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**7**

*Portugal*

**Genotoxicity Biomarkers:**

Manuel Carmo Gomes3 and Miguel Brito1

*3Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,*

**Application in Histopathology Laboratories**

*1Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 2Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,*

Most cancers results from man-made and natural environmental exposures (such as tobacco smoke; chemical pollutants in air, water, food, drugs; radon; and infectious agents) acting in concert with both genetic and acquired characteristics. It has been estimated that without these environmental factors, cancer incidence would be dramatically reduced, by as much as 80%-90% (Perera, 1996). The modulation of environmental factors by host susceptibility was rarely evaluated. However, within the past few years, the interaction between environmental factors and host susceptibility factors has become a very active area of research (Perera, 2000). Molecular biology as a tool for use in epidemiological studies has significant potential in strengthening the identification of cancers associated with environmental exposures related to lifestyle, occupation, or ambient pollution. In molecular epidemiology, laboratory methods are employed to document the molecular basis and

Molecular epidemiology has become a major field of research and considerable progress has been made in validation and application of biomarkers and its greatest contribution has been the insights provided into interindividual variation in human cancer risk and the complex interactions between environmental factors and host susceptibility factors, both

The possibility to use a biomarker to substitute classical endpoints, such as disease incidence or mortality is the most promising feature and one that is most likely to affect public health. The use of events that are on the direct pathways from the initiation to the occurrence of disease to surrogate the disease incidence is a very appealing approach, which is currently

Biological monitoring of workers has three main aims: the primary is individual or collective exposure assessment, the second is health protection and the ultimate objective is occupational health risk assessment. It consists of standardized protocols aiming to the periodic detection of early, preferably reversible, biological signs which are indicative, if compared with adequate reference values, of an actual or potential condition of exposure,

preclinical effects of environmental carcinogenesis (Portier & Bell, 1998).

investigated in different fields (Bonassi & Au, 2002).

inherited and acquired, in the multistage process of carcinogenesis (Perera, 2000).

**1. Introduction**

Carina Ladeira1,2, Susana Viegas1,2, Elisabete Carolino1,