Academic Editor: Ra ffaele Pezzani

Received: 14 August 2020; Accepted: 11 September 2020; Published: 12 September 2020

**Abstract:** Hibiscus species are rich in phenolic compounds and have been traditionally used for improving human health through their bioactive activities. The present study investigated the phenolic compounds of leaf extracts from 18 di fferent *H. acetosella* accessions and evaluated their biofunctional properties, focusing on antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The most abundant phenolic compound in *H. acetosella* was ca ffeic acid, with levels ranging from 14.95 to 42.93 mg/100 g. The antioxidant activity measured by the ABTS assay allowed the accessions to be classified into two groups: a high activity group with red leaf varieties (74.71–84.02%) and a relatively low activity group with green leaf varieties (57.47–65.94%). The antioxidant activity was significantly correlated with TAC (0.933), Dp3-Sam (0.932), Dp3-Glu (0.924), and Cy3-Sam (0.913) contents (*p* < 0.001). The *H. acetosella* phenolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against two bacteria, with zones of inhibition between 12.00 and 13.67 mm (*Staphylococcus aureus*), and 10.67 and 13.33 mm (*Pseudomonas aeruginosa*). All accessions exhibited a basal antibacterial activity level (12 mm) against the Gram-positive *S. aureus*, with PI500758 and PI500764 exhibiting increased antibacterial activity (13.67 mm), but they exhibited a more dynamic antibacterial activity level against the Gram-negative *P. aeruginosa*.

**Keywords:** *Hibiscus acetosella*; phenolic compound; antioxidant; antibacterial; UPLC


**2.8 Thermal conductivity**

Fibers are mostly used in raw material for clothing and the purpose of clothing is to decorate. However, the main purpose is to prevent from cold or heat (specially to prevent from clod). The amount of thermal conductivity of fibers is one of the important properties.


*4.3. An instance of Distribution in Shanghai City*

A refrigerated logistics company in Shanghai has to deliver to 20 distribution points. The information about customers is shown in Table 10. Assuming that the traffic congestion in the distribution is not considered, the vehicle is driven at a uniform speed of 40km/h and the carbon trading price is fixed at 54 RMB/ton. Moreover, the potential value of the customer is not considered. The solution can be solved with G-NSGA-II and then compared with the results of CV-GVRP. This paper's model considered the variable speed, variable carbon trading price and customer value, resulting in an 8.18% reduction in the total cost, a 23.82% increase in customer value and a 4.05% reduction in time. The results are shown in Table 11. In addition, the number of vehicles used was two less. The two solutions are shown in Figures 15 and 16.

**Figure 15.** Preoptimization delivery routes.

**Table 10.** Shanghai Huangpu district distribution point information.

**Table 11.** Example solution result comparison.

**Figure 16.** Optimized delivery route conclusion.

#### *4.4. Discussion on the Model and the Algorithm*

In general, the experiments focused on two aspects: the algorithm and the model. To analyze the algorithm performance, six customer points were used as examples to verify the feasibility of the G-NSGA-II algorithm. To further explore the superiority of the G-NSGA-II algorithm, the small–medium–large-scale test sets were constructed using Solomon data. The solution results of the MOPSO, NSGA-II and G-NSGA-II algorithms were compared in convergence and diversity. By plotting boxplots in NPS, DM and MID and comparing their median and dispersion, the G-NSGA-II algorithm outperformed the others.

The CV model was used to analyze the influence of carbon trading uncertainty, timevarying network and customer potential value on the distribution schemes.

Finally, the CV-GVRP model and the G-NSGA-II algorithm were applied to practical problems, and a planning scheme was proposed for real-life cold chain distributions. Constructing a cold chain distribution model under a carbon trading policy was conducive to reducing carbon emissions and achieving sustainable developments in enterprises. Taking into account the time window and potential value of the customer could help improve the reputation and benefits of the business by providing timely services to important customers.

### **5. Conclusions**

From the perspective of variable carbon trading prices, this paper built a multiobjective optimization model, the CV-GVRP, which aimed to minimize the total cost and maximize customer value, considering both customer value and the time-dependent network. This model was an improvement of the traditional cold chain one, which was mainly applicable to fresh agricultural products with a short shelf life, low temperature and simple requirements for distribution conditions, such as leafy vegetables and fruits. By setting different ranges of carbon trading prices, it was found that flexible carbon trading prices positively affected companies in reducing their carbon emissions. Compared to static networks, the CV-GVRP was found to be advantageous in the total cost savings and customer value growth. Moreover, the CV-GVRP could improve customer satisfaction at a lower cost than models that do not take customer value into account. Small, medium and large-scale examples of c, r and rc, respectively, were constructed using Solomon data. Using the nine examples, G-NSGA-II, NSGA-II and MOPSO were used to solve this model. The values of NPS, DM and MID showed that the G-NSGA-II algorithm performed better than the others.

Future research can incorporate additional factors into the consideration of customer value, such as service quality and product quality. For the calculation of variable speed, only the congestion case was considered. However, the speed limits, emergencies and traffic control also affect vehicle speed in real life. This study considered only the carbon trading policy; in the future, the carbon tax policy and carbon trading policy can be used in

coordination to reduce carbon emissions. To better address practical problems, there is still a lot of space to enrich the details of this model.

**Author Contributions:** D.W.: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition and Writing—Review, Editing and Original Draft; J.L.: Methodology, Resources, Software and Writing—Original Draft; J.C.: Formal Analysis and Validation; D.H.: Supervision and Project Administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the China Education Ministry of Humanities and Social Science Research Youth Fund project (No. 18YJCZH192), the Special Project of National Characteristic Freshwater Fish Industrial Technology System for Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (No. CARS-46). Major project of National Social Science Fund "Research on the development strategy of China's deep blue fishery under the background of accelerating the construction of a marine power" (No. 21 & ZD100).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** All experimental data in this paper came from: https://www.sintef. no/projectweb/top/vrptw/solomon-benchmark/ (accessed on 18 April 2008).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**5. Acknowledgments**

508 Advances in Crystallization Processes

route (Dhahri et al., 2010). The present observation of a reduction in the particle size of the Nd0.8Sr0.2(Mn1-xCox)O3 phases in one of the methods but not in the other would point towards the synthesis method as the responsible for this effect, rather than the amount of cobalt. In this case, however, the observed decrease of the grain size is less significant than

Fig. 11. Secondary electron SEM micrographs obtained for all Nd0.8Sr0.2(Mn1-xCox)O3 compositions prepared by (a) sol-gel (sg) and (b) freeze-drying (fd) methods.

Different synthetic methods were used to prepare several perovskite type compounds. Phase-pure perovskites were obtained in all cases, irrespective of the method of synthesis and even when more than one method was used. It is to note that no differences in the overall crystal structure were observed in any of the cases when the method was changed. Moreover, changes in the crystal structure of the compounds within each series could be perfectly explained considering only compositional (and resulting structural) variables such as the mean A-site ionic radius or the A-site disorder, none of them being influenced by the synthesis route. This is true for the Ln1−xAxFeO3−δ series where changes from orthorhombic to cubic are consistent with the change in the doping level x and also for the Ln0.5A0.5FeO3 where the change was observed from rhombohedral to cubic symmetry when the mean A-

At least in the present group of compounds this seems to indicate that, properly used, and with no other factors present (such as in the case of the growth of samples on crystallographycally oriented substrates), the structural characteristics can be studied and

It is no news that, compared with the solid state reaction, the glycine-nitrate route, sol-gel and freeze-drying techniques require lower calcination temperatures to yield pure crystals of perovskite phases, with the resulting energy saving (very important nowadays). The disadvantage is, however, the fact that they are more time consuming and require more controlled synthesis conditions. In the same way, it is clearly observed that the ceramic

properly addressed without having into account the synthesis method.

in previous studies.

**4. Conclusion**

site radius, <rA>, was varied.

This work has been financially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSE-12000-2009-7 (MICINN) and MAT 2010-15375; Consejería de Industria, Innovación, Comercio y Turismo (SAIOTEK 2011) and by the Consejería de Educación, Universidades e Investigación (IT-177-07) of the Basque Goverment of Gobierno Vasco/Eusko Jaurlaritza. Technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV, EJ, ESF) and Alternative Generation Systems Group of Technological Research Centre is gratefully acknowledged.