**4. Application of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in food processing**

In **Table 5**, a list of some applications of plant extracts in food processing will be presented, highlighting its use in conservation processes improvement and shelf life extension.

**Antioxidant Application Concentration Results Refs.**

67%.

The antioxidant activity of bearberry have allowed a significant decreasing in lipid oxidation compared to control under refrigeration conditions, the effect being greater in raw meats than in cooked ones. Likewise, it has been reported that bearberry did not generate differences in color, taste, texture and juiciness.

Plant Extracts as Antioxidant Additives for Food Industry http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75444

By using pomegranate powder in hamburgers preparation and refrigerating them for a period of 15 days, a greater reduction of TBARS values was observed in comparison with BHT control (68%). Likewise, it was determined that pomegranate powder and pomegranate juice powder have little effect on sensory or quality attributes when used in concentrations of 5–20 mg equivalents of phenolic tannic acid/100 g of meat. Similar results have been obtained in raw goat meat, where the reduction was

It has also been reported that the use of blueberry powder juice at 0.32% in turkey meat and cooked pork meat, have allowed to inhibit the lipid oxidation almost 10 times compared to control. This is attributed to the fact that this fruit has a high concentration of phenolic compounds (158.8 μmol of total phenols/g of dry weight) and especially of anthocyanins, which can

The extract delayed the initial oxidation of lipids and the effect was dose dependent, likewise it was determined that inhibited the generation of molecules responsible for unwanted odors. The extract did not have significant inhibitory effects on the enzymatic

The oil conservation tests were carried out under accelerated conditions (72 h at 70°C) evaluating the action of natural extracts and synthetic antioxidants on the change in the peroxide value of the oils. It was observed that the action associated with an increasing in the peroxide index varied as follows: TBHQ> potato

peel extract> BHT = sugar beet pulp> BHA.

penetration during treatment.

antioxidants.

The study confirmed the potential of osmotic treatments for food development that incorporate functional ingredients such as antioxidants in a successful manner. It was observed that molecular weight of the phenolic compounds limits their

The protective effect of the extract against lipid oxidation of frozen raw chicken meat stored at freezing conditions (−18°C) was demonstrated. There were some differences in the color of the cooked product and its aroma, however these results were not very different from those obtained using synthetic

inhibit the oxidation of lipids.

hydrolysis of lipids.

[89]

105

[90]

[91, 92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

(80–1000 g/g of meat).

10 mg of phenolic equivalents of tannic acid/100 g in fresh chicken

Blueberry powder juice at 0.32%

Extract of lotus seed epicarp 0.1 and 0.2%

5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm

60 mg of total phenolic compounds/ (PC)/kg of meat

Bearberry and grape seeds

Pomegranate Additive in

Blueberry Turkey

Lotus flower Conservation

Potato peel and sugar beet pulp

Wastes from wine

Grape Osmo-

Additive in raw and cooked pork meat patties

cooked chicken burgers

conservation and cooked pork

of Cantonese Chinese sausage

Oxidation control of sunflower oil and soybean oil

dehydrated foods

Oxidation control of frozen raw chicken meat

Other applications can be found in the works developed in food matrices that include meats, oils, fruits, vegetables and cereal products [106].

**4. Application of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in food**

highlighting its use in conservation processes improvement and shelf life extension.

oils, fruits, vegetables and cereal products [106].

Proportion of the natural additive (0.25, 0.5 and 1%, respectively)

Proportion of the natural additive

20%

In **Table 5**, a list of some applications of plant extracts in food processing will be presented,

Other applications can be found in the works developed in food matrices that include meats,

**Antioxidant Application Concentration Results Refs.**

During the storage period (45 days), a decreasing in phenolic content (17.8–36.2%) was observed in the additive used to make the packaging and a decreasing in the peroxide value of the three evaluated formulations in comparison with controls. The protective effect of natural additive was established, since the one that underwent the oxidation processes was the additive and not the palm oil. The results were directly proportional to the used concentration. The incorporation of this natural additive did not change the mechanical and barrier properties of the containers.

During the storage period (45 days) under accelerated oxidation conditions (63% UR/30°C), the total polyphenol losses in the films (40% total loss) correlated with a lower increase in the peroxide value of the packaged product, demonstrating, in such way, instead of the product, the packaging compounds were those that underwent the oxidation processes. The yerba mate extract did not alter the mechanical

and barrier properties of the films.

0.05 and 0.1% The extract of grape seed has been shown to have

Prune extract showed antioxidant properties in products such as irradiated turkey, precooked pork sausage and roasted meat. However, in slices of ham the results were not adequate due to an increasing in cooking loss, values of cutting force and redness. The sensory quality of products derived from meat and poultry treated with prune products presented minimal differences with respect to untreated products.

an antioxidant potential 20 and 50 times higher than vitamin E and vitamin C, respectively. Numerous studies concluded that is an effective antioxidant for the preservation of raw and cooked pork. Likewise, it has been determined that the use of ActiVin (extract of grape seed) at 1.0% in minced meat, inhibits TBARS values by 92%. Likewise, it was established that low concentrations of grape seed extract, ≤0.2%, do not present adverse effects on sensory characteristics such as color, odor and taste, while concentrations higher than 1% affected the color of the finished products.

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

**processing**

104 Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications

Achiote Biodegradable

Yerba Mate Biodegradable

Prune Conservation

Grape Meat

of meat products

conservation

container for palm oil

container for palm oil

**5. Conclusions**

Mango shell extract

*Campomanesia lineatifolia*

Stability of pork meatballs stored at 4°C.

Enzymatic browning control of potato

**Author details**

**References**

217-233

and María Patricia Chaparro-González

La Salle, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
The compiled information in this work demonstrates the need to continue developing techniques for the extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from plant species in order to improve the obtained yields, have greater control over the extracts composition and their mechanism of action, to facilitate their implementation in food industry, where they can find great acceptance due to their natural character and their properties to lessen the

**Antioxidant Application Concentration Results Refs.**

During storage, the amount of phenolic compounds added to the product decreased slightly, while the lipid oxidation increased slightly. Mango shell extracts showed greater efficiency in the control of lipid oxidation against other extracts such as santol and rambutan. It was also determined that the treatments that included mango shell extract presented lower rancidity than control (without addition of antioxidants) after 10 days of storage. Mango extract applied at 0.2% (v/w) in pork meatballs showed the greatest effectiveness against lipid oxidation.

Plant Extracts as Antioxidant Additives for Food Industry http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75444

A decreasing in the speed change of the color parameter "L", corresponding to the brightness, had achieved by extract addition. The potatoes treated with the extract, presented a lower darkening than potatoes that were not treated during storage at 5°C

and 55% of relative humidity.

[104]

107

[105]

0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% (v/w)

Potato immersion in a extract solution of 0.5, 1 and 1.5%, respectively

**Table 5.** Applications of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in food processing.

Ludy C. Pabón-Baquero\*, Ángela María Otálvaro-Álvarez, Margarita Rosa Rendón Fernández

Programa de Ingeniería de Alimentos y Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de

[1] Proteggente A, Pannala A, Paganga G, Van Buren L, Wagner E, Wiseman S, Van de Put F, Dacombe C, Rice-Evans C. The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radicals Research. 2002;**36**(2):

impact of diseases attributed to the oxidation processes proper to human organism.

**Table 5.** Applications of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in food processing.


**2. Ordinary SIW and SIW periodically loaded with cylindrical air holes or with metallic cylinders**

SIWs are planar structures that emulate dielectric-filled rectangular waveguides (see **Figure 1**). The two ground planes represent the top and bottom metal walls of the rectangular waveguide, and the rows of metal vias replace the sidewalls of the waveguide. The ordinary SIW made with a homogeneous substrate basically has the same guided-wave characteristics as the conventional rectangular waveguide [3], and its fundamental mode is similar to the TE10 mode of the rectangular waveguide. However, since the electric current density on the metal vias can only flow in the vertical direction, only TE*n*0 modes are supported by SIWs [4]. The metallic vias are characterized by their separation *s* and diameter *d*. Their values must be appropriately chosen [5] to avoid radiation losses, so they must fulfill the following conditions:

$$d < \lambda\_{\mathfrak{g}}/5, \quad s \le 2d \tag{1}$$

where *λg* is the guided wavelength. The propagation constant of the SIW fundamental mode is mainly determined by the width *aSIW* of the SIW (see **Figure 1**). A previous study [3] demonstrates that a SIW can be analyzed as an equivalent rectangular waveguide of effective width *a* given by

$$a = a\_{SW} - \frac{d^2}{0.95s}.\tag{2}$$

Therefore, all the presented results in this section have been obtained using the equivalent waveguide of width *a*, related to the cutoff frequency *f c*10 of the TE10 mode and the relative permittivity of the substrate material by:

$$a = \frac{c}{2f\_{c10}\sqrt{\varepsilon\_r}}.\tag{3}$$

Going a step further, some propagation regions of the SIW can be conveniently modified so that it can behave as if it is loaded by a different dielectric permittivity in such regions with respect to that of its substrate, which may be of practical interest in *Novel Filtering Applications in Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105481*

**Figure 2.**

*Scheme of a SIW with periodic air holes with a rectangular pattern.*

filtering applications, as shown in the following sections. A simple way of it can be achieved when the propagation region of the SIW is periodically loaded by air holes (see **Figure 2**), in which case a considerable reduction of the effective permittivity can be obtained (as long as the perforated substrate is shielded in the top and bottom walls, so the electric field distributes transversely through both the substrate and the air holes regions following the TE10 mode profile). Additionally, it is expected a decrease in dielectric losses due to the removal of substrate material, which may be of special interest in high-frequency bands. Effective permittivity of the periodically perforated SIW can be obtained to be used in filtering design by analyzing a unit cell of the perforated structure, by using the eigenmode solver of the commercial software tool Ansys HFSS [6], so that it is possible to relate the effective permittivity of the waveguide with the cutoff frequency of the TE10 mode through the following expression:

$$
\varepsilon\_r = \frac{c^2}{4a^2 f\_{c10}^2} \tag{4}
$$

A parametric study of the effective permittivity obtained in a SIW periodically loaded with cylindrical air holes following a rectangular pattern can be found in Ref. [7], where it has been analyzed the effect of the air holes parameters (the diameter *da* and separation *sa*) in the resultant effective relative permittivity of the waveguide, achieving a reduction of more than a 60% of the substrate relative permittivity.

Alternatively, the use of high effective permittivity structures, which behave as slow-wave structures, are also of special interest for device miniaturization in filtering applications. With this regard, the increase of the effective permittivity of a SIW can also be obtained by inserting in the dielectric an array of metallic inclusions, as already demonstrated in Refs. [8, 9]. A simple implementation of a SIW with a high effective permittivity can be achieved by inserting an array of metallic cylinders (see **Figure 3**), whose height must be lower than but not far from the waveguide height, to achieve a high effective permittivity in the waveguide. In Ref. [10], a parametric study of the effective permittivity in a SIW has been done, in which an array of metallic cylinders with a triangular pattern has been inserted to synthesize a higher effective permittivity, obtaining an effective permittivity that is more than twice the value of the substrate permittivity with the proper selection of the cylinder parameters (the diameter *dc* and separation *sc*).

**Figure 3.** *Scheme of a SIW with an array of periodic cylinders with a triangular pattern.*

Both types of periodically loaded SIWs with reduced or increased effective permittivity can be employed in novel filter solutions, as shown in the following section.


**Author details**

José Jesús Vargas Delgado Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**41**

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**2.3 Ivermectin treatment of SILAC-labeled TOV21G cells**

When SILAC-labeled TOV21G cells achieved 80% cell density in 10-cm culture flasks, 20 μM ivermectin was added to TOV-21G cells in SILAC "heavy" labeling growing medium, and 0.1% DMSO was added to TOV-21G cells in SILAC "light" labeling growing medium for 24 h [19]. (i) Ivermectin (C48H74O14, purity ≥ 95%): The drug was brought from Solarbio (http://www.solarbio.com/goods-3911.html). (ii) TOV-21G cells were counted, and 8000 cells/well were seeded in 96-well plates. Ivermectin was added into each well in different drug concentrations (0 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 30 μM, 40 μM, and 50 μM) for 24 h. CCK8 (10 μL) was added into each well for 1 h to measure absorbance values (OD) at a wavelength of 450 nm. Lethal concentration 50 (IC50) was calculated according to OD values of each well in different ivermectin concentrations. (iii) Ivermectin treatment group: 20 μM ivermectin was added to TOV-21G cells in SILAC "heavy" labeling growing medium for 24 h. Control group: 0.1% DMSO was added to TOV-21G cells in SILAC "light" labeling growing medium for 24 h.