Meet the editor

Hosam El-Din Saleh is a Professor of radioactive waste management in the Radioisotope Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. He has been awarded his MSc and PhD degrees in Physical Chemistry from Cairo University. He is interested in studying innovative, economic, and environmentally-friendly techniques for the management of hazardous and radioactive wastes. Saleh has authored many peer-reviewed

scientific papers, chapters and has been a book editor of different books published by international publishers. He serves as reviewer or editor for several international journals. He was awarded the Scientific Encouragement Award from Atomic Energy Authority (2013), Encouragement Prize in Advanced Technical Sciences from Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (2014), and was listed in Marquis Who's Who in the World® for several editions.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Using *Artemia* spp. Model *by Yin Lu and Jie Yu*

*by Deepak Yadav and Pradeep Kumar*

*by Cristina A. Lucier and Brian J. Gareau*

Introductory Chapter: Hazardous Wastes *by Hosam M. Saleh and Samir B. Eskander*

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Biological Assessment and Remediation of Hazardous Wastes **11**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 29**

Recycling and Disposal of Electronic Waste **45**

**Chapter 4 47**

**Chapter 5 59**

A Well-Established Method for the Rapid Assessment of Toxicity

Phytoremediation of Hazardous Radioactive Wastes

Electronic Waste Recycling and Disposal: An Overview

E-waste Management for the Recycling Sector in Nigeria

Wastes from Industrialized Nations: A Socio-economic Inquiry on

*by Ojiyovwi Johnson Okorhi, Douglason Omotor and Helen Olubunmi Aderemi*


*A Hybrid Control Approach Based on the Combination of PID Control with LQR Optimal Control DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94907*

for a helicopter system is modeled mathematically and then formulated in state space form to enable utilizing state feedback controller technique. In the proposed helicopter stabilizing scheme, a combination of a conventional PID control with LQR state feedback controller is adopted to stabilize the elevation, pitch and travel axis of the helicopter scheme. The gain parameters of the traditional PID controller are determined from the gain matrix of state feedback LQR controller. In this research, the LQR controller is optimized by using GA tuning technique. The GA optimization method has been adopted to find optimum values for LQR gain matrix elements which are utilized to find best PID gain parameters. The output response of the optimized helicopter control system has been evaluated based on rise time, setting time, overshoot and steady state error parameters. The simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed GA-LQR based PID controller to stabilize the helicopter system at desired values of the elevation and pitch angle and travel parameters.


**3.1.1 Study population**

According to data and the results of some seroprevalence studies, levels of HIV prevalence are between 10 and 20% among MSM. As mentioned in section 2, this specific

The SIALON Project: Report on HIV Prevalence

variables, as well as to access and barriers to VCT.

(condom use) and 23 (HIV prevalence) were included.

starting in November 2008 and ending in October 2009.

**3.2 Data collection and analysis**

**3.2.1 Questionnaire**

ECDC indicators.

**3.2.2 Enrolment**

specific piloting was conducted.

**3.2.3 Statistical analysis**

and Risk Behaviour Among MSM in Six European Cities 211

The SIALON questionnaire was specifically designed according to the international literature and according both to the study design and the data collection procedures. The self-administered pen-and-paper questionnaire was developed to obtain information on a range of different aspects and taking into account both UNGASS and ECDC indicators. The first part refers to background data. The second part lists items on sexual practices, riskreducing strategies, condom use, STI history and self-reported/perceived serostatus.

Moreover, questions regarding number of both steady and casual partners were foreseen, as well as frequency and type of sexual practices in both cases. In construing the different questions, specific attention was paid to the social/cultural/environmental and contextual

From a structural point of view, the questionnaire contained items referring to different time-spans: last 12 months, last 6 months, and last time (last sexual intercourse). This structure allowed to include all items needed for the construction of the UNGASS and

In terms of the UNGASS and ECDC indicators themselves, according to the WHO-UNAIDS documents, questions referring to UNGASS 8 (testing), 9 (prevention campaigns), 19

Finally, specific attention was paid to the time span required to fulfill the questionnaire: a maximum of 20 minutes was required for completing the questionnaire. For this purpose,

With regard to the enrolment of subjects, a specific easy-to-use and practical manual was provided to all data collectors, in order to standardise all procedures and to guarantee the safety and reliability of data collected. Following the data collection calendar created through the TLS method, trained field workers from gay associations attended the different gay venues in specific time-location units. The self-administered pen-and-paper questionnaires were distributed, as well as the Oracol devices for oral fluid collection (Malvern Medical Developments, Worcester, UK). Both self-completed questionnaires (behavioural data) and oral fluid samples (biological data) were collected for each subject. A unique barcode for each subject was used to link behavioural and biological information.

Finally, regarding the enrolment period, this varied between the different participating cities, according to the different situations and calendars (from 2 months to 9 months),

Mean, median, standard deviation, quartiles and inter-quartiles were calculated and proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adopted for all variables and indicators. With regard to the UNGASS indicators calculation, specific reference to the UNGASS-WHO

publications was made. Finally, STATA 11 survey commands suite was used.

sub-population continues to be at high risk of HIV infection, especially in Europe, and according to the available data a hidden HIV epidemic seems currently underway (ECDC, 2010; Likatavi ius et al., 2008). Because of a high level of risk sexual practices, MSM become a key population for HIV surveillance. In addition, especially because of stigma, a low level of VCT is reported, particularly among hard-to-reach MSM who do not attend health services regularly. Moreover, since the introduction of HAART, AIDS has become less indicative of the underlying trends in HIV infection, for this population in particular. For these reasons, field research and surveillance activities targeting this specific population seem to be essential in monitoring the HIV epidemic and in developing preventive action in Europe.


**4.4 Dupuytren's sign or piston**

The patient is placed supine with the leg flexed to 90° at the hip and knee [17]. The pelvis is fixed with the thumb of one hand resting on the anterior superior iliac spine and the index and middle fingers on the trochanter; With the other hand he takes the knee and the leg, making movements up and down (traction and pressure). If it is positive, the displacement of the greater trochanter is perceived.


**12.1 Hemorrhage**

Significant post-operative hemorrhage after bariatric surgery has been described up to 3.4%, [67] with the most common presenting symptom as tachycardia (46%), followed by melena (32%). Sleeve gastrectomy bleeding can happen from the short gastric vessels or along the staple line after transection of the stomach [68]. Bleeding can also occur from an anastomotic site intraluminally in patients with an additional bypass procedure which typically may be managed medically or endoscopically. Surgery should be considered for hemodynamic instability and failure of endoscopic therapy [67].

## **12.2 Leak**

One of the most dreaded complication after bariatric surgeries are anastomotic leaks or staple-line leaks. Leaks from SG can occur along the staple-line, with an average incidence of 1.5% [69]. Risk factors that contributed to gastrointestinal leak include oxygen dependency, hypoalbuminemia, sleep apnea, hypertension and diabetes. Additional factors that contributed to a higher leak rate include intraoperative provocative testing and placement of drain [70].

Clinical presentation of patients with leaks range from completely asymptomatic, to frank peritonitis, septic shock, and death. Unexplained tachycardia has been shown to be an initial sign of early leak [71]. Other potential signs that should cause a high index of suspicion should include fever (>38C), diffuse abdominal tenderness, cough, and persistent hiccups [72]. A concern about a leak should be investigated urgently with imaging modalities such as upper gastrointestinal series with water-soluble contrast or abdominal CT scan IV and oral contrast. Urgent reoperation is warranted for unstable patients with signs of sepsis. Stable patients with controlled leaks may undergo percutaneous drainage, antibiotic therapy and nutritional support, in conjunction with endoluminal therapies (stenting, clipping) [4, 72].

#### **12.3 Sleeve gastrectomy related complications**

#### *12.3.1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease*

Another SG related complication is new-onset gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or worsening of previous GERD symptoms. A meta-analysis by Yeung et al. demonstrated significant worsening of GERD post-operatively at 19%, with de novo GERD at 23% [73]. Long-term follow up of patients show 28% of LSG patients develop esophagitis, and 8% develop Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopic assessment for presence of hiatal hernia is recommended pre-operatively, as its concomitant repair during SG can help reduce incidence of post-operative GERD [74].

#### *12.3.2 Gastric tube stenosis*

Post-SG stenosis is a rare complication with a reported incidence of 1% – 3.5% [75, 76]. The most common site for stenosis is at the incisura angularis, [76] usually presenting with gastric outlet obstruction symptoms with marked weight loss and malnutrition [4]. Diagnosis can be done with upper gastrointestinal series or contrast enhanced CT scan of the upper abdomen. Factors that contribute to development of stenosis include bougie size and oversewing of the staple line. Endoscopic dilatation is the first line of treatment which usually require multiple sessions. Failure of endoscopic intervention, long segment stenosis, or presence of delayed leakage, abscess or fistula formation necessitates surgical intervention [75, 76].


**6. Conclusions**

It is shown from the above studies that all the mentioned microorganisms, especially the fungi, are involved in grain contamination and subsequent mycotoxin production during storage. Mechanical damage during harvesting or processing served as an easy route via which microorganisms penetrated the endosperms of seeds, and secrete mycotoxins (aflatoxins, etc.) rendering stored grains unsafe for human consumption. The ability of AgNPs to inhibit microbial growth makes them a promising candidate for utilization in storing grains to minimize the economic losses and food poisoning caused by mycotoxins contamination. Moreover, AgNPs inhibited the synthesis of these mycotoxins by switching off molecular pathways via which they are produced, thus guaranteeing the safety of stored grains for consumption. The utilization of AgNPs could enhance shelf-life, maintain the quality and nutritional values of grains. This innovative method is safe and do not pose a threat to the consumer or the environment.