*3.4.1 System architecture*

In [4], the blockchain-based components of the decentralized authentication system are described. **Figure 6** illustrates the system's architecture. The components of the proposed system are outlined below:

• Ethereum Smart Contract:

This authentication system's contract is used to handle user registration and authentication. The agreement would require data such as the email, password, *A Simulation Model of a Blockchain-Based Decentralized Patient Information Exchange… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109591*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Conceptual view of the tier-based health monitoring architecture [7].*

#### **Figure 6.**

*The fog-enabled blockchain-based authentication system's system architecture [4].*

and the UserEthAdr to enlist clients upon enrollment and to validate clients in the ensuing collaboration with the framework [4].

• Fog Node:

Devices that serve as blockchain nodes and servers are known as fog nodes. Every node has a duplicate of the BlockC, LDG, and SmContract. When a User registration or authentication transaction takes place on a node, the BlockC information there is updated. To host or be a part of the BlockCN, the fog device or fog server must meet sufficient requirements [4].

• Edge Devices:

During registration and authentication, the user's end devices are mapped to nodes. The BlockC cannot be hosted on these devices due to a lack of resources [4].

• Cloud:

IoT data are stored, hosted, and computed in the cloud, which is a large storage unit. Data generated by IoT or edge devices must be processed and analyzed by this cloud server [4].


**7. Future work**

During the next years, we expect a wide variety of new satellite image data that can be easily downloaded, handled, and analyzed by individual users. We also think that a number of new geophysical databases and browse tools will become available so that each user has easy access to numerous additional satellite data sources together with auxiliary geophysical data from common libraries and data management tools supporting in-depth image data analyses and their interpretation. Innovative application fields (such as autonomous driving based on machine learning and artificial intelligence) will bring us still more data handling tools and new data archives becoming available via the Internet. In addition, we also suppose that these new tools will be supplemented by management and support environments, for instance, for system testing and performance monitoring. Within the next 5 years, this should result in new established environments for image data understanding.


**DEVELOPMENTS IN NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY**

Edited by **Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis** and **Jan Skvaril**

#### **Developments in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62932 Edited by Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Jan Skvaril

#### **Contributors**

Amal Kassab, Mohamad Sawan, Mercedes G. López, Jean-Claude Tardif, Marie-Jeanne Bertrand, Philippe L. L'Allier, Iwao Mizumoto, Francisco Garcia-Sanchez, Luis Galvez -Sola, Juan J. Martinez-Nicolas, Raquel Muelas-Domingo, Manuel Nieves, Philiswa Nomngongo

#### **© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2017**

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**Potential and Challenges**

[6] Chen HX. Promotion of bamboo for poverty alleviation and economic development.

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[9] Yi TP. Yushania. In: Delectis Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Agendae Academiae

[10] Qiu E, Hong W, Zheng Y. Review on diversity and utilization of bamboo in China. Journal

[11] Hui CM, Hu JZ, Zhang GX. The status and prospects of bamboo diversity and the

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[13] Devi YR. Bamboo forest resources of India and its role in food security: a review. Agricul-

[15] Bal LM, Singhal P, Satya S, Naik SN, Abhijit K. Bamboo shoot preservation for enhancing its business potential and local economy: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and

[16] Huang T. Exploitation and utilization of bamboo forest resources in China. World Agri-

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[18] Yao WL, Xin T. Analysis of energy situation and development countermeasures in Ch.

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**Chapter 9**

**Provisional chapter**

**Recent Advancement in Physico-Mechanical and**

**Recent Advancement in Physico-Mechanical and**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76475

Bamboo has its own role in the development of society. It is widely used as a support tools for sustainable farming and being exceptional resource for variety of income and employment-generating systems. This overlooked biomass provides food, raw material, shelter, medicine for large part of world's population. Bamboo has given a great support to mankind by providing building materials that are extensively used for household products. It has found a good place for industrial applications due to advances in processing technology and increased market demand. Numerous fundamental studies were carried out to highlight their fundamental characteristics prior to industrial exploitation or high end bamboo-based biomaterials. The mechanical and physical properties of bamboo have noteworthy effects on their durability and strength. Thermogravimetry is one of the key sensitive technique that characterizes the mechanical responses of materials by monitoring property changes with respect to the temperature. Comprehensive review and study on thermal analysis are useful for quantitative determination of the degradation behaviour and the composition of the material. The magnitude and location of the derivative thermogravimetric curve also provides information of the interaction between the material components at various temperature scales. Therefore, these studies can be focused to evaluate the basic fundamental problems faced and thus, a well-designed

research and development towards sustainability can be achieved.

**Keywords:** physico-mechanical, thermal properties, thermogravimetry, bamboo

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Thermal Studies of Bamboo and Its Fibers**

**Thermal Studies of Bamboo and Its Fibers**

Samsul Rizal, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Ikramullah,

Samsul Rizal, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Ikramullah,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76475

**Abstract**

Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, Syifaul Huzni, Sulaiman Thalib, Asniza Mustapha and Chaturbhuj Kumar Saurabh

Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, Syifaul Huzni, Sulaiman Thalib, Asniza Mustapha and Chaturbhuj Kumar Saurabh

#### **Recent Advancement in Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Studies of Bamboo and Its Fibers Recent Advancement in Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Studies of Bamboo and Its Fibers**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76475

Samsul Rizal, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Ikramullah, Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, Syifaul Huzni, Sulaiman Thalib, Asniza Mustapha and Chaturbhuj Kumar Saurabh Samsul Rizal, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Ikramullah, Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, Syifaul Huzni, Sulaiman Thalib, Asniza Mustapha and Chaturbhuj Kumar Saurabh

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76475

#### **Abstract**

Bamboo has its own role in the development of society. It is widely used as a support tools for sustainable farming and being exceptional resource for variety of income and employment-generating systems. This overlooked biomass provides food, raw material, shelter, medicine for large part of world's population. Bamboo has given a great support to mankind by providing building materials that are extensively used for household products. It has found a good place for industrial applications due to advances in processing technology and increased market demand. Numerous fundamental studies were carried out to highlight their fundamental characteristics prior to industrial exploitation or high end bamboo-based biomaterials. The mechanical and physical properties of bamboo have noteworthy effects on their durability and strength. Thermogravimetry is one of the key sensitive technique that characterizes the mechanical responses of materials by monitoring property changes with respect to the temperature. Comprehensive review and study on thermal analysis are useful for quantitative determination of the degradation behaviour and the composition of the material. The magnitude and location of the derivative thermogravimetric curve also provides information of the interaction between the material components at various temperature scales. Therefore, these studies can be focused to evaluate the basic fundamental problems faced and thus, a well-designed research and development towards sustainability can be achieved.

**Keywords:** physico-mechanical, thermal properties, thermogravimetry, bamboo

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.