**3.1 Feature extraction**

Once the app's source code is retrieved, the feature extraction process starts. The features that are usually extracted depend on the type of malware and the analysis mode whether static or dynamic. This will be explained in the following two subsections. **Table 2** lists the most commonly used static and dynamic features [34].


**4.9 Drought tolerance**

Crossing by hand emasculation and artificial pollination was performed between IR20 (*japonica*) and lowland (*indica*) cultivar to develop near isogenic lines (NILs) [42]. Foreground and background selection were conducted using 100 SSR markers that distributed entire genome. Five NILs exhibited high yield performance compare to IR20 in rain-fed and irrigated conditions. NIL-212 and 297 successfully incorporated with three and two root QTLs with NIL-297 demonstrated maximum value of nodal root and surface area whereas increase number of nodal roots than recurrent parent, IR20 observed in NIL 212. Backcrossed population (BC2F3) was developed through Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) to transfer QTLs for drought tolerant characters into Thai famous variety KMDL105 using 3 different donor parents, DH212, DH103 and DH126, respectively. Hundred and three KMDL 105 introgression lines were developed carrying selected target [80]. Genome analysis claimed that donor segment was found in non-carrier chromosomes and minimum proportion of recurrent genome was determined in carrier chromosome. Results suggest that background analysis is required to restore the recurrent genome segments. Sandhu et al. [46] enhance the grain yield of Samba Mahsuri under reproductive-stage drought (RS) through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS). Findings recorded four *qDTYs* (*qDTY1.1*+*qDTY2.1*+*qDTY3.1*+*qDTY11.1*) and two QTLs (*qDTY1.1*+*qDTY11.1*). Presence of gene MQTL1.1 responsible for the drought tolerance was identified from the cross (Sarjoo52 × Nagina- 22) in the study reported by Awasthi and Lal [49]. Ramchander et al. [50] study 101 Backcross Inbred Lines (BILs) of rice (BC1F5) for drought tolerance by develop a cross between Norungan//TKM9/Norungan. Marker aided selection used in this study efficiently pyramiding favorable QTL alleles to enhance drought tolerance in elite background of famous rice varieties using 15 polymorphic SSR markers. Muthu et al. [51] successfully developed abiotic stress-tolerant rice genotypes of the famous rice variety, Improved White Ponni (IWP) through a marker assisted backcross breeding approach by introgression major effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring tolerance against drought (*qDTY1*.*1*, *qDTY2*.*1*), salinity (*Saltol*), and submergence (*Sub1*). Backcrossed inbred lines (BILs) developed in this study showed minor effect caused by drought, salinity, and submergence. Root trait genes were introgressed through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABC) between aerobic rice variety, AERON1 and MRQ74, a high yielding rice variety of Malaysia, [52]. Six best rice lines in BC2F1 with highest recovery percentage and resemble similar phenotypic appearance were identified with RM242 and RM263 foreground and 57 background markers.

**111**

*Current Applicable DNA Markers for Marker Assisted Breeding in Rice (*Oryza sativa *L.)*

Ahn et al. [81] was first discover the molecular marker linked with grain aroma. Lorieux [82] was used RFLP marker, RG28, which linked with aromatic located at chromosome 8 with genetic distance of 4.5 cm. The uniqueness of RG28 was interchangeable into STS marker and can be used to distinguish between fragrance and non-fragrance rice cultivars [83–85]. Improved version Pusa Bashmati and improved versions of PRR78 was successfully introgressed with quality trait from Basmati 370 as a donor with Manawthukha cultivar as a recipient using MABC

*Sd*1 gene coded for semi-dwarf trait creates an interest among breeder as it enhances crop production. Advent in MAB had made it possible to track the introgression of *sd*1 gene by using SSR markers in *two traditional japonica varieties*, 'IR36'

Marker assisted backcrossing coupled with stringent phenotypic screening was adapted to transfer BB resistance gene, *Xa*23 into Minghui63, YR293 and Y1671 which famous recipient lines. Foreground selection was screened with RM206 located at 1.9 cm near to the *Xa*23 locus [89]. The improved version of BB resistant was identical with original recipient for agronomic traits [30]. NSIC Rc142 and NSIC Rc154 donor cultivar for *Xa*4 + *Xa*5 + *Xa*21 genes were incorporated into susceptible cultivar IR64 in Philippines [61]. Currently, *Xa*13 and *Xa*21 had been successfully inserted into recurrent line PRR78 through MABC [90]. In Thailand, three backcrossed generation required to insert *Xa2*1 (BB resistance gene) from IR1188 variety into famous KDML105 variety using MABC approach together with phenotypic selection. Similar agronomic characteristic was observed between developed introgressed lines having BB resistant gene (*Xa*21) with local variety KDML105 [91]. Foreground selection was screened with six SSR markers namely RM302, RM212, RM210, RM149, RM287, RM224 at different chromosome while 66 rice SSR markers was applied for background genotype. In China, popular restorer line, Yihui1577 was incorporated with *Xa*7 and *Xa*21 from Huahui20 thru MABC strategy [92]. Foreground marker were applied using RM20582 in existence of *Xa*7 to map a 0.14 cM interval at chromosome 6 between RM20582 and RM20593 [93]. Huang et al. [40] in his study successfully employed of *Xa*7, *Xa*21, *Xa*22 and *Xa*23 from Jinke 1 a cytoplasmic male sterile line into Huahui 1035 line using MABC. High yielding F1 hybrid was used to develop more hybrid rice in China. Samba Mahsuri a mega high-yielding, fine grain-type variety was selected as donor for *Xa*21and *Xa*13 to incorporate into susceptible varieties, Taraori Basmati and Basmati 386 through MABC scheme [94]. Molecular backcross breeding was used to pyramided *Xa*21 + *xa*13 and *Xa*21 + *xa*5 combinations genes in a background of lowland cultivar, Jalmagna [65]. Twenty pyramided lines with targeted gene combinations showed resistant against BB pathogen. Balachiranjeevi et al. [66] reported the development of durable BB resistance through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) into background of elite rice, DRR17B by introgress *Xa21* and *Xa33* dominant genes*.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93126*

**4.10 Grain fragrance**

scheme [86, 87].

**4.11 Semi-dwarfing**

**5. Biotic stresses**

and 'Allorio' (IRGC284) [88].

**5.1 Bacterial blight resistance**

*Current Applicable DNA Markers for Marker Assisted Breeding in Rice (*Oryza sativa *L.) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93126*