**5.1 B100 and "bio-circular engine" the best way to execute the procedure, for the case of only for B100 in the 2 stages**

**Figure 5**, (only for B100 in the 2 stages); shows all the elements for the use of B100 in both stages and throughout the procedure; provides the schematic of an internal combustion engine with the complete schematic drawing of the apparatus or device, with all the components arranged to enhance said procedure, where the conduction of the B100 can be observed, from the fuel tank to the Carter or engine oil tank, so that it performs the first function, as biolubricant (stage 1); Next, and on the opposite side of the engine, we can see the elements designed to extract the B100 from the Carter,

**Figure 5.** *Bio-circular engine, only for B100 in two stages.*

*Bio-Circular Engine: Simultaneous and Successive Use of BioDiesel as Bio-Lubricant… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103663*

drive it through the injection system to the injectors located in the cylinder heads, so that it performs the second function, such as biofuel (stage 2). The entire procedure will be governed by the ECU.

In **Figure 6**, (only for B100 in the 2 stages); You can see the conduction of the B100, by means of the electric pump (9) from the fuel tank (8), passing through the filter (7) to the Carter or engine oil tank, so that it performs the first function, such as biolubricant (stage 1); the flow and level controller (6) ensures the constant supply of B100 to the Carter, keeping it at the appropriate level line (horizontal intermittent double line), in such a way that the B100 fulfills its function as biolubricant, for a time t, which is determined by the constant flow of B100 to the fuel injection system (B100). Note: The residence or service time (t) of B100 inside the engine as a lubricant is determined by the fuel consumption of the Bio-Circular engine; for this, it provides that the transit of the B100 from the fuel tank (8), passing through the engine crankcase, until reaching the injectors (10) in the cylinder heads, is continuous; consequently, the volume of B100 that passes through said engine crankcase is exactly that consumed by the same engine in its internal combustion process, either as a function of the operating time and/or the distance traveled and/or the work performed. We will take as an example a vehicle with a 12,000 CC four-stroke (4T) diesel engine; 287 Kw; crankcase capacity of 40 l of lubricating oil and fuel consumption of 5 km/4 l. With the previous data, we know that approximately every 50 km of travel, it consumes 40 l of fuel (B100), which is the capacity of the crankcase, with which, for the case of this example,

#### **Figure 6.**

*Bio-circular engine diagram, for the exclusive use of biodiesel (B100) in the 2 stages. Video 1 functional model, bio-circular diesel engine; https://bit.ly/3HgVXJi.*

we can affirm the following: Every 50 km of travel, 40 l of B100 pass through the engine crankcase in its stage 1, as biolubricant. Every 50 km of travel, virtually all the 40 l of lubricating fluid (B100) would be renewed. Every 50 km of travel, virtually a complete change of engine lubricating oil would be done, at no additional cost. (Normally it is done every 15,000 km). Assuming that the same vehicle in the example moves at an average speed of 50 km/h, a complete change of lubricating oil would be done virtually every 1 h. From the conditions of the previous point, it can be deduced that every 6 min, 4 l of B100 would be entering the engine crankcase, that is, 1 l every 1.5 min. With the previous example, which takes real data from driving and normal operating conditions, it can be stated that biodiesel (B100) in its transit through the interior of the engine, in its first function as biolubricant (stage 1), at an average of 1 l every 1.5 min, can keep its physicochemical characteristics unchanged, so that once extracted from inside the engine, to continue its transit to the injection system, it will be in perfect condition for its second function as biofuel. (stage 2). Once B100 has passed through the interior of the engine (crankcase) in its biolubricant function, it is extracted from the crankcase through a duct (5), provided with a pre-filtering element, located at a certain level height, to guarantee the permanence of B100 inside the engine, if the supply of B100 from the fuel tank is suspended. Such level corresponds to the original level of the lubricant preset by the manufacturer; (END of stage 1). (START of stage 2); the conduit (5) is directly connected to the electric pump (4) in charge of sending the B100, already in its second function as biofuel, to the injection pump (2), which previously passed through the filtering station (3) (in some cases also cooled), to be conducted to the injector (10) located in the cylinder head where the B100 will be atomized inside the cylinder and ignited by the high compression of the piston and the help of the high cetane number (68 for the case of palm biodiesel) that will guarantee combustion with low levels of polluting emissions. (END of stage 2). All the execution and the elements of the present invention are interconnected and controlled by the ECU (1), notwithstanding that it can be executed under the application of new technologies or even without the application of the technologies described here; that is to say that, for the case of the example, it could eventually be possible to make use of the described procedure, using the elements installed at the factory, in the vehicles, to execute the same functions of the B100, not only in the conventional engine but also, the same, converted or adapted as a Bio-Circular Engine.


Author details

Vladimir I. Alshits\*, Dmitrii A. Bessonov and Vasilii N. Lyubimov A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics," Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Resonance Compression of Acoustic Beams in Crystals DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82364


**4. Conclusions**

In summary, uniform and small-size Cu2O/Ag nanocomposites (size of Cu2O particle <100 nm, size of Ag particle <20 nm) were synthesized successfully via a facile one-step process, and successfully used to fabricate an H2O2 sensor. The electrochemical experiment results reveal that the Cu2O/Ag/GCE exhibits outstanding electrochemical behavior and good electrocatalytic reduction performance towards H2O2. The linear range of the Cu2O/Ag/GCE is estimated to be 0.2–4000 μM with a sensitivity of 87.0 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.2 μM. The anti-interference capability experiment indicated that the Cu2O/Ag nanocomposites have good selectivity toward H2O2. Additionally, the H2O2 recovery test in the milk solution demonstrates the potential application of Cu2O/Ag/GCE in routine H2O2 analysis.

**Supplementary Materials:** The Supplementary Materials are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2079- 4991/9/4/523/s1.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization and Methodology, K.Y. and Z.Y.; Formal Analysis and Investigation, K.Y., Z.Y., and L.M.; Data Curation, B.P. and Y.D.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, K.Y.; Visualization, J.F.; Project Administration, K.Y.; Funding Acquisition, Z.Y.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (2172005, Z180014), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11674015, 91860202), and the "111" project under the grant of DB18015.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


Meet the editor

Dr. Mourad Aribi, PhD, Dr. Hab., HDR, is a professor of immunology at the University of Tlemcen (Algeria), and the founder and director of the Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology (W0414100). His creativity allowed him to construct for the first time Master's and PhD training programs in immunology at his university, welcoming students and young researchers from different regions and countries. His current

research focuses on the modulation of cell-mediated and inflammatory immune responses in autoimmune diseases, cancer diseases, and infectious diseases. Thanks to his interdisciplinary skills, he was able to develop numerous high-level bilateral and multilateral collaboration projects with large teams, in particular with partners from CNRS and INSERM (Montpellier, Marseille, Burgundy-Franche-Comté, France), Institute for Immunodeficiency (Freibourg, Germany), and, more recently, with partners from Harvard Medical School (Boston, USA). He is a regular reviewer for many international scientific journals and is also a member of the editorial board of Frontiers in Immunology (the official journal of the International Union of Immunological Societies).

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Mourad Aribi*

*by Mourad Aribi*

B-Cell Lymphomas

*by Željka Škunca*

**Section 3**

B Cell Lymphomagenesis

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Residual Disease in Acute Leukemia

*and Nikolay Nikolayevich Tupitsyn*

**Section 2**

Introductory Chapter: B-Cells

**Preface III**

B-Cells **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

B-Cell Lymphomagenesis **45**

**Chapter 3 47**

**Chapter 4 75**

**Chapter 5 93**

Minimal Residual Disease and Acute Leukemia **105**

**Chapter 6 107** B-Cell Precursors: Immunophenotypic Features in the Detection of Minimal

*by Patrascu Ana Maria, Ionela Rotaru, Valeriu Surlin and Stefan Patrascu*

*by Olga Chernysheva, Lyudmila Yuryevna Grivtsova, Alexander Popa*

*by Subramanian Kalaivani Selvi, B.H. Srinivas and Sadhanandham Shrinuvasan*

Immunogenetic Aspect of B-Cell Antigen Receptor Diversity Generation


Meet the editor

Dr. Sara Shirowzhan is a lecturer at the School of Built Environment (BE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, where she teaches the City Analytics and Construction programs. She also serves as the co-chair of BE's Smart Cities and Infrastructure Cluster. Dr. Shirowzhan works as tomorrow's leading champion for the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB). Her research interests include sensing technologies,

enhanced GIS, BIM, digital twins, and artificial intelligence in technologies pertinent to BE informatics. She teaches and supervises students at UNSW in the areas of GIS, BIM, digital twins, AI, machine learning, city analytics, urban informatics, smart cities, infrastructure, construction informatics, and other relevant topics. She now serves on the editorial boards of the journals *MDPI* and *Advances in Civil Engineering*. She is also a topic board member of the *ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information* as well as *Buildings*. Dr. Shirowzhan received her Ph.D. in Geomatics Engineering from the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW.

Contents

**Section 1**

in Smart Cities

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Modeling and Control

Visual Data Science *by Johanna Schmidt*

*by Vung Pham and Tommy Dang*

*by Yunus Egi and Engin Eyceyurt*

**Preface XI**

Web/Dashboard Data Visualisation **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

Digital Twins **35**

**Chapter 3 37**

**Chapter 4 57**

Machine Learning and Future of Data Science **73**

**Chapter 5 75**

**Chapter 6 89**

JavaScript Implementation of Scagnostics and Its Applications

Visualizing the Impact of COVID-19 in the Mobility Dynamics - A Dashboard Framework for Decision Support

*by Nuno Alpalhão, Miguel de Castro Neto and Marcel Motta*

3D Point Cloud-Based Tree Canopy Visualization for a Smart

Digital Twin of the Mining Shaft and Hoisting System as an Opportunity to Improve the Management Processes of Shaft

Using Trend Extraction and Spatial Trends to Improve Flood

*by Jacob Hale, Suzanna Long, Vinayaka Gude and Steven Corns*

*by Piotr Kalinowski, Oskar Długosz and Paweł Kamiński*

Deployment of Mobile Communication Systems

Infrastructure Diagnostics and Monitoring

## Contents

*by Johanna Schmidt*

Preface

Data science, data visualisation, and digital twins are trending in many disciplines. Appropriate data visualisation and analytics, enabled by data science, are required for informed decision-making in a variety of sectors. If expertise in advanced data analytics techniques are available, advanced data analytics approaches such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and real-time, web-based, and interactive visualisations

Advanced data visualisation methods, such as 3D, 4D, and so on, as well as dashboards, are great tools for better communication with stakeholders, better understanding and modelling of the current situation, forecasting future trends, and digital twinning of buildings, urban neighbourhoods, infrastructure, and

Professionals, academics, managers, planners, and policymakers have discovered that improved analytical methods of data science, such as machine/deep learning or AI, promise to provide superior insights from data, allowing them to make more educated decisions. In organisations, web-based systems that visualise such insights allow rich interactions among team members, clients, project managers, and

This book highlights established and advanced data science and visualisation technologies, given the benefits of data science, visualisation, and digital twinning. This book is divided into three sections based on the overall themes of the chapters.

Section 1 addresses web and dashboard-based visualisations. In the first chapter of this section, Scanostics features are implemented in JavaScript to illustrate their usability in 2D, 3D, and higher dimensions on the Web. In this chapter, Pham and Dang begin by describing the mathematical definitions of these Scanostics features, then provide installation instructions and implementation scripts for using these features on multivariate data via their GitHub page. In the second chapter in this section, Alpalhao, Castro Neto, and Motta discuss the benefits of developing dashboards for better decision-making in smart cities and show off their developed dashboard for monitoring spatiotemporal mobility patterns and indicators during

Section 2 deals with 3D modelling of trees using point cloud data and digital twinning in the mining industry. In their chapter, Egi and Eyceyurt offer a system that uses machine learning algorithms to reconstruct topography from point cloud data and utilizes 3D tree modelling in such an environment for mobile communications. They also highlight the usability of their sensor fusion technology in smart city applications. In the final chapter of this section, Kalinowski, Dlugosz, and Kaminski suggest a digital twin of a mining shaft and hoisting system utilising BIM models for project

Section 3 demonstrates better flood modelling as well as the predicted future growth of visual data science. In their chapter, Hale, Long, Gude, and Corns present

cities in smart cities and built environments.

are used.

stakeholders.

the COVID pandemic.

management process improvement.


*Review* **A Review of Multi-Sensor Fusion SLAM Systems Based on 3D LIDAR**

**Xiaobin Xu 1,2,\*,†, Lei Zhang 1,2,†, Jian Yang 3, Chenfei Cao 1,2, Wen Wang 1,2, Yingying Ran 1,2, Zhiying Tan 1,2 and Minzhou Luo 1,2**

**Abstract:** The ability of intelligent unmanned platforms to achieve autonomous navigation and positioning in a large-scale environment has become increasingly demanding, in which LIDAR-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is the mainstream of research schemes. However, the LIDAR-based SLAM system will degenerate and affect the localization and mapping effects in extreme environments with high dynamics or sparse features. In recent years, a large number of LIDAR-based multi-sensor fusion SLAM works have emerged in order to obtain a more stable and robust system. In this work, the development process of LIDAR-based multi-sensor fusion SLAM and the latest research work are highlighted. After summarizing the basic idea of SLAM and the necessity of multi-sensor fusion, this paper introduces the basic principles and recent work of multi-sensor fusion in detail from four aspects based on the types of fused sensors and data coupling methods. Meanwhile, we review some SLAM datasets and compare the performance of five open-source algorithms using the UrbanNav dataset. Finally, the development trend and popular research directions of SLAM based on 3D LIDAR multi-sensor fusion are discussed and summarized.

**Keywords:** SLAM; LIDAR; multi-sensor fusion; coupling methods


Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61601093, 61701082, and 61701116), in part by Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Planning Program of China (Nos. 2016GZ0061 and 18HH0034), in part by the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities (No. ZYGX2016Z011), and in part by Science and Technology on Electronic Information Control Laboratory.


**4. Constrictive pericarditis**

Constrictive pericarditis is a result from inflammation and fibrosis of the pericardium leading to diastolic dysfunction and right heart failure. Generally speaking, constrictive pericarditis is irreversible, and once the diagnosis is made, surgical pericardiectomy is indicated in patients with symptoms of heart failure.

In Western countries, the etiology of constrictive pericarditis is mainly idiopathic, presumably unrecognized prior viral pericarditis. Previous cardiac surgery and prior mediastinal radiation therapy are becoming more popular. On the other hand, tuberculosis is a major cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing countries.

In constrictive pericarditis, Kussmaul sign and pericardial knock are common physical findings. Electrocardiogram may show low voltages, non-specific ST-T changes, or atrial fibrillation. Chest X-ray shows pericardial calcification in onethird of the cases.

**7**

logic study.

**5.2 Pericardiectomy**

tubes are placed in the pleural space.

*Prologue: Introduction to Advanced Concepts in Pericardial Disease*

medical therapy

3–6 months

*Definition and therapy for constrictive pericarditis.*

**Syndrome Definition Therapy**

Reversible pattern of constriction following spontaneous recovery or

Failure of the right atrial pressure to fall by 50% or to a level below 10 mmHg after pericardiocentesis

Persistent constriction after

pressures usually equal, and ventricular independence.

**5. Surgical treatment for pericardial disease**

**5.1 Pericardial window**

For the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, transthoracic echocardiography and chest X-ray with adequate technical characteristics are recommended in all patients with suspected constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiography may show septal bounce, pericardial thickening and calcifications, respiratory variation of the mitral peak E velocity of >25% and variation in the pulmonary venous peak D flow velocity of >20%, or color M-mode flow propagation velocity > 45 cm/s. Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are indicated as second-level imaging techniques to assess calcifications, pericardial thickness (3–4 mm), degree, and extension of pericardial involvement (**Figure 2**). Cardiac catheterization may show "dip and plateau" sign, right ventricular diastolic and left ventricular diastolic

2–3 months of empiric anti-inflammatory

Pericardiocentesis followed by medical therapy. Surgery for persistent cases

Pericardiectomy, medical therapy for advanced cases or high risk of surgery, or mixed forms with myocardial involvement

drugs

The definitions and therapy of the main constrictive pericarditis are listed in **Table 3**.

A pericardial window is the procedure to create a communication from the pericardial space to the pleural space. The purpose of this procedure is to allow a pericardial effusion (usually malignant) to drain from the pericardial space into the chest cavity to prevent a large accumulation of pericardial fluid and cardiac tamponade. Subxiphoid pericardial window is done by either local or general anesthesia. A vertical incision about 4 cm is made over the xiphoid process and upper abdomen. The diaphragm is dissected away from the undersurface of the sternum and xiphoid, fat is removed from over the pericardium, and the pericardium is opened under direct vision. All fluid is aspirated, and loculations may be broken up gently with the sucker. As large a pericardial window as possible is made by excision of the pericardium. Pericardial tissue and fluid are sent for bacteriologic and histo-

Another way to do a pericardial window is via a left anterolateral approach. A small left anterolateral incision is made, and a simple pericardial window is created, usually of necessity anterior to the phrenic nerve. After evacuation of fluid, chest

Pericardiectomy is indicated in patients with symptomatic constrictive pericarditis, especially those patients requiring increasing doses of diuretics. It is also

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86164*

Transient constriction

Effusiveconstrictive pericarditis

Chronic constriction

**Table 3.**

**Figure 2.** *Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging shows thickening of the pericardium (arrow).*

*Prologue: Introduction to Advanced Concepts in Pericardial Disease DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86164*

**Table 3.**

*Inflammatory Heart Diseases*

pneumopericardium.

third of the cases.

**4. Constrictive pericarditis**

etiology in developing countries.

pericardiocentesis or pericardial window is indicated.

tissue diseases, trauma, and metabolic causes (e.g., hypothyroidism). In developed countries, over 50% of the etiology is idiopathic, whereas tuberculosis is the leading

It is recommended that the therapy of pericardial effusion is targeted at the etiology. When pericardial effusion is associated with systemic inflammation, aspirin/ NSAIDs/colchicine, and treatment of pericarditis are recommended. For cardiac tamponade, symptomatic moderate to large pericardial effusions not responsive to medical therapy, and suspicion of unknown bacterial or neoplastic etiology,

The common causes of cardiac tamponade include pericarditis, tuberculosis, iatrogenesis (invasive procedure-related, post-cardiac surgery), trauma, and neoplasm/malignancy. The other causes include autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma), radiation, post-myocardial infarction, uremia, aortic dissection, bacterial infection, and

Constrictive pericarditis is a result from inflammation and fibrosis of the pericardium leading to diastolic dysfunction and right heart failure. Generally speaking, constrictive pericarditis is irreversible, and once the diagnosis is made, surgical

In Western countries, the etiology of constrictive pericarditis is mainly idiopathic,

pericardiectomy is indicated in patients with symptoms of heart failure.

*Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging shows thickening of the pericardium (arrow).*

presumably unrecognized prior viral pericarditis. Previous cardiac surgery and prior mediastinal radiation therapy are becoming more popular. On the other hand, tuberculosis is a major cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing countries. In constrictive pericarditis, Kussmaul sign and pericardial knock are common physical findings. Electrocardiogram may show low voltages, non-specific ST-T changes, or atrial fibrillation. Chest X-ray shows pericardial calcification in one-

**6**

**Figure 2.**

*Definition and therapy for constrictive pericarditis.*

For the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, transthoracic echocardiography and chest X-ray with adequate technical characteristics are recommended in all patients with suspected constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiography may show septal bounce, pericardial thickening and calcifications, respiratory variation of the mitral peak E velocity of >25% and variation in the pulmonary venous peak D flow velocity of >20%, or color M-mode flow propagation velocity > 45 cm/s. Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are indicated as second-level imaging techniques to assess calcifications, pericardial thickness (3–4 mm), degree, and extension of pericardial involvement (**Figure 2**). Cardiac catheterization may show "dip and plateau" sign, right ventricular diastolic and left ventricular diastolic pressures usually equal, and ventricular independence.

The definitions and therapy of the main constrictive pericarditis are listed in **Table 3**.