  A new analytic model for left-invertible operators is introduced and
investigated. We show that left-invertible operator $T$, which satisfies
certain conditions can be modelled as a multiplication operator $\mathscr{M}_z$
on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of vector-valued analytic functions on an
annulus or a disc. A similar result for composition operators in
$\ell^2$-spaces is established.


  The implementation of static artificial magnetic fields in ultracold atomic
systems has become a powerful tool, e.g. for simulating quantum-Hall physics
with charge-neutral atoms. Taking an interacting bosonic flux ladder as a
minimal model, we investigate protocols for adiabatic state preparation via
magnetic flux ramps. Considering the fact that it is actually the artificial
vector potential (in the form of Peierls phases) that can be experimentally
engineered in optical lattices, rather than the magnetic field, we find that
the time required for adiabatic state preparation dramatically depends on which
pattern of Peierls phases is used. This can be understood intuitively by noting
that different patterns of time-dependent Peierls phases that all give rise to
the same magnetic field ramp, generally lead to different artificial electric
fields during the ramp. Remarkably, we find that an optimal choice allows for
preparing the ground state almost instantaneously. We relate this observation
to shortcuts to adiabaticity via counterdiabatic driving. Our findings open new
possibilities for robust state preparation in atomic quantum simulators.


  In this work, a new set of parton distribution functions taking into account
the intrinsic charm (IC) contribution is presented. We focus on the impact of
the EMC measurements on the large $x$ charm structure function as the strongest
evidence for the intrinsic charm when combined with the HERA, SLAC and BCDMS
data. The main goal of this paper is the simultaneous determination of the
intrinsic charm probability ${P}_{c{\bar c/p}}$ and strong coupling $\alpha_s$.
This allows us to study the interaction of these two quantities as well as the
influence on the PDFs in the presence of IC contributions. By considering
$\alpha_s$ which can be fix or free parameter from our QCD analysis, we find
that although there is not a significant change in the extracted central value
of PDFs and their uncertainties, the obtained value of ${P}_{c{\bar c/p}}$
change by factor 7.8\%. The extracted value of ${P}_{c{\bar c/p}}$ in the
present QCD analysis is consistent with the recent reported upper limit of
$1.93\%$, which is obtained for the first time from LHC measurements. We show
the intrinsic charm probability is sensitive to the strong coupling constant
and also the charm mass. The extracted value of the strong coupling constant
$\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1191 \pm 0.0008$ at NLO is in good agreement with world
average value and available theoretical models.


  We analyze a sample of 12 HST-selected edge-on protoplanetary disks for which
the vertical extent of the emission layers can be constrained directly. We
present ALMA high angular resolution continuum images (0.1arcsec) of these
disks at two wavelengths, 0.89mm and 2.06mm (respectively ALMA bands 7 and 4),
supplemented with archival band 6 data (1.33mm) where available. For most
sources, the millimeter continuum emission is more compact than the scattered
light, both in the vertical and radial directions. Six sources are resolved
along their minor axis in at least one millimeter band, providing direct
information on the vertical distribution of the millimeter grains. For the
second largest disk of the sample, the significant difference in vertical
extent between band 7 and band 4 suggests efficient size-selective vertical
settling of large grains. Furthermore, the only Class I object in our sample
shows evidence of flaring in the millimeter. Along the major axis, all disks
are well resolved. Four of them are larger in band 7 than in band 4 in the
radial direction, and three have a similar radial extent in all bands. For all
disks, we also derive the millimeter brightness temperature and spectral index
maps. We find that the disks are likely optically thick and that the dust
emission reveals low brightness temperatures in most cases (<10K). The
integrated spectral indices are similar to those of disks at lower inclination.
The comparison of a generic radiative transfer disk model with our data shows
that at least 3 disks are consistent with a small millimeter dust scale height,
of a few au (measured at r=100au). This is in contrast with the more classical
value of h_g\sim10au derived from scattered light images and from gas line
measurements. These results confirm, by direct observations, that large
(millimeter) grains are subject to significant vertical settling in
protoplanetary disks.


  We consider two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs), which exhibit a
hallmark feature of quantum chaos: universal repulsion of energy levels as
described by a regime of linear growth of the spectral form factor. This
physical input together with modular invariance strongly constrains the
spectral correlations and the subleading corrections to the linear growth. We
show that these are determined by the Kuznetsov trace formula, which highlights
an intricate interplay of universal physical properties of chaotic CFTs and
analytic number theory. The trace formula manifests the fact that the simplest
possible CFT correlations consistent with quantum chaos are precisely those
described by a Euclidean wormhole in AdS${}_3$ gravity with
[torus]$\times$[interval] topology. For contrast, we also discuss examples of
non-chaotic CFTs in this language.


  Amorphous silica density at ambient pressure is known to depend on thermal
history (through the quenching rate) but also, at room temperature, on the
maximum pressure applied in the past. Here we show that beyond density, a
mechanical loading can endow the structure with an orientational order.
Molecular dynamics simulations show evidence that amorphous silica develops a
permanent anisotropic structure after extended shear plastic flow. This
anisotropy which survives for an unstressed specimen is revealed markedly by
the fabric tensor computed over the Si-O-Si orientations, albeit the SiO4
tetrahedra microstructure remains mostly unaltered.


  These notes correspond rather accurately to the translation of the lectures
given at the Fifth Mexican School of Particles and Fields, held in Guanajuato,
Gto., in December~1992. They constitute a brief and elementary introduction to
quantum symmetries from a physical point of view, along the lines of the
forthcoming book by C. G\'omez, G. Sierra and myself.


  Machine Learning algorithms are notorious for providing point predictions but
not prediction intervals. There are many applications where one requires
confidence in predictions and prediction intervals. Stringing together, these
intervals give rise to joint prediction regions with the desired significance
level. It is an easy task to compute Joint Prediction regions (JPR) when the
data is IID. However, the task becomes overly difficult when JPR is needed for
time series because of the dependence between the observations. This project
aims to implement Wolf and Wunderli's method for constructing JPRs and compare
it with other methods (e.g. NP heuristic, Joint Marginals). The method under
study is based on bootstrapping and is applied to different datasets (Min Temp,
Sunspots), using different predictors (e.g. ARIMA and LSTM). One challenge of
applying the method under study is to derive prediction standard errors for
models, it cannot be obtained analytically. A novel method to estimate
prediction standard error for different predictors is also devised. Finally,
the method is applied to a synthetic dataset to find empirical averages and
empirical widths and the results from the Wolf and Wunderli paper are
consolidated. The experimental results show a narrowing of width with strong
predictors like neural nets, widening of width with increasing forecast horizon
H and decreasing significance level alpha, controlling the width with parameter
k in K-FWE, and loss of information using Joint Marginals.


  In an ever-expanding spatially closed universe, the fractional change of the
volume is the preeminent intrinsic time interval to describe evolution in
General Relativity. The expansion of the universe serves as a subsidiary
condition which transforms Einstein's theory from a first class to a second
class constrained system when the physical degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) are
identified with transverse traceless excitations. The super-Hamiltonian
constraint is solved by eliminating the trace of the momentum in terms of the
other variables, and spatial diffeomorphism symmetry is tackled explicitly by
imposing transversality. The theorems of Maskawa-Nishijima appositely relate
the reduced phase space to the physical variables in canonical functional
integral and Dirac's criterion for second class constraints to nonvanishing
Faddeev-Popov determinants in the phase space measures. A reduced physical
Hamiltonian for intrinsic time evolution of the two physical d.o.f. emerges.
Freed from the first class Dirac algebra, deformation of the Hamiltonian
constraint is permitted, and natural extension of the Hamiltonian while
maintaining spatial diffeomorphism invariance leads to a theory with
Cotton-York term as the ultraviolet completion of Einstein's theory.


  We show that the QCD color transparency of higher-twist contributions to
inclusive hadroproduction cross sections, where baryons are produced directly
in a short-distance subprocess, can explain several remarkable features of
high-$p_T$ baryon production in heavy ion collisions which have recently been
observed at RHIC: (a) the anomalous increase of the proton-to-pion ratio with
centrality (b): the increased power-law fall-off at fixed $x_T=2p_T/ \sqrt s$
of the charged particle production cross section in high centrality nuclear
collisions, and (c): the anomalous decrease of the number of same-side hadrons
produced in association with a proton trigger as the centrality increases. We
show that correlations between opposite-side hyperons and kaons can provide a
clear signature of higher-twist contributions. These phenomena emphasize the
importance of understanding hadronization at the amplitude level in QCD
illustrate how heavy ion collisions can provide sensitive tools for
interpreting and testing fundamental properties of QCD.


  Let $G$ be a graph and $\mathcal{K}_G$ be the set of all cliques of $G$, then
the clique graph of G denoted by $K(G)$ is the graph with vertex set
$\mathcal{K}_G$ and two elements $Q_i,Q_j \in \mathcal{K}_G$ form an edge if
and only if $Q_i \cap Q_j \neq \emptyset$. Iterated clique graphs are defined
by $K^0(G)=G$, and $K^n(G)=K(K^{n-1}(G))$ for $n>0$. In this paper we determine
the number of cliques in $K(G)$ when $G=G_1+G_2$, prove a necessary and
sufficient condition for a clique graph $K(G)$ to be complete when $G=G_1+G_2$,
give a characterization for clique convergence of the join of graphs and if
$G_1$, $G_2$ are Clique-Helly graphs different from $K_1$ and $G=G_1 \Box G_2$,
then $K^2(G) = G$.


  Study of magnetic monopoles in the original version of Born-Infeld (BI)
electrodynamics is performed. It then is realized that interesting new physics
emerge and they include exotic behavior of radial electric monopole field such
as its regularity as $r\to 0$ and its changing behavior with the absence or
presence of the radial magnetic monopole field. This last point has been
interpreted as the manifestation of the existence of point-like dyons in
abelian BI theory. Two pieces of clear evidences in favor of this dyon
interpretation are provided. It is also demonstrated that despite these unique
features having no analogues in standard Maxwell theory, the cherished Dirac
quantisation condition remains unchanged. Lastly, comments are given concerning
that dyons found here in the original version of BI electrodynamics should be
distinguished from the ones with the same name or BIons being studied in the
recent literature on D-brane physics.


  Background: Using a statistical physics approach, we study the stochastic
switching behavior of a model circuit of multisite phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation with feedback. The circuit consists of a kinase and
phosphatase acting on multiple sites of a substrate that, contingent on its
modification state, catalyzes its own phosphorylation and, in a symmetric
scenario, dephosphorylation. The symmetric case is viewed as a cartoon of
conflicting feedback that could result from antagonistic pathways impinging on
the state of a shared component.
  Results: Multisite phosphorylation is sufficient for bistable behavior under
feedback even when catalysis is linear in substrate concentration, which is the
case we consider. We compute the phase diagram, fluctuation spectrum and
large-deviation properties related to switch memory within a statistical
mechanics framework. Bistability occurs as either a first-order or second-order
non-equilibrium phase transition, depending on the network symmetries and the
ratio of phosphatase to kinase numbers. In the second-order case, the circuit
never leaves the bistable regime upon increasing the number of substrate
molecules at constant kinase to phosphatase ratio.
  Conclusions: The number of substrate molecules is a key parameter controlling
both the onset of the bistable regime, fluctuation intensity, and the residence
time in a switched state. The relevance of the concept of memory depends on the
degree of switch symmetry, as memory presupposes information to be remembered,
which is highest for equal residence times in the switched states.
  Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Artem Novozhilov (nominated by Eugene
Koonin), Sergei Maslov, and Ned Wingreen.


  Difficulties identifying appropriate biodiversity impact metrics remain a
major barrier to inclusion of biodiversity considerations in environmentally
responsible investment. We propose and analyse a simple science-based local
metric: the sum of proportional changes in local species abundances relative to
their global species abundances, with a correction for species close to
extinction. As we show, this metric quantifies changes in the mean long-term
global survival probability of species. It links mathematically to a widely
cited global biodiversity indicator, the Living Planet Index, for which we
propose an improved formula that directly addresses the known problem of
singularities caused by extinctions. We show that, in an ideal market, trade in
our metric would lead to near-optimal allocation of resources to species
conservation. We further show that the metric is closely related to several
other metrics and indices already in use. Barriers to adoption are therefore
low. Used in conjunction with metrics addressing ecosystem functioning and
services, potential areas of application include biodiversity related financial
disclosures and voluntary or legislated no net biodiversity loss policies.


  A finitely presented group is semistable at infinity if all proper rays in
the Cayley 2-complex are properly homotopic. A long standing open question asks
whether all finitely presented groups are semistable at infinity. This article
provides a brief introduction to the notion of semistability at infinity in
geometric group theory. We discuss techniques for proving semistability at
infinity that involve either the topology of the boundary or the existence of
certain hierarchies of splittings of the group.
  As an illustration of the second technique, we apply a combination theorem of
Mihalik-Tschantz to prove semistability at infinity for groups that are
hyperbolic relative to polycyclic subgroups using work of Mihalik-Swenson and
Louder-Touikan.


  Random mixing in host populations has been a convenient simplifying
assumption in the study of epidemics, but neglects important differences in
contact rates within and between population groups. For HIV/AIDS, the
assumption of random mixing is inappropriate for epidemics that are
concentrated in groups of people at high risk, including female sex workers
(FSW) and their male clients (MCF), injection drug users (IDU) and men who have
sex with men (MSM). To find out who transmits infection to whom and how that
affects the spread and containment of infection remains a major empirical
challenge in the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. Here we develop a technique, based
on the routine sampling of infection in linked population groups, which shows
how an Asian HIV/AIDS epidemic began in FSW, was propagated mainly by IDU, and
ultimately generated most cases among the female partners of MCF (FPM).
Calculation of the case reproduction numbers within and between groups, and for
the whole network, provides insights into control that cannot be deduced simply
from observations on the prevalence of infection. Specifically, the per capita
rate of HIV transmission was highest from FSW to MCF, and most HIV infections
occurred in FPM, but the number of infections in the whole network is best
reduced by interrupting transmission to and from IDU. This network analysis can
be used to guide HIV/AIDS interventions based on needle exchange, condom
distribution and antiretroviral therapy. The method requires only routine data
and could be applied to infections in other populations.


  We have employed HQET to determine the masses of radially excited ($n=2$)
S-wave charm and bottom baryons. The HQET Lagrangian containing the
non-perturbative parameters is shown with heavy baryon fields. The
non-perturbative parameters, couplings, and decay widths are also studied for
the S-wave singly heavy baryons. The HQET parameters $\overline{\Lambda}$,
$\lambda_1$ and $\lambda_2$ are calculated for the ground state ($n=1$) using
the masses of S-wave baryons. The mass term ratios of $n=1$ and $n=2$ mesons
and baryons containing parameters $\overline{\Lambda}$ and $\lambda_1$ are
studied by varying the bottom quark mass. This analysis shows that heavy quark
behaves the same inside mesons and baryons in both 1S and 2S states. The HQET
symmetry of $\overline{\Lambda}$ is used to find the parameters and masses for
$n=2$ S-wave baryons. The variation of mass of 2S baryons with the
non-perturbative parameters $\lambda_1$ and $\lambda_2$ is discussed. The Regge
trajectories are also plotted in the $(n,M^2)$ plane using masses of $n=1$ and
2 charm and bottom baryons. The Regge trajectories are parallel and equidistant
lines in the $(n,M^2)$ plane. We have also studied the strong decays of charm
and bottom baryons for both $n=1$ and $n=2$ states. We have estimated the
coupling constants $g_1=0.913^{+0.010}_{-0.017}$ and
$g_2=0.559^{+0.006}_{-0.010}$ for $n=1$, and
$\frac{\widetilde{g}_1}{\widetilde{g}_2}=1.52$ for $n=2$. We have also shown
the semi-electronic decays rates of charm baryons in the spectator heavy quark
approximation for $1S\rightarrow 1S$, $2S\rightarrow 1S$ and $2S\rightarrow 2S$
transitions. The decay rates for $1S\rightarrow 1S$ transitions are of same
order as $2S\rightarrow 1S$ transitions. This analysis gives a good agreement
with available theoretical and experimental data.


  Based on the correspondence of projection to an eigenvalue problem via the
underlying group structure, we generalize the projection algorithm proposed by
Morrison et al. This algorithm is eligible for large-scale computations,
because we can avoid the accumulation of errors. As an example, we apply it to
the spurious c.m. motion in a multi-$\hbar\omega$ shell-model calculation. In
comparison with Lawson's method, the present method is exact and nevertheless
does not need longer CPU time. It is pointed out that the exact treatment of
the spurious c.m. motion is crucial to some physical quantities.


  In this paper, we extend a classical approach to linear quadratic (LQ)
optimal control via Popov operators to abstract linear differential-algebraic
equations (ADAEs) in Hilbert spaces. To ensure existence of solutions, we
assume that the underlying differential-algebraic equation has index one in the
pseudo-resolvent sense. This leads to the existence of a degenerate semigroup
that can be used to define a Popov operator for our system. It is shown that
under a suitable coercivity assumption for the Popov operator the optimal costs
can be described by a bounded Riccati operator and that the optimal control
input is of feedback form. Furthermore, we characterize exponential stability
of ADAEs which is required to solve the infinite horizon LQ problem.


  We have measured the properties of the diffractive scintillation toward the
Vela pulsar under the extremely strong scattering conditions encountered at 660
MHz. We obtain a decorrelation bandwidth of $\nu_d = 244 \pm 4$ Hz and
diffractive decorrelation timescale of $t_{\rm diff} = 3.3\pm 0.3$ s. Our
measurement of the modulation indices $m=0.87\pm 0.003\pm 0.05$ and $m=0.93\pm
0.03 \pm 0.05$ (one for each polarization stream), are at variance with the
modulation index of the Vela pulsar obtained at 2.3 GHz by Gwinn et al. (1997)
{\it if} the deviation from a modulation index of unity is ascribed to a source
size effect.


  We prove the linear stability of subextremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om spacetimes
as solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell equation. We make use of a novel
representation of gauge-invariant quantities which satisfy a symmetric system
of coupled wave equations. This system is composed of two of the three
equations separately derived in previous works, where the estimates required
arbitrary smallness of the charge. Here, the estimates are obtained by defining
a combined energy-momentum tensor for the system in terms of the symmetric
structure of the right hand sides of the equations. We obtain boundedness of
the energy, Morawetz estimates and decay for the full subextremal range |Q|<M,
completely in physical space. Such decay estimates, together with the estimates
for the gauge-dependent quantities of the perturbations previously obtained,
settle the problem of linear stability to gravitational and electromagnetic
perturbations of Reissner-Nordstr\"om solution in the full subextremal range
|Q|< M.


  We present a new method for generating a regular train of ultrashort optical
pulses in a prepared two-level medium. The train develops from incident
monochromatic probe radiation travelling in a medium of atoms, which are in a
quantum mechanical superposition of dressed internal states. In the frame of
used linear theory for the probe radiation, the energy of individual pulses is
an exponentially growing function of atom density and of interaction cross
section. Pulse repetition rate is determined by the generalized Rabi frequency
and can be around 1 THz and greater. We also show that the terms, extra to the
dipole approximation, endow the gas by a new property: non-saturating
dependence of refractive index on the dressing monochromatic field intensity.
Contribution of these nonsaturating terms can be compatible with the main
dipole approximation in the wavelength region of about ten micrometers (the
range of CO_2 laser) or larger.


  The recently delimited altermagnetic phase is characterized by zero net
magnetization but momentum-dependent collinear spin-splitting. To explore the
intriguing physical effects and potential applications of altermagnets, it is
essential to analyze their Fermi surface properties, encompassing both
configurations and spin textures. Here, we conduct a Fermiology study on
metallic altermagnets and demonstrate that the collinear spin-split features of
their Fermi surfaces can be clearly revealed through quantum oscillation
measurements. By introducing a transverse Zeeman field to remove the
spin-degenerate lines in the momentum space, the Fermi surface undergoes a
Lifshitz transition, giving rise to spin-flipped cyclotron motion between
orbits with opposite spins. Accordingly, the Lifshitz-Onsager quantization
yields two sets of Landau levels, leading to frequency splitting of the
Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in conductivity. In the presence of spin-orbit
coupling, the Zeeman field causes two separate cyclotron orbits to merge at the
Lifshitz transition point before splitting again. This results in the two
original frequencies discontinuously changing into a single frequency equal to
their sum. Our work unveils a unique and universal signature of altermagnetic
Fermi surfaces that can be probed through quantum oscillation measurements.


  Hetero-epitaxial films based on bismuth telluride with excess of Te were
grown by hat wall technique at the surface of the mica (muscovite).
Galvanomagnetic properties of the thin films were measured, and quantum
oscillations of the magnetoresistance were found at the temperatures below 10 K
in the magnetic field from 6 to 14 T. From analysis of magnetoresistance
oscillations the main surface state parameters of the films were determined.
Expementally obtained Landau level index shift and its temperature dependence
are consistent with Berry phase specific for topological Dirac surface states.
The estimated parameters of electronic topological surface states of the
bismuth telluride-based films are of special interest because of possible usage
of them in micro generators and micro coolers, and also for other device
applications.


  We investigate the analytic structure of the magnon S-matrix in the
spin-chain description of planar ${\cal N}=4$ SUSY Yang-Mills/$AdS_{5}\times
S^{5}$ strings. Semiclassical analysis suggests that the exact S-matrix must
have a large family of poles near the real axis in momentum space. In this
article we show that these are double poles corresponding to the exchange of
pairs of BPS magnons. Their locations in the complex plane are uniquely fixed
by the known dispersion relation for the BPS particles. The locations precisely
agree with the recent conjecture for the $S$ matrix by Beisert, Hernandez,
Lopez, Eden and Staudacher (hep-th/0609044 and hep-th/0610251). These poles do
not signal the presence of new bound states. In fact, a certain non-BPS
localized classical solution, which was thought to give rise to new bound
states, can actually decay into a pair of BPS magnons.


  We report that defocusing cubic media with spatially inhomogeneous
nonlinearity, whose strength increases rapidly enough toward the periphery, can
support stable bright localized modes. Such nonlinearity landscapes give rise
to a variety of stable solitons in all three dimensions, including 1D
fundamental and multihump states, 2D vortex solitons with arbitrarily high
topological charges, and fundamental solitons in 3D. Solitons maintain their
coherence in the state of motion, oscillating in the nonlinear potential as
robust quasi-particles and colliding elastically. In addition to numerically
found soliton families, particular solutions are found in an exact analytical
form, and accurate approximations are developed for the entire families,
including moving solitons.


  Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) is the core operation in many
common network and graph analytics, but poor performance of the SpMV kernel
handicaps these applications. This work quantifies the effect of matrix
structure on SpMV performance, using Intel's VTune tool for the Sandy Bridge
architecture. Two types of sparse matrices are considered: finite difference
(FD) matrices, which are structured, and R-MAT matrices, which are
unstructured. Analysis of cache behavior and prefetcher activity reveals that
the SpMV kernel performs far worse with R-MAT matrices than with FD matrices,
due to the difference in matrix structure. To address the problems caused by
unstructured matrices, novel architecture improvements are proposed.


  In this paper we report on numerical studies of formation of singularities
for the semilinear wave equations with a focusing power nonlinearity $u_{tt} -
\Delta u = u^{p}$ in three space dimensions. We show that for generic large
initial data that lead to singularities, the spatial pattern of blowup can be
described in terms of linearized perturbations about the fundamental
self-similar (homogeneous in space) solution. We consider also non-generic
initial data which are fine-tuned to the threshold for blowup and identify
critical solutions that separate blowup from dispersal for some values of the
exponent $p$.


  In this paper we present expressions for the Drazin inverse of the
generalized Schur complement $A-CD^{d}B$ in terms of the Drazin inverses of $A$
and the generalized Schur complement $D-BA^{d}C$ under less and weaker
restrictions, which generalize several results in the literature and the
formula of Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury type.


  To maintain user trust, large language models (LLMs) should signal low
confidence on examples where they are incorrect, instead of misleading the
user. The standard approach of estimating confidence is to use the softmax
probabilities of these models, but as of November 2023, state-of-the-art LLMs
such as GPT-4 and Claude-v1.3 do not provide access to these probabilities. We
first study eliciting confidence linguistically -- asking an LLM for its
confidence in its answer -- which performs reasonably (80.5% AUC on GPT-4
averaged across 12 question-answering datasets -- 7% above a random baseline)
but leaves room for improvement. We then explore using a surrogate confidence
model -- using a model where we do have probabilities to evaluate the original
model's confidence in a given question. Surprisingly, even though these
probabilities come from a different and often weaker model, this method leads
to higher AUC than linguistic confidences on 9 out of 12 datasets. Our best
method composing linguistic confidences and surrogate model probabilities gives
state-of-the-art confidence estimates on all 12 datasets (84.6% average AUC on
GPT-4).


  Nanomagnetic arrays are widespread in data storage and processing. As current
technologies approach fundamental limits on size and thermal stability,
extracting additional functionality from arrays is crucial to advancing
technological progress. One design exploiting the enhanced magnetic
interactions in dense arrays is the geometrically-frustrated metamaterial
'artificial spin ice' (ASI). Frustrated systems offer vast untapped potential
arising from their unique microstate landscapes, presenting intriguing
opportunities from reconfigurable logic to magnonic devices or hardware neural
networks. However, progress in such systems is impeded by the inability to
access more than a fraction of the total microstate space. Here, we present a
powerful surface-probe lithography technique, magnetic topological lithography,
providing access to all possible microstates in ASI and related nanomagnetic
arrays. We demonstrate the creation of two previously elusive states; the
spin-crystal ground state of dipolar kagome ASI and high-energy, low-entropy
'monopole-chain' states exhibiting negative effective temperatures.


  Discrete-time switched linear systems where switchings are governed by a
digraph are considered. The minimum (or average) dwell time that guarantees the
asymptotic stability can be computed by calculating the maximum cycle ratio (or
maximum cycle mean) of a doubly weighted digraph where weights depend on the
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of subsystem matrices. The graph-based method is
applied to systems with defective subsystem matrices using Jordan
decomposition. In the case of bimodal switched systems scaling algorithms that
minimizes the condition number can be used to give a better minimum (or
average) dwell time estimates.


  Dynamic circuits are well suited for applications that require predictable
service with a constant bit rate for a prescribed period of time, such as cloud
computing and e-science applications. Past research on upstream transmission in
passive optical networks (PONs) has mainly considered packet-switched traffic
and has focused on optimizing packet-level performance metrics, such as
reducing mean delay. This study proposes and evaluates a dynamic circuit and
packet PON (DyCaPPON) that provides dynamic circuits along with packet-switched
service. DyCaPPON provides $(i)$ flexible packet-switched service through
dynamic bandwidth allocation in periodic polling cycles, and $(ii)$ consistent
circuit service by allocating each active circuit a fixed-duration upstream
transmission window during each fixed-duration polling cycle. We analyze
circuit-level performance metrics, including the blocking probability of
dynamic circuit requests in DyCaPPON through a stochastic knapsack-based
analysis. Through this analysis we also determine the bandwidth occupied by
admitted circuits. The remaining bandwidth is available for packet traffic and
we conduct an approximate analysis of the resulting mean delay of packet
traffic. Through extensive numerical evaluations and verifying simulations we
demonstrate the circuit blocking and packet delay trade-offs in DyCaPPON.


  The canonical partition functions $Z_n$ and the number distributions $P_n$
which are obervable in experiments, are related by a single parameter, the
fugacities $\xi=\exp(\mu/T)$. With the charge parity invariance, $Z_n$ and
$\xi$ can be determined. Thermodynamic quantities such as the number density
susceptibility and the kurtosis are then calculated from the grand canonical
partition function $Z(\xi,T)=\sum Z_n(T) \xi^n$, ($n=-N_{\rm max},\cdots,
N_{\rm max}$), for any chemical potential $\mu$, although the region over which
the results are reliable for these quantities is constrained by $N_{\rm max}$.
  We then calculate the Lee-Yang zeros, which are the zeros of $Z(\xi)$ in the
complex fugacity plane, as poles of $d\log Z(\xi)/d\xi$ by using the Cauchy
integral theorem. With the help of a multiple precision library, this method
provides any precision required without misidentification of the zeros.
  We analyse $Z_n$ from the net-proton number distributions recently measured
at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) by assuming the net-proton number
is approximately propotional to that of the baryon after the freeze-out, and
calculate the moments. We also evaluate the Lee-Yang zero structures obtained
from RHIC data and compare them with those obtained from lattice quantum
chromodynamics (QCD) calculations.
  Possible regions of QCD phase transition lines are estimated from the
thermodynamics quantities and the Lee-Yang zeros. We discuss how the limited
$N_{\rm max}$ in both experimental and numerical studies affects the
reliability of the thermodynamic results and Lee-Yang zeros.


  We explore the possibility that scale symmetry is a quantum symmetry that is
broken only spontaneously and apply this idea to the Standard Model (SM). We
compute the quantum corrections to the potential of the higgs field ($\phi$) in
the classically scale invariant version of the SM ($m_\phi=0$ at tree level)
extended by the dilaton ($\sigma$). The tree-level potential of $\phi$ and
$\sigma$, dictated by scale invariance, may contain non-polynomial effective
operators, e.g. $\phi^6/\sigma^2$, $\phi^8/\sigma^4$, $\phi^{10}/\sigma^6$,
etc. The one-loop scalar potential is scale invariant, since the loop
calculations manifestly preserve the scale symmetry, with the DR subtraction
scale $\mu$ generated spontaneously by the dilaton vev
$\mu\sim\langle\sigma\rangle$. The Callan-Symanzik equation of the potential is
verified in the presence of the gauge, Yukawa and the non-polynomial operators.
The couplings of the non-polynomial operators have non-zero beta functions that
we can actually compute from the quantum potential. At the quantum level the
higgs mass is protected by spontaneously broken scale symmetry, even though the
theory is non-renormalizable. We compare the one-loop potential to its
counterpart computed in the "traditional" DR scheme that breaks scale symmetry
explicitly ($\mu=$constant) in the presence at the tree level of the
non-polynomial operators.


  We study the effect exerted by the electrons on the flexural phonons in
graphene, accounting for the attractive interaction created by the exchange of
electron-hole excitations. Combining the self-consistent computation of the
phonon self-energy with renormalization group methods, we show that graphene
has two different phases corresponding to soft and strong renormalization of
the bending rigidity in the long-wavelength limit. In the first case, the
system may have an intermediate scale in which the phonon dispersion is
softened, but it manages finally to become increasingly rigid over large
distance scales. The strongly renormalized phase is closer however to critical
behavior, with an effective rigidity that becomes pinned in practice at very
small values, implying a very large susceptibility for the development of a
condensate of the flexural phonon field.


  We report the analysis of the double-mode RR Lyrae star EPIC 205209951, the
first modulated RRd star observed from space. The amplitude and phase
modulation are present in both modes.


  Multilingual transformers (XLM, mT5) have been shown to have remarkable
transfer skills in zero-shot settings. Most transfer studies, however, rely on
automatically translated resources (XNLI, XQuAD), making it hard to discern the
particular linguistic knowledge that is being transferred, and the role of
expert annotated monolingual datasets when developing task-specific models. We
investigate the cross-lingual transfer abilities of XLM-R for Chinese and
English natural language inference (NLI), with a focus on the recent
large-scale Chinese dataset OCNLI. To better understand linguistic transfer, we
created 4 categories of challenge and adversarial tasks (totaling 17 new
datasets) for Chinese that build on several well-known resources for English
(e.g., HANS, NLI stress-tests). We find that cross-lingual models trained on
English NLI do transfer well across our Chinese tasks (e.g., in 3/4 of our
challenge categories, they perform as well/better than the best monolingual
models, even on 3/5 uniquely Chinese linguistic phenomena such as idioms, pro
drop). These results, however, come with important caveats: cross-lingual
models often perform best when trained on a mixture of English and high-quality
monolingual NLI data (OCNLI), and are often hindered by automatically
translated resources (XNLI-zh). For many phenomena, all models continue to
struggle, highlighting the need for our new diagnostics to help benchmark
Chinese and cross-lingual models. All new datasets/code are released at
https://github.com/huhailinguist/ChineseNLIProbing.


  Machine Learning (ML) is more than just training models, the whole workflow
must be considered. Once deployed, a ML model needs to be watched and
constantly supervised and debugged to guarantee its validity and robustness in
unexpected situations. Debugging in ML aims to identify (and address) the model
weaknesses in not trivial contexts. Several techniques have been proposed to
identify different types of model weaknesses, such as bias in classification,
model decay, adversarial attacks, etc., yet there is not a generic framework
that allows them to work in a collaborative, modular, portable, iterative way
and, more importantly, flexible enough to allow both human- and machine-driven
techniques. In this paper, we propose a novel containerized directed graph
framework to support and accelerate end-to-end ML workflow management,
supervision, and debugging. The framework allows defining and deploying ML
workflows in containers, tracking their metadata, checking their behavior in
production, and improving the models by using both learned and human-provided
knowledge. We demonstrate these capabilities by integrating in the framework
two hybrid systems to detect data drift distribution which identify the samples
that are far from the latent space of the original distribution, ask for human
intervention, and whether retrain the model or wrap it with a filter to remove
the noise of corrupted data at inference time. We test these systems on
MNIST-C, CIFAR-10-C, and FashionMNIST-C datasets, obtaining promising accuracy
results with the help of human involvement.


  Time-domain (TD) Bayesian inference is important in ringdown analysis for
gravitational wave (GW) astronomy. The validity of this method has been well
studied by Isi and Farr [1]. Using GW190521 as an example, we study the TD
method in detail by comparing it with the frequency-domain (FD) method as a
complement to previous study. We argue that the autocovariance function (ACF)
should be calculated from the inverse fast Fourier transform of the power
spectral density (PSD), which is usually estimated by the Welch method. In
addition, the total duration of the GW data that are used to estimate the PSD
and the slice duration of the truncated ACF should be long enough. Only when
these conditions are fully satisfied can the TD method be considered
sufficiently equivalent to the FD method.


  Recently, new methods were introduced which allow one to solve ordinary
integrals by performing only derivatives. These studies were originally
motivated by the difficulties of the quantum field theoretic path integral, and
correspondingly, the results were derived by heuristic methods. Here, we give
rigorous proofs for the methods to hold on fully specified function spaces. We
then illustrate the efficacy of the new methods by applying them to the study
of the surprising behavior of so-called Borwein integrals.


  By examining the rate of growth of an invariant volume $\mathcal V$ of some
spacetime region along a divergence-free vector field $v^\alpha$, we introduce
the concept of a "vector volume" $\mathcal{V}_v$. This volume can be defined in
various equivalent ways. For example, it can be given as $\mathrm d \mathcal
V(\mu) / \mathrm d \mu$, where $v^\alpha \partial_\alpha = \mathrm d / \mathrm
d \mu$, and $\mu$ is a parameter distance along the integral curve of $v$.
Equivalently, it can be defined as $\int v^\alpha \mathrm d \Sigma_\alpha$,
where $\mathrm d \Sigma_\alpha$ is the directed surface element. We find that
this volume is especially useful for the description of black holes, but it can
be used in other contexts as well. Moreover, this volume has several properties
of interest. Among these is the fact that the vector volume is linear with
respect to the the choice of vector $v^\alpha$. As a result, for example, in
stationary axially symmetric spacetimes with timelike Killing vectors
$t^\alpha$ and axial symmetric Killing vectors $\phi^\alpha$, the vector volume
of an axially symmetric region with respect to the vector $t^\alpha + \Omega
\phi^\alpha$ is equal for any value of $\Omega$, a consequence of the
additional result that $\phi^\alpha$ does not contribute to $\mathcal{V}_v$.
Perhaps of most interest is the fact that in Kerr-Schild spacetimes the volume
element for the full spacetime is equal to that of the background spacetime. We
discuss different ways of using the vector volume to define volumes for black
holes. Finally, we relate our work to the recent wide-spread thermodynamically
motivated study of the "volumes" of black holes associated with non-zero values
of the cosmological constant $\Lambda$.


  We describe the double charge exchange (DCX) reaction of pions with different
nuclear targets at incident kinetic energies of 120-180 MeV within the GiBUU
transport framework. The DCX process is highly sensitive to details of the
interactions of pions with the nuclear medium and, therefore, represents a
major benchmark for any model of pion scattering off nuclei at low and
intermediate energies. We achieve a good quantitative agreement with the
extensive data set obtained at LAMPF. Furthermore, we present first results on
electron scattering off nuclei for beam energies of 700-1500 MeV and
virtualities of Q^2<700 MeV^2. Including quasi-elastic and pion- production
processes and employing in-medium kinematics and realistic form factors, we
evaluate inclusive cross sections and compare to data obtained at the ADONE
storage ring (Frascati).


  A new class of nodal topological excitations in a two-dimensional Heisenberg
model is studied. The solutions correspond to a nodal singular point of the
gradient field of the azimuthal angle. An analytical solution found for the
isotropic case. An effect of in-plane exchange anisotropy is studied
numerically. It results in solutions which are analogues of the conventional
out-of-plane solitons in the two-dimensional magnets.


  We apply Wilczek and his collaborators' anomaly cancellation approach to the
3-dimensional Schwarzschild- and BTZ-like brane world black holes induced by
the generalized C metrics in the Randall-Sundrum scenario. Based on the fact
that the horizon of brane world black hole will extend into the bulk spacetime,
we do the calculation from the bulk generalized C metrics side and show that
this approach also reproduces the correct Hawking radiation for these brane
world black holes. Besides, since this approach does not involve the dynamical
equation, it also shows that the Hawking radiation is only a kinematic effect.


  The galaxy bispectrum on scales around and above the equality scale receives
contributions from relativistic effects. Some of these arise from lightcone
deformation effects, which come from local and line-of-sight integrated
contributions. Here we calculate the local contributions from the generated
vector and tensor background which is formed as scalar modes couple and enter
the horizon. We show that these modes are sub-dominant when compared with other
relativistic contributions.


  Heavy neutrinos with masses below the electroweak scale can simultaneously
generate the light neutrino masses via the seesaw mechanism and the baryon
asymmetry of the universe via leptogenesis. The requirement to explain these
phenomena imposes constraints on the mass spectrum of the heavy neutrinos,
their flavour mixing pattern and their $CP$ properties. We first combine bounds
from different experiments in the past to map the viable parameter regions in
which the minimal low scale seesaw model can explain the observed neutrino
oscillations, while being consistent with the negative results of past searches
for physics beyond the Standard Model. We then study which additional
predictions for the properties of the heavy neutrinos can be made based on the
requirement to explain the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe. Finally,
we comment on the perspectives to find traces of heavy neutrinos in future
experimental searches at the LHC, NA62, BELLE II, T2K, SHiP or a future high
energy collider, such as ILC, CEPC or FCC-ee. If any heavy neutral leptons are
discovered in the future, our results can be used to assess whether these
particles are indeed the common origin of the light neutrino masses and the
baryon asymmetry of the universe. If the magnitude of their couplings to all
Standard Model flavours can be measured individually, and if the Dirac phase in
the lepton mixing matrix is determined in neutrino oscillation experiments,
then all model parameters can in principle be determined from this data. This
makes the low scale seesaw a fully testable model of neutrino masses and
baryogenesis.


  Crowdsourcing and human computation has been employed in increasingly
sophisticated projects that require the solution of a heterogeneous set of
tasks. We explore the challenge of building or hiring an effective team, for
performing tasks required for such projects on an ongoing basis, from an
available pool of applicants or workers who have bid for the tasks. The
recruiter needs to learn workers' skills and expertise by performing online
tests and interviews, and would like to minimize the amount of budget or time
spent in this process before committing to hiring the team. How can one
optimally spend budget to learn the expertise of workers as part of recruiting
a team? How can one exploit the similarities among tasks as well as underlying
social ties or commonalities among the workers for faster learning? We tackle
these decision-theoretic challenges by casting them as an instance of online
learning for best action selection. We present algorithms with PAC bounds on
the required budget to hire a near-optimal team with high confidence.
Furthermore, we consider an embedding of the tasks and workers in an underlying
graph that may arise from task similarities or social ties, and that can
provide additional side-observations for faster learning. We then quantify the
improvement in the bounds that we can achieve depending on the characteristic
properties of this graph structure. We evaluate our methodology on simulated
problem instances as well as on real-world crowdsourcing data collected from
the oDesk platform. Our methodology and results present an interesting
direction of research to tackle the challenges faced by a recruiter for
contract-based crowdsourcing.


  In this paper, we study the dynamics of the shock cone formed around the
hairy Kerr black hole due to BHL accretion and investigate the QPO behaviors
resulting from the black hole-cone interaction, aiming to predict the QPO
frequencies that may occur around the M87* black hole. To achieve this, we use
the hairy Kerr black hole parameters consistent with the observed shadow
parameters of M87* as initial conditions in numerical simulations, revealing
the structure of the resulting shock cone and QPOs in a strong gravitational
field. Numerical calculations show that the deviation of the hairy Kerr black
hole from the Kerr metric and the hair parameters significantly influence the
complex behavior of the resulting QPOs. It is found that the Lense-Thirring
effect and the pressure modes trapped within the cone lead to the excitation of
QPOs. The hair parameter has been observed to suppress the resulting QPO
frequencies. The Lense-Thirring effect, in a strong gravitational field with a
black hole spin parameter of a/M > 0.7, also suppresses other modes and
generates high-frequency QPOs. It is predicted that the QPO frequencies
observed around the M87* black hole could span a wide range from nHz to mHz.
Using both Kerr and hairy Kerr gravities, the QPO frequencies formed around the
M87* black hole can be explained. Especially in cases where the black hole is
spinning rapidly, PSD analyses have shown very distinct low-frequency QPOs and
resonance conditions in both gravities. By comparing the results obtained from
numerical calculations with observational and analytical results, we discuss
the observability of the QPO frequencies that may occur around the M87* black
hole.


  The invariant mass spectra of the $pp\pi^-$ and $pp$ systems produced in the
double charge exchange (DCX) of positively charged pions on photoemulsion are
analysed. A pronounced peak is observed in the $pp\pi^-$ invariant mass
spectrum, while the $M_{pp}$ spectrum exhibits a strong Migdal-Watson effect of
the proton-proton final state interaction. These findings are in favor of the
$NN$-decoupled $NN\pi$ pseudoscalar resonance with T=0 called $d'$.


  Authorship Verification (AV) is a text classification task concerned with
inferring whether a candidate text has been written by one specific author or
by someone else. It has been shown that many AV systems are vulnerable to
adversarial attacks, where a malicious author actively tries to fool the
classifier by either concealing their writing style, or by imitating the style
of another author. In this paper, we investigate the potential benefits of
augmenting the classifier training set with (negative) synthetic examples.
These synthetic examples are generated to imitate the style of the author of
interest. We analyze the improvements in classifier prediction that this
augmentation brings to bear in the task of AV in an adversarial setting. In
particular, we experiment with three different generator architectures (one
based on Recurrent Neural Networks, another based on small-scale transformers,
and another based on the popular GPT model) and with two training strategies
(one inspired by standard Language Models, and another inspired by Wasserstein
Generative Adversarial Networks). We evaluate our hypothesis on five datasets
(three of which have been specifically collected to represent an adversarial
setting) and using two learning algorithms for the AV classifier (Support
Vector Machines and Convolutional Neural Networks). This experimentation has
yielded negative results, revealing that, although our methodology proves
effective in many adversarial settings, its benefits are too sporadic for a
pragmatical application.


  In recent years, neural networks have proven to be effective in Chinese word
segmentation. However, this promising performance relies on large-scale
training data. Neural networks with conventional architectures cannot achieve
the desired results in low-resource datasets due to the lack of labelled
training data. In this paper, we propose a deep stacking framework to improve
the performance on word segmentation tasks with insufficient data by
integrating datasets from diverse domains. Our framework consists of two parts,
domain-based models and deep stacking networks. The domain-based models are
used to learn knowledge from different datasets. The deep stacking networks are
designed to integrate domain-based models. To reduce model conflicts, we
innovatively add communication paths among models and design various structures
of deep stacking networks, including Gaussian-based Stacking Networks,
Concatenate-based Stacking Networks, Sequence-based Stacking Networks and
Tree-based Stacking Networks. We conduct experiments on six low-resource
datasets from various domains. Our proposed framework shows significant
performance improvements on all datasets compared with several strong
baselines.


  Most of the security services in the connected world of cyber-physical
systems necessitate authenticating a large number of nodes privately. In this
paper, the private authentication problem is considered which consists of a
certificate authority, a verifier (or some verifiers), many legitimate users
(provers), and an arbitrary number of attackers. Each legitimate user wants to
be authenticated (using his personal key) by the verifier(s), while
simultaneously staying completely anonymous (even to the verifier). On the
other hand, an attacker must fail to be authenticated. We analyze this problem
from an information-theoretical perspective and propose a general interactive
information-theoretic model for the problem. As a metric to measure the
reliability, we consider the normalized total key rate whose maximization has a
trade-off with establishing privacy. The problem is considered in two different
scenarios: single-server scenario (only one verifier is considered, which all
the provers are connected to) and multi-server scenario ($N$ verifiers are
assumed, where each verifier is connected to a subset of users). For both
scenarios, two regimes are considered: finite size regime (i.e., the variables
are elements of a finite field) and asymptotic regime (i.e., the variables are
considered to have large enough length). We propose achievable schemes that
satisfy the completeness, soundness, and privacy properties in both
single-server and multi-server scenarios in all cases. In the finite size
regime, the main idea is to generate the authentication keys according to a
secret sharing scheme. We show that the proposed scheme in the special case of
multi-server authentication in the finite size regime is optimal. In the
asymptotic regime, we use a random binning based scheme that relies on the
joint typicality to generate the authentication keys.


  We investigate several asymptotic probabilistic questions related to random
Young tableaux and the Schensted row insertion which is the key component of
the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithm (RSK). For example, for a random tableau
$T$ with a specified shape $\lambda$ we investigate the relationship between
(i) the position of the new box created in the row insertion $T\leftarrow z$
when a new entry $z$ is inserted into the tableau $T$, and, (ii) the value of
the new entry $z$ being inserted. Since the tableau $T$ is random, the
aforementioned relationship is random as well; we investigate its fluctuations
around the mean value, in the limit as the number of boxes of the Young diagram
$\lambda$ tends to infinity. Our results can be also used to prove the
asymptotic Gaussianity of the last entry of the first row in a uniformly random
standard Young tableau with some prescribed large shape.


  A pressing problem in comparing inflationary models with observation is the
accurate calculation of correlation functions. One approach is to evolve them
using ordinary differential equations ("transport equations"), analogous to the
Schwinger-Dyson hierarchy of in-out quantum field theory. We extend this
approach to the complete set of momentum space correlation functions. A formal
solution can be obtained using raytracing techniques adapted from geometrical
optics. We reformulate inflationary perturbation theory in this language, and
show that raytracing reproduces the familiar "delta N" Taylor expansion. Our
method produces ordinary differential equations which allow the Taylor
coefficients to be computed efficiently. We use raytracing methods to express
the gauge transformation between field fluctuations and the curvature
perturbation, zeta, in geometrical terms. Using these results we give a compact
expression for the nonlinear gauge-transform part of fNL in terms of the
principal curvatures of uniform energy-density hypersurfaces in field space.


  Recent years have witnessed exciting progress in the study of stochastic
variance reduced gradient methods (e.g., SVRG, SAGA), their accelerated
variants (e.g, Katyusha) and their extensions in many different settings (e.g.,
online, sparse, asynchronous, distributed). Among them, accelerated methods
enjoy improved convergence rates but have complex coupling structures, which
makes them hard to be extended to more settings (e.g., sparse and asynchronous)
due to the existence of perturbation. In this paper, we introduce a simple
stochastic variance reduced algorithm (MiG), which enjoys the best-known
convergence rates for both strongly convex and non-strongly convex problems.
Moreover, we also present its efficient sparse and asynchronous variants, and
theoretically analyze its convergence rates in these settings. Finally,
extensive experiments for various machine learning problems such as logistic
regression are given to illustrate the practical improvement in both serial and
asynchronous settings.


  The formulation of a universal theory for bulk viscosity and heat conduction
represents a theoretical challenge for our understanding of relativistic fluid
dynamics. Recently, it has been shown that the multifluid variational approach
championed by Carter and collaborators has the potential to be a general and
natural framework to derive (hyperbolic) hydrodynamic equations for
relativistic dissipative systems. Furthermore, it also allows to keep direct
contact with non-equilibrium thermodynamics, providing a clear microscopic
interpretation of the elements of the theory. To provide an example of its
universal applicability, in this paper we derive the fundamental equations of
the radiation hydrodynamics directly in the context of Carter's multifluid
theory. This operation unveils a novel set of thermodynamic constraints that
must be respected by any microscopic model. Then, we prove that the radiation
hydrodynamics becomes a multifluid model for bulk viscosity or heat conduction
in some appropriate physical limits.


  Recent neural network sequence models with softmax classifiers have achieved
their best language modeling performance only with very large hidden states and
large vocabularies. Even then they struggle to predict rare or unseen words
even if the context makes the prediction unambiguous. We introduce the pointer
sentinel mixture architecture for neural sequence models which has the ability
to either reproduce a word from the recent context or produce a word from a
standard softmax classifier. Our pointer sentinel-LSTM model achieves state of
the art language modeling performance on the Penn Treebank (70.9 perplexity)
while using far fewer parameters than a standard softmax LSTM. In order to
evaluate how well language models can exploit longer contexts and deal with
more realistic vocabularies and larger corpora we also introduce the freely
available WikiText corpus.


  Measurements of the differential production cross sections in transverse
momentum and rapidity for B0 mesons produced in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7
TeV are presented. The dataset used was collected by the CMS experiment at the
LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 40 inverse picobarns. The
production cross section is measured from B0 meson decays reconstructed in the
exclusive final state J/Psi K-short, with the subsequent decays J/Psi to mu^+
mu^- and K-short to pi^+ pi^-. The total cross section for pt(B0) > 5 GeV and
y(B0) < 2.2 is measured to be 33.2 +/- 2.5 +/- 3.5 microbarns, where the first
uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.


  We present analytical results on the effect of pointing errors on the average
bit-error probability (ABEP) of optically pre-amplified pulse-position
modulation (PPM) receivers. The results show that the beam width plays a key
role in the ABEP and that a significant power penalty is introduced by
utilizing sub-optimal widths, especially when pointing errors incorporate a
jitter component. We also present the optimisation the beam width for a number
of pointing error scenarios and show that increasing beam widths are required
as additional signal energy becomes available. The optimal beam width is also
affected by the PPM modulation order and the optical noise modes, with more
energy efficient (higher modulation order and lower noise) systems allowing for
broader beams.


  Unsupervised learning of hidden representations has been one of the most
vibrant research directions in machine learning in recent years. In this work
we study the brain-like Bayesian Confidence Propagating Neural Network (BCPNN)
model, recently extended to extract sparse distributed high-dimensional
representations. The usefulness and class-dependent separability of the hidden
representations when trained on MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets is studied
using an external linear classifier and compared with other unsupervised
learning methods that include restricted Boltzmann machines and autoencoders.


  Spontaneous self-organization is ubiquitous in systems far from thermodynamic
equilibrium. While organized structures that emerge dominate transport
properties, universal representations that identify and describe these key
objects remain elusive. Here, we introduce a theoretically-grounded framework
for describing emergent organization that, via data-driven algorithms, is
constructive in practice. Its building blocks are spacetime lightcones that
embody how information propagates across a system through local interactions.
We show that predictive equivalence classes of lightcones -- local causal
states -- capture organized behaviors and coherent structures in complex
spatiotemporal systems. Employing an unsupervised physics-informed machine
learning algorithm and a high-performance computing implementation, we
demonstrate automatically discovering coherent structures in two real world
domain science problems. We show that local causal states identify vortices and
track their power-law decay behavior in two-dimensional fluid turbulence. We
then show how to detect and track familiar extreme weather events -- hurricanes
and atmospheric rivers -- and discover other novel coherent structures
associated with precipitation extremes in high-resolution climate data at the
grid-cell level.


  In this paper we study the dual codes of a wide family of evaluation codes on
norm-trace curves. We explicitly find out their minimum distance and give a
lower bound for the number of their minimum-weight codewords. A general
geometric approach is performed and applied to study in particular the dual
codes of one-point and two-point codes arising from norm-trace curves through
Goppa's construction, providing in many cases their minimum distance and some
bounds on the number of their minimum-weight codewords. The results are
obtained by showing that the supports of the minimum-weight codewords of the
studied codes obey some precise geometric laws as zero-dimensional subschemes
of the projective plane. Finally, the dimension of some classical two-point
Goppa codes on norm-trace curves is explicitly computed.


  Statistical resampling methods have become feasible for parametric
estimation, hypothesis testing, and model validation now that the computer is a
ubiquitous tool for statisticians. This essay focuses on the resampling
technique for parametric estimation known as the Jackknife procedure. To
outline the usefulness of the method and its place in the general class of
statistical resampling techniques, I will quickly delineate two similar
resampling methods: the bootstrap and the permutation test. I then outline the
Jackknife method and show an example of its use.


  We examine some aspects of the recent results by K. Binder. The equilibrium
formation/dissolution of droplets in finite systems is discussed in the context
of the canonical and the grand canonical distributions.


  We investigate numerically and analytically size-polydisperse granular
mixtures immersed into a molecular gas. We show that the equipartition of
granular temperatures of particles of different sizes is established; however,
the granular temperatures significantly differ from the temperature of the
molecular gas. This result is surprising since, generally, the energy
equipartition is strongly violated in driven granular mixtures. Qualitatively,
the obtained results do not depend on the collision model, being valid for a
constant restitution coefficient $\varepsilon$, as well as for the
$\varepsilon$ for viscoelastic particles. Our findings may be important for
astrophysical applications, such as protoplanetary disks, interstellar dust
clouds, and comets.


  We report the results from the broad-band X-ray monitoring of the new
Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1803$-$298 with the MAXI/GSC and Swift/BAT
during its outburst. After the discovery on 2021 May 1, the soft X-ray flux
below 10 keV rapidly increased for $\sim 10$ days and then have been gradually
decreasing over 5 months. At the brightest phase, the source exhibited the
state transition from the low/hard state to the high/soft state via the
intermediate state. The broad-band X-ray spectrum during the outburst was well
described with a disk blackbody plus its thermal or non-thermal Comptonization.
Before the transition the source spectrum was described by a thermal
Comptonization component with a photon index of $\sim 1.7$ and an electron
temperature of $\sim 30$ keV, whereas a strong disk blackbody component was
observed after the transition. The spectral properties in these periods are
consistent with the low/hard state and the high/soft state, respectively. A
sudden flux drop with a few days duration, unassociated with a significant
change in the hardness ratio, was found in the intermediate state. A possible
cause of this variation is that the mass accretion rate rapidly increased at
the disk transition, which induced a strong Compton-thick outflow and scattered
out the X-ray flux. Assuming a non-spinning black hole, we estimated a black
hole mass of MAXI J1803$-$298 as $5.8 \pm 0.4~(\cos i/\cos 70^\circ)^{-1/2}
(D/8~\mathrm{kpc})~M_\odot$ (where $i$ and $D$ are the inclination angle and
the distance) from the inner disk radius obtained in the high/soft state.


  We discuss the expected properties of pair echo emission from gamma-ray
bursts (GRBs) at high redshifts ($z \gtrsim 5$), their detectability, and the
consequent implications for probing intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMFs) at
early epochs. Pair echos comprise inverse Compton emission by secondary
electron-positron pairs produced via interactions between primary gamma-rays
from the GRB and low-energy photons of the diffuse intergalactic radiation,
arriving with a time delay that depends on the nature of the intervening IGMFs.
At sufficiently high $z$, the IGMFs are unlikely to have been significantly
contaminated by astrophysical outflows, and the relevant intergalactic
radiation may be dominated by the well-understood cosmic microwave background
(CMB). Pair echoes from luminous GRBs at $z \sim 5-10$ may be detectable by
future facilities such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array or the Advanced
Gamma-ray Imaging System, as long as the GRB primary emission extends to
multi-TeV energies, the comoving IGMFs at these redshifts are $B \sim
10^{-16}-10^{-15}~{\rm Gauss}$, and the non-CMB component of the diffuse
intergalactic radiation is relatively low. Observations of pair echos from
high-$z$ GRBs can provide a unique, in-situ probe of weak IGMFs during the
epochs of early structure formation and cosmic reionization.


  The beam-helicity asymmetry has been measured simultaneously for the
reactions (e p \to e p \gamma) and (e p \to e p \pi^0) in the $\Delta (1232)$
resonance region at $Q^2=$ 0.35 (GeV/c)$^2$. The experiment was performed at
MAMI with a longitudinally polarized beam and an out-of-plane detection of the
proton. The results are compared with calculations based on Dispersion
Relations for virtual Compton scattering and with the MAID model for pion
electroproduction. There is an overall good agreement between experiment and
theoretical calculations. The remaining discrepancies may be ascribed to an
imperfect parametrization of some $\gamma^{(*)} N \to \pi N$ multipoles, mainly
contributing to the non-resonant background. The beam-helicity asymmetry in
both channels ($\gamma$ and $\pi^0$) shows a good sensitivity to these
multipoles and should allow future improvement in their parametrization.


  Observations of synchrotron radiation across a wide range of wavelengths
provide clear evidence that electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies
in supernova remnants (SNRs). However, a viable mechanism for the
pre-acceleration of such electrons to mildly relativistic energies has not yet
been established. In this paper an electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code
is used to simulate acceleration of electrons from background energies to tens
of keV at perpendicular collisionless shocks associated with SNRs. Free energy
for electron energization is provided by ions reflected from the shock front,
with speeds greater than the upstream electron thermal speed. The PIC
simulation results contain several new features, including: the acceleration,
rather than heating, of electrons via the Buneman instability; the acceleration
of electrons to speeds exceeding those of the shock-reflected ions producing
the instability; and strong acceleration of electrons perpendicular to the
magnetic field. Electron energization takes place through a variety of resonant
and non-resonant processes, of which the strongest involves stochastic
wave-particle interactions. In SNRs the diffusive shock process could then
supply the final step required for the production of fully relativistic
electrons. The mechanisms identified in this paper thus provide a possible
solution to the electron pre-acceleration problem.


  We study existence of solutions for the fractional problem \begin{equation*}
(P_m) \quad \left \{
  \begin{aligned}
  (-\Delta)^{s} u + \mu u &=g(u) & \; \text{in $\mathbb{R}^N$}, \cr
  \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} u^2 dx &= m, & \cr
  u \in H^s_r&(\mathbb{R}^N), &
  \end{aligned}
  \right. \label{problemx} \end{equation*} where $N\geq 2$, $s\in (0,1)$,
$m>0$, $\mu$ is an unknown Lagrange multiplier and $g \in C(\mathbb{R},
\mathbb{R})$ satisfies Berestycki-Lions type conditions. Using a Lagrange
formulation of the problem $(P_m)$, we prove the existence of a weak solution
with prescribed mass when $g$ has $L^2$ subcritical growth. The approach relies
on the construction of a minimax structure, by means of a Pohozaev's mountain
in a product space and some deformation arguments under a new version of the
Palais-Smale condition introduced in [21,25]. A multiplicity result of
infinitely many normalized solutions is also obtained if $g$ is odd.


  By analysing the structure of the associated graded ring with respect to
certain filtrations, we deduce a number of good properties of iterated local
skew power series rings over appropriate base rings. In particular, we
calculate the Krull dimension, prime length and global dimension in
well-behaved cases, obtaining lower bounds to complement the upper bounds
obtained by Venjakob and Wang.


We describe a perfect group whose localization is not perfect.


  We present in this paper a new technique for generating polynomial
invariants, divided in two independent parts : a procedure that reduces
polynomial assignments composed loops analysis to linear loops under certain
hypotheses and a procedure for generating inductive invariants for linear
loops. Both of these techniques have a polynomial complexity for a bounded
number of variables and we guarantee the completeness of the technique for a
bounded degree which we successfully implemented for C programs verification.


  We compute explicitly the Khovanov polynomials (using the computer program
from katlas.org) for the two simplest families of the satellite knots, which
are the twisted Whitehead doubles and the two-strand cables. We find that a
quantum group decomposition for the HOMFLY polynomial of a satellite knot can
be extended to the Khovanov polynomial, whose quantum group properties are not
manifest. Namely, the Khovanov polynomial of a twisted Whitehead double or
two-strand cable (the two simplest satellite families) can be presented as a
naively deformed linear combination of the pattern and companion invariants.
For a given companion, the satellite polynomial "smoothly" depends on the
pattern but for the "jump" at one critical point defined by the s-invariant of
the companion knot. A similar phenomenon is known for the knot Floer homology
and tau-invariant for the same kind of satellites.


  We present high-resolution neutron Compton scattering measurements of liquid
$^3$He below its renormalized Fermi temperature. Theoretical predictions are in
excellent agreement with the experimental data when instrumental resolution and
final state effects are accounted for. Our results resolve the long-standing
inconsistency between theoretical and experimental estimates of the average
atomic kinetic energy.


  To clarify the microscopic origin of chirality-induced optical effect, we
develop an analytical method that extracts the chiral part of the Hamiltonian
of molecular electronic states. We demonstrate this method in a model chiral
molecule consisting of helically stacked two $N$ regular polygons, and compare
it with numerical calculation for chiral discrimination via high-harmonic
generation (HHG) of the same molecule. The discrimination signal here is the
difference between the harmonic intensity from the bicircular laser field and
that from its reflected laser field, resulting in a pseudoscalar quantity that
reflects the chirality of the molecule. As a result, we find that, to obtain
the large discrimination signal via HHG difference, the increase of capacity to
generate the polar quantity is more advantageous than maximizing the conversion
efficiency via the optimization of molecular chirality. We speculate this
criteria may be extended to other optical and current-induced processes
relevant to the chiral molecules and materials.


  Motivated by the necessities of the invariant theory of binary forms J. J.
Sylvester constructed in 1878 for each graph with possible multiple edges but
without loops its symmetrized graph monomial which is a polynomial in the
vertex labels of the original graph. In the 20-th century this construction was
studied by several authors. We pose the question for which graphs this
polynomial is a non-negative resp. a sum of squares. This problem is motivated
by a recent conjecture of F. Sottile and E. Mukhin on discriminant of the
derivative of a univariate polynomial, and an interesting example of P. and A.
Lax of a graph with 4 edges whose symmetrized graph monomial is non-negative
but not a sum of squares. We present detailed information about symmetrized
graph monomials for graphs with four and six edges, obtained by computer
calculations.


  We discuss the response of continuous time random walks to an oscillating
external field within the generalized master equation approach. We concentrate
on the time dependence of the two first moments of the walker's displacements.
We show that for power law waiting time distributions with 0 < alpha < 1
corresponding to a semi-Markovian situation showing nonstationarity the mean
particle position tends to a constant, and the response to the external
perturbation dies out. On the other hand, the oscillating field leads to a new
additional contribution to the dispersion of the particle position,
proportional to the square of its amplitude and growing with time. These new
effects, amenable to experimental observation, result directly from the
non-stationary property of the system.


  Batched sparse (BATS) code is a network coding solution for multi-hop
wireless networks with packet loss. Achieving a close-to-optimal rate relies on
an optimal degree distribution. Technical challenges arise from the sensitivity
of this distribution to the often empirically obtained rank distribution at the
destination node. Specifically, if the empirical distribution overestimates the
channel, BATS codes experience a significant rate degradation, leading to
unstable rates across different runs and hence unpredictable transmission
costs. Confronting this unresolved obstacle, we introduce a formulation for
distributionally robust optimization in degree optimization. Deploying the
resulting degree distribution resolves the instability of empirical rank
distributions, ensuring a close-to-optimal rate, and unleashing the potential
of applying BATS codes in real-world scenarios.


  This paper considers repeated games in which one player has more information
about the game than the other players. In particular, we investigate repeated
two-player zero-sum games where only the column player knows the payoff matrix
A of the game. Suppose that while repeatedly playing this game, the row player
chooses her strategy at each round by using a no-regret algorithm to minimize
her (pseudo) regret. We develop a no-instant-regret algorithm for the column
player to exhibit last round convergence to a minimax equilibrium. We show that
our algorithm is efficient against a large set of popular no-regret algorithms
of the row player, including the multiplicative weight update algorithm, the
online mirror descent method/follow-the-regularized-leader, the linear
multiplicative weight update algorithm, and the optimistic multiplicative
weight update.


  Entanglement is one of the most fascinating features arising from
quantum-mechanics and of great importance for quantum information science. Of
particular interest are so-called hybrid-entangled states which have the
intriguing property that they contain entanglement between different degrees of
freedom (DOFs). However, most of the current continuous variable systems only
exploit one DOF and therefore do not involve such highly complex states. We
break this barrier and demonstrate that one can exploit squeezed cylindrically
polarized optical modes to generate continuous variable states exhibiting
entanglement between the spatial and polarization DOF. We show an experimental
realization of these novel kind of states by quantum squeezing an azimuthally
polarized mode with the help of a specially tailored photonic crystal fiber.


  We aim to identify the stellar populations (mostly red giants and young
stars) detected in the ISOGAL survey at 7 and 15micron towards a field (LN45)
in the direction l=-45, b=0.0. The sources detected in the survey of the
Galactic plane by the Infrared Space Observatory are characterized based on
colour-colour and colour-magnitude diagrams. We combine the ISOGAL catalog with
the data from surveys such as 2MASS and GLIMPSE. Interstellar extinction and
distance are estimated using the red clump stars detected by 2MASS in
combination with the isochrones for the AGB/RGB branch. Absolute magnitudes are
thus derived and the stellar populations are identified based on their absolute
magnitudes and their infrared excess. A standard approach to the analysis of
ISOGAL disk observations has been established. We identify several hundred
RGB/AGB stars and 22 candidate young stellar objects in the direction of this
field in an area of 0.16 deg^2. An over-density of stellar sources is found at
distances corresponding to the distance of the Scutum-Crux spiral arm. In
addition, we determine mass-loss rates of AGB-stars using dust radiative
transfer models from the literature.


  In a model of 3-brane embedded in 5D space-time we calculate the graviton
emission from the brane to the bulk. Matter is confined to the brane, gravitons
produced in reactions of matter on the brane escape to the bulk. The Einstein
equations which are modified by the terms due to graviton production are solved
perturbatively, the leading order being that without the graviton production.
In the period of late cosmology, in which in the generalized Friedmann equation
the term linear in the energy density of matter in dominant, we calculate the
spectrum of gravitons (of the tower of Kaluza-Klein states) and the collision
integral in the Boltzmann equation. We find the energy-momentum tensor of the
emitted gravitons in the bulk, and using it show that corrections due to
graviton production to the leading-order terms in the Einstein equations are
small, and the perturbative approach is justified. We calculate the difference
of abundances of ${}^4 He$ produced in primordial nucleosynthesis in the models
with and without the graviton production, and find that the difference is a
very small number, much smaller than that estimated previously.


  Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poses unique challenges related to
the speed of data acquisition and to the degree of undersampling necessary to
achieve this speed. This Master's thesis introduces and evaluates two
pre-processing approaches for these problems: Coil compression to reduce the
data volume and a channel selection algorithm to reduce streak artifacts which
arise as a consequence of undersampling. Both approaches are tested on real
data covering anatomical imaging of the head and of the heart.


  A Cayley graph $\Ga=\Cay(G,S)$ is said to be normal if $G$ is normal in
$\Aut\Ga$. The concept of normal Cayley graphs was first proposed by M.Y.Xu in
[Discrete Math. 182, 309-319, 1998] and it plays an important role in
determining the full automorphism groups of Cayley graphs. In this paper, we
investigate the normality problem of the connected arc-transitive pentavalent
Cayley graphs with soluble vertex stabilizer on finite nonabelian simple
groups. We prove that all such graphs $\Ga$ are either normal or $G=\A_{39}$ or
$\A_{79}$. Further, a connected arc-transitive pentavalent Cayley graph on
$\A_{79}$ is constructed. To our knowledge, this is the first known example of
pentavalent 3-arc-transitive Cayley graph on finite nonabelian simple group
which is non-normal.


  The galaxy cluster Abell 3667 is an ideal laboratory to study the plasma
processes in the intracluster medium (ICM). High resolution Chandra X-ray
observations show a cold front in Abell 3667. At radio wavelengths, Abell 3667
reveals a double radio-relic feature in the outskirts of the cluster. These
suggest multiple merger events in this cluster. In this paper, we analyze the
substantial archival X-ray observations of Abell 3667 from ChandraX-ray
Observatory and compare these with existing radio observations as well as
state-of-the-art AMR (Adaptive Mesh Refinement) MHD cosmological simulations
using Enzo. We have used two temperature map making techniques, Weighted
Voronoi Tessellation and Adaptive Circular Binning, to produce the high
resolution and largest field-of-view temperature maps of Abell 3667. These high
fidelity temperature maps allow us to study the X-ray shocks in the cluster
using a new 2-dimensional shock-finding algorithm. We have also estimated the
Mach numbers from the shocks inferred from previous ATCA radio observations.
The combined shock statistics from the X-ray and radio data are in agreement
with the shock statistics in a simulated MHD cluster. We have also studied the
profiles of the thermodynamic properties across the cold front using 447 ksec
from the combined Chandra observations on Abell 3667. Our results show that the
stability of the cold front in Abell 3667 can be attributed to the suppression
of the thermal conduction across the cold front by a factor of 100 - 700
compared to the classical Spitzer value.


  We present a method for tuning the resonant wavelength of photonic crystal
cavities (PCCs) around 1.55 um. Large tuning of the PCC mode is enabled by
electromechanically controlling the separation between two parallel InGaAsP
membranes. A fabrication method to avoid sticking between the membranes is
discussed. Reversible red/blue shifting of the symmetric/anti-symmetric modes
has been observed, which provides clear evidence of the electromechanical
tuning, and a maximum shift of 10 nm with < 6 V applied bias has been obtained.


  Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the main pathway used by eukaryotic cells to
take up extracellular material, but the dominant physical mechanisms driving
this process are still elusive. Recently several high-resolution imaging
techniques have been used on different cell lines to measure the geometrical
properties of clathrin-coated pits over their whole lifetime. Here we first
show that all datasets follow the same consensus pathway, which is well
described by the recently introduced cooperative curvature model, which
predicts a flat-to curved transition at finite area, followed by linear growth
and subsequent saturation of curvature. We then apply an energetic model for
the composite of plasma membrane and clathrin coat to the consensus pathway to
show that the dominant mechanism for invagination is coat stiffening, which
results from cooperative interactions between the different clathrin molecules
and progressively drives the system towards its intrinsic curvature. Our theory
predicts that two length scales determine the time course of invagination,
namely the patch size at which the flat-to-curved transition occurs and the
final pit radius.


  In this paper, we introduce a new and efficient data augmentation approach to
the posterior inference of the models with shape parameters when the reciprocal
gamma function appears in full conditional densities. Our approach is to
approximate full conditional densities of shape parameters by using Gauss's
multiplication formula and Stirling's formula for the gamma function, where the
approximation error can be made arbitrarily small. We use the techniques to
construct efficient Gibbs and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms for a variety of
models that involve the gamma distribution, Student's $t$-distribution, the
Dirichlet distribution, the negative binomial distribution, and the Wishart
distribution. The proposed sampling method is numerically demonstrated through
simulation studies.


  The paper follows an operadic approach to provide a bialgebraic description
of substitution for Lie-Butcher series. We first show how the well-known
bialgebraic description for substitution in Butcher's $B$-series can be
obtained from the pre-Lie operad. We then apply the same construction to the
post-Lie operad to arrive at a bialgebra $\mathcal{Q}$. By considering a module
over the post-Lie operad, we get a cointeraction between $\mathcal{Q}$ and the
Hopf algebra $\mathcal{H}_N$ that describes composition for Lie-Butcher series.
We use this coaction to describe substitution for Lie-Butcher series.


  This paper studies in-context learning (ICL) by decomposing the output of
large language models into the individual contributions of attention heads and
MLPs (components). We observe curious components: good-performing ones that
individually do well on a classification task, even when the model performs
poorly; bad-performing ones that do much worse than chance; and label-biased
components that always predict the same label. We find that component
accuracies are well-correlated across different demonstration sets and
perturbations of prompt templates, even when the full-model accuracy varies
greatly. Based on our findings, we propose component reweighting, which learns
to linearly re-scale the component activations from a few labeled examples.
Given 24 labeled examples, our method improves by an average of 6.0% accuracy
points over 24-shot ICL across 8 tasks on Llama-2-7B. Overall, this paper both
enriches our understanding of ICL and provides a practical method for
improvement by examining model internals.


  We introduce CrystalFormer, a transformer-based autoregressive model
specifically designed for space group-controlled generation of crystalline
materials. The space group symmetry significantly simplifies the crystal space,
which is crucial for data and compute efficient generative modeling of
crystalline materials. Leveraging the prominent discrete and sequential nature
of the Wyckoff positions, CrystalFormer learns to generate crystals by directly
predicting the species and locations of symmetry-inequivalent atoms in the unit
cell. Our results demonstrate that CrystalFormer matches state-of-the-art
performance on standard benchmarks for both validity, novelty, and stability of
the generated crystalline materials. Our analysis also shows that CrystalFormer
ingests sensible solid-state chemistry information from data for generative
modeling. The CrystalFormer unifies symmetry-based structure search and
generative pre-training in the realm of crystalline materials. The simplicity,
generality, and flexibility of CrystalFormer position it as a promising
architecture to be the foundational model of the entire crystalline materials
space, heralding a new era in materials modeling and discovery.


  We present a simple superfield Lagrangian for massive supergravity. It
comprises the minimal supergravity Lagrangian with interactions as well as mass
terms for the metric superfield and the chiral compensator. This is the natural
generalization of the Fierz-Pauli Lagrangian for massive gravity which
comprises mass terms for the metric and its trace. We show that the on-shell
bosonic and fermionic fields are degenerate and have the appropriate spins: 2,
3/2, 3/2 and 1. We then study this interacting Lagrangian using goldstone
superfields. We find that a chiral multiplet of goldstones gets a kinetic term
through mixing, just as the scalar goldstone does in the non-supersymmetric
case. This produces Planck scale (Mpl) interactions with matter and all the
discontinuities and unitarity bounds associated with massive gravity. In
particular, the scale of strong coupling is (Mpl m^4)^1/5, where m is the
multiplet's mass. Next, we consider applications of massive supergravity to
deconstruction. We estimate various quantum effects which generate non-local
operators in theory space. As an example, we show that the single massive
supergravity multiplet in a 2-site model can serve the function of an extra
dimension in anomaly mediation.


  The four-dimensional N=1 supergravity theories arising in compactifications
of type IIA and type IIB on generalized orientifold backgrounds with background
fluxes are discussed. The Kahler potentials are derived for reductions on SU(3)
structure orientifolds and shown to consist of the logarithm of the two Hitchin
functionals. These are functions of even and odd forms parameterizing the
geometry of the internal manifold, the B-field and the dilaton. The
superpotentials induced by background fluxes and the non-Calabi-Yau geometry
are determined by a reduction of the type IIA and type IIB fermionic actions on
SU(3) and generalized SU(3) x SU(3) manifolds. Mirror spaces of Calabi-Yau
orientifolds with electric and part of the magnetic NS-NS fluxes are
conjectured to be certain SU(3) x SU(3) structure manifolds. Evidence for this
identification is provided by comparing the generalized type IIA and type IIB
superpotentials.


  The fast adoption of Massive MIMO for high-throughput communications was
enabled by many research contributions mostly relying on infinite-blocklength
information-theoretic bounds. This makes it hard to assess the suitability of
Massive MIMO for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) operating
with short blocklength codes. This paper provides a rigorous framework for the
characterization and numerical evaluation (using the saddlepoint approximation)
of the error probability achievable in the uplink and downlink of Massive MIMO
at finite blocklength. The framework encompasses imperfect channel state
information, pilot contamination, spatially correlated channels, and arbitrary
linear spatial processing. In line with previous results based on
infinite-blocklength bounds, we prove that, with minimum mean-square error
(MMSE) processing and spatially correlated channels, the error probability at
finite blocklength goes to zero as the number $M$ of antennas grows to
infinity, even under pilot contamination. On the other hand, numerical results
for a practical URLLC network setup involving a base station with $M=100$
antennas, show that a target error probability of $10^{-5}$ can be achieved
with MMSE processing, uniformly over each cell, only if orthogonal pilot
sequences are assigned to all the users in the network. Maximum ratio
processing does not suffice.


  Deviations from general relativity, such as could be responsible for the
cosmic acceleration, would influence the growth of large scale structure and
the deflection of light by that structure. We clarify the relations between
several different model independent approaches to deviations from general
relativity appearing in the literature, devising a translation table. We
examine current constraints on such deviations, using weak gravitational
lensing data of the CFHTLS and COSMOS surveys, cosmic microwave background
radiation data of WMAP5, and supernova distance data of Union2. Markov Chain
Monte Carlo likelihood analysis of the parameters over various redshift ranges
yields consistency with general relativity at the 95% confidence level.


  A string-like model with the "cosmological constant" $\Lambda$ is considered.
The Maki-Shiraishi multi-black-hole solution \cite{MS1} is generalized to
space-times with a Ricci-flat internal space. For $\Lambda = 0$ the obtained
solution in the one-black-hole case is shown to coincide with the extreme limit
of the charged dilatonic black hole solution \cite{BI,BM}. The Hawking
temperature $T_H$ for the solution \cite{BI,BM} is presented and its extreme
limit is considered. For the string value of dilatonic coupling the temperature
$T_H$ does not depend upon the internal space dimension.


  We present neutron total scattering and density functional theory studies on
quasi-one-dimensional superconducting K$_2$Cr$_3$As$_3$ revealing a frustrated
structural instability. Our first principles calculations find a significant
phonon instability which, under energy minimization, corresponds to a
frustrated orthorhombic distortion. In diffraction studies we find large and
temperature independent atomic displacement parameters which pair distribution
analyses confirms and shows as resulting from highly localized orthorhombic
distortions of the CrAs sublattice and coupled K displacements. These results
suggest a far more complex phase diagram than previously assumed for this
unusual superconductor with the likelihood of subtle interplays of structure,
electron-phonon and magnetic interactions.


  Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is a promising waveform in high
mobility scenarios for it fully exploits the time-frequency diversity using a
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based two dimensional spreading. However, it
trades off the processing latency for performance and may not fulfill the
stringent latency requirements in some services. This fact motivates us to
design a hybrid frame structure where the OTFS and Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are orthogonally multiplexed in the time domain,
which can adapt to both diversity-preferred and latency-preferred tasks. As we
identify that this orthogonality is disrupted after channel coupling, we
provide practical algorithms to mitigate the inter symbol interference between
(ISI) the OTFS and OFDM, and the numerical results ensure the effectiveness of
the hybrid frame structure.


  Speech impairments due to cerebral lesions and degenerative disorders can be
devastating. For humans with severe speech deficits, imagined speech in the
brain-computer interface has been a promising hope for reconstructing the
neural signals of speech production. However, studies in the EEG-based imagined
speech domain still have some limitations due to high variability in spatial
and temporal information and low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we
investigated the neural signals for two groups of native speakers with two
tasks with different languages, English and Chinese. Our assumption was that
English, a non-tonal and phonogram-based language, would have spectral
differences in neural computation compared to Chinese, a tonal and
ideogram-based language. The results showed the significant difference in the
relative power spectral density between English and Chinese in specific
frequency band groups. Also, the spatial evaluation of Chinese native speakers
in the theta band was distinctive during the imagination task. Hence, this
paper would suggest the key spectral and spatial information of word
imagination with specialized language while decoding the neural signals of
speech.