**4. Discussion**

In a demanding task with spatially varying rapid presentation, we tested the impact of early occurrence of features that were typical of the second target. The original variation of the present study from several earlier studies [3–12,15] was that lures resembled T2 in two di fferent, alternative ways. Our major expectation about these two types of lures was confirmed: Their e ffects on T2 identification grossly diverged (main e ffect of Lure Type *p* < 0.001). T2 identification was impeded by color lures and was mainly improved by digit lures.

We had assumed as a mechanism underlying this divergence of e ffects that color lures falsely attract attention to their stream while digit lures positively prime the identification of digits. From this viewpoint, the obtained results will be discussed in detail. It will be concluded that these mechanisms were indeed at work but cannot account for the whole pattern of results.


**4. Conclusions**

In the paper, thirty honey samples labeled and sold as manuka honey were tested for their pollen composition, diastase number, and HMF content. The obtained results indicate the large diversity of manuka honey available on the Polish market both in terms of the percentage of *L. scoparium* pollen grains and the enzymatic activity or HMF content. The most striking observation from the experiments is that, according to Moar's statement and based on the pollen analysis, almost half of the analyzed honeys should not be classified as manuka honeys since their *L. scoparium* pollen content did not meet the required minimum. Presumably, the Polish market is not the only market facing such a problem. Thus, the presented results can be regarded as a general warning for consumers of manuka honey and for sellers purchasing the product from unverified suppliers, and above all for scientists conducting research on manuka honey without confirmation of its authenticity. It is also worth emphasizing that a significant proportion of the analyzed honeys had a low DN, lower than the European Directive limit for the honey to be approved for use. The low diastase activity was not associated with the low HMF content, and therefore it would be incorrect to assume that manuka honey naturally has low enzymatic activity. The low

value of DN and relatively high HMF content indicate, in turn, the flawed physicochemical quality of these commercially available honeys. The present research encourages further study of natural (without any additional processing) and commercially available manuka honeys. It is reasonable, for example, to extend the research by using other hallmarks of manuka honeys in order to establish their authenticity or adulteration on the basis of further scientific evidence.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.S. and T.S.; formal analysis, A.S. and T.S.; investigation, A.P.; data curation, A.S.; writing—original draft preparation, A.S.; writing—review and editing, A.S. and T.S.; visualization, A.S.; supervision, T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

**Data Availability Statement:** All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**Abstract**

Starting from the equation of Einstein (E = m·c2 ), the chapter proposes a simple and fundamental presentation of the fission and fusion principles, together with some of their applications: nuclear reactors and nuclear propulsion vessels and submarines. Fission and fusion are chosen between the multiple forms of energy, as being the most important forms of nuclear energy, directly related with the equation of Einstein. Some characteristics of solar energy, produced from the fusion process inside the Sun, are deducted from the same equation of Einstein: thermal power of solar radiation; specific power of solar radiation; surface temperature of the Sun; solar constant on different planets, etc. The yearly variation of the solar radiation on each planet of the solar system is also presented.

**Keywords:** Einstein equation, fission, fusion, solar energy, solar constant, solar radiation


**5. Conclusions**

In this study, we proposed an ANN-based continual classification method via memory storage and retrieval, combining the CNN and GAN, with two clear advantages. One is few data, as the metric learning model based on CNN works well from few data, which significantly reduces the difficulty of image collection and annotation; the other is flexibility, as continual classification based on memory storage and retrieval can balance old and new tasks through the accumulation of knowledge and alleviation of forgetting. The results show that the regular CNN can deal with a single task well and classify the categories clearly. However, when it comes to continuous tasks, there is a serious forgetting problem. With the addition of memory storage and the retrieval mechanism, the modified continual model can distinguish all the categories from both old and new tasks, without the forgetting problem. There are so many possible applications of this proposed approach in the field of agriculture, for instance, intelligent fruit picking robots, which can recognize and pick different kinds of fruits; and plant protection by the identification of diseases and pests, which can continuously improve the detection range. This work lays a foundation and provides a reference for other relevant studies towards more intelligent and flexible applications in the agricultural area.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.L.; Methodology, Y.L.; Writing—original draft, Y.L.; Software, X.C.; Validation, X.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Natural Science Program of Shihezi University, grant number KX01230101. The APC was funded by Shihezi University.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

## **References**

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

*Article*


**Abstract**

Cyclodextrins possess a hydrophobic cavity due to which they are suitable for inclusion of various organic dyes. The complex formation between CDs and dyes has been employed to affect the photophysical and photochemical characteristics of organic dyes such as fluorescence enhancement, charge and proton transfer, energy transfer, photochromic transformations and intramolecular excimer/exciplex formation. This fundamental approach has also potential nanotechnological application in creation of optoelectronic devices. Thus, the fluorescent hybrid nanomaterials consisting of supramolecular assemblies of cyclodextrins with fluorescent dyes can be considered as multivalent scaffolds for the construction of various devices applicable in science and technology, in fluorescence spectroscopic and microscopic techniques providing high sensitivity and imaging of cells with high resolutions. In some cases, fluorescent hybrid materials composed of CD-dye complexes have been successfully used instead of the fluorescent organic molecules in sensing and bioimaging studies.

**Keywords:** organic dyes, cyclodextrin, complex formation, fluorescence, photophysical properties, photochromism