**6. Practical Implications**

The western world always seeks opportunities to export food products to emerging markets. With this strategic export vision, Asian consumer markets present great opportunities for many western food growers and businesses to explore [12]. Hence, this study may facilitate western food producers and exporters to understand Asian consumer behavior in particular western imported food products in Muslim Markets. They may then adjust their current marketing strategy, enabling them to export to such consumer markets. The outcome of this study brings in numerous opportunities for those western marketing practitioners interested in exploring and developing the Asian Muslim majority consumer market. Western food producers may di fferentiate their product o fferings by emphasizing key attributes extracted from this study such as taste, quality, attractive packaging, and ingredients. Having a di fferentiated product may add a meaningful benefit which may enhance consumers' quality perception or may decrease the perceived risk associated with the use of western imported food products. The enhancement in product attributes may develop brand trust and justification of premium price charged by these western food producers. Since this research is based on a Muslim majority population country, western producers must consider the element of religiosity at the time of developing their marketing strategy. Incorporating the halal logo or stamp, which displays halal product authentication, is highly important for western imported food producers as this builds trust among Muslim consumers to purchase and consume such food. The findings witnessed a positive association with purchase intention towards western food items. Thus, this validates the importance of religiosity and, in particular, the halal authentication is the most important factor for the prospective consumer.


**8. The role of universities in preparing students for the metaverse**

The Metaverse, a virtual world where individuals interact with each other in a three-dimensional environment, is transforming the way of learning and working. With advancements in technology, the Metaverse is becoming increasingly popular, and it is crucial for universities to prepare students for this new digital frontier. This section will discuss the role of universities in preparing students for the Metaverse, including the skills and competencies necessary for success in this environment.

*The importance of Metaverse skills:* As more industries begin to embrace the Metaverse, students with skills in this area will have a significant advantage in the job market. The skills needed for the Metaverse go beyond technical knowledge and include skills such as creativity, collaboration, communication, and critical thinking. Universities must provide students with opportunities to develop these skills and prepare them for a future where Metaverse skills are in high demand.

*Examples of university Metaverse preparation:* Many universities are already taking steps to prepare students for the Metaverse. For instance, the University of Michigan has launched a Metaverse Roadmap initiative, which aims to identify the skills and competencies students need to succeed in the Metaverse. Another example is the University of Washington, which has integrated virtual reality experiences into its curriculum, giving students a chance to explore and experiment in a virtual environment.

*Opportunities for skills development:* There are several opportunities for universities to provide students with the skills needed for the Metaverse. One such opportunity is through experiential learning programs that offer students hands-on experience with Metaverse technologies. Another opportunity is through collaborations with industry partners who can provide students with internships and work experience in Metaverse-related fields.

*Challenges and considerations:* While preparing students for the Metaverse is important, there are several challenges and considerations that universities must consider. For example, there is a lack of standardization in Metaverse technologies, making it difficult for universities to develop a uniform curriculum. Additionally, the cost of Metaverse technologies can be prohibitive, limiting access to these resources for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

### *The Future of Education: Writing Exams in the Metaverse at South African Universities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112003*

Preparing students for the Metaverse is essential for universities, and it requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes both technical and soft skills. Universities must take a proactive role in developing students' Metaverse competencies and skills by providing them with experiential learning opportunities, collaborating with industry partners, and addressing challenges related to access and standardization. By doing so, universities can ensure that their students are well-prepared for the challenges and opportunities of the Metaverse.


**3. Statistical Analysis**

Clinical and immunological data of patients were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and the chi-squared test. A *p*-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Univariate statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism software version 8.2.1, whereas multivariate logistic regression data analysis was performed by Epi Info™ CDC software version 7.2 (available at https://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/index.html; accessed on 15 April 2023).


*Article* **DNN Intellectual Property Extraction Using Composite Data**

**Itay Mosafi 1,\*, Eli (Omid) David 1, Yaniv Altshuler 2 and Nathan S. Netanyahu 1,3**

**Abstract:** As state-of-the-art deep neural networks are being deployed at the core level of increasingly large numbers of AI-based products and services, the incentive for "copying them" (i.e., their intellectual property, manifested through the knowledge that is encapsulated in them) either by adversaries or commercial competitors is expected to considerably increase over time. The most efficient way to extract or steal knowledge from such networks is by querying them using a large dataset of random samples and recording their output, which is followed by the training of a *student* network, aiming to eventually mimic these outputs, without making any assumption about the original networks. The most effective way to protect against such a mimicking attack is to answer queries with the classification result only, omitting confidence values associated with the softmax layer. In this paper, we present a novel method for generating composite images for attacking a *mentor* neural network using a student model. Our method assumes no information regarding the mentor's training dataset, architecture, or weights. Furthermore, assuming no information regarding the mentor's softmax output values, our method successfully mimics the given neural network and is capable of stealing large portions (and sometimes all) of its encapsulated knowledge. Our student model achieved 99% relative accuracy to the protected mentor model on the Cifar-10 test set. In addition, we demonstrate that our student network (which copies the mentor) is impervious to watermarking protection methods and thus would evade being detected as a stolen model by existing dedicated techniques. Our results imply that all current neural networks are vulnerable to mimicking attacks, even if they do not divulge anything but the most basic required output, and that the student model that mimics them cannot be easily detected using currently available techniques.

**Keywords:** deep learning; cybersecurity; artificial intelligence; swarm intelligence; adversarial AI; information theory; entropy; models; neural networks; communication


*Review* **Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes**

**Virendra Kumar Yadav 1, Krishna Kumar Yadav 2, Vineet Tirth 3,4, Govindhan Gnanamoorthy 5, Nitin Gupta 6, Ali Algahtani 3,, Saiful Islam 7, Nisha Choudhary 6, Shreya Modi 8 and Byong-Hun Jeon 9,\***

**Abstract:** Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

**Keywords:** waste; agricultural waste; value-added materials; calcium oxide; eggshell; incense sticks


**2.1 Chemicals and reagents**

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Trypsin, Sodium chloride (NaCl), Phosphatebuffered saline (PBS), Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Sodium azide (NaN3), Gentamicin, Potassium bromide (KBr) powder. All the chemicals and reagents used were of the high purity and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless mentioned otherwise. All solutions were prepared fresh using deionized water and analytical grade chemicals at room temperature (unless indicated otherwise).


**3.4 Mixed metal engineering**

As stated in the earlier section, an esteemed electrocatalyst must be effectual in its inherent properties that are intrinsic activity, density of active sites, conductivity, surface area, wettability and stability. But practically, it is rare that a single material has all these mandatory properties for effective catalysis especially for bifunctional (ORR/OER) catalysis; hence doping the foreign metal into the lattice of the host material is a fruitful way to implant additional properties which were absent or inadequate in the host material. Among the various properties, electrical conductivity and catalytic activity are the most essential properties of the non-noble catalyst that are mainly considered inadequate and need to be improved as far as possible. These two properties could be significantly improved by two tactics: one is the doping of an appropriate metal into the host material and another is the formation of a core-shelltype hybrid structure, where the core part must be highly conductive and the shell part should be capable of catalyzing the oxygen electrode reactions [28, 29]. The enriched activity of the resultant hybrid catalyst is mainly due to the synergistic effect of both the guest and host materials. Hence, the hybrid catalyst has the advantage to utilize certain properties from one part and remaining properties from other parts of the catalyst to exhibit the improved performance of the oxygen electrode reaction. Therefore, it has been understood that mixed metal engineering is a profitable way for selective embedding of certain properties into the electrocatalyst for boosted oxygen electrocatalysis.


**6.3. Simplification of commercial cultivar**

Cultivars (ROC10, ROC16, and ROC20) from Taiwan Sugar Co-operation were grown in more than 70% of the total sugarcane plantation area, while varieties bred in mainland China were less than 30% in the past 30 years. ROC 22 has been planting more than 50% of sugarcane growing area in China over 20 years. This variety is becoming more susceptible to smut and cold, and poor ratooning ability. Especially, after continuous cultivation of ROC22 in the same fields, the soils have accumulated considerable amounts of smut pathogens. That is why healthy seed cane application for ROC22 does not give expected good results in sugarcane production. Finally, the sugarcane ratooning is limited to 1 or 2 years in China, when compared to Brazil where the production cycle is over 5 years.

#### **6.4. Frequent stresses on sugarcane production**

Sugarcane production often suffers from the biotic and abiotic stress in China [35, 36]. For example, the frost in 1998–1999 and the drought in 2005–2006 caused serious damage to sugar production. Sugarcane smut, Pokkah Boeng, ratoon stunting, mosaic, and other diseases caused more than a 20% reduction in production. Borers and soil-borne pests (e.g., *Dorysthenes granulosus*, grub) were found in over 60% of sugarcane plantations, which caused the loss of sugar content of over 0.5%.

### **6.5. Prospect and solutions of Chinese industry**

CY 2016 is the first year of China's governmental five-year plan (2016–2020) to boost sugar production. The plan's target is to raise annual sugar production to 15 MMT by 2020, when consumption is forecast to reach 18 MMT. The plan also implies the government's intention to gradually reduce imports. Sugar production needs to increase more than 10% annually from 2016 to 2020 in order to meet these challenging policy targets. The government has stated that it will provide subsidies and financial support to farmers to increase yields and reverse declines in sugarcane acreage. The Guangxi government has already started providing subsidies of \$5625 per hectares for seeds to sugarcane farmers, farm machinery, mulching film, and fertilizer. The goal is to reach 333,300 ha of "double-high" (high in sugar content and yield) sugarcane. "Double-high" production is classified as a yield of at least 120 MT per hectare and sugar content at 14% or more by constructing the sugarcane production base for optimization of cultivars, mechanization of production, modernization of water conservancy, and operation at large scale [37]. Currently, in Guangxi province, sugarcane production is under 75 MT per hectare and sugar content is 12%. So, there is a long way and urgent issue to go for sugarcane production in China, including breeding cultivars for mechanical harvest and planting sugarcane at economical and efficient production.

To date, no complete sugarcane genome sequence has been reported, which restricts the development of functional genomics and modern breeding. Omics-based sugarcane breeding will benefit sugarcane production by shortening breeding duration and increasing selection efficiency, including transgene, genomic edit, and marker-assisted selection [38–40]. They have created much enthusiasm to identify genetic components of traits, particularly quantitative traits, in Mendelian factors, and to monitor or direct their changes during breeding through omicsbased selection.


**3.2. Synthesis of branched poly(amines)**

**Figure 3.** ESI mass spectrum of *cis* and *trans* isomers of di(3,5,5‐ trimethylhexyl)cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate.

of di(n‐ and isononyl)cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxy‐

**Figure 4.** General mass fragmentation scheme of molecular ions [M]+

236 New Advances in Hydrogenation Processes - Fundamentals and Applications

lates.

Hyperbranched polymers can be prepared by various stepwise and repetitive chemical routes within which convergent and divergent methods are of the biggest practical meaning [24–26]. One of the easiest and the most effective way to synthesize the hyperbranched polyamines is cyanoethylation of primary amines followed by hydrogenation of resulting nitriles to generate primary amines. This process consists of an initial Michael's addition of a core amine to acrylonitrile, and then in the presence of Raney nickel hydrogenation to core amine, which can be further processed in a stepwise manner. Katriztky et al. [27] synthesized various nitriles with the addition of acetic acid as a catalyst with yields reaching 90% but then failed to obtain pure primary amines in hydrogenation process over Raney nickel catalyst with the addition of ammonia in methanol, preventing from formation of secondary amino functionality. Buhleier et al. [28] by means of NaBH4∙CoCl2 reduced nitrile in 24% yield. After 15 years, this process was modified by using diisobutylaluminium hydride in a mixed solvent system of THF and hexane [29]. Worner and Mülhaupt performed hydrogenation of nitriles over Raney nickel in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a cocatalyst, which led to a decrease in reaction yield (ca. 70%) due to the retro‐Michael reaction caused by the action of a strong base [30].

De Brabander‐van der Berg and Meijer reported successful hydrogenation over Raney cobalt catalyst in water under H2 pressure of 30–70 bar. Under these conditions no side products were obtained and 99.5% selectivity level per conversion was achieved [31].

The cross‐linking agents (N,N,N‐tri(3‐aminopropyl)amine and (N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(3‐amino‐ propyl)ethylenediamines were obtained in the catalytic hydrogenation process of appropri‐ ate poly(nitriles) in the presence of modified silica support Ni catalyst.

Preparation of N,N,N‐tricyanoethylamine (TCA) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetracyanoethyl‐1,2‐ethyle‐ nediamine (TCED) was performed by means of bimolecular Michael addition of acryloni‐ trile to ammonia and ethylenediamine, respectively. The exotermic reaction of poly(nitriles) intermediates TCA and TCED starts with an addition of excessive acrylonitrile to the appro‐ priate amine under ambient conditions.

The poly(nitriles) used for hydrogenation process were synthesized in the reaction of 30% water solution of ammonia or 1,2‐ethylenediamine containing 1,4‐dioxane and ionic liquid with an excessive amount of acrylonitrile. When the reaction was completed at 60°C, poly(ni‐ triles) were separated by means of a separatory funnel and dried over magnesium sulfate in order to remove any traces of water.

The synthesized poly(nitriles) are the substrates in the hydrogenation reaction to obtain the primary poly(amines). This reaction was carried out in the presence of the Ni catalyst in the high‐pressure autoclave giving the final product of the polyamines—(N,N,N‐tri(3‐amino‐ propyl)amine) (TAA) or (N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(3‐aminopropyl)‐ethylenediamine)) (TAED) with 82.0% and 88.0% yields, respectively.

Poly(nitriles) used for hydrogenation reaction were obtained in a cyanoethylation process, as shown in **Figure 5** without purification procedures.

**Figure 5.** Cyanoethylation of ammonia and 1,2 ethylenediamine to N,N,N tricyanoethylamine (TCA) — 3 and N,N,N',N' tetracyanoethylo 1,2 ethylenediamine (TCED) 4 followed by their hydrogenation reaction gives (N,N,N tri(3 aminopropyl)amine) (TAA) — 5 and (N,N,N',N' tetra(3 aminopropyl)ethylenediamine)) (TAED) — 6, respectively.

The hydrogenation reactions were carried out at 135°C, under 10 bars for 6 h. In the case of TAA synthesis, yield of this reaction reached 85.7%, while for TAED exceeded 82%.

In case of hydrogenation of TCA for 0.14 mol of nitrile, 0.42 mol of H2 is needed for total conversion of nitrile groups into primary amino groups. It was determined that to achieve full

conversion of poly(nitriles) to the poly(amines) seven cycles of refilling hydrogen were necessary, which equaled to 0.42 mol of H2. Exactly the same procedure was applied for hydrogenation of TCED, but full nitrile reduction was achieved after 12 cycles of hydrogen refill. In this case 0.72 mol of hydrogen was needed for the completion of the hydrogenation process (**Figure 6**).

**Figure 6.** Hydrogenolysis of the TCA to N,N‐diaminepropylamine and n‐propylamine.


**1. Introduction**

High-effective solar energy conversion is impossible without deep examination of solar cell'components as physical materials. Studies of structure of matter, its optical and thermo‐ dynamic properties belong to the scope of several disciplines. The concept of generalized formula units is of particular importance. For example, a category of crystal lattice is the result of crystal's mathematical modeling, while the regularity of the crystal structure represents the basis of its zone structure, which, in turn, is the model for description of energy states of the electrons. It is clear that after all chemical bonds are broken and crystal is evaporated there will be no crystal lattice and its inherent energy bands. Only particles of the crystal remain. However, the band theory considers only energy states of the electrons. Therefore, studies of the relations between structural, thermodynamic and optical properties of material without addressing to the band theory of solids are of both theoretical and practical interest. Here we show that such relations can be found by presenting the sequence of ground and excited states of primitive and non-primitive crystal cells as a thermodynamic process. Calculation of frequencies at which maximal useful work can be produced by a crystal cell and radiation is presented by the example of magnesium. The number of such frequencies increases in the row diamond-graphite-soot. On the example of silicon it is suggested that objects can be compa‐ rable with ideal radiator, or black body, in terms of their property to absorb radiation energy if they are composed of nanoparticles, i.e. clusters with small number of atoms. Requirements formulated for such objects are to be used for maximally efficient conversion of solar radiation into useful work. At the same time, current-voltage characteristics of solar cells are of special interest. We report experimental results and data of their numerical simulation showing novel features of common silicon-based solar cells with metallic Cu/Ag-nanoclustered contacts.

© 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


*3.2.5 Analysis running*

Due to the laser spot size depending on the sample size, this spot is controlled by adjusting the magnification in the microscope objective lens (10x, 20x, 40x, or 50x) and the laser power. Laser radiation is triggered, and the laser beam is directed throughout the prisms (lens) of the system until the entrance of the microscope as shown in **Figure 6**. The samples placed inside the sample chamber are pyrolyzed by focusing the laser radiation directly through the objective of the microscope and, generating the pyrolysis products. Multiple shots are necessary on the particles to obtain enough pyrolysis products (**Figure 7**) to be then transferred online to interface between the sample chamber and GC system. This transfer is carried out via a heated transfer line at 300°C, using He as carrier gas. Pyrolysis products are continuously

#### **Figure 5.**

*Optical microscope equipment used to identify organic particles (a). Example of identification, selecting, and marking organic particles of Tasmanites algae (b, c) and solid bitumen (d, e) to LmPy-GC/MSMS analyses. Photomicrographs were taken under TWL (b, d) and FM (c, e).*

#### **Figure 6.** *Microscope receiving the laser beam (a) directed throughout lens (b) of the LmPy-GC/MSMS hyphenated system.*

#### **Figure 7.**

*Sample chamber at 300°C connected to an He flux interfacing (a) to transfer the pyrolysis products. Photomicrographs taken under TWL (b-d) and FM (e-g) showing the multiple shots on Botryococcus braunii particles.*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Transfer line (300°C) of pyrolysis products from the microscope to the PTV injector in GC/MSMS equipment (a). PTV injector (b) cooled at −80°C with liquid nitrogen (c).*

transferred to the PTV injector and then cryogenically entrapped in a cold trap (cryol collecting) using Liquid Nitrogen at −80°C.

Pyrolysis products are kept in the cold trapping long enough to ensure the complete trapping of the products from the sample chamber. After this time, the inlet temperature rapidly rises to vaporize the compounds and transfer the products to the Capillary GC Column. In this way, the pyrolysis products that were cryogenically entrapped at −80°C are heated up to 350°C and finally analyzed by GC/MSMS system (**Figure 8**).

*Using LmPy-GC/MSMS to Molecular Characterization of Organic Components… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114360*


2.3.2. Red LED

Red LEDs has been widely employed as an alternative source of illumination for in vitro survival and improved production of metabolites in medicinally important plants. Red light is considered the most efficient spectral light in driving photosynthesis, and many studies reported it as an efficient elicitor in elevating the production of pharmacologically active constituents in in vitro systems of various plants [106]. *Myrtus communis* has long been used in medicine and possesses therapeutic characteristics [107,108]. *M. communis* (leaves, flowers, and fruits) contain various components that are critical to the pharmaceutical, food, liqueur, and cosmetic industries; hence, large-scale manufacturing of this plant is necessary [109]. *M. communis* leaf extracts are enriched sources of phenolic acids and flavonoids. In a recent study, the impact of red LED was evaluated on in vitro culture of *M. communis*. Results showed that out of all flavonoids, myricetin (347.02–1118.69 mg 100 g−1 DW) was the main constituent with the highest concentration and 6-benzyladenine (BA) level, whereas gallic acid had the highest concentrations of the phenolic acids (95.58 mg 100 g−1 DW on average) at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 35 µmol m−2 s −1 [93].

Milk thistle (*Silybum marianum* L.) is a well-known hepato-protective medicinal herb that has been extensively researched. The effects of various LEDs lights were investigated, and it was discovered that red light greatly increased phenolics, flavonoids, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in this plant. Under red light, HPLC analysis revealed a substantially doubled total silymarin concentration (18.67 mg g−1 DW) when compared to the control (9.17 mg g−1 DW). When exposed to red light, the levels of isosilychristin, silybin A, silybin B, silychristin, and silydianin were found to be highest. This demonstrates that the quality of light has a significant impact on the callus culture of *S. marianum* morphological and biochemical properties [94].