*3.1. Thesis No 1: The Castle, the Castle Garden, and the Surrounding Landscape Altogether Represent a Single Artistic and Compositional Unit*

From the 100 investigated locations in 79 cases, during the field survey, we discovered strong visual connections still existing between the castle, the garden, and the landscape.

Neither the castle or the castle garden should be interpreted independently. They are a single unit, and all the man-made and natural elements of the castle garden—often specific elements beyond the garden boundaries—make part of this unit. The castle and the garden altogether represent a composition that is an integral part of a complex system developed on artistic, cultural, historical, ecological, and economic bases. When the estate complexes were established, the views and visual axes made use of the landscape potential, relying on architectural and artistic tools to explore.


**13. Conclusion and key take away**

About 1.7 million people in Pakistan are involved in the value chain of cotton farming. Pakistan ranks fourth globally in terms of the amount of cotton lint produced. Nowadays, a multitude of biotic and abiotic variables provide numerous obstacles for cotton. Biotic variables, which are major contributors to the decline in cotton yield, include weeds, illnesses, and insect pests. Weeds and pest insects that feed on nectar are major problems in the beginning. Using pesticides is not the only approach to managing insect infestations. Starting with the selection of seed kinds resistant to pest insects is the right course of action. Every element, including fertilizer use and irrigation, contributes to the proliferation of pests. The attack of sucking insect pests is increased when nitrogenous fertilizers are used excessively. It is advisable to promote the use of green lacewing and ladybird beetles to reduce the number of sucking pests, such as whiteflies and jassids. Various management techniques are used depending on the type of insect problem.


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## Meet the editor

Dr. Ane C.F. Nunes is a geneticist, with her Masters and PhD. in Medical Sciences and Nephrology from the UFRGS/Brazil, and with postdoctoral experience in renal physiology from the UFRJ/ Brazil, clinical medicine and nephrology from the USP/Brazil, and nephrology and hypertension from the UCI/USA. She is a Professor of medical genetics, human genetics and molecular biology. Her research fields are human genetic diseases, cellular

and molecular biology applied to nephrology, biochemistry, and microbiology with projects mainly in the following subjects: inflammatory markers, molecular diagnosis, DNA polymorphisms, chronic kidney disease (CKD), polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease, rare diseases, cellular and murine models for CKD, RNA processing, fluorescent image analysis, nanoparticles development, and nanomedicine.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Inflammatory Process *by Ane C.F. Nunes*

*and Márcia Guimarães da Silva*

*and Samantha Giordano-Mooga*

*by Uma Ranjan Lal and Inder Pal Singh*

Bowel Disease

**Preface III**

General Aspects of Inflammatory Process and Immune System Network **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 7**

Clinical and Pharmacological Approaches **25**

**Chapter 3 27** Pharmacological Challenge Models in Clinical Drug Developmental Programs *by Salma Assil, Robert Rissmann and Martijn Bastiaan Adriaan van Doorn*

**Chapter 4 45**

**Chapter 5 69**

**Chapter 6 101**

*by Sari Terrazas, Lauren Brashear, Anna-Katherine Escoto, Shannon Lynch,*

*by Maria Angeles Aller, Javier Blanco-Rivero, Ana Arias and Jaime Arias*

Review and Implications of Traditional Indian Medicine for Inflammatory

Introductory Chapter: Overview of the Cellular and Molecular Basis of

Spontaneous Prematurity, Innate Immune System, and Oxidative Stress

at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: An Overview

Sex Differences in Obesity-Induced Inflammation

*Dylan Slaughter, Neena Xavier, Norman Robert Estes II*

The Wound-Healing Portal Hypertensive Response

*by Natália Prearo Moço, Bruna Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, Mariana de Castro Silva, Jossimara Polettini, Ramkumar Menon*

### Contents

Preface

Inflammatory processes, their causes, and parameters are, by themselves, elements of considerable debate in the medical-scientific community. Faced with a wide range of questions and lines of action, it is pertinent to address studies on inflammation using a translational approach. Based on this aspect, the idea of this book

Although this was an arduous task considering the many equally appropriate titles that were submitted, the chapters that follow fulfill this interdisciplinary goal and

Readers will find in these four sections different translational studies about inflam-

(1) General Aspects of Inflammatory Process and Immune System Network: This is the introductory unit and the first chapter presented by me as the Academic Editor summarizes the basis of inflammation and its interactions. An extension of this approach is presented in the second chapter produced by Dr. Guimarães da Silva group, which brings to this book an interest aspect of the ontogenetic effect of the

(2) Clinical and Pharmacological Approaches: Four chapters that link experimental models and clinical information make up this unit. In the first one, Dr. Van Doorn and collaborators report the pharmacological properties of some models used for drug development. The second chapter, which was prepared by the Dr. Giordano-Mooga group, is a comprehensive review on the impact of sex differences over obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and its links with the inflammatory process. The third chapter by the Dr. Arias group brings to this book a well-detailed review on wound-healing response, with special emphasis on the immunological and ontogenetic features of portal hypertensive inflammation. Closing this section, the fourth chapter is an in-depth presentation produced by Dr. Lal, which features the implications of the traditional Indian System of

(3) Role of Chronic Inflammation in Cancer: Because of its complex network of interactions, cancer itself deserved an entire section to cover its specific inflammatory characteristic. In this book, two comprehensive chapters compose this subject. In the first chapter, Dr. Ziaei describes the process by which chemotherapy compounds act under an inflammatory condition. In the second chapter of this section, Dr. Ran and colleagues reviewed the role of the TLR4 pathway and its intricate

(4) Therapeutic Perspectives for Inflammation: The final section of this book presents three chapters that cover some innovative proposals for inflammation management. Opening this section is the chapter by Dr. Elsayed and Dr. Noreddin. They present an overview of inflammation and nanomedicine. In the second chapter of this section, Dr. Rosemblatt and colleagues review the role of epigenetic processes

molecular panel related to innate immune system and oxidative stress.

Medicine for management of the inflammatory bowel disease.

performance in inflammation and tumor spread.

we selected them based on quality and variety.

mation from different points of view:

grew.


*7.1. Conclusions and Policy Implications*

The Chinese government announced the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. This paper analyzes the impact of carbon pricing (carbon tax and carbon trading) on the economy and energy through the CGE model. In addition, according to the strong Porter hypothesis, this paper constructs new scenarios to explore the additional TFP value under the assumption of GDP neutrality and carbon neutrality, which provides a marginal contribution to the current literature.

This paper simulates carbon pricing (carbon tax and carbon trading) to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. It was found that achieving the carbon neutrality target would reduce China's annual economic growth by about 0.6% during 2020–2060. Carbon pricing can significantly reduce the share of fossil energy consumption and reduce overall energy consumption but also partially increase the irreplaceable energy share (such as water and air transportation and oil consumption). The process of carbon neutrality will significantly increase the price of energy-intensive products, such as energy-processing products and steel, and such a process will hardly have a significant impact on agriculture and services.

According to the strong Porter hypothesis, environmental regulations may lead to technological innovation, thus improving enterprise productivity. In addition, this paper simulates the additional total factor productivity needed to recover the economic loss caused by the carbon neutrality target. The results show that TFP needs to increase by about 0.056% every year from 2020 to 2030 to make up for the economic losses caused by the 2030 carbon peak. However, if we want to make up for the economic losses caused by carbon neutrality in 2060, TFP needs to be increased by about 0.568% annually in 2020–2060. From this point of view, the impact of carbon neutrality on the economy may be far greater than that of carbon peaking, and the economic cost should be carefully considered. By referring to the other literature, this paper believes that additional 0.568% annual TFP growth is hard to achieve, not to mention the cost of increasing productivity.

The growth of TFP will lead to improved production efficiency, and the prices of most commodities will be reduced by varying degrees, especially the prices of non-energyintensive commodities. However, the prices of energy-intensive commodities will rise due to the dual effects of TFP and carbon neutrality. The main reason for this is that the increase in TFP will make the factor demand rise, but due to carbon constraints, the supply of energy-intensive products is restrained. Therefore, in the case of rising demand and limited supply, the price of energy-intensive products will rise relatively. Similarly, the growth of TFP will increase the share of renewable energy, mainly because under the carbon constraint, the additional energy demand must be provided by renewable energy rather than fossil energy. At the same time, the paper also finds that the price of renewable generation increases in TFP-related scenarios, which also shows that the demand for renewable energy will increase with the increase in energy demand and the limitation of thermal power generation.

These conclusions have a specific significance for our scientific understanding of carbon neutrality. TFP in 2020–2030 only needs an additional 0.056% to make up for the economic loss caused by the peak of carbon emissions; however, we need an annual TFP increase of 0.568% to make up for the economic loss caused by carbon neutrality, and the GDP growth loss is about 0.6% every year. Therefore, in the process of carbon neutrality, encouraging enterprise innovation and improving efficiency may be the key to reducing economic loss and welfare loss.


Preface

**Section 2 Modern Applications of Plasma 145**

**VI** Contents

Chapter 9 **Plasma-Assisted Combustion 167**

**Plasma Thruster 189**

Xiaobin Zhu

Yasunori Ohtsu

**Airflows 247**

Chapter 8 **A Test Facility to Investigate Sheath Effects during Ion**

Kristel Crombe, Rodolphe D' Inca, Eric Faudot, Helmut Faugel, Ana Kostic, Mariia Usoltceva, Jean-Marie Noterdaeme, Anton Nikiforov, Helmut Fuenfgelder, Stephane Heuraux, Jonathan Jacquot, Fabrice Louche, Roman Ochoukov, Ilya Shesterikov and Dirk Van Eester

Siyin Zhou, Haiqing Wang, Wansheng Nie and Xueke Che

Jianjun Wu, Yu Zhang, Yuqiang Cheng, Qiang Huang, Jian Li and

**Plasma with Various Electrodes and Its Applications 209**

Daniel P. Engelhart, Elena A. Plis, Dale Ferguson, W. Robert

Chapter 10 **Plasma Generation and Application in a Laser Ablation Pulsed**

Chapter 11 **Physics of High-Density Radio Frequency Capacitively Coupled**

Chapter 12 **Space Plasma Interactions with Spacecraft Materials 225**

Johnston, Russell Cooper and Ryan C. Hoffmann

Chapter 13 **Repetitive Nanosecond Volume Discharges under**

Jingfeng Tang, Liqiu Wei and Daren Yu

Chapter 14 **Modeling of Novel Plasma-Optical Systems 267** Iryna Litovko and Alexey Goncharov

Chapter 15 **Plasma Damage on Low-k Dielectric Materials 291**

Yi-Lung Cheng, Chih-Yen Lee and Chiao-Wei Haung

**Cyclotron Resonance Heating 147**

Most of the matter in the universe is in a state called plasma. It exhibits complex and rich phenomena. Studying plasmas is essential for technology development and applications in tokamak reactors, medicine, and the environment. Plasma physics studies also allow an un‐ derstanding of processes in the interstellar medium and in solar physics.

The aim of this book is to provide a basic knowledge of plasma science and technology to the common reader. The book will be useful for researchers and students. It provides a large overview from basic fundamentals to modern applications related to plasma science and technology. This was reached by presenting new experimental and theoretical results, and interdisciplinary and outstanding applications in plasma physics.

The editors hope that *Plasma Science & Technology: Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applica‐ tions* will be useful to a large audience among researchers and students.

**Prof. Dr. Haikel Jelassi**

Laboratory "Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development" (LR16CNSTN02) National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies Sidi Thabet Technopark Ariana, Tunisia

**Prof. Djamel Benredjem**

Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS and University Paris-Saclay Orsay, France

**Section 1**

**Fundamentals of Plasma Physics**

**Fundamentals of Plasma Physics**

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Noise-Free Rapid Approach to Solve Kinetic Equations**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76681

At the first wall of a fusion reactor, charged plasma particles are recombined into neutral molecules and atoms recycling back into the plasma volume where charge exchange (cx) with ions. As a result hot atoms with chaotically directed velocities are generated which can strike and erode the wall. An approach to solve the kinetic equation in integral form for cx atoms, being alternative to statistical Monte Carlo methods, has been speeded up by a factor of 50, by applying an approximate pass method to evaluate integrals, involving the ion velocity distribution function. It is applied to two-dimensional transfer of cx atoms near the entrance of a duct, guiding to the first mirror for optical observations. The energy spectrum of hot cx atoms, escaping into the duct, is calculated and the mirror erosion rate is assessed. Computations are done for a molybdenum first mirror under plasma conditions expected in the fusion reactor DEMO. Kinetic modeling results are compared with those found with a diffusion approximation valid in very cold and dense plasmas. For ducts at the torus outboard a more rigorous kinetic consideration predicts an erosion rate

Noise-Free Rapid Approach to Solve Kinetic Equations

**for Hot Atoms in Fusion Plasmas**

for Hot Atoms in Fusion Plasmas

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

by a factor up to 2 larger than the diffusion approximation.

Keywords: fusion, plasma, neutral, atoms, kinetic equation, numerical solution

In devices for thermonuclear fusion research, for example, of the Tokamak type, particles of hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium, are in the form of a hot fully ionized plasma [1, 2]. To avoid a destruction of the machine wall, a special region, the so-called scrape-off layer (SOL), is arranged at the plasma edge, where particles stream along the magnetic field to the

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76681

Mikhail Tokar

Mikhail Tokar

Abstract

1. Introduction

#### **Noise-Free Rapid Approach to Solve Kinetic Equations for Hot Atoms in Fusion Plasmas** Noise-Free Rapid Approach to Solve Kinetic Equations for Hot Atoms in Fusion Plasmas

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76681

#### Mikhail Tokar Mikhail Tokar

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76681

#### Abstract

At the first wall of a fusion reactor, charged plasma particles are recombined into neutral molecules and atoms recycling back into the plasma volume where charge exchange (cx) with ions. As a result hot atoms with chaotically directed velocities are generated which can strike and erode the wall. An approach to solve the kinetic equation in integral form for cx atoms, being alternative to statistical Monte Carlo methods, has been speeded up by a factor of 50, by applying an approximate pass method to evaluate integrals, involving the ion velocity distribution function. It is applied to two-dimensional transfer of cx atoms near the entrance of a duct, guiding to the first mirror for optical observations. The energy spectrum of hot cx atoms, escaping into the duct, is calculated and the mirror erosion rate is assessed. Computations are done for a molybdenum first mirror under plasma conditions expected in the fusion reactor DEMO. Kinetic modeling results are compared with those found with a diffusion approximation valid in very cold and dense plasmas. For ducts at the torus outboard a more rigorous kinetic consideration predicts an erosion rate by a factor up to 2 larger than the diffusion approximation.

Keywords: fusion, plasma, neutral, atoms, kinetic equation, numerical solution


**2.6 Automated hydroponics nutrition plant systems (AHNPS)**

AHNPS was placed in a special chamber or vessel and the nutrients were supplied directly to the hydroponic roots at any given time (**Figure 19**). Microcontroller (Arduino Uno) will control the flow of nutrient solution on the vessel automatically, and the microcontroller can be controlled from Android smartphone. This system had an embedded program module. The microcontroller worked in real time to setup the alarms on nutrient pumps. If alarm is enabled, a relay will be also activated, and then the pump will drain the nutrition solution on the plant. If alarm is deactivated, the relay will be turned off and the pump will stop supplying. Moreover, it has been designed a virtuino application on Android smartphone that serves to check the water level and temperature around the plants. Before starting the design of a virtuino application, it first provides the data storage using the features of thingspeak.com.

The hydroponic flow system starts from the detection of a proximity sensor and a temperature sensor (**Figure 20**). The sensor will detect the water level in the hydroponic tube and the temperature sensor to detect the room temperature. The detection sensor was connected to a relay that in turn was attached to the microcontroller port. When the relay port pin is lower than the specified height, the water flow will be run on the water pump to irrigate the plant. If the relay of port pin is turned on, it means the water level is above of the specified height, and then the water pump will stop being water, in that manner the water flow was regular. Time and date were displayed at any time of the process in an LCD screen. The pumps are used not only to increase water but also to add nutrients to the hydroponic tube. The water pumps were used for water recirculation and relays used to control both nutrient solution as well drain pumps. The system mechanism worked as follows: HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor detected the height value of

**41**

nutrient tube [14].

Celsius degrees.

**Figure 20.**

**Figure 19.**

*Automation and Robotics Used in Hydroponic System DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90438*

*Experimental hydroponic system configuration.*

*Automated hydroponics nutrition plant system.*

nutrient solution in hydroponic plants by the parameter of the high of water (in cm) unit and the temperature. The LM-35 sensor detected the temperature in

The ultrasonic sensors measured the distance of water based on ultrasonic wave. The difference between the transmission time and the reception time became the water distance. The system started working by using of sensors connected to the electrode. The output of this electrode will be forwarded to the microcontroller as an entry point to be processed by the microcontroller. The microcontroller received this voltage signal and compared it with the previous value and decided based on that input signal. Based on this voltage the microcontroller decided whether to drain the water at the pump or not. All the commands on microcontroller (Arduino Uno) can be controlled from a smartphone-based Android. It was observed that this hydroponic plant grows well with proper water and nutrient usage because it is controlled by the microcontroller. The rate of hydroponic plant growth was faster when compared with plants with soil-grown systems. The WiFi module sent the water level information and the temperature values of the plants area. This value was compared to the value in LCD microcontroller and on Android smartphone application. This value is directly obtained from the sensor and sent to the Arduino. After the water level 5 cm in the nutrient tube then the pump stops, and water did not flow anymore. The average temperature for five tests was 28.43°C. The relationship of water height in the nutrient tube with time is recorded continuously by the ultrasonic sensor on several measurements. The maximum level of water was 6 cm in the hydroponic tube. The sensor detected if the water level decrease in hydroponic nutrition tube. If the water level has decreased, then the sensor will perceive what occurs and automatically the water pump will be turned on to increase the water level on the hydroponic

*Automation and Robotics Used in Hydroponic System DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90438*

**Figure 19.** *Experimental hydroponic system configuration.*

#### **Figure 20.**

*Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future*

growth period [13].

*Hydroponic system setup.*

**Figure 18.**

features of thingspeak.com.

the total of plant drain degree, plant nutrition degree, plant deterioration degree, plant photosynthesis degree and plant growth degree parameters. After all these processes are completed, reports were produced by the system, based on the plant

AHNPS was placed in a special chamber or vessel and the nutrients were supplied directly to the hydroponic roots at any given time (**Figure 19**). Microcontroller (Arduino Uno) will control the flow of nutrient solution on the vessel automatically, and the microcontroller can be controlled from Android smartphone. This system had an embedded program module. The microcontroller worked in real time to setup the alarms on nutrient pumps. If alarm is enabled, a relay will be also activated, and then the pump will drain the nutrition solution on the plant. If alarm is deactivated, the relay will be turned off and the pump will stop supplying. Moreover, it has been designed a virtuino application on Android smartphone that serves to check the water level and temperature around the plants. Before starting the design of a virtuino application, it first provides the data storage using the

The hydroponic flow system starts from the detection of a proximity sensor and a temperature sensor (**Figure 20**). The sensor will detect the water level in the hydroponic tube and the temperature sensor to detect the room temperature. The detection sensor was connected to a relay that in turn was attached to the microcontroller port. When the relay port pin is lower than the specified height, the water flow will be run on the water pump to irrigate the plant. If the relay of port pin is turned on, it means the water level is above of the specified height, and then the water pump will stop being water, in that manner the water flow was regular. Time and date were displayed at any time of the process in an LCD screen. The pumps are used not only to increase water but also to add nutrients to the hydroponic tube. The water pumps were used for water recirculation and relays used to control both nutrient solution as well drain pumps. The system mechanism worked as follows: HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor detected the height value of

**2.6 Automated hydroponics nutrition plant systems (AHNPS)**

**40**

*Automated hydroponics nutrition plant system.*

nutrient solution in hydroponic plants by the parameter of the high of water (in cm) unit and the temperature. The LM-35 sensor detected the temperature in Celsius degrees.

The ultrasonic sensors measured the distance of water based on ultrasonic wave. The difference between the transmission time and the reception time became the water distance. The system started working by using of sensors connected to the electrode. The output of this electrode will be forwarded to the microcontroller as an entry point to be processed by the microcontroller. The microcontroller received this voltage signal and compared it with the previous value and decided based on that input signal. Based on this voltage the microcontroller decided whether to drain the water at the pump or not. All the commands on microcontroller (Arduino Uno) can be controlled from a smartphone-based Android. It was observed that this hydroponic plant grows well with proper water and nutrient usage because it is controlled by the microcontroller. The rate of hydroponic plant growth was faster when compared with plants with soil-grown systems. The WiFi module sent the water level information and the temperature values of the plants area. This value was compared to the value in LCD microcontroller and on Android smartphone application. This value is directly obtained from the sensor and sent to the Arduino. After the water level 5 cm in the nutrient tube then the pump stops, and water did not flow anymore. The average temperature for five tests was 28.43°C. The relationship of water height in the nutrient tube with time is recorded continuously by the ultrasonic sensor on several measurements. The maximum level of water was 6 cm in the hydroponic tube. The sensor detected if the water level decrease in hydroponic nutrition tube. If the water level has decreased, then the sensor will perceive what occurs and automatically the water pump will be turned on to increase the water level on the hydroponic nutrient tube [14].