**Author details**

Xianquan Zhan1,2,3

1 University Creative Research Initiatives Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China

2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

3 State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**5**

*Introductory Chapter: Proteoforms*

[1] Zhan X, Li N, Zhan X, Qian S. Revival of 2DE-LC/MS in proteomics and its potential for large-scale study of human proteoforms. Med One. 2018;**3**:e180008. DOI: 10.20900/

[2] Jungblut PR, Holzhütter HG, Apweiler R, Schlüter H. The speciation

of the proteome. Chemistry Central Journal. 2008;**2**:16. DOI:

[3] Schlüter H, Apweiler R,

Holzhütter HG, Jungblut PR. Finding one's way in proteomics: A protein species nomenclature. Chemistry Central Journal. 2009;**3**:11. DOI:

[4] Zhan X, Long Y, Lu M. Exploration

metabolome for predictive diagnostics and personalized treatment algorithms: Innovative approach and examples for potential clinical application. Journal of Proteomics. 2018;**188**:30-40. DOI:

[5] Smith LM, Kelleher NL. Consortium for top down proteomics. Proteoform: A single term describing protein complexity. Nat. Methods. 2013;**10**(3):186-187. DOI: 10.1038/

[6] Zhan X, Li B, Zhan X, Schlüter H, Jungblut PR, Coorssen JR. Innovating the concept and practice of twodimensional gel electrophoresis in the analysis of proteomes at the proteoform level. Proteomes. 2019;**7**(4):36. DOI:

[7] Chaffer LV, Millikin RJ, Miller RM, Anderson LC, Fellers RT, Ge Y, et al. Identification and quantification of proteoforms by mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 2019;**19**(10):e1800361. DOI:

10.3390/proteomes7040036

10.1002/pmic.201800361

of variations in proteome and

10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.020

nmeth.2369

10.1186/1752-153X-2-16

10.1186/1752-153X-3-11

**References**

mo.20180008

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91403*

[8] Cupp-Sutton KA, Wu S. Highthroughput quantitative top-down proteomics. Molecular Omics. 2020.

[9] Shaw JB, Liu W, Vasil Ev YV, Bracken CC, Malhan N, Guthals A, et al. Direct determination of antibody

chain pairing by top-down and

middle-down mass spectrometry using electron capture dissociation and ultraviolet photodissociation. Analytical Chemistry. 2020;**92**(1):766-773. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03129

[10] Gomes FP, Diedrich JK, Saviola AJ, Memili E, Moura AA, Yates JR. EThcD and 213 nm UVPD for top-down analysis of bovine seminal plasma proteoforms on electrophoretic and chromatographic time frames. Analytical Chemistry. 2020;**92**(4): 2979-2987. DOI: 10.1021/acs.

[11] Melby JA, Jin Y, Lin Z, Tucholski T, Wu Z, Gregorich ZR, et al. Top-down proteomics reveals myofilament proteoform heterogeneity among various rat skeletal muscle tissues. Journal of Proteome Research.

2020;**19**(1):446-454. DOI: 10.1021/acs.

[12] Peng F, Li J, Guo T, Yang H, Li M, Sang S, et al. Nitroproteins in human astrocytomas discovered by gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of the American

Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2015;**26**(12):2062-2076. DOI: 10.1007/

[13] Zhan X, Yang H, Peng F, Li J, Mu Y, Long Y, et al. How many proteins can be identified in a 2-DE gel spot within an analysis of a complex human cancer tissue proteome? Electrophoresis. 2018;**39**:965-980. DOI: 10.1002/

analchem.9b03856

jproteome.9b00623

s13361-015-1270-3

elps.201700330

DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00154a

*Introductory Chapter: Proteoforms DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91403*