, the system is not fully observable by the interacting
components, e.g., due to internal variables. Then, the interaction is modelled
by a partial information game. Unfortunately, the problem of whether a partial
information game has an NE is not known to be decidable. A particular setting
of partial information arises naturally when processes are assigned IDs by the
system, but these IDs are not known to the processes. Then, the processes have
full information about the state of the system, but are uncertain of the effect
of their actions on the transitions.
  We generalize the setting above and introduce Multi-Topology Games (MTGs) --
concurrent games with several possible topologies, where the players do not
know which topology is actually used. We show that extending the concept of NE
to these games can take several forms. To this end, we propose two notions of
NE: Conservative NE, in which a player deviates if she can strictly add
topologies to her winning set, and Greedy NE, where she deviates if she can win
in a previously-losing topology. We study the properties of these NE, and show
that the problem of whether a game admits them is decidable.


  This monograph covers some recent advances in a range of acceleration
techniques frequently used in convex optimization. We first use quadratic
optimization problems to introduce two key families of methods, namely momentum
and nested optimization schemes. They coincide in the quadratic case to form
the Chebyshev method. We discuss momentum methods in detail, starting with the
seminal work of Nesterov and structure convergence proofs using a few master
templates, such as that for optimized gradient methods, which provide the key
benefit of showing how momentum methods optimize convergence guarantees. We
further cover proximal acceleration, at the heart of the Catalyst and
Accelerated Hybrid Proximal Extragradient frameworks, using similar algorithmic
patterns. Common acceleration techniques rely directly on the knowledge of some
of the regularity parameters in the problem at hand. We conclude by discussing
restart schemes, a set of simple techniques for reaching nearly optimal
convergence rates while adapting to unobserved regularity parameters.


  We obtain a characterization of the real Lie algebras admitting abelian
complex structures in terms of certain affine Lie algebras $\frak a \frak f
\frak f (A)$, where $A$ is a commutative algebra. These affine Lie algebras are
natural generalizations of $\frak a \frak f \frak f (\Bbb C)$ and the
corresponding Lie groups are complex affine manifolds. It turns out that all
4-dimensional Lie algebras carrying abelian complex structures are central
extensions of such affine Lie algebras.


  The Lovasz Local Lemma [EL75] is a powerful tool to prove the existence of
combinatorial objects meeting a prescribed collection of criteria. The
technique can directly be applied to the satisfiability problem, yielding that
a k-CNF formula in which each clause has common variables with at most 2^(k-2)
other clauses is always satisfiable. All hitherto known proofs of the Local
Lemma are non-constructive and do thus not provide a recipe as to how a
satisfying assignment to such a formula can be efficiently found. In his
breakthrough paper [Bec91], Beck demonstrated that if the neighbourhood of each
clause be restricted to O(2^(k/48)), a polynomial time algorithm for the search
problem exists. Alon simplified and randomized his procedure and improved the
bound to O(2^(k/8)) [Alo91]. Srinivasan presented in [Sri08] a variant that
achieves a bound of essentially O(2^(k/4)). In [Mos08], we improved this to
O(2^(k/2)). In the present paper, we give a randomized algorithm that finds a
satisfying assignment to every k-CNF formula in which each clause has a
neighbourhood of at most the asymptotic optimum of 2^(k-5)-1 other clauses and
that runs in expected time polynomial in the size of the formula, irrespective
of k. If k is considered a constant, we can also give a deterministic variant.
In contrast to all previous approaches, our analysis does not anymore invoke
the standard non-constructive versions of the Local Lemma and can therefore be
considered an alternative, constructive proof of it.


  Fixed buffer sizing in computer networks, especially the Internet, is a
compromise between latency and bandwidth. A decision in favor of high
bandwidth, implying larger buffers, subordinates the latency as a consequence
of constantly filled buffers. This phenomenon is called Bufferbloat. Active
Queue Management (AQM) algorithms such as CoDel or PIE, designed for the use on
software based hosts, offer a flow agnostic remedy to Bufferbloat by
controlling the queue filling and hence the latency through subtle packet
drops. In previous work, we have shown that the data plane programming language
P4 is powerful enough to implement the CoDel algorithm. While legacy software
algorithms can be easily compiled onto almost any processing architecture, this
is not generally true for AQM on programmable data plane hardware, i.e.,
programmable packet processors. In this work, we highlight corresponding
challenges, demonstrate how to tackle them, and provide techniques enabling the
implementation of such AQM algorithms on different high speed P4-programmable
data plane hardware targets. In addition, we provide measurement results
created on different P4-programmable data plane targets. The resulting latency
measurements reveal the feasibility and the constraints to be considered to
perform Active Queue Management within these devices. Finally, we release the
source code and instructions to reproduce the results in this paper as open
source to the research community.


  We report evidence for the simultaneous production of $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$
mesons in 8.1 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at $\sqrt{s}=$1.96 TeV by the D0
experiment at the Fermilab $p \bar p$ Tevatron Collider. Events with these
characteristics are expected to be produced predominantly by gluon-gluon
interactions. In this analysis, we extract the effective cross section
characterizing the initial parton spatial distribution, $\sigma_{eff}=2.2\pm
0.7\mbox{(stat)} \pm 0.9 \mbox{(syst)} ~\mbox{mb}$.


  We study the phase distribution of the complex reflection coefficient in
different configurations as a disordered 1D system evolves in length, and its
effect on the distribution of the 4-probe resistance $R_4$. The stationary ($L
\to \infty$) phase distribution is almost always strongly non-uniform and is in
general double-peaked with their separation decaying algebraically with growing
disorder strength to finally give rise to a single narrow peak at infinitely
strong disorder. Further in the length regime where the phase distribution
still evolves with length (i.e., in the quasi-ballistic to the mildly localized
regime), the phase distribution affects the distribution of the resistance in
such a way as to make the mean and the variance of $log(1+R_4)$ diverge
independently with length with different exponents. As $L \to \infty$, these
two exponents become identical (unity). Obviously, these facts imply two
relevant parameters for scaling in the quasi-ballistic to the mildly localized
regime finally crossing over to one-parameter scaling in the strongly localized
regime.


  We study global properties of quaternionic slice regular functions (also
called s-regular) defined on symmetric slice domains. In particular, thanks to
new techniques and points of view, we can characterize the property of being
one-slice preserving in terms of the projectivization of the vectorial part of
the function. We also define a "Hermitian" product on slice regular functions
which gives us the possibility to express the $*$-product of two s-regular
functions in terms of the scalar product of suitable functions constructed
starting from $f$ and $g$. Afterwards we are able to determine, under different
assumptions, when the sum, the $*$-product and the $*$-conjugation of two slice
regular functions preserve a complex slice. We also study when the $*$-power of
a slice regular function has this property or when it preserves all complex
slices. To obtain these results we prove two factorization theorems: in the
first one, we are able to split a slice regular function into the product of
two functions: one keeping track of the zeroes and the other which is
never-vanishing; in the other one we give necessary and sufficient conditions
for a slice regular function (which preserves all complex slices) to be the
symmetrized of a suitable slice regular one.


  We analyze gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by \textit{Fermi}/Gamma-Ray Burst
Monitor (GBM) and having single pulse. We fit the light curves with a model
having exponential rise and decay parts. We perform a detailed time-resolved
spectroscopy using four models: Band, blackbody with a power-law (BBPL),
multicolour blackbody with a power-law (mBBPL) and two blackbodies with a
power-law (2BBPL). We find that models other than the BBPL give better
$\chi_{red}^2$ for the "hard-to-soft" (HTS) pulses, while for the "intensity
tracking" (IT) pulses, the BBPL model is statistically as good as the other
models. Interestingly, the energy at the peak of the spectrum resulting from
the BBPL model ($\sim3kT$), is always lower than that of the $\nu F_{\nu}$
spectrum of the Band function. The values of the low energy photon index
($\alpha$) of the Band function are often higher than the fundamental single
particle synchrotron limit, especially for the HTS pulses. Specifically we find
two extreme cases --- for GRB~110817A (HTS GRB) $\alpha$ is always higher,
while for GRB~100528A (IT GRB) $\alpha$ is always within the synchrotron
regime. The PL component of the BBPL model always starts with a delay compared
to the BB component, and it lingers at the later part of the prompt emission
phase. For three HTS GRBs, namely, GRB~081224, GRB~100707A and GRB~110721A this
behaviour is particularly significant and interestingly there are reported LAT
detections for them. Finally, we argue that various evidences hint that neither
BBPL nor Band model is acceptable, while 2BBPL and mBBPL are the most
acceptable models for the set of GRBs we have analyzed.


  The X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies enables them to be used as good
cosmological probes and as an example for massive galaxy formation. The gas
mass fraction in clusters should be a universal standard which by means of
Chandra observations enables Omega_m to be determined to better than 15 per
cent accuracy. Future observations of its apparent variation with redshift will
enable Omega_Lambda to be measured. The interplay of radiative cooling and
heating in cluster cores may reveal the dominant processes acting during the
formation of the baryonic part of massive galaxies.


  Linear quasi-cyclic product codes over finite fields are investigated. Given
the generating set in the form of a reduced Gr{\"o}bner basis of a quasi-cyclic
component code and the generator polynomial of a second cyclic component code,
an explicit expression of the basis of the generating set of the quasi-cyclic
product code is given. Furthermore, the reduced Gr{\"o}bner basis of a
one-level quasi-cyclic product code is derived.


  In this tutorial, we focus on text-to-text generation, a class of natural
language generation (NLG) tasks, that takes a piece of text as input and then
generates a revision that is improved according to some specific criteria
(e.g., readability or linguistic styles), while largely retaining the original
meaning and the length of the text. This includes many useful applications,
such as text simplification, paraphrase generation, style transfer, etc. In
contrast to text summarization and open-ended text completion (e.g., story),
the text-to-text generation tasks we discuss in this tutorial are more
constrained in terms of semantic consistency and targeted language styles. This
level of control makes these tasks ideal testbeds for studying the ability of
models to generate text that is both semantically adequate and stylistically
appropriate. Moreover, these tasks are interesting from a technical standpoint,
as they require complex combinations of lexical and syntactical
transformations, stylistic control, and adherence to factual knowledge, -- all
at once. With a special focus on text simplification and revision, this
tutorial aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art natural language
generation research from four major aspects -- Data, Models, Human-AI
Collaboration, and Evaluation -- and to discuss and showcase a few significant
and recent advances: (1) the use of non-retrogressive approaches; (2) the shift
from fine-tuning to prompting with large language models; (3) the development
of new learnable metric and fine-grained human evaluation framework; (4) a
growing body of studies and datasets on non-English languages; (5) the rise of
HCI+NLP+Accessibility interdisciplinary research to create real-world writing
assistant systems.


  Interference coordination improves data rates and reduces outages in cellular
networks. Accurately evaluating the gains of coordination, however, is
contingent upon using a network topology that models realistic cellular
deployments. In this paper, we model the base stations locations as a Poisson
point process to provide a better analytical assessment of the performance of
coordination. Since interference coordination is only feasible within clusters
of limited size, we consider a random clustering process where cluster stations
are located according to a random point process and groups of base stations
associated with the same cluster coordinate. We assume channel knowledge is
exchanged among coordinating base stations, and we analyze the performance of
interference coordination when channel knowledge at the transmitters is either
perfect or acquired through limited feedback. We apply intercell interference
nulling (ICIN) to coordinate interference inside the clusters. The feasibility
of ICIN depends on the number of antennas at the base stations. Using tools
from stochastic geometry, we derive the probability of coverage and the average
rate for a typical mobile user. We show that the average cluster size can be
optimized as a function of the number of antennas to maximize the gains of
ICIN. To minimize the mean loss in rate due to limited feedback, we propose an
adaptive feedback allocation strategy at the mobile users. We show that
adapting the bit allocation as a function of the signals' strength increases
the achievable rate with limited feedback, compared to equal bit partitioning.
Finally, we illustrate how this analysis can help solve network design problems
such as identifying regions where coordination provides gains based on average
cluster size, number of antennas, and number of feedback bits.


  Direct detection experiments and the interpretation of their results are
sensitive to the velocity structure of the dark matter in our galactic halo. In
this work, we extend the formalism that deals with such astrophysics-driven
uncertainties, originally introduced in the context of dark-matter-nuclear
scattering, to include dark-matter-electron scattering interactions. Using mock
data, we demonstrate that the ability to determine the correct dark matter mass
and velocity distribution is depleted for recoil spectra which only populate a
few low-lying bins, such as models involving a light mediator. We also
demonstrate how this formalism allows one to test the compatibility of existing
experimental data sets (e.g. SENSEI and EDELWEISS), as well as make predictions
for possible future experiments (e.g. GaAs-based detectors).


  We investigate superconductor/insulator/ferromagnet/superconductor (SIFS)
tunnel Josephson junctions in the dirty limit, using the quasiclassical theory.
We formulate a quantitative model describing the oscillations of critical
current as a function of thickness of the ferromagnetic layer and use this
model to fit recent experimental data. We also calculate quantitatively the
density of states (DOS) in this type of junctions and compare DOS oscillations
with those of the critical current.


  The early detection of Alzheimer's Disease is imperative to ensure early
treatment and improve patient outcomes. There has consequently been extenstive
research into detecting AD and its intermediate phase, mild cognitive
impairment (MCI). However, there is very small literature in predicting the
conversion to AD and MCI from normal cognitive condition. Recently, multiple
studies have applied convolutional neural networks (CNN) which integrate
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to
classify MCI and AD. However, in these works, the fusion of MRI and PET
features are simply achieved through concatenation, resulting in a lack of
cross-modal interactions. In this paper, we propose a novel multimodal
neuroimaging attention-based CNN architecture, MNA-net, to predict whether
cognitively normal (CN) individuals will develop MCI or AD within a period of
10 years. To address the lack of interactions across neuroimaging modalities
seen in previous works, MNA-net utilises attention mechanisms to form shared
representations of the MRI and PET images. The proposed MNA-net is tested in
OASIS-3 dataset and is able to predict CN individuals who converted to MCI or
AD with an accuracy of 83%, true negative rate of 80%, and true positive rate
of 86%. The new state of the art results improved by 5% and 10% for accuracy
and true negative rate by the use of attention mechanism. These results
demonstrate the potential of the proposed model to predict cognitive impairment
and attention based mechanisms in the fusion of different neuroimaging
modalities to improve the prediction of cognitive decline.


  A complete characterization of the similarity between two operator-valued
multishifts with invertible operator weights is obtained purely in terms of
operator weights. This generalizes several existing results of the unitary
equivalence of two (multi)shifts. Further, we utilize the aforementioned
similarity criteria to determine the similarity between two tuples of operators
of multiplication by the coordinate functions on certain reproducing kernel
Hilbert spaces determined by diagonal kernels.


  Metallic glasses exhibit fast mechanical relaxations at temperatures well
below the glass transition, one of which shows little variation with
temperature known as nearly constant loss (NCL). Despite the important
implications of this phenomenon to in aging and deformation, the origin of the
relaxation is unclear. Through molecular dynamics simulations of a model
metallic glass, Cu_64.5Zr_35.5, we implement dynamic mechanical analysis with
system stress decomposed into atomic-level stresses to identify the group of
atoms responsible for NCL. This work demonstrates that NCL relaxation is due to
fully transient groups of atoms that become normal over picosecond timescales.
They are spatially distributed throughout the glass and have no outstanding
features, rather than defect-like as previously reported.


  We clarify how magnetic reconnection can be derived from magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD) equations in a way that is easily understandable to university students.
The essential mechanism governing the time evolution of the magnetic field is
diffusion dynamics. The magnetic field is represented by two components. It is
clarified that the diffusion of a component causes a generation of another
component that is initially zero and, accordingly, that the magnetic force
lines are reconnected. For this reconnection to occur correctly, the initial
magnetic field must be directed oppositely in the two regions, e.g., $y>0$ and
$y<0$; must be concave (convex) for $y>0$ ($y<0$); and must be saturated for
$y$ far from the x axis, which would indicate the existence of the current
sheet. It will be clear that our comprehension based on diffusion runs parallel
to the common qualitative explanation about the magnetic reconnection.


  Indistinguishable quantum states interfere, but the mere possibility of
obtaining information that could distinguish between overlapping states
inhibits quantum interference. Quantum interference imaging can outperform
classical imaging or even have entirely new features. Here, we introduce and
experimentally demonstrate a quantum imaging concept that relies on the
indistinguishability of the possible sources of a photon that remains
undetected. Our experiment uses pair creation in two separate down-conversion
crystals. While the photons passing through the object are never detected, we
obtain images exclusively with the sister photons that do not interact with the
object. Therefore the object to be imaged can be either opaque or invisible to
the detected photons. Moreover, our technique allows the probe wavelength to be
chosen in a range for which suitable sources and/or detectors are unavailable.
Our experiment is a prototype in quantum information where knowledge can be
extracted by and about a photon that is never detected.


  We study nilpotency in the context of exact Mal'tsev categories taking
central extensions as the primitive notion. This yields a nilpotency tower
which is analysed from the perspective of Goodwillie's functor calculus. We
show in particular that the reflection into the subcategory of $n$-nilpotent
objects is the universal endofunctor of degree $n$ if and only if every
$n$-nilpotent object is $n$-folded. In the special context of a semi-abelian
category, an object is $n$-folded precisely when its Higgins commutator of
length $n+1$ vanishes.


  We consider the joint distribution of the area and perimeter statistics on
the set I_n of inversion sequences of length n represented as bargraphs.
Functional equations for both the ordinary and exponential generating functions
are derived from recurrences satisfied by this distribution. Explicit formulas
are found in some special cases as are expressions for the totals of the
respective statistics on I_n. A similar treatment is provided for the joint
distribution on I_n for the statistics recording the number of levels, descents
and ascents. Some connections are made between specific cases of this latter
distribution and the Stirling numbers of the first kind and Eulerian numbers.


  Recently, Kostelecky [V.A. Kostelecky, Phys. Lett. B 701, 137 (2011)]
proposed that the spontaneous Lorentz invariance violation (sLIV) is related to
Finsler geometry. Finsler spacetime is intrinsically anisotropic and induces
naturally Lorentz invariance violation (LIV). In this paper, the
electromagnetic field is investigated in locally Minkowski spacetime. The
Lagrangian is presented explicitly for the electromagnetic field. It is
compatible with the one in the standard model extension (SME). We show the
Lorentz--violating Maxwell equations as well as the electromagnetic wave
equation. The formal plane wave solution is obtained for the electromagnetic
wave. The speed of light may depend on the direction of light and the lightcone
may be enlarged or narrowed. The LIV effects could be viewed as influence from
an anisotropic media on the electromagnetic wave. In addition, the
birefringence of light will not emerge at the leading order in this model. A
constraint on the spacetime anisotropy is obtained from observations on
gamma--ray bursts (GRBs).


  For an electron confined to a surface reconstructed by double-frequency
corrugations, we give the effective Hamiltonian by the formula of geometric
influences, obtain an additive scalar potential induced by curvature that
consists of attractive wells with different depth. The difference is generated
by the multiple frequency of the double-frequency corrugation. Subsequently, we
investigate the effects of geometric potential on the transmission probability,
and find the resonant tunneling peaks becoming rapidly sharper and the
transmission gaps being substantially widened with increasing the multiple
frequency. As a potential application, double-frequency corrugations can be
employed to select electrons with particular incident energy, as an electronic
switch, which are more effective than a single-frequency ones.


  The final results of the MACRO experiment on atmospheric neutrino
oscillations are presented. The data concern different event topologies with
average neutrino energies of ~ 3 and ~ 50 GeV. Multiple Coulomb Scattering of
the high energy muons was used to estimate the neutrino energy event by event.
The angular distributions, the L/E_nu distribution, the particle ratios and the
absolute fluxes all favour nu_mu --> nu_tau oscillations with maximal mixing
and Delta m^2 ~ 0.0023 eV^2. Emphasis is given to measured ratios which are not
affected by Monte Carlo (MC) absolute normalization; a discussion is made on MC
uncertainties.


  Chatbots have the risk of generating offensive utterances, which must be
avoided. Post-deployment, one way for a chatbot to continuously improve is to
source utterance/label pairs from feedback by live users. However, among users
are trolls, who provide training examples with incorrect labels. To de-troll
training data, previous work removed training examples that have high
user-aggregated cross-validation (CV) error. However, CV is expensive; and in a
coordinated attack, CV may be overwhelmed by trolls in number and in
consistency among themselves. In the present work, I address both limitations
by proposing a solution inspired by methodology in automated essay scoring
(AES): have multiple users rate each utterance, then perform latent class
analysis (LCA) to infer correct labels. As it does not require GPU
computations, LCA is inexpensive. In experiments, I found that the AES-like
solution can infer training labels with high accuracy when trolls are
consistent, even when trolls are the majority.


  The last decade has seen numerous efforts to achieve imaging resolution
beyond that of the Abbe-Rayleigh diffraction limit. The main direction of
research aiming to break this limit seeks to exploit the evanescent components
containing fine detail of the electromagnetic field distribution at the
immediate proximity of the object. Here we propose a solution that removes the
need for evanescent fields. The object being imaged or stimulated with
sub-wavelength accuracy does not need to be in the immediate proximity of the
superlens or field concentrator: an optical mask can be designed that creates
constructive interference of waves known as superoscillation, leading to a
sub-wavelength focus of prescribed size and shape in a `field of view' beyond
the evanescent fields, when illuminated by a monochromatic wave. Moreover, we
demonstrate that such a mask may be used not only as a focusing device, but
also as a super-resolution imaging device.


  It is shown that the universal enveloping algebra of an infinite-dimensional
simple $\mathbb Z^n$-graded Lie algebra is not Noetherian.


  The concept of joint persistence has been widely used to study the mechanics
and failure processes of rock masses benefitting from the simplicity of
statistical linear weighing of the discontinuity. Nevertheless, this term
neglects the scale effects of rock bridges, meaning that the same joint
persistence may refer to different numbers and spacings of rock bridges,
leading to erroneous equivalent rock mass responses. To fill in this gap, an
intact rock bridge was dispersed as multi rock bridges while maintaining a
constant joint persistence, subjected to direct shear by conducting numerical
simulations employing Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). In this way,
scale effects of rock bridges were investigated from the perspective of
load-displacement curves, stress and displacement fields, crack propagations
and AE characterizations. Results revealed that the shear resistance and the
area and value of stress-concentration decreased with increasing dispersion.
Furthermore, uneven distribution of displacement fields in an arc manner moving
and degrading away from the load was first observed, indicating the sequential
failure of multi rock bridges. It was also found that the propagation of wing
cracks was insensitive to scale, while the asperity of macro shear fracture
mainly formed by secondary cracks decreased with increasing dispersion. In
addition, increasing dispersion of rock bridges would overlap the failure
precursors identified by intense AE activities. Based on the abovementioned
results, we evaluated existing methods to characterize the joint persistence,
and a threshold was observed to possibly define a rock bridge.


  Interplanetary Lyman alpha line profiles are derived from the SWAN H cell
data measurements. The measurements cover a 6-year period from solar minimum
(1996) to after the solar maximum of 2001. This allows us to study the
variations of the line profiles with solar activity. These line profiles were
used to derive line shifts and line widths in the interplanetary medium for
various angles of the LOS with the interstellar flow direction. The SWAN data
results were then compared to an interplanetary background upwind spectrum
obtained by STIS/HST in March 2001. We find that the LOS upwind velocity
associated with the mean line shift of the IP \lya line varies from 25.7 km/s
to 21.4 km/s from solar minimum to solar maximum. Most of this change is linked
with variations in the radiation pressure. LOS kinetic temperatures derived
from IP line widths do not vary monotonically with the upwind angle of the LOS.
This is not compatible with calculations of IP line profiles based on hot model
distributions of interplanetary hydrogen. We also find that the line profiles
get narrower during solar maximum. The results obtained on the line widths (LOS
temperature) show that the IP line is composed of two components scattered by
two hydrogen populations with different bulk velocities and temperature. This
is a clear signature of the heliospheric interface on the line profiles seen at
1 AU from the sun.


  For generic values of q, all the eigenvectors of the transfer matrix of the
U_q sl(2)-invariant open spin-1/2 XXZ chain with finite length N can be
constructed using the algebraic Bethe ansatz (ABA) formalism of Sklyanin.
However, when q is a root of unity (q=exp(i pi/p) with integer p>1), the Bethe
equations acquire continuous solutions, and the transfer matrix develops Jordan
cells. Hence, there appear eigenvectors of two new types: eigenvectors
corresponding to continuous solutions (exact complete p-strings), and
generalized eigenvectors. We propose general ABA constructions for these two
new types of eigenvectors. We present many explicit examples, and we construct
complete sets of (generalized) eigenvectors for various values of p and N.


  A simple pillbox model with two adjustable parameters accounts for the
selectivity of both DEEA Ca channels and DEKA Na channels in many ionic
solutions of different composition and concentration. Only the side chains are
different in the model of the Ca and Na channels. Parameters are the same for
both channels in all solutions. 'Pauling' radii are used for ions. No
information from crystal structures is used in the model. Side chains are
grossly approximated as spheres. The predicted properties of the Na and Ca
channels are very different. How can such a simple model give such powerful
results when chemical intuition says that selectivity depends on the precise
relation of ions and side chains? We use Monte Carlo simulations of this model
that determine the most stable-lowest free energy-structure of the ions and
side chains. Structure is the computed consequence of the forces in this model.
The relationship of ions and side chains vary with ionic solution and are very
different in simulations of the Na and Ca channels. Selectivity is a
consequence of the 'induced fit' of side chains to ions and depends on the
flexibility (entropy) of the side chains as well as their location. The model
captures the relation of side chains and ions well enough to account for
selectivity of both Na channels and Ca channels in the wide range of conditions
measured in experiments. Evidently, the structures in the real Na and Ca
channels responsible for selectivity are self-organized, at their free energy
minimum. Oversimplified models are enough to account for selectivity if the
models calculate the 'most stable' structure as it changes from solution to
solution, and mutation to mutation.


  We show how to use trapped ultracold atoms to measure the magnetic
susceptibility of a two-component Fermi gas. The method is illustrated for a
non-interacting gas of $^6$Li, using the tunability of interactions around a
wide Feshbach resonances. The susceptibility versus effective magnetic field is
directly obtained from the inhomogeneous density profile of the trapped atomic
cloud. The wings of the cloud realize the high field limit where the
polarization approaches 100%, which is not accessible for an electron gas.


  Inspired by the work of Leung-Wan, we study the mean curvature flow in
hyperk\"ahler manifolds starting from hyper-Lagrangian submanifolds, a class of
middle dimensional submanifolds, which contains the class of complex Lagrangian
submanifolds. For each hyper-Lagrangian submanifold, we define a new energy
concept called the "twistor energy" by means of the associated twistor family
(i.e. 2-sphere of complex structures). We will show that the mean curvature
flow starting at any hyper-Lagrangian submanifold with sufficiently small
twistor energy will exist for all time and converge to a complex Lagrangian
submanifold for one of the hyperk\"ahler complex structure. In particular, our
result implies some kind of energy gap theorem for hyperk\"ahler manifolds
which have no complex Lagrangian submanifolds.


  In this paper, we study warped product submanifolds of nearly trans-Sasakian
manifolds. The non-existence of the warped product semi-slant submanifolds of
the type $N_\theta\times{_{f}N_T}$ is shown, whereas some characterization and
new geometric obstructions are obtained for the warped products of the type
$N_T\times{_{f}N_\theta}$. We establish two general inequalities for the
squared norm of the second fundamental form. The first inequality generalizes
derived inequalities for some contact metric manifolds [16, 18, 19, 24], while
by a new technique, the second inequality is constructed to express the
relation between extrinsic invariant (second fundamental form) and intrinsic
invariant (scalar curvatures). The equality cases are also discussed.


  We prove that the smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the
three-dimensional compressible barotropic magnetohydrodynamic equations with
conserved total mass and finite total energy lose the initial smoothness within
a finite time. Further, we show that the same result holds for the solution to
the Cauchy problem for the multidimensional compressible Navier-Stokes system.
Moreover, for the solution with a finite momentum of inertia we get the
two-sided estimates of different components of total energy.


  We propose in this paper a theoretical approach of teachers' professional
development, focusing on teachers' interactions with resources, digital
resources in particular. Documents, entailing resources and schemes of
utilization of these resources, are developed throughout documentational
geneses occurring along teachers' documentation work (selecting resources,
adapting, combining, refining them). The study of teachers' documentation
systems permits to seize the changes brought by digital resources; it also
constitutes a way to embrace teachers' professional change.


  Photoionization cross sections and recombination rate coefficients are
presented for the L-shell ground state fine structure levels $2s^22p^4 \
^3P_{2,0,1}$ of Fe~XIX. Several sets of calculations including relativistic
effects are carried out: (i) Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM), (ii) Relativistic
Distorted Wave (RDW), and (iii) a semi-relativistic calculation.
Non-relativistic LS coupling calculations are also done for comparison. The
BPRM calculations employ a configuration interaction target representation for
Fe~XX consisting of 12 LS terms (23-fine structure levels), as in the recently
reported BPRM calculations by Donnelly et al (MNRAS, 307, 595, 1999). The
background cross sections in all three sets of present calculations agree with
one another, but differ considerably from those of Donnelly et al. Owing to
much more extensive resonance structures in the present BPRM calculations, the
sum of the corresponding recombination rate coefficients for the $^3P_{2,0,1}$
levels are up to 50% higher than the LS rates at low temperarures but
comparable for higher temperatures; in contrast to the results of Donnelly et
al who obtained the LS rates to be higher than their BPRM results by about a
factor of 2. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.


  Efficient operation sequences to couple and interchange quantum information
between quantum dot spin qubits of different kinds are derived using exchange
interactions. In the qubit encoding of a single-spin qubit, a singlet-triplet
qubit, and an exchange-only (triple-dot) qubit, some of the single-qubit
interactions remain on during the entangling operation; this greatly simplifies
the operation sequences that construct entangling operations. In the ideal
setup, the gate operations use the intra-qubit exchange interactions only once.
The limitations of the entangling sequences are discussed, and it is shown how
quantum information can be converted between different kinds of quantum dot
spin qubits.


  Double parton correlations, having effects on the double parton scattering
processes occurring in high-energy hadron-hadron collisions, for example at the
LHC, are studied in the valence quark region, within constituent quark models.
In this framework, two particle correlations are present without any additional
prescription, at variance with what happens, for example, in independent
particle models, such as the MIT bag model in its simplest version. From the
present analysis, conclusions similar to the ones obtained recenty in a
modified version of the bag model can be drawn: correlations in the
longitudinal momenta of the active quarks are found to be sizable, while those
in transverse momentum are much smaller. However, the used framework allows to
understand clearly the dynamical origin of the correlations. In particular, it
is shown that the small size of the correlations in transverse momentum is a
model dependent result, which would not occur if models with sizable quark
orbital angular momentum were used to describe the proton. Our analysis permits
therefore to clarify the dynamical origin of the double parton correlations and
to establish which, among the features of the results, are model independent.
The possibility to test experimentally the studied effects is discussed.


  Diffractive production of heavy flavors is calculated within the light-cone
dipole approach. Novel leading twist mechanisms are proposed, which involve
both short and long transverse distances inside the incoming hadron.
Nevertheless, the diffractive cross section turns out to be sensitive to the
primordial transverse momenta of projectile gluons, rather than to the hadronic
size. Our calculations agree with the available data for diffractive production
of charm and beauty, and with the observed weak variation of the
diffraction-to-inclusive cross section ratios as function of the hard scale.


  We present a general dyadic vector circuit formalism, applicable for uniaxial
magneto-dielectric slabs, with strong spatial dispersion explicitly taken into
account. This formalism extends the vector circuit theory, previously
introduced only for isotropic and chiral slabs. Here we assume that the problem
geometry imposes strong spatial dispersion only in the plane, parallel to the
slab interfaces. The difference arising from taking into account spatial
dispersion along the normal to the interface is briefly discussed. We derive
general dyadic impedance and admittance matrices, and calculate corresponding
transmission and reflection coefficients for arbitrary plane wave incidence. As
a practical example, we consider a metamaterial slab built of conducting wires
and split-ring resonators, and show that neglecting spatial dispersion and
uniaxial nature in this structure leads to dramatic errors in calculation of
transmission characteristics.


  A lattice based method will be presented for numerical investigations of
Ricci flow. The method will be applied to the particular case of 2-dimensional
axially symmetric initial data on manifolds with S^2 topology. Results will be
presented that show that the method works well and agrees with results obtained
using contemporary finite difference methods.


  By extending the electroweak gauge group to $SU(3)_L\times U(1)_Y$, the 331
model incorporates dilepton gauge bosons $Y$ which do not respect individual
lepton family number. We point out that, in addition to family diagonal
couplings such as $Y$--$e$--$e$ that change lepton family number by two units,
dileptons may also have family non-diagonal couplings such as $Y$--$\mu$--$e$.
The latter coupling violates lepton family number by a single unit and
manifests itself via lepton flavor changing decays such as $\mu\to3e$ and
$\mu\to e\gamma$. The family non-diagonal interaction can be CP violating and
typically generates extremely large leptonic electric dipole moments. We
demonstrate a natural mechanism for eliminating both single unit lepton flavor
violation and large leptonic CP violation. Although we focus on the 331 model,
our results are applicable to other dilepton models as well, including $SU(15)$
grand unification.


  Out-of-time-order correlations (OTOCs) characterize the scrambling, or
delocalization, of quantum information over all the degrees of freedom of a
system and thus have been proposed as a proxy for chaos in quantum systems.
Recent experimental progress in measuring OTOCs calls for a more thorough
understanding of how these quantities characterize complex quantum systems,
most importantly in terms of the buildup of entanglement. Although a connection
between OTOCs and entanglement entropy has been derived, the latter only
quantifies entanglement in pure systems and is hard to access experimentally.
In this work, we formally demonstrate that the multiple-quantum coherence
spectra, a specific family of OTOCs well known in NMR, can be used as an
entanglement witness and as a direct probe of multiparticle entanglement. Our
results open a path to experimentally testing the fascinating idea that
entanglement is the underlying glue that links thermodynamics, statistical
mechanics, and quantum gravity.


  We investigate an estimator to measure the primordial trispectrum in
equilateral type non-Gaussian models such as k-inflation, single field DBI
inflation and multi-field DBI inflation models from Cosmic Microwave Background
(CMB) anisotropies. The shape of the trispectrum whose amplitude is not
constrained by the bispectrum in the context of effective theory of inflation
and k-inflation is known to admit a separable form of the estimator for CMB
anisotropies. We show that this shape is $87 \%$ correlated with the full
quantum trispectrum in single field DBI inflation, while it is $33 \%$
correlated with the one in multi-field DBI inflation when curvature
perturbation is originated from purely entropic contribution. This suggests
that $g_{\rm NL} ^{equil}$, the amplitude of this particular shape, provides a
reasonable measure of the non-Gaussianity from the trispectrum in equilateral
non-Gaussian models. We relate model parameters such as the sound speed, $c_s$
and the transfer coefficient from entropy perturbations to the curvature
perturbation, $T_{\mathcal{R} S}$ with $g_{\rm NL} ^{equil}$, which enables us
to constrain model parameters in these models once $g_{\rm NL}^{equil}$ is
measured in WMAP and Planck.


  As with any physical instrument, hyperspectral cameras induce different kinds
of noise in the acquired data. Therefore, Hyperspectral denoising is a crucial
step for analyzing hyperspectral images (HSIs). Conventional computational
methods rarely use GPUs to improve efficiency and are not fully open-source.
Alternatively, deep learning-based methods are often open-source and use GPUs,
but their training and utilization for real-world applications remain
non-trivial for many researchers. Consequently, we propose HyDe: the first
open-source, GPU-accelerated Python-based, hyperspectral image denoising
toolbox, which aims to provide a large set of methods with an easy-to-use
environment. HyDe includes a variety of methods ranging from low-rank
wavelet-based methods to deep neural network (DNN) models. HyDe's interface
dramatically improves the interoperability of these methods and the performance
of the underlying functions. In fact, these methods maintain similar HSI
denoising performance to their original implementations while consuming nearly
ten times less energy. Furthermore, we present a method for training DNNs for
denoising HSIs which are not spatially related to the training dataset, i.e.,
training on ground-level HSIs for denoising HSIs with other perspectives
including airborne, drone-borne, and space-borne. To utilize the trained DNNs,
we show a sliding window method to effectively denoise HSIs which would
otherwise require more than 40 GB. The package can be found at:
\url{https://github.com/Helmholtz-AI-Energy/HyDe}.


  Superderivations for the eight families of finite or infinite dimensional
graded Lie superalgebras of Cartan-type over a field of characteristic $p>3$
are completely determined by a uniform approach: The infinite dimensional case
is reduced to the finite dimensional case and the latter is further reduced to
the restrictedness case, which proves to be far more manageable. In particular,
the outer superderivation algebras of those Lie superalgebras are completely
determined.


  We prove the analogue of an identity of Huard, Ou, Spearman and Williams and
apply it to evaluate a variety of sums involving divisor functions in two
variables. It turns out that these sums count representations of positive
integers involving radicals.


  Automated driving fundamentally requires knowledge about the surrounding
geometry of the scene. Modern approaches use only captured images to predict
occupancy maps that represent the geometry. Training these approaches requires
accurate data that may be acquired with the help of LiDAR scanners. We show
that the techniques used for current benchmarks and training datasets to
convert LiDAR scans into occupancy grid maps yield very low quality, and
subsequently present a novel approach using evidence theory that yields more
accurate reconstructions. We demonstrate that these are superior by a large
margin, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and that we additionally obtain
meaningful uncertainty estimates. When converting the occupancy maps back to
depth estimates and comparing them with the raw LiDAR measurements, our method
yields a MAE improvement of 30% to 52% on nuScenes and 53% on Waymo over other
occupancy ground-truth data. Finally, we use the improved occupancy maps to
train a state-of-the-art occupancy prediction method and demonstrate that it
improves the MAE by 25% on nuScenes.


  Starting in two years from now, particle physics will enter a new regime in
terms of energies and luminosities, thanks to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
at CERN. This report summarizes the status of the preparations, both for the
machine and the detectors, as of fall 2005. The commissioning and start-up
scenarios are outlined and some highlights from the very rich physics programme
are given, concentrating on measurements of Standard Model processes, as well
as on early discovery scenarios. The prospects of B-physics and heavy ion
collisions at LHC are also briefly discussed. The report concludes with an
outlook on the ultimate physics reach and on upgrade scenarios.


  This article investigates the splitting problem for finitely generated
projective modules $P$ over polynomial algebras $A[T]$ on various base rings,
where $\text{rank}(P) = \dim(A)$. Our main approaches are (1) in terms of
\emph{generic sections}, and (2) in terms of \emph{monic inversion principles}.
We prove that if $P$ has a complete intersection generic section, then it
splits off a free summand of rank one, where $A$ is an affine algebra over an
algebraically closed field of characteristic $\neq 2$. We give a partial answer
to an old question due to Roitman on monic inversion principle for projective
modules over affine $\mathbb{Z}$-algebras. Whenever $A$ is an affine algebra
over $\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p$, we prove a monic inversion principle for
ideals. We further exhibit some applications.


  This paper studies a system where a set of $N$ relay nodes harvest energy
from the signal received from a source to later utilize it when forwarding the
source's data to a destination node via distributed beamforming. To this end,
we derive (approximate) analytical expressions for the mean SNR at destination
node when relays employ: i) time-switching based energy harvesting policy, ii)
power-splitting based energy harvesting policy. The obtained results facilitate
the study of the interplay between the energy harvesting parameters and the
synchronization error, and their combined impact on mean SNR. Simulation
results indicate that i) the derived approximate expressions are very accurate
even for small $N$ (e.g., $N=15$), ii) time-switching policy by the relays
outperforms power-splitting policy by at least $3$ dB.


  Let k be a local field and let A be the two-by-two matrix algebra over k. In
our previous work we developed a theory that allows the computation of the set
of maximal orders in A containing a given suborder. This set is given as a
sub-tree of the Bruhat-Tits tree that is called the branch of the order.
Branches have been used to study the global selectivity problem and also to
compute local embedding numbers. They can usually be described in terms of two
invariants. To compute these invariants explicitly, the strategy in our past
work has been visualizing branches through the explicit representation of the
Bruhat-Tits tree in terms of balls in k. This is easier for orders spanning a
split commutative sub-algebra, i.e., an algebra isomorphic to (k x k). In the
present work, we develop a theory of branches over field extension that can be
used to extend our previous computations to orders spanning a field. We use the
same idea to compute branches for orders generated by arbitrary pairs of
non-nilpotent pure quaternions. In fact, the hypotheses on the generators are
not essential.


  This paper presents the consideration of the presence and the influence of
non-linear distortion of photo-acoustic measurement set-up on the results of
thermal properties analysis for the multi-layer semiconductor structure. The
authors propose a method which will eliminate such an influence.


  Spin-valve is a microelectronic device in which high and low resistance
states are realized by utilizing both charge and spin of carriers. Spin-valve
structures used in modern hard drive read-heads and magnetic random access
memories comprise two ferromagnetic (FM) electrodes whose relative
magnetization orientations can be switched between parallel and antiparallel
configurations, yielding the desired giant or tunneling magnetoresistance
effect. In this paper we demonstrate >100$% spin-valve-like signal in a
NiFe/IrMn/MgO/Pt stack with an antiferromagnet (AFM) on one side and a
non-magnetic metal on the other side of the tunnel barrier. FM moments in NiFe
are reversed by external fields <50mT and the exchange-spring effect of NiFe on
IrMn induces rotation of AFM moments in IrMn which is detected by the measured
tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR). Our work demonstrates a
spintronic element whose transport characteristics are governed by an AFM. It
demonstrates that sensitivity to low magnetic fields can be combined with
large, spin-orbit coupling induced magneto-transport anisotropy using a single
magnetic electrode. The AFM-TAMR provides means to study magnetic
characteristics of AFM films by an electronic transport measurement.


  We present Magellan/IMACS spectroscopy of the recently discovered Milky Way
satellite Tucana III (Tuc III). We identify 26 member stars in Tuc III, from
which we measure a mean radial velocity of v_hel = -102.3 +/- 0.4 (stat.) +/-
2.0 (sys.) km/s, a velocity dispersion of 0.1^+0.7_-0.1 km/s, and a mean
metallicity of [Fe/H] = -2.42^+0.07_-0.08. The upper limit on the velocity
dispersion is sigma < 1.5 km/s at 95.5% confidence, and the corresponding upper
limit on the mass within the half-light radius of Tuc III is 9.0 x 10^4 Msun.
We cannot rule out mass-to-light ratios as large as 240 Msun/Lsun for Tuc III,
but much lower mass-to-light ratios that would leave the system
baryon-dominated are also allowed. We measure an upper limit on the metallicity
spread of the stars in Tuc III of 0.19 dex at 95.5% confidence. Tuc III has a
smaller metallicity dispersion and likely a smaller velocity dispersion than
any known dwarf galaxy, but a larger size and lower surface brightness than any
known globular cluster. Its metallicity is also much lower than those of the
clusters with similar luminosity. We therefore tentatively suggest that Tuc III
is the tidally-stripped remnant of a dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxy, but
additional precise velocity and metallicity measurements will be necessary for
a definitive classification. If Tuc III is indeed a dwarf galaxy, it is one of
the closest external galaxies to the Sun. Because of its proximity, the most
luminous stars in Tuc III are quite bright, including one star at V=15.7 that
is the brightest known member star of an ultra-faint satellite.


  Magneto-elastic (straintronic) switching of bistable magnetostrictive
nanomagnets is an extremely energy-efficient switching methodology for
(magnetic) binary switches that has recently attracted widespread attention
because of its potential application in ultra-low-power digital computing
hardware. Unfortunately, this modality of switching is also error very prone at
room temperature. Theoretical studies of switching error probability of
magneto-elastic switches have predicted probabilities ranging from 10E-8-10E-3
at room temperature for ideal, defect-free nanomagnets, but experiments with
real nanomagnets show a much higher probability that exceeds 0.1 in some cases.
The obvious spoilers that can cause this large difference are defects and
non-idealities. Here, we have theoretically studied the effect of common
defects (that occur during fabrication) on magneto-elastic switching
probability in the presence of room-temperature thermal noise. Surprisingly, we
found that even small defects increase the switching error probabilities by
orders of magnitude. There is usually a critical stress that leads to the
lowest error probability and its value increases enormously in the presence of
defects. All this could limit or preclude the application of magneto-elastic
(straintronic) binary switches in either Boolean logic or memory, despite their
excellent energy-efficiency, and restrict them to non-Boolean (e.g.
neuromorphic, stochastic) computing applications. We also studied the
difference between magneto-elastic switching with a stress pulse of constant
amplitude and sinusoidal time-varying amplitude (e.g. due to a surface acoustic
wave) and found that the latter method is more reliable and generates lower
switching error probabilities in most cases, provided the time variation is
reasonably slow.


  Recently, many new challenges in Compressed Sensing (CS), such as block
sparsity, arose. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for solving CS with
block sparse constraints (BSC) in complex fields. Firstly, based on block
sparsity characteristics, we propose a new model to deal with CS with BSC and
analyze the properties of the functions involved in this model. We then present
a new $\tau$-stationary point and analyze corresponding first-order sufficient
and necessary conditions. That ensures we to further develop a block Newton
hard-thresholding pursuit (BNHTP) algorithm for efficiently solving CS with
BSC. Finally, preliminary numerical experiments demonstrate that the BNHTP
algorithm has superior performance in terms of recovery accuracy and
calculation time when compared with the classical AMP algorithm.


  We have investigated the NMR properties of dilute 3He impurities in solid 4He
contained in a torsional oscillator (TO) by the simultaneous measurement of the
NMR and the torsional oscillator response of the so-called supersolid 4He. From
measurements on samples with one hundred to a few hundred ppm of 3He, we have
found three different states of 3He. The first is the homogeneously distributed
isolated 3He atom in a solid matrix of 4He. The second is the 3He cluster in a
homogeneous 4He matrix, which appears below the phase separation temperature of
a solid mixture. The third is the 3He cluster in some nonuniform part of a 4He
crystal. We find that 3He atoms contained in the third component remain in a
nearby location even above the phase separation temperature. Based on the fact
that even a ppm of 3He affects the supersolid response in a TO below and above
the phase separation temperature, we propose that the nonuniform part of a
crystal that holds the third type of 3He and thus has a higher local
concentration of 3He plays an important role in the supersolid phenomenon in a
TO.


  Natural languages are described in this paper in terms of networks of
synonyms: a word is identified with a node, and synonyms are connected by
undirected links. Our statistical analysis of the network of synonyms in Polish
language showed it is scale-free; similar to what is known for English. The
statistical properties of the networks are also similar. Thus, the statistical
aspects of the networks are good candidates for culture independent elements of
human language. We hypothesize that optimization for robustness and efficiency
is responsible for this universality. Despite the statistical similarity, there
is no one-to-one mapping between networks of these two languages. Although many
hubs in Polish are translated into similarly highly connected hubs in English,
there are also hubs specific to one of these languages only: a single word in
one language is equivalent to many different and disconnected words in the
other, in accordance with the Whorf hypothesis about language relativity.
Identifying language-specific hubs is vitally important for automatic
translation, and for understanding contextual, culturally related messages that
are frequently missed or twisted in a naive, literary translation.