**Author details**

Fadl A. Essa Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**5. Conclusion**

In this chapter, we propose an improved auto-encoder–based approach for robust outdoor vehicle visual tracking. Our tracker can adapt the change of the object appearance during the tracking. The quantitative analysis on a standard evaluation platform shows that our tracker has a better tracking performance compared with the other three state-of-the-art trackers and has higher tracking precision in most of the outdoor vehicle tracking challenges. The qualitative analysis on four outdoor vehicle sequences in real scenarios shows that our tracker can work well in most complex outdoor environment.

The unsupervised training of kSSDAE requires that bottom image cannot be too large, otherwise it will consume a lot of training time. The training data are obtained by down-sampling directly from a full-sized image leading to information loss. In order to avoid loss of input image information, we can further improve the performance of outdoor vehicle tracking algorithms by using stacked convolutional auto-encoder (SCAE) [31] to take the outdoor vehicle tracking algorithm into application of life and industry.

Note: this chapter is an extended version of [32].


**5. Conclusions**

An experimental study including determination of a correlation between grouting percentage and first three natural frequencies of a laboratory rock models was conducted. In total, 94 di fferent combinations of di fferent grouting percentages and positions were tested. Prior to testing, a data acquisition setup was established consisting of a custom-made nut for positioning of the accelerometer, a hammer made of soft steel for the generation of a dynamical impulse, a vibration input module, and a developed software program. By analyzing the statistical distribution of the data and by establishing a regression function (second order polynomial functions were employed) and regression coe fficients, it was shown that a high correlation exists between the natural frequencies and the grouting percentage. This clearly demonstrates the benefits of analyzing first, second, and third natural frequency for determination of grouting percentage along the rock bolt and provides better understanding of rock bolt dynamic response when compared to previous studies which analyzed only dominant frequency. Following experimental testing, the objectives of the numerical simulation included comparison with experimental results, as well as the analysis of the e ffect of the grout sti ffness on the frequency response of rock bolts. When comparing the results of numerical analyses with the results of experiments, a similar general increasing trend of the first three natural frequencies with a reduction in grouting percentage is clearly visible. Moreover, the values of the natural frequencies obtained by numerical analysis have approximately the same values as the natural frequencies obtained by experimental testing. Numerical analyses have also shown that the reduction of the modulus of elasticity of the grouting mixture, leads to the reduction of the values of the natural frequencies while the variation of the elastic modulus does not a ffect the general trend of increasing natural frequencies with the reduction in grouting percentage, whereby the shape of the natural frequency—the grouting percentage curve is independent of the modulus of elasticity. The potential of using numerical methods, which are properly calibrated, for analysis of more complex grouting defects is therefore evident. Overall findings of this study are in establishing a clear correlation between first, second, and third natural frequency of rock bolt and the percentage of grouting along the rock bolt. After the proposed grouting evaluation method is validated in situ condition, it can be used as a control quality measure to check whether the installation procedures conform with the design requirements. However, because of the change of natural frequencies with rock bolt load increase, the method is applicable only to non-loaded rock bolts, tested immediately after their installation.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.B. and M.S.K.; Data curation, M.B.; Formal analysis, M.B. and M.S.K.; Investigation, M.B. and D.J.K.; Methodology, M.B. and M.S.K.; Validation, M.B. and D.J.K.; Visualization, M.B. and D.J.K.; Writing—original draft, M.B. and M.S.K.; Writing—review & editing, D.J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the European Commission Innovation and Networks Executive Agency, project DESTinationRAIL (Decision Support Tool for Rail Infrastructure Managers), grant number. 636285.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**3. Variant process planning**

Variant process planning consists of completing a certain scheme of indexing a designed part, which allows to find the most structurally and manufacturing similar component and take over its manufacturing process it with an insignificant number of adjustments. Such approach to process design shows its benefits when it is possible to classify manufactured machine parts in groups of parts, which are structurally and manufacturing similar. VCAPP is therefore closely linked to the group technology of machines and use of flexible manufacturing cells.

The effective use of flexible, robotized manufacturing cells is guaranteed by completion in such group technology idea systems. Hence, similarity of the machine parts processed there should be considered both at the stage of design, equipment and software configuration and during everyday use of the production cells. The Group Technology (GT) method has reached its mature form at the beginning of the 1990s [23]. Currently, GT is considered as a concept of production, in which production resource is functionally grouped in production cells for the purpose of processing machine parts with similar features in order to achieve a high level of production reproducibility and artificially extend the size of a production batch. GT is related to the cellular production [24] concept, which means production both in flexible manufacturing cells and in autonomous flex-cell. GT therefore involves a range of various operations of a design, production and organizational nature, which requires coherence and synchronization. Many of them, such as determining production similarity of machine parts, grouping and classification of machine parts, variant design, parametric programming of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools, developing group manufacturing processes, designing group processing equipment, configuration of manufacturing cells [25] and the issue of planning and controlling the manufacturing process are still readily raised subject of development works.

The aforementioned class is therefore a temporary Petri network with a binary marking function and inhibitor arcs. Inhibitor arcs make the model simpler, more transparent, therefore, easier to build and analyze. The suggested module structure allows for automation in generating the model. Modules for replacement of tools in the number of tools used for the process control the need to replace a tool. Topologically identical modules of control of calling the Workpiece Coordinate System (WCS) should be identified as the position required by the production process and the orientation of a processed object in a machine coordinate system. A module of complex operations is the core of the model. Each transition in the module calls a tool and WCS for the subsequent complex operation. A subsequent module is a sequence of operations conducted using the same tool on subsequent features. The modules is an area for structural optimization of the process by way of minimizing the number of tool changes. The model is supplemented by modules classifying simple operations for individual features. A marker on the last item of a module means ending processing of a

The aforementioned issue of optimizing the structure of multi-tool production operations might be solved using two simple heuristics: give preference to the tool that might currently process the largest possible number of areas and give preference to the tool that might currently complete all the operations that have been assigned to it. The suggested approach allows for a satisfying sequence of simple operations with a small number or iterations equal to the number of tools used. It is an optimal sequence in more than 95% cases. In order to appreciate the benefits of this method, one can compare it to the full browsing algorithm. The advantages of this method also include a very simple method of transferring its results in the

The sequence of processing individual features might be conditional on their technological nature. An opportunity to automatically classify the conducted operations then requires initiating the optimizing procedure. A function of priorities assigned to each transition is used for this purpose. Example use of this method based on genetic algorithm is shown in the work [22].

Variant process planning consists of completing a certain scheme of indexing a designed part, which allows to find the most structurally and manufacturing similar component and take over its manufacturing process it with an insignificant number of adjustments. Such approach to process design shows its benefits when it is possible to classify manufactured machine parts in groups of parts, which are structurally and manufacturing similar. VCAPP is therefore closely linked to the group technology of machines and use of flexible manufacturing

The effective use of flexible, robotized manufacturing cells is guaranteed by completion in such group technology idea systems. Hence, similarity of the machine parts processed there should be considered both at the stage of design, equipment and software configuration and during everyday use of the production cells. The Group Technology (GT) method has reached its mature form at the beginning of the 1990s [23]. Currently, GT is considered as a concept of production, in which production resource is functionally grouped in production cells for the

form of an organized sequence of complex operations to a formal network model.

given feature.

42 Petri Nets in Science and Engineering

**3. Variant process planning**

cells.

Technical implementations of VCAPP systems most frequently include one of the two solutions: building a system based on finding a similar part of a previously manufactured machine part and adopting its production process plan or developing a group production process for the so-called synthetic representative of the group. In both cases, it is possible to use a process model developed in the Petri network technique; however, the second method is more natural in using its potential.

Feature precedence network (FPN) defined as a directed graph representing precedences that result from limitations imposed by the features is a precondition for designing a correct manufacturing operation. For complex parts, with a large number of processed features and relations between them, FPN might be very complex and very difficult to manually process. In [26, 27] has developed a system generating FPN based on the analysis of interactions between the features and verification of FPN using the Petri network model. The developed structure involves generating features by way of mapping from CAD system, analysis of interactions between the features and an algorithm automatically creating a Petri network corresponding to a given FPN. An analysis of interaction between the features involves comparing each pair of features with reference to the defined set of rules. These rules include heuristic preferences of processing sequence, which guarantee its effectiveness. The rules take geometric, production and economic factors into account.

In case of variant approach to production process design FPN represents a model developed for the synthetic representative of a given group of machines. The synthetic representative represents an abstract object that includes all types of features that can be found in the group of parts with production similarities. The process model should allow for an explicit definition of a processing task only by way of correct positioning of initial marking vector M0 . The sequence of processing individual features is defined based on the FPN. Subsequent, structurally unified modules of the model supplement the remaining functions of the model. The work [28] elaborates on this issue and gives an example of the variant approach for axially symmetrical parts.


**1. Introduction**

The term "Turmeric" was derived from the Latin phrase "terra merita," which translates as "meritorious earth." Turmeric has been utilized in folk medicine and religious tradition for at least 6000 years and is also referred to as the "yellow root," the "golden spice," and "Indian saffron." It has 55 aliases in Sanskrit, each referring to a different part of religion or medicine (**Table 1**) [1]. Turmeric, the grounded rhizome of *Curcuma longa*, is a popular spice in curries and mustards. It frequently contributes to their distinctive color and flavor due to oleoresins and essential oils. Turmeric belongs to the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) illustrated in **Figure 1** is frequently used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine to cure several ailments [2]. According to the Agricultural Market Intelligent Centre (PJTSAU), global turmeric production is approximately 11 lakh tonnes per year. India leads the global production scenario, accounting for 80% of the total, with China accounting for 8%, Myanmar accounting for 4%, Nigeria accounting for 3%, and Bangladesh accounting for 3%. India exported

#### **Table 1.**

*Common names of* C. longa *in different countries.*

1.71 lakh tonnes of turmeric in 20–21, up from 1.37 lakh tonnes the previous year. Bangladesh (49,522 tonnes), the UAE (12,182 tonnes), Iran (10,964 tonnes), the United States (9,712 tonnes), and Morocco are the top turmeric importing countries from India (8,522 tonnes). Turmeric sales have been steadily increasing since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020–2021 [3].

*C. longa L.* grown in hot and humid climates. It needs much water and grows up to one-meter height. Turmeric plant leaves are enormous and oblong with short pseudostem. It carries pale yellow flowers without fruits. The rhizome grown underground contains a mother rhizome with many branching subordinate rhizomes. They are ovate, oblong, or pyriform in shape and pale yellow, reddish-yellow, or orange-brown [4–6] shown in **Figure 2** and **Table 1**.


**6. References**

Aroonwilas, A.; Chakma, A.; Tontiwachwuthikul, P. & Veawab, A. (2003). Mathematical modeling of mass transfer and hydrodynamics in CO2 absorbers packed with structured packings. *Chem. Eng. Sci.* Vol. 58, pp. 4037 – 4053.

**33**

*1France 2México*

**Mass Transfers Within Emulsions**

**Calorimetry (DSC) - Application to**

*1EA 4297 Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable,*

**Composition Ripening and Solid Ripening**

In this chapter mass transfer within simple, mixed and multiple emulsions will be considered. Simple emulsions are made of either water droplets dispersed within an oil phase (W/O) or oil droplets dispersed within an aqueous phase (O/W). Mixed emulsions are obtained by mixing gently to avoid coalescence, two simple emulsions the composition of the droplets being different. Finally, multiple or double emulsions are obtained by dispersing either a simple emulsion (W/O) in an aqueous phase to get what is referred as W/O/W emulsion or by dispersing a simple emulsion (O/W) in an oil phase to get an

These systems are known to be instable and their evolution towards bulk separated phases is the result of coalescence of the droplets due to different main mechanisms as Ostwald ripening, flotation, aggregation, sedimentation or creaming. This evolution can be considerably reduced by adding in their formulations either surfactants or/and particles. Thus, kinetic stability can be obtained. In that case other mechanisms can be studied, mechanisms that traduce an evolution of the systems as well but breakdown of the emulsions is not the result of the evolution understudy. It is this kind of evolution due to mass transfer that will be studied in this chapter. The bibliography will be done in each part

First mass transfer in simple emulsions will be described. For these systems a not very well known mass transfer can be the result of the coexistence of still liquid droplets and yet solid ones at a temperature below the solid/liquid equilibrium temperature. This situation is the result of nucleation phenomena that create a delay for the formation of a solid germ that will induce the solidification of the droplets at different temperatures during the regular cooling of the emulsion. Another phenomenon leading to mass transfer in these systems is obtained by adding a material in the oil phase in a W/O emulsion, material that will diffuse and react

dealing with the different kinds of emulsions considered.

**1. Introduction**

O/W/O emulsion.

**Studied by Differential Scanning**

D. Clausse1, A. Drelich1 and B. Fouconnier2

 *2Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos y Hidráulica,*

*Université de Technologie de Compiègne;*

*Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana;*


*Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques*

#### **Table 2.**

*Continuous variables for aircraft design problem.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Discrete technologies for aircraft design problem.*

The problem also has four constraints that appear in **Table 4**. The constraints ensure that the design solution meets the desired field length criteria, has sufficient ground clearance, and sets a maximum limit on the amount of allowable fuel carrying space in the fuselage.

The aircraft design optimization problem considers two different pairs of competing objectives. The first pair involves simultaneous minimization of the aircraft fuel weight (index of CO2 emissions) and the total operating cost of the aircraft, and the second pair involves minimizing the NO*X* emissions and the total operating cost of the aircraft. The GA population has been limited to 48 individuals while setting the upper limit for the number of generations to 50 as before. The maximum

number of function evaluations for the SQP minimization (using MATLAB's fmincon) have been limited to the default value of 100 times the total number of continuous variables for this study. For certain combinations of discrete technology selection choices, the gradient-based approach may not find a feasible solution. In such cases, as mentioned in the methodology section, those designs are assigned high penalty for elimination in the subsequent generations.

#### *4.3.3 Results for aircraft design problem*


**Author details**

Ina Laura Pieper1,2\*, Gemma Radley1,3 and Catherine A. Thornton1

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>

## **References**

[1] Krabatsch T et al. Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure—1 year results from the Ce mark trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2017;**12**(1):23

[12] Shantsila E, Lip GY. The role of monocytes in thrombotic disorders. Insights from tissue factor, monocyte-platelet aggregates and novel mechanisms. Thrombosis and Hae-

Multidimensional Flow Cytometry for Testing Blood-Handling Medical Devices

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76437

77

[13] Mondal NK et al. Infection, oxidative stress, and changes in circulating regulatory T cells of heart failure patients supported by continuous-flow ventricular assist devices. ASAIO

[14] Ankersmit HJ et al. Quantitative changes in T-cell populations after left ventricular assist device implantation: Relationship to T-cell apoptosis and soluble CD95. Circulation.

[15] Ankersmit HJ et al. Activation-induced T-cell death and immune dysfunction after implan-

[16] Dewald O et al. Platelet activation markers in patients with heart assist device. Artificial

[17] Matsubayashi H, Fastenau DR, McIntyre JA. Changes in platelet activation associated with left ventricular assist system placement. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation.

[18] Mondal NK et al. Intraplatelet reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage and platelet apoptosis augment non-surgical bleeding in heart failure patients supported by

[19] Mondal NK et al. Oxidative stress induced modulation of platelet integrin alpha2bbeta3 expression and shedding may predict the risk of major bleeding in heart failure patients supported by continuous flow left ventricular assist devices. Thrombosis Research.

[20] Mondal, Nandan K, et al. Mechanistic insight of platelet apoptosis leading to non-surgical bleeding among heart failure patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular

[21] Snyder TA et al. Leukocyte-platelet aggregates and monocyte tissue factor expression in bovines implanted with ventricular assist devices. Artificial Organs. 2007;**31**(2):126-131

[22] Carson SD, Bach R, Carson SM. Monoclonal antibodies against bovine tissue factor,

[23] Baker LC et al. Flow cytometric assays to detect platelet activation and aggregation in device-implanted calves. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 1998;**41**(2):312-321

[24] Snyder TA et al. Platelet activation, aggregation, and life span in calves implanted with axial flow ventricular assist devices. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002;**73**(6):1933-1938

[25] Snyder TA et al. Preclinical biocompatibility assessment of the EVAHEART ventricular assist device: Coating comparison and platelet activation. Journal of Biomedical Materials

continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Platelets. 2015;**26**(6):536-544

assist devices. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2017;433(1-2):125-137

which block interaction with factor VIIa. Blood. 1985;**66**(1):152-156

tation of left-ventricular assist device. Lancet. 1999;**354**(9178):550-555

mostasis. 2009;**102**(5):916-924

Journal. 2017;**63**(2):128-133

1999;**100**(19 Suppl):II211-II215

Organs. 2005;**29**(4):292-299

2000;**19**(5):462-468

2017;**158**:140-148

Research. Part A. 2007;**81**(1):85-92

[12] Shantsila E, Lip GY. The role of monocytes in thrombotic disorders. Insights from tissue factor, monocyte-platelet aggregates and novel mechanisms. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009;**102**(5):916-924

**Author details**

**References**

Ina Laura Pieper1,2\*, Gemma Radley1,3 and Catherine A. Thornton1

1 Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, UK

[1] Krabatsch T et al. Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure—1 year results from the Ce mark trial. Journal

[2] Nascimbene A et al. Association between cell-derived microparticles and adverse events in patients with nonpulsatile left ventricular assist devices. The Journal of Heart and

[3] Sansone R et al. Macrovascular and microvascular function after implantation of left ventricular assist devices in end-stage heart failure: Role of microparticles. The Journal

[4] Woolley JR et al. Temporal leukocyte numbers and granulocyte activation in pulsatile and rotary ventricular assist device patients. Artificial Organs. 2014;**38**(6):447-455 [5] Woolley JR et al. Temporal leukocyte numbers and granulocyte activation in pulsatile

[6] Gasser O et al. Characterisation and properties of ectosomes released by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Experimental Cell Research. 2003;**285**(2):243-257

[7] Dalli J et al. Heterogeneity in neutrophil microparticles reveals distinct proteome and

[8] Pluskota E et al. Expression, activation, and function of integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1) on neu-

[9] Diehl P et al. Enhanced microparticles in ventricular assist device patients predict platelet, leukocyte and endothelial cell activation. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic

[10] Wilhelm CR et al. Monocyte tissue factor expression and ongoing complement generation in ventricular assist device patients. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1998;**65**(4):1071-1076

[11] Wilhelm CR et al. Measurement of hemostatic indexes in conjunction with transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with ventricular assist devices. Stroke. 1999;**30**

functional properties. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 2013;**12**(8):2205-2219

3 Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, UK

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
76 Multidimensional Flow Cytometry Techniques for Novel Highly Informative Assays

2 Scandinavian Real Heart AB, Västerås, Sweden

of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2017;**12**(1):23

Lung Transplantation. 2014;**33**(5):470-477

of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2015;**34**(7):921-932

and rotary ventricular assist device patients. Artificial Organs. 2013

trophil-derived microparticles. Blood. 2008;**112**(6):2327-2335

Surgery. 2010;**11**(2):133-137

(12):2554-2561

[26] Johnson CA Jr et al. Biocompatibility assessment of the first generation PediaFlow pediatric ventricular assist device. Artificial Organs. 2011;**35**(1):9-21

[41] Chang X, Gorbet M. The effect of shear on in vitro platelet and leukocyte materialinduced activation. Journal of Biomaterials Applications. 2013;**28**(3):407-415

Multidimensional Flow Cytometry for Testing Blood-Handling Medical Devices

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76437

79

[42] Tabit CE et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and non-surgical bleeding in continuousflow left ventricular assist devices. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2018;

[43] Rodriguez-Caballero A et al. A new simple whole blood flow cytometry-based method for simultaneous identification of activated cells and quantitative evaluation of cytokines released during activation. Laboratory Investigation. 2004;**84**(10):1387-1398 [44] Chan CH et al. Shear stress-induced total blood trauma in multiple species. Artificial

[45] Johnson CA Jr et al. Flow cytometric assays for quantifying activated ovine platelets.

[46] Pieper IL et al. Quantification methods for human and large animal leukocytes using

[47] Warrino DE et al. Stabilization of white blood cells and immunologic markers for extended analysis using flow cytometry. Journal of Immunological Methods. 2005;**305**(2):107-119

[48] Schumacher A.Effect of ex vivo storage and Cyto-Chex on the expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on human peripheral leukocytes. Journal of Immunological

[49] Saxton JM, Pockley AG. Effect of ex vivo storage on human peripheral blood neutrophil expression of CD11b and the stabilizing effects of Cyto-Chex. Journal of Immunological

DNA dyes by flow cytometry. Cytometry. Part A. 2016:565-574

**37**(1):107-115

Organs. 2017;**41**(10):934-947

Methods. 2007;**323**(1):24-30

Methods. 1998;**214**(1-2):11-17

Artificial Organs. 2008;**32**(2):136-145

[41] Chang X, Gorbet M. The effect of shear on in vitro platelet and leukocyte materialinduced activation. Journal of Biomaterials Applications. 2013;**28**(3):407-415

[26] Johnson CA Jr et al. Biocompatibility assessment of the first generation PediaFlow pedi-

[27] Johnson CA Jr et al. Platelet activation after implantation of the Levitronix PediVAS in

[28] Johnson CA Jr et al. Platelet activation in ovines undergoing sham surgery or implant of the second generation PediaFlow pediatric ventricular assist device. Artificial Organs.

[29] Chan CH et al. The evaluation of leukocytes in response to the in vitro testing of ven-

[30] Chan CH et al. The CentriMag centrifugal blood pump as a benchmark for in vitro testing of hemocompatibility in implantable ventricular assist devices. Artificial Organs.

[31] Pieper IL et al. Ovine leukocyte microparticles generated by the CentriMag ventricular

[32] Simmonds MJ, Meiselman HJ. Prediction of the level and duration of shear stress exposure that induces subhemolytic damage to erythrocytes. Biorheology. 2016;**53**(5-6):237-249

[33] Angelillo-Scherrer A. Leukocyte-derived microparticles in vascular homeostasis. Circu-

[34] Aass HC et al. Fluorescent particles in the antibody solution result in false TF- and CD14-positive microparticles in flow cytometric analysis. Cytometry. Part A. 2011;**79**

[35] Moazami N, Dembitsky WP, Adamson R. Does pulsatility matter in the era of continuousflow blood pumps? The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2015;**34**

[36] Crow S et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding rates in recipients of nonpulsatile and pulsatile left ventricular assist devices. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

[37] Chan CH et al. The effect of shear stress on the size, structure, and function of human

[38] Schuster M et al. B-cell activation and allosensitization after left ventricular assist device implantation is due to T-cell activation and CD40 ligand expression. Human Immu-

[39] Schuster M et al. Induction of CD40 ligand expression in human T cells by biomaterials derived from left ventricular assist device surface. Transplantation Proceedings.

[40] Walkowiak-Przybylo M et al. Adhesion, activation, and aggregation of blood platelets

Al4

V and Ti6

Al7

Nb. Journal

von Willebrand factor. Artificial Organs. 2014;**38**(9):741-750

and biofilm formation on the surfaces of titanium alloys Ti6

of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A. 2012;**100(**(3):768-775

atric ventricular assist device. Artificial Organs. 2011;**35**(1):9-21

the ovine model. ASAIO Journal. 2011;**57**(6):516-521

78 Multidimensional Flow Cytometry Techniques for Novel Highly Informative Assays

tricular assist devices. Artificial Organs. 2013;**37**(9):793-801

2011;**35**(6):602-613

2015;**39**(2):93-101

(12):990-999

2009;**137**(1):208-215

nology. 2002;**63**(3):211-220

2001;**33**(1-2):1960-1961

assist device in vitro. Artificial Organs

lation Research. 2012;**110**(2):356-369

**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**Efficient Interpretation of Multiparametric Data Using**

**Principal Component Analysis as an Example of Quality**

**Efficient Interpretation of Multiparametric Data Using**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71460

**Principal Component Analysis as an Example of Quality**

Multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) realizes high-throughput measurement, but multiparametric data make it difficult to interpret the complicated information. To present clear patterning graphs from FCM data, one must grasp the essence of the data. This study estimated the usefulness of principal component analysis (PCA), which reduces multidimensional information to arbitrary one-dimensional information. Recently, microalgae have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food companies. Taking alga *Chlorella* as an example, this chapter presents the usefulness of PCA for the evaluation of algal quality using FCM. To evaluate the algal status effectively, *Chlorella* (control), heated algae, and metallic-treatment algae were prepared and quantified using FCM. FCM data were subjected to PCA analysis. To interpret correlativity among parameters, FCM data are generally expressed as histograms and scatter or contour plots. An operator using multiple parameters has difficulty finding high correlativity among parameters and presenting an effective graph. The PCA method produced new comprehensive axes with different inclination factors among parameters. Scatter plots using new axes showed patterns treatment dependently with different vectors. Results show that the PCA method can extract information of test objects from data and that it can contribute to effective interpretation of cell characteristics, even if data include multiparameters from FCM. **Keywords:** flow cytometry, multivariable analysis, cell status, cell cycle, *Chlorella*,

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Flow cytometry (FCM) can provide cell optical information from microbes to model animal and plant cells. Over the last several decades, FCM with those fundamental characteristics has

**Assessment of Microalgae**

**Assessment of Microalgae**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71460

chlorophyll, trace metal elements, slag

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Toshiyuki Takahashi

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Toshiyuki Takahashi

**Provisional chapter**