  We propose a novel class of temporal high-order parametric finite element
methods for solving a wide range of geometric flows of curves and surfaces. By
incorporating the backward differentiation formulae (BDF) for time
discretization into the BGN formulation, originally proposed by Barrett,
Garcke, and N\"urnberg (J. Comput. Phys., 222 (2007), pp.~441--467), we
successfully develop high-order BGN/BDF$k$ schemes. The proposed BGN/BDF$k$
schemes not only retain almost all the advantages of the classical first-order
BGN scheme such as computational efficiency and good mesh quality, but also
exhibit the desired $k$th-order temporal accuracy in terms of shape metrics,
ranging from second-order to fourth-order accuracy. Furthermore, we validate
the performance of our proposed BGN/BDF$k$ schemes through extensive numerical
examples, demonstrating their high-order temporal accuracy for various types of
geometric flows while maintaining good mesh quality throughout the evolution.


  We present the results of the high-resolution (R$\sim$60,000) spectroscopic
analysis of the star LAMOSTJ045019.27+394758.7 (hereafter J045) from the list
of carbon stars of LAMOST DR2. From our analysis, we find that J045 does not
exhibit the spectral characteristics of carbon stars. It is found to be a
metal-poor ( [Fe/H] = $-$1.05) giant that shows very unusual elemental
abundances, particularly for N, Na, V, and Zn. J045 shows ${\alpha}$-elements
(Mg, Si, Ca) with near-solar values ($<$[$\alpha$/Fe]$>$ = 0.09) in contrast to
Galactic stars that show [$\alpha$/Fe] in the range 0.2 to 0.3 dex. In J045, Sc
and Ti are under abundant with [X/Fe] $\le$ $-$0.25. Vanadium gives [V/Fe] =
0.51 and zinc is under-abundant with [Zn/Fe] = $-$0.62. The object exhibits
near-solar abundances for Sr, Y, Ba, Pr, and Sm. The La is marginally enhanced,
and Ce and Nd are marginally under-abundant in J045. With [Ba/Eu] = $-$0.38,
the object falls into the category of neutron-capture rich r-I stars. The
estimated abundances of various elements show that the observed abundance
pattern is not compatible with the abundances characteristic of Galactic
metal-poor stars but matches quite closely with the abundance pattern of
Sculptor Dwarf galaxy stars of similar metallicity. Based on the above
observational evidences, we suggest that the object is a possible Sculptor
Dwarf Galaxy escapee.


  This paper presents MindTheDApp, a toolchain designed specifically for the
structural analysis of Ethereum-based Decentralized Applications (DApps), with
a distinct focus on a complex network-driven approach. Unlike existing tools,
our toolchain combines the power of ANTLR4 and Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)
traversal techniques to transform the architecture and interactions within
smart contracts into a specialized bipartite graph. This enables advanced
network analytics to highlight operational efficiencies within the DApp's
architecture.
  The bipartite graph generated by the proposed tool comprises two sets of
nodes: one representing smart contracts, interfaces, and libraries, and the
other including functions, events, and modifiers. Edges in the graph connect
functions to smart contracts they interact with, offering a granular view of
interdependencies and execution flow within the DApp. This network-centric
approach allows researchers and practitioners to apply complex network theory
in understanding the robustness, adaptability, and intricacies of decentralized
systems.
  Our work contributes to the enhancement of security in smart contracts by
allowing the visualisation of the network, and it provides a deep understanding
of the architecture and operational logic within DApps. Given the growing
importance of smart contracts in the blockchain ecosystem and the emerging
application of complex network theory in technology, our toolchain offers a
timely contribution to both academic research and practical applications in the
field of blockchain technology.


  White light spectral interferometry is applied to measure the refractive
index in absorbing liquids in the spectral range from 400 to 1000 nm. We
analyze the influence of absorption on the visibility of interferometric
fringes and, accordingly, on the measurement of the refractive index. Further,
we show that the refractive index in the absorption band can be retrieved by a
two step process. The procedure requires the use of two samples of different
thickness, the thicker one to retrieve the refractive index in the transparent
region and the thinnest to obtain the data in the absorption region. First, the
refractive index values are retrieved with good accuracy in the transparent
region of the material for 1 mm thick samples. Second, these refractive index
values serve also to precisely calculate the thickness of a thinner sample
(about 150 micrometers) since the accuracy of the method depends strongly on
the thickness of the sample. Finally, the refractive index is recovered for the
entire spectral range.
  Copyright 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open
Access Publishing Agreement. See corresponding link in the pdf file.


  The distribution of living (rose Bengal stained) Reophax pyriformis
Yamashita, Sousa and Kaminski, n. sp., an agglutinated benthic foraminiferal
species, was analyzed in the area of the Campos Basin (southeastern Brazilian
continental margin). The study is based on 34 oceanographic stations (54
samples), located between 400 m and 3,000 m water depth. The distribution of
living Reophax pyriformis n.sp. density is compared to sedimentological
parameters, such as total organic carbon, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate,
phytopigment, lipids biomarkers (sterols, fatty acids and n-alcohols), total
lipids, and bacterial biomass, as well as the particulate organic matter flux
to the seafloor. This species was found in the range of 1,000--1,200 m water
depth, with an average living depth of 1.52 cm in the sediment. The
distribution of this species seems to be related to lipid biomarkers
(allochthone and/or continental derivative, zooplankton and/or fauna,
phytoplankton or primary producers) and total organic carbon under the
influence of Intermediate Western Boundary Current conditions.


  We consider a zero-field Ising model defined on a quasiperiodic graph, the
so-called Labyrinth tiling. Exact information about the critical behaviour is
obtained from duality arguments and the subclass of models which yield
commuting transfer matrices. For the latter, the magnetization is independent
of the position and the phase transition between ordered and disordered phase
belongs to the Onsager universality class. In order to obtain information about
the generic case, we calculate the magnetization for a series of couplings by
standard Monte-Carlo methods.


  We introduce regular languages of morphisms in free monoidal categories, with
their associated grammars and automata. These subsume the classical theory of
regular languages of words and trees, but also open up a much wider class of
languages over string diagrams. We use the algebra of monoidal and cartesian
restriction categories to investigate the properties of regular monoidal
languages, and provide sufficient conditions for their recognizability by
deterministic monoidal automata.


  We investigate the dynamics of putative Earth-mass planets in the habitable
zone (HZ) of the extrasolar planetary system OGLE-2006-BLG-109L, a close analog
of the Solar system. Our work is inspired by work of Malhotra and Minton
(2008). Using the linear Laplace-Lagrange theory, they identified a strong
secular resonance that may excite large eccentricity of orbits in the HZ.
However, due to uncertain or unconstrained orbital parameters, the sub-system
of Jupiters may be found in dynamically active region of the phase space
spanned by low-order mean-motion resonances. To generalize this secular model,
we construct a semi-analytical averaging method in terms of the restricted
problem. The secular orbits of large planets are approximated by numerically
averaged osculating elements. They are used to calculate the mean orbits of
terrestrial planets by means of a high-order analytic secular theory developed
in our previous works. We found regions in the parameter space of the problem
in which stable, quasi-circular orbits in the HZ are permitted. The excitation
of eccentricity in the HZ strongly depends on the apsidal angle of jovian
orbits. For some combinations of that angle, eccentricities and semi-major axes
consistent with the observations, a terrestrial planet may survive in low
eccentric orbits. We also study the effect of post-Newtonian gravity correction
on the innermost secular resonance.


  Using a void catalog from the SDSS survey, we present the first measurements
of void clustering and the corresponding void bias. Over the range 30-200 Mpc/h
the void auto-correlation is detected at 5-sigma significance for voids of
radius 15-20 Mpc/h. We also measure the void-galaxy cross-correlation at higher
signal-to-noise and compare the inferred void bias with the autocorrelation
results. Void bias is constant with scale for voids of a given size, but its
value falls from 5.6 +/- 1.0 to below zero as the void radius increases from 15
to 30 Mpc/h. The comparison of our measurements with carefully matched galaxy
mock catalogs, with no free parameters related to the voids, shows that model
predictions can be reliably made for void correlations. We study the dependence
of void bias on tracer density and void size with a view to future
applications. In combination with our previous lensing measurements of void
mass profiles, these clustering measurements provide another step towards using
voids as cosmological tracers.


  We present a method to find globally optimal topology and trajectory jointly
for planar linkages. Planar linkage structures can generate complex
end-effector trajectories using only a single rotational actuator, which is
very useful in building low-cost robots. We address the problem of searching
for the optimal topology and geometry of these structures. However, since
topology changes are non-smooth and non-differentiable, conventional
gradient-based searches cannot be used. We formulate this problem as a
mixed-integer convex programming (MICP) problem, for which a global optimum can
be found using the branch-and-bound (BB) algorithm. Compared to existing
methods, our experiments show that the proposed approach finds complex linkage
structures more efficiently and generates end-effector trajectories more
accurately.


  We try to define "our world" by stating that "we live in the quantum
4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with the force-fields gauge group $SU_c(3)
\times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ built-in from the outset". We begin
by explaining what "space" and "time" are meaning for us - the 4-dimensional
Minkowski space-time, then proceeding to the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski
space-time. In our world, there are fields, or, point-like particles. Particle
physics is described by the so-called Standard Model. Maybe I should explain
why, how, and what my Standard Model would be everybody's "Standard Model" some
day. Following the thinking underlying the minimal Standard Model and based on
the gauge group $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$, the
extension, which is rather unique, derives from the family concept that there
are three generations of quarks, on (123), and of leptons, on another (123). It
yields neutrino oscillations in a natural manner. It also predicts a variety of
lepton-flavor-violating rare decays. At the end of the Standard Model, we will
provide some clear answers toward two "origin" questions: What is the origin of
mass? Another one: what is the origin of fields (point-like particles)?


  This survey is an extended version of lectures given at the Cornell
Probability Summer School 2013. The fundamental facts about the Abelian
sandpile model on a finite graph and its connections to related models are
presented. We discuss exactly computable results via Majumdar and Dhar's
method. The main ideas of Priezzhev's computation of the height probabilities
in 2D are also presented, including explicit error estimates involved in
passing to the limit of the infinite lattice. We also discuss various questions
arising on infinite graphs, such as convergence to a sandpile measure, and
stabilizability of infinite configurations.


  Understanding the importance that the electronic medical health records
system has, with its various structural types and grades, has led to the
elaboration of a series of standards and quality control methods, meant to
control its functioning. In time, the electronic health records system has
evolved along with the medical data change of structure. Romania has not yet
managed to fully clarify this concept, various definitions still being
encountered, such as "Patient's electronic chart", "Electronic health file". A
slow change from functional interoperability (OSI level 6) to semantic
interoperability (level 7) is being aimed at the moment. This current article
will try to present the main electronic files models, from a functional
interoperability system's possibility to be created perspective.


  We consider utility maximization in networks where the sources do not employ
flow control and may consequently overload the network. In the absence of flow
control at the sources, some packets will inevitably have to be dropped when
the network is in overload. To that end, we first develop a distributed,
threshold-based packet dropping policy that maximizes the weighted sum
throughput. Next, we consider utility maximization and develop a receiver-based
flow control scheme that, when combined with threshold-based packet dropping,
achieves the optimal utility. The flow control scheme creates virtual queues at
the receivers as a push-back mechanism to optimize the amount of data delivered
to the destinations via back-pressure routing. A novel feature of our scheme is
that a utility function can be assigned to a collection of flows, generalizing
the traditional approach of optimizing per-flow utilities. Our control policies
use finite-buffer queues and are independent of arrival statistics. Their
near-optimal performance is proved and further supported by simulation results.


  We report on the current status of our on-going project to develop
well-behaved hypersequent calculi for intermediate predicate logics, such as
the linearity axiom
$\mathbf{LIN}\colon\left(\varphi\to\psi\right)\lor\left(\psi\to\varphi\right)$
and the constant domain axiom $\mathbf{CD}\colon\forall
x\left(\varphi\lor\psi\left(x\right)\right)\to\varphi\lor\forall
x\psi\left(x\right)$.


  We present a new operator equality in the framework of Hilbert $C^*$-modules.
As a consequence, we get an extension of the Euler--Lagrange type identity in
the setting of Hilbert bundles as well as several generalized operator Bohr's
inequalities due to O. Hirzallah, W.-S. Cheung-J.E. Pecaric and F. Zhang.


  Recent observations demonstrated that emerging flux regions, which constitute
the early stage of solar active regions, consist of emergence of numerous
small-scale magnetic elements. They in turn interact, merge, and form mature
sunspots. However, observations of fine magnetic structures on photosphere with
sub-arcsecond resolution are very rare due to limitations of observing
facilities. In this work, taking advantage of the high resolution of the 1.6 m
Goode Solar Telescope, we jointly analyze vector magnetic fields, continuum
images, and H{\alpha} observations of NOAA AR 12665 on 2017 July 13, with the
goal of understanding the signatures of small-scale flux emergence, as well as
their atmospheric responses as they emerge through multiple heights in
photosphere and chromosphere. Under such a high resolution of 0.1" to 0.2", our
results confirm two kinds of small-scale flux emergence: magnetic flux sheet
emergence associated with the newly forming granules, and the traditional
magnetic flux loop emergence. With direct imaging in the broadband TiO, we
observe that both types of flux emergence are associated with darkening of
granular boundaries, while only flux sheets elongate granules along the
direction of emerging magnetic fields and expand laterally. With a life span of
10--15 minutes, the total emerged vertical flux is in order of 10$^{18}$ Mx for
both types of emergence. The magnitudes of the vertical and horizontal fields
are comparable in the flux sheets, while the former is stronger in flux loops.
H{\alpha} observations reveal transient brightenings in the wings in the events
of magnetic loop emergence, which are most probably the signatures of Ellerman
bombs.


  Learning adversarial examples can be formulated as an optimization problem of
maximizing the loss function with some box-constraints. However, for solving
this induced optimization problem, the state-of-the-art gradient-based methods
such as FGSM, I-FGSM and MI-FGSM look different from their original methods
especially in updating the direction, which makes it difficult to understand
them and then leaves some theoretical issues to be addressed in viewpoint of
optimization. In this paper, from the perspective of adapting step-size, we
provide a unified theoretical interpretation of these gradient-based
adversarial learning methods. We show that each of these algorithms is in fact
a specific reformulation of their original gradient methods but using the
step-size rules with only current gradient information. Motivated by such
analysis, we present a broad class of adaptive gradient-based algorithms based
on the regular gradient methods, in which the step-size strategy utilizing
information of the accumulated gradients is integrated. Such adaptive step-size
strategies directly normalize the scale of the gradients rather than use some
empirical operations. The important benefit is that convergence for the
iterative algorithms is guaranteed and then the whole optimization process can
be stabilized. The experiments demonstrate that our AdaI-FGM consistently
outperforms I-FGSM and AdaMI-FGM remains competitive with MI-FGSM for black-box
attacks.


  We develop a mixed Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) regression model to predict
the maximum solar flare intensity within a 24-hour time window 0$\sim$24,
6$\sim$30, 12$\sim$36 and 24$\sim$48 hours ahead of time using 6, 12, 24 and 48
hours of data (predictors) for each Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI)
Active Region Patch (HARP). The model makes use of (1) the Space-weather HMI
Active Region Patch (SHARP) parameters as predictors and (2) the exact flare
intensities instead of class labels recorded in the Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellites (GOES) data set, which serves as the source of the
response variables. Compared to solar flare classification, the model offers us
more detailed information about the exact maximum flux level, i.e. intensity,
for each occurrence of a flare. We also consider classification models built on
top of the regression model and obtain better results in solar flare
classifications. Our results suggest that the most efficient time period for
predicting the solar activity is within 24 hours before the prediction time
using the SHARP parameters and the LSTM model.


  Embodied Instruction Following (EIF) is a crucial task in embodied learning,
requiring agents to interact with their environment through egocentric
observations to fulfill natural language instructions. Recent advancements have
seen a surge in employing large language models (LLMs) within a
framework-centric approach to enhance performance in embodied learning tasks,
including EIF. Despite these efforts, there exists a lack of a unified
understanding regarding the impact of various components-ranging from visual
perception to action execution-on task performance. To address this gap, we
introduce OPEx, a comprehensive framework that delineates the core components
essential for solving embodied learning tasks: Observer, Planner, and Executor.
Through extensive evaluations, we provide a deep analysis of how each component
influences EIF task performance. Furthermore, we innovate within this space by
deploying a multi-agent dialogue strategy on a TextWorld counterpart, further
enhancing task performance. Our findings reveal that LLM-centric design
markedly improves EIF outcomes, identify visual perception and low-level action
execution as critical bottlenecks, and demonstrate that augmenting LLMs with a
multi-agent framework further elevates performance.


  The cross section for single K-shell ionization by a high-energy photon is
evaluated in the next-to-leading order of the nonrelativistic perturbation
theory with respect to the electron-electron interaction. The screening
corrections are of particular importance for light helium-like ions. Even in
the case of neutral He atom, our analytical predictions turn out to be in good
agreement with the numerical calculations performed with the use of the
sophisticated wave functions. The universal high-energy behavior is studied for
the ratio of double-to-single photoionization cross sections. We also discuss
the fast convergence of the perturbation theory over the reversed nuclear
charge number 1/Z.


  Lattice gauge theory and chiral perturbation theory are among the primary
tools for understanding non-perturbative aspects of QCD. I review several
subtle and sometimes controversial issues that arise when combining these
techniques. Among these are one failure of partially quenched chiral
perturbation theory when the valence quarks become lighter than the average sea
quark mass and a potential ambiguity in comparisons of perturbative and lattice
properties of non-degenerate quarks.


  Broad absorption line quasars are among the objects presenting the fastest
outflows. The launching mechanism itself is not completely understood. Models
in which they could be launched from the accretion disk, and then curved and
accelerated by the effect of the radiation pressure, have been presented. We
conducted an extensive observational campaign, from radio to optical band, to
collect information about their nature and test the models present in the
literature, the main dichotomy being between a young scenario and an
orientation one. We found a variety of possible orientations, morphologies, and
radio ages, not converging to a particular explanation for the BAL phenomenon.
From our latest observations in the m- and mm-band, we obtained an indication
of a lower dust abundance with respect to normal quasars, thus suggesting a
possible feedback process on the host galaxy. Also, in the low-frequency regime
we confirmed the presence of CSS components, sometime in conjunction with a GPS
one already detected at higher frequencies. Following this, about 70% of our
sample turns out to be in a GPS or CSS+GPS phase. We conclude that fast
outflows, responsible for the BAL features, can be more easily present among
objects going through a restarting or just-started radio phase, where radiation
pressure can substantially contribute to their acceleration.


  We construct a complete system of primitive orthogonal idempotents and give
an explicit quiver presentation of the monoid algebra of the stylic monoid
introduced by Abram and Reutenauer [arXiv:2106.06556].


  We present a numerical study of the Higgs mode in an ultracold confined Fermi
gas after an interaction quench and find a dynamical vanishing of the
superfluid order parameter. Our calculations are done within a microscopic
density-matrix approach in the Bogoliubov-de Gennes framework which takes the
three-dimensional cigar-shaped confinement explicitly into account. In this
framework, we study the amplitude mode of the order parameter after interaction
quenches starting on the BCS side of the BEC-BCS crossover close to the
transition and ending in the BCS regime. We demonstrate the emergence of a
dynamically vanishing superfluid order parameter in the spatiotemporal dynamics
in a three-dimensional trap. Further, we show that the signal averaged over the
whole trap mirrors the spatiotemporal behavior and allows us to systematically
study the effects of the system size and aspect ratio on the observed dynamics.
Our analysis enables us to connect the confinement-induced modifications of the
dynamics to the pairing properties of the system. Finally, we demonstrate that
the signature of the Higgs mode is contained in the dynamical signal of the
condensate fraction, which, therefore, might provide a new experimental access
to the nonadiabatic regime of the Higgs mode.


  Axisymmetric magnetic activity on the Sun and Sun-like stars increases the
frequencies of the modes of acoustic oscillation. However, it is unclear how a
corotating patch of activity affects the oscillations, since such a
perturbation is unsteady in the frame of the observer. In this paper we
qualitatively describe the asteroseismic signature of a large active region in
the power spectrum of the dipole and quadrupole p modes. In the corotating
frame of the active region, the perturbations due to (differential) rotation
and the active region completely lift the $(2\ell + 1)$-fold azimuthal
degeneracy of the frequency spectrum of modes with harmonic degree $\ell$. In
the frame of the observer, the unsteady nature of the perturbation leads to the
appearance of $(2\ell+1)^2$ peaks in the power spectrum of a multiplet. These
peaks blend into each other to form asymmetric line profiles. In the limit of a
small active region, we approximate the power spectrum of a multiplet in terms
of $2\times(2\ell+1)$ peaks, whose amplitudes and frequencies depend on the
latitude of the active region and the inclination angle of the star's rotation
axis. In order to check the results and to explore the nonlinear regime, we
also perform numerical simulations using the 3D time-domain pseudo-spectral
linear pulsation code GLASS.


  A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) version of the dirty paper channel is
studied, where the channel input and the dirt experience the same fading
process and the fading channel state is known at the receiver (CSIR). This
represents settings where signal and interference sources are co-located, such
as in the broadcast channel. First, a variant of Costa's dirty paper coding
(DPC) is presented, whose achievable rates are within a constant gap to
capacity for all signal and dirt powers. Additionally, a lattice coding and
decoding scheme is proposed, whose decision regions are independent of the
channel realizations. Under Rayleigh fading, the gap to capacity of the lattice
coding scheme vanishes with the number of receive antennas, even at finite
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Thus, although the capacity of the fading dirty
paper channel remains unknown, this work shows it is not far from its dirt-free
counterpart. The insights from the dirty paper channel directly lead to
transmission strategies for the two-user MIMO broadcast channel (BC), where the
transmitter emits a superposition of desired and undesired (dirt) signals with
respect to each receiver. The performance of the lattice coding scheme is
analyzed under different fading dynamics for the two users, showing that
high-dimensional lattices achieve rates close to capacity.


  The magnetic flux cancellation on the Sun plays a crucial role in determining
the manner in which the net magnetic flux changes in every solar cycle,
affecting the large scale evolution of the coronal magnetic fields and
heliospheric environment. We investigate, in this paper, the correlation
between the solar magnetic flux cancelled at the equator and the solar magnetic
flux transported to the poles by comparing the net amount of magnetic flux in
the latitude belt 0${^{\circ}}$-5${^{\circ}}$ and
45${^{\circ}}$-60${^{\circ}}$, estimated using synoptic magnetograms from
National Solar Observatory at Kitt Peak, during Solar Cycles 21-24. We find a
good correlation between the net flux in the latitude band
0${^{\circ}}$-5${^{\circ}}$ and 55${^{\circ}}$-60${^{\circ}}$ for the Northern
as well as for the Southern hemispheres. However, we find a poor correlation if
the net flux for the Northern and Southern hemispheres are considered together.
In addition, we investigate the correlation between the net flux cancelled at
the equator and the strength of solar polar field at cycle minimum, and find a
good correlation between the two. We discuss the implication of the correlation
of flux transported across the equator and to the poles that has an important
bearing in the estimation of the residual polar cap field strength at the cycle
minimum. This can be used a predictive tool for estimating the amplitude of
subsequent cycles and we use this to estimate maximum smoothed sunspot numbers
of 77$\pm$5 and 85$\pm$5 for the Northern and Southern hemispheres,
respectively, for the upcoming Solar Cycle 25.


  We consider neutrino mixing and oscillations in quantum field theory and
compute the neutrino lepton charge in decay processes where neutrinos are
generated. We also discuss the proper definition of flavor charge and states
and clarify the issues of the possibility of different mass parameters in field
mixing.


  We demonstrate a new attosecond pulse reconstruction modality which uses an
algorithm that is derived from ptychography. In contrast to other methods,
energy and delay sampling are not correlated, and as a result, the number of
electron spectra to record is considerably smaller. Together with the robust
algorithm, this leads to a more precise and fast convergence of the
reconstruction.


  We employ a relativistic transport theory to describe the fireball expansion
of the matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions (uRHICs).
Developing an approach to fix locally the shear viscosity to entropy density
$\eta/s$, we study the impact of a temperature dependent $\eta/s(T)$ on the
build-up of the elliptic flow, $v_2$, a measure of the angular anisotropy in
the particle production. Beam Energy Scan from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}= \rm 62.4 GeV$ at
RHIC up to 2.76 TeV at LHC has shown that the $v_2(p_T)$ as a function of the
transverse momentum $p_T$ appears to be nearly invariant with energy. We show
that such a surprising behavior is determined by a rise and fall of $\eta/s(T)$
with a minimum at $T\sim T_c$, as one would expect if the matter undergoes a
phase transition or a cross-over. This provides an evidence for phase
transition occurring in the uRHIC's and a first constraint on the temperature
dependence of $\eta/s$. In particular, a constant $\eta/s$ at all temperatures
or a too strong T-dependence would cause a breaking of the scaling of
$v_2(p_T)$ with the energy.


  The unusual anisotropy of the spin glass transition in the pseudobrookite
system Fe$_2$TiO$_5$ has been interpreted as arising from an induced, van der
Waals-like, interaction among magnetic clusters. Here we present susceptibility
($\chi$) and specific heat data (C) for Fe2TiO5 diluted with non-magnetic Ga,
(Fe$_{1-p}$Ga$_p$)$_2$TiO$_5$, for disorder parameter p = 0, 0.11, and 0.42,
and elastic neutron scattering data for p = 0.20. A uniform suppression of
T{_g} is observed upon increasing p, along with a value of $\chi (T_g)$ that
increases as T$_g$ decreases, i.e. $d\chi(T_g)/dT_g< 0$. We also observe C(T)
$\propto$ T$^2$ in the low temperature limit. The observed behavior places
(Fe$_{1-p}$Ga$_p$)$_2$TiO$_5$ in the category of a strongly geometrically
frustrated spin glass.


  We analyze a model of Semi-Direct Gauge Mediation in which the hidden sector
is the 4-1 model and the messenger fields are charged under the U(1) gauge
group. At tree level, the SUSY-breaking F-terms induce D-terms from which
SUSY-split messenger masses arise. We calculate these masses by three
complementary methods. Additionally, we compute the one-loop corrections to the
masses. We consider this model both with and without a Fayet-Iliopoulos term
for the hidden sector U(1). Finally, we write down a simple model of Minimal
Gauge Mediation in which the only scale is dynamically generated.


  A family of new twistor string theories is constructed and shown to be free
from world-sheet anomalies. The spectra in space-time are calculated and shown
to give Einstein supergravities with second order field equations instead of
the higher derivative conformal supergravities that arose from earlier twistor
strings. The theories include one with the spectrum of N=8 supergravity,
another with the spectrum of N=4 supergravity coupled to N=4 super-Yang-Mills,
and a family with $N\ge 0$ supersymmetries with the spectra of self-dual
supergravity coupled to self-dual super-Yang-Mills. The non-supersymmetric
string with N=0 gives self-dual gravity coupled to self-dual Yang-Mills and a
scalar. A three-graviton amplitude is calculated for the N=8 and N=4 theories
and shown to give a result consistent with the cubic interaction of Einstein
supergravity.


  Using the HEGRA system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, one
quarter of the Galactic plane (-2 deg < l < 85 deg) was surveyed for TeV
gamma-ray emission from point sources and moderately extended sources (diameter
<= 0.8 deg). The region covered includes 86 known pulsars (PSR), 63 known
supernova remnants (SNR) and nine GeV sources, representing a significant
fraction of the known populations. No evidence for emission of TeV gamma
radiation was detected, and upper limits range from 0.15 Crab units up to
several Crab units, depending on the observation time and zenith angles
covered. The ensemble sums over selected SNR and pulsar subsamples and over the
GeV-sources yield no indication for emission from these potential sources. The
upper limit for the SNR population is at the level of 6.7% of the Crab flux and
for the pulsar ensemble at the level of 3.6% of the Crab flux.


  Optic nerve head (ONH) detection has been a crucial area of study in
ophthalmology for years. However, the significant discrepancy between fundus
image datasets, each generated using a single type of fundus camera, poses
challenges to the generalizability of ONH detection approaches developed based
on semantic segmentation networks. Despite the numerous recent advancements in
general-purpose semantic segmentation methods using convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) and Transformers, there is currently a lack of benchmarks for
these state-of-the-art (SoTA) networks specifically trained for ONH detection.
Therefore, in this article, we make contributions from three key aspects:
network design, the publication of a dataset, and the establishment of a
comprehensive benchmark. Our newly developed ONH detection network, referred to
as ODFormer, is based upon the Swin Transformer architecture and incorporates
two novel components: a multi-scale context aggregator and a lightweight
bidirectional feature recalibrator. Our published large-scale dataset, known as
TongjiU-DROD, provides multi-resolution fundus images for each participant,
captured using two distinct types of cameras. Our established benchmark
involves three datasets: DRIONS-DB, DRISHTI-GS1, and TongjiU-DROD, created by
researchers from different countries and containing fundus images captured from
participants of diverse races and ages. Extensive experimental results
demonstrate that our proposed ODFormer outperforms other state-of-the-art
(SoTA) networks in terms of performance and generalizability. Our dataset and
source code are publicly available at mias.group/ODFormer.


  We build a Kleene realizability semantics for the two-level Minimalist
Foundation MF, ideated by Maietti and Sambin in 2005 and completed by Maietti
in 2009. Thanks to this semantics we prove that both levels of MF are
consistent with the (Extended) formal Church Thesis CT. MF consists of two
levels, an intensional one, called mTT and an extensional one, called emTT,
based on versions of Martin-L\"of's type theory. Thanks to the link between the
two levels, it is enough to build a semantics for the intensional level to get
one also for the extensional level. Hence here we just build a realizability
semantics for the intensional level mTT. Such a semantics is a modification of
the realizability semantics in Beeson 1985 for extensional first order
Martin-L\"of's type theory with one universe. So it is formalised in Feferman's
classical arithmetic theory of inductive definitions. It is called extensional
Kleene realizability semantics since it validates extensional equality of
type-theoretic functions extFun, as in Beeson 1985. The main modification we
perform on Beeson's semantics is to interpret propositions, which are defined
primitively in MF, in a proof-irrelevant way. As a consequence, we gain the
validity of CT. Recalling that extFun+ CT+ AC are inconsistent over arithmetics
with finite types, we conclude that our semantics does not validate the full
Axiom of Choice AC. On the contrary, Beeson's semantics does validate AC, being
this a theorem of Martin-L\"of's theory, but it does not validate CT. The
semantics we present here appears to be the best Kleene realizability semantics
for the extensional level emTT of MF. Indeed Beeson's semantics is not an
option for emTT since the full AC added to it entails the excluded middle.


  Quantum fluctuations of lightcone are examined in a 4-dimensional spacetime
with two parallel planes. Both the Dirichlet and the Neumann boundary
conditions are considered. In all the cases we have studied, quantum lightcone
fluctuations are greater where the Neumann boundary conditions are imposed,
suggesting that quantum lightcone fluctuations depend not only on the geometry
and topology of the spacetime as has been argued elsewhere but also on boundary
conditions. Our results also show that quantum lightcone fluctuations are
larger here than that in the case of a single plane. Therefore, the confinement
of gravitons in a smaller region by the presence of a second plane reinforces
the quantum fluctuations and this can be understood as a consequence of the
uncertainty principle.


  We propose a new form of the inversion method in terms of a selfenergy
expansion to access the phase diagram of the Bose-Einstein transition. The
dependence of the critical temperature on the interaction parameter is
calculated. This is discussed with the help of a new condition for
Bose-Einstein condensation in interacting systems which follows from the pole
of the T-matrix in the same way as from the divergence of the medium-dependent
scattering length. A many-body approximation consisting of screened ladder
diagrams is proposed which describes the Monte Carlo data more appropriately.
The specific results are that a non-selfconsistent T-matrix leads to a linear
coefficient in leading order of 4.7, the screened ladder approximation to 2.3,
and the selfconsistent T-matrix due to the effective mass to a coefficient of
1.3 close to the Monte Carlo data.


  The authors of the title paper report to have grown ammonium hydrogen
L-tartrate (1) by use of L-glutamine and L-tartaric acid in 1:1 mole ratio.
Many points of criticism pertaining to the characterization of 1 are described
herein.


  The disorder-induced localization of few bosons interacting via a contact
potential is investigated through the analysis of the level-spacing statistics
familiar from random matrix theory. The model we consider is defined in a
continuum and describes one-dimensional bosonic atoms exposed to the spatially
correlated disorder due to an optical speckle field. % First, we identify the
speckle-field intensity required to observe, in the single-particle case, the
Poisson level-spacing statistics, which is characteristic of localized quantum
systems, in a computationally and experimentally feasible system size. Then, we
analyze the two-body and the three-body systems, exploring a broad interaction
range, from the noninteracting limit up to moderately strong interactions. Our
main result is that the contact potential does not induce a shift towards the
Wigner-Dyson level-spacing statistics, which would indicate the emergence of an
ergodic chaotic state, indicating that localization can occur also in
interacting few-body systems in a continuum. We also analyze how the
ground-state energy evolves as a function of the interaction strength


  Recent gender policies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have
improved legal equality for women with noticeable effects in some countries.
The implications of these policies on science, however, is not well-understood.
This study applies a bibliometric lens to describe the landscape of gender
disparities in scientific research in MENA. Specifically, we examine 1.7
million papers indexed in the Web of Science published by 1.1 million authors
from MENA between 2008 and 2020. We used bibliometric indicators to analyse
potential disparities between men and women in the share of authors, research
productivity, and seniority in authorship. The results show that gender parity
is far from being achieved in MENA. Overall, men authors obtain higher
representation, research productivity, and seniority. But some countries
standout: Tunisia, Lebanon, Turkey, Algeria and Egypt have higher shares or
women researchers compared to the rest of MENA countries. The UAE, Qatar, and
Jordan have shown progress in terms of women participation in science, but
Saudi Arabia lags behind. We find that women are more likely to stop publishing
than men and that men publish on average between 11% and 51% more than women,
with this gap increasing over time. Finally, men, on average, achieved senior
positions in authorship faster than women. Our longitudinal study contributes
to a better understanding of gender disparities in science in MENA which is
catching up in terms of policy engagement and women representation. However,
the results suggest that the effects of the policy changes have yet to
materialize into distinct improvement in women's participation and performance
in science.


  This paper develops a first-order optimization method for coupled structured
matrix factorization (CoSMF) problems that arise in the context of
hyperspectral super-resolution (HSR) in remote sensing. To best leverage the
problem structures for computational efficiency, we introduce a hybrid inexact
block coordinate descent (HiBCD) scheme wherein one coordinate is updated via
the fast proximal gradient (FPG) method, while another via the Frank-Wolfe (FW)
method. The FPG-type methods are known to take less number of iterations to
converge, by numerical experience, while the FW-type methods can offer lower
per-iteration complexity in certain cases; and we wish to take the best of
both. We show that the limit points of this HiBCD scheme are stationary. Our
proof treats HiBCD as an optimization framework for a class of multi-block
structured optimization problems, and our stationarity claim is applicable not
only to CoSMF but also to many other problems. Previous optimization research
showed the same stationarity result for inexact block coordinate descent with
either FPG or FW updates only. Numerical results indicate that the proposed
HiBCD scheme is computationally much more efficient than the state-of-the-art
CoSMF schemes in HSR.


  By using recent observations of the Dydimos-Dimorphos system from the Hubble
Space Telescope, 37 boulders with a size of 4 to 7 meters ejected from the
system during the impact with the DART spacecraft were identified. In this
work, we studied the orbital evolution of a swarm of boulders with a similar
size to that of the detected ones. By using recent estimates for the ejection
velocity of the boulders, we numerically propagated the dynamics of the swarm
for 20 kyr in the future. We found that the ejection velocities and the
non-gravitational effects are not strong enough to change the secular evolution
significantly. The minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) with the Earth
will be reached in about 2.5 kyr, but it will not fall below 0.02 au. On the
contrary, the Mars MOID will be very small in four instances, two near 6 kyr
and the other two near 15 kyr. Therefore, there may be a chance for them to
impact Mars in the future. Given the rarefaction of the Martian atmosphere, we
expect the boulders to arrive intact on the ground and excavate a small impact
crater. The results presented here provide a further indication that some
meteorites found on Earth originated in collisions of $\sim$100 m near-Earth
asteroids with projectiles of $\sim$1 m in size.


  Coupled Complex Ginzburg-Landau equations describe generic features of the
dynamics of coupled fields when they are close to a Hopf bifurcation leading to
nonlinear oscillations. We study numerically this set of equations and find,
within a particular range of parameters, the presence of uniformly propagating
localized objects behaving as coherent structures. Some of these localized
objects are interpreted in terms of exact analytical solutions.


  Flocking control is a significant problem in multi-agent systems such as
multi-agent unmanned aerial vehicles and multi-agent autonomous underwater
vehicles, which enhances the cooperativity and safety of agents. In contrast to
traditional methods, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) solves the
problem of flocking control more flexibly. However, methods based on MARL
suffer from sample inefficiency, since they require a huge number of
experiences to be collected from interactions between agents and the
environment. We propose a novel method Pretraining with Demonstrations for MARL
(PwD-MARL), which can utilize non-expert demonstrations collected in advance
with traditional methods to pretrain agents. During the process of pretraining,
agents learn policies from demonstrations by MARL and behavior cloning
simultaneously, and are prevented from overfitting demonstrations. By
pretraining with non-expert demonstrations, PwD-MARL improves sample efficiency
in the process of online MARL with a warm start. Experiments show that PwD-MARL
improves sample efficiency and policy performance in the problem of flocking
control, even with bad or few demonstrations.


  The advent of predictive methodologies has catalyzed the emergence of
data-driven decision support across various domains. However, developing models
capable of effectively handling input time series data presents an enduring
challenge. This study presents novel preference learning approaches to multiple
criteria sorting problems in the presence of temporal criteria. We first
formulate a convex quadratic programming model characterized by fixed time
discount factors, operating within a regularization framework. To enhance
scalability and accommodate learnable time discount factors, we introduce a
novel monotonic Recurrent Neural Network (mRNN). It is designed to capture the
evolving dynamics of preferences over time while upholding critical properties
inherent to MCS problems, including criteria monotonicity, preference
independence, and the natural ordering of classes. The proposed mRNN can
describe the preference dynamics by depicting marginal value functions and
personalized time discount factors along with time, effectively amalgamating
the interpretability of traditional MCS methods with the predictive potential
offered by deep preference learning models. Comprehensive assessments of the
proposed models are conducted, encompassing synthetic data scenarios and a
real-case study centered on classifying valuable users within a mobile gaming
app based on their historical in-app behavioral sequences. Empirical findings
underscore the notable performance improvements achieved by the proposed models
when compared to a spectrum of baseline methods, spanning machine learning,
deep learning, and conventional multiple criteria sorting approaches.


  We consider three types of multivariate records in this paper and derive the
mean and the variance of their numbers for independent and uniform random
samples from two prototype regions: hypercubes $[0,1]^d$ and $d$-dimensional
simplex. Central limit theorems with convergence rates are established when the
variance tends to infinity. Effective numerical procedures are also provided
for computing the variance constants to high degree of precision.


  This paper presents $\forall$uto$\exists$val, a new approach for scaling LLM
assessment in translating formal syntax -- such as first-order logic, regular
expressions, etc -- to natural language (interpretation) or vice versa
(compilation), thereby facilitating their use in applications such as
generating/explaining logic and control flow for programs etc. Existing
approaches for LLM assessment in these areas require labor-intensive
ground-truth creation, the availability of which undermines the separation of
training and test sets. Furthermore, such datasets typically include relatively
few hand-coded test cases over which LLM accuracy is determined, thus making
them inadequate for determining the safety or correctness of their generated
outputs. We introduce a new approach that utilizes context-free grammars (CFGs)
to generate out-of-distribution datasets on the fly and perform closed-loop
testing of LLM capabilities using formal verifiers to guarantee the correctness
of LLM outputs without any human intervention. We release our dataset and
benchmark as open-source code at
\url{https://github.com/AAIR-lab/auto-llm-assessment}. We also conduct an
assessment of several SOTA closed and open-source LLMs to showcase the
feasibility and scalability of this paradigm. Our experiments reveal that SOTA
LLMs are unable to solve the formal translation task adequately.


  The planned Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is expected to detect
the inspiral and merger of massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) at z <~ 5 with
signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of hundreds to thousands. Because of these high
SNRs, and because these SNRs accrete over periods of weeks to months, it should
be possible to extract the physical parameters of these systems with high
accuracy; for instance, for a ~ 10^6 Msun MBHBs at z = 1 it should be possible
to determine the two masses to ~ 0.1% and the sky location to ~ 1 degree.
However, those are just the errors due to noise: there will be additional
"theoretical" errors due to inaccuracies in our best model waveforms, which are
still only approximate. The goal of this paper is to estimate the typical
magnitude of these theoretical errors. We develop mathematical tools for this
purpose, and apply them to a somewhat simplified version of the MBHB problem,
in which we consider just the inspiral part of the waveform and neglect
spin-induced precession, eccentricity, and PN amplitude corrections. For this
simplified version, we estimate that theoretical uncertainties in sky position
will typically be ~ 1 degree, i.e., comparable to the statistical uncertainty.
For the mass and spin parameters, our results suggest that while theoretical
errors will be rather small absolutely, they could still dominate over
statistical errors (by roughly an order of magnitude) for the strongest
sources. The tools developed here should be useful for estimating the magnitude
of theoretical errors in many other problems in gravitational-wave astronomy.


  The microseismic motion, ambient ground vibration caused by ocean waves,
affects ground-based gravitational wave detectors. In this study,
characteristics of the ocean waves including seasonal variations and
correlation coefficients were investigated for the significant wave heights at
13 coasts in Japan. The relationship between the ocean waves and the
microseismic motion at the KAGRA site was also evaluated. As a result, it
almost succeeded in explaining the microseismic motion at the KAGRA site by the
principal components of the ocean wave data. One possible application of this
study is microseismic forecasting, an example of which is also presented.


  Dynamics of the nuclear fragmentations and the charge exchange reactions in
pion-nucleus collisions near the $\Delta$(1232) resonance energies has been
investigated within the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics (LQMD) transport
model. An isospin, momentum and density-dependent pion-nucleon potential is
implemented in the model, which influences the pion dynamics, in particular the
kinetic energy spectra, but weakly impacts the fragmentation mechanism. The
absorption process in pion-nucleon collisions to form the $\Delta$(1232)
resonance dominates the heating mechanism of target nucleus. The excitation
energy transferred to the target nucleus increases with the pion kinetic energy
and is similar for both $\pi^{-}$ and $\pi^{+}$ induced reactions. The
magnitude of fragmentation of target nucleus weakly depends on the pion energy.
The isospin ratio in the pion double charge exchange is influenced by the
isospin ingredient of target nucleus.


  A comparison of the noise variance between algorithms for calculating
disconnected loop signals in lattice QCD is carried out. The methods considered
are the Z(N) noise method and the Volume method. We find that the noise
variance is strongly influenced by the Dirac structure of the operator.


  The renormalized energy-momentum tensor of vacuum has been deeply explored
many years ago. The main result of these studies was that such a tensor should
satisfy the conservation laws which reflects the covariance of the theory in
the presence of loop corrections. In view of this general result we address two
important questions, namely how to implement the momentum cut-off in a
covariant way and whether this general result holds in the theory with
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking. In the last case some new interesting details
arise and although the calculations are more involved we show that the final
result satisfies the conservation laws.


  Myriad uses, methodologies, and channels have been explored for side-channel
analysis. However, specific implementation considerations are often
unpublished. This paper explores select test configuration and collection
parameters, such as input voltage, shunt resistance, sample rate, and
microcontroller clock frequency, along with their impact on side-channel
analysis performance. The analysis use case considered is instruction
disassembly and classification using the microcontroller power side-channel. An
ATmega328P microcontroller and a subset of the AVR instruction set are used in
the experiments as the Device Under Test (DUT). A time-series convolutional
neural network (CNN) is used to evaluate classification performance at
clock-cycle fidelity. We conclude that configuration and collection parameters
have a meaningful impact on performance, especially where the
instruction-trace's signal to noise ratio (SNR) is impacted. Additionally, data
collection and analysis well above the Nyquist rate is required for
side-channel disassembly. We also found that 7V input voltage with 1 kiloohm
shunt and a sample rate of 250-500 MSa/s provided optimal performance in our
application, with diminishing returns or in some cases degradation at higher
levels.


  In this work, we put forward, for the first time, the interplay between
correlated disorder and hopping dimerization on bias driven circular current in
a loop conductor that is clamped between two electrodes. The correlated
disorder is introduced in site energies of the ring in the form of
Aubry-Andr\'e-Harper (AAH) model. Simulating the quantum system within a
tight-binding framework all the results are worked out based on the standard
wave-guide theory. Unlike transport current, commonly referred to drain
current, circular current in the loop conductor can get enhanced with
increasing disorder strength. This enhancement becomes much effective when
hopping dimerization is included which is taken following the
Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model. The characteristic features of bias driven
circular current are studied under different input conditions and we find the
results are robust for wide range of physical parameters. Our analysis may
provide a new insight in analyzing transport behavior in different disordered
lattices in presence of additional restrictions in hopping integrals.


  We combine replica exchange (parallel tempering) with normalizing flows, a
class of deep generative models. These two sampling strategies complement each
other, resulting in an efficient strategy for sampling molecular systems
characterized by rare events, which we call learned replica exchange (LREX). In
LREX, a normalizing flow is trained to map the configurations of the
fastest-mixing replica into configurations belonging to the target
distribution, allowing direct exchanges between the two without the need to
simulate intermediate replicas. This can significantly reduce the computational
cost compared to standard replica exchange. The proposed method also offers
several advantages with respect to Boltzmann generators that directly use
normalizing flows to sample the target distribution. We apply LREX to some
prototypical molecular dynamics systems, highlighting the improvements over
previous methods.


  We present X-ray and multi-frequency radio observations of the central radio
sources in several X-ray cavity systems. We show that targeted radio
observations are key to determining if the lobes are being actively fed by the
central AGN. Low frequency observations provide a unique way to study both the
lifecycle of the central radio source as well as its energy input into the ICM
over several outburst episodes.


  Polaritons are light-matter quasiparticles that govern the optical response
of quantum materials and enable their nanophotonic applications. We have
studied a new type of polaritons arising in magnetized graphene encapsulated in
hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). These polaritons stem from hybridization of
Dirac magnetoexciton modes of graphene with waveguide phonon modes of hBN
crystals. We refer to these quasiparticles as the Landau-phonon polaritons
(LPPs). Using infrared magneto nanoscopy, we imaged LPPs and controlled their
real-space propagation by varying the magnetic field. These LLPs have large
in-plane momenta and are not bound by the conventional optical selection rules,
granting us access to the "forbidden" inter-Landau level transitions (ILTs). We
observed avoided crossings in the LPP dispersion - a hallmark of the strong
coupling regime - occurring when the magnetoexciton and hBN phonon frequencies
matched. Our LPP-based nanoscopy also enabled us to resolve two fundamental
many-body effects: the graphene Fermi velocity renormalization and
ILT-dependent magnetoexciton binding energies. These results indicate that
magnetic-field-tuned Dirac heterostructures are promising platforms for precise
nanoscale control and sensing of light-matter interaction.


  In recent years, pretrained word embeddings have proved useful for multimodal
neural machine translation (NMT) models to address the shortage of available
datasets. However, the integration of pretrained word embeddings has not yet
been explored extensively. Further, pretrained word embeddings in high
dimensional spaces have been reported to suffer from the hubness problem.
Although some debiasing techniques have been proposed to address this problem
for other natural language processing tasks, they have seldom been studied for
multimodal NMT models. In this study, we examine various kinds of word
embeddings and introduce two debiasing techniques for three multimodal NMT
models and two language pairs -- English-German translation and English-French
translation. With our optimal settings, the overall performance of multimodal
models was improved by up to +1.93 BLEU and +2.02 METEOR for English-German
translation and +1.73 BLEU and +0.95 METEOR for English-French translation.


  A translation surface of Euclidean space $\r^3$ is the sum of two regular
curves $\alpha$ and $\beta$, called the generating curves. In this paper we
classify the minimal translation surfaces of $\r^3$ and we give a method of
construction of explicit examples. Besides the plane and the minimal surfaces
of Scherk type, it is proved that up to reparameterizations of the generating
curves, any minimal translation surface is described as
$\Psi(s,t)=\alpha(s)+\alpha(t)$, where $\alpha$ is a curve parameterized by arc
length $s$, its curvature $\kappa$ is a positive solution of the autonomous ODE
$(y')^2+y^4+c_3y^2+c_1^2y^{-2}+c_1c_2=0$ and its torsion is
$\tau(s)=c_1/\kappa(s)^2$. Here $c_1\not=0$, $c_2$ and $c_3$ are constants such
that the cubic equation $-\lambda^3+c_2\lambda^2-c_3\lambda+c_1=0$ has three
real roots $\lambda_1$, $\lambda_2$ and $\lambda_3$.


  It is found that the presence of the so-called non-axisymmetric resonances of
wave-particle interaction in stellarators [which are associated with the lack
of axial symmetry of the magnetic configuration, Kolesnichenko et al., Phys.
Plasmas 9 (2002) 517] may have a strong stabilizing influence through Landau
mechanism on the Toroidicity-induced Alfv\'en Eigenmodes (TAE) and isomon modes
(Alfv\'enic modes with equal poloidal and toroidal mode numbers and frequencies
in the continuum region) destabilized by the energetic ions. These resonances
involve largest harmonics of the equilibrium magnetic field of stellarators and
lead to absorption of the mode energy by thermal ions in medium pressure
plasma, in which case the effect is large. On the other hand, at the high
pressure attributed to, e.g., a Helias reactor, thermal ions can interact also
with high frequency Alfv\'en gap modes [Helicity-induced Alfv\'en Eigenmodes
(HAE) and mirror-induced Alfv\'en Eigenmodes (MAE)], leading to a considerable
damping of these modes. Only resonances with passing particles are considered.
The developed theory is applied to various modes in the Wendelstein 7-X
stellarator and a Helias reactor, and to two TAE modes in the LHD helical
device.


  Probably not, but it is interesting nevertheless to investigate just how
close Cas A might have come to generating such an event. Focusing on the
northeast jet filaments, we analyze the polar regions of the recently acquired
very deep 1 Ms Chandra X-ray observation. We infer that the so-called "jet"
regions are indeed due to jets emanating from the explosion center, and not due
to polar cavities in the circumstellar medium at the time of explosion. We
place limits on the equivalent isotropic explosion energy in the polar regions
(around 2.3 x 10^52 ergs), and the opening angle of the x-ray emitting ejecta
(around 7 degrees), which give a total energy in the NE jet of order 10^50
ergs; an order of magnitude or more lower than inferred for "typical" GRBs.
While the Cas A progenitor and explosion exhibit many of the features
associated with GRB hosts, e.g. extensive presupernova mass loss and rotation,
and jets associated with the explosion, we speculate that the recoil of the
compact central object, with velocity 330 km/s, may have rendered the jet
unstable. In such cases the jet rapidly becomes baryon loaded, if not truncated
altogether. Although unlikely to have produced a gamma ray burst, the jets in
Cas A suggest that such outflows may be common features of core-collapse SNe.


  We revisit the source-to-solution anisotropic fractional Calder\'on problem
introduced and analyzed in [FGKU21] and [F21]. Using the Caffarelli-Silvestre
interpretation of the fractional Laplacian, we provide an alternative argument
for the recovery of the heat and wave kernels from [FGKU21]. This shows that in
the setting of the source-to-solution anisotropic fractional Calder\'on problem
the heat and Caffarelli-Silvestre approach give rise to equivalent perspectives
and that each kernel can be recovered from the other. Moreover, we also discuss
the Dirichlet-to-Neumann anisotropic source-to-solution problem and provide a
direct link between the Dirichlet Poisson kernel and the wave kernel. This
illustrates that it is also possible to argue completely on the level of the
Poisson kernel, bypassing the recovery of the heat kernel as an additional
auxiliary step. Last but not least, as in [CGRU23], we relate the local and
nonlocal source-to-solution Calder\'on problems.


  Neutrons have emerged as a unique probe at the forefront of modern material
science, unrivaled in their penetrating abilities. A major challenge stems from
the fact that neutron optical devices are limited to refractive indices on the
order of $n\approx 1 \pm 10^{-5}$. By exploiting advances in precision
manufacturing, we have designed and constructed a micro-meter period triangular
grating with a high aspect ratio of $14.3$. The manufacturing quality is
demonstrated with white-light interferometric data and microscope imaging.
Neutron scattering experiment results are presented, showing agreement to
refraction modelling. The capabilities of neutron Fresnel lenses based on this
design are contrasted to existing neutron focusing techniques and the path
separation of a prism-based neutron interferometer is estimated.


  The reconstruction of the polarization of a source in radio interferometry is
a challenging calibration problem since the reconstruction strongly depends on
the gains and leakages that need to be inferred along with the image. This is
particularly true for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) due to its small number
of antennas, small signal-to-noise ratio and large gain corruptions. To recover
linear polarization, one either has to infer the leakages and gains together
with the image structure, or rely completely on calibration independent closure
quantities. While the first approach has been explored in Very Long Baseline
Interferometry (VLBI) for a long time, the later one has been less studied for
polarimetry. Closure traces are a recently proposed concept of closure
quantities that, in contrast to closure phases and closure amplitudes, are
independent against both gains and leakages and carry the relevant information
about the polarization of the source. Here we explore, how closure traces could
be directly fitted to create an image and point out an imaging pipeline that
succeeds in the direct imaging from closure traces. Since closure traces have a
number of inherent degeneracies, multiple local image modes that can fit the
data are detected. Therefore, a multiobjective imaging technique is needed to
correctly sample this multimodality. Closure traces are not constraining enough
for the EHT configuration in 2017 to recover an image directly, mainly due to
the small number of antennas. For planned successors of the EHT however (with a
significantly larger number of antennas), this option becomes feasible and
performs competitive to the imaging with residual leakages.


  Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is considered as a major step in the
evolution of next-generation cellular networks given its support for open
interfaces and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) into the deployment,
operation, and maintenance of RAN. However, due to the openness of the O-RAN
architecture, such AI models are inherently vulnerable to various adversarial
machine learning (ML) attacks, i.e., adversarial attacks which correspond to
slight manipulation of the input to the ML model. In this work, we showcase the
vulnerability of an example ML model used in O-RAN, and experimentally deploy
it in the near-real time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC). Our
ML-based interference classifier xApp (extensible application in near-RT RIC)
tries to classify the type of interference to mitigate the interference effect
on the O-RAN system. We demonstrate the first-ever scenario of how such an xApp
can be impacted through an adversarial attack by manipulating the data stored
in a shared database inside the near-RT RIC. Through a rigorous performance
analysis deployed on a laboratory O-RAN testbed, we evaluate the performance in
terms of capacity and the prediction accuracy of the interference classifier
xApp using both clean and perturbed data. We show that even small adversarial
attacks can significantly decrease the accuracy of ML application in near-RT
RIC, which can directly impact the performance of the entire O-RAN deployment.


  Frequent accretion of external cold gas is thought to play an important role
in galaxy assembly. However, almost all known kinematically misaligned galaxies
identify only one gas disk that is misaligned with the stellar disk, implying a
single gas acquisition event. Here we report a new configuration in two
galaxies where both contain two gas disks misaligned with each other and also
with the stellar disk. Such systems are not expected to be stable or
long-lasting, challenging the traditional picture of gas accretion of galaxies
and their angular momentum build-up. The differences in kinematic position
angles are larger than 120{\deg} between the two gas disks, and 40{\deg}
between each gas disk and the stellar component. The star formation activity is
enhanced at the interface of the two gas disks compared with the other regions
within the same galaxy. Such systems illustrate that low-redshift galaxies can
still experience multiple gas acquisition events, and provide a new view into
the origins of galactic gas.


  Passenger rejection by taxi drivers impacts the travel behaviour in many
cities and suburban areas, often leaving those potential customers in
non-popular zones stranded without access to taxis. To overcome this problem,
many practices have been implemented, such as penalties to drivers, bans, and
new pricing strategies. This paper presents a double auction taxi fare scheme,
which gives both passengers and taxi drivers to influence the price, coupled
with a clustering method to discourage strategic service rejection in the case
study of Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand, which has detailed data
availability and uneven taxi journey distributions. The double auction
mechanism is tailored to 2019 taxi trips, service rejection complaints, and
local travel behaviour to boost transportation equity. To benchmark the
performance of the new double auction scheme, a bespoke agent-based model of
the taxi service in Bangkok Metropolitan Region at different rejection rates of
0%-20% was created. On one hand, the current rejection behaviour was modelled,
and on the other, the double auction pricing strategy was applied. The results
indicate that the double auction strategy generates a spatially distributed
accessibility and leads to a higher taxi assignment success rate by up to 30%.
The double auction scheme increases pickups from locations that are 20-40 km
from central Bangkok by 10-15%, despite being areas of low profit. Due to the
changing taxi travel landscape and longer taxi journeys, the total air
pollutant emissions from the taxis increase by 10% while decreasing local
emissions within central areas of Bangkok by upto 40%. Using a 5 Baht average
surcharge, the total revenue drops by 20%. The results show that an
equity-driven pricing strategy as an implementation of transport policy would
be beneficial.


  In ecology, prey switching refers to a predator's adaptive change of habitat
or diet in response to prey abundance. In this paper, we study piecewise-smooth
models of predator-prey interactions with a linear trade-off in a predator's
prey preference. We consider optimally foraging predators and derive a model
for a 1 predator-2 prey interaction with a tilted switching manifold between
the two sides of discontinuous vector fields. We show that the 1 predator-2
prey system undergoes a novel adding-sliding-like (center to two-part periodic
orbit; "C2PO") bifurcation in which the prey ratio transitions from constant to
time-dependent. Further away from the bifurcation point, the period of the
oscillating prey ratio period doubles, suggesting a possible cascade to chaos.
We compare our model predictions with data and demonstrate that we successfully
capture the periodicity in the ratio between the predator's preferred and
alternative prey types in data on freshwater plankton. Our study suggests that
it is useful to investigate prey ratio as a possible indicator of how
population dynamics can be influenced by ecosystem diversity.


  Thousands of RR Lyrae stars have been observed by the \textit{Kepler} space
telescope so far. We developed a photometric pipeline tailored to the light
variations of these stars, called the Extended Aperture Photometry (EAP). We
present the comparison of our photometric solutions for Campaigns 0 through 6
with the other pipelines available, e.g., SAP/PDCSAP, K2P2, EVEREST, and
others. We focus on the problems caused by instrumental effects and the
detectability of the low-amplitude additional modes.


  We extended the study of relativistic effects in neutron-deuteron scattering
to the exclusive breakup. To this aim we solved the three-nucleon Faddeev
equation including such relativistic features as relativistic kinematics and
boost effects at incoming neutron lab. energies E_n^{lab}=65 MeV, 156 MeV and
200 MeV. As dynamical input a relativistic nucleon-nucleon interaction exactly
on-shell equivalent to the CD Bonn potential has been used. We found that the
magnitude of relativistic effects increases with the incoming neutron energy
and, depending on the phase-space region, relativity can increase as well as
decrease the nonrelativistic breakup cross section. In some regions of the
breakup phase-space dynamical boost effects are important. For a number of
measured exclusive cross sections relativity seems to improve the description
of data.


  Time-tagging units and coincidence detectors are used in many scientific
research fields. The required timing resolution and number of input channels
are varying, but some emerging experiments in the field of quantum optics
require up to 32 input channels with a timing resolution of approximately 10 ps
and high data processing capability. This work is about a custom designed FPGA
based time-tagging and coincidence detector unit, with 32 input channels, 8 ps
of timing resolution, high data processing capability and with high bandwidth
communication ports, such as USB-3 and PCIe x4, for readout. With very high
timing resolution and many channels it is crucial to properly characterize the
performance of the time-to-digital converters in every input channel, to
validate their accuracy. Important sources of error are discussed and a common
method of performance measurement is evaluated, together with its often
overlooked flaws. The performance measurement implemented in this project
characterizes every channel simultaneously, with no additional external
instrument required except for an extra crystal oscillator on the PCB and a
built in pattern generator in the FPGA. The advanced measurement is accurate
enough to detect different type of jitters, from varying sources, measure noise
caused by power supplies, measure linearity and characterize every input
channels in detail. The measurement results are presented and evaluated in
detail. This board with its high performance, large number of input channels
and detailed characterization is currently unique and cutting edge.


  Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs) are one of the key sources for future
space-based gravitational wave interferometers. Measurements of EMRI
gravitational waves are expected to determine the characteristics of their
sources with sub-percent precision. However, their waveform generation is
challenging due to the long duration of the signal and the high harmonic
content. Here, we present the first ready-to-use Schwarzschild eccentric EMRI
waveform implementation in the frequency domain for use with either graphics
processing units (GPUs) or central processing units (CPUs). We present the
overall waveform implementation and test the accuracy and performance of the
frequency domain waveforms against the time domain implementation. On GPUs, the
frequency domain waveform takes in median $0.044$ seconds to generate and is
twice as fast to compute as its time domain counterpart when considering
massive black hole masses $\geq 2 \times 10^6 \,{\rm M_\odot}$ and initial
eccentricities $e_0 > 0.2$. On CPUs, the median waveform evaluation time is $5$
seconds, and it is five times faster in the frequency domain than in the time
domain. Using a sparser frequency array can further speed up the waveform
generation, reaching up to $ 0.3$ seconds. This enables us to perform, for the
first time, EMRI parameter inference with fully relativistic waveforms on CPUs.
Future EMRI models which encompass wider source characteristics (particularly
black hole spin and generic orbit geometries) will require significantly more
harmonics. Frequency-domain models will be essential analysis tools for these
astrophysically realistic and important signals.


  The increasing urbanization process we have been witnessing in the last
decades is accompanied by a significant increase in traffic congestion in
cities around the world. The effect of the congestion is represented in the
enormous time people spent on roads leading to significant money waste and air
pollution. Here, we present a new methodology for identification, cost
evaluation, and thus, prioritization of congestion sources, the jam
bottlenecks. It extends existing methods as it is based on network analysis of
the entire road network and can be applied to different traffic models. Our
results show that the macro-stability, presented by scaling characteristics of
the traffic bottlenecks, overshadows the existence of meso-dynamics, where the
bottlenecks change their location in time and space. This means that to plan
and manage traffic jams in different locations and at different times, it is
required to implement a framework, as developed here, that tracks traffic and
evaluates the relative effect of each evolving bottleneck on the entire road
network.


  The aim of this paper is to develop a systematic B-Fredholm theory in
semiprime Banach algebras. We first generalize Smyth's important punctured
neighbourhood theorem to B-Fredholm elements. Then using this result, we
investigate the local spectral theory of B-Fredholm elements, including the
localized left (resp. right) SVEP and a classification of components of
B-Fredholm resolvent set. Finally, in semisimple Banach algebra context, we
characterize element $f$ such that $f^{n}$ belongs to the socle for some $n \in
\mathbb{N}$ from two different perspectives: one is the invariance of the
B-Fredholm spectrum under commuting perturbation $f$, the other is the
Rieszness and the B-Fredholmness of $f$.


  In this paper, we present a novel Lagrangian formulation of the equations of
motion for point vortices on the unit 2-sphere. We show first that no linear
Lagrangian formulation exists directly on the 2-sphere but that a Lagrangian
may be constructed by pulling back the dynamics to the 3-sphere by means of the
Hopf fibration. We then use the isomorphism of the 3-sphere with the Lie group
SU(2) to derive a variational Lie group integrator for point vortices which is
symplectic, second-order, and preserves the unit-length constraint. At the end
of the paper, we compare our integrator with classical fourth-order
Runge--Kutta, the second-order midpoint method, and a standard Lie group
Munthe-Kaas method.


  Equations for the wave-averaged three-dimensional momentum equations have
been published in this journal. It appears that these equations are not
consistent with the known depth-integrated momentum balance, especially over a
sloping bottom. These equations should thus be considered with caution as they
can produce erroneous flows, in particular outside of the surf zone. It is
suggested that the inconsistency in the equations may arise from the different
averaging operators applied to the different terms of the momentum equation. It
is concluded that other forms of the momentum equations, expressed in terms of
the quasi-Eulerian velocity, are better suited for three dimensional modelling
of wave-current interactions.


  We measure the Hall conductivity of a two-dimensional electron gas formed at
a GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction in the terahertz regime close to the cyclotron
resonance frequency by employing a highly sensitive Faraday rotation method
coupled with electrical gating of the sample to change the electron density. We
observe clear plateau-and step-like features in the Faraday rotation angle vs.
electron density and magnetic field (Landau-level filling factor), which are
the high frequency manifestation of quantum Hall plateaus - a signature of
topologically protected edge states. The results are compared to a recent
dynamical scaling theory.


  Recently, Jablonski proved that, to a large extent, a simply connected
solvable Lie group endowed with a left-invariant Ricci soliton metric can be
isometrically embedded into the solvable Iwasawa group of a non-compact
symmetric space. Motivated by this result, we classify codimension one
subgroups of the solvable Iwasawa groups of irreducible symmetric spaces of
non-compact type whose induced metrics are Ricci solitons. We also obtain the
classifications of codimension one Ricci soliton subgroups of Damek-Ricci
spaces and generalized Heisenberg groups.


  In this paper, the vibration energy localization in coupled nonlinear
oscillators is investigated, based on the creation of standing solitons. The
main objective is to establish a design methodology for mechanical lattices
using the Nonlinear Schr\"odinger Equation (NLSE) as a guide strategy, even in
the presence of damping. A three-dimensional diagram is used to illustrate
stable parameter regions for damped stationary solitons. Moreover, an analysis
of the influence of the number of oscillators in the system, and a numerical
investigation regarding the stability of solitonic behavior is done. Through
numerical analyses, it is observed that the developed algorithm not only has
the capability to locate the highest amplitudes in the chain of oscillators,
but also to control the intensity at which these amplitudes are located
according to design requirements. The outcomes of the proposed methodology
elucidate the impact that the coupling stiffness has on the stabilization of
the NLSE, as well as the influence of the number of oscillators on the
continuity hypothesis. The developed algorithm holds potential for practical
applications in mechanical engineering since the NLSE is used as a design line
rather than as a consequence of the phenomenon description.


  Conventional synchronous federated learning (SFL) frameworks suffer from
performance degradation in heterogeneous systems due to imbalanced local data
size and diverse computing power on the client side. To address this problem,
asynchronous FL (AFL) and semi-asynchronous FL have been proposed to recover
the performance loss by allowing asynchronous aggregation. However,
asynchronous aggregation incurs a new problem of inconsistency between local
updates and global updates. Motivated by the issues of conventional SFL and
AFL, we first propose a time-driven SFL (T-SFL) framework for heterogeneous
systems. The core idea of T-SFL is that the server aggregates the models from
different clients, each with varying numbers of iterations, at regular time
intervals. To evaluate the learning performance of T-SFL, we provide an upper
bound on the global loss function. Further, we optimize the aggregation weights
to minimize the developed upper bound. Then, we develop a discriminative model
selection (DMS) algorithm that removes local models from clients whose number
of iterations falls below a predetermined threshold. In particular, this
algorithm ensures that each client's aggregation weight accurately reflects its
true contribution to the global model update, thereby improving the efficiency
and robustness of the system. To validate the effectiveness of T-SFL with the
DMS algorithm, we conduct extensive experiments using several popular datasets
including MNIST, Cifar-10, Fashion-MNIST, and SVHN. The experimental results
demonstrate that T-SFL with the DMS algorithm can reduce the latency of
conventional SFL by 50\%, while achieving an average 3\% improvement in
learning accuracy over state-of-the-art AFL algorithms.


  We consider the stability in the inverse problem consisting of the
determination of a time-dependent coefficient of order zero $q$, appearing in a
Dirichlet initial-boundary value problem for a wave equation
$\partial_t^2u-\Delta u+q(t,x)u=0$ in $Q=(0,T)\times\Omega$ with $\Omega$ a
$C^2$ bounded domain of $\mathbb R^n$, $n\geq2$, from partial observations on
$\partial Q$. The observation is given by a boundary operator associated to the
wave equation. Using suitable complex geometric optics solutions and Carleman
estimates, we prove a stability estimate in the determination of $q$ from the
boundary operator.


  We compute the connected two-time correlator of the maximum $M_N(t)$ of $N$
independent Gaussian stochastic processes (GSP) characterised by a common
correlation coefficient $\rho$ that depends on the two times $t_1$ and $t_2$.
We show analytically that this correlator, for fixed times $t_1$ and $t_2$,
decays for large $N$ as a power law $N^{-\gamma}$ (with logarithmic
corrections) with a decorrelation exponent $\gamma = (1-\rho)/(1+ \rho)$ that
depends only on $\rho$, but otherwise is universal for any GSP. We study
several examples of physical processes including the fractional Brownian motion
(fBm) with Hurst exponent $H$ and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process. For the
fBm, $\rho$ is only a function of $\tau = \sqrt{t_1/t_2}$ and we find an
interesting ``freezing'' transition at a critical value $\tau=
\tau_c=(3-\sqrt{5})/2$. For $\tau < \tau_c$, there is an optimal $H^*(\tau) >
0$ that maximises the exponent $\gamma$ and this maximal value freezes to
$\gamma= 1/3$ for $\tau >\tau_c$. For the OU process, we show that $\gamma =
{\rm tanh}(\mu \,|t_1-t_2|/2)$ where $\mu$ is the stiffness of the harmonic
trap. Numerical simulations confirm our analytical predictions.


  The observed spectra and X-ray luminosities of millisecond pulsars in 47 Tuc
can be interpreted in the context of theoretical models based on strong, small
scale multipole fields on the neutron star surface. For multipole fields that
are relatively strong as compared to the large scale dipole field, the emitted
X-rays are thermal and likely result from polar cap heating associated with the
return current from the polar gap. On the other hand, for weak multipole
fields, the emission is nonthermal and results from synchrotron radiation of
$e^{\pm}$ pairs created by curvature radiation. The X-ray luminosity, $L_x$, is
related to the spin down power, $L_{sd}$, expressed in the form $L_x \propto
L^{\beta}_{sd}$ with $\beta \sim 0.5$ and $\sim 1$ for strong and weak
multipole fields respectively. If the polar cap size is of the order of the
length scale of the multipole field, $s$ and $\beta \sim 0.5$, the polar cap
temperature is $\sim 3 \times 10^6 K (\frac{L_{sd}}{10^{34}erg s^{-1}})^{1/8}
(\frac{s}{3\times 10^4 cm})^{-1/2}$.
  A comparison of the X-ray properties of millisecond pulsars in globular
clusters and in the Galactic field suggests that the emergence of relatively
strong small scale multipole fields from the neutron star interior may be
correlated with the age and evolutionary history of the underlying neutron
star.


  The Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Survey is a long-term project
aiming at finding and analysing star-forming galaxies detected by their
H$\alpha$ emission in Schmidt objective-prism plates. The instrumental set-up
limits the volume of the Universe surveyed to a redshift $z\lesssim0.045$. So
far we have discovered several hundred emission-line galaxies (ELGs) undergoing
star formation at a wide range of levels. Analyzing a complete sample of ELGs
from the UCM survey we have computed the H$\alpha$ luminosity function for the
star-forming galaxies in the surveyed volume of the Universe. A Schechter
function provides a good fit to the H$\alpha$ luminosity function with the
following parameters: $\alpha = -1.3\pm0.2$; $L^*({\rm H}\alpha) =
10^{42.15\pm0.08} $erg$ $s$^{-1}$ and $\phi^*=10^{-3.2\pm0.2} $Mpc$^{-3}$ for
$H_0 = 50 $km$ $s$^{-1} $Mpc$^{-1}$. Integrating over the full range of
luminosities, we obtain an H$\alpha$ luminosity density of $10^{39.1\pm0.2}
$erg$ $s$^{-1} $Mpc$^{-3}$. Using the H$\alpha$ emission as a star formation
rate (SFR) estimator, this translates into a SFR density for the Local Universe
of $0.013^{+0.007}_{-0.005} M_{\odot} $yr$^{-1} $Mpc$^{-3}$ in star-forming
galaxies with $EW($H$\alpha+$[NII]$)>10$\AA and $z\lesssim0.045$, for a Scalo
Initial Mass Function. This is the first observational determination of this
quantity, which will provide a direct test of current galaxy formation and
evolution models.


  We investigate the problem of speciation and coexistence in simple ecosystems
when the competition among individuals is included in the Eigen model for
quasi-species. By suggesting an analogy between the competition among strains
and the diffusion of a chemical inhibitor in a reaction-diffusion system, the
speciation phenomenon is considered the analogous of chemical pattern formation
in genetic space. In the limit of vanishing mutation rate we obtain
analytically the conditions for speciation. Using different forms of the
competition interaction we show that the speciation is absent for the genetic
equivalent of a normal diffusing inhibitor, and is present for shorter-range
interactions. The comparison with numerical simulations is very good.


  We prove the Erd\H{o}s-Hajnal conjecture for the five-vertex path $P_5$; that
is, there exists $c>0$ such that every $n$-vertex graph with no induced $P_5$
has a clique or stable set of size at least $n^c$. This completes the
verification of the Erd\H{o}s-Hajnal property of all five-vertex graphs.
Indeed, we show a stronger statement, that $P_5$ satisfies the polynomial
version of a theorem of R\"odl. To achieve this, we combine simple
probabilistic and structural ideas with the iterative sparsification framework
introduced in the series.


  We give an explicit $L^2$-representation of chiral charged fermions using the
Hardy-Lebesgue octant decomposition. In the " pure" case such a representation
was already used by M. Sato in holonomic field theory. We study both "pure" and
" mixed" cases. In the compact case we rigorously define unsmeared chiral
charged fermion operators inside the unit circle. Using chiral fermions we
orient our findings towards a functional analytic study of vertex algebras as
one dimensional quantum field theory.


  Fine-grained visual classification (FGVC) which aims at recognizing objects
from subcategories is a very challenging task due to the inherently subtle
inter-class differences. Most existing works mainly tackle this problem by
reusing the backbone network to extract features of detected discriminative
regions. However, this strategy inevitably complicates the pipeline and pushes
the proposed regions to contain most parts of the objects thus fails to locate
the really important parts. Recently, vision transformer (ViT) shows its strong
performance in the traditional classification task. The self-attention
mechanism of the transformer links every patch token to the classification
token. In this work, we first evaluate the effectiveness of the ViT framework
in the fine-grained recognition setting. Then motivated by the strength of the
attention link can be intuitively considered as an indicator of the importance
of tokens, we further propose a novel Part Selection Module that can be applied
to most of the transformer architectures where we integrate all raw attention
weights of the transformer into an attention map for guiding the network to
effectively and accurately select discriminative image patches and compute
their relations. A contrastive loss is applied to enlarge the distance between
feature representations of confusing classes. We name the augmented
transformer-based model TransFG and demonstrate the value of it by conducting
experiments on five popular fine-grained benchmarks where we achieve
state-of-the-art performance. Qualitative results are presented for better
understanding of our model.


  We construct the B.S. equation for the hybrid mesons under instantaneous
approximation. The kernel is chosen as the sum of an one-gluon exchange
potential and a linear confining potential. The equations are solved by
numerical method, and the spectrum of hybrid mesons $b\bar{b}g$ and $c\bar{c}g$
are obtained.


  In the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, the masses of the charged Higgs
boson ($H^\pm$) and the CP-odd scalar ($A$) are related by
$M_{H^+}^2=M_A^2+m_W^2$ at the Born level. Because the coupling of
$W^-$-$A$-$H^+$ is fixed by gauge interaction, the Born level production rate
of $q \bar q' \to W^{\pm \ast} \to A H^\pm$ depends only on one supersymmetry
parameter -- the mass ($M_A^{}$) of $A$. We examine the sensitivity of the LHC
to this signal event in the $A(\ra b {\bar b})H^+(\ra \tau^+ \nu_\tau)$ and
$A(\ra b {\bar b})H^+(\ra t {\bar b})$ decay channels. We illustrate how to
test the mass relation between $A$ and $H^+$ in case that the signal is found.
If the signal is not found, the product of the decay branching ratios of $A$
and $H^\pm$ predicted by the MSSM is bounded from above as a function of $M_A$.


  In this paper we study the stochastic differential equations driven by
$G$-Brownian motion ($G$-SDEs for short). We extend the notion of conditional
$G$-expectation from deterministic time to the more general optional time
situation. Then, via this conditional expectation, we develop the strong Markov
property for $G$-SDEs. In particular, we obtain the strong Markov property for
$G$-Brownian motion. Some applications including the reflection principle for
$G$-Brownian motion are also provided.


  When $I$ is the radical homogeneous ideal of a finite set of points in
projective $N$-space, ${\bf P}^N$, over a field $K$, it has been conjectured
that $I^{(rN-N+1)}$ should be contained in $I^r$ for all $r\geq 1$. Recent
counterexamples show that this can fail when N=r=2. We study properties of the
resulting ideals. We also show that failures occur for infinitely many $r$ in
every characteristic $p>2$ when N=2, and we find additional positive
characteristic failures when $N>2$.


  We investigate theoretically and experimentally the statistical properties of
dc current through an open quantum dot subject to ac excitation of a
shape-defining gate. The symmetries of rectification current and photovoltaic
current with respect to applied magnetic field are examined. Theory and
experiment are found to be in good agreement throughout a broad range of
frequency and ac power, ranging from adiabatic to nonadiabatic regimes.


  We study graded nonlocal $\underline{\mathsf{q}}$-vertex algebras and we
prove that they can be generated by certain sets of vertex operators. As an
application, we consider the family of graded nonlocal
$\underline{\mathsf{q}}$-vertex algebras $V_{c,1}$, $c\geq 1$, associated with
the principal subspaces $W(c\Lambda_0)$ of the integrable highest weight $U_q
(\hat{\mathfrak{sl}}_2)$-modules $L(c\Lambda_0)$. Using quantum integrability,
we derive combinatorial bases for $V_{c,1}$ and compute the corresponding
character formulae.


  Recently at JLab using polarised electron beam on unpolarised deuteron target
measurements have been performed for the parity violating asymmetry($A_{PV}$)
and there are future plans to measure this asymmetry using various nuclear
targets. In this paper, we study $A_{PV}$ in nuclear targets like $^{12}C$,
$^{56}Fe$ and $^{208}Pb$, in a local density approximation using spectral
function which takes into account Fermi motion, binding energy correction and
nucleon correlations. Furthermore, the pion and rho cloud contributions have
also been taken into account. The present model has been used earlier to study
medium effects in electromagnetic as well as weak interaction induced processes
in the DIS region.


  '$ler$' is a statistics-based Python package specifically designed for
computing detectable rates of both lensed and unlensed GW events, catering to
the requirements of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Scientific Collaboration and
astrophysics research scholars. The core functionality of '$ler$' intricately
hinges upon the interplay of various components which include sampling the
properties of compact-binary sources, lens galaxies characteristics, solving
lens equations to derive properties of resultant images, and computing
detectable GW rates. This comprehensive functionality builds on the leveraging
of array operations and linear algebra from the $numpy$ library, enhanced by
interpolation methods from $scipy$ and Python's $multiprocessing$ capabilities.
Efficiency is further boosted by the $numba$ library's Just-In-Time ($njit$)
compilation, optimizing extensive numerical computations and employing the
inverse transform sampling method to replace more cumbersome rejection
sampling. The modular design of '$ler$' not only optimizes speed and
functionality but also ensures adaptability and upgradability, supporting the
integration of additional statistics as research evolves. Currently, '$ler$' is
an important tool in generating simulated GW events, both lensed and unlensed,
and provides astrophysically accurate distributions of event-related parameters
for both detectable and non-detectable events. This functionality aids in event
validation and enhances the forecasting of detection capabilities across
various GW detectors to study such events. The architecture of the '$ler$' API
facilitates seamless compatibility with other software packages, allowing
researchers to integrate and utilize its functionalities based on specific
scientific requirements.


  The topology of electronic and phonon band structures of graphene is well
studied and known to exhibit a Dirac cone at the K point of the Brillouin zone.
Here, we applied inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) along with $\textit{ab
initio}$ calculations to investigate phonon topology in graphite, the 3D
analogue of graphene. We identified a pair of modes that form a very weakly
gapped linear anticrossing at the K point that can be essentially viewed as a
Dirac cone approximant. The IXS intensity in the vicinity of the quasi-Dirac
point reveals a harmonic modulation of the phonon spectral weight above and
below the Dirac energy, which was previously proposed as an experimental
fingerprint of the nontrivial topology. We illustrate how the topological
winding of IXS intensity can be understood in terms of atomic displacements,
and highlight that the intensity winding is not in fact sensitive in telling
quasi- and true Dirac points apart.