• *Capillaria*

There are several species of *Capillaria* that occur in poultry in **Figure 3**. Male *capillaria* are 15–25 mm length and female *capillaria* are 35–80 mm long filamentous worms (females). Males only have one spicule, and many also have an early form of a bursa. The size of the eggs varies depending on the species; they contain bipolar plugs and thick shells. Important species include*; C. annulata, C. anatis and C. contorta. Capillaria annulata* and *Capillaria contorta* occur in the crop and esophagus. In the lower intestinal tract, there may be several different species but usually, *Capillaria obsignata* is the most prevalent. These species may cause thickening and inflammation of the mucosa. The life cycle of this parasite is direct. The adult worms may be embedded in the lining of the intestine. The eggs are laid and passed in the droppings. The created embryo will take 6 to 8 days, the eggs are infective to any other poultry that may eat them. The most severe damage occurs within 2 weeks of infection [29]. Approximately 1 cm (0.39 in) long, adult *Capillaria* are "threadlike" worms that are extremely thin.

**Figure 2.** *Anterior end Sublura sp. [29].*

*Poultry Farming: New Perspectives and Applications Chapter – Parasitic Diseases of Chickens DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109962*

### **Figure 3.** *Adult male of Capillaria sp. [31].*

Their barrel-shaped eggs contain clear pugs on each pole and can only be seen under a microscope. There are various different *Capillaria species*, and each one infests a certain area of the chicken. Some species, including *C. annulata* and *C. contorta*, can infiltrate the esophagus and crop, thickening and inflaming the mucous membranes. Other pathogens, including *C. bursata, C. caudinflata*, and *C. obsignata*, attack the lower intestinal tract and cause inflammation, bleeding, and erosion of the intestinal lining. *Capillaria* can be lethal to the chicken if they are present in large enough quantities.


**3. Patient assessment and risk stratification**

Patient assessment and risk stratification is the most important initial step in planning for endoscopy in a child. This should be done at two stages. The first time is when the decision to perform an endoscopy has been made (i.e. in the outpatient clinic etc.) and once just before commencing the procedure. It is just like doing a pre-anesthetic check-up before any surgery.

#### **4. ASA classification for pre anesthetic status**

The ASA classification is used to identify at risk patients and plan sedation accordingly (Table. 1). This classification system although in vogue for nearly 5 decades does not specifically address issues related to children. Healthy neonates and infants do not tolerate similar anesthetics well in comparison to older children and young adults. For these reasons, in further discussions, sedation for endoscopy infants and neonates has been taken up separately.

Sedation for Pediatric Endoscopies 47

and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement are typically selected for general

Sedatives should not be administered in a facility unsupervised by medically trained personnel or where appropriate monitoring equipment and manpower are not available, since unrecognized complications may lead to disaster. The method of sedation is determined by the endoscopist and the needs of the patient. Many factors must be considered, including the patient's condition, ASA classification, patients age, the type of procedure (i.e., diagnostic versus therapeutic), the anticipated level of cooperation from the patient, the parents' and patient's preference after being provided these choices and explanation of their

There is a wide variation in the method of practice of sedation. Within city of Delhi, India five pediatric gastroenterology setups practice different approaches ranging from no sedation at all to moderate sedation and a mix of deep sedation and general anaesthesia. From other published literature as well, the message is not consistent (Lightdale, Mahoney, et al. 2007). This probably reflects an uncertainty in the optimal method of sedation and the lack of proper guidelines according to the authors. Comfort of pediatric endoscopist for

A conscious sedation protocol is followed at the pediatric gastroenterology division of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. For infants below 6 months no sedation is given, while all other children including those under going procedures receive

All children are given the following drugs according to the following protocol prior to

Table 2. Concentration, method of preparation and dosage of drugs used for pediatric sedation at the Pediatric Gastroenterology division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of

Conventionally, fasting for solids for 6 hours and liquids for 2 to 4 hours is recommended (Tolia, Peters et al. 2000). Longer periods of fasting may be required for conditions such as

2ml diazepam + 2ml 2% lignocaine\* +

6ml saline

**Preparation Concentration**

**after dilution (mg/ml)**

5ml of saline 0.1 0.1 0.15

8 ml of saline 10.0 2.0 0.2

**Dose (mg/kg)**

1.0 0.1 0.1

**Dose after dilution (ml/kg)**

anesthesia and should be assessed by an anesthesiologist.

risks, as well as the endoscopist's experiences.

particular types of sedation is equally important.

**6. Method of sedation**

moderate IV sedation.

endoscopy (Table 2).

Diazepam

**7.1 Fasting**

**Drug Concentration**

**(mg/ml)**

5.0

\* Lignocaine is added for its cardiac stability

Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

**7. Preparation for the procedure**

Ketamine 5.0 2ml of drug +

Atropine 0.6 Dilute 1 ampoule in

Table 1. ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologist) classification of physical status


Computational Identification of the Plausible Molecular Vaccine Candidates of Multidrug-Resistant *Salmonella enterica*

*Rohit Mishra, Yong Chiang Tan, Amr Adel Ahmed Abd El-Aal and Chandrajit Lahiri*


Preface

*Blockchain Applications – Transforming Industries, Enhancing Security, and Addressing Ethical Considerations* explores the exciting and rapidly evolving field of blockchain technology and its diverse applications across industries. This volume is a collection of thought-provoking chapters that delve into the potential of blockchain to revolutionize sectors such as health care, energy, finance, supply chain, and more.

In this book, you will embark on a journey through the multifaceted world of blockchain. From exploring the role of blockchain in cybersecurity and its impact on the audit profession to investigating its potential in tourism, nature conservation, and energy markets, the book provides insights into the innovative ways this technology is reshaping our society.

The volume also examines the integration of artificial intelligence with blockchain, the challenges and legal implications associated with non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of blockchain in various contexts. We explore the concept of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), the use of deep learning techniques for early prediction and detection of diseases, and the significance of trust and privacy in longitudinal personal health records.

Each chapter offers a unique perspective, with authors presenting their research findings, insights, and practical applications of blockchain technology. We believe this collection will not only contribute to the scholarly understanding of blockchain but also provide valuable insights to professionals, policymakers, and technology enthusiasts.

As an editor, I am grateful to the contributors who have shared their expertise and passion for blockchain. Our team hopes this volume sparks further exploration, discussion, and innovation in the field. Our aim is to offer a comprehensive overview of blockchain applications, shedding light on their transformative potential while addressing the challenges and ethical considerations that arise along the way.

We invite you to delve into the pages of this book and discover the diverse applications of blockchain technology that are shaping the future of industries worldwide.

Enjoy the journey!

**Vsevolod Chernyshenko** Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation

> **Vardan Mkrttchian** HHH University, Sidney, Australia

**1**

Section 1

Introduction to Blockchain

Technology

Section 1