**6. Complications of caesarean section**

Although a life-saving procedure for either the mother or the baby or both, caesarean section comes with a number of complications including but not limited to [28]:


*3.3. Cracking Index*

The cracking index (CI) was determined in the first sub batch of cherries according to the method of [34], and modified by [15]. For this, the 150 cherries were divided into three replicates of 50 fruits and immersed in 2 L containers filled with distilled water (20 ± 1 ◦C). After 2, 4, and 6 h, the fruits were observed for macroscopic cracks. At each time, cracked cherries were removed and counted, and fruits without cracks were re-incubated. The CI was calculated as follows:

$$\text{CI} = ((5a + 3b + c) \* 100) \text{/} 250 \tag{1}$$

where *a*, *b*, and *c* represent the number of cracked cherries after 2, 4, and 6 h of immersion, respectively.

The crack type (CT) incidence (%) was also determined and expressed as the number of cracks of a particular type (SCR—stem cavity region, SSR—stylar scar region or CR—cheek region) compared to the total number of cracks.


Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes

**89**

**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

chemiresistor

**1. Introduction**

Pollutant

*and Mahendra D. Shirsat*

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Ever since carbon nanotubes were discovered, it has attracted researchers from all corners due to the fascinating characteristics they offer. Detection of environmental pollutants is one of the prominent sectors where carbon nanotubes have been extensively applied. Pristine carbon nanotubes attracted sincere attention at the initial phase; however, the inherent shortcomings as a chemical sensor were immediately recognized. Thereafter, improvement of selective and sensitive behavior of carbon nanotubes toward varied class of analytes has remained a core area of carbon nanotube-based research. Tailoring/covering sidewalls of carbon nanotubes with different functionalizing entities has shown remarkable outcomes in improving behavior of nanotube sensors in various domains. Organic conducting polymers, macrocyclic compounds, metal organic frameworks, metal nanoparticles, etc. have been extensively reported to functionalize carbon nanotube surface. This chapter discusses porphyrin-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes that are found to be selective toward volatile organic compounds, and most importantly, good selectivity and sensitivity have been observed for selected group of analytes.

**Keywords:** carbon nanotubes, porphyrin, volatile organic compounds, sensor,

Environment encompasses all living and non-living things coexisting with invisible strings at balance. "Pollution" is a major component that disturbs this balance and a serious threat to environmental ecosystem. Human practices exercising untowardly comfort are adding up to the existing lot of "pollutants," and this is causing adverse effects on all living creatures. Some of the dominating pollutants that are human activity generated include oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, mono- and di-oxides of carbon, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Out of the major air pollutants, VOCs cover a large area of chemical species that are present in nature. This class of pollutants is ubiquitous in nature and also copious in amount. Most of the VOCs are colorless, having a sweet smell. Although this odor is pleasant, inhalation of the same is very harmful to health. Even at room

for Detection of Volatile Organic

*Arti Dinkarrao Rushi, Kunal Prasanta Datta,*

*Prasanta Sudarshan Ghosh, Ashok Mulchandani*

## **Chapter 6**


**2.19** *Glaucidium nubicola*

Stomach contents of one museum specimen had insect remains and one lizard (ANSP 181044 [holotype]) and another specimen had insects (ANSP 180178) [36].

There is an observation of an adult feeding a juvenile with a lizard [37]. There is also one photographic record of an adult preying upon the lizard *Andinosaura oculata* in Mindo, Pichincha, at 17 h00 [38]. These authors erroneously identified the observed owl as *Glaucidium jardinii*, which occurs at higher elevations.

One individual ringed in Reserva Las Tangaras, Pichincha province, had one lizard *Pholidobolus vertebralis* on its talons when mist-netted and when recaptured [39]. Terrestrial lizards apparently represent an important feature of this owl diet (JF. Freile unpubl.).


Meet the editors

Jorge Rocha achieved his MSc in Geographic Information Systems (2003) and in Spatial Planning (2013), and PhD in Geographic Information Science (2012). He is currently an Assistant Professor of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning and a member of the Modelling, Urban and Regional Planning, and Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment and Management research groups of the Centre of Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon. His

field of expertise is geosimulation and geocomputation involving artificial neural networks, graphs theory, cellular automata, and multi-agent systems. Jorge's works are quite diverse, focusing mainly on, but not exclusively, in urban morphology, remote sensing, epidemiology, health geography, smart cities and big data.

Sandra Oliveira is a researcher for the Centre for Geographical Studies, in the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning. She graduated in Geography from the University of Coimbra and has a MSc in Environmental Sciences from the University of Wollongong (Australia) and a Ph.D. in Forest and Natural Resources Engineering at the School of Agriculture of the University of Lisbon. She started as a Scientific Officer at the Joint Research Centre-EC

in Italy, working in the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). She works in environmental risk assessment and geographic information systems (GIS) and her main interests are in climatic risks, wildfires, forest protection and biodiversity. She is currently focused on spatial modelling and vulnerability assessment of vector-borne diseases.

César Capinha has a PhD in Environmental Sciences, a MSc in Geographic Information Systems and Territorial Modelling Applied to Planning, and a Degree in Geography. He is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Geographical Studies (Uni. of Lisbon). César works at the interface between biogeography and biological invasions, looking into how biogeographical patterns are being modified by human-mediated dispersal of species and by other

manifestations of global change, such as climate change. César is also very interested in the application and improvement of machine learning and statistical models for ecological modelling, particularly in predicting the risk of invasion by introduced species and in real-time modelling of ecological and epidemiological phenomena.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

*by Marek Rozycki*

Introductory Chapter: Risk Management

*by Emilia-Cornelia Dunca and Sabina Irimie*

Risk of Slipping Industrial Landfills

*by Jorge Rocha, Sandra Oliveira and César Capinha*

*by Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka and Ewa Kulińska*

**Preface XI**

Risk Analysis **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 27**

Risk Evaluation **39**

**Chapter 4 41**

Risk Managment **55**

**Chapter 5 57**

**Chapter 6 71**

Supply Chain FMEA Risk Analysis for the Heavy Industry Sector

Application of Quantum Physics Assumptions for Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment Methodology in Public Financial Institutions

*by Karine Sargsyan, Brigitte Jaksa, Gabriele Hartl and Tanja Macheiner*

*by Leon Dorozik, Tomasz Strąk and Ireneusz Miciuła*

Risk Management in Biobanks


*Edited by David Wagner*

This book is a compilation of reviews about the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. T1D is a classic autoimmune disease. Genetic factors are clearly determinant but cannot explain the rapid, even overwhelming expanse of this disease. Understanding etiology and pathogenesis of this disease is essential. A number of experts in the field have covered a range of topics for consideration that are applicable to researcher and clinician alike. This book provides apt descriptions of cutting edge technologies and applications in the ever going search for treatments and cure for diabetes. Areas including T cell development, innate immune responses, imaging of pancreata, potential viral initiators, etc. are considered.

ISBN 978-953-307-362-0

Type 1 Diabetes - Pathogenesis, Genetics and Immunotherapy

Photo by Skarie20 / iStock

## Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis, Genetics and Immunotherapy

## *Edited by David Wagner*

**TYPE 1 DIABETES –**

Edited by **David Wagner**

**INTECHOPEN.COM**

**PATHOGENESIS, GENETICS**

**AND IMMUNOTHERAPY**


**5. Post-surgical orthodontics**

Approximately four to six weeks after surgery the patient should return to the orthodontist to begin post-surgical treatment. This short phase of orthodontic treatment postoperatively is necessary to detail the final occlusion and improve the stability of surgery. The goal is to settle the teeth in good occlusion and alignment and correct any possible skeletal relapse following surgery. Post-surgical orthodontics usually takes about six months and may involve use of intermaxillary elastics.

It is noteworthy to mention that precise and proper presurgical orthodontics minimalize postsurgical orthodontics. After debanding and debonding the patients should be provided with upper and lower retainers.

#### **5.1. Common mistakes in presurgical orthodontics**

### **The orthodontist should avoid:**


**5. Teacher's role in STEM education**

The role of teacher in a STEM classroom is different than that in a conventional classroom. The teacher in a STEM classroom is more of a facilitator, a guide and a

#### *STEM Integration in Resource Constrained Environments DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113066*

mentor who poses the right questions at the right time, nudges students in the right direction, encourages students to collaborate and co-create, facilitates construction of knowledge and creates opportunities for students to express themselves without any apprehensions and inhibitions. This role requires an intentional effort to keep the teacher's interference to a minimum and let the children's creativity guide the process of self-discovery.

In this regard, training teachers for this role becomes a very important aspect of any STEM program. No amount of technology, hardware and software can make a program successful unless fully trained and motivated teachers are there to support and own the program with full enthusiasm. Some of the key objectives of a Teacher Training Program are to make teachers understand the full potential of STEM methodology, equip teachers with required knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to be successful in their role. Particular emphasis is given on the Engineering Design Process (EDP), interdisciplinary approach, key elements of STEM lesson plans and STEM sessions, tools and strategies for classroom management during STEM sessions, assessment for learning and differentiated learning.

Continuous Professional Development (CPD) courses, whether online or inperson provide an effective means to stay abreast with new developments, learn new skills particularly related to technology, and address challenges and shortcomings encountered during prior STEM sessions. These also serve as a platform to share experiences and promote cross-fertilization of ideas for continuous quality improvement.


**2.15 Other miscellaneous drugs with a possible therapeutic effect**

In the pathogenesis of Covid-19, ACE 2 receptors play an important role by facilitating the entry of the virus into the cell [1, 95]. Thus it could be a possible therapeutic target with the use of ACE-inhibitors and ARB [1, 96]. However, there is a concern that the use of these drugs to stop virus replication may increase the expression of ACE-2 receptors and paradoxically worsen the infection. However, no in-vitro studies are available which show either definite detrimental or protective effect of these agents. As a result, the current guidelines state to continue these drugs in patients who are already taking them [97].

Umifenovir (also known as Arbidol) is an antiviral agent with a unique mechanism of action targeting the S protein/ACE2 interaction and inhibiting membrane fusion of the viral envelope [98]. It is approved in Russia for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. Of particular interest is its demonstrable in-vitro activity against Covid-19 [99]. In an observational study in China, patients treated with umifenovir for a median duration of 9 days had a higher discharge rate and lesser mortality [100]. But as with other agents, the lack of RCT limits the justification for its use in Covid-19. However, ACE targeting therapy is a promising one [1].

Camostat mesylate is an agent used in the treatment of pancreatitis. It inhibits host serine protease, TMPRSS2.3, and has been shown to prevent viral cell entry in-vitro and thus could be a target for future studies [101].

Nitazoxanide, an anti-helminthic with a relatively favorable safety profile has shown in-vitro activity against SARS-CoV and MERS [102]. Besides it also has additional immunomodulatory action & thus can be used in trials in Covid-19 patients as a therapeutic option.

Many non-allopathic pharmaceuticals are also in pipeline as promising COVID-19 therapy. In June 2020, yoga guru Baba Ramdev announced that his company Patanjali Ayurved had launched a drug called 'Coronil' that could cure COVID-19 [103]. However, no scientific basis for this claim is produced until now.