4.3.2. Preparation and Characterization of

2-{4-[(4-Bromophenyl)sulfonyl]phenyl}-4-isopropyl-4*H*-1,3-oxazol-5-one **6**

An amount of 4.62 g (10.5 mmol) of **5** was suspended under magnetic stirring at room temperature in 50 mL of dry CH2Cl2 and then an equimolar quantity (1.15 mL, 1.06 g, 10.5 mmol) of 4-methylmorpholine was added. A volume of 1 mL (1.14 g, 10.5 mmol) of ethyl chloroformate was added dropwise with continuous stirring to the solution obtained above. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 30 min and further poured into 100 mL of ice water. The separated organic phase was washed with 5% NaHCO3 solution, then with distilled water and dried (MgSO4). After concentration under low-pressure, solid product **6** was recrystallized from cyclohexane when white crystals were obtained.

Yield 90% (3.99 g, 9.45 mmol). mp 144–145 ◦C.

UV/VIS (CH3OH) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 202.6 (4.49); 227.3 (4.14); 252.0 (4.35); (CH3CN) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 197.1 (4.93); 229.1 (4.48); 252.2 (4.64).

GC/EI–MS (70 eV) *m*/*z* (rel. abund. %): 379 (79Br)/381 (81Br) (71.61/100, BP) [M-C3H6]· +; 323/325 (41.31/38.56) [79BrC6H4SO2C6H4CHNH]· +/[81BrC6H4SO2C6H4CHNH]· + or [79BrC6H4SO2C6H4CO]+/[81BrC6H4SO2C6H4CO]+; 207 (29.87); 203 (40.89) [79BrC6H4SO]+; 76 (24.15) [C6H4]· +; 43 (37.71) [C3H7] +; and *t*R 36.53 min.

Reversed-phase HPLC (CH3OH–H2O 60:40, *V*/*V*; flow rate 1 mL/min; *λ* 250 nm): purity 94.16%; *t*R 4.05 min.

Elem. anal. (%) found: C, 51.24; H, 3.81; N, 3.33; and S, 7.57; calcd. for C18H16BrNO4S (*M*r 422.29): C, 51.19; H, 3.82; N, 3.32; and S, 7.59.

4.3.3. General Procedure for the Preparation of 2-Acylamino Ketones **7a**,**b** and Their Characterization

To a solution of raw 2-{4-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]phenyl}-4-isopropyl-4*H*-1,3-oxazol-5-one **6** (2.11 g, 5 mmol) in 25 mL of anhydrous arene (i.e., benzene and toluene, respectively), 2.00 g (15 mmol) of anhydrous aluminum trichloride were added portion-wise with magnetic stirring at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for a further 20 h until hydrogen chloride emission ceased and then poured into 100 mL of ice water acidified with 5 mL of 37% HCl. A precipitate was obtained, which was isolated by filtration, washed on the filter with cold distilled water, and further with a cold ethanol/distilled water (1:1, *V*/*V*) mixture. The aqueous filtrate was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 × 15 mL), then the organic phase was washed with distilled water, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to dryness by vacuum distillation, when the second fraction of **7** was isolated. Purification of the crude product by recrystallization from ethanol afforded colorless crystals.

4-[(4-Bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-*N*-(3-methyl-1-oxo-1-phenylbutan-2-yl)benzamide **7a**

Compound **7a** was synthesized by the reaction of **6** with benzene (25 mL, 21.85 g, 279.7 mmol).

Yield 80% (2.00 g, 4.00 mmol). mp 164–166 ◦C.

UV/VIS (CH3OH) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 202.6 (4.49); 252.0 (4.19); (CH3CN) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 198.0 (5.03); 250.2 (4.77).

Reversed-phase HPLC (CH3OH–H2O 60:40, *V*/*V*; flow rate 1 mL/min; *λ* 250 nm): purity 92.02%; *t*R 4.35 min.

Elem. anal. (%) found: C, 57.63; H, 4.41; N, 2.81; and S, 6.40; calcd. for C24H22BrNO4S (*M*r 500.40): C, 57.60; H, 4.43; N, 2.80; and S, 6.41.

4-[(4-Bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-*N*-[3-methyl-1-oxo-1-(*p*-tolyl)butan-2-yl]benzamide **7b**

Compound **7b** was synthesized by the reaction of **6** with toluene (25 mL, 21.63 g, 234.8 mmol).

Yield 86% (2.21 g, 4.30 mmol). mp 154–155 ◦C.

UV/VIS (CH3OH) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 202.6 (4.47); 255.5 (4.18); (CH3CN) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 197.8 (5.01); 254.8 (4.78).

Reversed-phase HPLC (CH3OH–H2O 60:40, *V*/*V*; flow rate 1 mL/min; *λ* 250 nm): purity 99.99%; *t*R 4.95 min.

Elem. anal. (%) found: C, 58.34; H, 4.69; N, 2.71; and S, 6.21; calcd. for C25H24BrNO4S (*M*r 514.43): C, 58.37; H, 4.70; N, 2.72; and S, 6.23.

4.3.4. General Procedure for the Preparation of 2,5-Disubstituted 4-Isopropyl-1,3-oxazoles **8a**,**b** and Their Characterization

A mixture of 10 mmol of crude **7** and 20 mL (33.40 g, 217.8 mmol) of phosphoryl trichloride was heated under reflux during 4 h. The excess phosphoryl trichloride was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting oily residue was cooled, treated with an ice water mixture, and extracted with 2 × 20 mL CH2Cl2. The organic phase was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO3 solution, then with distilled water and dried (Na2SO4). The solvent was evaporated off under vacuum. Purification of the resulting solid was performed by recrystallization from ethanol when colorless crystals of **8** were obtained.

2-{4-[(4-Bromophenyl)sulfonyl]phenyl}-4-isopropyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazole **8a**

Compound **8a** was synthesized from 5.00 g (10 mmol) of 2-acylamino ketone **7a**.

Yield 94% (4.53 g, 9.39 mmol). mp 165–167 ◦C.

UV/VIS (CH3OH) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 202.6 (4.48); 249.3 (4.10); 333.9 (4.13); (CH3CN) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 196.2 (4.95); 248.6 (4.56); 335.6 (4.64).

Reversed-phase HPLC (CH3OH–H2O 70:30, *V*/*V*; flow rate 1 mL/min; *λ* 335 nm): purity 98.95%; *t*R 5.97 min.

Elem. anal. (%) found: C, 59.71; H, 4.18; N, 2.91; and S, 6.67; calcd. for C24H20BrNO3S (*M*r 482.39): C, 59.76; H, 4.18; N, 2.90; and S, 6.65.

2-{4-[(4-Bromophenyl)sulfonyl]phenyl}-4-isopropyl-5-(*p*-tolyl)-1,3-oxazole **8b**

Compound **8b** was synthesized from 5.14 g (10 mmol) of 2-acylamino ketone **7b**. Yield 91% (4.52 g, 9.10 mmol). mp 215–217 ◦C.

UV/VIS (CH3OH) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 202.6 (4.48); 249.3 (4.11); 337.4 (4.09); (CH3CN) *λ*max nm (log10 *ε*max): 195.3 (4.96); 249.5 (4.59); 340.1 (4.64).

Reversed-phase HPLC (CH3OH–H2O 70:30, *V*/*V*; flow rate 1 mL/min; *λ* 335 nm): purity 99.99%; *t*R 7.32 min.

Elem. anal. (%) found: C, 60.52; H, 4.46; N, 2.81; and S, 6.48; calcd. for C25H22BrNO3S (*M*r 496.42): C, 60.49; H, 4.47; N, 2.82; and S, 6.46.


**Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Insecticides: A Controlled Release Purpose for Agrochemicals**

Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa de Souza Bergo, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, João Batista Fernandes and Moacir Rossi Forim

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53355


**4. Theoretical framework**

To propose a theoretical framework of HMD, Parse's ground theory of human becoming was borrowed, which encompasses three major themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and co-transcendence [20]. The theory of human becoming was developed to move nursing's view of a person from a medical model to a human science [50]. In the theory, the person is seen as "a participant in experiencing situations." The theory explains "how the meaning in any situation is related to the particular constituents of that situation" [51]. Parse emphasized that a human being can become human becoming by exchanging energies through interaction between other human beings and their environment [52–54].

Parse identified nine themes from the three philosophical assumptions (**Table 1**). In the theory, "meaning" refers to an ever-changing interpretation one gives to what is valued and the ways in which these interpretations reflect the person's reality. "Rhythmicity" refers to the cadent, mutual patterning of the human-universe mutual process. "Transcendence" refers to reaching beyond the possible, to the hopes and dreams envisioned in multidimensional experiences [20, 50, 52].

Human becoming is (1) freely choosing personal meaning in situations in the inter-subjective process of living value priorities, (2) co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe, and (3) co-transcending multidimensionally with the emerging possible [20, 51, 54, 55]. **Figure 2** presents the concept of HMD based on these philosophical principles as a medium of communication within the health information context.

In this context (**Figure 2**), "meaning" is the effort to create an other-centered environment with the view that human care and the healthcare environment are not fixed; therefore, the other is an individual entity as a whole (illuminating meaning of others' experience). "Rhythmicity" is the development of partnership through openness of environment, that is, the development of empathy through continuous relationship with others (concurrently synchronizing rhythms for patients and their family members or caregivers). "Co-transcendence" is infinite potentiality to expand empathy, strengthening one's own specific method and mobilizing transcendence, reaching beyond and transforming toward possibility.

The ultimate product of HMD is better health outcomes, which facilitate the healing process and human dignity by way of "caring presence" [56]. This is in the same vein with the "ethics of care" based on emotion that is advocated by Carol Gilligan [57], which originates from the premises that (1) as humans, we are inherently relational and responsive beings and (2) the human condition is one of connectedness and interdependences (**Figure 3**). Ethics of care

directs our attention to the need for responsiveness in relationships (paying attention, listening, responding) and to the costs of losing connection with oneself or with others. Its logic is

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Current practice establishes providers as advocates for their consumers. For example, pain perceived by patients should be understood not just as a complaint but as a part of agony. This is why medical humanism must embrace the patients' pain [10, 27, 58]. The essence of suffering, as depicted by Eric Cassell, is "experienced by persons, not merely by bodies, and has its source in challenges that threaten the intactness of the person as a complex social and psychological entity" [27]. Parse's theory of human becoming also assists individuals in taking an active decision-making role in self-care, so that patients feel empowered [20, 54].

inductive, contextual, and psychological, rather than deductive or mathematical.

**Figure 2.** Health information context.

**Figure 3.** Ethics of care.

**Table 1.** Three principles of Parse's human-becoming theory.

**Figure 2.** Health information context.

**4. Theoretical framework**

32 Selected Issues in Global Health Communications

experiences [20, 50, 52].

**Nine themes from philosophical assumptions**

Meaning Imaging, valuing, languaging

Co-transcendence Powering, originating, transforming

**Table 1.** Three principles of Parse's human-becoming theory.

other human beings and their environment [52–54].

To propose a theoretical framework of HMD, Parse's ground theory of human becoming was borrowed, which encompasses three major themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and co-transcendence [20]. The theory of human becoming was developed to move nursing's view of a person from a medical model to a human science [50]. In the theory, the person is seen as "a participant in experiencing situations." The theory explains "how the meaning in any situation is related to the particular constituents of that situation" [51]. Parse emphasized that a human being can become human becoming by exchanging energies through interaction between

Parse identified nine themes from the three philosophical assumptions (**Table 1**). In the theory, "meaning" refers to an ever-changing interpretation one gives to what is valued and the ways in which these interpretations reflect the person's reality. "Rhythmicity" refers to the cadent, mutual patterning of the human-universe mutual process. "Transcendence" refers to reaching beyond the possible, to the hopes and dreams envisioned in multidimensional

Human becoming is (1) freely choosing personal meaning in situations in the inter-subjective process of living value priorities, (2) co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe, and (3) co-transcending multidimensionally with the emerging possible [20, 51, 54, 55]. **Figure 2** presents the concept of HMD based on these philosophical

In this context (**Figure 2**), "meaning" is the effort to create an other-centered environment with the view that human care and the healthcare environment are not fixed; therefore, the other is an individual entity as a whole (illuminating meaning of others' experience). "Rhythmicity" is the development of partnership through openness of environment, that is, the development of empathy through continuous relationship with others (concurrently synchronizing rhythms for patients and their family members or caregivers). "Co-transcendence" is infinite potentiality to expand empathy, strengthening one's own specific method and mobilizing

The ultimate product of HMD is better health outcomes, which facilitate the healing process and human dignity by way of "caring presence" [56]. This is in the same vein with the "ethics of care" based on emotion that is advocated by Carol Gilligan [57], which originates from the premises that (1) as humans, we are inherently relational and responsive beings and (2) the human condition is one of connectedness and interdependences (**Figure 3**). Ethics of care

principles as a medium of communication within the health information context.

transcendence, reaching beyond and transforming toward possibility.

Rhythmicity Revealing-concealing, enabling-limiting, connecting-separating

**Figure 3.** Ethics of care.

directs our attention to the need for responsiveness in relationships (paying attention, listening, responding) and to the costs of losing connection with oneself or with others. Its logic is inductive, contextual, and psychological, rather than deductive or mathematical.

Current practice establishes providers as advocates for their consumers. For example, pain perceived by patients should be understood not just as a complaint but as a part of agony. This is why medical humanism must embrace the patients' pain [10, 27, 58]. The essence of suffering, as depicted by Eric Cassell, is "experienced by persons, not merely by bodies, and has its source in challenges that threaten the intactness of the person as a complex social and psychological entity" [27]. Parse's theory of human becoming also assists individuals in taking an active decision-making role in self-care, so that patients feel empowered [20, 54]. Accordingly, other-centered or audience-centered HMD highly regards the various channels for communication that makes access to healthcare service consistent [44, 58].

should be conducted to propose theoretically adequate constructs, to empirically test and validate the constructs, and examine the relationships between the constructs to generate empirical evidence [64]. The individual effects model, which focuses on individuals as they improve their knowledge and attitudes, and the social diffusion model, which leads to behavior change among social groups, may be considered to pose theoretical constructs within the

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Previous research has consistently reported that a directional gap exists when conceived of communication. A majority of the studies show communications *from* providers *to* consumers, and the remainder show communications *between* providers and consumers [60]. Therefore, communications *from* consumers (i.e., self-reporting), *between* consumers (i.e., self-help groups), or *to* providers from another source (i.e., communication training) should be carefully designed at both the policy and programmatic levels [60, 63]. No matter how knowledgeable healthcare providers might be, if they are not able to successfully communi-

The initial work of this study was presented at the International Association of Societies of Design Research 2015, Brisbane, Australia. The travel was fully supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grant (NRF-2014S1A5B8044097) funded by the Korean Government, Korea. To further define and utilize social communication in healthcare, this study has been continuously developed by the support of Provost's Grant for Multidisciplinary Research (2018–2019) funded by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey—Camden, USA,

The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial or non-financial inter-

1 School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, USA

2 Integrated u-Healthcare Design, Design Institute, College of Design, Inje University,

context [63].

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

Ji-Young An1

South Korea

cate with their consumers, they may not be of help.

as well as the NRF of Korea Grant (NRF-2017S1A5B8066096).

est in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

\*

and Jinkyung Paik2

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>


**Preface to "Piezoelectric Aluminium Scandium Nitride (AlScN) Thin Films: Material Development and Applications in Microdevices"**

Not so long ago, aluminium scandium nitride (AlScN) emerged as a material that possesses superior properties as compared to aluminium nitride (AlN). Substituting Al with Sc in AlN leads to a dramatic increase in the piezoelectric coefficient as well as in electromechanical coupling. This discovery finally allowed us to overcome the limitations of AlN thin films in various piezoelectric applications while still enabling us to benefit from all of the advantages of the parent material system, such as a high temperature stability, CMOS compatibility, and good mechanical properties.

AlScN allows for the enhanced performance of RF filters where bulk acoustic wave (BAW) or surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators are used. Additionally, energy harvesting and sensing applications can benefit as well. Higher pyroelectric coefficients allow for new advances in, for example, infra-red (IR) detectors. Recent progress in growing this material by MOCVD and MBE has opened up new prospects in high-frequency and -power electronics, such as with high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Finally, AlScN is the first wurtzite III-nitride where ferroelectric switching was observed a few years ago, opening up another exciting research field with many possible applications in semiconductor memories; additionally, it enables the additional functionality of switching to applications where piezoelectric materials are already in use.

Recognizing the importance of this new material, internationally recognized research groups participated in this Special Issue focused on AlScN to provide the scientific community with a highly visible, multidisciplinary open access collection of the recent advances in understanding the material itself that will enable us to unlock its full potential in microdevices.

This Special Issue presents contributions addressing:

We hope that you will enjoy this collection!

**Agn˙e Zukauskait ˙e ˇ** *Editor*