*<IP_ADDRESS> Natural black oxide*

The composition of Fe2O3 is 94–95%. It is used in making paints for priming metal.

#### **Properties:**

• Oil absorption power is 10–15 kg of linseed oil per 100 kg of Pigment

*Structure and Properties of Dyes and Pigments DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97104*


**Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging— Issue A**

Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Molecules* Anne Roivainen and Xiang-Guo Li Edited by

www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

**Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging—Issue A**


# **Aquatic Insects Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Challenges**

Edited by Marina Vilenica, Zohar Yanai and Laurent Vuataz Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Diversity*

www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity

## **Aquatic Insects: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Challenges**


*3.2.3 CTLA4 (CD152)*

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA4) is an inhibitor ligand of T lymphocytes which bind to CD80/CD86 which is found on antigen presenting cells with higher affinity than a costimulator molecule CD28 [8–10]. CTLA4 ceases signaling axes in T lymphocytes due to its ITIM motifs in the intracytoplasmic domain. Therefore CTLA4 blocks T cell proliferation and act important function in homeostasis and peripheral tolerance. CTLA4 is constitutively expressed on T lymphocytes and it is expressed on cell surface only after stimulation via TCR and Ca+/Calcineurin pathway *in vitro*. In patients with autosomal dominant mutation of CTLA4, lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly, hypogammaglobulinemia, cytopenia and organ specific autoimmunity are observed. This disease is also called "haploinsufficiency with autoimmune infiltration (CHAI) disease" and characterized by unfunctional or loss of CTLA4 expression on T lymphocytes [8–10]. Using flow cytometric approach, suspicious patients with CHAI disease may be investigated for molecular diagnosis before sequencing. **Figure 6** demonstrates the gating strategy for CTLA4 expression in healthy control and a patient with PID. Flow cytometry protocol for CTLA4 activation and staining are below:


*6.1. Comparison of Different Architectures*

To evaluate the performance of our Bi-LSTM/GRU model and show the effect of different architectures (i.e., the bidirectionality and the impact of character embedding), we first run our experiment on the unidirectional LSTM/GRU. Then, we run the Bi-LSTM/GRU. Finally, we add the character embedding. As observed from the results above, the model achieves 80.07% and 76.13% for LSTM and GRU, respectively. The model obtains slight improvement in bidirectionality and achieves the best results of 88.01% and 87.12% for BLSTM and BGRU, respectively, when the character embedding is added to it. Notably, the performance of B-LSTM and B-GRU is nearly similar and slightly better than that of LSTM. Moreover, RNN with word embedding can perform effectively in the ANER task without the need for manual feature engineering.

#### *6.2. Comparison with Other Models*

The performance of the proposed model is compared with those of other existing state of the arts. Table 2 shows the comparison results obtained by our model against those of other systems. Our proposed model, B-LSTM/GRU, achieves the best result regarding the metrics used for evaluation

on the "ANERCorp" dataset. This performance emphasizes that using RNN leads to excellent performance and improves the labeling task. Specifically, the efficiency results obtained on the NER task are comparable to those of previous methods.

**Table 2.** Comparison of F-score performance measure of the proposed models concerning the baseline systems on ANERCorp.


*Supporting open minds since 2005*

Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceuticals http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79335 Edited by Samuel Oppong Bekoe, Mani Saravanan, Reimmel Kwame Adosraku and P K Ramkumar

#### Contributors

Shiv Raj Singh Rathore, K.K. Datta, S.S. Shekhawat, Rozaihan Mansor, Kok-Song Lai, Loo Enli, Mani Saravanan, Poonam Vishwakarma, Nandini M. K, Rosemary Nwoha, Andrew Bamidele Falowo, Oluwakamisi Festus Akimoladun, Clement Adebajo Meseko, Haritha Yadav, Iosif Vasiu, Roman Dąbrowski, Flavius Alexandru Tăbăran, Raul Alexandru Pop, Flore Chirilă, Gheorghe Florinel Brudaşcă, Asta Tvarijonaviciute, Nicodim Iosif Fiţ, Ishart Younus, Samuel Oppong Bekoe

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Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceuticals Edited by Samuel Oppong Bekoe, Mani Saravanan, Reimmel Kwame Adosraku and P K Ramkumar p. cm. Print ISBN 978-1-78985-439-8 Online ISBN 978-1-78985-440-4 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83880-062-8