**1. Introduction**

Over the last few years it has become more common for organizations to implement data science initiatives to support the digital transformation of their business (Provost and Fawcett 2013). However, organizations continue to find it difficult to trust data science outcomes for decision-making purposes, as the data is often found to be lacking the required quality (Lin et al. 2006), and it is often unclear how compliant the use of the data and the algorithms are with regards to relevant legal frameworks and societal norms and values (Nunn 2009; van den Broek and van Veenstra 2018). These uncertainties are a barrier to the acceptance and use of data science outcomes due to the possibility of financial risk and damage to an organization's reputation. For example, when making decisions regarding the management of physical assets, asset managers need to be able to trust the data science outcomes before they are confident enough to use these outcomes. Examples of these decisions include when and where to perform maintenance on highways or when to replace a bridge. Erring on the side of caution can be unnecessarily expensive whilst irresponsible delay of maintenance can put public safety at risk. In order for data science to be successfully adopted, it is therefore vital that organizations are able to trust the integrity of the data science outcomes (Council on Library and Information Resources

2000; Randall et al. 2013). Recently, data governance has gained traction with many organizations as a means to develop this trust (Al-Ruithe et al. 2019; Brous et al. 2016). However, it remains unclear how data governance contributes to the development and maintenance of trust in data science for decision-making, leading to calls for more research in this area (Al-Ruithe et al. 2019; Brous et al. 2020).

The goal of data science is to improve decision-making. According to Dhar (2013), the term data science refers to knowledge gained through systematic study and presented in the form of testable explanations and predictions. As such, data science di ffers from traditional science in a number of ways (Dhar 2013; Provost and Fawcett 2013). Traditionally, scientists study a specific subject and gather data about that subject. This data is then analyzed to gain in-depth knowledge about that subject. Data scientists tend to approach this process di fferently, namely by gathering a wide variety of existing data and identifying correlations within the data which provide previously unknown or unexpected practical insights. However, research has shown that favoring analytical techniques over domain knowledge can lead to risks related to incorrect interpretation of the data (Provost and Fawcett 2013). Due to the automation of the decision-making process, it may be tempting to regard data science decision-making outcomes as being purely rational. However, as with all decision-making, the quality of the outcomes are subjected to the constraints of bounded rationality (Simon 1947; Newell and Simon 1972), in that decision-making is constrained by the quality of the data available at the time. Data science models make decisions based on the information available to them at the time and also in the time given (Gama 2013). According to Gama (2013), bounded rationality can also appear in data science in the tradeo ff between time and space required to solve a query and the accuracy of the answer. As such, it is not surprising that many organizations are implementing data governance in order to gain control over these factors (Alofaysan et al. 2014; Brous et al. 2020; van den Broek and van Veenstra 2018). Although recognized as being a powerful decision-making tool, data science is limited by the quality of the data inputs and the quality of the model itself.

Data governance can be defined as "the exercise of authority and control (planning, monitoring, and enforcement) over the management of data assets" (DAMA International 2017, p. 67), and can provide direct and indirect benefits (Ladley 2012). For example, Paskaleva et al. (2017) show that adoption of data governance can change how data is created, collected, and used in organizations. Data governance can greatly improve the awareness of data science outcomes for the management of infrastructure in, for example, a smart city environment (Paskaleva et al. 2017). However, information technology (IT)-driven data governance initiatives have failed in the past (Al-Ruithe et al. 2019), often being a ffected by technical feasibility aspects carried out on system by system basis.

In this paper, a di fferent starting point is used, and the focus is put on the investigation of data governance as a boundary condition for data science, which needs to be satisfied in order to be able to trust data science outcomes as suggested by Brous et al. (2020) and Janssen et al. (2020). In this research, boundary conditions for data science are defined as socio-technical constraints that need to be satisfied in order to be able to trust data science outcomes. These conditions refer to the "who, where, when" aspects (Busse et al. 2017) of data science before data science outcomes can be used. Previous research (Brous et al. 2020; Janssen et al. 2020) has suggested that data governance can be viewed as a boundary condition for data science. As such, our main research question asks, how is data governance a boundary condition for data science decision-making outcomes?

In order to answer this question, two explanatory data science case studies in the asset management domain were analyzed with specific regard for the role of data governance as a boundary condition for trustworthy predictive decision-making through the creation of trust in data science decision-making outcomes. The first case under study is a data science project designed to improve the e fficiency of road maintenance through predictive maintenance. The project was performed under the auspices of a large European government organization using a multitude of datasets which were sourced both within the organization and externally. Open data (Zuiderwijk and Janssen 2014) were also employed within this case study. The second case study is a data science project which analyzes transformer data to identify the fraudulent use of electricity within medium and low tension electrical grids without infringing privacy regulations. This project was performed under the auspices of a European distribution grid operator (DGO) which is responsible for the distribution of electricity over medium and low tension grids in a highly industrialized region of Europe.

Duality of technology theory (Orlikowski 1992) is used to guide the analysis of the case studies in understanding trust in data science outcomes as a boundary value problem and specifically the role of data governance as a boundary condition for trusting data science outcomes. Duality of technology (Orlikowski 1992) describes technology as assuming structural properties while being the product of human action. From a technology standpoint, data science outcomes are created by data scientists in a social context, and are socially constructed by users who attach di fferent meanings to them and provide feedback to the data scientists. In this way, data science outcomes are the result of the ongoing interaction of human choices and organizational contexts, as suggested by duality of technology (Orlikowski 1992). This approach di ffers from previous research into data science success factors, which have focused on the view that data science is either an objective, external force which has a deterministic impact on organizational properties (Madera and Laurent 2016), or that trust in data science outcomes is purely a result of strategic choice and social action (Gao et al. 2015). Duality of technology theory suggests that either model would be incomplete and suggests that both perspectives should be taken into account when analyzing boundary conditions of data science. The results of the case studies suggest that data science outcomes are more likely to be accepted if the organization has an established data governance capability, and we conclude that data governance is a boundary condition for data science as it enables organizational conditions and consequences of data science to be met and ensures that outcomes may be trusted.

The paper reads as follows. Section 2 presents the background of literature regarding the relationship between data governance and data science. In Section 3 the methodology of the research is described. Section 4 describes the findings of the case study. Section 5 discusses the findings of the case study and Section 6 presents the conclusions.


**1. Classical and Modern Heat Transfer Description**

Currently, deep development in technology has increased interest in heat transfer modeling. New thermal problems have been observed due to the continuous reduction of the size of electronic devices or miniaturization of integrated circuits. For instance, in such small electronic appliances, a significant rise of operational frequency and a rapid increase of generated internal heat density have been noticed which have a meaningful influence on temperature rise during the operation of the device.

It is worthwhile to highlight that it is extremely important to ensure the appropriate cooling conditions, however, this issue is very problematic in the case of nanosized electronic devices and can result in unstable and improper operation of the device. Moreover, most of the damages and malfunctions of the device are caused by unsuitable operation and thermal problems. Thus, thermal analysis is very important and is one of the most crucial steps in the design and planning of modern electronic appliances.

The heat transfer problems have been modeled using Fourier's theory [1]. This method is based on Fourier's law and the Fourier–Kirchhoff (FK) equation, and can be expressed as follows:

$$\begin{cases} \begin{aligned} q(\mathbf{x},t) &= -k \cdot \nabla T(\mathbf{x},t) \\ c\_v \frac{\partial T(\mathbf{x},t)}{\partial t} + \nabla \circ q(\mathbf{x},t) &= q\_V(\mathbf{x},t) \end{aligned} \quad \mathbf{x} \in R^n, n \in N, t \in R\_+ \cup \{0\} \end{cases} \tag{1}$$

In the above system of equations, the heat flux density vector is represented by *q*, thermal conductivity of analyzed material is expressed by *k*, and *T* describes the function of temperature rise. Moreover, the volumetric heat capacity and value of internally generated heat are represented by *cv* and *qV*, respectively.

The Fourier–Kirchhoff method has been successfully applied for two centuries. However, in modern nanosized structures, application of the FK method has some serious limitations [2–4]. First, the assumption of infinite speed propagation of the heat is postulated. Moreover, the instantaneous change of heat flux or temperature gradient should also be taken into account as a non-physical behavior of the structures. The phenomena mentioned have not been empirically proven in the case of nanosized electronic structures [5,6]. Thus, a new methodology, which significantly improves the FK method in the case of modern electronic structures, should be established.

In the mid-1990s, a new approach, called Dual-Phase-Lag (DPL), was introduced by Tzou as a more appropriate choice for modeling temperature changes in a nanosized electronic structure [7]. The DPL model based on the FK theory, however, as previously mentioned, includes improvements such as time lags [8]. These lags express the needed time change in the heat flux density, as well as the temperature gradient.

The lags mentioned above are represented by different values expressed by τ*q*, which is related to heat flux time lag, and τ*T* which represents the temperature time lag. Taking into consideration new time lags, the DPL model can be described by the following equations:

$$\begin{cases} \nabla \circ q(\mathbf{x},t) = -c\_v \frac{\partial T(\mathbf{x},t)}{\partial t} + q\_V(\mathbf{x},t) \\\ k\tau\_T \frac{\partial \nabla T(\mathbf{x},t)}{\partial t} + \tau\_q \frac{\partial q(\mathbf{x},t)}{\partial t} = -k \cdot \nabla T(\mathbf{x},t) - q(\mathbf{x},t) \end{cases} \quad \mathbf{x} \in R^n, n \in N, t \in R\_+ \cup \{0\} \tag{2}$$

The DPL model can be successfully applied instead of the classical FK model due to the fact that it is appropriate for parabolic partial differential equations, as well as for hyperbolic equations (see also [9,10]).

However, some disadvantages have also appeared. The DPL model is classified as a model with greater complexity than the FK model. Thus, to carry out the simulation, a longer computation time is needed, especially for complex electronic structures.

Considering the above limitation of the DPL model, the main aim of this paper is to implement a DPL-based method which reduces the time of simulation and can be as accurate as the original DPL model. One approach which can be applied is the Krylov subspace-based model order reduction method [11]. This approach significantly reduces the number of equations in the system describing an analyzed heat transfer problem.

The Krylov subspace method is used for the order reduction of large-scale systems, especially in a mechanical domain (e.g., J. White and J. G. Korvink papers, as well as [12,13]). However, the research presented in this paper is focused on aspects other than those of previously published papers. First of all, this manuscript includes the first application of the Krylov subspace-based method for the DPL heat transfer equation. Moreover, in previous research, the spectrum of mechanical systems generally contains frequencies from 0 to hundreds of Hz (sometimes up to 1–5 kHz). The model is validated typically for longer times, for example, 10 ms–1 s. However, our research includes significantly greater frequency values resulting in meaningfully shorter times and smaller DPL time lags, even hundreds of femtoseconds or a few nanoseconds. Therefore, the range of applicability of the described model order reduction methodology, presented in the manuscript, is different than other previous applications.

The structure of the paper is as follows: First, a short description of the investigated real test nanosized structure, its finite difference method approximation, and structure discretization are presented; then, the approximation scheme of the DPL model for the considered MEMS structure is proposed; after that, the Krylov subspace-based model order reduction technique is demonstrated; and finally, the simulation results obtained using both reduced and non-reduced versions of the DPL model are compared, analyzed, and discussed.


**8. Local anesthesia for husbandry procedures in farm animals**

Some of the husbandry objectives are met by practices that are painful for the animals concerned. The behavioural and physiological responses, and by inference the pain, caused by particular husbandry procedures may be reduced by choosing methods that cause less pain, by carrying out the procedures in young rather than older animals and by using painrelieving drugs, such as local anesthetics.

For each species several such practices may be carried for different reasons: to minimize the risk of injury to animals and people (e.g. dehorning); to reduce aggressive behaviour and make male animals easier to handle (e.g. castrating oxen); to prevent carcass damage such as bruising (e.g. dehorning); to enhance carcass quality (e.g. castration); to prevent damage to the environment (e.g. nose ringing in pigs); to aid in identification (e.g. ear marking or notching, branding);

The needle must be gently manipulate anteriorly until its point passes medially around the coronoid process, then advanced to the pterygopalatine fossa rostral to the solid bony plate that is in close proximity of the orbitorotundum foramen. Following aspiration, 7–15 ml of

Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and three branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic,

Brachial plexus block is suitable for inducing analgesia for the surgery on the front limb, any

Brachial plexus block is relatively simple and safe to perform and produces selective

This technique places a local anesthetic in close proximity to brachial plexus nerves that

Gradual sensation and loss of motor function occurs within 10-30 minutes depending on the type of drugs used. Anesthesia lasts for approximately 2-6 hours, and total recovery requires

A 20-22 gauge spinal needle is inserted medial to the shoulder joint and directed parallel to

In large size animal, if no blood is aspirated into the syringe as the needle is withdrawn, approximately 10-15 ml of 2% lidocaine or 0.5 % bupivacaine at 3 mg/kg with dilution up to

Local anesthetics are injected to brachial plexus which would diffuse into the area to effect.

Some of the husbandry objectives are met by practices that are painful for the animals concerned. The behavioural and physiological responses, and by inference the pain, caused by particular husbandry procedures may be reduced by choosing methods that cause less pain, by carrying out the procedures in young rather than older animals and by using pain-

For each species several such practices may be carried for different reasons: to minimize the risk of injury to animals and people (e.g. dehorning); to reduce aggressive behaviour and make male animals easier to handle (e.g. castrating oxen); to prevent carcass damage such as bruising (e.g. dehorning); to enhance carcass quality (e.g. castration); to prevent damage to the environment (e.g. nose ringing in pigs); to aid in identification (e.g. ear marking or

maxillary, and mandible) are desensitized in 10–15 minutes following injection.

The technique should be performed in a well-sedated or anesthetized animal.

This block can be used in small ruminants, calves, and foals.

the vertebral column toward the costochondral junction.

anesthesia and relaxation of the limb and analgesia to the forelimb.

include the radial, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous and axillary nerves.

**8. Local anesthesia for husbandry procedures in farm animals**

The brachial plexus nerves derived from C-6, C-7, C-8 and T-1 spinal nerves roots.

local anesthetics are injected.

**7.6.5 Brachial plexus block**

approximately 6-9 hours.

20-30 ml is slowly injected.

notching, branding);

relieving drugs, such as local anesthetics.

area below distal part of humerus.

Cattle can be subjected to the following painful husbandry procedures: disbudding, dehorning, castration, branding and ear notching or tagging. In addition, some heifers may be spayed, and dairy cattle may have their tails docked.

Disbudding is used to mean the prevention of horn growth before it has become advanced, and dehorning means the amputation of horns at any stage after their growth has progressed beyond the early budding stage. Disbudding of calves at a very young age is recommended.

Cautery disbudding is preferable, but extreme escape behaviour of the calf shows that application of the hot iron is painful. This behaviour, and the often less obvious response that occurs with surgical disbudding, can both be eliminated using local anaesthetic blockade of the corneal nerve or a ring block around the base of each horn bud.

Removal of horns from mature cattle without anaesthetics is very painful. Dehorning mature animals may be more painful than most other procedures.

The behavioural response to the pain caused by the act of amputating the horn can be eliminated using local anaesthetic blockade of the corneal nerve or by a ring block around the horn base.

Effective cornual nerve blockade using local anaesthetic eliminates the initial peak of the plasma cortisol response and cortisol concentrations remain at pre-treatment levels for about 2 hours. Thereafter the concentrations increase for about 6 hours before returning to pre-treatment levels (McMeekan *et al*., 1998a).

This is interpreted to indicate that effective corneal nerve blockade eliminates pain for about 2 hours, after which some pain is experienced.  To eliminate the acute cortisol response for at least 12 hours the dehorned animal needs to be given a systemic analgesic along with the local anaesthetic; a combination of an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) with a local anaesthetic is effective in this regard (McMeekan *et al*., 1998b; Stafford *et al*., 2003; Milligan *et al*., 2004; Stewart *et al*., 2009).

When local anaesthetic is given before dehorning, cautery of the wound to control haemorrhage also reduces the plasma cortisol response, and by inference the pain experienced by cattle, for at least 24 hours (Sutherland *et al*., 2002).

Castration is a standard husbandry practice in most cattle production systems and it is painful. The cortisol response to clamp castration is less than the response to rubber-ring or surgical castration, which suggests that the clamp is less painful (Stafford *et al*., 2002).

Local anaesthesia placed in the distal scrotum and testicles eliminates or reduces the painrelated behaviours seen at castration by these methods. It eliminates the plasma cortisol response to castration by rubber ring or band. This is because the tight ring or band stops blood and lymph perfusion of the testicles and scrotum so that the local anaesthetic remains in those tissues beyond the time required for anoxic death of the pain receptors and associated nerves.

Heifers are spayed to prevent mis-mating and to prevent mating of cull cows in extensive farming systems. The ovaries are removed either through the vagina in larger cows and

Local Anesthesia for Husbandry Procedures and Experimental Purposes in Farm Animals 247

Squirting local anaesthetic into the scrotal neck and on to the spermatic cords before they are severed towards the inguinal area may reduce the pain experienced by lambs following

Tail docking is carried out on woolly sheep. Local anaesthesia may be injected as a ring block around the tail (subcutaneously), but this is difficult and time consuming. The use of

Disbudding is carried out on young goats before the horn bud becomes too large. Local

Castration and ear tagging or ear notching and the use of analgesia are conducted in goats

The management of pigs ranges from intensive indoor to extensive outdoor approaches. Piglets are subject to a number of painful procedures including castration, teeth clipping, tail docking and, if they are going to live outdoors, rings may be inserted into their noses.

Traditionally, pigs have been castrated surgically. Local anaesthetics prevented pain-related behaviours in 2-week-old piglets, but not in 7- week-old piglets (McGlone & Heilman, 1988). Gaseous anaesthesia technology suited to pig farms is being developed and it may soon become normal to give piglets a general anaesthetic and then to castrate them, clip teeth and

Local anaesthesia and sedation could be used to reduce the pain caused by ring placement. Horse castration is carried out in many countries under general anaesthesia, or standing

Beak trimming is the most important amputation carried out on chickens and turkeys. Beak

trimming is acutely painful and food intake levels decrease following it (Glatz, 1987).

under sedation and with local anaesthesia (Ohme & Prier, 1974).

surgical castration where the spermatic cords are drawn out and broken by traction.

local anaesthetics greatly reduced behavioural indicators of pain (Kent *et al*., 1998).

Ear tagging or ear notching in sheep are similar to those carried out in cattle.

anaesthetic is often used when disbudding goats.

Fig. 5. Piglet castration

dock tails at one time.

in a manner similar to those used in cattle and sheep.

heifers following epidural anaesthesia or in smaller heifers through an incision in the flank. A flank incision is certainly painful and warrants local anaesthesia.

Fig. 4. Cautery disbudding in the calf

Tail docking young calves by rubber ring or cautery is not especially painful, and local anaesthetic either given as a tail ring block or an epidural can be used to alleviate the pain.

Ear tagging and is a common way of identifying individual animals. Ear tags or ear notches are used also to indicate the ownership of cattle. Little work has been done on reducing the pain caused by these procedures, and as it is not easy to anaesthetize the ears using local anaesthetic, systemic analgesia would be preferable.

Branding by hot iron or freeze branding are common means of identifying cattle both for ownership and for recognizing individual animals. Little work has been done on reducing the pain caused by these procedures.

As multiple injections of local anaesthetic in the area to be branded are impractical, systemic analgesia would probably reduce but not eliminate the pain experienced following branding.

The most common painful husbandry procedures used in sheep are castration, tail docking and ear tagging or notching. These procedures are generally carried out on lambs.

Local anaesthetic injected into the scrotum and testicles eliminates the plasma cortisol response and by inference the acute pain caused by rubberring castration (Dinniss *et al*., 1997). Kent *et al*. (1998) found that lidocaine injected into the neck of the scrotrum was more effective than injection into the testicles, but Dinniss *et al*. (1997) showed that intratesticular injections were just as effective but practically much easier to execute than scrotal neck injections.

Local anaesthetics have less impact on responses to surgical or clamp castration, and with these techniques a systemic analgesic such as an NSAID is required together with local anaesthesia to eliminate the pain caused by castration.

Squirting local anaesthetic into the scrotal neck and on to the spermatic cords before they are severed towards the inguinal area may reduce the pain experienced by lambs following surgical castration where the spermatic cords are drawn out and broken by traction.

Tail docking is carried out on woolly sheep. Local anaesthesia may be injected as a ring block around the tail (subcutaneously), but this is difficult and time consuming. The use of local anaesthetics greatly reduced behavioural indicators of pain (Kent *et al*., 1998).

Ear tagging or ear notching in sheep are similar to those carried out in cattle.

Disbudding is carried out on young goats before the horn bud becomes too large. Local anaesthetic is often used when disbudding goats.

Castration and ear tagging or ear notching and the use of analgesia are conducted in goats in a manner similar to those used in cattle and sheep.

The management of pigs ranges from intensive indoor to extensive outdoor approaches. Piglets are subject to a number of painful procedures including castration, teeth clipping, tail docking and, if they are going to live outdoors, rings may be inserted into their noses.

Fig. 5. Piglet castration

246 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

heifers following epidural anaesthesia or in smaller heifers through an incision in the flank.

Tail docking young calves by rubber ring or cautery is not especially painful, and local anaesthetic either given as a tail ring block or an epidural can be used to alleviate the pain. Ear tagging and is a common way of identifying individual animals. Ear tags or ear notches are used also to indicate the ownership of cattle. Little work has been done on reducing the pain caused by these procedures, and as it is not easy to anaesthetize the ears using local

Branding by hot iron or freeze branding are common means of identifying cattle both for ownership and for recognizing individual animals. Little work has been done on reducing

As multiple injections of local anaesthetic in the area to be branded are impractical, systemic analgesia would probably reduce but not eliminate the pain experienced following

The most common painful husbandry procedures used in sheep are castration, tail docking

Local anaesthetic injected into the scrotum and testicles eliminates the plasma cortisol response and by inference the acute pain caused by rubberring castration (Dinniss *et al*., 1997). Kent *et al*. (1998) found that lidocaine injected into the neck of the scrotrum was more effective than injection into the testicles, but Dinniss *et al*. (1997) showed that intratesticular injections were just as effective but practically much easier to execute than scrotal neck

Local anaesthetics have less impact on responses to surgical or clamp castration, and with these techniques a systemic analgesic such as an NSAID is required together with local

and ear tagging or notching. These procedures are generally carried out on lambs.

A flank incision is certainly painful and warrants local anaesthesia.

Fig. 4. Cautery disbudding in the calf

the pain caused by these procedures.

branding.

injections.

anaesthetic, systemic analgesia would be preferable.

anaesthesia to eliminate the pain caused by castration.

Traditionally, pigs have been castrated surgically. Local anaesthetics prevented pain-related behaviours in 2-week-old piglets, but not in 7- week-old piglets (McGlone & Heilman, 1988).

Gaseous anaesthesia technology suited to pig farms is being developed and it may soon become normal to give piglets a general anaesthetic and then to castrate them, clip teeth and dock tails at one time.

Local anaesthesia and sedation could be used to reduce the pain caused by ring placement.

Horse castration is carried out in many countries under general anaesthesia, or standing under sedation and with local anaesthesia (Ohme & Prier, 1974).

Beak trimming is the most important amputation carried out on chickens and turkeys. Beak trimming is acutely painful and food intake levels decrease following it (Glatz, 1987).

Local Anesthesia for Husbandry Procedures and Experimental Purposes in Farm Animals 249

Local anaesthetic creams are generally ineffective when applied to intact animal skin because they are poorly absorbed. This has limited their use to topical anaesthesia of mucous membranes. To diffuse through nerve membranes the local anaesthetic must be in the form of the unchanged base, but formulations in which the lipid soluble free base

This problem has been overcome with a eutectic combination of lidocaine and prilocaine. When mixed together at room temperature crystals of these drugs form an oily liquid. No additional solvent is necessary, so droplets of an oil in water emulsion of lidocaine and prilocaine each have a concentration of 80% of active drug compared with the 20% of conventional formulations. The total concentration of local anaesthetic remains low at 5%. Lidocaine-prilocaine cream produces effective topical dermal anaesthesia. The advantages of avoiding painful needle punctures are selfevident. Not only is animal discomfort reduced

Pain associated with vessel puncture has long been accepted as an unavoidable consequence of blood collection and intravenous drug administration. The degree of pain associated with the procedure is believed to be minimal, provided that a fine gauge needle is used and that

In many instances, however, it is necessary to use larger gauge needles and this may produce a detectable reaction from the animal. Such responses are also noted more frequently when

When vessel puncture is undertaken by relatively inexperienced staff, repeated attempts may be necessary before the procedure is carried out successfully. Under these circumstances, the animal may experience greater pain or discomfort than when the

There has been considerable debate as to the nature of pain in animals, since it is unclear what form animal experiences may take. It has been suggested that one constructive approach is to accept that animals are capable of sensory experiences which, given the opportunity, they avoid and which modify their biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour in a species-specific way. Many of the stimuli that produce these reactions in animals would produce the sensation described as pain in man, and hence nociceptive reactions in animals such as withdrawal of the limb, vocalizations and aggressive behaviour may be interpreted

In human anaesthetic practice, it has been demonstrated that pain caused by the intravessel insertion of needles and cannulae can be alleviated by the topical application of local anaesthetic cream. The feasibility of using a similar technique in animals has been shown.

A commercially available local anaesthetic cream (EMLA®) can be used for application prior to vessel puncture in farm animals. EMLA cream consists of a eutectic mixture of lignocaine base (25 mg/ml) and prilocaine base (25 mg/ml), together with an emulsifier, a viscosity increasing agent and water and with the pH of the cream adjusted to pH 9,4 with

the animal is expertly restrained and the operator skilled in the technique.

over-the-needle type cannulae are inserted to provide long-term vascular access.

dissolves easily achieve poor penetration of unbroken skin.

but also the procedure is easier to carry out.

**11. Local anesthesia for vessel puncture**

technique is undertaken by a skilled operator.

as one type of response to pain.

sodium hydroxide.

Behavioural and physiological evidence suggests that pain and beak sensitivity persists for weeks or months after trimming (Craig and Swanson, 1994). A local analgesic (bupivacaine and diethyl sulfoxide) administered to the cut beak of 6-week-old chicks after trimming prevents at least some of the acute pain and the reduction in feed intake usually seen in the first 24 hours after trimming.


Future Perspectives

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Erythrocyte

10(110):212-215

849-852

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**121**

**Chapter 8**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

The Biology and Therapeutic

Extracellular Vesicles

*Chun Kuen Lam and Minh T.N. Le*

*Daniel Xin Zhang, Theodoros Kiomourtzis,*

overcoming various limitations of conventional therapeutics.

merits and potential applications in therapeutics [5].

**2. Overview of extracellular vesicles**

**2.1 History of extracellular vesicles**

**Keywords:** extracellular vesicles, red blood cells, therapy, drug delivery

In the last decade, we observed a massive upsurge of studies in the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) [1]. As it is known now, EVs can be loaded with different therapeutic molecules and transport them to recipient cells with little interrogation by the immune system. This property of EVs prompts new possibilities for treatment in various clinical settings [2–4]. In this chapter, we review the biology of EVs as a universal cellular component from a broader perspective, and afterward provide an updated view on red blood cell extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs), their

Wolf was the first to discover small procoagulant structures derived from activated platelets in human blood and named them "platelet dust" in 1967. He separated the small structures by ultracentrifugation and further characterized them using an

Applications of Red Blood Cell

This chapter focuses on the biology of red blood cell extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) in normal and diseased conditions, and the potential application of RBCEVs in treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to membranous vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular environment. EV biology belongs to a rapidly developing field in biomedical sciences. EVs represent a natural mode of cell-to-cell communication, which makes them suitable for delivery of therapeutic agents, such as nucleic acids and proteins, in the body. In particular, RBCEVs feature a wide range of benefits in drug delivery as compared to extracellular vesicles derived from other cell types. In comparison to other delivery systems currently available, RBCEVs are nontoxic, low immunogenic, conveniently obtainable, and easy to use and store. Therefore, RBCEVs boast promising and exceptional advantages in

**Chapter 8**