(4) Compensation and Mitigation Mechanisms

Institutional mitigation and adaptations include interstate and bi-national agreements for coordinated operations of reservoir storage, together with new rules for managing surpluses and shortages, incentives for system efficiency improvements, and commitments to ecosystem restoration. Investments in infrastructure include the operation of desalination plants, conservation measures, and reservoir intakes. In the context of prolonged drought conditions, environmental flow requirements in the Delta have received additional attention, culminating in 2012 in "Minute 319" (updated in 2017 in "Minute 323"), an agreement made under the 1944 Treaty, coordinating US and Mexico's water storage and delivery options to enhance water supply reliability for Mexican water users and the Delta ecosystem [106].

Looking forward, the annual average cost of reducing shortage risks is projected to approach up to US\$6 billion in 2060, reflecting a lingering bias toward supply-side solutions including the importation of water from other basins [105]. Much of these costs involves alternative water supplies (desalination) or importation, rather than improved water allocation, which is lower cost but concentrated on powerful agricultural user groups. Even restricting mechanisms to demand-side solutions will require substantial investment to sustain water security and safeguard the economic activities, urban centers, and ecosystems that depend on the river in a changing climate.


**3.2. FASyS technological dimension**

The implementation and demonstration of the FASyS model demands that coordinated progress is made in particular technology fields. FASyS has identified and prototyped technology at communication, complex event processing, human behaviour analysis, activity monitoring and reasoning level.

As depicted by the Figure below, FASyS technological fabric relies in 5 major components :

All 5 technologic enablers are supported by a specific information distribution (acquisition and delivery) platform depicted by the Figure below. The FASyS services, provided by the functional dimension of the model, are leveraged in the FASyS plane based on the smart object system plane information and external information sources linked through the FASyS information gateway.

Integrated and Personalised Risk Management in the Sensing Enterprise 291

**Figure 4.** FASyS technological components

290 Risk Management – Current Issues and Challenges

view on risk management.

and Communication.

environments.

**3.2. FASyS technological dimension**

activity monitoring and reasoning level.

solutions (g) Chemical sensors for pollutant detection

pathology assessment/diagnosis protocols

for part/tool referencing

information gateway.

 **Functional dimension** includes all accesses to functional requirements needed to assure that the risk management cycle is complete and effective. The FASyS model defines 10 different modules that encapsulate the required functionalities to leverage ISO 3100:2009. The modules mainly deal with risk modelling and risk management strategy configuration, business impact analysis and system configuration, health and safety monitoring, autonomous actuation, decision support, personalised information and augmented training functions. Such scheme deals with a holistic and adaptive, evolving

 **Normative dimension** is based on the ISO 31000:2009 and establishes the five stages in risk management life cycle, which should include the previously described features to meet the requirements of each stage: Context, Organization, Monitoring, Intervention

The implementation and demonstration of the FASyS model demands that coordinated progress is made in particular technology fields. FASyS has identified and prototyped technology at communication, complex event processing, human behaviour analysis,

As depicted by the Figure below, FASyS technological fabric relies in 5 major components : **IoT Networking.** (a) Wireless sensor networks and activity monitoring (b) Communication security and privacy systems (c) Wireless communications in industrial

 **Mixed Virtual and Physical World Detection and Evaluation:** (a) Industrial safety ontologies and reasoning engines. (b) Smart ergonomic characterisation solutions (c) Functional workplace adaptation models (d) Human error identification systems (e) Models for detecting psycho-social indicators and profiles (f) Adapted learning

 **Personal Health Systems:** (a) Applications for intelligent video analysis (b) Real-time risk detection tools (c) Automatic medical alert notification system (d) Occupational

 **Machine Tool Active Security Systems:** (a) Part manipulation and part feeding systems (b) Volumetric protection systems (c) Auto-calibration and auto-compensation systems for large units (d) Intelligent part movement guiding systems (e) Visualisation systems

 **Comprehensive Real-Time Risk Management Systems: (a)** Personalized risk prevention strategies (b) Personalized decision support systems (c) Semantic solutions for services coordination (d) Emotional interfaces for effective risk communication. All 5 technologic enablers are supported by a specific information distribution (acquisition and delivery) platform depicted by the Figure below. The FASyS services, provided by the functional dimension of the model, are leveraged in the FASyS plane based on the smart object system plane information and external information sources linked through the FASyS