**5. Conclusion**

270 Materials Science and Technology

Atomic configurations for a-AIST and a-GST obtained from the RMC / DF-MD simulations are shown in Fig. 15. It is found from the atomic configurations that the local environment of the predominant element Sb (75%) is very similar to that in the crystal (A7, a distorted octahedron) in AIST whereas large fraction of ABAB squares (manifested by ring) is

Fig. 15. Atomic configurations for a-AIST and a-GST obtained from the RMC / DF-MD

Figure 16(a) shows ring statistics in a-AIST and a-GST derived from the RMC/DF-MD models which are consistent with the results of X-ray diffraction, EXAFS and HXPS measurements. In a-GST, 40% of the rings are fourfold or sixfold, whereas the distribution in a-AIST is much broader; the most common (fivefold) rings make up only 15% of the total. On the basis of structural features mentioned above, possible phase-change schemes in both materials are shown in Fig. 16(b). In a-AIST, it is suggested that a sequence of ring reconstructions by way of bond interchanges results in sixfold rings with short Sb bonds accompanied by small changes in the bond lengths, because RMC/DF-MD model for a-AIST has locally distorted 3+3 octahedron, which resembles c-AIST. By contrast, many fourand sixfold rings in a-GST act as nuclei for crystallization and require larger atomic displacements than in a-AIST. Crystallization starts simultaneously from many such nuclei in the amorphous mark (NaCl fragments) and lead to an aggregation of small crystal grains. These features propose a "bond-interchange" model as the origin of "growth-dominated" crystallization of a-AIST, whereas the large fraction of "crystalline nuclei" in a-GST is the origin of the "nucleation-driven" crystallization in GST. The structural finding and possible phase-change mechanism at atomic level obtained in this study is in line with the results of

simulations. Ag, silver; In, magenta; Sb, blue; Te, yellow; Ge, red.

observed in a-GST.

We described the detail of the X-ray pinpoint structural measurement system for investigation of optical recording process. Furthermore, we showed the recent progress for fully understanding the atomic structure of AIST and compare it to GST with the research combined X-ray diffraction, EXAFS, HXPS measurements and computer simulations. These demonstrated that the time resolved X-ray diffraction technique using SR is very powerful for the structural investigation of crystal growth phenomena.


**4.1.2 Measurement of shed amount**

At the upper state of the heald frame, the distance from the fixed guide of heald frame to the upper line of frame is the amount of upper shedding, the lowest state of the heald frame is the amount of lower shedding.

The warp movement is calculated by the difference between the amount of upper shedding and lower shedding, which is shown in Fig. 5.


*Article* **A Bidirectional Grid-Connected DC–AC Converter for Autonomous and Intelligent Electricity Storage in the Residential Sector**

**Ismail Aouichak, Sébastien Jacques \*, Sébastien Bissey, Cédric Reymond, Téo Besson and Jean-Charles Le Bunetel**

> Research Group on Materials, Microelectronics, Acoustics, and Nanotechnology, GREMAN UMR 7347, University of Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val-de-Loire, 37100 Tours, France<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(I.A<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(S.B<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(C.R<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(T.B<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(J.-C.L.B.)

**\*** Correspondence<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Tel.: +33-6-667-639-46

**Abstract:** Controlling the cost of electricity consumption remains a major concern, particularly in the residential sector. Smart home electricity management systems (HEMS) are becoming increasingly popular for providing uninterrupted power and improved power quality, as well as for reducing the cost of electricity consumption. When power transfer is required between a storage system and the AC grid, and vice versa, these HEMS require the use of a bidirectional DC–AC converter. This paper emphasizes the potential value of an almost unexplored topology, the design of which was based on the generation of sinusoidal signals from sinusoidal half waves. A DC–DC stage, which behaved as a configurable voltage source, was in series with a DC–AC stage, i.e., an H-bridge, to achieve an architecture that could operate in both grid and off-grid configurations. Wide bandgap power switches (silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors [MOSFETs]), combined with appropriate control strategies, were the keys to increasing compactness of the converter while ensuring good performance, especially in terms of efficiency. The converter was configured to automatically change the operating mode, i.e., inverter or rectifier in power factor correction mode, according to an instruction issued by the HEMS; the latter being integrated in the control circuit with automatic duty cycle management. Therefore, the HEMS set the amount of energy to be injected into the grid or to be stored. The experimental results validate the operating modes of the proposed converter and demonstrate the relevance of such a topology when combined with an HEMS, especially in the case of an AC grid connection. The efficiency measurements of the bidirectional DC–AC converter, performed in grid-connected inverter mode, show that we exceeded the efficiency target of 95% over the entire output power range studied, i.e., from 100 W to 1.5 kW.

**Keywords:** home electricity management systems; bidirectional DC–AC converter; high compactness; high efficiency


**5. References**

	- [9] Pescosolido, L., Barbarossa, S. & Scutari, G. [2008]. Radar sensor networks with distributed detection capabilities, *Proc. IEEE Int. Radar Conf.*, pp. 1–6.
	- [10] Srinivasan, R. [1986]. Distributed radar detection theory, *IEE Proceedings-F* Vol. 133(No. 1): 55–60.

**Cooperative Localization and Object Recognition**

**Chapter 9**

Rudolf Zetik, Honghui Yan, Elke Malz, Snezhana Jovanoska, Guowei Shen, Reiner S. Thomä, Rahmi Salman, Thorsten Schultze, Robert Tobera, Hans-Ingolf Willms, Lars Reichardt, Malgorzata Janson, Thomas Zwick, Werner Wiesbeck, Tobias Deißler and

Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio sensor networks promise interesting perspectives for emitter and object position localization, object identification and imaging of environments in short range scenarios. Their fundamental advantage comes from the huge bandwidth which could be up to several GHz depending on the national regulation rules. Consequently, UWB technology allows unprecedented spatial resolution in the geo-localization of active UWB radio devices and high resolution in the detection, localization and tracking of passive objects. With the lower frequencies (< 100 Hz) involved in the UWB spectrum, looking into or through non-metallic materials and objects becomes feasible. This is of major importance for applications like indoor navigation and surveillance, object recognition and imaging, through wall detection and tracking of persons, ground penetrating reconnaissance, wall structure analysis, etc. UWB sensors preserve their advantages -high accuracy and robust operation- even in complicated, multipath rich propagation environments. Compared to optical sensors, UWB radar sensors maintain their capability and performance in situation where optical sensors collapse. They can even produce useful results in non-LOS (non-Line of

Despite the excellent range resolution capabilities of UWB radar sensors, detection and localization performance can be significantly improved by the cooperation between spatially distributed nodes of a sensor network. This allows robust localization even in the case of partly obscured links. Moreover, distributed sensor nodes can acquire comprehensive knowledge of the structure of an unknown environment and construct an electromagnetic image which is related to the relative sensor-to-sensor node coordinate system. Distributed observation allows the robust detection and localization of passive objects and the identification of certain features of objects such as shape, material composition, dynamic parameters, and time-variant behavior. This all makes UWB a promising basis for the

> ©2013 Malz et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly

©2013 Malz et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**in Autonomous UWB Sensor Networks**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Sight) situations by taking advantage of multipath.

cited.

Jörn Thielecke

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55077

178 Ultra-Wideband Radio Technologies for Communications, Localization and Sensor Applications **Chapter 9 Chapter 9**


*4.2. Premorbid Functioning*

Differences in premorbid intellectual capacity did not alter the factor structure of our neuropsychological battery, but it did affect performance on all the cognitive measures. As expected, the group with mild premorbid ID consistently scored higher than the group with moderate premorbid ID. This emphasizes the importance of taking premorbid functioning into consideration in all analyses for this population due to such heterogeneity in baseline cognitive abilities. The use of a universal criterion, such as 1.5 SD below the population mean, is not appropriate for people with DS, even if the population mean is derived from other individuals with DS, because baseline IQ scores in this population can range from 2 to 4 SDs below normative levels (i.e., borderline functioning to profound ID). Nevertheless, our results provide evidence that cognitive functioning can be characterized by the same cognitive tests and domains in this population when their premorbid impairment is in the mild to moderate range.