**Author details**

Saúl Antonio Obregón Biosca\*, José Luis Reyes Araiza and Miguel Angel Pérez Lara y Hernández Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Probability to Be Involved in a Road Accident: Transport User Socioeconomic Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106325*


**6. References**

212 Electropolymerization

To validate this correction procedure, we realised the following experiments: 14 peptides (11 from HDV, 1 from HEL, 1 from Ova and the control peptide C131) were grafted in triplicates on 2 chips. A set of 17 serums (14 from HDV infected patients and 3 from healthy donors) was injected twice on the first chip and once on the second chip. Serums were in a different random order within each set. Rabbit anti-C131 serum was periodically injected (at least every 12 injections) to establish a control curve for signal decrease. The sum of the SPR signals obtained for each peptide was calculated for each injection set, before and after application of the correction, as well as the standard deviation (Fig. 10B). Indeed, as signal loss depends on the peptide/ligand pair, this correction is not optimal, but nevertheless

Among factors susceptible to be involved in signal loss during sample screening on peptide chip, we can exclude probe proteolysis as protease inhibitors had no significant effect on peptide chip stability. Nevertheless, it is recommended to check for protease activities in samples before running large screening. The accessibility to peptides does not seem to limit the signal: steric hindrance and/or chip fouling due to partial regeneration or poor chip surface saturation would lead to an increase in base line, which is not the

The influence of peptide grafting process suggests a release of the probes during the experiments. However, in this case, the reduction of signal should be independent of the peptide, which is actually not the case. It is worth to notice that SPR signal is much lower when diazonium protocol was used. We suggest that this is due to a weaker grafting efficiency, leading to fewer immobilized peptide on the chip. Thus, SPR signal is lower and the competition for Ab binding favours high-affinity Ab. As discussed in § 3.7, high-affinity Ab keep their capacity to bind their epitopes even after epitope conformational changes, thus leading to a more stable signal. This is supported by the slope values obtained for the dissociation curves (12 ± 2.6x10-3 %reflectivity/min and 4 ± 0.9x10-3 %reflectivity/min for

Altogether, our results suggest that the main reason for the loss of SPR signal during the experiments is a change in the conformation of the grafted peptides, probably induced by the successive injection/regeneration cycles. This conformational change impairs peptide recognition by some Ab, selecting the Ab possessing a high affinity for the probe. The signal loss, due to a decrease in Ab amounts that bind to peptides, depends on both the peptide (according to its conformational stability) and the Ab (according to the targeted epitope via its accessibility upon conformational change of the peptide). Saturation process can also impact peptide stability, depending on the nature of peptidechip surface interactions, some of them being able to induce epitope masking. Involvement of peptide conformational change in signal loss is strengthened by the improvement of the signal stability observed for some peptides when glycerol was added

This study points out several ways to both reduce and correct the signal loss occurring on

ppy and diazonium respectively, first C131 injection).

peptide chip upon multiple injection/regeneration cycles.

improves the results.

in the running solutions.

**4. Conclusion**

case.

Villiers, M.-B., Cortes, S., Brakha, C., Marche, P., Roget, A. & Livache, T. (2009). Polypyrrole-

Yakovleva, J., Davidsson, R., Bengtsson, M., Laurell, T. & Emneus, J. (2003). Microfluidic

Humana Press,<PHONE_NUMBER>930<PHONE_NUMBER>930, London

5663 0956-5663

peptide microarray for biomolecular interaction analysis by SPR imaging, In: Peptide microarrays: methods and protocols, M. Cretich and M. Chiari, pp. 317-328,

enzyme immunosensors with immobilised protein A and G using chemiluminescence detection. Biosens Bioelectron, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 21-34, 0956-


**5.3 Licorice root**

 Licorice is becoming evident and lighten up in various researches for treatment and prevention of diseases like hepatitis C, HIV, and influenza. From a study, it confirms the antiviral activity of licorice root due to its triterpenoid content. It notes that licorice's antioxidant, free radical-scavenging and immuno-stimulating effects. Licorice root benefits also include pain relief.


**Author details**

*Extracellular Vesicles and Their Importance in Human Health*

The EVs emerge as a powerful tool for early diagnosis and subsequent prevention of pathologies with high risk for the brain dysfunction. Still, EVs investigation as biomarkers and therapeutic agents is in its infancy. There is increasing evidence that EVs have an important role in brain pathophysiology. Thus, their potential application as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapeutic tools relies on their subsequent isolation for molecular and functional characterization that can relate them with the cellular source and cellular mechanisms in both health

This work was supported by grants of UEFISCDI, projects no. PN-III-P1- 1.2-PCCDI-2017-0527 and PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0797 and the Romanian Academy and Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, projects no.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any either commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict

**7. Conclusion**

and disease.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

of interest.

1N/2019\_<IP_ADDRESS> and 7PFE/16.10.2018.

**146**

Laura Cristina Ceafalan1,2, Octavian Costin Ioghen1,2, Daciana Silvia Marta1 , Alina Constantin3 , Nicoleta Alexandru3 , Miruna Nemecz3 , Gabriela Tanko3 , Alexandru Filippi3 , Stefania Lucia Magda2,4, Florina Bojin5,6, Virgil Paunescu5,6, Dragos Vinereanu2,4, Adriana Georgescu3 and Mihaela Gherghiceanu1,2\*

1 Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania

2 Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania

3 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania

4 Cardiology Department, University and Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

5 Department of Functional Sciences, 'Victor Babeș' University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

6 'Pius Brinzeu' Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, OncoGen-Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer, Timisoara, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**4. Feature-level fusion for bearing fault diagnosis**

This section will propose a new multiple sources feature-level fusion model for bearing fault diagnosis using GEP. At present, the research of fault diagnosis based on feature-level fusion is still less, far from decision-level fusion attention. This is mainly because feature-level fusion is more difficult. But feature-level fusion application for fault diagnosis can be more effective to extract fault feature information. It is a way to improve the performance and robustness of bearing fault diagnosis system.