**6. Conclusions**

The contribution of recycled moisture to precipitation was estimated using the linear mixing model in different seasons for different elevations. The results showed that the contribution rate of recycled moisture to precipitation was higher in the spring, summer, and autumn (2.05~16.5%) and low in winter (1.62~3.32%). In the high-elevation areas (>2400 m), the contribution rate of recycled moisture to precipitation was higher than the foothills area (2100~2400 m). The contribution of the *fTr* moisture was higher than that of the *fEv* to precipitation in the mountain areas. The contribution of recycled moisture increased with the elevation in the Qilian mountains. The water obtained from the xylem of plants contains organic pollutants (methanol and ethanol) that may cause of greater uncertainty in *fTr* in different studies. The quantification of the contribution rate of recycled moisture requires the cooperation of multi-source data, but the high-elevation regions often lack systematic mufti-element observation data. To better understand the contribution mechanism and influencing factors of recycled moisture, a long-term field monitoring system should be established to obtain comprehensive first-hand data. This study can provide a reference for the study of recycled moisture in other mountain areas.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.Z., Z.Z. and H.P.; methodology, Z.Z. and H.P.; software, Z.Z. and H.P.; validation, Z.Z., G.Z. and H.P.; formal analysis, Z.Z.; investigation, H.P.; resources, G.Z.; data curation, H.P.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.Z., G.Z. and H.P.; writing—review and editing, Z.Z., G.Z. and H.P.; visualization, Z.S., L.S. and Y.L.; supervision, Z.Z., G.Z. and H.P.; project administration, G.Z.; funding acquisition, G.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41867030, 41661005, 41971036).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** We have made public the stable isotope data of precipitation that support the results of this study (Zhu, Guofeng, 2020. Data sets of isotopes of different water bodies at different altitudes in Qilian Mountains, Mendeley Data, V2, doi:10.17632/bhxp9mjtv4.2) and Meteorological datasets can be found at http://data.cma.cn.

**Acknowledgments:** The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41867030, 41661005, 41971036). We thank Hanxiong Pan, Xinggang Ma, Dongdong Chen, Kai Wang, Yang Shi, Zhiyuan Zhang, Leilei Yong for assistance during fieldwork. We sincerely thank Marit Greenwood for the writing suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

### **References**

**Ting Li 1, Gyuwon Lee 2 and Gwangseob Kim 1,\***

**Abstract:** This study aimed to calculate and analyze total overflows that accumulate in urban manholes in the target drainage basin of Samsung-dong, Seoul in heavy rainfall events with different temporal distribution characteristics, using the EPA's Storm Water Management Model (EPA-SWMM model). Inundation behaviors were analyzed using the two-dimensional flood model (FLO-2D). The extreme rainfall events were produced using different exceedance probability Huff distributions for different durations and return periods, such as from 1 to 3 h and 10 years, 50 years, 80 years, 100 years, respectively. The inundation model was validated using the actual flood observations on 21 September 2010 in the Samsung-dong drainage basin. The total overflow amount showed considerable differences according to the different time distribution characteristics, such as the temporal location of the storm peak and the concentration level of the storm. Furthermore, the inundation behaviors were also related to the temporal characteristics of storms. The results illustrated that the consideration of the temporal distribution characteristics of extreme rainfall events is essential for an accurate understanding of the rainfall–runoff response and inundation behavior in urban drainage basins.

**Keywords:** extreme rainfall event; huff method; optimum inundation map; EPA-SWMM; FLO-2D; Samsung-dong


**2.9. Wood fuel and other biomass fuels**

**2.4. Coal**

242 New Developments in Renewable Energy

**2.5. Petroleum**

**2.6. Wind**

**2.7. Solar**

500 MW from wind [7].

great role in rural electrification.

**2.8. Geothermal**

Coal reserves in Tanzania are estimated at about 1,200 million tonnes of which 304 million tonnes are proven [12]. Coal sites include Kiwira, Mchuchuma/Katewaka on the south east of Lake Nyasa, and Ngaka in Ruvuma region. Coal has been used in limited quantities for electricity generation as well as in some industries such as cement factories. Low coal con‐ sumption in the country is due to part to huge investment costs and quality of the coal itself. However, there is a plan to generate 600 MW from Mchuchuma coal mine in the near future.

Imported petroleum and related products are widely used in the transport and industrial sector. It also used to generate electricity in isolated grid-diesel power stations that have and installed capacity of 33.8 MW [10]. Petroleum and related by-products are imported by a

Based on the available information much of the wind resources in Tanzania is located in the central part of the country, North-East part, and Southern part [4]. Currently wind energy is used to pump water for irrigation and to meet domestic and livestock water needs [10]. Very limited number of attempts has been made to install wind turbine for electricity gen‐ eration. However, efforts are underway to utilize wind energy in electricity generation. Several companies like Geo-Wind Power (T) limited, Wind East Africa/ Six Telecoms, and Sino-Tanzania Renewable Energy Limited have been licenced to generate electricity of about

Solar has not been utilized fully as energy sources even though the country being one of the solar belts, that is being a county with 2800-3500 hours of sunshine per year and a global radiation of 4-7 kWh/m2 per day. Despite the huge solar potential, solar energy has predom‐ inately been used only for drying process. In the recent years solar PV technology has been promoted as an energy solution especially in rural areas where there is no access to the na‐ tional grid. It is anticipated that in the near future, solar as a source of energy will play a

The country is endowed with a huge geothermal potential, which has not yet exploited [13]. Geothermal power is a reliable, low-cost, environmental friendly, alternative energy supply, indigenous, renewable energy source and suitable for electricity generation. Estimations by analogue method [14] show that the geothermal potential in the country is about 650 MW of which most of the prospects are located within the East African Rift Valley system. Geother‐ mal resource exploitation is a capital intensive investment; hence, private investment is not expected to come in before obtaining detail information on the resources, particularly on

single company and regulated by EWURA, which controls the price and standard.

Tanzania's energy supply depends mainly on biomass. Since 85-88 percent of the population are not connected to the electricity grid, the overwhelming majority of households use fire wood and charcoal for cooking. As a total, biomass makes up to 88 percent [4] of the total primary energy consumption in Tanzania. Unfortunately, this leads to the deforestation of 100,000 ha per year, of which is very serious since only about a quarter of the Tanzanian land is re-forested

About 50% of the population lives in poverty, out of which 35% is unable to access all of the basic needs including energy services. The poor spend about 35% of their household income on energy while the well-off spends only 14%. Lack of access to modern energy services cre‐ ates a vicious cycle of poverty for rural communities due to continued limited production opportunities and social facilities. This situation creates a very big challenge to the country. There is a need; to look for an alternative means for assisting the rural poor to have opportu‐ nities of accessing to modern energy for reason of alleviating poverty. This chapter is pro‐ posing biomass to be one of the alternatives of energy resource which can be employed in modern form to change the situation.


*Edited by Walter Gustavo Fano, Adrian Razzitte and Patricia Larocca*

This book is dedicated to the interaction of electromagnetic wave radiation in matter, such as the wave propagation in a plasmonic and conductive state, that are dispersive media. The different measurement methods of electrical properties of soils have been studied using several applications. The experimental results of the thermoelectric properties of a chalcogenide system and the electrical conductivity of molten salts and ionic conduction in electrolyte solutions are discussed. The application of an electric field impulse and its influence on the immune responses of animals by increasing different elements of the immune response is discussed. The electromagnetic radiation transmission through skin samples of pigs of different ages have been measured in order to understand the process of absorption and conversion. The methods and results are covered in the book.

ISBN 978-1-78984-518-1

Electromagnetic Field Radiation in Matter

Published in London, UK © 2020 IntechOpen © sakkmesterke / iStock