  In this paper, we compute the fundamental group of the complement of linear
torus curves of maximal contact and we show that it is isomorphic that of
generic linear torus curves.


  Inspired by the realignment or computable cross norm criterion, we present a
new result about the characterization of quantum entanglement. Precisely, an
interesting class of inequalities satisfied by all separable states of a
bipartite quantum system is derived. These inequalities induce new separability
criteria that generalize the realignment criterion.


  The two-channel Kondo lattice likely hosts a rich array of phases, including
hastatic order, a channel symmetry breaking heavy Fermi liquid. We revisit its
one-dimensional phase diagram using density matrix renormalization group and,
in contrast to previous work find algebraic hastatic orders generically for
stronger couplings. These are heavy Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids with
nonanalyticities at Fermi vectors captured by hastatic density waves. We also
find a predicted additional non-local order parameter due to interference
between hastatic spinors, not present at large-N; and residual repulsive
interactions at strong coupling suggesting non-Fermi-liquid physics in higher
dimensions.


  We show that in certain non-Abelian Born-Infeld-Higgs theories there are
monopole solutions obeying Bogomol'nyi-like equations in the Prasad-Sommerfield
limit. We also discuss the existence of instanton solution in an SU(2)
Born-Infeld theory.


  The detection of neutron(n)-capture elements in several planetary nebulae
(PNe) has provided a new means of investigating s-process nucleosynthesis in
low-mass stars. However, a lack of atomic data has inhibited accurate
trans-iron element abundance determinations in astrophysical nebulae. Recently,
photoionization and recombination data were determined for Se and Kr, the two
most widely detected n-capture elements in nebular spectra. We have
incorporated these new data into the photoionization code Cloudy. To test the
atomic data, numerical models were computed for 15 PNe that exhibit emission
lines from multiple Kr ions. We found systematic discrepancies between the
predicted and observed emission lines that are most likely caused by inaccurate
photoionization and recombination data. These discrepancies were removed by
adjusting the Kr$^+$--Kr$^{3+}$ photoionization cross sections within their
cited uncertainties and the dielectronic recombination rate coefficients by
slightly larger amounts. From grids of models spanning the physical conditions
encountered in PNe, we derive new, broadly applicable ionization correction
factor (ICF) formulae for calculating Se and Kr elemental abundances. The ICFs
were applied to our previous survey of near-infrared [Kr III] and [Se IV]
emission lines in 120 PNe. The revised Se and Kr abundances are 0.1-0.3 dex
lower than former estimates, with average values of [Se/(O, Ar)]=0.12$\pm$0.27
and [Kr/(O, Ar)]=0.82$\pm$0.29, but correlations previously found between their
abundances and other nebular and stellar properties are unaffected. We also
find a tendency for high-velocity PNe that can be associated with the Galactic
thick disk to exhibit larger s-process enrichments than low-velocity PNe
belonging to the thin disk population.


  Supplier selection and order allocation (SSOA) are key strategic decisions in
supply chain management which greatly impact the performance of the supply
chain. Although, the SSOA problem has been studied extensively but less
attention paid to scalability presents a significant gap preventing adoption of
SSOA algorithms by industrial practitioners. This paper presents a novel
multi-item, multi-supplier double order allocations with dual-sourcing and
penalty constraints across two-tiers of a supply chain, resulting in
cooperation and in facilitating supplier preferences to work with other
suppliers through bidding. We propose Mixed-Integer Programming models for
allocations at individual-tiers as well as an integrated allocations. An
application to a real-time large-scale case study of a manufacturing company is
presented, which is the largest scale studied in terms of supply chain size and
number of variables so far in literature. The use case allows us to highlight
how problem formulation and implementation can help reduce computational
complexity using Mathematical Programming (MP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)
approaches. The results show an interesting observation that MP outperforms GA
to solve SSOA. Sensitivity analysis is presented for sourcing strategy, penalty
threshold and penalty factor. The developed model was successfully deployed in
a large international sourcing conference with multiple bidding rounds, which
helped in more than 10% procurement cost reductions to the manufacturing
company.


  The Gamma-Gamma (GG) distribution has recently attracted the interest within
the research community due to its involvement in various communication systems.
In the context of RF wireless communications, GG distribution accurately models
the power statistics in composite shadowing/fading channels as well as in
cascade multipath fading channels, while in optical wireless (OW) systems, it
describes the fluctuations of the irradiance of optical signals distorted by
atmospheric turbulence. Although GG channel model offers analytical
tractability in the analysis of single input single output (SISO) wireless
systems, difficulties arise when studying multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
systems, where the distribution of the sum of independent GG variates is
required. In this paper, we present a novel simple closed-form approximation
for the distribution of the sum of independent, but not necessarily identically
distributed GG variates. It is shown that the probability density function
(PDF) of the GG sum can be efficiently approximated either by the PDF of a
single GG distribution, or by a finite weighted sum of PDFs of GG
distributions. To reveal the importance of the proposed approximation, the
performance of RF wireless systems in the presence of composite fading, as well
as MIMO OW systems impaired by atmospheric turbulence, are investigated.
Numerical results and simulations illustrate the accuracy of the proposed
approach.


  We use Hopf algebroids to formulate a notion of a noncommutative and
non-cocommutative Hopf 2-algebra. We show how these arise from a bicrossproduct
Hopf algebra with Peiffer identities. In particular, we show that for a Hopf
algebra $H$ with bijective antipode, the mirror bicrossproduct Hopf algebra
$H\triangleright\!\!\!\blacktriangleleft H_{cop}$ is a Hopf 2-algebra. We apply
the theorem on Sweedler's Hopf algebra as an example.


  Clifford algebras are naturally associated with quadratic forms. These
algebras are Z_2-graded by construction. However, only a Z_n-gradation induced
by a choice of a basis, or even better, by a Chevalley vector space isomorphism
Cl(V) <-> \bigwedge V and an ordering, guarantees a multi-vector decomposition
into scalars, vectors, tensors, and so on, mandatory in physics. We show that
the Chevalley isomorphism theorem cannot be generalized to algebras if the
Z_n-grading or other structures are added, e.g., a linear form. We work with
pairs consisting of a Clifford algebra and a linear form or a Z_n-grading which
we now call 'Clifford algebras of multi-vectors' or 'quantum Clifford
algebras'. It turns out, that in this sense, all multi-vector Clifford algebras
of the same quadratic but different bilinear forms are non-isomorphic. The
usefulness of such algebras in quantum field theory and superconductivity was
shown elsewhere. Allowing for arbitrary bilinear forms however spoils their
diagonalizability which has a considerable effect on the tensor decomposition
of the Clifford algebras governed by the periodicity theorems, including the
Atiyah-Bott-Shapiro mod 8 periodicity. We consider real algebras Cl_{p,q} which
can be decomposed in the symmetric case into a tensor product Cl_{p-1,q-1}
\otimes Cl_{1,1}. The general case used in quantum field theory lacks this
feature. Theories with non-symmetric bilinear forms are however needed in the
analysis of multi-particle states in interacting theories. A connection to
q-deformed structures through nontrivial vacuum states in quantum theories is
outlined.


  Electromagnetic Casimir stresses are of relevance to many technologies based
on mesoscopic devices such as MEMS embedded in dielectric media, Casimir
induced friction in nano-machinery, micro-fluidics and molecular electronics.
Computation of such stresses based on cavity QED generally require numerical
analysis based on a regularization process. A new scheme is described that has
the potential for wide applicability to systems involving realistic
inhomogeneous media. From a knowledge of the spectrum of the stationary modes
of the electromagnetic field the scheme is illustrated by estimating
numerically the Casimir stress on opposite faces of a pair of perfectly
conducting planes separated by a vacuum and the change in this result when the
region between the plates is filled with an incompressible inhomogeneous
non-dispersive dielectric.


  We propose a natural discretisation scheme for classical projective minimal
surfaces. We follow the classical geometric characterisation and classification
of projective minimal surfaces and introduce at each step canonical discrete
models of the associated geometric notions and objects. Thus, we introduce
discrete analogues of classical Lie quadrics and their envelopes and classify
discrete projective minimal surfaces according to the cardinality of the class
of envelopes. This leads to discrete versions of Godeaux-Rozet, Demoulin and
Tzitzeica surfaces. The latter class of surfaces requires the introduction of
certain discrete line congruences which may also be employed in the
classification of discrete projective minimal surfaces. The classification
scheme is based on the notion of discrete surfaces which are in asymptotic
correspondence. In this context, we set down a discrete analogue of a classical
theorem which states that an envelope (of the Lie quadrics) of a surface is in
asymptotic correspondence with the surface if and only if the surface is either
projective minimal or a Q surface. Accordingly, we present a geometric
definition of discrete Q surfaces and their relatives, namely discrete
counterparts of classical semi-Q, complex, doubly Q and doubly complex
surfaces.


  Radial velocity observations of stars are entering the sub-m/s domain
revealing fundamental barriers for Doppler precision experiments. Observations
of the Sun as a star can easily overcome the m/s photon limit but face other
obstacles. We introduce the G\"ottingen Solar Radial Velocity Project with the
goal to obtain high precision (cm/s) radial velocity measurements of the Sun as
a star with a Fourier Transform Spectrograph. In this first paper, we present
the project and first results. The photon limit of our 2 min observations is at
the 2 cm/s level but currently limited by strong instrumental systematics. A
drift of a few m/s per h is visible in all observing days probably caused by
vignetting of the solar disk in our fiber coupled setup, and imperfections of
our guiding system adds further offsets in our data. Binning the data into 30
min groups shows m/s stability after correcting for a daily and linear
instrumental trend. Our results show the potential of Sun-as-a-star radial
velocity measurements that can possibly be achieved after a substantial upgrade
of our spectrograph coupling strategy. Sun-as-a-star observations can provide
crucial empirical information about the radial velocity signal of convective
motion and stellar activity, and on the wavelength dependence of radial
velocity signals caused by stellar line profile variations.


  We consider online learning in multi-player smooth monotone games. Existing
algorithms have limitations such as (1) being only applicable to strongly
monotone games; (2) lacking the no-regret guarantee; (3) having only asymptotic
or slow $O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}})$ last-iterate convergence rate to a Nash
equilibrium. While the $O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}})$ rate is tight for a large class
of algorithms including the well-studied extragradient algorithm and optimistic
gradient algorithm, it is not optimal for all gradient-based algorithms.
  We propose the accelerated optimistic gradient (AOG) algorithm, the first
doubly optimal no-regret learning algorithm for smooth monotone games. Namely,
our algorithm achieves both (i) the optimal $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret in the
adversarial setting under smooth and convex loss functions and (ii) the optimal
$O(\frac{1}{T})$ last-iterate convergence rate to a Nash equilibrium in
multi-player smooth monotone games. As a byproduct of the accelerated
last-iterate convergence rate, we further show that each player suffers only an
$O(\log T)$ individual worst-case dynamic regret, providing an exponential
improvement over the previous state-of-the-art $O(\sqrt{T})$ bound.


  We report a multisite photometric campaign for the Beta Cephei star 12
Lacertae. 750 hours of high-quality differential photoelectric Stromgren,
Johnson and Geneva time-series photometry were obtained with 9 telescopes
during 190 nights. Our frequency analysis results in the detection of 23
sinusoidal signals in the light curves. Eleven of those correspond to
independent pulsation modes, and the remainder are combination frequencies. We
find some slow aperiodic variability such as that seemingly present in several
Beta Cephei stars. We perform mode identification from our colour photometry,
derive the spherical degree l for the five strongest modes unambiguously and
provide constraints on l for the weaker modes. We find a mixture of modes of 0
<= l <= 4. In particular, we prove that the previously suspected rotationally
split triplet within the modes of 12 Lac consists of modes of different l;
their equal frequency splitting must thus be accidental.
  One of the periodic signals we detected in the light curves is argued to be a
linearly stable mode excited to visible amplitude by nonlinear mode coupling
via a 2:1 resonance. We also find a low-frequency signal in the light
variations whose physical nature is unclear; it could be a parent or daughter
mode resonantly coupled. The remaining combination frequencies are consistent
with simple light-curve distortions.
  The range of excited pulsation frequencies of 12 Lac may be sufficiently
large that it cannot be reproduced by standard models. We suspect that the star
has a larger metal abundance in the pulsational driving zone, a hypothesis also
capable of explaining the presence of Beta Cephei stars in the LMC.


  We consider the possibility of using the hierarchical approximation to
understand the continuum limit of a reformulation of the 3D Ising model
initiated by Polyakov. We introduce several new formulations of the
hierarchical model using dual or fermionic variables. We discuss several
aspects of the renormalization group transformation in terms of these new
variables. We mention a reformulation of the model closely related to string
models proposed by Zabrodin.


  We derive the properties of dusty tori in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) from
the comparison of observed Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of SDSS quasars
and a precomputed grid of torus models. The observed SEDs comprise SDSS
photometry, 2MASS J, H, and K data, whenever available and mid-Infrared (MIR)
data from the Spitzer Wide-area InfraRed Extragalactic (SWIRE) Survey. The
adopted model is that of Fritz et al., 2006. The fit is performed by standard
chi^2 minimisation, the model however can be multi-component comprising a
stellar and a starburst components, whenever necessary. Models with low
equatorial optical depth, tau_9.7, were allowed as well as ``traditional''
models with tau_9.7 > 1.0, corresponding to A_V > 22 and the results were
compared. Fits using high optical depth tori models only produced dust more
compactly distributed than in the configuration where all tau_9.7 models were
permitted. Tori with decreasing dust density with the distance from the centre
were favoured while there was no clear preference for models with or without
angular variation of the dust density. The computed outer radii of the tori are
of some tens of parsecs large but can reach, in a few cases, a few hundreds of
parsecs. The mass of dust, M_Dust, and infrared luminosity, L_IR, integrated in
the wavelength range between 1 and 1000 micron, do not show significant
variations with redshift, once the observational biases are taken into account.
Objects with 70 micron detections, representing 25% of the sample, are studied
separately and the starburst contribution (whenever present) to the IR
luminosity can reach, in the most extreme but very few cases, 80%.


  Multi-label learning (MLL) requires comprehensive multi-semantic annotations
that is hard to fully obtain, thus often resulting in missing labels scenarios.
In this paper, we investigate Single Positive Multi-label Learning (SPML),
where each image is associated with merely one positive label. Existing SPML
methods only focus on designing losses using mechanisms such as hard
pseudo-labeling and robust losses, mostly leading to unacceptable false
negatives. To address this issue, we first propose a generalized loss framework
based on expected risk minimization to provide soft pseudo labels, and point
out that the former losses can be seamlessly converted into our framework. In
particular, we design a novel robust loss based on our framework, which enjoys
flexible coordination between false positives and false negatives, and can
additionally deal with the imbalance between positive and negative samples.
Extensive experiments show that our approach can significantly improve SPML
performance and outperform the vast majority of state-of-the-art methods on all
the four benchmarks.


  Small oscillations evolved a great deal from Klein to Robinson. We propose a
concept of solution of differential equation based on Euler's method with
infinitesimal mesh, with well-posedness based on a relation of adequality
following Fermat and Leibniz. The result is that the period of infinitesimal
oscillations is independent of their amplitude.
  Keywords: harmonic motion; infinitesimal; pendulum; small oscillations


  While there has been a significant amount of work studying gradient descent
techniques for non-convex optimization problems over the last few years, all
existing results establish either local convergence with good rates or global
convergence with highly suboptimal rates, for many problems of interest. In
this paper, we take the first step in getting the best of both worlds --
establishing global convergence and obtaining a good rate of convergence for
the problem of computing squareroot of a positive definite (PD) matrix, which
is a widely studied problem in numerical linear algebra with applications in
machine learning and statistics among others. Given a PD matrix $M$ and a PD
starting point $U_0$, we show that gradient descent with appropriately chosen
step-size finds an $\epsilon$-accurate squareroot of $M$ in $O(\alpha \log
(\|M-U_0^2\|_F /\epsilon))$ iterations, where $\alpha =
(\max\{\|U_0\|_2^2,\|M\|_2\} / \min \{\sigma_{\min}^2(U_0),\sigma_{\min}(M) \}
)^{3/2}$. Our result is the first to establish global convergence for this
problem and that it is robust to errors in each iteration. A key contribution
of our work is the general proof technique which we believe should further
excite research in understanding deterministic and stochastic variants of
simple non-convex gradient descent algorithms with good global convergence
rates for other problems in machine learning and numerical linear algebra.


  We study numerically the memory which forgets, introduced in 1986 by Parisi
by bounding the synaptic strength, with a mechanism which avoid confusion,
allows to remember the pattern learned more recently and has a physiologically
very well defined meaning. We analyze a number of features of the learning at
finite number of neurons and finite number of patterns. We discuss how the
system behaves in the large but finite N limit. We analyze the basin of
attraction of the patterns that have been learned, and we show that it is
exponentially small in the age of the pattern. This is a clearly non
physiological feature of the model.


  The 'thin-wall approximation' gives a simple estimate of the decay rate of an
unstable quantum field. Unfortunately, the approximation is uncontrolled. In
this paper I show that there are actually two different thin-wall
approximations and that they bracket the true decay rate: I prove that one is
an upper bound and the other a lower bound. In the thin-wall limit, the two
approximations converge. In the presence of gravity, a generalization of this
lemma provides a simple sufficient condition for non-perturbative vacuum
instability.


  Here we report successful growth of mm scale single crystals of
stoichiometric FeSc2S4. Single crystal X-ray diffraction yields a cubic
structure, spacegroup Fd-3m, with a=10.5097(2) angstroms at T=110(2) K
consistent with previous literature on polycrystallin samples. Models fit to
the data reveal no detectable antisite mixing or deviations from the ideal
stoichiometry. Heat capacity and dc magnetization measurements on the single
crystals match those of high quality powder specimens. The novel traveling
solvent growth method presented in this work opens the door to studies
requiring sizable single crystals of the candidate spin-orbital liquid FeSc2S4.


  I will describe recent results from the HPQCD collaboration using a new very
accurate method for charm quarks in lattice QCD, that we have used in
calculations including the full effect of u, d and s sea quarks. Multiple
values of the lattice spacing and of the u, d and s sea quark masses allow us
to extrapolate reliably, with a full error budget, to the real world. This
opens up the field of charm physics to precision lattice QCD tests. So far we
have calculated the D and D_s meson masses to 6 MeV, having fixed the charm
quark mass from the eta_c meson. Our D and D_s decay constants (determined to
2%) make an interesting comparison to CLEO-c results as we await improved
experimental errors. We are also able to determine the charm quark mass to an
accuracy of 1% using charmonium correlators and high-order continuum QCD
perturbation theory. Future calculations are briefly discussed.


  We present a tight-binding theory of triangular graphene quantum dots (TGQD)
with zigzag edge and broken sublattice symmetry in external magnetic field. The
lateral size quantization opens an energy gap and broken sublattice symmetry
results in a shell of degenerate states at the Fermi level. We derive a
semi-analytical form for zero-energy states in a magnetic field and show that
the shell remains degenerate in a magnetic field, in analogy to the 0th Landau
level of bulk graphene. The magnetic field closes the energy gap and leads to
the crossing of valence and conduction states with the zero-energy states,
modulating the degeneracy of the shell. The closing of the gap with increasing
magnetic field is present in all graphene quantum dot structures investigated
irrespective of shape and edge termination.


  This paper presents a fast high-order method for the solution of
two-dimensional problems of scattering by penetrable inhomogeneous media, with
application to high-frequency configurations containing (possibly)
discontinuous refractivities. The method relies on a hybrid direct/iterative
combination of 1)~A differential volumetric formulation (which is based on the
use of appropriate Chebyshev differentiation matrices enacting the Laplace
operator) and, 2)~A second-kind boundary integral formulation. The approach
enjoys low dispersion and high-order accuracy for smooth refractivities, as
well as second-order accuracy (while maintaining low dispersion) in the
discontinuous refractivity case. The solution approach proceeds by application
of Impedance-to-Impedance (ItI) maps to couple the volumetric and boundary
discretizations. The volumetric linear algebra solutions are obtained by means
of a multifrontal solver, and the coupling with the boundary integral
formulation is achieved via an application of the iterative linear-algebra
solver GMRES. In particular, the existence and uniqueness theory presented in
the present paper provides an affirmative answer to an open question concerning
the existence of a uniquely solvable second-kind ItI-based formulation for the
overall scattering problem under consideration. Relying on a modestly-demanding
scatterer-dependent precomputation stage (requiring in practice a computing
cost of the order of $O(N^{\alpha})$ operations, with $\alpha \approx 1.07$,
for an $N$-point discretization), together with fast ($O(N)$-cost) single-core
runs for each incident field considered, the proposed algorithm can effectively
solve scattering problems for large and complex objects possibly containing
strong refractivity contrasts and discontinuities.


  The gluing formula of the zeta-determinant of a Laplacian given by Burghelea,
Friedlander and Kappeler contains an unknown constant. In this paper we compute
this constant to complete the formula under the assumption of the product
structure near boundary. As applications of this result,we prove the adiabatic
decomposition theorems of the zeta-determinant of a Laplacian with respect to
the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions and of the analytic torsion with
respect to the absolute and relative boundary conditions.


  In this paper, we study the problem of computing the effective diffusivity
for particles moving in chaotic flows. Instead of solving a
convection-diffusion type cell problem in the Eulerian formulation (arising
from homogenization theory for parabolic equations), we compute the motion of
particles in the Lagrangian formulation, which is modeled by stochastic
differential equations (SDEs). A robust numerical integrator based on a
splitting method was proposed to solve the SDEs and a rigorous error analysis
for the numerical integrator was provided using the backward error analysis
(BEA) technique [35]. However, the upper bound in the error estimate is not
sharp. To improve our result, we propose a new and uniform in time error
analysis for the numerical integrator that allows us to get rid of the
exponential growth factor in our previous error estimate. Our new error
analysis is based on a probabilistic approach, which interprets the solution
process generated by our numerical integrator as a Markov process. By exploring
the ergodicity of the solution process, we prove the convergence analysis of
our method in computing effective diffusivity over infinite time. We present
numerical results to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method
in computing effective diffusivity for several chaotic flows, especially the
Arnold-Beltrami-Childress (ABC) flow and Kolmogorov flow in three-dimensional
space.


  The statistical properties of local alignment algorithms with gaps are
analyzed theoretically for uncorrelated and correlated DNA sequences. In the
vicinity of the log-linear phase transition, the statistics of alignment with
gaps is shown to be characteristically different from that of gapless
alignment. The optimal scores obtained for uncorrelated sequences obey certain
robust scaling laws. Deviation from these scaling laws signals sequence
homology, and can be used to guide the empirical selection of scoring
parameters for the optimal detection of sequence similarities. This can be
accomplished in a computationally efficient way by using a novel approach
focusing on the score landscape. Furthermore, by assuming a few gross features
characterizing the statistics of underlying sequence-sequence correlations,
quantitative criteria are obtained for the choice of optimal scoring
parameters: Optimal similarity detection is most likely to occur in a region
close to the log side of the log-linear phase transition.


  We describe a systematic approach to generating approximate actions for the
lattice simulation of QCD. Three different tuning conditions are defined to
match approximate with true actions, and it is shown that these three
conditions become equivalent when the approximate and true actions are
sufficiently close. We present a detailed study of approximate actions in the
lattice Schwinger model together with an exploratory study of full QCD at
unphysical parameter values. We find that the technicalities of the approximate
action approach work quite well. However, very delicate tuning is necessary to
find an approximate action which gives good predictions for all physical
observables. Our best view of the immediate applicability of the methods we
describe is to allow high statistics studies of particular physical observables
after a low statistics full fermion simulation has been used to prepare the
stage.


  Hybrid superconductor/semiconductor devices constitute a powerful platform to
investigate the emergence of new topological state of matter. Among all
possible semiconductor materials, InAs represents a promising choice, owing to
its high quality, large g-factor and spin-orbit component. Here, we report on
InAs-based devices both in one-dimensional and two-dimensional configurations.
In the former, low-temperature measurements on a suspended nanowire are
presented, inspecting the intrinsic spin-orbit contribution of the system. In
the latter, Josephson Junctions between two Nb contacts comprising an InAs
quantum well are investigated. Supercurrent flow is reported, with Nb critical
temperature up to T_c~8K. Multiple Andreev reflection signals are observed in
the dissipative regime. In both systems, we show that the presence of external
gates represents a useful knob, allowing for wide tunability and control of
device properties, such as spin-orbit coherence length or supercurrent
amplitude.


  Partial differential equation is a powerful tool to characterize various
physics systems. In practice, measurement errors are often present and
probability models are employed to account for such uncertainties. In this
paper, we present a Monte Carlo scheme that yields unbiased estimators for
expectations of random elliptic partial differential equations. This algorithm
combines multilevel Monte Carlo [Giles, 2008] and a randomization scheme
proposed by [Rhee and Glynn, 2012, Rhee and Glynn, 2013]. Furthermore, to
obtain an estimator with both finite variance and finite expected computational
cost, we employ higher order approximations.


  While large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities, they often
present challenges in terms of safety, alignment with human values, and
stability during training. Here, we focus on two prevalent methods used to
align these models, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning
from Human Feedback (RLHF). SFT is simple and robust, powering a host of
open-source models, while RLHF is a more sophisticated method used in top-tier
models like ChatGPT but also suffers from instability and susceptibility to
reward hacking. We propose a novel approach, Supervised Iterative Learning from
Human Feedback (SuperHF), which seeks to leverage the strengths of both
methods. Our hypothesis is two-fold: that the reward model used in RLHF is
critical for efficient data use and model generalization and that the use of
Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) in RLHF may not be necessary and could
contribute to instability issues. SuperHF replaces PPO with a simple supervised
loss and a Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence prior. It creates its own training
data by repeatedly sampling a batch of model outputs and filtering them through
the reward model in an online learning regime. We then break down the reward
optimization problem into three components: robustly optimizing the training
rewards themselves, preventing reward hacking-exploitation of the reward model
that degrades model performance-as measured by a novel METEOR similarity
metric, and maintaining good performance on downstream evaluations. Our
experimental results show SuperHF exceeds PPO-based RLHF on the training
objective, easily and favorably trades off high reward with low reward hacking,
improves downstream calibration, and performs the same on our GPT-4 based
qualitative evaluation scheme all the while being significantly simpler to
implement, highlighting SuperHF's potential as a competitive language model
alignment technique.


  Neural networks are powerful tools in various applications, and quantifying
their uncertainty is crucial for reliable decision-making. In the deep learning
field, the uncertainties are usually categorized into aleatoric (data) and
epistemic (model) uncertainty. In this paper, we point out that the existing
popular variance attenuation method highly overestimates aleatoric uncertainty.
To address this issue, we propose a new estimation method by actively
de-noising the observed data. By conducting a broad range of experiments, we
demonstrate that our proposed approach provides a much closer approximation to
the actual data uncertainty than the standard method.


  Integrable cut-off constraints for semidiscrete Toda lattice are studied in
this paper. Lax presentation for semidiscrete analog of the $C$-series Toda
lattice is obtained. Nonlocal variables that allow to express symmetries of the
infinite semidiscrete lattice are introduced and cut-off constraints or a
certain type compatible with symmetries of the infinite lattice are classified.


  Let $G$ be a reductive algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of
positive characteristic, $G_1$ the Frobenius kernel of $G$, and $T$ a maximal
torus of $G$. We show that the $G_1T$-Verma modules of singular highest weights
are all rigid, determine their Loewy length, and describe their Loewy structure
using the periodic Kazhdan-Lusztig $Q$-polynomials. We assume that the
characteristic of the field is large enough that, in particular, Lusztig's
conjecture for the irreducible $G_1T$-characters hold.


  This paper presents a novel approach to accurately classify the hallmarks of
cancer, which is a crucial task in cancer research. Our proposed method
utilizes the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)
architecture, which has shown exceptional performance in various downstream
applications. By applying transfer learning, we fine-tuned the pre-trained BERT
model on a small corpus of biomedical text documents related to cancer. The
outcomes of our experimental investigations demonstrate that our approach
attains a noteworthy accuracy of 94.45%, surpassing almost all prior findings
with a substantial increase of at least 8.04% as reported in the literature.
These findings highlight the effectiveness of our proposed model in accurately
classifying and comprehending text documents for cancer research, thus
contributing significantly to the field. As cancer remains one of the top ten
leading causes of death globally, our approach holds great promise in advancing
cancer research and improving patient outcomes.


  In recent work of the authors, it was shown how to use any finite quantum
stop time to stop the CCR flow and its strongly continuous isometric cocycles
(Q. J. Math. 65:1145-1164, 2014). The stopped cocycle was shown to satisfy a
stopped form of the cocycle identity, valid for deterministic increments of the
time used for stopping. Here, a generalisation of this identity is obtained,
where both cocycle parameters are replaced with finite quantum stop times.


  We reexamine the proofs of isospectrality of the counterexample domains to
Kac' question `Can one hear the shape of a drum?' from an analytical viewpoint.
We reformulate isospectrality in a more abstract setting as the existence of a
similarity transform intertwining two operators associated with elliptic forms,
and give several equivalent characterizations of this property as intertwining
the forms and form domains, the associated operators and operator domains, and
the semigroups they generate. On a representative pair of counterexample
domains, we use these criteria to show that the similarity transform
intertwines not only the Laplacians with Neumann (or Dirichlet) boundary
conditions but also any two appropriately defined elliptic operators on these
domains, even if they are not self-adjoint. However, no such transform can
intertwine these operators if Robin boundary conditions are imposed instead of
Neumann or Dirichlet. We also remark on various operator-theoretic properties
of such intertwining similarity transforms.


  Adaptive control strategies usually are designed based on gradient methods
for the sake of simplicity in Lyapunov analysis. However, least squares
(LS)-based parameter identifiers, with proper selection of design parameters,
exhibit better transient performance than the gradient-based ones, from the
aspects of convergence speed and robustness to measurement noise. On the other
hand, most of the LS-based adaptive control procedures are designed via the
indirect adaptive control approaches, due to the difficulty in integrating an
LS-based adaptive law within the direct approaches starting with a certain
Lyapunov-like cost function to be driven to (a neighborhood of) zero. In this
paper, a formal constructive analysis framework is proposed to integrate the
recursive LS-based parameter identification with direct adaptive control. To
this end, a Lyapunov-like function is proposed for the analysis to achieve
adaptive laws, which guarantee the exponential convergence of the parameters.
Application of the proposed procedure in adaptive cruise control design is
studied through Matlab/Simulink and CarSim simulations, validating the
analytical results.


  We report a new approach for the design and fabrication of thin wave plates
with high transmission in the terahertz (THz) regime. The wave plates are based
on strongly birefringent cut-wire pair metamaterials that exhibit refractive
indices of opposite signs for two orthogonal polarization components of an
incident wave. As specific examples, we fabricated and investigated a quarter-
and a half-wave plate that revealed a peak intensity transmittance of 74% and
58% at 1.34 THz and 1.3 THz, respectively. Furthermore, the half wave plate
displayed a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 23 at 1.3 THz where the refractive
index was -1.7. This corresponds to one of the highest FOMs reported at THz
frequencies so far. The presented results evidence that negative index
materials enter an application stage in terms of optical components for the THz
technology.


  Here we report a method for visualization of volumetric structural
information of live biological samples with no exogenous contrast agents. The
process is made possible through a technique that involves generation,
synthesis and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) Fourier components of light
diffracted by the sample. This leads to the direct recovery of quantitative
cellular morphology with no iterative procedures for reduced computational
complexity. Combing with the fact that the technique is easily adaptive to any
imaging platform and requires minimum sample preparation, our proposed method
is particularly promising for observing fast, volumetric and dynamic events
previously only accessible through staining methods.


  There is a compelling necessity from enterprises for fine tuning LLMs (Large
Language Models) o get them trained on proprietary domain knowledge. The
challenge is to imbibe the LLMs with domain specific knowledge using the most
optimial resource and cost and in the best possible time. Many enterprises rely
on RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) which does not need LLMs to be
ine-tuned but they are limited by the quality of vector databases and their
retrieval capabilities rather than the intrinsic capabilities of the LLMs
themselves. In our current work we focus on fine tuning LLaMA, an open source
LLM using proprietary documents and code from an enterprise repository and use
the fine tuned models to evaluate the quality of responses. As part of this
work, we aim to guide beginners on how to start with fine tuning an LLM for
documentation and code by making educated guesses on size of GPU required and
options that are available for formatting the data. We also propose pre
processing recipes for both documentation and code to prepare dataset in
different formats. The proposed methods of data preparation for document
datasets are forming paragraph chunks, forming question and answer pairs and
forming keyword and paragraph chunk pairs. For code dataset we propose forming
summary and function pairs. Further, we qualitatively evaluate the results of
the models for domain specific queries. Finally, we also propose practical
guidelines and recommendations for fine tuning LLMs.


  In sight of fundamental thermal limits on further substantial performance
improvements of modern digital computational processing units, wave-based
analog computation is becoming an enticing alternative. A wave, as it
propagates through a carefully tailored medium, performs the desired
computational operation. Yet, the necessary designs are so intricate that
experimental demonstrations will necessitate further technological advances.
Here, we show that, counterintuitively, the carefully tailored medium can be
replaced with a random medium, subject to an appropriate shaping of the
incident wave front. Using tunable metasurface reflect-arrays, we demonstrate
our concept experimentally in a chaotic microwave cavity. We conclude that
off-the-shelf wireless communication infrastructure in combination with a
simple reflect-array suffices to perform analog computation with Wi-Fi waves
reverberating in a room.


  Inspired by direct and indirect maximal center gauge methods which confirm
the existence of vortices in lattice calculations and by using the connection
formalism, we show that under some appropriate gauge transformations vortices
and chains appear in the QCD vacuum of the continuum limit. In the direct
method, by applying center gauge transformation and \textquotedblleft center
projection,\textquotedblright QCD is reduced to a gauge theory including
vortices, which corresponds to the non-trivial first homotopy group
$\Pi_1\left( \text{SO}(3)\right) =Z_2.$ On the other hand, using the indirect
method, in addition to the center gauge transformation and \textquotedblleft
center projection,\textquotedblright an initial step called Abelian gauge
transformation and then Abelian projection are applied. Therefore, instead of
single vortices, chains that contain monopoles and vortices appear in the
theory.


  In a recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 108}, 136401 (2012)] we have
addressed the problem of a Luttinger liquid with a scatterer that allows for
both coherent and incoherent scattering channels. We have found that the
physics associated with this model is qualitatively different from the elastic
impurity setup analyzed by Kane and Fisher, and from the inelastic scattering
scenario studied by Furusaki and Matveev, thus proposing a new paradigmatic
picture of Luttinger liquid with an impurity. Here we present an extensive
study of the renormalization group flows for this problem, the fixed point
landscape, and scaling near those fixed points. Our analysis is
non-perturbative in the elastic tunneling amplitudes, employing an instanton
calculation in one or two of the available elastic tunneling channels. Our
analysis accounts for non-trivial Klein factors, which represent anyonic or
fermionic statistics. These Klein factors need to be taken into account due to
the fact that higher order tunneling processes take place. In particular we
find a stable fixed point, where an incoming current is split ${1 \over 2}$ -
$1\over 2$ between a forward and a backward scattered beams. This intermediate
fixed point, between complete backscattering and full forward scattering, is
stable for the Luttinger parameter $g<1$.


  The GJ 581 system has been amply studied since its discovery in 2005: the
number of known planets in the system has increased and their orbital
parameters are among the most precisely determined for radial velocity detected
exoplanets. We have acquired MOST space-based photometry during 2007 and 2009,
with the aims of measuring the stellar variability and searching for transits
of GJ 581e, respectively. We quantify our sensitivity to shallow transit
signals using Monte Carlo simulations, and perform a transit search within the
3$\sigma$ transit windows corresponding to both the circular and Keplerian
orbit ephemerides. Our analysis rules out transits for a planet with an orbital
period of 3.15 days (GJ 581 e) having a radius larger than 1.62 $R_{\oplus}$
(or a density lower than 2.39 g cm$^{-3}$ for an orbital inclination of
90$^{\circ}$) to 2$\sigma$ confidence. Thus, if the planet transits, we can
exclude hydrogen, helium and water theoretical model compositions. The MOST
photometry also allows us to rule out transits of GJ 581b within the Keplerian
orbit-derived transit window for impact parameter values smaller than $\sim$0.4
and confirm previous results which exclude transits for this planet within the
circular orbit-derived transit window, for all plausible interior compositions.
We find that the stellar brightness of GJ 581 is stable to within 1%, a
characteristic which is favourable to the development of life in the habitable
zone of the system. In the 2009 photometry, we detect a stellar signal with a
period of 5.586 $\pm$ 0.051 days, which is close to the orbital period of GJ
581b ($P=$5.37 days). However, further monitoring of the system is necessary to
verify the nature of this variation.


  In this paper we prove a theorem concerning lamination limits of sequences of
compact disks $M_n$ embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ with constant mean curvature
$H_n$, when the boundaries of these disks tend to infinity. This theorem
generalizes to the non-zero constant mean curvature case Theorem 0.1 by Colding
and Minicozzi in [8]. We apply this theorem to prove the existence of a chord
arc result for compact disks embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ with constant mean
curvature; this chord arc result generalizes Theorem 0.5 by Colding and
Minicozzi in [9] for minimal disks.


  We show that we can reproduce all the features of bottomonium suppression in
both proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies in a
comover-interaction picture. For each collisions system, we use the measured
{\it relative} suppression of the excited $\Upsilon$(2S) and $\Upsilon$(3S)
states to $\Upsilon$(1S) by ATLAS and CMS to parametrise the scattering cross
sections of all $S$- and $P$-wave bottomonia with the comoving particles
created during the collisions. In addition to a single nonpertubative
parameter, these cross sections depend on the momentum distribution of these
comovers which we found to be the same for proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus
collisions as well as for partonic and hadronic comovers. Moreover, we can also
reproduce the {\it absolute} suppresion rates measured by ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and
LHCb when the nuclear modifications of the parton densities are taken into
account.


  The Dirac theory in the Euclidean Taub-NUT space gives rise to a large
collection of conserved operators associated to genuine or hidden symmetries.
They are involved in interesting algebraic structures as dynamical algebras or
even infinite-dimensional algebras or superalgebras. One presents here the
infinite-dimensional superalgebra specific to the Dirac theory in manifolds
carrying the Gross-Perry-Sorkin monopole. It is shown that there exists an
infinite-dimensional superalgebra that can be seen as a twisted loop
superalgebra.


  Soft drop has been shown to reduce hadronisation effects at $e^+e^-$
colliders for the thrust event shape. In this context, we perform fits of the
strong coupling constant for the soft-drop thrust distribution at NLO+NLL
accuracy to pseudo data generated by the \textsf{Sherpa}~event generator. In
particular, we focus on the impact of hadronisation corrections, which we
estimate both with an analytical model and a Monte-Carlo based one, on the
fitted value of $\alpha_s(m_Z)$. We find that grooming can reduce the size of
the shift in the fitted value of $\alpha_s$ due to hadronisation. In addition,
we also explore the possibility of extending the fitting range down to
significantly lower values of (one minus) thrust. Here, soft drop is shown to
play a crucial role, allowing us to maintain good fit qualities and stable
values of the fitted strong coupling. The results of these studies show that
soft-drop thrust is a promising candidate for fitting $\alpha_s$ at $e^+ e^-$
colliders with reduced impact of hadronisation effects.


  Research into automated systems for detecting and classifying marine mammals
in acoustic recordings is expanding internationally due to the necessity to
analyze large collections of data for conservation purposes. In this work, we
present a Convolutional Neural Network that is capable of classifying the
vocalizations of three species of whales, non-biological sources of noise, and
a fifth class pertaining to ambient noise. In this way, the classifier is
capable of detecting the presence and absence of whale vocalizations in an
acoustic recording. Through transfer learning, we show that the classifier is
capable of learning high-level representations and can generalize to additional
species. We also propose a novel representation of acoustic signals that builds
upon the commonly used spectrogram representation by way of interpolating and
stacking multiple spectrograms produced using different Short-time Fourier
Transform (STFT) parameters. The proposed representation is particularly
effective for the task of marine mammal species classification where the
acoustic events we are attempting to classify are sensitive to the parameters
of the STFT.


  In this short note, we report a curious appearance of the recently discovered
4d-5d connection of extremal blackholes in the topological string B-model. The
holomorphic anomaly equations in the Schrodinger-Weil representation are
written {\it formally} in terms of M2 charges. In the phase space the 4d-5d
charges are related by a non-linear canonical transformation. The blackhole
partition function factors into M2-anti-M2 contributions in leading
approximation.


  We investigate the differential geometry of bipartite quantum states. In
particular the manifold structures of pure bipartite states are studied in
detail. The manifolds with respect to all normalized pure states of arbitrarily
given Schmidt ranks or Schmidt coefficients are explicitly presented. The
dimensions of the related manifolds are calculated.


  We give an action that can be used to describe the production of global
vortices in 2+1 dimensions by scattering Nambu-Goldstone bosons. At strong
self-coupling the action reduces to scalar QED with particular values of the
coupling constants and the production cross-section is explicitly found. We
also consider the production of gauged vortices by scattering particles that
have an Aharanov-Bohm interaction with the vortex.


  The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will transform our understanding of the role
of the cold, atomic gas in galaxy evolution. The interstellar medium (ISM) is
the repository of stellar ejecta and the birthsite of new stars and, hence, a
key factor in the evolution of galaxies over cosmic time. Cold, diffuse, atomic
clouds are a key component of the ISM, but so far this phase has been difficult
to study, because its main tracer, the HI 21 cm line, does not constrain the
basic physical information of the gas (e.g., temperature, density) well. The
SKA opens up the opportunity to study this component of the ISM through a
complementary tracer in the form of low-frequency (<350 MHz) carbon radio
recombination lines (CRRL). These CRRLs provide a sensitive probe of the
physical conditions in cold, diffuse clouds. The superb sensitivity, large
field of view, frequency resolution and coverage of the SKA allows for
efficient surveys of the sky, that will revolutionize the field of
low-frequency recombination line studies. By observing these lines with the SKA
we will be able determine the thermal balance, chemical enrichment, and
ionization rate of the cold, atomic medium from degree-scales down to scales
corresponding to individual clouds and filaments in our Galaxy, the Magellanic
Clouds and beyond. Furthermore, being sensitive only to the cold, atomic gas,
observations of low-frequency CRRLs with the SKA will aid in disentangling the
warm and cold constituents of the HI 21 cm emission.


  For latent class models where the class weights depend on individual
covariates, we derive a simple expression for computing the score vector and a
convenient hybrid between the observed and the expected information matrices
which is always positive defnite. These ingredients, combined with a
maximization algorithm based on line search, provides an efficient tool for
maximum likelihood estimation. In particular, the proposed algorithm is such
that the log-likelihood never decreases from one step to the next and the
choice of starting values is not crucial for reaching a local maximum. We show
how the same algorithm may be used for numerical investigation of the effect of
model mispecifications. An application to education transmission is used as an
illustration.


  We prove criteria for $\mathcal{H}^k$-rectifiability of subsets of
$\mathbb{R}^n$ with $C^{1,\alpha}$ maps, $0<\alpha\leq 1$, in terms of suitable
approximate tangent paraboloids. We also provide a version for the case when
there is not an a priori tangent plane, measuring on dyadic scales how close
the set is to lying in a $k$-plane. We then discuss the relation with similar
criteria involving Peter Jones' $\beta$ numbers, in particular proving that a
sufficient condition is the boundedness for small $r$ of
$r^{-\alpha}\beta_p(x,r)$ for $\mathcal{H}^k$-a.e. $x$ and for any $1\leq p\leq
\infty$.


  We report a dynamically evolving low ionization broad absorption line flow in
the QSO SDSS J133356.02+001229.1 (at z_em = 0.9197). These observations are
part of our ongoing monitoring of low ionization broad absorption line (BAL)
QSOs with the 2m telescope at IUCAA Girawali observatory (IGO). The broad Mg II
absorption with an ejection velocity of 1.7x10^4 km/s, found in the Sloan
Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra, has disappeared completely in our IGO
spectra. We found an emerging new component at an ejection velocity of 2.8 x
10^4 km/s. During our monitoring period this component has shown strong
evolution both in its velocity width and optical depth and nearly disappeared
in our latest observations. Acceleration of a low velocity component seen in
SDSS spectrum to a higher velocity is unlikely as the Mg II column densities
are always observed to be higher for the new component. We argue that the
observed variations may not be related to ionization changes and are consistent
with absorption produced by multi-streaming flow transiting across our line of
sight. We find a possible connection between flux variation of the QSO and N(Mg
II) of the newly emerged component. This could mean the ejection being
triggered by changes in the accretion disk or dust reddening due to the
outflowing gas.


  For the retrieval dynamics of sparsely coded attractor associative memory
models with synaptic noise the inclusion of a macroscopic time-dependent
threshold is studied. It is shown that if the threshold is chosen appropriately
as a function of the cross-talk noise and of the activity of the memorized
patterns, adapting itself automatically in the course of the time evolution, an
autonomous functioning of the model is guaranteed. This self-control mechanism
considerably improves the quality of the fixed-point retrieval dynamics, in
particular the storage capacity, the basins of attraction and the mutual
information content.


  Password authentication is a very important system security procedure to gain
access to user resources. In the Traditional password authentication methods a
server has check the authenticity of the users. In our proposed method users
can freely select their passwords from a predefined character set. They can
also use a graphical image as password. The password may be a character or an
image it will be converted into binary form and the binary values will be
normalized. Associative memories have been used recently for password
authentication in order to overcome drawbacks of the traditional password
authentication methods. In this paper we proposed a method using Bidirectional
Associative Memory algorithm for both alphanumeric (Text) and graphical
password. By doing so the amount of security what we provide for the user can
be enhanced. This paper along with test results show that converting user
password in to Probabilistic values and giving them as input for BAM improves
the security of the system


  Noise characterization in MRI has multiple applications, including quality
assurance and protocol optimization. It is particularly important in the
presence of parallel imaging acceleration, where the noise distribution can
contain severe spatial heterogeneities. If the parallel imaging reconstruction
is a linear process, an exact noise analysis is possible by taking into account
the correlations between all the samples involved. However, for k-space based
techniques like GRAPPA, the exact analysis has been considered computationally
prohibitive due to the very large size of the noise covariance matrices
required to characterize the noise propagation from k-space to image-space.
Previous methods avoid this computational burden by approximating the GRAPPA
reconstruction as a pixel-wise linear operation performed in the image-space.
However, these methods are not exact in the presence of non-uniform k-space
undersampling (e.g.: containing a calibration region). For this reason, in this
work we develop an exact characterization of the noise distribution for
self-calibrated parallel imaging in the presence of arbitrary Cartesian
undersampling patterns. By exploiting the symmetries and separability in the
noise propagation process, the proposed method is computationally efficient and
does not require large matrices. In this manuscript, we present the proposed
noise characterization method and compare it to previous techniques using
Monte-Carlo simulations as well as phantom acquisitions.


  In this talk, I have discussed some issues of recent interest and activity in
the field of neutrino astrophysics and cosmology. The topics are: (1)~The
origin of high peculiar velocities of pulsars; (2)~Energization of the
supernova shock wave; (3)~Ultra-high energy neutrino astronomy; (4)~Possible
implications of the recent measurements of low deuterium abundance.


  Let $\hat{A}_n$ be the completion by the degree of a differential operator of
the $n$-th Weyl algebra with generators
$x_1,\ldots,x_n,\partial^1,\ldots,\partial^n$. Consider $n$ elements
$X_1,\ldots,X_n$ in $\hat{A}_n$ of the form
  $$
  X_i = x_i + \sum_{K = 1}^\infty \sum_{l = 1}^n\sum_{j = 1}^n x_l
p_{ij}^{K-1,l}(\partial)\partial^j,
  $$ where $p^{K-1,l}_{ij}(\partial)$ is a degree $(K-1)$ homogeneous
polynomial in $\partial^1,\ldots,\partial^n$, antisymmetric in subscripts
$i,j$. Then for any natural $k$ and any function $i :
\{1,\ldots,k\}\to\{1,\ldots,n\}$ we prove
  $$ \sum_{\sigma \in \Sigma(k)} X_{i_{\sigma(1)}}\cdots
X_{i_{\sigma(k)}}\triangleright 1 = k! \,x_{i_1}\cdots x_{i_k}, $$ where
$\Sigma(k)$ is the symmetric group on $k$ letters and $\triangleright$ denotes
the Fock action of the $\hat{A}_n$ on the space of (commutative) polynomials.


  We consider a novel scenario for modulus stabilisation in IIB string
compactifications in which the Kahler moduli are stabilised by a general set-up
with two kinds of non-perturbative effects: (i) standard Kahler
moduli-dependent non-perturbative effects from gaugino condensation on
D7-branes or E3-instantons wrapping four-cycles in the geometric regime; (ii)
dilaton-dependent non-perturbative effects from gaugino condensation on
space-time filling D3-branes or E(-1)-instantons at singularities. For the
LARGE Volume Scenario (LVS), the new dilaton-dependent non-perturbative effects
provide a positive definite contribution to the scalar potential that can be
arbitrarily tuned from fluxes to give rise to de Sitter vacua. Contrary to anti
D3-branes at warped throats, this term arises from a manifestly supersymmetric
effective action. In this new scenario the "uplifting" term comes from F-terms
of blow-up modes resolving the singularity of the non-perturbative quiver. We
discuss phenomenological and cosmological implications of this mechanism. This
set-up also allows a realisation of the LVS for manifolds with zero or positive
Euler number.


  We investigate top quark pair production near the threshold where the pair
invariant mass $M_{t\bar{t}}$ approaches $2m_t$, which provides sensitive
observables to extract the top quark mass $m_t$. Using the effective field
theory methods, we derive a factorization and resummation formula for kinematic
distributions in the threshold limit up to the next-to-leading power, which
resums higher order Coulomb corrections to all orders in the strong coupling
constant. Our formula is similar to those in the literature but differs in
several important aspects. We apply our formula to the $M_{t\bar{t}}$
distribution, as well as to the double differential cross section with respect
to $M_{t\bar{t}}$ and the rapidity of the $t\bar{t}$ pair. We find that the
resummation effects significantly increase the cross sections near the
threshold, and lead to predictions better compatible with experimental data
than the fixed-order ones. We demonstrate that incorporating resummation
effects in the top quark mass determination can shift the extracted value of
$m_t$ by as large as 1.4 GeV. The shift is much larger than the estimated
uncertainties in previous experimental studies, and leads to a value of the top
quark pole mass more consistent with the current world average.


  We argue that in a nonlinear gravity theory, which according to well-known
results is dynamically equivalent to a self-gravitating scalar field in General
Relativity, the true physical variables are exactly those which describe the
equivalent general-relativistic model (these variables are known as Einstein
frame). Whenever such variables cannot be defined, there are strong indications
that the original theory is unphysical. We explicitly show how to map, in the
presence of matter, the Jordan frame to the Einstein one and backwards. We
study energetics for asymptotically flat solutions. This is based on the
second-order dynamics obtained, without changing the metric, by the use of a
Helmholtz Lagrangian. We prove for a large class of these Lagrangians that the
ADM energy is positive for solutions close to flat space. The proof of this
Positive Energy Theorem relies on the existence of the Einstein frame, since in
the (Helmholtz--)Jordan frame the Dominant Energy Condition does not hold and
the field variables are unrelated to the total energy of the system.


  A $d$-regular graph on $n$ nodes has at most $T_{\max} = \frac{n}{3}
\tbinom{d}{2}$ triangles. We compute the leading asymptotics of the probability
that a large random $d$-regular graph has at least $c \cdot T_{\max}$
triangles, and provide a strong structural description of such graphs.
  When $d$ is fixed, we show that such graphs typically consist of many
disjoint $d+1$-cliques and an almost triangle-free part. When $d$ is allowed to
grow with $n$, we show that such graphs typically consist of $d+o(d)$ sized
almost cliques together with an almost triangle-free part.
  This confirms a conjecture of Collet and Eckmann from 2002 and considerably
strengthens their observation that the triangles cannot be totally scattered in
typical instances of regular graphs with many triangles.


  High speed impinging jets have been the focus of several studies owing to
their practical application and resonance dominated flow-field. The current
study focuses on the identification and visualization of the resonant modes at
certain critical impingement heights for a Mach 1.5 normally impinging jet.
These modes are associated with high amplitude, discrete peaks in the power
spectra and can be identified as having either axisymmetric or azimuthal modes.
Their visualization is accomplished through phase-locked Schlieren imaging and
fast-response pressure sensitive paint (PC-PSP) applied to the ground plane.


  Fingerprints are one of the most copious evidence in a crime scene and, for
this reason, they are frequently used by law enforcement for identification of
individuals. But fingerprints can be altered. "Altered fingerprints", refers to
intentionally damage of the friction ridge pattern and they are often used by
smart criminals in hope to evade law enforcement. We use a deep neural network
approach training an Inception-v3 architecture. This paper proposes a method
for detection of altered fingerprints, identification of types of alterations
and recognition of gender, hand and fingers. We also produce activation maps
that show which part of a fingerprint the neural network has focused on, in
order to detect where alterations are positioned. The proposed approach
achieves an accuracy of 98.21%, 98.46%, 92.52%, 97.53% and 92,18% for the
classification of fakeness, alterations, gender, hand and fingers, respectively
on the SO.CO.FING. dataset.


  We present the detailed inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the
noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn$_3$Ge. Time-of-flight and triple-axis
spectroscopy experiments were conducted at the temperature of 6~K, well below
the high magnetic ordering temperature of 370~K. The magnetic excitations have
a 5-meV gap and display an anisotropic dispersive mode reaching $\simeq 90$~meV
at the boundaries of the magnetic Brillouin zone. The spectrum at the zone
center shows two additional excitations that demonstrate characteristics of
both magnons and phonons. The \textit{ab initio} lattice-dynamics calculations
show that these can be associated with the magnon-polaron modes resulting from
the hybridization of the spin fluctuations and the low-energy optical phonons.
The observed magnetoelastic coupling agrees with the previously found negative
thermal expansion in this compound and resembles the features reported in the
spectroscopic studies of other antiferromagnets with the similar noncollinear
spin structures.


  Cryocooler conduction cooled devices can experience significant cooldown time
due to lower available cooling capacity compares to convection cooled devices.
Therefore, the cooldown time is an important design parameter for conduction
cooled devices. This article introduces a framework developed in Python for
calculating the cooldown profiles and cooldown time of cryocooler
conduction-cooled devices such as superconducting magnets and accelerator
cavities. The cooldown time estimation problem is essentially a system of
ordinary first-order differential equations comprising the material properties
(temperature dependent thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity) of the
components intertwined with the prevailing heat transfer channels (conduction,
radiation, and heat flow across pressed contacts) and the cryocooler capacity.
The formulation of this ODE system is first presented. This ODE system is then
solved using the in-built Python library odeint. A case study is presented
comprising a small cryocooler conduction-cooled copper stabilized
niobium-titanium magnet. The case study is supplemented with the Python script
enabling the reader to simply tweak the device design parameters and optimize
the design from the point of view of slow/fast cooldown.


  In this paper, we derive new properties of the Mertens function and discuss a
likely upper bound of the absolute value of the Mertens function
$\sqrt{\log{x!}}>|M(x)|$ when $x>1$. Using this likely bound we show that we
have a sufficient condition to prove the Riemann Hypothesis.


  I review several problems which arise when one tries to apply the standard
dwarf nova instability model to outbursts of soft X-ray transients.


  The global history of reionization was shaped by the relative amounts of
starlight released by three halo mass groups: atomic-cooling halos (ACHs) with
virial temperatures Tvir > 10^4 K, either (1) massive enough to form stars even
after reionization (HMACHs, >~ 10^9 Msun) or (2) less-massive (LMACHs), subject
to star formation suppression when overtaken by reionization, and (3)
H2-cooling minihalos (MHs) with Tvir < 10^4 K, whose star formation is
predominantly suppressed by the H2-dissociating Lyman-Werner (LW) background.
Our previous work showed that including MHs caused two-stage reionization -
early rise to x ~ 0.1, driven by MHs, followed by a rapid rise, late, to x ~ 1,
driven by ACHs - with a signature in CMB polarization anisotropy predicted to
be detectable by the Planck satellite. Motivated by this prediction, we model
global reionization semi-analytically for comparison with Planck CMB data and
the EDGES global 21cm absorption feature, for models with: (1) ACHs, no
feedback; (2) ACHs, self-regulated; and (3) ACHs and MHs, self-regulated. Model
(3) agrees well with Planck E-mode polarization data, even with a substantial
tail of high-redshift ionization, beyond the limit proposed by the Planck
Collaboration (2018). No model reproduces the EDGES feature. For model (3),
|dTb| <~ 60 mK across the EDGES trough, an order of magnitude too shallow, and
absorption starts at higher z but is spectrally featureless. Early onset
reionization by Population III stars in MHs is compatible with current
constraints, but only if the EDGES interpretation is discounted or else other
processes we did not include account for it.


  In this paper, we present a series of applications of the pointwise estimates
of the (unrestricted) Green tensor of the nonstationary Stokes system in the
half space, established in our previous work [CMP 2023]. First, we show the
$L^1$-$L^q$ estimates for the Stokes flow with possibly non-solenoidal $L^1$
initial data, generalizing the results of Giga-Matsui-Shimizu [Math. Z. 1999]
and Desch-Hieber-Pr\"uss [J. Evol. Equ. 2001]. Second, we construct mild
solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in the half space with mixed-type
pointwise decay or with pointwise decay alongside boundary vanishing. Finally,
we explore various coupled fluid systems in the half space including viscous
resistive magnetohydrodynamics equations, a coupled system for the flow and the
magnetic field of MHD type, and the nematic liquid crystal flow. For each of
these systems, we construct mild solutions in $L^q$, pointwise decay, and
uniformly local $L^q$ spaces.


  We show the existence of a strictly convex function $u: B_1 \to \mathbb{R}$
with associated Monge-Amp\`ere measure represented by a function $f$ with $0 <
f < 1$ a.e. whose Hessian has a singular part. This extends the work [13] and
answers an open question of [14,Sec. 6.2(1)].


  The nature of the synchrotron superbubble in the IC 10 galaxy is discussed
using the results of our investigation of its ionized gas structure,
kinematics, and emission spectrum from observations made with the 6-m telescope
of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
and based on our analysis of the radio emission of the region. The hypernova
explosion is shown to be a more plausible mechanism of the formation of the
synchrotron superbubble compared with the earlier proposed model of multiple
supernova explosions. A compact remnant of this hypernova may be identified
with the well known X-ray binary X-1 -- an accreting black hole.


  Consider non-linear time-fractional stochastic heat type equations of the
following type, $$\partial^\beta_tu_t(x)=-\nu(-\Delta)^{\alpha/2}
u_t(x)+I^{1-\beta}_t[\lambda \sigma(u)\stackrel{\cdot}{F}(t,x)]$$ in $(d+1)$
dimensions, where $\nu>0, \beta\in (0,1)$, $\alpha\in (0,2]$. The operator
$\partial^\beta_t$ is the Caputo fractional derivative while
$-(-\Delta)^{\alpha/2} $ is the generator of an isotropic stable process and
$I^{1-\beta}_t$ is the fractional integral operator. The forcing noise denoted
by $\stackrel{\cdot}{F}(t,x)$ is a Gaussian noise. And the multiplicative
non-linearity $\sigma$ is assumed to be globally Lipschitz continuous.
  Under suitable conditions on the initial function, we study the asymptotic
behaviour of the solution with respect to time and the parameter $\lambda$. In
particular, our results are significant extensions of existing results. Along
the way, we prove a number of interesting properties about the deterministic
counterpart of the equation.


  This article proposes an approach for collision avoidance, path following,
and anti-grounding of autonomous surface vessels under consideration of
environmental forces based on Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC).
Artificial Potential Fields (APFs) set the foundation for the cost function of
the optimal control problem in terms of collision avoidance and anti-grounding.
Depending on the risk of a collision given by the resulting force of the APFs,
the controller optimizes regarding an adapted heading and travel speed by
additionally following a desired path. For this purpose, nonlinear vessel
dynamics are used for the NMPC. To extend the situational awareness concerning
environmental disturbances impacted by wind, waves, and sea currents, a
nonlinear disturbance observer is coupled to the entire NMPC scheme, allowing
for the correction of an incorrect vessel motion due to external forces. In
addition, the most essential rules according to the Convention on the
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) are
considered. The results of the simulations show that the proposed framework can
control an autonomous surface vessel under various challenging scenarios,
including environmental disturbances, to avoid collisions and follow desired
paths.


  The Kaluza-Klein formalism of the Einstein's theory, based on the
(2,2)-fibration of a generic 4-dimensional spacetime, describes general
relativity as a Yang-Mills gauge theory on the 2-dimensional base manifold,
where the local gauge symmetry is the group of the diffeomorphisms of the
2-dimensional fibre manifold. As a way of illustrating how to use this
formalism in finding exact solutions, we apply this formalism to the
spherically symmetric case, and obtain the Schwarzschild solution by solving
the field equations.


  The dispersion measure (DM) is one of the key attributes of radio pulsars and
Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). There is a mistaken view that the DM is an accurate
measure of the column density of electrons between the observer and the source.
To start with, the DM, unlike a true column density, is not a Lorentz
invariant. Next, the DM also includes contribution from ions and is sensitive
to the temperature of the plasma in the intervening clouds. Separately, the
primary observable is the dispersion slope, $\mathcal{D}\equiv
\Delta{(t)}/\Delta{(\nu^{-2}})$, where $t(\nu)$ is the arrival time at
frequency, $\nu$. A scaling factor composed of physical and astronomical
constants is needed to convert $\mathcal{D}$ to DM. In the early days of pulsar
astronomy the relevant constants were defined to parts per million (ppm). As a
result, a convention arose in which this conversion factor was fixed. Over
time, several such conventions came about -- recipe for confusion. Meanwhile,
over the past several years, the SI system has been restructured and the parsec
is now exactly defined. As a result, the present accuracy of the conversion
factor is below a part per billion -- many orders of magnitude better than the
best measurement errors of $\mathcal{D}$. We are now in an awkward situation
wherein the primary "observable", the DM, has incorrect scaling factor(s). To
address these two concerns I propose that astronomers report the primary
measurement, $\mathcal{D}$ (with a suggested normalization of $10^{15}\,$Hz),
and not the DM. Interested users can convert $\mathcal{D}$ to DM without the
need to know secret handshakes of the pulsar timing communities.


  Current graph neural networks (GNNs) lack generalizability with respect to
scales (graph sizes, graph diameters, edge weights, etc..) when solving many
graph analysis problems. Taking the perspective of synthesizing graph theory
programs, we propose several extensions to address the issue. First, inspired
by the dependency of the iteration number of common graph theory algorithms on
graph size, we learn to terminate the message passing process in GNNs
adaptively according to the computation progress. Second, inspired by the fact
that many graph theory algorithms are homogeneous with respect to graph
weights, we introduce homogeneous transformation layers that are universal
homogeneous function approximators, to convert ordinary GNNs to be homogeneous.
Experimentally, we show that our GNN can be trained from small-scale graphs but
generalize well to large-scale graphs for a number of basic graph theory
problems. It also shows generalizability for applications of multi-body
physical simulation and image-based navigation problems.


  Ioffe-time distributions, which are functions of the Ioffe-time $\nu$, are
the Fourier transforms of parton distribution functions with respect to the
momentum fraction variable $x$. These distributions can be obtained from
suitable equal time, quark bilinear hadronic matrix elements which can be
calculated from first principles in lattice QCD, as it has been recently
argued. In this talk I present the first numerical calculation of the
Ioffe-time distributions of the nucleon in the quenched approximation.


  Crystalline silicates are an important tracer to the dust evolution in
protoplanetary disks. In the inner disk, amorphous silicates are annealed by
the high temperatures. These crystalline silicates are radially and vertically
distributed in the disk. We aim to model the spatial distribution of
crystalline silicate in the disk and its mid-IR spectra to study the effect on
dust spectral features and to compare these to observations. We modeled a
T-Tauri protoplanetary disk and defined the crystallization region from the
crystallization and residence timescales. Radial mixing and drift were compared
to find a vertically mixed region. We used the DISKLAB code to obtain the
spatial distribution of the crystalline silicates, and MCMax code to model the
mid-infrared spectrum. In our modeled disk, different grain sizes get
crystallized in different regions in the disk. Crystallized dust in the disk
surface is well mixed with the midplane due to vertical mixing and gets
distributed to the outer disk by radial transport. Our model shows different
contributions of the disk zones to the dust spectral features. Feature
strengths change when varying the spatial distribution of crystalline dust. Our
modeled spectra qualitatively agree with observations, but the modeled 10
$\mu$m feature is strongly dominated by crystalline dust. Models with reduced
crystallinity and depletion of small crystalline dust in the inner disk show a
better match with observations. Mid-IR observations of the disk surface
represent the radial distribution of small dust in the midplane and provide us
with dust properties in the inner disk. The inner and outer disks contribute
more to shorter and longer wavelength features, respectively. Amorphization,
sublimation, and dust evolution have to be considered to match observations.
This study could interpret the spectra of protoplanetary disks taken with the
MIRI on board the JWST.


  In a recent paper, we analyzed the self-assembly of a complex cooperation
network. The network was shown to approach a state where every agent invests
the same amount of resources. Nevertheless, highly-connected agents arise that
extract extraordinarily high payoffs while contributing comparably little to
any of their cooperations. Here, we investigate a variant of the model, in
which highly-connected agents have access to additional resources. We study
analytically and numerically whether these resources are invested in existing
collaborations, leading to a fairer load distribution, or in establishing new
collaborations, leading to an even less fair distribution of loads and payoffs.


  Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become the de facto learning mechanism in
different domains. Their tendency to perform unreliably on out-of-distribution
(OOD) inputs hinders their adoption in critical domains. Several approaches
have been proposed for detecting OOD inputs. However, existing approaches still
lack robustness. In this paper, we shed light on the robustness of OOD
detection (OODD) approaches by revealing the important role of optimization
methods. We show that OODD approaches are sensitive to the type of optimization
method used during training deep models. Optimization methods can provide
different solutions to a non-convex problem and so these solutions may or may
not satisfy the assumptions (e.g., distributions of deep features) made by OODD
approaches. Furthermore, we propose a robustness score that takes into account
the role of optimization methods. This provides a sound way to compare OODD
approaches. In addition to comparing several OODD approaches using our proposed
robustness score, we demonstrate that some optimization methods provide better
solutions for OODD approaches.


  We have applied the "Synthetic Field Method" on a sample of ~20 nearby
galaxies in order to determine the opacity of their disks. We present
preliminary results on the radial dependence of cold dust absorption for 3
examples. The spirals NGC4535 and NGC4725 show significant absorption at a
half-light radius. UGC2302, a LSB galaxy, shows much less opacity.


  In this paper, we have constructed Boson star (BS) solutions in four
dimensional scalar-Gauss-Bonnet (sGB) theory. In order to have non-trivial
effect from Gauss-Bonnet term, we invoked non-minimal coupling between a
complex scalar field and the Gauss-Bonnet term with a coupling parameter,
$\alpha$. We show that the scalar field can no longer take arbitrary value at
the center of the star. Furthermore, boson-stars in our higher derivative
theory turn out to be slightly massive but much more compact than those in the
usual Einstein's gravity. Interestingly, we found that for $\alpha<-0.4$ and
$\alpha>0.8$, binding energy for all possible boson stars is always negative.
This implies that these stars are intrinsically stable against the decay by
dispersion. We also present the mass-radius and mass-frequency curves for
boson-star and compare them with other compact objects in gravity models
derived from Gauss-Bonnet term.


  If the Pioneer anomaly has a gravitational origin, it would, according to the
equivalence principle, distort the motions of the planets in the Solar System.
Since no anomalous motion of the planets has been detected, it is generally
believed that the Pioneer anomaly can not originate from a gravitational source
in the Solar System. However, this conclusion becomes less obvious when
considering models that either imply modifications to gravity at long range or
gravitational sources localized to the outer Solar System, given the
uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the outer planets. Following the
general assumption that the Pioneer spacecraft move geodesically in a
spherically symmetric spacetime metric, we derive the metric disturbance that
is needed in order to account for the Pioneer anomaly. We then analyze the
residual effects on the astronomical observables of the three outer planets
that would arise from this metric disturbance, given an arbitrary metric theory
of gravity. Providing a method for comparing the computed residuals with actual
residuals, our results imply that the presence of a perturbation to the
gravitational field necessary to induce the Pioneer anomaly is in conflict with
available data for the planets Uranus and Pluto, but not for Neptune. We
therefore conclude that the motion of the Pioneer spacecraft must be
non-geodesic. Since our results are model independent within the class of
metric theories of gravity, they can be applied to rule out any model of the
Pioneer anomaly that implies that the Pioneer spacecraft move geodesically in a
perturbed spacetime metric, regardless of the origin of this metric
disturbance.


  In recent years, SGD and its variants have become the standard tool to train
Deep Neural Networks. In this paper, we focus on the recently proposed variant
Lookahead, which improves upon SGD in a wide range of applications. Following
this success, we study an extension of this algorithm, the \emph{Multilayer
Lookahead} optimizer, which recursively wraps Lookahead around itself. We prove
the convergence of Multilayer Lookahead with two layers to a stationary point
of smooth non-convex functions with $O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}})$ rate. We also
justify the improved generalization of both Lookahead over SGD, and of
Multilayer Lookahead over Lookahead, by showing how they amplify the implicit
regularization effect of SGD. We empirically verify our results and show that
Multilayer Lookahead outperforms Lookahead on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100
classification tasks, and on GANs training on the MNIST dataset.


  Quantum walk (QW) in presence of lattice disorders leads to a multitude of
interesting phenomena, such as Anderson localization. While QW has been
realized in various optical and atomic systems, its implementation with
superconducting qubits still remains pending. The major challenge in simulating
QW with superconducting qubits emerges from the fact that on-chip
superconducting qubits cannot hop between two adjacent lattice sites. Here we
overcome this barrier and develop a scheme to realize the discrete time QW by
placing a pair of superconducting qubits on each site of a 1D lattice and
treating an excitation as a walker. It is also shown that lattice disorders can
be introduced and fully controlled within this scheme by tuning the qubit
parameters. We observe a distinct signature of transition from the ballistic
regime to a localized QW with an increasing strength of disorder. Finally, an
eight-qubit experiment is proposed where the signature of localized and
delocalized regimes can be detected with existing superconducting technology.


  Magnetic fields have been detected on stars across the H-R diagram and
substellar objects either directly by their effect on the formation of spectral
lines, or through the activity phenomena they power which can be observed
across a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Stars show a very wide
variety of magnetic properties in terms of strength, geometry or variability.
Cool stars generate their magnetic fields by dynamo effect, and their
properties appear to correlate - to some extent - with stellar parameters such
as mass, rotation and age. With the improvements of instrumentation and data
analysis techniques, magnetic fields can now be detected and studied down to
the domain of very-low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, triggering new theoretical
works aimed, in particular, at modelling dynamo action in these objects. After
a brief discussion on the importance of magnetic field in stellar physics, the
basics of dynamo theory and magnetic field measurements are presented. The main
results stemming from observational and theoretical studies of magnetism are
then detailed in two parts: the fully-convective transition, and the very-low
mass stars and brown dwarfs domain.


  Chen, Apalkov, and Chakraborty (Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 186803 (2007)) have
computed Fock-Darwin levels of a graphene dot by including only basis states
with energies larger than or equal to zero. We show that their results violate
the Hellman-Feynman theorem. A correct treatment must include both positive and
negative energy basis states. Additional basis states lead to new energy levels
in the optical spectrum and anticrossings between optical transition lines.


  Sub-MeV solar neutrino experiments and long-baseline reactor oscillation
experiments toe the cutting edge of neutrino research. The upcoming experiments
KamLAND and BOREXINO, currently in their startup and final construction phase
respectively, will provide essential information on neutrino properties as well
as on solar physics. Future projects, at present under development, will
measure the primary solar neutrino fluxes via electron scattering and neutrino
capture in real time. High precision data for lepton mixing as well as for
stellar evolution theory will become available in the future. This paper aims
to give an overview of the upcoming experiments and of the projects under
development.


  We consider the effects of non-universalities among sfermion generations in
models of Pure Gravity Mediation (PGM). In PGM models and in many models with
strongly stabilized moduli, the gravitino mass may be O(100) TeV, whereas
gaugino masses, generated through anomalies at 1-loop, remain relatively light
O(1) TeV. In models with scalar mass universality, input scalar masses are
generally very heavy (m_0 \simeq m_{3/2}) resulting in a mass spectrum
resembling that in split supersymmetry. However, if one adopts a no-scale or
partial no-scale structure for the K\"ahler manifold, sfermion masses may
vanish at the tree level. It is usually assumed that the leading order anomaly
mediated contribution to scalar masses appears at 2-loops. However, there are
at least two possible sources for 1-loop scalar masses. These may arise if
Pauli-Villars fields are introduced as messengers of supersymmetry breaking. We
consider the consequences of a spectrum in which the scalar masses associated
with the third generation are heavy (order m_{3/2}) with 1-loop scalar masses
for the first two generations. A similar spectrum is expected to arise in GUT
models based on E_7/SO(10) where the first two generations of scalars act as
pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons. Explicit breaking of this symmetry by the gauge
couplings then generates one-loop masses for the first two generations. In
particular, we show that it may be possible to reconcile the g_mu - 2
discrepancy with potentially observable scalars and gauginos at the LHC.


  Ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray photons from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can
ionize hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM). We solve radiative transfer
around AGNs in high redshift to evaluate the 21-cm line emission from the
neutral hydrogen in the IGM and obtain the radial profile of the brightness
temperature in the epoch of reionization. The ionization profile extends over
10 [Mpc] comoving distance which can be observed in the order of 10 [arcmin].
From estimation of the radio galaxy number counts with high sensitivity
observation through the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), we investigate the
capability of parameter constrains for AGN luminosity function with Fisher
analysis for three evolution model through cosmic time. We find that the errors
for each parameter are restricted to a few percent when AGNs are sufficiently
bright at high redshifts. We also investigate the possibility of further
parameter constraints with future observation beyond the era of SKA.


  We report the measurements of depolarization probabilities of polarized
$^3$He in a rectangular acrylic cell with a deuterated tetraphenyl
butadiene-doped deuterated polystyrene coating filled with superfluid $^4$He at
$\sim$330 mk with a magnetic holding field of $\sim$7.3 G. We achieve a wall
depolarization probability of $\sim1.0\times10^{-7}$. Such a surface will find
application in a new experiment searching for the neutron electric dipole
moment and other applications.


  Within the context of quantum teleportation, a proposed intuitive model to
explain bipartite entanglement describes the scheme as being the same qubit of
information evolving along and against the flow of time of an external
observer. We investigate the physicality of such a model by applying the
time-reversal of the Schrodinger equation in the teleportation context. To do
so, we first lay down the theory of time-reversal applied to the circuit model
and then show that the outcome of a teleportation-like circuit is consistent
with the usual tensor product treatment, thus independent of the physical
quantum system used to encode the information. Finally, we demonstrate a proof
of principle experiment on a liquid state NMR quantum information processor.
The experimental results are consistent with the interpretation that
information can be seen as flowing backward in time through entanglement.


  We discuss the origin of enhanced gauge symmetry in ALE (and K3)
compactification of M theory, either defined as the strong coupling limit of
the type IIa superstring, or as defined by Banks et al. In the D-brane
formalism, wrapped membranes are D0 branes with twisted string boundary
conditions, and appear on the same footing with the Kaluza-Klein excitations of
the gauge bosons. In M(atrix) theory, the construction appears to work for
arbitrary ALE metric.


  Subject: In this article, convolutional networks of one, two, and three
dimensions are compared with respect to their ability to distinguish between
the drawing tests produced by Parkinson's disease patients and healthy control
subjects.
  Motivation: The application of deep learning techniques for the analysis of
drawing tests to support the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has become a
growing trend in the area of Artificial Intelligence.
  Method: The dynamic features of the handwriting signal are embedded in the
static test data to generate one-dimensional time series, two-dimensional RGB
images and three-dimensional voxelized point clouds, and then one-, two-, and
three-dimensional CNN can be used to automatically extract features for
effective diagnosis.
  Novelty: While there are many results that describe the application of
two-dimensional convolutional models to the problem, to the best knowledge of
the authors, there are no results based on the application of three-dimensional
models and very few using one-dimensional models.
  Main result: The accuracy of the one-, two- and three-dimensional CNN models
was 62.50%, 77.78% and 83.34% in the DraWritePD dataset (acquired by the
authors) and 73.33%, 80.00% and 86.67% in the PaHaW dataset (well known from
the literature), respectively. For these two data sets, the proposed
three-dimensional convolutional classification method exhibits the best
diagnostic performance.


  Any physical system can be viewed from the perspective that information is
implicitly represented in its state. However, the quantification of this
information when it comes to complex networks has remained largely elusive. In
this work, we use techniques inspired by quantum statistical mechanics to
define an entropy measure for complex networks and to develop a set of
information-theoretic tools, based on network spectral properties, such as
Renyi q-entropy, generalized Kullback-Leibler and Jensen-Shannon divergences,
the latter allowing us to define a natural distance measure between complex
networks. First we show that by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence
between an observed network and a parametric network model, inference of model
parameter(s) by means of maximum-likelihood estimation can be achieved and
model selection can be performed appropriate information criteria. Second, we
show that the information-theoretic metric quantifies the distance between
pairs of networks and we can use it, for instance, to cluster the layers of a
multilayer system. By applying this framework to networks corresponding to
sites of the human microbiome, we perform hierarchical cluster analysis and
recover with high accuracy existing community-based associations. Our results
imply that spectral based statistical inference in complex networks results in
demonstrably superior performance as well as a conceptual backbone, filling a
gap towards a network information theory.


  New STAR differential and integral v{2,3} measurements that explicitly
account for non-flow contributions are reported for p/d/3He+Au, collisions at
Roots=200 GeV. The measurements, which leverage the two-particle correlators
for p/d/3He+Au and minimum-bias p+p collisions in tandem with three
well-established methods of non-flow subtraction, are observed to be
method-independent. For comparable multiplicities, they further indicate
system-independent v2{2} and v3{2} values that are consistent with the critical
role of both size (N{ch}) and the subnucleonic-fluctuations-driven
eccentricities e{2,3} but are inconsistent with the notion of shape engineering
in p/d/3He+Au collisions. The scaling function derived from the measurements,
confirm the important role of final-state effects across a broad spectrum of
collision-system sizes and energies and suggests an increase in eta/s(T,muB)
for small collision-systems.


  Let $R$ be a commutative ring with nonzero identity and $I$ a proper ideal of
$R$. The {\it ideal-based zero-divisor graph} of $R$ with respect to the ideal
$I$, denoted by $\Gamma_I(R)$, is the graph on vertices $\{x \in R\setminus I
\mid xy\in I$ for some $y\in R\setminus I \}$, where distinct vertices $x$ and
$y$ are adjacent if and only if $xy\in I$. In this paper, we classify when an
ideal-based zero-divisor graph of a commutative ring is complemented or
uniquely complemented.


  Projecting measurements of the interactions of the known Standard Model (SM)
states into an effective field theory (EFT) framework is an important goal of
the LHC physics program. The interpretation of measurements of the properties
of the Higgs-like boson in an EFT allows one to consistently study the
properties of this state, while the SM is allowed to eventually break down at
higher energies. In this review, basic concepts relevant to the construction of
such EFTs are reviewed pedagogically. Electroweak precision data is discussed
as a historical example of some importance to illustrate critical consistency
issues in interpreting experimental data in EFTs. A future precision Higgs
phenomenology program can benefit from the projection of raw experimental
results into consistent field theories such as the SM, the SM supplemented with
higher dimensional operators (the SMEFT) or an Electroweak chiral Lagrangian
with a dominantly $J^P = 0^+$ scalar (the HEFT). We discuss the developing
SMEFT and HEFT approaches, that are consistent versions of such EFTs,
systematically improvable with higher order corrections, and comment on the
pseudo-observable approach. We review the challenges that have been overcome in
developing EFT methods for LHC studies, and the challenges that remain.