Meet the editors

Dr. Marwa El-Azazy is an analytical chemist, experienced educator, and researcher with more than 20 years of teaching experience at several institutions. Dr. Marwa's main research interests include the construction of sensors (using microfluidic platforms for point-of-care-testing of drugs and bio-analytes and ion-selective electrodes), chemometrics and analytical method development, spectroscopic analyses of drugs and

pharmaceuticals, synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, and development of green chemistry approaches for wastewater treatment. Dr. Marwa has published more than forty-five refereed papers in prestigious international journals, several conference presentations, two book chapters, and several research grants. She serves as a reviewer for a variety of international journals.

Dr. Ahmed El-Shafie is a chemist with more than 10 years of experience in teaching and research. His research is mainly in inorganic and analytical chemistry, including spectrophotometric and fluorometric analysis of different drugs using experimental design. He is also interested in the synthesis of nano-sorbents and their application in removing heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceutically active materials from

wastewater. Dr. El-Shafie has published sixteen refereed papers in international peer-reviewed journals.

Prof. Khalid Al-Saad is an analytical chemist, experienced educator, and researcher with more than 20 years of teaching experience at Qatar University. His main research interests include applications and methodology development of spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry for environmental and biological analysis. He is also interested in wastewater treatment. Dr. Khalid has published more than forty refereed

papers in international journals, several conference presentations, one book chapter, and several research grants.

## Contents

*by Cecilia Carlota Barrera-Ortega, America Rosalba Vazquez Olmos,*

*Roberto Isaac Sato Berrú and Pineda Dominguez Karla Itzel*


**3. Methodology**

In order to achieve retrofit design proposals that can operate cost efficiently at multiple operating points, a framework was developed. The framework is shown in Figure 2 and will be outlined in the following subsections. The proposed framework utilizes single-period and well-proven retrofit design methodologies but also "experience-based" retrofit design proposals can be considered. Design proposals that are structurally infeasible are discarded after a structural feasibility assessment. To avoid suboptimal solutions due to unnecessary overdesign of equipment, the proposed framework is based on the identification of critical points. Cost efficiency for the entire operating period is ensured, by considering representative operating points besides the identified critical points when solving the eventual design problem. A final feasibility check is performed to ensure that all critical points have been identified (i.e., the set of critical points is complete); otherwise, the new critical point, which is identified during this check, is added to the set of critical point(s) and the design problem is solved again.


**Author details**

Samat Amat1,2\*

*Bacterial Cattle Diseases*

**4. Conclusions**

administration.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

No conflict of interest.

therapy for the control of bovine respiratory pathogen in the upper respiratory tract as it makes suitable to intranasal administration via nasal spray [72]. However, further research in terms of the effect of EOs on the respiratory commensal microbiota

The economic impacts of cattle disease on the beef cattle industry still remain significant, with BRD being the most significant health problem in modern feedlot industry in North America. The BRD is commonly associated with pneumonia in nursing beef calves and recently weaned feedlot cattle and often occurs within the first 45 days after feedlot placement. The BRD is considered as one of the most significant health problems in the beef industry accounting for economic losses that surpass those incurred by all other diseases of cattle combined. Treatment and control of BRD in the beef sector are aimed mainly at bacterial pathogens through antimicrobial use (therapeutic and non-therapeutic administration) and vaccination programs. However, recent studies have shown the emergence of bacterial pathogens associated with BRD that are resistant to all classes of antibiotics used to treat BRD. The increase in the multidrug resistance towards these antimicrobials that are being used as metaphylaxis in feedlots necessitates the development of novel methods to mitigate bovine respiratory pathogens in feedlot cattle as alternatives to metaphylactic antimicrobial use. Probiotic and EOs, being two major natural antimicrobial sources, display the potential application of antimicrobial alternative agents against bovine respiratory bacterial pathogens. More research is needed to develop nasal-delivered probiotics or EOs that can inhibit pathogenic bacteria, with limited effects on commensals and respiratory tract, after intranasal

The author thanks his PhD supervisors, Drs. Trevor Alexander and Edouard Timsit, for their supervision. Some of the research work relating to the probiotic and essential oil approaches to mitigate bovine respiratory pathogens discussed in the present chapter is part of the author's PhD project which is funded by the Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency (ALMA). The author also thanks Natural Science and Research Council of Canada for providing a doctoral scholarship. The

author also acknowledges Bio-figure for preparing **Figure 1**.

of cattle and the cytotoxicity of EOs on lower respiratory tract is needed.

**26**

1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

2 Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.