  Relativistic length contraction is revisited and a simple but new thought
experiment is proposed in which an apparent asymmetric situation is developed
between two different inertial frames regarding detection of light that comes
from a chamber to an adjacent chamber through a movable slit. The proposed
experiment does not involve gravity, rigidity or any other dynamical aspect
apart from the kinematics of relative motion; neither does it involve any kind
of non-uniformity in motion. The resolution of the seemingly paradoxical
situation has finally been discussed.


  Reinforcement of elastomers by colloidal nanoparticles is an important
application where microstructure needs to be understood - and if possible
controlled - if one wishes to tune macroscopic mechanical properties. Here the
three-dimensional structure of big aggregates of nanometric silica particles
embedded in a soft polymeric matrix is determined by Small Angle Neutron
Scattering. Experimentally, the crowded environment leading to strong
reinforcement induces a strong interaction between aggregates, which generates
a prominent interaction peak in the scattering. We propose to analyze the total
signal by means of a decomposition in a classical colloidal structure factor
describing aggregate interaction and an aggregate form factor determined by a
Reverse Monte Carlo technique. The result gives new insights in the shape of
aggregates and their complex interaction in elastomers. For comparison, fractal
models for aggregate scattering are also discussed.


  We study the commutative limit of the non-commutative maximally
supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions (N=4 SYM). The commutative
limits of non-commutative spaces are important in particular in the
applications of non-commutative spaces for regularisation of supersymmetric
theories (such as the use of non-commutative spaces as alternatives to lattices
for supersymmetric gauge theories and interpretations of some matrix models as
regularised supermembrane or superstring theories), which in turn can play a
prominent role in the study of quantum gravity via the gauge/gravity duality.
In general, the commutative limits are known to be singular and non-smooth due
to UV/IR mixing effects. We give a direct proof that UV effects do not break
the continuity of the commutative limit of the non-commutative N=4 SYM to all
order in perturbation theory, including non-planar contributions. This is
achieved by establishing the uniform convergence (with respect to the
non-commutative parameter) of momentum integrals associated with all Feynman
diagrams appearing in the theory, using the same tools involved in the proof of
finiteness of the commutative N=4 SYM.


  We apply the functional renormalisation group to few-nucleon systems. Our
starting point is a local effective action that includes three- and
four-nucleon interactions, expressed in terms of nucleon and two-nucleon boson
fields. The evolution of the coupling constants in this action is described by
a renormalisation group flow. We derive these flow equations both in the limit
of exact Wigner SU(4) symmetry and in the realistic case of broken symmetry. In
the symmetric limit we find that the renormalisation flow equations decouple,
and can be combined into two sets, one of which matches the known results for
bosons, and the other result matches the one for fermions with spin degrees
only. The equations show universal features in the unitary limit, which is
obtained when the two-body scattering length tends to infinity. We calculate
the spin-quartet neutron-deuteron scattering length and the deuteron-deuteron
scattering lengths in the spin-singlet and quintet channels.


  Let s_v denote the pure power sum \sum_{k=1}^n z_k^v. In a previous paper we
proved that \sqrt n <= \inf_{|z_k| => 1} \max_{v=1,...,n^2} |s_v| <= \sqrt{n+1}
when n+1 is prime. In this paper we prove that \inf_{|z_k| = 1}
\max_{v=1,...,n^2-n} |s_v| = \sqrt{n-1} when n-1 is a prime power, and if 2 <=
i <= n-1 and n => 3 is a prime power then \inf_{|z_k| => 1}
\max_{v=1,...,n^2-i} |s_v| =\sqrt n. We give explicit constructions of n-tuples
(z_1,...,z_n) which we prove are global minima for these problems. These are
two of the few times in Turan power sum theory where solutions in the inf max
problem can be explicitly calculated.


  Recently has been investigated that the ground-state wavefunction of the one
dimensional quantum spin-1/2 chain models is multifractal in general with
non-trivial fractal dimension. We are studying this phenomena for the quantum
Ising chain with an aperiodic perturbation. By performing a block real-space
renormalization approach, we obtain the ground-state wave function and we
extract the generalized fractal dimension and the multifractal spectrum. For a
spin chain with negative wandering exponent the multifractal quantities have
the same behavior with the unperturbed chain while for a spin chain with a
vanishing wandering exponent are dependent on the coupling ratio. Finally, for
a spin chain with positive wandering exponent, the multifractal quantities
present a different non-linear behavior.


  Molecular chirality detection and enantiomer discrimination are very
important issues for many areas of science and technology, prompting intensive
investigations via optical methods. However, these methods are hindered by the
intrinsically weak nature of chiro-optical signals. Here, we investigate and
demonstrate the potential of gain materials and of combined gain-loss media to
enhance these signals. Specifically, we show that the proper combination of a
thin chiral layer with a gain-loss bilayer can lead to large enhancements of
both the circular dichroism (CD) response and the dissymmetry factor, g,
compared to the chiral layer alone. The most pronounced enhancements are
obtained in the case of a Parity-Time (PT) symmetric gain-loss bilayer, while
deviations from the exact PT symmetry lead to only moderate deterioration of
the CD and g response, demonstrating also the possibility of tuning the system
response by tuning the gain layer properties. In the case of PT-symmetric
gain-loss bilayers we found that the largest CD enhancement is obtained at the
system lasing threshold, while the g-enhancements at the anisotropic
transmission resonances of the systems. Our results clearly demonstrate the
potential of gain materials in chirality detection. Moreover, our
gain-involving approach can be applied in conjunction with most of the
nanophotonics/nanostructures-based approaches that have been already proposed
for chirality sensing, further enhancing the performance/output of both
approaches.


  New observations of high-redshift objects are crucial for the improvement of
the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model and our understanding of the
Universe. One of the main directions of modern observational cosmology is the
analysis of the large-scale structure of Universe, in particular, in deep
fields. We study the large-scale structure of the Universe along the line of
sight using the latest version of the COSMOS2015 catalogue, which contains
518,404 high quality photometric redshifts of galaxies selected in the optical
range of the COSMOS field ($2\times 2$ deg$^2$), with depth up to the redshift
$z \sim 6$. We analyze large-scale fluctuations in the number of galaxies along
the line of sight and provide an estimate of the average linear sizes of the
self-correlating fluctuations (structures) in independent redshift bins of $
\Delta z = 0.1 $ along with the estimate of the standard deviation from
homogeneity (the observed cosmic variance). We suggest a new method of the
line-of-sight analysis based on previous works and formulate further prospects
of method development. For the case of the theoretical form of approximation of
homogeneity in the $\Lambda$CDM framework, the average standard deviation of
detected structures from homogeneity is $ \sigma_\text{mean}^{\Lambda
\text{CDM}} = 0.09 \pm 0.02 $, and the average characteristic size of
structures is $ R_\text{mean}^{\Lambda \text{CDM}} = 790 \pm 150 $ Mpc. For the
case of the empirical approximation of homogeneity, the average standard
deviation of detected structures from homogeneity is $
\sigma_\text{mean}^\text{empiric} = 0.08 \pm 0.01 $, and the average
characteristic size of structures is $ R_\text{mean}^\text{empiric} = 640 \pm
140 $ Mpc.


  We aim to identify new intermediate polars (IPs) in XMM-Newton observations
from a list of promising candidates. By selecting targets not previously known
to be X-ray bright we aim to uncover evidence for an X-ray underluminous IP
subpopulation. We performed period searches on the XMM-Newton X-ray and optical
data of our targets to seek both the spin and orbital periods, which differ in
IPs. We also investigated the X-ray spectra to find the hot plasma emission
shown by these objects. With archival Swift data we coarsely investigated the
long-term X-ray variability, and with archival optical data from a variety of
catalogues, we compared the optical to X-ray luminosity to identify X-ray faint
objects. This paper presents the first XMM-Newton observation of the prototype
IP, DQ Her. We find firm evidence for HZ~Pup, V349 Aqr, and IGR J18151-1052
being IPs, with likely white dwarf spin periods of 1552, 390, and 390 s,
respectively. The former two have luminosities typical of IPs, and the latter
is strongly absorbed and with unknown distance. GI~Mon and V1084~Her are
apparently non-magnetic CVs with interesting short-term variability unrelated
to WD spin. V533~Her is probably a magnetic CV and remains a good IP candidate,
while V1039 Cen is possibly a polar. The remaining candidates were too faint to
allow for any firm conclusions.


  This paper develops further approximate methods for obtaining the dipole
matrix elements and corresponding transition and decay rates of the high-n,
high-l gravitational eigenstates. These methods include (1) investigation of
the polar spreads of the angular components of the high-n, high-l eigenstates
and the effects these have on the limiting values of the angular components of
the dipole matrix elements in the case of large l and m and (2) investigation
of the rapid cut off and limited width of the low-p, high-n radial
eigenfunctions, and the development of an equation to determine the width,
position and oscillatory behaviour of those eigenfunctions in cases of
arbitrarily large values of n, l and p. The methods have wider applicability
than dipole transition rate estimates and may be also used to determine limits
on the rates for more general interactions. Combining the methods enables the
establishment of upper limits to the total dipole decay rates of many high-n,
low-p states on the state diagram to be determined, even those that have many
channels available for decay. The results continue to support the hypothetical
existence of a specialized set of high-n, low-p gravitational eigenfunctions
that are invisible and stable, both with respect to electromagnetic decay and
gravitational collapse, making them excellent dark matter candidates.


  The Hodge Galois group is the Tannakian Galois group of the category of real
mixed Hodge structures. It has a subgroup, called the twistor Galois group,
which is the Galois group of the category of mixed twistor structures, defined
by C. Simpson. It is isomorphic to a semidirect product of C* and the unipotent
radical of the Hodge Galois group. We define a natural action of the twistor
Galois group by A-infinity autoequivalences of the derived category of
complexes of sheaves with smooth cohomology on a compact smooth Kahler manifold
X. The action of C* is provided by Simpson's action on irreducible local
systems, and the action of the unipotent radical is given explicitly by the
Hodge correlators for irreducible local systems on X. The Hodge correlators can
be interpreted as correlators of cetrtain Feynman integrals. One should have a
similar construction for the whole derived category of all holonomic D-modules.


  In 1976 Procesi and Schacher developed an Artin-Schreier type theory for
central simple algebras with involution and conjectured that in such an algebra
a totally positive element is always a sum of hermitian squares. In this paper
elementary counterexamples to this conjecture are constructed and cases are
studied where the conjecture does hold. Also, a Positivstellensatz is
established for noncommutative polynomials, positive semidefinite on all tuples
of matrices of a fixed size.


  Reanalysis data are widely used for simulating renewable energy and in
particular wind power generation. While MERRA-2 has been a de-facto standard in
many studies, the newer ERA5- reanalysis recently gained importance. Here, we
use these two datasets to simulate wind power generation and evaluate the
respective quality in terms of correlations and errors when validated against
historical wind power generation. However, due to their coarse spatial
resolution, reanalyses fail to adequately represent local climatic conditions.
We therefore additionally apply mean bias correction with two versions of the
Global Wind Atlas (GWA) and assess the respective quality of resulting
simulations. Potential users of the dataset can also benefit from our analysis
of the impact of spatial and temporal aggregation on simulation quality
indicators. While similar studies have been conducted, they mainly cover
limited areas in Europe. In contrast, we look into regions, which globally
differ significantly in terms of the prevailing climate: the US, Brazil,
South-Africa, and New Zealand. Our principal findings are that (i) ERA5
outperforms MERRA-2, (ii) no major improvements can be expected by using
bias-correction with GWA2, while GWA3 even reduces simulation quality, and
(iii) temporal aggregation increases correlations and reduces errors, while
spatial aggregation does so only consistently when comparing very low and very
high aggregation levels.


  We report the successful fabrication of mono- and seven-core superconducting
wires of FeSe1-xTex using an in-situ Fe-diffusion process based on the
powder-in-tube (Fe-diffusion PIT) method. The reacted layer in these wires were
found to have composite structure with composition nearly FeSe and FeTe for the
inner and outer layers, although a single layer of composition FeSe0.5Te0.5 was
supposed to be formed. The self-field transport Jc values at 4.2 K were found
to be 226.2 A/cm2 and 100.3 A/cm2 respectively for mono- and seven-core wires.
The Jc's of mono- and seven-core wires dropped rapidly at low fields and then
showed a gradual decrease with increasing magnetic fields. In addition, the
seven-core wire showed higher Jc than the mono-core wire under higher magnetic
fields, indicating that the seven-core wire of FeSe1-xTex superconductor using
Fe-diffusion PIT method is advantageous for the superconducting-wire
application under high magnetic fields.


  A coreset is a subset of the training set, using which a machine learning
algorithm obtains performances similar to what it would deliver if trained over
the whole original data. Coreset discovery is an active and open line of
research as it allows improving training speed for the algorithms and may help
human understanding the results. Building on previous works, a novel approach
is presented: candidate corsets are iteratively optimized, adding and removing
samples. As there is an obvious trade-off between limiting training size and
quality of the results, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used to
minimize simultaneously the number of points in the set and the classification
error. Experimental results on non-trivial benchmarks show that the proposed
approach is able to deliver results that allow a classifier to obtain lower
error and better ability of generalizing on unseen data than state-of-the-art
coreset discovery techniques.


  We perform a numerical study of the preheating mechanism of particle
production in models of quintessential inflation and compare it with the usual
gravitational production mechanism. We find that even for a very small coupling
between the inflaton field and a massless scalar field, g > 10^{-9}, preheating
dominates over gravitational particle production. Reheating temperatures in the
range 10^{-2} GeV < T_{rh} < 10^{15} GeV can be easily obtained.


  Stress is a complex issue with wide-ranging physical and psychological
impacts on human daily performance. Specifically, acute stress detection is
becoming a valuable application in contextual human understanding. Two common
approaches to training a stress detection model are subject-dependent and
subject-independent training methods. Although subject-dependent training
methods have proven to be the most accurate approach to build stress detection
models, subject-independent models are a more practical and cost-efficient
method, as they allow for the deployment of stress level detection and
management systems in consumer-grade wearable devices without requiring
training data for the end-user. To improve the performance of
subject-independent stress detection models, in this paper, we introduce a
stress-related bio-signal processing pipeline with a simple neural network
architecture using statistical features extracted from multimodal contextual
sensing sources including Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Blood Volume Pulse
(BVP), and Skin Temperature (ST) captured from a consumer-grade wearable
device. Using our proposed model architecture, we compare the accuracy between
stress detection models that use measures from each individual signal source,
and one model employing the fusion of multiple sensor sources. Extensive
experiments on the publicly available WESAD dataset demonstrate that our
proposed model outperforms conventional methods as well as providing 1.63%
higher mean accuracy score compared to the state-of-the-art model while
maintaining a low standard deviation. Our experiments also show that combining
features from multiple sources produce more accurate predictions than using
only one sensor source individually.


  Gauge fields are central in our modern understanding of physics at all
scales. At the highest energy scales known, the microscopic universe is
governed by particles interacting with each other through the exchange of gauge
bosons. At the largest length scales, our universe is ruled by gravity, whose
gauge structure suggests the existence of a particle - the graviton - that
mediates the gravitational force. At the mesoscopic scale, solid-state systems
are subjected to gauge fields of different nature: materials can be immersed in
external electromagnetic fields, but they can also feature emerging gauge
fields in their low-energy description. In this review, we focus on another
kind of gauge field: those engineered in systems of ultracold neutral atoms. In
these setups, atoms are suitably coupled to laser fields that generate
effective gauge potentials in their description. Neutral atoms "feeling"
laser-induced gauge potentials can potentially mimic the behavior of an
electron gas subjected to a magnetic field, but also, the interaction of
elementary particles with non-Abelian gauge fields. Here, we review different
realized and proposed techniques for creating gauge potentials - both Abelian
and non-Abelian - in atomic systems and discuss their implication in the
context of quantum simulation. While most of these setups concern the
realization of background and classical gauge potentials, we conclude with more
exotic proposals where these synthetic fields might be made dynamical, in view
of simulating interacting gauge theories with cold atoms.


  Perhaps it is not completely superfluous to remind that Clauser-Horne
factorability, introduced in [1], is only necessary when \lambda, the hidden
variable (HV), is sufficiently deterministic: for {M_i} a set of possible
measurements (isolated or not by space-like intervals) on a given system, the
most general sufficient condition for factorability on \lambda\ is obtained by
finding a set of expressions M_i=M_i(\lambda,\xi_i), with {\xi_i} a set of
HV's, all independent from one another and from \lambda. Otherwise,
factorability can be recovered on \gamma = \lambda\ \oplus\ \mu, with \mu\
another additional HV, so that a description M_i=M_i(\gamma,\xi_i) is again
found: conceptually, this is always possible; experimentally, it may not: \mu\
may be unaccessible or even its existence unknown (and so, too, from the point
of view of a phenomenological theory). Results here may help clarify our recent
post in [6].


  The popularity of visual generative AI models like DALL-E 3, Stable Diffusion
XL, Stable Video Diffusion, and Sora has been increasing. Through extensive
evaluation, we discovered that the state-of-the-art visual generative models
can generate content that bears a striking resemblance to characters protected
by intellectual property rights held by major entertainment companies (such as
Sony, Marvel, and Nintendo), which raises potential legal concerns. This
happens when the input prompt contains the character's name or even just
descriptive details about their characteristics. To mitigate such IP
infringement problems, we also propose a defense method against it. In detail,
we develop a revised generation paradigm that can identify potentially
infringing generated content and prevent IP infringement by utilizing guidance
techniques during the diffusion process. It has the capability to recognize
generated content that may be infringing on intellectual property rights, and
mitigate such infringement by employing guidance methods throughout the
diffusion process without retrain or fine-tune the pretrained models.
Experiments on well-known character IPs like Spider-Man, Iron Man, and Superman
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed defense method. Our data and code
can be found at https://github.com/ZhentingWang/GAI_IP_Infringement.


  In this paper, we would like to examine whether a novel
Starobinsky-Bel-Robinson gravity model admits stable exponential inflationary
solutions with or without spatial anisotropies. As a result, we are able to
derive an exact de Sitter inflationary to this Starobinsky-Bel-Robinson model.
Furthermore, we observe that an exact Bianchi type I inflationary solution does
not exist in the Starobinsky-Bel-Robinson model. However, we find that a
modified Starobinsky-Bel-Robinson model, in which the sign of coefficient of
$R^2$ term is flipped from positive to negative, can admit the corresponding
Bianchi type I inflationary solution. Unfortunately, stability analysis using
the dynamical system approach indicates that both of these inflationary
solutions turn out to be unstable. Interestingly, we show that a stable de
Sitter inflationary solution can be obtained in the modified
Starobinsky-Bel-Robinson gravity.


  Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) are tools or software that are
widely used to maintain the computer networks and information systems keeping
them secure and preventing malicious traffics from penetrating into them, as
they flag when somebody is trying to break into the system. Best effort has
been set up on these systems, and the results achieved so far are quite
satisfying, however, new types of attacks stand out as the technology of
attacks keep evolving, one of these attacks are the attacks based on Generative
Adversarial Networks (GAN) that can evade machine learning IDS leaving them
vulnerable. This project investigates the impact of the Adversarial Attacks
synthesized using real DDoS attacks generated using GANs on the IDS. The
objective is to discover how will these systems react towards synthesized
attacks. marking the vulnerability and weakness points of these systems so we
could fix them.


  The nonequilibrium responses of Ising metamagnet (layered antiferromagnet) to
the propagating magnetic wave are studied by Monte Carlo simulation. Here, the
spatio-temporal variations of magnetic field keeps the system away from
equilibrium. The sublattice magnetisations show dynamical symmetry breaking in
the low temperature ordered phase. The nonequilibrium phase transitions are
studied from the temperature dependences of dynamic staggered order parameter,
its derivative and the dynamic specific heat. The transitions are marked by the
peak position of dynamic specific heat and the position of dip of the
derivative of dynamic staggered order parameter. It is observed that, for lower
values of the amplitudes of the propagating magnetic field, if the system is
cooled from a high temperature, it undergoes a phase transition showing sharp
peak of dynamic specific heat and sharp dip of the derivative of the dynamic
staggered order parameter. However, for higher values of the amplitude of the
propagating magnetic field, system exhibits multiple phase transitions. A
comprehensive phase diagram is also plotted. The transition, for vanishingly
small value of the amplitude of the propagating wave, is very close to that for
equilibrium ferro-para phase transition of cubic Ising ferromagnet.


  Consider a restriction of an irreducible finite dimensional holomorphic
representation of $\GL(n+1,C)$ to the subgroup $GL(n,C)$ (it is determined by
the Gelfand-Tsetlin branching rule). We write explicitly formulas for
generators of the Lie algebra $gl(n+1)$ in the direct sum of representations of
$\GL(n,C)$. Nontrivial generators act as differential-difference operators, the
differential part has order $(n-1)$, the difference part acts on the space of
parameters (highest weights) of representations. We also formulate a conjecture
about unitary principal series of $GL(n,C)$


  In this paper, we consider a hydrodynamic $Q$-tensor system for nematic
liquid crystal flow, which is derived from Doi-Onsager molecular theory by the
Bingham closure. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of local strong
solution. Furthermore, by taking Deborah number goes to zero and using the
Hilbert expansion method, we present a rigorous derivation from the
molecule-based $Q$-tensor theory to the Ericksen-Leslie theory.


  This paper employs the $H+b+\text{jets}$ signature in proton-proton
collisions to explore the structure of the $Hb\bar{b}$ couplings.The focus of
the analysis lies in the decay of the Higgs boson into a photon pair, taking
into account both reducible and irreducible backgrounds and a realistic
simulation of the detector effects. To enhance the discrimination between
signal and background, a multivariate analysis is employed to analyse the
kinematic variables and optimise the signal-to-background ratio. The results
indicate that the $H+b+\text{jets}$ process can significantly contribute to the
precise measurement of CP-even and CP-odd couplings between the bottom quark
and the Higgs boson at the LHC and FCC-hh. Finally, a novel asymmetry is
introduced for the purpose of probing CP violation within the $Hb\bar{b}$
coupling, formulated exclusively based on lab-frame momenta.


  We give a proof for the existence of a weak solution on the initial-value
problem of a non-linear damped propagation


  The two-level systems (TLSs) naturally occurring in Josephson junctions
constitute a major obstacle for the operation of superconducting phase qubits.
Since these TLSs can possess remarkably long decoherence times, we show that
such TLSs can themselves be used as qubits, allowing for a well controlled
initialization, universal sets of quantum gates, and readout. Thus, a single
current-biased Josephson junction (CBJJ) can be considered as a multiqubit
register. It can be coupled to other CBJJs to allow the application of quantum
gates to an arbitrary pair of qubits in the system. Our results indicate an
alternative way to realize superconducting quantum information processing.


  We consider a generalization of the holographic Schwinger effect proposed by
Semenoff and Zarembo to the case with constant electric and magnetic fields.
There are two ways to turn on magnetic fields, i) the probe D3-brane picture
and ii) the string world-sheet picture. In the former picture, magnetic fields
both perpendicular and parallel to the electric field are activated by a
Lorentz transformation and a spatial rotation. In the latter one, the classical
solutions of the string world-sheet corresponding to circular Wilson loops are
generalized to contain two additional parameters encoding the presence of
magnetic fields.


  We employ a suite of 75 simulations of galaxies in idealised major mergers
(stellar mass ratio ~2.5:1), with a wide range of orbital parameters, to
investigate the spatial extent of interaction-induced star formation. Although
the total star formation in galaxy encounters is generally elevated relative to
isolated galaxies, we find that this elevation is a combination of intense
enhancements within the central kpc and moderately suppressed activity at large
galacto-centric radii. The radial dependence of the star formation enhancement
is stronger in the less massive galaxy than in the primary, and is also more
pronounced in mergers of more closely aligned disc spin orientations.
Conversely, these trends are almost entirely independent of the encounter's
impact parameter and orbital eccentricity. Our predictions of the radial
dependence of triggered star formation, and specifically the suppression of
star formation beyond kph-scales, will be testable with the next generation of
integral-field spectroscopic surveys.


  Tabling has been used for some time to improve efficiency of Prolog programs
by memorizing answered queries. The same idea can be naturally used to memorize
visited states during search for planning. In this paper we present a planner
developed in the Picat language to solve the Petrobras planning problem. Picat
is a novel Prolog-like language that provides pattern matching, deterministic
and non-deterministic rules, and tabling as its core modelling and solving
features. We demonstrate these capabilities using the Petrobras problem, where
the goal is to plan transport of cargo items from ports to platforms using
vessels with limited capacity. Monte Carlo Tree Search has been so far the best
technique to tackle this problem and we will show that by using tabling we can
achieve much better runtime efficiency and better plan quality.


  In the framework of orbifold compactifications of heterotic and type II
orientifolds, we study effective N = 1 supergravity potentials arising from
fluxes and gaugino condensates. These string solutions display a broad
phenomenology which we analyze using the method of N = 4 supergravity gaugings.
We give examples in type II and heterotic compactifications of combined fluxes
and condensates leading to vacua with naturally small supersymmetry breaking
scale controlled by the condensate, cases where the supersymmetry breaking
scale is specified by the fluxes even in the presence of a condensate and also
examples where fluxes and condensates conspire to preserve supersymmetry.


  We investigate the charge-instabilities of the Hubbard-Holstein model with
two coupled layers. In this system the scattering processes naturally separate
into contributions which are either symmetric or antisymmetric combinations
with respect to exchange of the layers. It turns out that the short-range
strong correlations suppress finite wave-vector nesting instabilities for both
symmetries but favor the occurrence of phase separation in the symmetric
channel. Inclusion of a sizeable long-range Coulomb (LRC) interaction
frustrates the q=0 instabilities and supports the formation of incommensurate
charge-density waves (CDW). Upon reducing doping from half-filling and for
small electron-phonon coupling g the CDW instability first occurs in the
antisymmetric channel but both instability lines merge with increasing g. While
LRC forces always suppress the phase separation instability in the symmetric
channel, the CDW period in the antisymmetric sector tends to infinity (q_c ->
0) for sufficiently small Coulomb interaction. This feature allows for the
possibility of singular scattering over the whole Fermi surface. We discuss
possible implications of our results for the bilayer high-Tc cuprates.


  In this paper, we propose to use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) monostatic
RFID devices (i.e. which use a single antenna at a time for both transmitting
and receiving RFID signals to and from the tags) to monitor browsing activity
of customers in front of display items in places such as retail stores. To this
end, we propose TagSee, a multi-person imaging system based on monostatic RFID
imaging. TagSee is based on the insight that when customers are browsing the
items on a shelf, they stand between the tags deployed along the boundaries of
the shelf and the reader, which changes the multi-paths that the RFID signals
travel along, and both the RSS and phase values of the RFID signals that the
reader receives change. Based on these variations observed by the reader,
TagSee constructs a coarse grained image of the customers. Afterwards, TagSee
identifies the items that are being browsed by the customers by analyzing the
constructed images. The key novelty of this paper is on achieving browsing
behavior monitoring of multiple customers in front of display items by
constructing coarse grained images via robust, analytical model-driven deep
learning based, RFID imaging. To achieve this, we first mathematically
formulate the problem of imaging humans using monostatic RFID devices and
derive an approximate analytical imaging model that correlates the variations
caused by human obstructions in the RFID signals. Based on this model, we then
develop a deep learning framework to robustly image customers with high
accuracy. We implement TagSee scheme using a Impinj Speedway R420 reader and
SMARTRAC DogBone RFID tags. TagSee can achieve a TPR of more than ~90% and a
FPR of less than ~10% in multi-person scenarios using training data from just
3-4 users.


  A generalization of the Fermion-Loop scheme is introduced to account for
external, non-conserved, currents. Complete Dyson re-summed transitions are
introduced, including the contributions from the Higgs-Kibble ghosts in the 't
Hooft-Feynman gauge. Running vector boson masses are introduced and their
relation with the corresponding complex poles are investigated. It is shown
that any S-matrix element takes a very simple form when written in terms of
these running masses. A special example of Ward identity, the U(1) Ward
identity for single-W, is derived in a situation where all currents are
non-conserved and where the top quark mass is not neglected inside loops.


  When we look around and perform complex tasks, how we see and selectively
process what we see is crucial. However, the lack of this visual search
mechanism in current multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) hinders their ability to focus on
important visual details, especially when handling high-resolution and visually
crowded images. To address this, we introduce V*, an LLM-guided visual search
mechanism that employs the world knowledge in LLMs for efficient visual
querying. When combined with an MLLM, this mechanism enhances collaborative
reasoning, contextual understanding, and precise targeting of specific visual
elements. This integration results in a new MLLM meta-architecture, named Show,
sEArch, and TelL (SEAL). We further create V*Bench, a benchmark specifically
designed to evaluate MLLMs in their ability to process high-resolution images
and focus on visual details. Our study highlights the necessity of
incorporating visual search capabilities into multimodal systems. The code is
available https://github.com/penghao-wu/vstar.


  Unwanted stiction in micro- and nanomechanical (NEMS/MEMS) systems due to
dispersion (van der Waals, or Casimir) forces is a significant hurdle in the
fabrication of systems with moving parts on these length scales. Introducing a
suitably dielectric liquid in the interspace between bodies has previously been
demonstrated to render dispersion forces repulsive, or even to switch sign as a
function of separation. Making use of recently available permittivity data
calculated by us we show that such a remarkable non-monotonic Casimir force,
changing from attractive to repulsive as separation increases, can in fact be
observed in systems where constituent materials are in standard NEMS/MEMS use
requiring no special or exotic materials. No such nonmonotonic behaviour has
been measured to date. We calculate the force between a silica sphere and a
flat surface of either zinc oxide or hafnia, two materials which are among the
most prominent for practical microelectrical and microoptical devices. Our
results explicate the need for highly accurate permittivity functions of the
materials involved for frequencies from optical to far-infrared frequencies. A
careful analysis of the Casimir interaction is presented, and we show how the
change in the sign of the interaction can be understood as a result of multiple
crossings of the dielectric functions of the three media involved in a given
set-up.


  The production of c and b quarks in gamma-gamma collisions is studied with
the L3 detector at LEP with 410 pb^-1 of data, collected at centre-of-mass
energies from 189 GeV to 202 GeV. Hadronic final states containing c and b
quarks are identified by detecting electrons or muons from their semileptonic
decays. The cross sections sigma(e+e- -> e+e- c c~ X) and sigma(e+e- -> e+e- b
b~ X) are measured and compared to next-to-leading order perturbative QCD
calculations. The cross section of b production is measured in gamma-gamma
collisions for the first time. It is in excess of the QCD prediction by a
factor of three.


  This paper presents an artificial intelligence driven methodology to reduce
the bottleneck often encountered in the analog ICs layout phase. We frame the
floorplanning problem as a Markov Decision Process and leverage reinforcement
learning for automatic placement generation under established topological
constraints. Consequently, we introduce Steiner tree-based methods for the
global routing step and generate guiding paths to be used to connect every
circuit block. Finally, by integrating these solutions into a procedural
generation framework, we present a unified pipeline that bridges the divide
between circuit design and verification steps. Experimental results demonstrate
the efficacy in generating complete layouts, eventually reducing runtimes to
1.5% compared to manual efforts.


  The extended Hamilton's Principle and other methods proposed to handle
non-holonomic constraints are considered. They dont agree with each other. By
looking at its consistency with D'Alembert's principle for linear non-holonomic
constraints, it was claimed in earlier papers that the direct extension of
hamilton's principle is incorrect. Nonholonomic Constraints, linear in
velocities were considered for this purpose. This paper analyses these claims,
and shows that they are incorrect. And hence it shows that it is theoretically
impossible to judge any attempt on non-holonomic constraints to be wrong, as
long as they are consistent with the D'Alembertian for holonomic constraints.


  We define a semantics for first-order logic with generalized quantifiers
based on double teams. We also define and investigate a notion of a generalized
atom. Such atoms can be used in order to define extensions of first-order logic
with a team-based semantics. We also define a game semantics and compare it
with the double team semantics.


  We have derived luminosity functions, and set constraints on the UV
luminosity and SFR density from z~17 to z~8, using the three most-studied
JWST/NIRCam data sets, the SMACS0723, GLASS Parallel, and CEERS fields. We
first used our own selections on two independent reductions of these datasets
using the latest calibrations. 18 z~8, 12 z~10, 5 z~13, and 1 z~17 candidate
galaxies are identified over these fields in our primary reductions, with a
similar number of candidates in our secondary reductions. We then use these two
reductions, applying a quantitative discriminator, to segregate the full set of
z>~8 candidates reported over these fields from the literature, into three
different samples, ``robust,'' ``solid,'' and ``possible''. Using all of these
samples we then derive UV LF and luminosity density results at $z\geq8$,
finding substantial differences. For example, including the full set of
``solid'' and ``possible'' z>~12 candidates from the literature, we find UV
luminosity densities which are ~7x and ~20x higher than relying on the
``robust'' candidates alone. These results indicate the evolution of the UV LF
and luminosity densities at z>~8 is still extremely uncertain, emphasizing the
need for spectroscopy and deeper NIRCam+optical imaging to obtain reliable
results. Nonetheless, even with the very conservative ``robust'' approach to
selections, both from our own and those of other studies, we find the
luminosity density from luminous (M(UV)<-19) galaxies to be ~2x larger than is
easily achievable using constant star-formation efficiency models, similar to
what other early JWST results have suggested.


  To tackle the still unsolved and fundamental problem of the role of Active
Galactic Nuclei (AGN) feedback in shaping galaxies, in this work we implement a
new physical treatment of AGN-driven winds into our semi-analytic model of
galaxy formation. To each galaxy in our model, we associate solutions for the
outflow expansion and the mass outflow rates in different directions, depending
on the AGN luminosity, on the circular velocity of the host halo, and on gas
content of the considered galaxy. To each galaxy we also assign an effective
radius derived from energy conservation during merger events, and a stellar
velocity dispersion self-consistently computed via Jeans modelling. We derive
all the main scaling relations between Black hole (BH) mass and total/bulge
stellar mass, velocity dispersion, host halo dark matter mass, and star
formation efficiency. We find that our improved AGN feedback mostly controls
the dispersion around the relations but plays a subdominant role in shaping
slopes and/or normalizations of the scaling relations. Including possible
limited-resolution selection biases in the model provides better agreement with
the available data. The model does not point to any more fundamental galactic
property linked to BH mass, with velocity dispersion playing a similar role
with respect to stellar mass, in tension with present data. In line with other
independent studies carried out on comprehensive semi-analytic and hydrodynamic
galaxy-BH evolution models, our current results signal either an inadequacy of
present cosmological models of galaxy formation in fully reproducing the local
scaling relations, in terms of both shape and residuals, and/or point to an
incompleteness issue affecting the local sample of dynamically-measured BHs.


  Let $H_m(\mathbb B,\mathcal D)$ be the $\mathcal D$-valued functional Hilbert
space with reproducing kernel $K_m(z,w) = (1-\langle
z,w\rangle)^{-m}1_{\mathcal D}$. A $K_m$-inner function is by definition an
operator-valued analytic function $W: \mathbb B \rightarrow L(\mathcal E,
\mathcal D)$ such that $\|Wx\|_{H_m(\mathbb B,\mathcal D)} = \|x\|$ for all $x
\in \mathcal E$ and $(W\mathcal E) \perp M_z^{\alpha}(W\mathcal E)$ for all
$\alpha \in \mathbb N^n \setminus \{0\}$. We show that the $K_m$-inner
functions are precisely the functions of the form $W(z) = D + C \sum^m_{k=1}(1
- ZT^*)^{-k}ZB$, where $T \in L(H)^n$ is a pure $m$-hypercontraction and the
operators $T^*, B, C,D$ form a $2 \times 2$-operator matrix satisfying suitable
conditions. Thus we extend results proved by Olofsson on the unit disc to the
case of the unit ball $\mathbb B \subset \mathbb C^n$.


  With the growth of intermodal freight transportation, it is important that
transportation planners and decision makers are knowledgeable about freight
flow data to make informed decisions. This is particularly true with
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) offering new capabilities to
intermodal freight transportation. Specifically, ITS enables access to multiple
different data sources, but they have different formats, resolution, and time
scales. Thus, knowledge of data science is essential to be successful in future
ITS-enabled intermodal freight transportation system. This chapter discusses
the commonly used descriptive and predictive data analytic techniques in
intermodal freight transportation applications. These techniques cover the
entire spectrum of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. In
addition to illustrating how to apply these techniques through relatively
simple examples, this chapter will also show how to apply them using the
statistical software R. Additional exercises are provided for those who wish to
apply the described techniques to more complex problems.


  Cyclic lattices and ideal lattices were introduced by Micciancio in
\cite{D2}, Lyubashevsky and Micciancio in \cite{L1} respectively, which play an
efficient role in Ajtai's construction of a collision resistant Hash function
(see \cite{M1} and \cite{M2}) and in Gentry's construction of fully homomorphic
encryption (see \cite{G}). Let $R=Z[x]/\langle \phi(x)\rangle$ be a quotient
ring of the integer coefficients polynomials ring, Lyubashevsky and Micciancio
regarded an ideal lattice as the correspondence of an ideal of $R$, but they
neither explain how to extend this definition to whole Euclidean space
$\mathbb{R}^n$, nor exhibit the relationship of cyclic lattices and ideal
lattices.
  In this paper, we regard the cyclic lattices and ideal lattices as the
correspondences of finitely generated $R$-modules, so that we may show that
ideal lattices are actually a special subclass of cyclic lattices, namely,
cyclic integer lattices. In fact, there is a one to one correspondence between
cyclic lattices in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and finitely generated $R$-modules (see
Theorem \ref{th4} below). On the other hand, since $R$ is a Noether ring, each
ideal of $R$ is a finitely generated $R$-module, so it is natural and
reasonable to regard ideal lattices as a special subclass of cyclic lattices
(see corollary \ref{co3.4} below). It is worth noting that we use more general
rotation matrix here, so our definition and results on cyclic lattices and
ideal lattices are more general forms. As application, we provide cyclic
lattice with an explicit and countable upper bound for the smoothing parameter
(see Theorem \ref{th5} below). It is an open problem that is the shortest
vector problem on cyclic lattice NP-hard? (see \cite{D2}). Our results may be
viewed as a substantial progress in this direction.


  In this paper we study the Bremsstrahlung functions for the 1/6 BPS and the
1/2 BPS Wilson lines in ABJM theory. First we use a superconformal defect
approach to prove a conjectured relation between the Bremsstrahlung functions
associated to the geometric ($B^{\varphi}_{1/6}$) and R-symmetry
($B^{\theta}_{1/6}$) deformations of the 1/6 BPS Wilson line. This result,
non-trivially following from a defect supersymmetric Ward identity, provides an
exact expression for $B^{\theta}_{1/6}$ based on a known result for
$B^{\varphi}_{1/6}$. Subsequently, we explore the consequences of this relation
for the 1/2 BPS Wilson line and, using the localization result for the multiply
wound Wilson loop, we provide an exact closed form for the corresponding
Bremsstrahlung function. Interestingly, for the comparison with integrability,
this expression appears particularly natural in terms of the conjectured
interpolating function $h(\lambda)$. During the derivation of these results we
analyze the protected defect supermultiplets associated to the broken
symmetries, including their two- and three-point correlators.


  Jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) involve inducing these
models to generate harmful content that violates ethics or laws, posing a
significant threat to LLM security. Current jailbreak attacks face two main
challenges: low success rates due to defensive measures and high resource
requirements for crafting specific prompts. This paper introduces Virtual
Context, which leverages special tokens, previously overlooked in LLM security,
to improve jailbreak attacks. Virtual Context addresses these challenges by
significantly increasing the success rates of existing jailbreak methods and
requiring minimal background knowledge about the target model, thus enhancing
effectiveness in black-box settings without additional overhead. Comprehensive
evaluations show that Virtual Context-assisted jailbreak attacks can improve
the success rates of four widely used jailbreak methods by approximately 40%
across various LLMs. Additionally, applying Virtual Context to original
malicious behaviors still achieves a notable jailbreak effect. In summary, our
research highlights the potential of special tokens in jailbreak attacks and
recommends including this threat in red-teaming testing to comprehensively
enhance LLM security.


  We present a generalized approach to compute the shape and internal structure
of two-dimensional nematic domains. By using conformal mappings, we are able to
compute the director field for a given domain shape that we choose from a rich
class, which includes drops with large and small aspect ratios, and sharp
domain tips as well as smooth ones. Results are assembled in a phase diagram
that for given domain size, surface tension, anchoring strength, and elastic
constant shows the transitions from a homogeneous to a bipolar director field,
from circular to elongated droplets, and from sharp to smooth domain tips. We
find a previously unaccounted regime, where the drop is nearly circular, the
director field bipolar and the tip rounded. We also find that bicircular
director fields, with foci that lie outside the domain, provide a remarkably
accurate description of the optimal director field for a large range of values
of the various shape parameters.


  With the advent of quantum computers, many quantum computing algorithms are
being developed. Solving linear systems is one of the most fundamental problems
in almost all science and engineering. The Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd algorithm, a
monumental quantum algorithm for solving linear systems on gate model quantum
computers, was invented and several advanced variations have been developed.
For a given n by n matrix A and a vector b, we will find unconstrained binary
optimization (QUBO) models for a vector x that satisfies Ax=b. To formulate
QUBO models for a linear system solving problem, we make use of a linear
least-square problem with binary representation of the solution. We validate
those QUBO models on the D-Wave system and discuss the results. For a simple
system, we provide a Python code to calculate the matrix characterizing the
relationship between the variables and to print the test code that can be used
directly in the D-Wave system.


  We show that the leading double spectral density in sum rules for
Compton-like processes can be obtained by simple properties of the Borel
transform, extending an approach widely used in the literature on sum rules,
and known to be valid only for the spectral densities of form factors. The
extension is illustrated in the scalar case, where it is shown to be consistent
with Cutkosky rules. Using arguments based on the analiticity properties of the
vertex and the box diagrams, we show that Compton scattering is, however, a
favourable case and indeed possible disagreements between the two methods are
likely to be encountered in more general situations.


  An important aspect of quantum simulation is the preparation of physically
interesting states on a quantum computer, and this task can often be costly or
challenging to implement. A digital, ``site-by-site'' scheme of state
preparation was introduced in arXiv:1911.03505 as a way to prepare the vacuum
state of certain fermionic field theory Hamiltonians with a mass gap. More
generally, this algorithm may be used to prepare ground states of Hamiltonians
by adding one site at a time as long as successive intermediate ground states
share a non-zero overlap and the Hamiltonian has a non-vanishing spectral gap
at finite lattice size. In this paper, we study the ground state overlap as a
function of the number of sites for a range of quadratic fermionic
Hamiltonians. Using analytical formulas known for free fermions, we are able to
explore the large-$N$ behavior and draw conclusions about the state overlap.
For all models studied, we find that the overlap remains large (e.g. $> 0.1$)
up to large lattice sizes ($N=64,72$) except near quantum phase transitions or
in the presence of gapless edge modes. For one-dimensional systems, we further
find that two $N/2$-site ground states also share a large overlap with the
$N$-site ground state everywhere except a region near the phase boundary. Based
on these numerical results, we additionally propose a recursive alternative to
the site-by-site state preparation algorithm.


  The following natural question arises from Shalom's innovational work (1999,
Publ. IHES): "Can we establish an intrinsic criterion to synthesize relative
fixed point properties into the whole fixed point property without assuming
Bounded Generation?" This paper resolves this question in the affirmative. Our
criterion works for ones with respect to certain classes of Busemann NPC
spaces. It, moreover, suggests a further step toward constructing
super-expanders from finite simple groups of Lie type.


  The goal of this note is to present Kaplansky's proof of the Regular Element
Property and to explain how this argument can be adapted to the case of a
coherent, strongly discrete and Noetherian (with an inductive definition of
Noetherian) rings in a constructive setting. We thus get, in this setting, an
algorithm which given a f.g. regular ideal, build a regular element in this
ideal.


  We explore the relationship between mid-infrared (mid-IR) and CO rotational
line emission from massive star-forming galaxies, which is one of the tightest
scalings in the local universe. We assemble a large set of unresolved and
moderately ($\sim 1$ kpc) spatially resolved measurements of CO (1-0) and CO
(2-1) intensity, $I_{\rm CO}$, and mid-IR intensity, $I_{\rm MIR}$, at 8, 12,
22, and 24$\mu$m. The $I_{\rm CO}$ vs. $I_{\rm MIR}$ relationship is reasonably
described by a power law with slopes $0.7{-}1.2$ and normalization $I_{\rm CO}
\sim 1$ K km s$^{-1}$ at $I_{\rm MIR} \sim 1$ MJy sr$^{-1}$. Both the slopes
and intercepts vary systematically with choice of line and band. The comparison
between the relations measured for CO~(1-0) and CO (2-1) allow us to infer that
$R_{21} \propto I_{\rm MIR}^{0.2}$, in good agreement with other work. The
$8\mu$m and $12\mu$m bands, with strong PAH features, show steeper CO vs.
mid-IR slopes than the $22\mu$m and $24\mu$m, consistent with PAH emission
arising not just from CO-bright gas but also from atomic or CO-dark gas. The
CO-to-mid-IR ratio correlates with global galaxy stellar mass ($M_\star$) and
anti-correlates with SFR/$M_\star$. At $\sim 1$ kpc resolution, the first four
PHANGS-JWST targets show CO to mid-IR relationships that are quantitatively
similar to our larger literature sample, including showing the steep
CO-to-mid-IR slopes for the JWST PAH-tracing bands, although we caution that
these initial data have a small sample size and span a limited range of
intensities.


  We pose reciprocity conjectures of the Chern-Simons invariants of
3-manifolds, and discuss some supporting evidence on the conjectures.
Especially, we show that the conjectures hold if a Galois descent of a
$K_3$-group is satisfied.


  We study a three-leg spin-1/2 ladder with geometrically frustrated interleg
interactions. We call this model an anisotropic triangular-strip (ATS) model.
We numerically and field-theoretically show that its ground state belongs to a
gapless symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase. The numerical approach is
based on density-matrix renormalization group analyses of the entanglement
entropy and the entanglement spectrum. Whereas the entanglement entropy
exhibits a critical behavior, the entanglement spectrum is nontrivially
degenerate. These entanglement properties imply that the ground state is a
gapless topological phase. We investigate the ATS model using a quantum field
theory to support the numerical findings. When the frustrated interchain
interaction is deemed a perturbation acting on the three spin chains, the
frustrated interchain interaction almost isolates the second chain from the
other two chains. However, at the same time, the second chain mediates a
ferromagnetic interaction between the first and third chains. Therefore, the
ground state of the ATS model is a gapless Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid weakly
coupled to a spin-1 Haldane chain with irrelevant interactions. Last but not
least, we show that the gapless SPT phase of the ATS model is a
symmetry-protected critical phase. We point out that the symmetry protection of
criticality is essential in characterization of the gapless SPT phase.


  We report a photoluminescence study of high-quality Ge samples at
temperatures 12 K $\leq$ T $\leq$ 295 K, over a spectral range that covers
phonon-assisted emission from the indirect gap (between the lowest conduction
band at the L point of the Brillouin zone and the top of the valence band at
the $\Gamma$ point), as well as direct gap emission (from the local minimum of
the conduction band at the $\Gamma$ point). The spectra display a rich
structure with a rapidly changing lineshape as a function of T. A theory is
developed to account for the experimental results using analytical expressions
for the contributions from LA, TO, LO, and TA phonons. Coupling of states
exactly at the $\Gamma$ and L points is forbidden by symmetry for the latter
two phonon modes, but becomes allowed for nearby states and can be accounted
for using wave-vector dependent deformation potentials. Excellent agreement is
obtained between predicted and observed photoluminescence lineshapes. A
decomposition of the predicted signal in terms of the different phonon
contributions implies that near room temperature indirect optical absorption
and emission are dominated by forbidden processes, and the deformation
potentials for allowed processes are smaller than previously assumed.


  ALICE is the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
(LHC). Its main tracking and particle-identification detector is a large volume
Time Projection Chamber (TPC). The TPC has been designed to perform well in the
high-track density environment created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. In
this proceeding, we describe the track reconstruction procedure in ALICE. In
particular, we focus on the two main challenges that were faced during the Run
2 data-taking period (2015--2018) of the LHC, which were the baseline
fluctuations and the local space charge distortions in the TPC. We present the
corresponding solutions in detail and describe the software tools that allowed
us to circumvent these challenges.


  Robotic control tasks are often first run in simulation for the purposes of
verification, debugging and data augmentation. Many methods exist to specify
what task a robot must complete, but few exist to specify what range of
environments a user expects such tasks to be achieved in. ProbRobScene is a
probabilistic specification language for describing robotic manipulation
environments. Using the language, a user need only specify the relational
constraints that must hold between objects in a scene. ProbRobScene will then
automatically generate scenes which conform to this specification. By combining
aspects of probabilistic programming languages and convex geometry, we provide
a method for sampling this space of possible environments efficiently. We
demonstrate the usefulness of our language by using it to debug a robotic
controller in a tabletop robot manipulation environment.


  In this paper, we provide an affirmative answer to the conjecture A for
bounded simple rotationally symmetric domains $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n(n\geq
3)$ along $x_n$ axis. Precisely, we use a new simple argument to study the
symmetry of positive solutions for two kinds of semilinear elliptic equations.
To do this, when $f(\cdot,s)$ is strictly convex with respect to $s$, we show
that the nonnegativity of the first eigenvalue of the corresponding linearized
operator in somehow symmetric domains is a sufficient condition for the
symmetry of $u$. Moreover, we prove the uniqueness of critical points of a
positive solution to semilinear elliptic equation $-\triangle u=f(\cdot,u)$
with zero Dirichlet boundary condition for simple rotationally symmetric
domains in $\mathbb{R}^n$ by continuity method and a variety of maximum
principles.


  We study by a combination of analytical and numerical Evans function
techniques multi-D viscous and inviscid stability and associated transverse
bifurcation of planar slow Lax MHD shocks in a channel with periodic boundary
conditions. Notably, this includes the first multi-D numerical Evans function
study for viscous MHD. Our results suggest that, rather than a planar shock, a
nonplanar traveling wave with the same normal velocity is the typical mode of
propagation in the slow Lax mode. Moreover, viscous and inviscid stability
transitions appear to agree, answering (for this particular model and setting)
an open question of Zumbrun and Serre.


  This paper evaluates large georeferenced corpora, taken from both web-crawled
and social media sources, against ground-truth population and language-census
datasets. The goal is to determine (i) which dataset best represents population
demographics; (ii) in what parts of the world the datasets are most
representative of actual populations; and (iii) how to weight the datasets to
provide more accurate representations of underlying populations. The paper
finds that the two datasets represent very different populations and that they
correlate with actual populations with values of r=0.60 (social media) and
r=0.49 (web-crawled). Further, Twitter data makes better predictions about the
inventory of languages used in each country.


  A multi-MW proton facility, Project X has been proposed and is currently
under development at Fermilab. As part of this development program, we are
constructing a prototype of the front end of the Project X linac at Fermilab.
The construction and successful operations of this facility will validate the
concept for the Project X front end, thereby minimizing the primary technical
risk element within the Project. The Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE) can
be constructed over the period FY12-16 and will include an H- ion source, a CW
2.1-MeV RFQ and two SC cryomodules providing up to 30 MeV energy gain at an
average beam current of 1 mA. Successful operations of the facility will
demonstrate the viability of novel front end technologies that will find
applications beyond Project X in the longer term.


  We prove that any non-zero complex values $z_1,\ldots,z_n$ can be
approximated by the following integral shifts of the Riemann zeta-function
$\zeta(s+id_1\tau),\ldots,\zeta(s+id_n\tau)$ for infinitely many $\tau$,
provided $d_1,\ldots,d_n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $s$ is a fixed complex number lying
in the right open half of the critical strip.


  In this paper, we develop a new classification method based on nearest
centroid, and it is called the nearest disjoint centroid classifier. Our method
differs from the nearest centroid classifier in the following two aspects: (1)
the centroids are defined based on disjoint subsets of features instead of all
the features, and (2) the distance is induced by the dimensionality-normalized
norm instead of the Euclidean norm. We provide a few theoretical results
regarding our method. In addition, we propose a simple algorithm based on
adapted k-means clustering that can find the disjoint subsets of features used
in our method, and extend the algorithm to perform feature selection. We
evaluate and compare the performance of our method to other classification
methods on both simulated data and real-world gene expression datasets. The
results demonstrate that our method is able to outperform other competing
classifiers by having smaller misclassification rates and/or using fewer
features in various settings and situations.


  We utilize non-perturbative and fully relativistic methods to calculate
the\thinspace \thinspace $\Delta N\gamma $ electromagnetic transition
amplitudes $G_{M}^{*}(q^{2})$ (related to the magnetic dipole moment $%
M_{1^{+}}^{3/2}(q^{2})$), $G_{E}^{*}(q^{2})$ (related to the electric
quadrupole moment $E_{1^{+}}^{3/2}(q^{2})$), the electromagnetic ratio $%
R_{EM}(q^{2})\equiv
-G_{E}^{*}(q^{2})/G_{M}^{*}(q^{2})=E_{1^{+}}^{3/2}(q^{2})/M_{1^{+}}^{3/2}(q^{2}
) $, and discuss their $q^{2}$ behavior in the $\Delta (1232)$ mass region.
These are very important quantities which arise in all viable quark, QCD, or
perturbative QCD models of pion electroproduction and photoproduction.


  Currently available quantum computers suffer from constraints including
hardware noise and a limited number of qubits. As such, variational quantum
algorithms that utilise a classical optimiser in order to train a parameterised
quantum circuit have drawn significant attention for near-term practical
applications of quantum technology. In this work, we take a probabilistic point
of view and reformulate the classical optimisation as an approximation of a
Bayesian posterior. The posterior is induced by combining the cost function to
be minimised with a prior distribution over the parameters of the quantum
circuit. We describe a dimension reduction strategy based on a maximum a
posteriori point estimate with a Laplace prior. Experiments on the Quantinuum
H1-2 computer show that the resulting circuits are faster to execute and less
noisy than the circuits trained without the dimension reduction strategy. We
subsequently describe a posterior sampling strategy based on stochastic
gradient Langevin dynamics. Numerical simulations on three different problems
show that the strategy is capable of generating samples from the full posterior
and avoiding local optima.


  We consider the following problem: find a fixed-order linear controller that
maximizes the closed-loop asymptotic decay rate for the classical
two-mass-spring system. This can be formulated as the problem of minimizing the
abscissa (maximum of the real parts of the roots) of a polynomial whose
coefficients depend linearly on the controller parameters. We show that the
only order for which there is a non-trivial solution is 2. In this case, we
derive a controller that we prove locally maximizes the asymptotic decay rate,
using recently developed techniques from nonsmooth analysis.


  A recent normative turn in computer science has brought concerns about
fairness, bias, and accountability to the core of the field. Yet recent
scholarship has warned that much of this technical work treats problematic
features of the status quo as fixed, and fails to address deeper patterns of
injustice and inequality. While acknowledging these critiques, we posit that
computational research has valuable roles to play in addressing social problems
-- roles whose value can be recognized even from a perspective that aspires
toward fundamental social change. In this paper, we articulate four such roles,
through an analysis that considers the opportunities as well as the significant
risks inherent in such work. Computing research can serve as a diagnostic,
helping us to understand and measure social problems with precision and
clarity. As a formalizer, computing shapes how social problems are explicitly
defined --- changing how those problems, and possible responses to them, are
understood. Computing serves as rebuttal when it illuminates the boundaries of
what is possible through technical means. And computing acts as synecdoche when
it makes long-standing social problems newly salient in the public eye. We
offer these paths forward as modalities that leverage the particular strengths
of computational work in the service of social change, without overclaiming
computing's capacity to solve social problems on its own.


  This work aims to investigate the accuracy of quantitative SPECT imaging of
$^{177}$Lu in the presence of $^{90}$Y, which occurs in dual-isotope
radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) involving both isotopes. We used the GATE
Monte Carlo simulation toolkit to conduct a phantom study, simulating spheres
filled with $^{177}$Lu and $^{90}$Y placed in a cylindrical water phantom that
was also filled with activity of both radionuclides. We simulated multiple
phantom configurations and activity combinations by varying the location of the
spheres, the concentrations of $^{177}$Lu and $^{90}$Y in the spheres, and the
amount of background activity. We investigated two different scatter window
widths to be used with triple energy window (TEW) scatter correction. We also
created multiple realizations of each configuration to improve our assessment,
leading to a total of 540 simulations. Each configuration was imaged using a
simulated Siemens SPECT camera. The projections were reconstructed using the
standard 3D OSEM algorithm, and errors associated with $^{177}$Lu activity
quantification and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were determined. In all
configurations, the quantification error was within $\pm$6% of the no-$^{90}$Y
case, and we found that quantitative accuracy may slightly improve when
$^{90}$Y is present because of reduction of errors associated with TEW scatter
correction. The CNRs were not significantly impacted by the presence of
$^{90}$Y, but they were increased when a wider scatter window width was used
for TEW scatter correction. The width of the scatter windows made a small but
statistically significant difference of 1-2% on the recovered $^{177}$Lu
activity. Based on these results, we can conclude that activity quantification
of $^{177}$Lu and lesion detectability is not degraded by the presence of
$^{90}$Y.


  We define a model microswimmer with a variable cycle time, thus allowing the
possibility of phase locking driven by hydrodynamic interactions between
swimmers. We find that, for extensile or contractile swimmers, phase locking
does occur, with the relative phase of the two swimmers being, in general,
close to 0 or pi, depending on their relative position and orientation. We show
that, as expected on grounds of symmetry, self T-dual swimmers, which are
time-reversal covariant, do not phase-lock. We also discuss the phase behaviour
of a line of tethered swimmers, or pumps. These show oscillations in their
relative phases reminiscent of the metachronal waves of cilia.


  We address the problem of detecting non-locality in coupled N level systems
in the language of spin. Through a number of examples, we show that
non-locality can be detected via a violation of the standard Bell inequality,
irrespective of what N is, with correlations from observables of order k ~ 2s
in the fundamental spin operators. We further show that, contrarily, if the
order k is frozen, then non-locality eludes a detection when s >> k, leading to
a weak classical limit. Armed with these results, we proceed to characterize
observables that 'genuinely' reflect non-locality in higher dimensions, and
demonstrate that one needs to go beyond the standard set-ups such as
Stern-Gerlach and those with correlations involving measurement of spin
projections along quantization axes.


  A new formalism of Petri nets, based on the adoption of the
"position-arc-transition" triad and "transition-arc-position" triad as
structure-forming units is introduced. In accordance with the Fusion principle,
an analytical representation of Petri nets is developed. We propose the concept
of Creative Petri Nets, which allows to implement structural changes in Petri
net by procreation/deletion of structural units or complexes.


  Observational longitudinal studies are a common means to study treatment
efficacy and safety in chronic mental illness. In many such studies, treatment
changes may be initiated by either the patient or by their clinician and can
thus vary widely across patients in their timing, number, and type. Indeed, in
the observational longitudinal pathway of the STEP-BD study of bipolar
depression, one of the motivations for this work, no two patients have the same
treatment history even after coarsening clinic visits to a weekly time-scale.
Estimation of an optimal treatment regime using such data is challenging as one
cannot naively pool together patients with the same treatment history, as is
required by methods based on inverse probability weighting, nor is it possible
to apply backwards induction over the decision points, as is done in Q-learning
and its variants. Thus, additional structure is needed to effectively pool
information across patients and within a patient over time. Current scientific
theory for many chronic mental illnesses maintains that a patient's disease
status can be conceptualized as transitioning among a small number of discrete
states. We use this theory to inform the construction of a partially observable
Markov decision process model of patient health trajectories wherein observed
health outcomes are dictated by a patient's latent health state. Using this
model, we derive and evaluate estimators of an optimal treatment regime under
two common paradigms for quantifying long-term patient health. The finite
sample performance of the proposed estimator is demonstrated through a series
of simulation experiments and application to the observational pathway of the
STEP-BD study. We find that the proposed method provides high-quality estimates
of an optimal treatment strategy in settings where existing approaches cannot
be applied without ad hoc modifications.


  The values of the low-energy constants (LECs) are very important in the
chiral perturbation theory. This paper adopts a Bayesian method with the
truncation errors to globally fit some next-leading order (NLO) LECs $L_i^r$
and some next-to-next-leading order (NNLO) LECs $C_i^r$. With the estimates of
the truncation errors, the fitting results of $L_i^r$ in the NLO and NNLO are
very close. The posterior distributions of $C_i^r$ indicate the
boundary-dependent relations of these $C_i^r$. Ten $C_i^r$ are weakly dependent
on the boundaries and their values are reliable. The other $C_i^r$ are required
more experimental data to constrain their boundaries. Some linear combinations
of $C_i^r$ are also fitted with more reliable posterior distributions. If one
knows some more precise value of $C_i^r$, some other $C_i^r$ can be obtained by
these values. With these fitting LECs, most observables provide a good
convergence, except for the $\pi K$ scattering lengths $a_0^{3/2}$ and
$a_0^{1/2}$. Two examples are also introduced to test the improvement of the
method. All the computations indicate that considering the truncation errors
can improve the global fit greatly, and more prior information can obtain
better fitting results. This fitting method can extend to the other effective
field theories and the perturbation theory.


  We elucidate the key role played by formality in the theory of characteristic
and resonance varieties. We define relative characteristic and resonance
varieties, V_k and R_k, related to twisted group cohomology with coefficients
of arbitrary rank. We show that the germs at the origin of V_k and R_k are
analytically isomorphic, if the group is 1-formal; in particular, the tangent
cone to V_k at 1 equals R_k. These new obstructions to 1-formality lead to a
striking rationality property of the usual resonance varieties. A detailed
analysis of the irreducible components of the tangent cone at 1 to the first
characteristic variety yields powerful obstructions to realizing a finitely
presented group as the fundamental group of a smooth, complex quasi-projective
algebraic variety. This sheds new light on a classical problem of J.-P. Serre.
Applications to arrangements, configuration spaces, coproducts of groups, and
Artin groups are given.


  After the application of an ultrashort laser pulse, the antiferromagnetic
alignment in rare earth-transition metal alloys can temporarily become
ferromagnetic with the rare-earth polarity.
  Proposed models merely describe this effect, without showing the route for
its manipulation. Here we use extensive atomistic spin model simulations and
micromagnetic theory for ferrimagnets at elevated temperatures to predict that
the polarity of this transient ferromagnetic-like state can be controlled by
initial temperature. We show that this arises because the magnetic response of
each lattice has a different temperature dependence, at low temperatures the
transition metal responds faster than the rare earth, while at high
temperatures this role is interchanged. Our findings contribute to the physical
understanding and control of this state and thus open new perspectives for its
use in ultrafast magnetic devices.


  In this paper we prove a general theorem about congruences between
automorphic forms on a reductive group G which is compact at infinity modulo
the center. If the rank is one, this essentially reduces to Ribet's
level-raising theorem. We then specialize to the higher rank case where G is an
inner form of GSp(4). Here we get congruences with automorphic forms having a
generic local component. In particular, a Saito-Kurokawa form is congruent to a
form which is not of Saito-Kurokawa type. We get similar results for U(3) at
split primes.


  We present an updated global analysis of collinearly factorized nuclear
parton distribution functions (PDFs) at next-to-leading order in perturbative
QCD. In comparison to our previous fit, EPPS16, the present analysis includes
more data from proton-lead collisions at the Large Hadron Collider: 5TeV
double-differential CMS dijet and LHCb D-meson data, as well as 8TeV CMS
W$^\pm$ data. These new data lead to significantly better-constrained gluon
distributions at small and intermediate values of the momentum fraction $x$,
confirming the presence of shadowing and antishadowing for gluons in large
nuclei. In addition, we include Jefferson Lab measurements of deeply inelastic
scattering which probe nuclear PDFs at large $x$ and low virtualities. For the
first time within the Hessian framework, we now also explore the uncertainties
of nuclear PDFs due to the errors in the baseline proton PDFs. We release the
results of our analysis as a new public parametrization of nuclear PDFs called
EPPS21.


  A simple free-surface particle detection method for two and three-dimensional
SPH simulation has been implemented. The method uses sphere representation for
the SPH particle. The fluid domain is covered by overlapping spheres. A sphere
whose surface is not fully covered considered as boundary. To test particle
boundary status, we used a sum of normalized relative position vectors from
neighbouring particles to the test particle. By checking the existence of un-
covered sphere surface by this vector sum, boundary status of the test particle
can be determined. This boundary detection method can be easily embedded in the
SPH solver algorithm.


  Let $p$ and $q$ be distinct primes. The \textit{semiprime divisor function
graph} denoted by $G_{D(pq)}$, is the graph with vertex set
$V(G_{D(pq)})=\{1,p,q,pq\}$ and edge set $E(G_{D(pq)})=\{\{1,p\},
\{1,q\},\{1,pq\},\{p,pq\},\{q,pq\}\}$. The semiprime divisor function graph is
a special type of divisor function graph $G_{D(n)}$ in which $n=pq$. Recently,
the energy and some indices of semiprime divisor function graph have been
determined. In this paper, we introduce a natural extension to the semiprime
divisor function graph which we call the \textit{$k$-dprime divisor function
graph}. Moreover, we present results on some distance-based and degree-based
topological indices of $k$-dprime divisor function graph. We end the paper by
giving some open problems.


  The resonance states embedded in the three-cluster continuum of 6He and 6Be
are obtained in the Algebraic Version of the Resonating Group Method. The model
accounts for a correct treatment of the Pauli principle. It also provides the
correct three-cluster continuum boundary conditions by using a Hyperspherical
Harmonics basis. The model reproduces the observed resonances well and achieves
good agreement with other models. A better understanding for the process of
formation and decay of the resonance states in six-nucleon systems is obtained.


  We show new upper and lower bounds for the effective differential
Nullstellensatz for differential fields of characteristic zero with several
commuting derivations. Seidenberg was the first to address this problem in
1956, without giving a complete solution. The first explicit bounds appeared in
2009 in a paper by Golubitsky, Kondratieva, Szanto, and Ovchinnikov, with the
upper bound expressed in terms of the Ackermann function. D'Alfonso, Jeronimo,
and Solern\'o, using novel ideas, obtained in 2014 a new bound if restricted to
the case of one derivation and constant coefficients. To obtain the bound in
the present paper without this restriction, we extend this approach and use the
new methods of Freitag and Le\'on S\'anchez and of Pierce from 2014, which
represent a model-theoretic approach to differential algebraic geometry.


  We consider Mellin-Barnes transform of triangle ladder-like scalar diagram in
d=4 dimensions. It is shown how the multi-fold MB transform of the momentum
integral corresponding to an arbitrary number of rungs is reduced to the
two-fold MB transform. For this purpose we use Belokurov-Usyukina reduction
method for four-dimensional scalar integrals in the position space. The result
is represented in terms of Euler psi-function and its derivatives. We derive
new formulas for the MB two-fold integration in complex planes of two complex
variables. We demonstrate that these formulas solve Bethe-Salpeter equation. We
comment on further applications of the solution to the Bethe-Salpeter equation
for the vertices in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We show that the
recursive property of the MB transforms observed in the present work for that
kind of diagrams has nothing to do with quantum field theory, theory of
integral transforms, or with theory of polylogarithms in general, but has an
origin in a simple recursive property for smooth functions which can be shown
by using basic methods of mathematical analysis.


  Certain triples of power series, considered by I. Macdonald, give a natural
framework for many combinatorial and number theoretic sequences, such as the
Stirling, Bernoulli and harmonic numbers and partitions of different kinds. The
power series in such a triple are closely linked by identities coming from the
theory of symmetric functions. We extend the work of Z-H. Sun, who developed
similar ideas, and Macdonald, revealing more of the structure of these triples.
De Moivre polynomials play a key role in this study.


  The circuit ideal, $\ica$, of a configuration $\A = \{\a_1, ..., \a_n\}
\subset \Z^d$ is the ideal generated by the binomials ${\x}^{\cc^+} -
{\x}^{\cc^-} \in \k[x_1, ..., x_n]$ as $\cc = \cc^+ - \cc^- \in \Z^n$ varies
over the circuits of $\A$. This ideal is contained in the toric ideal, $\ia$,
of $\A$ which has numerous applications and is nontrivial to compute. Since
circuits can be computed using linear algebra and the two ideals often
coincide, it is worthwhile to understand when equality occurs. In this paper we
study $\ica$ in relation to $\ia$ from various algebraic and combinatorial
perspectives. We prove that the obstruction to equality of the ideals is the
existence of certain polytopes. This result is based on a complete
characterization of the standard pairs/associated primes of a monomial initial
ideal of $\ica$ and their differences from those for the corresponding toric
initial ideal. Eisenbud and Sturmfels proved that $\ia$ is the unique minimal
prime of $\ica$ and that the embedded primes of $\ica$ are indexed by certain
faces of the cone spanned by $\A$. We provide a necessary condition for a
particular face to index an embedded prime and a partial converse. Finally, we
compare various polyhedral fans associated to $\ia$ and $\ica$. The Gr\"obner
fan of $\ica$ is shown to refine that of $\ia$ when the codimension of the
ideals is at most two.


  As automated decision making and decision assistance systems become common in
everyday life, research on the prevention or mitigation of potential harms that
arise from decisions made by these systems has proliferated. However, various
research communities have independently conceptualized these harms, envisioned
potential applications, and proposed interventions. The result is a somewhat
fractured landscape of literature focused generally on ensuring decision-making
algorithms "do the right thing". In this paper, we compare and discuss work
across two major subsets of this literature: algorithmic fairness, which
focuses primarily on predictive systems, and ethical decision making, which
focuses primarily on sequential decision making and planning. We explore how
each of these settings has articulated its normative concerns, the viability of
different techniques for these different settings, and how ideas from each
setting may have utility for the other.


  Since the proliferation of social media usage, hate speech has become a major
crisis. Hateful content can spread quickly and create an environment of
distress and hostility. Further, what can be considered hateful is contextual
and varies with time. While online hate speech reduces the ability of already
marginalised groups to participate in discussion freely, offline hate speech
leads to hate crimes and violence against individuals and communities. The
multifaceted nature of hate speech and its real-world impact have already
piqued the interest of the data mining and machine learning communities.
Despite our best efforts, hate speech remains an evasive issue for researchers
and practitioners alike. This article presents methodological challenges that
hinder building automated hate mitigation systems. These challenges inspired
our work in the broader area of combating hateful content on the web. We
discuss a series of our proposed solutions to limit the spread of hate speech
on social media.


  Type II-plateau supernovae (SNe II-P) are the classic variety of
core-collapse events that result from isolated, massive stars with thick
hydrogen envelopes intact at the time of explosion. Their distances are now
routinely estimated through two techniques: the expanding photosphere method
(EPM), a primary distance-determining method, and the recently developed
standard-candle method (SCM), a promising secondary technique. Using Cycle 10
HST observations, we identify 41 Cepheid variable stars in NGC 1637, the host
galaxy of the most thoroughly studied SN II-P to date, SN 1999em. Remarkably,
the Cepheid distance that we derive to NGC 1637, D = 11.7 +/- 1.0 Mpc, is
nearly 50% larger than earlier EPM distance estimates to SN 1999em. This is the
first direct comparison between these two primary distance determining methods
for a galaxy hosting a well-observed, spectroscopically and photometrically
normal, SN II-P. Extensive consistency checks show strong evidence to support
the Cepheid distance scale, so we are led to believe that either SN 1999em is
in some heretofore unsuspected way an unusual SN II-P, or that the SN II-P
distance scale must be revised. Assuming the latter, this one calibration
yields H_0(EPM) = 57 +/- 15 km/s/Mpc and H_0(SCM) = 59 +/- 11 km/s/Mpc;
additional calibrating galaxies are clearly desirable in order to test the
robustness of both determinations of H_0. The HST observations of NGC 1637 also
captured the fading SN 1999em two years after explosion, providing the latest
photometry ever obtained for an SN II-P. Through comparison with photometry of
SN 1987A at similar epochs, we conclude that a slightly greater amount of
radioactive Ni-56, ~0.09 M_sun, was ejected by SN 1999em than was derived for
SN 1987A (0.075 M_sun).


  Coherence resonance occurring in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback
is studied via the Lang-Kobayashi model with external non-white noise in the
pumping current. The temporal correlation and the amplitude of the noise have a
highly relevant influence in the system, leading to an optimal coherent
response for suitable values of both the noise amplitude and correlation time.
This phenomenon is quantitatively characterized by means of several statistical
measures.


  We present MUG, a novel interactive task for multimodal grounding where a
user and an agent work collaboratively on an interface screen. Prior works
modeled multimodal UI grounding in one round: the user gives a command and the
agent responds to the command. Yet, in a realistic scenario, a user command can
be ambiguous when the target action is inherently difficult to articulate in
natural language. MUG allows multiple rounds of interactions such that upon
seeing the agent responses, the user can give further commands for the agent to
refine or even correct its actions. Such interaction is critical for improving
grounding performances in real-world use cases. To investigate the problem, we
create a new dataset that consists of 77,820 sequences of human user-agent
interaction on mobile interfaces in which 20% involves multiple rounds of
interactions. To establish our benchmark, we experiment with a range of
modeling variants and evaluation strategies, including both offline and online
evaluation-the online strategy consists of both human evaluation and automatic
with simulators. Our experiments show that allowing iterative interaction
significantly improves the absolute task completion by 18% over the entire test
dataset and 31% over the challenging subset. Our results lay the foundation for
further investigation of the problem.


  The global world is crossing a pandemic situation where this is a
catastrophic outbreak of Respiratory Syndrome recognized as COVID-19. This is a
global threat all over the 212 countries that people every day meet with mighty
situations. On the contrary, thousands of infected people live rich in
mountains. Mental health is also affected by this worldwide coronavirus
situation. Due to this situation online sources made a communicative place that
common people shares their opinion in any agenda. Such as affected news related
positive and negative, financial issues, country and family crisis, lack of
import and export earning system etc. different kinds of circumstances are
recent trendy news in anywhere. Thus, vast amounts of text are produced within
moments therefore, in subcontinent areas the same as situation in other
countries and peoples opinion of text and situation also same but the language
is different. This article has proposed some specific inputs along with Bangla
text comments from individual sources which can assure the goal of illustration
that machine learning outcome capable of building an assistive system. Opinion
mining assistive system can be impactful in all language preferences possible.
To the best of our knowledge, the article predicted the Bangla input text on
COVID-19 issues proposed ML algorithms and deep learning models analysis also
check the future reachability with a comparative analysis. Comparative analysis
states a report on text prediction accuracy is 91% along with ML algorithms and
79% along with Deep Learning Models.


  We consider the prospects for natural SUSY models consistent with current
data. Recent constraints make the standard paradigm unnatural so we consider
what could be a minimal extension consistent with what we now know. The most
promising such scenarios extend the MSSM with new tree-level Higgs interactions
that can lift its mass to at least 125 GeV and also allow for flavor-dependent
soft terms so that the third generation squarks are lighter than current bounds
on the first and second generation squarks. We argue that a common feature of
almost all such models is the need for a new scale near 10 TeV, such as a scale
of Higgsing or confinement of a new gauge group. We consider the question
whether such a model can naturally derive from a single mass scale associated
with supersymmetry breaking. Most such models simply postulate new scales,
leaving their proximity to the scale of MSSM soft terms a mystery. This
coincidence problem may be thought of as a mild tuning, analogous to the usual
mu problem. We find that a single mass scale origin is challenging, but suggest
that a more natural origin for such a new dynamical scale is the gravitino
mass, m_{3/2}, in theories where the MSSM soft terms are a loop factor below
m_{3/2}. As an example, we build a variant of the NMSSM where the singlet S is
composite, and the strong dynamics leading to compositeness is triggered by
masses of order m_{3/2} for some fields. Our focus is the Higgs sector, but our
model is compatible with a light stop (with the other generation squarks heavy,
or with R-parity violation or another mechanism to hide them from current
searches). All the interesting low-energy mass scales, including linear terms
for S playing a key role in EWSB, arise dynamically from the single scale
m_{3/2}. However, numerical coefficients from RG effects and wavefunction
factors in an extra dimension complicate the otherwise simple story.


  For the spectral analysis of high-resolution and high-signal-to-noise spectra
of hot stars, state-of-the-art non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE)
model-atmospheres are mandatory. These are strongly dependent on the
reliability of the atomic data that is used for their calculation. In a recent
analysis of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of the DA-type white dwarf G191-B2B,
21 Zn IV lines were newly identified. Because of the lack of Zn IV data,
transition probabilities of the isoelectronic Ge VI were adapted for a first,
coarse determination of the photospheric Zn abundance.
  We performed new calculations of Zn IV and Zn V oscillator strengths to
consider their radiative and collisional bound-bound transitions in detail in
our NLTE stellar-atmosphere models for the analysis of the Zn IV - V spectrum
exhibited in high-resolution and high-S/N UV observations of G191-B2B and
RE0503-289.
  In the UV spectrum of G191-B2B, we identify 31 Zn IV and 16 Zn V lines. Most
of these are identified for the first time in any star. We can reproduce well
almost all of them at log Zn = -5.52 +/- 0.2 (mass fraction, about 1.7 times
solar). In particular, the Zn IV / Zn V ionization equilibrium, which is a very
sensitive indicator for the effective temperature, is well reproduced with the
previously determined Teff = 60000 +/- 2000 and log g = 7.60 +/- 0.05. In the
spectrum of RE0503-289, we identified 128 Zn V lines for the first time and
determined log Zn = -3.57 +/- 0.2 (155 times solar).
  Reliable measurements and calculations of atomic data are a pre-requisite for
stellar-atmosphere modeling. Observed Zn IV and Zn V line profiles in two white
dwarf (G191-B2B and RE0503-289) ultraviolet spectra were well reproduced with
our newly calculated oscillator strengths. This allowed us to determine the
photospheric Zn abundance of these two stars precisely.


  Large language models (LLMs) demonstrated transformative capabilities in many
applications that require automatically generating responses based on human
instruction. However, the major challenge for building LLMs, particularly in
Indic languages, is the availability of high-quality data for building
foundation LLMs. In this paper, we are proposing a large pre-train dataset in
Hindi useful for the Indic language Hindi. We have collected the data span
across several domains including major dialects in Hindi. The dataset contains
1.28 billion Hindi tokens. We have explained our pipeline including data
collection, pre-processing, and availability for LLM pre-training. The proposed
approach can be easily extended to other Indic and low-resource languages and
will be available freely for LLM pre-training and LLM research purposes.


  Two-ion crystals constitute a platform for investigations of quantum nature
that can be extended to any ion species or charged particle provided one of the
ions in the crystal can be directly laser-cooled and manipulated with laser
radiation. This paper presents the formation of two-ion crystals for quantum
metrology in a 7-tesla open-ring Penning trap. $^{40}$Ca$^+$ ions are produced
either internally by photoionization or externally in a (Paul-trap) source,
transported through the strong magnetic field gradient of the superconducting
solenoid, and captured in-flight with a mean kinetic energy of a few
electronvolts with respect to the minimum of the Penning-trap potential well.
Laser cooling of the two-ion crystal in a strong magnetic field towards
reaching the quantum regime is also presented with particular emphasis on the
cooling of the radial modes.


  Continuous families of solitons in generalized nonlinear Sch\"odinger
equations with non-PT-symmetric complex potentials are studied analytically.
Under a weak assumption, it is shown that stationary equations for solitons
admit a constant of motion if and only if the complex potential is of a special
form $g^2(x)+ig'(x)$, where $g(x)$ is an arbitrary real function. Using this
constant of motion, the second-order complex soliton equation is reduced to a
new second-order real equation for the amplitude of the soliton. From this real
soliton equation, a novel perturbation technique is employed to show that
continuous families of solitons always bifurcate out from linear discrete modes
in these non-PT-symmetric complex potentials. All analytical results are
corroborated by numerical examples.


  We present the stochastic solution to a generalized fractional partial
differential equation involving a regularized operator related to the so-called
Prabhakar operator and admitting, amongst others, as specific cases the
fractional diffusion equation and the fractional telegraph equation. The
stochastic solution is expressed as a L\'evy process time-changed with the
inverse process to a linear combination of (possibly subordinated) independent
stable subordinators of different indices. Furthermore a related SDE is derived
and discussed.