**4. Smart targeting nanoparticles in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy**

Microbial infectious diseases, especially those due to bacterial and fungal infections, initially affect specific areas and may subsequently spread throughout the entire organism [64]. Therefore, in order to arrest bacterial pathogenesis, treatment modalities that identify and target affected areas, sites, and cells are preferred. The importance of using smart targeting NPs in aPDT emanates from the desire to direct such treatment to disease-affected areas, sites, and cells, with minimal or no negative effects on normal host tissue cells [65]. When the disease-infected site is external, and the aPDT treatment is topical rather than systemic, the purpose of smart NP-mediated targeting is to enhance selectivity for the infective microbial cells and their supporting EPS matrix over normal host tissue cells. In cases of deep tissue or systemic infection, however, such targeting has a general purpose of selectivity for disease cells [66]. Several methods have been reported to enhance selectivity for the disease cells over normal host tissue cells.


**2. Related work**

Games based on blockchains, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, are already popular today and do not represent a novelty. They are particularly popular because their rules are stored within the blockchain and are, therefore, transparent for all the participants [5]. There is a distinction between fully decentralized implemented games and a traditional game design approach paired with blockchain technology [6]. The former is characterized by a simple game structure, with clear rules and low complexity. An example is the game *CryptoKitties* [7]. A hybrid approach is often used, consisting of a combination of traditional methods and the blockchain.

*A Usability Analysis of the DAO Concept Based on the Case Study of a Blockchain Game DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105347*

As described earlier, the DAO approach is not a fundamental innovation within the blockchain environment (see Section 1). For example, Soichiro Takagi describes numerous use cases for DAOs in 2017. Among them are approaches such as *Arcade City*1 (a ride-sharing platform), *Open Bazaar*2 (an e-commerce platform), and *The DAO*, which is an investment fund that invests in various companies while letting shareholders (DAO token holders) participate in votings [8]. *The DAO* has since been discontinued due to security vulnerabilities and the resulting loss of trust toward the DAO [9].

At the time of writing, no references to a game that uses the DAO principle as a central game feature could be found; therefore, it can be assumed that the influence of the DAO principle on usability has not been investigated so far. Thus, this relation represents an innovation within blockchain games as well as a clear differentiation from other papers.