**2. Experimental procedures**

can be attributed to the short diffusion length of the photogenerated holes. For α–Fe2

O3

the epitaxial growth of hematite along the [110] direction on the SnO2

films along the [110] direction. As shown in **Figure 3(a)**, the SnO2

ing. Unfortunately, there exist few reports on such bandgap engineering in α-Fe2

O3

O3

O3

O3

exhibits a significant decrease with increasing λ, and approaches zero at approximately 600 nm, corresponding to its bandgap [31]. An improvement of the PEC responsivity in VIS and near-IR regions by controlling the bandgap would be useful for solar energy harvest-

SnO2

α–Fe2 O3

the α–Fe2

O3

258 Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials

(TTO) layer grown on α–Al2

strate [30]. Another issue regarding α-Fe2

**Figure 2.** (a) Corundum-type crystal structure of *α*-Fe2

illustrated. (c) Antiferromagnetic spin coupling in α-Fe2

is well known that the photocurrent in α-Fe2

viewpoint, the author focused on Rh-substituted α-Fe2

PEC cells, only the holes generated near the electrolyte/photoanode interface can oxidize water [25, 26]. That is, most of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs recombine before reaching the photoelectrode surface. The hematite lattice is composed of an alternating stack of Fe bilayers and O layers along c-axis as illustrated in **Figure 2**. Spins of Fe3+ ions within each bilayer are parallel, whereas adjacent Fe bilayers have opposite spins. 3d electrons of Fe can move by hopping via the change in the Fe2+/Fe3+ valence within the Fe bilayers, whereas the exchange of electrons between neighboring Fe bilayers is spin forbidden [27–29]. Therefore, the orientation of a highly conducting (001) plane vertical to the substrate will facilitate the collection of photogenerated carriers and suppress their recombination. The author employed a Ta-doped

(110) plane with a lattice mismatch of approximately 1.3%, which is favorable for

O3

(110) single-crystal substrates for the epitaxial growth of

(FRO). α-Rh2

concerns its low responsivity to near-IR light. It

is maximized at a wavelength (λ) of ~350 nm,

O3

. (b) The transport of electron in the Fe 3d band is schematically

. [Copyright (2014), The Japan Society of Applied Physics].

O3

(101) plane matches

(101) sub-

. From this

of

O3

O3

has a bandgap *E*g

(101)/α–Al2

The FRO films were grown using a PLD technique with an argon fluoride (ArF) excimer laser (λ = 193 nm). The laser pulse frequency was 5 Hz. The fluence remained constant at 1.1 J/cm2 . The typical growth rate of the films was 0.5 nm/min. After deposition, the FRO films were annealed in air at 700°C to improve their crystallinity. The author employed two types of bottom electrodes, viz., TTO deposited onto an α-Al2 O3 (110) substrate and polycrystalline fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) formed on a soda-lime glass substrate. An Fe2-*x* Rh*x* O3 (*x* = 0.0–2.0) pellet prepared by a solid-state reaction was used as a target for PLD. The growth temperature was kept at 700 and 800°C for the FRO and TTO films, respectively. The crystal structures of the samples were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the PEC measurement, the *I*-*V* properties were measured using an electrochemical analyzer under the illumination of Xe lamp (500 W). Optical measurements were conducted using a Vis-UV spectrometer. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to evaluate the structure of the valence band (VB) in the FRO films.

reflections of corundum-type FRO, respectively. This indicates that the films grown along [110] despite their low crystalline quality. Sharp peaks appear after thermal annealing, suggesting an improvement in the crystallinity. The in-plane epitaxial relationship was evaluated to be TTO [010]//FRO [001] by in-plane XRD measurements. This result agrees with the atomic configurations in **Figure 3(a)** [30]. The lattice constants obey Vegard's law, implying that Fe had been appropriately substituted with Rh. In contrast to the films deposited onto the sapphire substrates, the films deposited on the glass substrates are polycrystalline in nature,

**Figure 5(a)** shows the light absorption spectra of the films. The fundamental absorption

promoted by photons [denoted by *T*CT in **Figure 3(b)**]. For films with a higher Rh content, a

tion of Rh3+, judging from the bandgap structure [31, 39]. **Figure 5(b)** shows the values of an

broadband appears at 1.5–4.5 eV that is possibly related to α-Rh2

**Figure 5.** (a) Optical absorption coefficients as a function of the wavelength for FRO films on α-Al2

assigned according to Ref. 19. (b) Compositional dependence of the indirect bandgap energy *E*g

298 K. For clarity, each spectrum is offset, with a spacing scaled to the composition. The peaks of α-Fe2

O3

absorption coefficient and *hν*: photon energy). *E*g

coefficients *α* at *λ* = 500 and 800 nm. The photographs of α-Fe2

(2012), The Japan Society of Applied Physics].

O3

increases according to the above discussion. Value of *E*g

is related to charge transfer from O 2*p* states to the upper Hubbard band

, respectively. These values are almost identical to those reported for

is unclear; its absorption edge is considered to be associated with the *d*-*d* transi-

), which were derived from the Tauc relation, *αhν* ∝ (*hν* − *E*g

O3

Bandgap-Engineered Iron Oxides for Solar Energy Harvesting

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73227

decreases as the content of Rh in the films

of 2.1 and 1.2 eV were obtained for

O3

(*x* = 0.0) and FRO (x = 0.2) films are inset. [Copyright

O3

(110) substrate at

and the absorption

(*x* = 0.0) are

. The optical transition

)2

(*α*: optical

261

as shown in **Figure 4(b)** and **(c)**.

**4. Optical properties**

O3

edge of α-Fe2

O3

indirect bandgap (*E*g

and α-Rh2

polycrystalline films [40].

in α-Rh2

α-Fe2 O3


**8. Damage control surgery**

#### **8.1 Background**

Besides all advances portrayed, the prognosis of hemodynamically unstable patients with complex (AAST Organ Injury Scale 4 IV–V) liver injury is still poor, as their treatment and decision-making process are extremely challenging for the trauma team [21]. It is known that approximately 10% of the patients in this scenario will present life-threatening injuries and hemodynamic shock and that the primary and ultimate repair of severe traumatic injuries in patients with unstable physiology is detrimental to outcome [1, 22, 23]. A staged management approach known as "damage control surgery" (DCS) has been demonstrated to improve the survival in these cases [1, 22]. The principles of DCS involve abbreviated surgery to control blood loss and contamination in the abdomen with simultaneous resuscitation of physiology. Once the hemodynamic state is restored, the definitive surgical repair is performed [22, 24].

Although the term "damage control surgery" was first described for trauma management by Rotondo et al. [22], the idea of the procedure was already existent for a long time before. The proposal to use this surgery in trauma and emergencies has succeed during the Second World War, in the mid-1940s, when the structure for hospital care was insufficient and the number of victims exceeded the capacity to give support to the injured [25]. There are older reports of the application of this technique with similar purposes in Edwin Smith's Surgical Papyrus, more than 8000 years ago, a conduct used by the absence of other options at the time the idea was conceived [26].

According to a review by Benz and Balogh about damage control surgery, its modern model emerged in the late 1970s from clinical experience with major hepatic trauma [27]. Perihepatic packing consists in manually approximating the liver parenchyma followed by the consecutive placing of dry abdominal packs around the liver and straight over the injury. This technique was firstly incorporated by Pringle [28] in enthusiasm for staged laparotomy. Since then, numerous clinical reviews were conducted in order to study this technique.

Elerding et al. [29] observed that 82% of deaths following liver trauma were due to uncontrolled hemorrhage and progressive coagulopathy, even after primary vascular injuries had been addressed. The whole lethal coagulopathic state apparently was impaired by hypothermia and acidosis, the observation upon which the "lethal triad" term was suggested [23]. In 1981, Feliciano et al. [30] reported on the observed merit of temporary laparotomy pad tamponade for postinjury coagulopathy. Nine out of 10 patients with persistent hepatic parenchymal ooze, despite all attempts at surgical control, survived with intra-abdominal packing and delayed

**59**

*Liver Trauma Management*

option for using this technique.

**8.2 Intra-abdominal packing**

hemorrhage control [21].

volume replacement).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92351*

removal. This finding led the authors to advocate the technique as a lifesaving maneuver in select trauma patients with persistent coagulopathy. Two years later, Svoboda et al. [31] reaffirmed the survival benefit of intra-abdominal packing.

Despite being initially organized as an emergency strategy in patients who have suffered severe trauma, the principles of damage control have also been approached in nontraumatic abdominal emergencies, in order to reduce mortality compared to definitive primary surgery [32]. According to the 10th edition of ATLS [33], damage control surgery is an important component of crisis management care, given that in many disasters, hospitals are destroyed and transportation to medical facilities may not be feasible or the environment may be contaminated, so this context is an

Damage control surgery by intra-abdominal packing has shown to be effective and able to significantly decrease morbidity and mortality, both in trauma and nontraumatic massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage [34]. In the last decades, consensus has been reached about considering the accomplishment of an effective perihepatic packing [35] to be the most effective and quickest way in order to obtain

This procedure consists in the placement, after fast and complete mobilization of the right liver lobe, of a total number of eight lap pads all around the posterior paracaval surface (avoiding vena cava compression), the lateral right side, the anterior surface, and posteroinferior visceral surface of the liver (avoiding any intrahepatic packing) [36, 45]. The diaphragmatic surface must remain free in order to avoid any respiratory compromise. Reoperation after appropriate resuscitation

Regarding the indications for damage control surgery, it is known that there is a wide range of conditions in which it can be used, and the decisive moment for the use of these techniques is not preoperative adequacy, but the intraoperative

Overall, in the context of severe trauma with hemodynamic instability, the rationale of performing a "shortened laparotomy" is usually based upon the concept of the lethal triad [25], composed of hypothermia (due to inadequate environmental conditions, deficient thermal protection, blood loss, and infusion of unheated liquids), metabolic acidosis (inadequate tissue perfusion, caused by hemorrhage and shock, which predisposes to anaerobic metabolism and metabolic acidosis), and coagulopathy (metabolic acidosis with interference on coagulation factors and

In a practical manner, there are some absolute indications for the procedure, such as estimated blood loss greater than 4 L and the administration of more than 10 red blood cell concentrates [37]. Although there are classic indications for performing damage control surgery, new studies have questioned these indications and proposed other observations to better elucidate the cases eligible for the procedure [37]. Among them, those who presented moderate accuracy were systolic blood pressure (BP) < 90 mmHg or central body temperature < 34°C, and five indications produced major and conclusive changes in the pretest probability of performing damage control surgery during emerging laparotomy: discovery of pancreas, duodenum, or pancreatic-duodenal complex devascularized or completely ruptured;

allows packing removal and definitive repair of liver injuries.

**8.3 Indications for damage control surgery**

becomes essential for the evaluation [37].

#### *Liver Trauma Management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92351*

*Trauma and Emergency Surgery - The Role of Damage Control Surgery*

*Surgical techniques used to treat liver injuries in patients with liver trauma.*

Besides all advances portrayed, the prognosis of hemodynamically unstable patients with complex (AAST Organ Injury Scale 4 IV–V) liver injury is still poor, as their treatment and decision-making process are extremely challenging for the trauma team [21]. It is known that approximately 10% of the patients in this scenario will present life-threatening injuries and hemodynamic shock and that the primary and ultimate repair of severe traumatic injuries in patients with unstable physiology is detrimental to outcome [1, 22, 23]. A staged management approach known as "damage control surgery" (DCS) has been demonstrated to improve the survival in these cases [1, 22]. The principles of DCS involve abbreviated surgery to control blood loss and contamination in the abdomen with simultaneous resuscitation of physiology. Once the hemodynamic state is restored, the definitive surgical

Although the term "damage control surgery" was first described for trauma management by Rotondo et al. [22], the idea of the procedure was already existent for a long time before. The proposal to use this surgery in trauma and emergencies has succeed during the Second World War, in the mid-1940s, when the structure for hospital care was insufficient and the number of victims exceeded the capacity to give support to the injured [25]. There are older reports of the application of this technique with similar purposes in Edwin Smith's Surgical Papyrus, more than 8000 years ago, a conduct used by the absence of other options at the time the idea

According to a review by Benz and Balogh about damage control surgery, its modern model emerged in the late 1970s from clinical experience with major hepatic trauma [27]. Perihepatic packing consists in manually approximating the liver parenchyma followed by the consecutive placing of dry abdominal packs around the liver and straight over the injury. This technique was firstly incorporated by Pringle [28] in enthusiasm for staged laparotomy. Since then, numerous clinical

Elerding et al. [29] observed that 82% of deaths following liver trauma were due to uncontrolled hemorrhage and progressive coagulopathy, even after primary vascular injuries had been addressed. The whole lethal coagulopathic state apparently was impaired by hypothermia and acidosis, the observation upon which the "lethal triad" term was suggested [23]. In 1981, Feliciano et al. [30] reported on the observed merit of temporary laparotomy pad tamponade for postinjury coagulopathy. Nine out of 10 patients with persistent hepatic parenchymal ooze, despite all attempts at surgical control, survived with intra-abdominal packing and delayed

reviews were conducted in order to study this technique.

**8. Damage control surgery**

repair is performed [22, 24].

was conceived [26].

**8.1 Background**

**Table 2.**

**58**

removal. This finding led the authors to advocate the technique as a lifesaving maneuver in select trauma patients with persistent coagulopathy. Two years later, Svoboda et al. [31] reaffirmed the survival benefit of intra-abdominal packing.

Despite being initially organized as an emergency strategy in patients who have suffered severe trauma, the principles of damage control have also been approached in nontraumatic abdominal emergencies, in order to reduce mortality compared to definitive primary surgery [32]. According to the 10th edition of ATLS [33], damage control surgery is an important component of crisis management care, given that in many disasters, hospitals are destroyed and transportation to medical facilities may not be feasible or the environment may be contaminated, so this context is an option for using this technique.


*Edited by Samuel Honório, Marco Batista, João Serrano and Maria-Raquel G. Silva*

This book presents a diversity of themes written by authors related to sports medicine and health varying from clinical issues, such as sports injuries to specific neuropsychological aspects of the athletes' behaviour regulation and parathletes' motivation for sport practice.This comprehensive volume is very appealing, which will also be recognised by Sports and Health Professionals, who need further support in their daily work with athletes and coaches, in particular. It is also attractive to researchers and students interested in sport and health related areas.

ISBN 978-1-83880-399-5

Sports, Health and Exercise Medicine

Published in London, UK © 2020 IntechOpen © AnthiaCumming / iStock


*2.3. Study Area and Data*

Our study area is located in the central part of the city of Košice (Figure 1). The city of Košice is the second largest city in Slovakia with a population of approximately 240,000 inhabitants and an area of 242.77 km2. It is part of an agglomeration with more than 367,000 inhabitants and the Košice-Prešov agglomeration with 555,800 inhabitants is one of the largest urbanized areas in Slovakia. The city of Košice is a typical example of an urban area in a temperate climate in Central Europe. The eastern part of Slovakia, where the city of Košice is also located, is characterized by warm and relatively dry summers and cold, slightly humid winters, with average daily temperatures ranging from −2 ◦C in January to 21 ◦C in July. The average annual number of clear-sky and overcast days for the city Košice is 48 and 126, respectively [29]. Based also on this factor, an area of 4 km2 was selected, where different types of buildings are located, from administrative to residential buildings.

**Figure 1.** Location of the study area in the city of Košice, Slovakia.

The geometric 3D model of the city of Košice was derived from photogrammetric data collected by PHOTOMAP, s.r.o. company Košice. The model represents a level of detail 2 (LoD2) [30], which means that the model contains information about the basic geometry of buildings, including roofs. The 3D model itself was processed by combining data from aerial surveying and airborne laser scanning. The aerial survey imagery was photogrammetrically mapped in the PHOTOMOD software and the aerial laser scanning data were vectorized in the Ustation software. The 3D city model is stored in a shapefile vector format and consists of 61,766 polygons. A DTM with a cell size of 0.2 m was derived from LIDAR (light detection and ranging) data collected in late summer 2016 using the LEICA ALS70 airborne laser scanner.

Pyranometer MS-60 [31,32] produced by the EKO-INSTRUMENTS company was used to measure solar irradiances. The pyranometer's response time is 95% less than 18 s; the measured irradiance values are in the range of 0–2000 W/m2; and maximum measuring error is +/−18 W/m2. Measurements were taken at selected locations around 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m., local time. Two minute measurements at five s intervals were taken at the given location, then the values were averaged.

#### *2.4. Calculation of Solar Radiation*

Urban zones can be distinguished on the basis of their morphological and functional characteristics, which are often associated with specific socio-demographic and cultural features [33]. These factors play an important role in the use of solar energy, so it is important to analyze the different aspects of solar radiation distribution in urban environments. Based on these factors, 5 locations in the city of Košice were selected to demonstrate the use of the r.sun and v.sun modules, and then these locations were compared with the data from the pyranometer measurements (Figure 2). These include two buildings in the city centre (the State Theatre and the Greek-Catholic Church) and three buildings from the wider city centre of Košice, namely the Municipal Swimming Pool, the apartment house, and

the residential house. The actual measurements were carried out on the selected vertical facades of the buildings. We opted for south-facing facades at the selected locations in most cases; in one case, it was the east-facing facade. Subsequently, the measured values were compared with the calculated irradiance values by the v.sun and r.sun models. In case of the v.sun model, it can be easily identified as an attribute value for the specific polygon representing the facade. In case of the r.sun model, the identification of the site on the steeply inclined surface approximating the facade is more complicated, essentially it is a matter of a specific cell identification within the DSM. The positions of pyranometer measurements were measured by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) using the Topcon HiPER HR. The point measurements were performed for 30 s using the real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning via weighted averaging with an overall accuracy of the fixed solution between 1 and 2 cm.

**Figure 2.** Positions of the selected locations in the city of Košice: Apartment house, Ceskoslovensk ˇ á Street (**1**); Residential house, Muránska Street (**2**); State Theatre, Hlavná Street (**3**); Municipal swimming pool, Protifašistických bojovníkov Street (**4**); and Greek-Catholic Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, Moyzesova Street (**5**).

#### **3. Results**

The selected buildings have different architectures and different types of facades. We selected four south-facing and one east-facing facade. The day during which the measurements took place represents a typical summer day (23 June 2021). The measurements took place at approximately 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m., local time. Since we only had one pyranometer, we had to conduct the actual measurement between 8:30 a.m. and 9:30 a.m., since it was not possible to be at all selected locations at the same time. This was also performed for the 12:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. measurements. The exact times of measurements were recorded by the pyranometer. We then computed irradiances by solar models for these exact times of measurements. Using the r.sun module, we calculated raster

maps for the selected time horizons for the center of the city of Košice, which are shown in Figure 3. The calculation of solar radiation by the r.sun model is based on the DSM representing terrain and buildings. The facades are only approximated by steeply inclined surfaces. To compare the model with pyranometer measurements for the selected locations, we used their GNSS positions and identified raster cells containing the modeled solar irradiance values. The 3D distribution of solar irradiance by the v.sun model is shown in Figure 4. The model calculates solar irradiance only for polygons of the 3D city model. This means that it is much easier to identify solar irradiance for a particular facade represented by a polygon than by raster cells.

**Figure 3.** Solar irradiance from the r.sun model in the city center of Košice on 23 June 2021 (W/m2).

**Figure 4.** Solar irradiance from the v.sun model in the city center of Košice on 23 June 2021 (W/m2).

Since the real time of measurement is always recorded by the instrument, we could use the solar radiation models for these exact times to ensure the correct comparison between the values. In the following subsections, we present the results for the particular locations.


The Potential of Lutein Extract of *Tagetes erecta* L. Flower as an Antioxidant and Enhancing Phagocytic Activity of Macrophage Cells

*Kusmiati Kusmiati, Fifi Afiati, Chrisna Widhiani, Alpinna Aditia, Destia D. Elviani and Atit Kanti*


**Structural Health Monitoring of Large Structures Using Acoustic Emission–Case Histories**

Special Issue Editors

**Kanji Ono Tomoki Shiotani Martine Wevers Marvin A. Hamstad**

MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin

*Special Issue Editors* Kanji Ono Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HSSEAS School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of California USA

Marvin A. Hamstad Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver USA

*Editorial Office* MDPI

St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland Tomoki Shiotani Laboratory, Dept. Civil & Earth Resources Eng'g Grad. School Eng'g, Kyoto University Japan

Martine Wevers Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven Belgium

This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal *Applied Sciences* (ISSN 2076-3417) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/special

issues/Structural Health Monitoring%E2%80%93Case Histories).

For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below:

LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. *Journal Name* **Year**, *Article Number*, Page Range.

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**11. Product labeling**

Organic legislation defines three levels of organic labelling in many countries. Products are given a "100% organic" label when the products are made entirely with certified organic ingredients. Products with the label "Organic" indicate 95% organic ingredients being used. The third label "made with organic ingredients" shows that a minimum of 70% of organic ingredients has been used.


**6. The OSC area in the northeast Transbaikalia**

The area situates in the territory of Zabaikalian Krai, south Yakutsk, and northwest of the Amurian District between the Vitim River and upper stream of the Aldan River (**Figure 5**). Its length is 464 km, width – 64-108 km, and the total seismic energy reaches 4.64153·1016J, that is nearly equally to the energy of the OSC area of the north Pamir - 4.50343·1016J [24]. The energy level oscillates on the regarded area between 104 - 1012J and M in epicenters changes from 3 up to 6. M of separate events reaches 6–7. Northeast normal faults with the left-lateral slip component predominate in the west of the OSC area and northwest left-lateral slips develop in the east. Tectonic stress axis's have the stead northeast direction.

#### **Figure 5.**

*The OSC area in northeast Transbaikalia settles down within the seismic active interblock zone between NEP and the Amurian block. See summary legend for the Figure 1.*

According measuring at the Yakutsk Station NEP moves on 121° SE with velocity 20.0 mm/y, but simultaneously displaces south relatively the stable Eurasia in the NNR\_NUVEL\_1A System. Azimuths of the vast Amurian Block change from 106° SE on the Ulan-Bator Station up to 110° near Beijing with velocities 29-32 mm/y. This block turns counter-clockwise after SLR and GPS data 2000–2008 coinciding with right-lateral displacing along the large-scale Tanlu Slip System on the block east boundary. The same turn fixed by results of the Belgic-Russia tidal gravitation profile along 50° N latitude [25, 26]. The alternation of wide northeast strips with +100 - -100*n* takes place in the magnetic field above the Amurian Block. They apparently can reflect the early Precambrian block fundament structures strike. After seismic tomographic data, the reduced lithosphere thickness characterizes the north part of the block (100-105 km in comparison with 200 km under NEP) [27]. The low values of the rock density and electric resistance apparently correspond to lithosphere deep stratification on boundaries of 10, 20, 40 and 70-90 km [28].

Low *Pn*-waves velocities characterize the upper mantle under the transitional zone between continent and ocean under Amurian and neighboring Japanese-Korean blocks [22]. Some researches suppose existing of the strong upper mantle substance flow on the southeast direction based on the analysis of lengthening deformation axis's and anisotropy in border fields of NEP and Amurian Block. This deep flow causes the NEP clockwise turn confirmed by ITRF2014 vectors [23]. The above-mentioned simultaneous counter-clockwise turn of the Amurian Block apparently results in opening the Baikal Rift. At the same time, we cannot exclude the influence of plume tectonic processes on geodynamics of the Amurian Block – NEP zone. After seismic tomography data isometric counters of S-waves' velocity slowing-down projections (see **Figure 3**) up to ≤4.2–4.25 km/sec−1 take places on 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 km depth levels [16]. Note that the majority of the high heat-flow meanings up to 64-100 μW/m−2 coincide with S-waves velocity slowingdown projections [8]. These data allow supposing ascent of heating and non-consolidated mantle material to the earth's surface with increasing seismicity level.

Speaking on the future seismic events it is needed to distinguished the east part of the regarded OSC area on Olekma River booth banks in the region of BAM railway stations of Khani and Yuktali as well as east up to left bank of the Upper Aldan River. There it is possible to wait for new earthquakes with M up to 7–8. In the other area territory M most likely will be not higher than 6. The light hypocenters concentrations coincide with depths of 10–11 and 21-26 km.