Sediment Transport - Recent Advances

*Edited by Andrew J. Manning*

Published in London, United Kingdom

## *Supporting open minds since 2005*

Sediment Transport - Recent Advances http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91593 Edited by Andrew J. Manning

#### Contributors

Mimouna Anhichem, Samir Benbrahim, Georgii V. Nesyn, Bernhard Vowinckel, Tian-Jian Hsu, Eckart Meiburg, Leiping Ye, Kunpeng Zhao, Bofeng Bai, Andrew J. Manning, Shu-Qing Yang, Claire Chassagne, Zeinab Safar, Zhirui Deng, Qing He, Ahmad Shakeel, Alex Kirichek, Katherine Cronin, Thijs van Kessel, Lynyrd De Wit, Deyan Draganov, Xu Ma, Menno Buisman, Tjeerd Kiers, Karel Heller, Ishraq AL-Fadhly

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**About the Editors**

**Ivan Galv˜ao** is an assistant professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of ISEL—Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon (Portugal) and an integrated researcher in CEMMPRE—University of Coimbra (Portugal). He completed a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering (Production Technology field) at the University of Coimbra. His research field includes the study of materials joining and processing, specifically welding technology and metallurgy, the mechanical behavior of welded joints, the solid-state welding of similar and dissimilar materials and the solid-state processing of materials. He has published many scientific papers in high impact journals and conference proceedings, and he has participated in several international conferences. He has also been involved in research projects, collaborated with international journals and engineering associations, as well as supervised research works and theses.

**Altino Loureiro** is a full professor at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal. He has a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, and an M.Sc. in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Mechanical Engineering and Welding Engineering. He is the co-author of an internationally published technical book and of more than one hundred and twenty (120) articles published in international scientific journals, with more than two thousand eight hundred (2800) citations and an h-index of 31, according to the SCOPUS citation database. He has supervised or co-supervised ten (10) doctoral theses and more than sixty (60) master's theses.

**Ricardo Mendes** was born in Tomar (Portugal) in 1967. He is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal. He graduated in Physics Engineering and obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. His main scientific activity is within the area of high-pressure, high-temperature ultra-fast phenomena associated with the detonation physics of ideal and non-ideal explosives. Recently, he has also worked on the shock wave processing of materials like the detonation synthesis of nanopowders and explosion welding of metals. He is also involved in research projects and has published many scientific papers in high impact journals. He has participated in several international conferences, and supervised or co-supervised four (4) Ph.D. theses and more than fifty (50+) master's theses.


**3. Lesions of the duodenal wall**

### **3.1 Vascular lesions**

Anechoic SETs account for a large number of different possible diagnoses. Doppler-color ultrasonography is the best method to differentiate between vascular and cystic lesions. Vascular lesions in the duodenum are most frequently varices;

**77**

*Endoscopic Ultrasound Assessment of the Duodenal Wall Lesions*

cyanoacrylate injection or coiling can be EUS guided.

other vascular malformations are rare. Varices are located in the third layer (submucosa) and are anechoic. Even in the absence of Doppler facilities, varices can be diagnosed by following their course, identifying other collateral vessels and perforating veins. Small varices can be compressed by the tip of the echoendoscope and misdiagnosed, so it is important to be careful. Therapeutic interventions like

Cystic tumors are liquid-filled cavities, hence anechogenic, that present in many different shapes and sizes. Many different lesions can present themselves as cystic or cystic-like. The most used classifications are simple cystic, polycystic or mixed

Cysts are rounded, unilocular and clearly delineated, with a completely anechoic content and dorsal enhancement. The most common diagnosis is a duplication cyst, which forms from a maldevelopment of the gut. Duplication cysts are located in the third layer (submucosa) and have a characteristic duplication of all the layers of the gut wall. They have a low risk of malignant transformation, or they can become symptomatic following increasing in size, infection or rupture. EUS-FNA is rarely

Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum and have an alkaline secretion, neutralizing stomach acid. Hyperplasia of these glands is usually asymptomatic, but can give a polyposis-like duodenum. The cause is thought to be excessive stimulation from excessive gastric acids, chronic inflammation or the decrease of pancreatic function. They are located mainly, if not exclusively, in the duodenal

Echoendoscopic appearance can vary as isoechoic or hyperechoic, sometimes with cysts inside. They arise from the third layer (submucosa) and much more rarely from the second one (deep mucosa). The diagnosis is based on biopsy result

Lymphangiomas consist of multiple dilated lymphatic vessels situated mostly in the third layer (submucosa), rarely in the second layer (mucosa). They are thought to be benign malformations of the lymphatic system that form a mass in the digestive tract. Lymphangiectasias, in contrast, are dilations of existing mucosal lymphatic vessels and described endoscopically as multiple small, white polyp-like elevations in the duodenum. They are mainly found in the small intestine, have a polyp-like appearance and are soft and easily compressible with a normal overlying mucosa. Most are asymptomatic; rarely, the size can cause obstruction, abdominal pain and hemorrhage [12]. As previously mentioned, they are formed from dilated lymphatic vessels, but also from smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue. Endosonographically they most often appear as polycystic. Their appearance varies vastly depending on the amount of smooth muscle and connective tissue. When they take up a large share of the lymphangioma it appears

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95927*

**3.2 Cystic and mixed lesions**

*3.2.1 Duplication cysts*

(with liquid and solid components) [8].

needed when the diagnosis is unclear.

*3.2.2 Brunner's gland hyperplasia*

bulb [5].

(**Figure 1**).

*3.2.3 Lymphangiomas*

inhomogeneous, rather than anechoic.

#### *Endoscopic Ultrasound Assessment of the Duodenal Wall Lesions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95927*

other vascular malformations are rare. Varices are located in the third layer (submucosa) and are anechoic. Even in the absence of Doppler facilities, varices can be diagnosed by following their course, identifying other collateral vessels and perforating veins. Small varices can be compressed by the tip of the echoendoscope and misdiagnosed, so it is important to be careful. Therapeutic interventions like cyanoacrylate injection or coiling can be EUS guided.


Preface

**Chapter 9 171**

**Chapter 10 191**

**Chapter 11 205**

**Chapter 12 219**

**Chapter 13 235**

**Chapter 14 251**

**Chapter 15 271**

**Chapter 16 285**

**Chapter 17 301**

Volatility Effects of the Global Oil Price on Stock Price in Nigeria:

An Econometric Investigation of Market Volatility and Efficiency:

More Credits, Less Cash: A Panel Cointegration Approach

Governance and Growth in the Western Balkans: A SVAR

Effects of Some Monetary Variables on Fixed Investment in

Efficiency of the City Councils Using Cross-Sectional Model:

Relationship between Economic Growth, Unemployment,

Determinants of Islamic Banks Distress in Gulf Council

Inflation and Current Account Balance: Theory and Case of Turkey

Challenges in Times of Change and Political Tension *by Claudio Elórtegui-Gómez, Hanns de la Fuente-Mella,*

Evidence from Linear and Non-Linear GARCH

*by David Oluseun Olayungbo*

*by Sureyya Dal*

Approach

A Study of Small Cap's Stock Indices *by Muhammad Jawad and Munazza Naz*

*by Gordana Djurovic and Martin M. Bojaj*

Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries *by Ombeswa Ralarala and Thobeka Ncanywa*

Will Malawi's Inflation Continue Declining?

*Mauricio Alvarado and Matías Guajardo*

*by Tuğba Dayıoğlu and Yılmaz Aydın*

*by Bakhita Hamdow Gad Elkreem Braima*

Countries (GCC)

**II**

*by Hopestone Kayiska Chavula*

The effect of globalization and easy access to technology initiated the transformation to an information-oriented society. This transformation means that complete and satisfactory statistical results, which can only be achieved through appropriate methods, are now a necessity. Additionally, the emergence of specialized branches led to a movement away from the stereotypical patterns and the development of new patterns that are more in line with the current economic and financial structure. Financial markets, which do not get stuck only in theoretical structure and develop in practice, play an important role in the sustainable growth of the economy. The starting point of the financial models is the uncertainty faced by investors that include the uncertainty in the behavior of and thus the uncertainty in market prices. Therefore, the existence of financial econometrics is based on uncertainty. The structure and effect of fluctuations are determined using econometrics theory in the modeling and estimation process of uncertainties in financial models. The development of econometrics that makes use of data, statistical inference methods, and structural or descriptive modeling to solve financial and economic problems has been paralleled by the increasing variety and complexity of financial products. Efforts to measure fluctuations in terms of time, dimension, and turning/breaking points in the context of financial developments and the desire to have the best return in financial market practices with the minimum loss can be counted as some of the reasons why econometrics theory develops from linear to nonlinear models. Financial market mechanisms can be better explained by the development of models in the domains of martingales and non-linear time series, the use of parametric and non-parametric estimation methods, the use of diffusion equations, and an approximation for pricing and derivatives. Gaining the ability to build and develop a model based on events/problems experienced in life is important both in terms of solving the problems and evaluating the new models/methods in the field of application. With this in mind, the models are established on real problems with the aim of developing new models and/or achieving policy proposals through appropriate analyses that would be beneficial in solving problems.

This book aims to introduce the mathematical/statistical and econometrical underpinnings of the main tools used in empirical economics and empirical finance in an effort to bridge the gap between analytic, closed-form methods, and numerical methods and also outline the econometrics models readily applicable to financial markets using linear and nonlinear approaches. The main topics are organized to gain a profound and detailed understanding of theory and methods and to understand the interplay between interrelated field techniques and modeling assumptions both for theoretical and practical applications.


**Preface to "Enhancement of Public Real-estate Assets and Cultural Heritage"**

We live in an era in which the demand for public goods is increasing with progressively ongoing physical and functional deterioration of existing goods, whether they are of absolute intrinsic value or provide secure social service (mobility infrastructure, social, commercial, leisure and culture equipment, etc.). In this scenario, future territorial redevelopment projects can be based on an open system of social attractors, composed of appropriately selected and enhanced public utility assets to promote their knowledge and use. Research has received incentives and resources to advance these projects.

Identifying effective models for the recovery, financing, and shared management of heritage intended as a common good, which is often unused, is essential for transforming what is now recognized as a cost for society into productive investment, not only from economic but also social, cultural, and environmental points of view, from a circular perspective. We foresee cultural heritage as a potential element of a territorial system that continually redefines itself, and sustains and reproduces from within. The re-use of cultural heritage can be considered an essential contribution in the realization of a model of economy and city/circular territory, capable of preventing the waste of environmental (soils, materials, energy, etc.) and cultural resources (tangible and intangible heritage, knowledge, etc.), and capable of transforming waste into new economic, environmental, cultural, and social resources.

The nature of public goods considered by the enhancement projects and the strong articulation that characterizes the redevelopment projects of a territory requires complex approaches. For public goods, enhancement projects involve determining the profile of greater social preference with respect to alternative options, to balance heterogeneous and often antagonistic factors. For this purpose, choices derived from the analysis of trade-offs of the type equity/efficiency, conservation/transformation, environment/economy, use/protection, public administration/civil society, public sector/private sector, and individual interest/collective interest are decisive, as are the decisions arising from new problems such as the participation of the community in decision-making processes and the prefiguration of shared project scenarios; the definition of compatible horizons with respect to short-, medium-, and long-term choices; or the systemization of various public goods and the interrelation of this system with the needs and supply in its territory.

The complexity of the projects in the city, territory, or environment in question requires technical, scientific, and humanistic knowledge and skills that are capable of recomposing cognitive areas has progressively been separated and turned away by the hyperspecialism of recent years, producing often distorted and harmful effects.

Today, the different areas of planning are called upon to overcome their self-reference and to seek interrelationships with the many types of knowledge involved to achieve a more advanced cognitive balance that responds to the needs of the contemporary world. Full awareness of having to operate in a cognitive quadrant is required based on conditions of uncertainty, risk, indeterminacy, instability, discontinuity, and a multiplicity of knowledge.

Studies have shown that the scenario in which projects are implemented for the enhancement of public goods is problematic. The difficulties inherent in the prevision of the effects and impacts of the projects imply numerous conditions of risk and uncertainty.

In this context, assessment can be used to determine the resolutive value of the existing problems

as its cognitive system can help build or select implementation strategies of greater efficiency, equity, securit,y and social preferability.

The concept of evaluation must be widely applied, including when and where to apply it to the areas to be investigated, the points of view to be considered, the type of judgment to be made, and the methods and references to be followed to express decisions and establish the extent of the phenomena considered.

The first consideration is that the project implementation strategy should preidenitfy the contribution of the evaluation, not as a set of separate, occasional, and inorganic moments, but as a structured, logical, and interactive process applied to all phases of the implementation process, to all decision-making nodes, and to all alternative hypotheses. All decisions made through the evaluation process must maintain consistency.

The second consideration is that the choices connected with outlining the feasible scenarios of complex projects, while continuing to use one-dimensional assessments—traditional and otherwise—should lead to a multidimensional assessment.

The third consideration is that the implementation strategy of the project should include evaluation approaches capable of addressing the problems of distributive justice.

The projects undertaken for the enhancement of public goods involve a wide range of interests, different and often conflicting, which must be considered if the basic objective is to achieve the most balanced design solution. Therefore, the configuration of the project scenarios should arise from collective visions and concerted actions, for which social participation and the active role of civil society are becoming increasingly decisive.

This situation urges the use of evaluations conducted with consideration of several points of view, expressed by the project stakeholders, including public, private, and civil society, all this with the aims of having knowledge of the effects and impacts produced by the project and of providing, if necessary, their redistribution with shared criteria.

Starting from these reflections, the contributions presented in this book outline rich and varied experiences and innovative tools on the enhancement of public and cultural real estate assets in support of a model of sustainable development and capable of promoting re-use of cultural heritage in European cities and cultural landscapes with circular economy logic as a model of sustainable development. From this point of view, cultural capital is the driver of the regeneration process on local, urban, or metropolitan scales, in which the transversal interconnections between the production cycles of the adaptive re-use of the available heritage, both in the adaptation and in the management phase, configure a circular process of multidimensional production of value.

### **Lucia Della Spina, Francesco Calabr `o**

*Special Issue Editors*


*4.6. Study 1 Urine Analysis*

Urine was collected by participants for a 24-h period prior to the clinic appointment in large plastic bottles provided to participants. These samples were also analyzed by the NATA-accredited pathology laboratory for creatinine, sodium, and potassium excretion. Samples were analyzed fresh in singular; any abnormal results were flagged and rerun to verify results. Samples were analyzed on a either a Roche Cobas 8000 or a Roche Cobas Pro using the creatininase method for creatinine and the ion-specific electrode-indirect method for potassium and sodium.

From this urine bottle, 1.5 mL was retained and aliquoted in cryovials. These cryovials were stored at −80 ◦C with no preservative prior to F2-isoprostane assessment using previously described methods [50]. Briefly, urine samples were thawed, acidified to a pH of 3, and internal standard was added. Separation of F2-isoprostanes was achieved by using silica and reverse-phase cartridges and high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples were analyzed in singular, using gas chromatography/electron capture negative-ionization mass spectrometry and the peaks were identified through the comparison of retention times with known standards. The within- and between-assay reproducibility was 6.7% and 3.7%, respectively.