**4. Conclusion**

42 E-Learning – Organizational Infrastructure and Tools for Specific Areas

level of taxonomy of cognitive aims (if any taxonomy is chosen at all) and they are usually

As a result, questions are very often targeted to lower levels of taxonomy (knowledge/ remembering and comprehension/understanding) and in such a way they do not evaluate

The next problem directs attention to the processing of testing results. In every test there is some grading approach specified during test preparation, which is applied to the evaluation of the tested items and, finally, to the evaluation of the entire test. It means that there should be some permanent evaluation of the tested items (finding possible ambiguities, revealing

There are many causes of the above specified problems. One of them is the inadequate support of knowledge assessment test development methodology in the current learning management systems (LMS). Most systems do not support a wide range of question-item types, these systems have no support of taxonomy of learning objectives and test items are

Nowadays, assessment test are performed by computer systems. Most computer systems are connected to the Internet without any limitations during testing. Due to increasing computer literacy there is a great chance for participants to "steal" testing items and publish them online in a very short period of time. But even in the case of certain restrictions (fire walled computer classes, restrictions to using computer keyboards for closed type only testing suites), students overcome them by using new technological achievements (i.e. they take a photo of computer screen by mobile phone digital cameras to publish items on-line; use mobile phones for on-line consultancy). In such a way students prove their competence in using technological achievements, but their test results do not reflect their knowledge

Learning Management Systems (LMS) have evolved to matured systems in the area of course development during the last ten years. However, it is hard to find any methodology applied to LMS with regard to knowledge assessment. Therefore, the recommended fundamental requirements for knowledge assessment modules of learning management systems with regard to the implementation of assessment methodology are as follows: defining the taxonomy of cognitive aims; defining the cognitive structure of curricula in addition to the basic structure of the curriculum; linking each testing item to an appropriate level of taxonomy and an appropriate mode of cognitive curriculum structure; providing a rich set of question-item types, including open items; supporting item and test life-cycle support; supporting the functionality for teamwork development of tests; providing well-

Application of the so called "functional model" can provide an "added" value for knowledge assessment test development. Linking testing items to specific level of cognitive taxonomy may give possibility to a better selection of the corresponding items. It gives the possibility to test the "knowledge" of participants after lectures and prior to seminars. Newly designed tests can be targeted to checking the comprehension (or higher) level. Moreover, different levels can be combined with the different parts of curriculum. This model seems to be suitable for building an adaptive test. We can start from any level and based upon the correctness or incorrectness of participants' answers we can adjust the level

required to be linked to specific chapters, not to appropriate composite knowledge.

developed for specific curriculum sets.

the participants' knowledge.

correlations between items, etc.).

(skills, abilities).

developed approaches for items and test statistics".

of subsequent items presented to the tested persons.

Web-based learning is understood as one of the most important innovations in education. Moreover, this form of learning has many benefits, both social and economic, and belongs to the most flexible types of learning, which suits the target groups of all presented projects – learners, current and perspective entrepreneurs, managers and other similar beneficiaries. Moreover, web-based learning is one of the most important possibilities of improving access to continuous vocational training, and lifelong acquisition of the necessary skills and competencies of inhabitants in the regions.

The web-based learning systems, applied in the projects, consist of separate techniques, such as e-learning, self-learning and regular meetings of self-learning groups of learners – three main parts of a blended learning approach.

Teachers' participation in the preparatory phase of these e-learning and blended learning materials and activities was satisfactory and efficient. On the other hand, teachers were less enthusiastic about the day-to-day online contact with their learners. Even very active and zealous colleagues complained about this new approach in tertiary education. Some of them explained that constant participation in online courses, and/or ex-post educational participation represented a significant burden on their mental and physical well-being.

As our present paper suggests, various pros and cons are the real experience outcomes of the presented advanced teaching approaches. The success of any educational change largely depends on how instructors perceive it and what they do to implement change, since it is the instructors who reflect on change, absorb and realise new ideas and improvements.

It goes without saying that these approaches will be realised in a broad extent in the near future. The reasons are as follows: (1) very convenient, rational, effective and time saving ways for learners; (2) support for knowledge-based social environment for regions; (3) engagement in "home working" educational activities in a pleasant ambiance; (4) contribution to the lessening of the burden on the environment in general (e.g. "classroomless" universities, transport-less" commuting/communication, etc.)

This current "pioneer" era requires some inevitable steps to be taken in order to develop and accelerate positive approaches, and to find solutions for diminishing the obstacles within the process. One of the possible ways to eliminate the presence of relevant problems is to involve young teachers in the process, who are much keener on using these innovative means of information and communication technologies.


**4. Development of the online module to teach micro suturing skills**

Using the tool for surgical skill training as a guide (as seen in **Figure 4**), the key tasks for micro suturing were identified and were listed as the expected learning outcomes with clearly stated essential tasks and competency levels. An expert review panel was identified and invited to perform a think-aloud cognitive walkthrough of these key skills. We conducted content and task analysis with the results and developed a detailed mental script for micro suturing. The mental script was incorporated into the instructional materials of the online module. The development of the online module was based on the framework of multimedia learning of the surgical procedure [37]. This online module consisted of instructional videos of the expert surgeons' live demonstration of micro suturing, with the concurrent narration of the mental script.

The participants in the experimental phase used this online module to practice. Combining the video and the mental script allowed the participants to learn from expert surgeons anytime and anywhere. In addition, this online module was augmented with deliberate practice using the low-cost rubber glove practice model.

*Redefining Surgical Skill Acquisition DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99408*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Diagram of the pilot experiment using the learning module for micro suturing.*

The online module allowed trainees to observe expert performance, followed by mental practice with motor imagery, and then deliberate practice to reach the mastery level, as summarised in the tool for developing instructional materials in **Figure 4**. The training module created was then evaluated in a pilot study using an experimental design (**Figure 6**).


*3.2.2 HRTEM of Zn0.92Fe0.05La0.03O nanoparticles*

DMSs Zn0.92Fe0.05La0.03O (ZFLaO53) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel process [21]. The value of nanoparticles size is 99 nm. The lattice spacing is calculated from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images (**Figure 4b**), which show that the distorted lattice has an enhanced interplanar spacing *d* [(101) planes] of 0.247 nm. It is also observed from HRTEM that some fractions within the lattice fringes are formed. This may due to some ferromagnetic clustered growth by dopants in Zn2+ lattice. The high crystallinity of the particles is evident from the selected area electron diffraction.


**3. Countermeasure for self-sustained tone using baffle plate**

#### **3.1 Setup of experiment**

In this section, we describe the experiments performed by Ishihara et al. [12, 26]. They have investigated the appropriate insertion position of the baffle plate for the suppression of the self-sustained tone and the mechanism of suppressing the self-sustained tone by inserting the baffle plate. The setup of the experiment is shown in **Figure 3(a)** and the duct used in this experiment is shown in **Figure 13**. The tube bank consists of an array of bronze tubes whose diameter is *D* = 6 mm. The array geometry is represented in **Figure 3(b)**, where the spacings *T*/*D* and *L*/*D* are 2.0. In the tube bank, there are 5 rows of tubes in the flow direction and 18 tubes in the width direction, which is perpendicular to the flow, and the length in the flow direction is 60 mm. The sound pressure signal is measured using the microphone set near the duct outlet as shown in **Figure 3(a)**, and converted to frequency domain with FFT analyzer. One tube bank is installed in the duct in the present experiment as shown in **Figure 13**. The baffle plate with a length of 60 mm, thickness of 3 mm, and height of 200 mm is inserted in the center of the tube bank

**Figure 13.** *Setup of experiment ([12]).*

as shown in **Figure 13**. The position of this baffle plate is varied in the flow direction in increments of a row pitch (12 mm) in the tube array. The patterns of the baffle plate position are shown in **Figure 14**. An effective position of the baffle plate for suppressing the self-sustained tone is derived from this experiment.


**Abstract**

With the advancement of technology, many new devices and methods with machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML-AI) have been developed and these methods have begun to play an important role in human life. ML-AI technology is now widely used in many applications such as security, military, communications, bioengineering, medical treatment, food industry, and robotics. In this chapter, deep learning methods and medical usage techniques that have become popular in recent years will be discussed. Experimental and simulation results and a comprehensive example of the biomedical use of the deep network model will be presented. In addition, the regression analysis using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method for estimating lung vital capacity (VC) will be discussed. The simulation results showed that the VC parameter was predicted with higher than 90% accuracy using the proposed deep network model with real data.

**Keywords:** deep network, data analytics, modeling, simulation, vital capacity, MLPFFNN, artificial intelligent, OLS, regression, spirometer


**3. Risk factors**

Men form approximately 62–68% of all patients undergoing surgery [7]. The triad of hypertension (67–86% patients), smoking and atherosclerosis is an independent predictor of type A aortic dissection [8]. Data correlating the risk of aortic dissection in bicuspid aortic valve is limited and controversial. However, some centres advocate early prophylactic ascending aortic replacement in patients with aortas larger than approximately 5.0 cm in diameter or with a cross-sectional area to height ratio greater than approximately 10 cm2 /m [9]. In the NORCAAD registry, 6% patients were reported to have bicuspid aortic valve [7]. The Marfan syndrome is present in around 4% of ATAAD patients in NORCAAD registry [10]. The patients typically have pearshaped aneurysm of aortic root. Due to mutation in FBN1 gene, there is decreased strength and elasticity of elastin—rich tissue of aortic wall. Predominantly, medium and large sized arteries are involved in dissection (**Table 1**).

**63**

**5. Diagnosis**

are good indicators for TAAD [13].

non-specific [14].

*Current and Future Management Strategies of Type A Aortic Dissection*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93015*

(1) Cardiovascular and life style factors Uncontrolled hypertension

(2) Congenital and connective tissue

Bicuspid aortic valve Marfan syndrome

Coronary catheterisation Arterial cannulation Aortic cross clamping

(4) Vascular inflammation Takayasu arteritis

Deceleration injury

(3) Iatrogenic

IABP

(5) Trauma

**Table 1.**

Age Smoking Dyslipidemia Cocaine Pregnancy

**4. Clinical presentation**

*Risk factors for acute aortic dissection.*

TAAD patients (85%) typically present with sudden intense central chest pain (ripping or tearing) radiating to the neck, back or abdomen. [11]. ECG abnormalities (50% patients) include ST/T wave changes, conduction defects, and arrhythmias. This sometimes leads to the misdiagnosis of myocardial infarction leading to fatal mistake of giving antiplatelet therapy or thrombolysis. This delays the diagnosis and increases peri-operative bleeding complications. Aortic regurgitation (70% patients) can occur through prolapse of right or non- coronary valve cusps and detachment of commissures. Pulmonary oedema may occur through acute dilation of the left ventricle. Haemorrhagic pericardial tamponade is a very strong predictor of aortic dissection. Reduced or absent femoral pulses are seen. Neurological sequlae include syncope, stroke. Mal-perfusion of spinal cord leads to paraplegia. Acute renal failure and mesenteric ischemia are seen if the dissection involves descending thoracic and abdominal aorta [12]. Rupture of the aneurysm is immediately fatal.

1.**Clinical**: Constellation of findings of chest pain, diastolic murmur, blood pressure difference in both upper limbs, pulse deficit, neurological sequelae

2.**Chest X ray** (**Figure 2**) shows widened mediastinum (49% patients), which is

### **Table 1.**

*Advances in Complex Valvular Disease*

to guide acute management. Stanford type A involves ascending aorta proximal to innominate artery, irrespective of involvement of aortic arch or descending aorta. Stanford type B dissection involves only the thoracic aorta distal to the left subclavian artery [5]. Intimal tears originating distal to left subclavian artery but dissecting retrogradely into ascending aorta will be type A. Intimal tears starting in the aortic arch and extending into ascending aorta are type A and extending into descending aorta are type B. If the intimal tear is restricted to aortic arch, then it is

The DeBakey type I involves ascending aorta and extends beyond the innominate artery. Type II involves only the ascending aorta. Type III involves thoracic aorta distal to left subclavian artery. It is more useful for long-term follow-up as it differentiates between proximal and distal aortic dissection extent (**Figure 1**) [4]. The Penn classification is a recently introduced method of classifying based on clinical presentation [6]. Class Aa—absence of branch vessel malperfusion or circulatory collapse; Class Ab—symptoms or signs of localised organ ischemia; Class Ac—circulatory collapse with or without cardiac involvement; Class Abc—

Men form approximately 62–68% of all patients undergoing surgery [7]. The triad of hypertension (67–86% patients), smoking and atherosclerosis is an independent predictor of type A aortic dissection [8]. Data correlating the risk of aortic dissection in bicuspid aortic valve is limited and controversial. However, some centres advocate early prophylactic ascending aortic replacement in patients with aortas larger than approximately 5.0 cm in diameter or with a cross-sectional area to height ratio greater

reported to have bicuspid aortic valve [7]. The Marfan syndrome is present in around 4% of ATAAD patients in NORCAAD registry [10]. The patients typically have pearshaped aneurysm of aortic root. Due to mutation in FBN1 gene, there is decreased strength and elasticity of elastin—rich tissue of aortic wall. Predominantly, medium

and large sized arteries are involved in dissection (**Table 1**).

/m [9]. In the NORCAAD registry, 6% patients were

**62**

type non-A non-B.

*Stanford and DeBakey classification.*

**Figure 1.**

**3. Risk factors**

than approximately 10 cm2

combined localised and generalised ischemia.

*Risk factors for acute aortic dissection.*


*2.1. Study Site*

This study was conducted at the Sanming Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, Fujian Province, China (26◦19 N, 117◦36 E). This area is dominated by low mountains with an average elevation of approximately 300 m and slopes of 25–45◦. The soil is red soil with a thickness of more than 1 m. The climate is a maritime subtropical monsoon climate, with a mean annual temperature and precipitation of 19.3 ◦C and 1610 mm. Approximately 80% of rainfall occurs between March and August. The natural vegetation is a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. The nature *Castanopsis carlesii* is the dominant species, with *Schima superba* Gardn. et Champ., *Castanopsis fissa* (Champion ex Bentham) Rehder et E. H. Wilson, *Litsea elongate* (Wall. ex Nees) Benth. et Hook. f., and *Neolitsea aurata* (Hay.) Koidz. in the forest canopy and *Ormosia xylocarpa* Chun ex L. Chen, *Itea chinensis* Hook. et Arn., and *Ilex pubilimba* Merr. et Chun in the shrub layer.

#### *2.2. Foliar Litter Decomposition Experiment*

In January 2021, the fresh senescent foliar litter from *C. carlesii* was collected from the forest floor at the sample sites. The initial dry mass was obtained by measuring litter samples that were oven-drying (65 ◦C, 48 h) after being air-dried for more than 2 weeks at room temperature. Samples of air-dried foliar litter were placed inside nylon mesh bags (20 cm × 20 cm; 1.0 mm mesh size nylon mesh of bag; 10.00 g per bag) [25]. On 28 March 2021, litterbags were placed in three different habitats, including forest floor, headwater stream, and intermittent stream, respectively.

Three natural *C. carlesii* forest plots were selected for setting a 3 m × 3 m homogeneous quadrat in each site as three sample repeated plots. Before the formal experiments, we investigated the annual accumulation of litter per unit area one year and loaded required weight according to the area of the litter bag. Litter bags were placed on the forest floor after removing plants and litter from the soil surface of the quadrat. An interval of at least 2 cm was placed between each litterbag to avoid mutual disturbance upon collection. At a distance of about 200 m from the natural forest sample plot, three representative intermittent streams with basically the same environmental conditions, about 200 m apart and concentrated natural litter, were randomly selected as three repeated sample plots to place litter bags. The withered leaf bag is fixed to the root of the main branch of the shrub in the sample belt through the safety rope to prevent scouring and falling off. A stream about 100 m away from the natural forest sample was selected. Three points are randomly selected from the upstream to the downstream as repeated sample plots. Each sample plot is 1–2 km away from each other. The safety rope tied with litter bags is placed in the water body in the center of the stream, which is similar to the distribution of litter under natural conditions and can fluctuate with the flow of water. The safety rope is fixed at the main root of tall trees in the sample zone. As a result, a total of 98 litterbags (3 samples × 12 sampling dates (a whole year) × 3 replicates) were prepared in each habitat. All litter bags in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were carefully placed for avoiding overlap among samples.

After placing in the plots, three litter bags of each site were sampled and immediately brought back to the laboratory for refrigeration at the end of each month from April. However, due to the fast decomposition rate of the headwater stream and the intermittent stream, the litter is decomposed within 4 months. At the same time, we also chose to analyze the litter decomposition on the forest surface for four months. The specific sampling date is the 28th, 65th, 92nd, and 119th days after decomposition. Foreign materials, such as roots, soil debris, lichen, and bryophyte, were carefully removed from the litterbags. We freeze-dried (Wizard 2.0 hot plate vacuum freeze dryer VirTisUSA) all the collected samples until constant weight (about 3–4 days), which is used for the determination of residue rate. After that, three bags of litter in the same sample plots were mixed and ground and placed at −80 ◦C for the determination of PLFA (*n* = 3).

#### *2.3. Monitoring Environmental Conditions*

At the beginning of the experiment, rainfall buckets and thermohygrometers were set up in the sample plot to record the rainfall and atmospheric temperature every 1 h and 0.5 h respectively. The headwater stream water temperature was also monitored. Water samples from the headwater stream and intermittent stream were collected to determine the pH value. At the same time, according to rainfall data and water samples collected in intermittent streams in the same period, we found that the hydrological regimes of intermittent stream showed seven times alternating flowing during litter decomposition (during 31 March 2021–3 April 2021, 8–11 April 2021, 14 April 2021–7 July 2021, and 23–24 July 2021, there was water flow for 93 days in total; during 4–7 April 2021, 12–13 April 2021, and 8–23 July 2021, there was no water flow for 21 days in total).


**5. Conclusions**

This study aims to use wild rice to develop CSSLs for cultivated rice and use these CSSLs for comparative mapping of traits related to plant architecture and yield. We focused on germplasm innovation in rice through the identification and transfer of beneficial genes/QTLs from the wild species. We introduced the DP30-CSSL library platform to facilitate pre-designed breeding of cultivated rice to utilize favorable alleles dispersed in Guangxi wild rice resources. The QTLs presented here are expected to provide further clues to identifying underlying mechanisms involved in plant architecture and improved grain. Our ongoing experiments are aimed at confirming the genomic regions and narrowing down of number of genes reported within the QTLs in the present study through comprehensive studies involving high-resolution linkage mapping via high-throughput genotyping by sequencing of advanced generation progenies.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/9/980/s1, Figure S1: Frequency distributions of quantitative traits in DP30-CSSLs during fall and spring, Figure S2: Phenotypic variation in plant-architecture-related traits and heading date in CSSLs and 93-11, Figure S3: Cold tolerance phenotype of some CSSLs and 93-11 at seedling stages (bar = 10 cm), Figure S4: Phenotypic variation of leaf traits in CSSLs and 93-11, Figure S5: Phenotypic variation of in apiculi, glumes and seed coats in CSSLs and 93-11, Figure S6: The distribution of the 36 QTLs in DP30-CSSLs. The molecular markers are shown on the left and the QTL sites are shown on the right. A QTL overlap indicates that there are two QTL in the same region. Table S1: Whole-genome re-sequencing analysis of wild rice DP30. Table S2: The sequence of DP30-CSSLs molecular markers, Table S3: Substitution segments of DP30-CSSLs population, Table S4: The markers sequences of InDel molecular markers for mapping QTL qCT2.1, Table S5: Genotypes and phenotypes of secondary F2 populations.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, R.Y. and N.Z.; Data curation, B.U., S.L. and G.N.; Formal analysis, R.Y., N.Z. and Y.Q.; Funding acquisition, R.L.; Investigation, R.Y., B.U., L.L., Y.Q. and G.N.; Methodology, R.Y., L.L., S.L. and G.N.; Project administration, R.L.; Resources, R.L.; Software, N.Z.; validation, R.L.; Visualization, B.U.; Writing—Original draft, R.Y., N.Z., B.U. and G.N.; Writing–review & editing, B.U. and R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Key Technology Research and Development Program Guike, Guangxi (Guike AB16380066; Guike AB16380093).

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank Mohsin Niaz, Umair Khalid, Mudassar Abbas, Baoxiang Qin and Fang Liu for the helpful discussion and invaluable comments to make this research meaningful.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**2.4. Analysis of fermentation products**

To terminate fermentation at the end of incubation, 25 µL of formaldehyde solution (35%) were injected into serum bottles, which were immediately sealed and cooled at room temperature. Gas samples were collected by air syringe from the serum bottles and injected into a gas chromatograph (GC323, GL Sciences, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and a stainless steel column (WG-100 SUS, 1.8 m × 6.35 mm OD), and the methane production in each serum bottle was measured. The analytical conditions were as follows: column oven temperature at 50°C, injector temperature at 50°C, and detector temperature at 50°C.

### **2.5.** *In vitro* **DM digestibility, and methane and VFA production**

Separate sub-samples of the supernatant were taken to determine the pH and VFA concentration. The bottles were rinsed with warm water to remove all solid residues, which were then oven-dried at 60°C and stored for further analyses. In total, 2 g of dried residue were oven-dried at 135°C and stored to determine DM digestibility.

### **2.6. Statistical analyses**

Analyses were performed using the general linear model procedure (SAS institute, Cary, NC, USA). Data on fermentative characteristics, in vitro DM digestibility, and ruminal methane and VFA production of TMR silages were subjected to one-way analysis of variance Tukey's test was used to identify differences (*P* < 0.05) between means. Data on the fermentative characteristics of each vegetable silage opened on d 30 were analyzed by oneway analysis of variance. Data on chemical compositions, fermentative characteristics, in vitro ruminal DM digestibility, and fermentation products after 6-h incubation of silages opened on d 60 were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a 4 × 4 (vegetable residues × additive treatment) factorial treatment structure. The general linear model procedure of SAS version 9.0 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) was used for the analysis, and the model included the main effects of vegetable residues and additive treatment, and their interactions. Sealing time and ensiling duration were excluded from the model because the 60-d silages, wastes processed, and silos were made only one time. The Tukey test was used to identify differences (*P* < 0.05) between means.

Ruminal Digestibility and Quality of Silage Conserved via Fermentation by Lactobacilli 369

Treatment SEM3

B

Control M1 LAB2 M+LA

Item White cabbage Chinese cabbage Red cabbage Lettuce DM, % 3.6 ± 0.02 2.2 ± 0.01 5.2 ± 0.02 2.0 ± 0.01 OM, % of DM 81.6 ± 0.30 70.8 ± 0.08 87.3 ± 0.24 75.4 ± 0.09 CP, % of DM 21.9 ± 0.01 20.6 ± 0.21 22.8 ± 0.32 21.1 ± 0.41 Ether extract, % of DM 2.8 ± 0.07 1.5 ± 0.02 1.7 ± 0.14 4.9 ± 0.07 ADF, % of DM 31.0 ± 0.20 26.5 ± 1.49 31.6 ± 0.42 29.4 ± 0.14 ADL, % of DM 2.3 ± 0.19 5.8 ± 0.02 3.2 ± 0.03 5.9 ± 0.30 NDF, % of DM 32.8 ± 0.56 27.7 ± 0.24 33.6 ± 0.40 31.4 ± 0.01 Sucrose, % of DM 12.1 ± 0.15 1.1 ± 0.02 6.3 ± 0.10 3.1 ± 0.13 Glucose, % of DM 4.3 ± 0.04 3.6 ± 0.07 2.5 ± 0.01 1.3 ± 0.04 Fructose, % of DM 5.3 ± 0.12 3.8 ± 0.05 3.7 ± 0.10 4.0 ± 0.18

LAB (mg kg–1 FM4) - - 5 5 M (% FM) - 4 - 4 Whole crop rice (% DM5) 30 30 30 30 Concentrate6 (% DM) 25 25 25 25

Dried beet pulp (% DM) 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 Tofu cake (% DM) 30 30 30 30

1Molassess; 2Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum); 3Standard error of means; 4Fresh matter; 5Dry matter; 6Formula feed ("Koushi Ikusei Special Mash" made by Zenno; total digestible nutrients, 70.0%; crude protein, 12.0% in fresh matter); 7Commercial vitamin-mineral supplement product (Snow brand seed, Iwate, Japan); 8Non-fibrous

**Table 3.** Ingredient and chemical composition of total mixed ration silages (Cao et al., 2010b)

carbohydrate (100 – crude protein – ether extract – neutral detergent fiber – ash).

**Table 2.** Chemical composition1 of vegetables residues (Cao et al., 2011)

Ingredient

Chemical composition


**Low Melting Temperature Solder Materials for Use in Flexible Microelectronic Packaging Applications Flexible Microelectronic Packaging Applications**

**Low Melting Temperature Solder Materials for Use in**

10.5772/intechopen.70272

Sang Hoon Kim and Sangsun Yang Sang Hoon Kim and Sangsun Yang Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70272

#### **Abstract**

[4] Lee LM, Mohamad AA. Interfacial reaction of Sn‐Ag‐Cu lead‐free solder alloy on Cu: A

[5] Yang M, Ko Y‐H, Bang J, Kim T‐S, Lee C‐W, Zhang S, Li M. Growth inhibition of inter‐ facial intermetallic compounds by pre‐coating oriented Cu6Sn5 grains on Cu substrates.

[6] Ratzker M, Pearl A, Osterman M, Pecht M, Milad G. Review of capabilities of the ENEPIG

[7] Shen J, Chan YC. Research advances in nano‐composite solders. Microelectronics

[8] Chen G, Huang B, Liu H, Chan Y, Tang Z. An investigation of microstructure and prop‐

[9] Yahaya MZ, Ani FC, Samsudin Z, Sahin S, Abdullah MZ, Mohamad AA. Hardness pro‐

[10] Li D, Conway PP, Liu C. Corrosion characterization of tin‐lead and lead free solders in

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[14] Nazeri MFM, Mohamad AA. Effect of exposure to alkaline solution on Sn‐9Zn solder

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6 Recent Progress in Soldering Materials

files of Sn‐

The increasing application of heat-sensitive microelectronic components such as a multitude of transistors, polymer-based microchips, and so on, and flexible polymer substrates including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide (PI), among others, for use in wearable devices has led to the development of more advanced, low melting temperature solders (<150°C) for interconnecting components in various applications. However, the current low melting temperature solders face several key challenges, which include more intermetallic compound formation (thus become more brittle), cost issues according to the addition of supplementary elements to decrease the melting point temperature, an increase in the possibility of thermal or popcorn cracking (reliability problems), and so on. Furthermore, the low melting temperature solders are still required to possess rapid electronic/electrical transport ability (high electrical conductivity and current density) and accompany strong mechanical strength sustaining the heavy-uploaded microelectronic devices on the plastic substrates, which are at least those of the conventional melting temperature solders (180–230°C). Thus, the pursuit of more advanced low melting temperature solders for interconnections is timely. This review is devoted to the research on three methods to improve the current properties (i.e., electrical and thermomechanical properties) of low melting temperature solders: (i) doping with a small amount of certain additives, (ii) alloying with a large amount of certain additives, and (iii) reinforcing with metal, carbon, or ceramic materials. In this review, we also summarize the overall recent progress in low melting temperature solders and present a critical overview of the basis of microscopic analysis with regard to grain size and solid solutions, electrical conductivity by supplementation with conductive additives, thermal behavior (melting point and melting range) according to surface oxidation and intermetallic compound formation, and various mechanical properties.

**Keywords:** heat-sensitive microelectronic components, flexible polymer substrates, low melting temperature solders (<150°C), interconnection applications

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


*Article* **PSO-Driven Feature Selection and Hybrid Ensemble for Network Anomaly Detection**

**Maya Hilda Lestari Louk 1 and Bayu Adhi Tama 2,\***

**Abstract:** As a system capable of monitoring and evaluating illegitimate network access, an intrusion detection system (IDS) profoundly impacts information security research.  This study aims to enhance the detection performance of IDS by using a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-driven feature selection approach and hybrid ensemble. Specifically, the final feature subsets derived from different IDS datasets, i.e., NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and CICIDS-2017, are trained using a hybrid ensemble, comprising two well-known ensemble learners, i.e., gradient boosting machine (GBM) and bootstrap aggregation (bagging). Instead of training GBM with individual ensemble learning, we train GBM on a subsample of each intrusion dataset and combine the final class prediction using majority voting. Our proposed scheme led to pivotal refinements over existing baselines, such as TSE-IDS, voting ensembles, weighted majority voting, and other individual ensemble-based IDS such as LightGBM.

**Keywords:** multi-stage ensemble; particle swarm optimization; feature selection; anomaly detection; intrusion detection


**2.2 Equal channel angular extrusion**

Die-Material: Hot Die steel (HDS) was used for die making. The ECAE die design was done by using solid edge V.7 software and fabrication was carried out at Government Tool Room and Training Centre (GTTC) Baikampady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.   No: L-79923/2018).*

and 300 corner angle. An equal channel angular extrusion thermo-mechanical apparatus is provided grain refinement to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. ECAE is promising extrusion technique to achieve ultra-fine equiaxed grains without changing the shape of the workpiece. The extrusion die assembly having two angles such as channel angle (*ϕ*) and corner angle (*ψ*) which decides the induced shear strain during ECAP.  In the present study route, *R* was considered to deform the material to achieve a fine grain structure. Route *R*: the specimen is inverted to the original position in each ECAP passes. The experimental setup of equal channel angular extrusion is shown in **Figure 4**. During operation ECAP die (**Figure 4**) is placed on the base plate of UTM and plunger is aligned exactly to the center of die where the specimen is placed inside the channel for pressing. The sample is placed in the die channel and needs to make sure that the temperature of the specimen also reached the 598 K.

A lubricant as Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was used to minimize the frictional effects between samples and die. After attaining the required

**Figure 4.** *Equal channel angular extrusion experimental setup.*

#### **Figure 5.** *(a) Route-R and (b) ECAPed sample.*

temperature, the sample is pressed by applying a load at the rate of 1 mm/sec ram speed using plunger attached to the UTM for deformation of the specimen. The channels are intersected to impose the total strain on the material to get a fine grain structure. This process is repeated by using route R, where the samples were inverted from its initial position between two successive passes as shown in **Figure 5(a)**. The processed samples after ECAP operation is shown in **Figure 5(b)** [7–12].


*3.2.3 'Crimson'*

'Crimson Seedless' is a late apyrenic table grape variety. It is one of the most produced table grape cultivars in the world. It results from five generations of hybridizations at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Horticultural Field Station in Fresno (California), and this breeding program started in 1926 [35]. The last cross was between the *Vitis vinifera* cultivar 'Emperor' and the USDA selection 'C33–199', resulting in 'Crimson Seedless' (previously known as 'C102–26' from the USDA selection) [36]. This variety is widely grown in the United States of America, precisely in the state of California, and in Europe, for example in Portugal. 'Crimson' grapes are highly valued by European consumers, who greatly appreciate their firm and crunchy texture, and their taste, which they classify as excellent, for its sweetness [17].

The berries contain inside two aborted seeds that are practically undetectable by consumers. The pulp is light yellow, translucent, fleshy, and firm. Regarding epidermis, it is thick, offers medium resistance and well adhered to the pulp [35]. 'Crimson' grapes present a medium degree of acidity, and the index of ripeness, SSC/TA ratio, varying between 35 and 40 [37]. 'Crimson' presents heterogeneously colored berries and bunches, which depreciates its external evaluation. So, to avoid this obstacle the bunches must be exposed to adequate sunlight during ripening, for this it is common to thin out the shoots and remove the basal leaves that surround the bunches increasing the sun incidence on the bunches [38].

1 The origin of the term "foxy" is unknown. "Foxiness" refers to a unique wild grape aroma, a combination of an earthy aroma and a sweet muskiness. It is very common in *Vitis labrusca* 'Concord' American grapes. Methyl anthranilate (MANT) is responsible for this aroma, which is also found in fragrant flowers, like jasmine.

Because it is a variety with the characteristics already described and late harvesting, it becomes desirable to increase the availability of these grapes in the market for a longer period, in order to sell them during a time of low supply, when there are higher prices, which could be extremely important for producers [39].

### *3.2.4 'Autumn royal'*

'Autumn Royal' developed by the University of California in Fresno, USA, is a seedless variety that presents large berries, which confers a high commercial value to these grapes. A recent seedless grape variety with large, conical bunches (400-600 g) and elongated, 17–22 mm, dark purple-black thin skin and crunchy skin, translucent white yellow-green and firm flesh. The thin skin hides a firm texture and a crunchy flesh with a neutral flavor and medium sweetness (14°-19°Brix). Generally, these grapes are seedless, however they can develop seed beginnings not detected by consumers.

'Autumn Royal' is a late-season grape adequate to extend the season. Ripening in the middle of summer, Spanish producers harvested this variety from mid-August to mid-September [40].

This variety is susceptible to berry cracking, and this problem has been the subject of numerous studies [41, 42]. Another negative aspect is the weak attachment of the berries to the rachis, for what it should be recommended to handle the bunches very carefully during harvest and postharvest [43].