**5. Conclusions**

Linseed oleogel was successfully inserted into frankfurters in order to replace the pork backfat. The FA profile improved with the use of oleogels, the values of SFA content and the *n*-6/*n*-3 ratio

reduced significantly, and the cholesterol amount also decreased significantly in the sausages with linseed oleogel. These healthier newly emerging meat products are being screened in the meat industry. However, other sensory parameters could not be substantially improved, such as color, which increased the yellowness with linseed oleogel. Moreover, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness presented higher values in this new product. More research is needed to enhance the sensory properties and lipid oxidation in precooked products with linseed oleogels.

**Author Contributions:** D.F., M.A.C., L.M.P., A.A.V., C.Z., and J.M.L. conceived the idea and participated with all authors in drafting the manuscript. A.J.M, M.L.P., and L.P. elaborated the samples and analyzed it. They also participated in the data interpretation, review, and editing of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Artur Martins is the recipient of a fellowship supported by a doctoral advanced training (call NORTE-69-2015-15) funded by the European Social Fund under the scope of Norte2020—Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Jose M. Lorenzo is a member of the HealthyMeat network, funded by CYTED (ref. 119RT0568). Thanks to GAIN (Axencia Galega de Innovación) for supporting this research (grant number IN607A2019/01).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**10. Leptin therapeutics past and future**

The significant need for clinical implications of leptin is to regulate the regular physiological role of leptin in pathological conditions. There is a correlation between

### *Biodiversity of the Adipocyte-Derived Hormone, Leptin DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100576*

body weight loss and serum levels of leptin. As a result, several therapeutic approaches have been implemented for the use of leptin in obesity control. However, increased resistance to leptin is also a significant issue in the treatment of obesity. But, a combination of therapeutic approaches may be helpful to these problems [112, 113].

Among the adipocyte secreted hormones, leptin is the front that has been used for the treatment of hypoleptinemia status clinically. The most important therapeutic benefits of leptin are rely on providing a novel method for treating the conditions connected with mutation of leptin gene and lipodystrophy in humans [114]. Treatment with exogenous leptin in obese patients concluded that leptin can decrease the body weight and fat tissue of the subjects [115]. It was also noted that leptin excerpts a dose-dependent regulating potential as individuals energy intake and appetite [116, 117]. Development of leptin analogous with full biological effect, especially with the potential to cross the blood–brain barrier, can improve the results obtained from leptin therapy focusing on obesity management. The administration of leptin can accelerate wound healing in diabetic ob/ob and wild-type mice in a dose-dependent manner through leptin receptor mediation [118].

Exogenous administration of leptin can regulate fatty acid oxidation in muscles and control triglyceride synthesis in the liver [119, 120]. Even though the mechanisms in humans are not clear, administration of leptin and adiponectin was found to improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic conditions [121, 122]. The immunemodulatory impact of exogenous leptin administration in rodents highlighted that the cytokine could activate encephalomyelitis [123]. Various in vitro assays also supported the immune stimulator action of leptin [124, 125]. Identifying high-affinity-binding molecules to control the level of circulating leptin is suggested as an advanced therapy for treating arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, replacement with recombinant methionyl human leptin is a brilliant choice for treating pathological conditions associated with relative or absolute leptin deficiency and restoring immune functions [126]. One of the future therapeutic approaches of leptin relies on its use as a natural adjuvant in vaccinations since it can stimulate T helper I responses while down-modulating regulatory T cells [127].

Considering the cancerous conditions, ATLO-ACA, an Ob-R antagonist peptide, finds effective for treating triple-negative breast cancers in experimental models [128]. Also, therapy based on leptin/Ob R axis function inhibition was identified as adjunctive therapy for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma [129]. The modern therapeutic approaches of leptin are connected with molecular approaches at gene levels are 1) CRISPR-Cas 9 connected with floxed leptin-locus based approaches - to lower the leptin levels, 2) Cre-lox P- generation of one copy of Lep eliminates – to lower the leptin levels, glucose and insulin tolerance, c) administration of neutralizing leptin-specific antibodies –to reduce the circulating levels of leptin to reduce food intake and hepatic stenosis [130]. Administration of human recombinant leptin accelareated dose-dependent sprouting angiogenesis and hypothesized that the application of human recombinant leptin could improve the wound healing process through neovascularization [3]. So far, evidence gathered from previous studies highlights the role of leptin in therapeutic applications. But overcoming leptin resistance is a significant challenge in leptin-based therapy.


Contents

Preface

The combustion of conventional fossil fuels is the largest contributing factor to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The development and use of sustainable and alternative fuels (syngas, biogas, biodiesel, bio-oil, hydrogen) derived from sources other than petroleum is needed due to the limited fossil fuel resources, the need for reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and to meet the future high energy demand due to population growth. New alternative fuels that can be produced locally and derived from renewable sources will be more sustainable compared to fossil fuels. Alternative and renewable fuels can be produced using different thermochemical and bio-chemical processes. Gasification is a thermochemical process used to produce syngas fuel (mainly hydrogen and carbon dioxide) from renewable (biomass) and conventional (coal) sources. The syngas fuels produced from the gasification process can be used for different applications: power generation (combustion of syngas fuel in gas turbine engines), heating, and

This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current technologies, methods, and strategies of syngas fuel production, characteriza-

Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department (SREE),

Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department (SREE),

Member of the Sustainable Energy Development Research Group,

Coordinator - Sustainable Energy Development Research Group,

Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE), Chairman – Research Funding Department, VCRGS

Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE),

**Chaouki Ghenai** Associate Professor,

College of Engineering,

University of Sharjah,

College of Engineering,

University of Sharjah,

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

**Abrar Inayat** Assistant Professor,

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

transportation (internal combustion engines).

tion, and application.


*Supporting open minds since 2005*

Humic Substances http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92966 Edited by Abdelhadi Makan

#### Contributors

Priya Goel, Madhu Dhingra, Alabi Olusoji David, Juliano de Oliveira De Oliveira Barbirato, Natália C. Ferreira, Leonardo B. Dobbss, Inna Vladimirovna Simakova, Aleksey Alekseevich Vasiliev, Konstantin Vyacheslavovich Korsakov, Vladimir Vasilievich Salautin, Lyudmila Yurievna Gulyaeva, Nikita Olegovich Dmitriev, Rajneesh Kumar Gautam, Islamuddin, Dimuth Navaratna, Shobha Muthukumaran, Amarendra Singh, Nandkishor More, Claudio Fernando Mahler, Nicoly Dal Santo Svierzoski, Cassiano Augusto Rolim Bernardino, Pilar Mañas, Jorge De Las Heras, Hemlata K. Bagla, Abdennaceur Hassen, wafa hassen, Bilel Hassen, Rim Werheni, Yassine Hidri, Lyudmila Alexandrovna Sivokhina

#### © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2021

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**2. Applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy in medicine**

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a sensitive means for the quantification of some 70 elements and is of use in the analysis of biological samples (Skoog & West, 1984). FAAS allows the detection of Ag, Al, Au, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Te, Sb and Sn with great sensitivity (Taylor et al., 2002). For most elements, the EAAS has lower detection limits than the FAAS. The incorporation of the new technology in the Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry opened the possibility of approaches which had been unthinkable until then. For many of them it meant a reinforcement in the central position they held in hospital research. For those which incorporated spectroscopy it meant the possibility of new diagnostic, therapeutic and toxic controls.

In this chapter, a series of research studies are presented as example of the above mentioned. Thus, with respect to the Sr, refer to section 2.1, the first paper deals with the discrimination factor between Ca/Sr in absorption intestinal mechanisms. Afterwards, the different behavior of these metals in the binding to serum proteins is studied. And finally, the possibility of a hormonal regulation mechanism of serum levels of this element is evaluated, given the similarity of its biological behavior with the Ca.

The quantification of element bound to protein derived towards the direct applications for the study of medical problems such as the distribution of Zn in the acute and chronic overload and de Zn and Cu in the serum proteins in myocardial infarction.

Later, in section 2.2, a specific problem resulting from industrial development among other causes, threatening a part of the population –Pb poisoning– was tackled, analysing the serum and urine concentration of Pb and the hem biomarkers. This example is particularly useful not only because of what the technology meant for the diagnosis and control of this disorder but also because it has allowed to observe how the levels of this element in our city and, in general, in the West has declined over the years.

Finally, in section 2.3, an actual research is included: the design of a new strategy or approach possibility in the knowledge of the physiopathology of different neurological conditions based on the concentration of certain trace elements in the CSF, as well as of other parameters such as the cellularity, the proteins concentration, etc.

#### **2.1 Strontium**

This first group of papers serves as a model to analyze how this new technique allows evolving from the specific research problems (intestinal absorption, transport of element bound to proteins, etc.) to applications in medical pathology, such as the binding of Zn and Cu to plasma proteins after myocardial infarction.


**7. Conclusion**

The functional features of the motion of a spacecraft with solar sails are considered. The main tasks of photogravitational celestial mechanics are listed, and the possibilities of their mathematical modeling are given. The main differences in this area of research are sophisticated spacecraft models, supplemented by solar sails of various shapes, sizes, and physical properties. Taking into account all the characteristics of the sail complicates the process of mathematical modeling of the spacecraft, but it is possible with the help of classical analytical dynamic tools.

The dynamic aspect of the simulation is to take into account the solar pressure force on the sail. The presence of this force determines the specifics of the formulation of control tasks for such spacecraft, closely related to their design features. Despite the differences between such formulations from the usual optimal control problems, their solution can be obtained by classical optimization methods.

*Gravitational Field - Concepts and Applications*