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**20**

*Iran*

**The Effects of Plant Extracts on Dental Plaque and Caries**

*Associate Professor, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Kerman,*

Daily use of an efficient anti-plaque compound, especially a formulated form in toothpaste, can be very beneficial in plaque control. Some groups of antimicrobial compounds have been studied thus far. The most important of these compounds are herbal extracts, metallic salts and phenol compounds. Each of these three groups has demonstrated positive results in clinical and laboratory studies. Herbal extracts have received special attention because of being non-chemical and non-synthetic, and they have been long used in traditional

In this section will be discussed about most important of plant extracts that have shown

The Salvadora Persica tree drives its Persian name, Darakht-e-Miswak or tooth brush tree. South of Iran, next to Persian Gulf, is the main growing area of this plant. This plant belongs to the Salvadoraceae family, a crowded evergreen shrub that has a soft inclined to a white wood. Since the brushes made of its wood strengthen the gums, it has been called "Miswak

Chemical compounds such as sodium chloride, calcium oxalate, silica, fluoride, sulfated compounds, vitamin C and tannic acid have been found in this plant. Moreover, this plant contains saponin, flavonoid, an alkaloid named Salvadorin, Trim ethylamine, an herbal steroid named beta-sit sterol and benzyl isothiocyanate. It is claimed that the vitamin C and sit sterol content of this plant have great roles in strengthening the gum capillaries and preventing gum inflammation. calcium salts and fluoride are quite effective in preventing dental caries. Moreover, the silica and calcium salts in the plant act as grinder and detergent. Trim ethylamine is known to be effective in reducing surface adhesion and also in decreasing plaque accumulation. Tannins, tannic acid, Sulfated compounds and benzyl isothiocyanate, are reported to have antimicrobial effects and help the healing of gum inflammation. Leaves, fruits and seeds of this plant have been used in traditional medicine as appetizer, mild laxative, diuretic and anti-fungal medication and people in some Asian and African countries have used it for many years (Akhtar & Ajmal 1981 , Al Sadhan &

**1. Introduction**

medicine ( Elvin 1980, Marsh & Bradshaw 1993).

tree" (Meswak tree) in traditional medicine (Poureslami 2007).

good effects on dental plaque and caries.

**2. Salvadora Persica**

Hamidreza Poureslami

*University of Medical Sciences,*


Mehmet Unal Mehmet Unal

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70833

#### **Abstract**

Hypertrophic scar, which can be seen even after minor burn injuries, is a common complication and generally develops within 6–8 weeks following reepithelization. Hypertrophic scar/keloid is often seen when the injury affects the reticular dermis and, in particular, after a deep dermal or full thickness burn. There are various options used in the treatment of burn scar. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader a brief information on the conservative treatment methods used in burn scar treatment.

**Keywords:** burn injury, hypertrophic scar, keloid, burn scar, conservative treatment


**Abstract**

Vibration therapy has been used as a clinical intervention, in which mechanical vibration is transmitted to a part or to the whole body of the individual. It is very important to point out that mechanical vibration is a natural stimulus that is part of the daily life of all living beings and is periodically added to the organism due to a movement of the body. When, for several reasons, the person cannot add mechanical vibration to the body, the mechanical vibration generated by a device can be transmitted to the person in contact with it. When the intervention aims to treat a complaint referring to a specific anatomical segment, it is called local or segmental vibration therapy. However, when mechanical vibration is transmitted to the whole person's body, aiming for an improvement in the performance, or as a clinical intervention, the procedure is called Systemic vibration therapy. The biological effects would be due to the mechano-transduction mechanism by which cells convert mechanical stimulus into biological activity, releasing various hormones and other substances. This form of mechano-transduction is important to physiological processes in the body, including proprioception, effects on bone mineral density, muscle, balance, and functionality, promoting the modulation of biological effects through specific signaling pathways. In this chapter, the use of mechanical vibration as an intervention aiming to improve and optimize daily life is discussed, either as a local or systemic application, targeting a specific part of the body or the whole body, respectively.

**Keywords:** whole-body vibration exercise, local vibration therapy, systemic vibration therapy, Mechano-biomodulation, daily life


*2.2.3 Health issues*

*Interactive Multimedia - Multimedia Production and Digital Storytelling*

Traditionally, the purpose of an interactive system is to assist the user in achieving the goals from the application domain. **Domain** defines the area of expertise and knowledge in real-world activities. The domain consists of concepts, which emphasize its important aspects. **Tasks** represent operations for manipulation of concepts within the domain. **Objective** is defined as desired output of the accomplished task, while the **intention** represents the specific action which is required for

Task analysis includes the identification of problems in terms of domains, objectives, intentions, and tasks. It can use human knowledge about tasks and objectives, in order to assess an interactive system that is designed to support them. The terms (concepts) which are used in the design of a system and a customer description are separated, so that they can be treated as separate components—the system and the

The term **ergonomics** or **human factors** is traditionally related to the study of interaction of physical characteristics—design of controls, physical environment in which the interaction takes place, arrangement, and the physical properties of display. The primary focus is on the user's performances and how interface affects them. In order to assess these aspects of interaction, ergonomics will certainly touch

Besides cognitive aspects of design, physical aspects are also important. Sets of controls and display components should be grouped logically, in order to allow faster access to the user. This is not so important when only one user is active. But, when we take controls in power plants, aircrafts, and air traffic into consideration, it becomes vital. In each of these cases, users are under pressure, and they are faced with a huge range of displays and controls, so their appropriate physical appearance is significant. The importance of a logical grouping of controls has already been mentioned, as well as the fact that the controls should not be separated. The exact manner of organization (which will be presented) will depend on the domain of application

itself. Possible ways of organizations can include the following things:

• **Functional controls and displays** are organized to place together the

• **Sequential controls and displays** are organized to reflect the order of their

• **Frequent controls and displays** are organized according to the frequency of usage, but the most commonly used controls should be easily accessible.

Apart from setting up the controls and displays, the whole interface system should be properly distributed according to the position of the user himself. Thus, for example, a user should be able to reach all necessary controls and to see all the displays without excessive body movement. The most important displays should be at eye level, and controls should be adjusted for space maneuvering. Display reflec-

**2.1 Terms of interaction**

task accomplishment.

user, respectively [3–5].

*2.2.1 Display and control setup*

on human psychology and systems' limitations.

elements which are functionally linked.

use in a typical interaction.

tions should be avoided as well [3, 6].

**2.2 Ergonomics**

**4**

Work on computer should not be considered as a dangerous activity, but one should bear in mind the possible implications of design on the health and safety of users. Factors in the physical environment directly affect the quality of interaction and user's performances:

## **2.3 Ways of interaction**

The interaction can be observed as a dialog between the user and the computer. The choice of interface style can have a profound effect on the nature of a dialog. There is a great number of common interface styles including: