Exceptional experiences Miscellaneous Social Media Services Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content Online mobbing (Unexpected) sexual messages Meeting online acquaintances Online shopping Other Exceptional experiences Mobile phone Phone calls Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks

Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages other Exceptional experiences Instant Messaging und SMS Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social Relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content Online mobbing (Unexpected) sexual messages other Exceptional experiences Mobile internet usage Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships

Learning Participation Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content Online mobbing (Unexpected) sexual messages Meeting online acquaintance Online shopping other Exceptional experiences Photographs Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Other Exceptional experiences Videos/movies Valuation

Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Other Exceptional Experiences Games Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Online shopping

Other Exceptional experiences Music Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Online shopping Other Exceptional experiences Free SMS services Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising

Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Other Exceptional experiences Apps (free and fee-based) Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Online shopping Other Exceptional Experiences Miscellaneous Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation

Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content Online mobbing (Unexpected) sexual messages Meeting online acquaintances Online shopping Other Exceptional Experiences Books Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Other Exceptional experiences Magazines Valuation Positive

Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Other Exceptional experiences Newspaper Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages

Other Exceptional experiences Miscellaneous Valuation Positive Negative Neutral Ascribed chances Creativity Identity Social relationships Learning Participation Ascribed risks Plagiarism Trust in information Deception Advertising Exposure of personal information Pornographic content Violent content (Unexpected) sexual messages Other Exceptional experiences Mentioned fgures Valuation positive Valuation negative Valuation neutral Mentioned persons (stars and so on) Valuation positive Valuation negative Valuation neutral Exceptional experiences Identifcation/para-social interaction in general To be like them To act like them Solidarisation Wish for interaction Other

Way of usage With friends Alone With parents With siblings With others Under ward of caregivers Concentration on the medium Secondary reception Duration of usage TV Video/DVD Radio/Audio cassettes/CDs/MP3s Personal Computer/Laptop Computer games Internet Social Web Mobile phone Books Magazines Newspaper Other Places of usage TV Video/DVD Radio/Audio cassettes/CDs/MP3s Personal Computer/Laptop Computer games Internet Social Web Mobile phone Books Magazines Newspaper Other Times of usage TV Video/DVD Radio/Audio cassettes/CDs/MP3s

Personal Computer/Laptop Computer games Internet Social Web Mobile phone Books Magazines Newspaper Other Motives of usage TV Video/DVD Radio/Audio cassettes/CDs/MP3s Personal Computer/Laptop Computer games Internet Social Web Mobile phone Books Magazines Newspaper Other Link to the lifeworld Media ownership, media practices and usage of the family Media ownership Used media Mother Father Siblings Whole family Times of usage Duration of usage Communication via media Parental media education Media regulation Temporal restriction Restriction on content Other No regulations Conficts

Role, function and credibility of socialisation contexts Mentioned role models Meaning of Family Valuation positive Valuation negative Valuation neutral Peers Valuation positive Valuation negative Valuation neutral Media/media fgures Valuation positive Valuation negative Valuation neutral Other Experienced educational measures By parents By teachers/school With friends Other Knowledge transfer via Parents Siblings Friends Teachers/school Media Competences of Parents Siblings Friends Teachers/school Media Competences of the child

# Index

#### **A**

active subject, 47, 48 ADHD, 177, 188 adolescence, 4, 13, 24, 52–55, 57, 83, 90, 127, 128, 133, 134, 139, 164, 215, 231, 233, 234, 239, 241, 245 adolescent(s), 1–6, 11, 12, 16–18, 20–23, 25–32, 45, 46, 50–52, 54–56, 58, 59, 66, 77, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88–94, 97, 98, 121–123, 125–130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 141–146, 148, 150, 168, 174, 189, 225, 227, 228, 231–233, 235–237, 239–247 adulthood, 17, 32, 53–55, 141, 143, 231, 233 AfD, 15 affair, 108, 207 Africa, 13 age, 7, 12, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 52–54, 81, 110, 123, 124, 128, 134, 146, 149, 150, 157, 159, 165, 167, 177, 179, 182–184, 186,

192, 195, 203, 231, 238, 244, 245 agency, 47, 48, 52, 110, 202 aggression, 133, 134, 141, 179, 193 alcoholic, 196, 202 alimony, 109, 195, 207, 218 analytical concepts competences for action, 5, 7, 61, 64–66, 85, 96, 97, 122, 134, 135, 143, 149, 157, 162, 165–167, 173, 175, 177, 185, 186, 195, 205, 209, 212, 224–227, 234, 236, 239, 240, 246, 247 options for action, 7, 63, 64, 66, 85, 96, 97, 122, 134, 149, 161, 162, 165–167, 173, 175, 177, 186, 188, 194, 198, 207, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 224–227, 235, 236, 239 outlines for action, 7, 63, 64, 85, 96, 97, 122, 134, 135, 149, 157, 161, 162, 164–167, 173, 175, 178, 184, 185, 188, 190,

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 303 I. Paus-Hasebrink et al., *Social Inequality, Childhood and the Media*, Transforming Communications – Studies in Cross-Media Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02653-0

192, 194–198, 201, 205, 206, 208–210, 212, 214, 217, 222, 224–227, 235, 236, 239 anonymisation, 6, 93, 95, 242 apprenticeship, 86, 93, 113, 118, 123, 131, 133, 142–144, 149, 246, 247 approval, 82, 132 arbitrary, 7, 162, 164, 165, 181, 197 Asia, 13 assisted living community, 138 asylum seeker, 182, 195 attention, 6, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 46, 78, 88, 107, 135, 137, 141, 144, 159, 185, 212, 214, 221, 228, 233, 234, 236, 241, 244 audio-cassettes, 124 aunt(s), 138, 139, 220, 222, 238 Austria, 2, 3, 8, 11–18, 20, 21, 23, 29, 31, 77, 79, 82, 108, 113, 116, 117, 125, 126, 145, 147, 149, 176, 199, 200, 207, 215, 218, 228, 231, 232, 236 axial coding, 95

# **B**

bedroom culture, 92, 240 behavioural problem, 135, 184 Belgium, 13, 15 Bertelsmann Stiftung, 8, 12, 13, 16 biography, 52, 63 biological father, 107, 111, 114, 116, 117, 175, 189, 194, 195, 197, 214, 218, 223, 224 bloggers(s), 148 boarding school, 113, 189, 195 book(s), 2, 3, 13, 18, 21, 30, 32, 123, 124, 128, 157, 159, 180, 201, 202, 205, 216, 217, 222, 231, 234, 236, 242 Brazil, 27–29

bullying, 30, 218 burdened, 144, 146, 174, 196, 246, 247

# **C**

call-back interview, 93, 119 cancer, 108, 207 capital cultural capital, 62 economic capital, 61, 62 material capital, 2 social capital, 25, 61 symbolic capital, 62 caregiver, 138, 144 case study, 16, 31, 97 category, 96 CD, 191 challenges, 5, 11, 16, 23, 26, 32, 52–54, 56, 58, 63, 77, 82, 86, 99, 132, 134, 135, 141, 158, 160–163, 167, 172–175, 180, 192, 193, 198, 200, 211, 212, 214, 219, 221, 224–227, 231, 233–235, 237, 240–243 chat, 130, 141 childhood, 2–4, 13, 17, 20, 45, 50, 52–54, 57, 62, 65, 82, 121, 123, 133, 134, 138, 139, 146, 164, 178, 226, 236, 238 child poverty rate, 17 child support, 195 citizen, 79 citizenship, 87, 88 city, 108, 110, 116–118, 140, 189, 195, 206, 218 classifying practices, 61 coding axial coding, 95 open coding, 95 selective coding, 95 coding scheme, 95

communication, 1, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 45, 58, 87–89, 91, 92, 141, 163, 192, 207, 209, 211, 224, 226, 231, 233, 240, 245 communication and media studies, 19 communicative practices, 3, 49, 56, 130 companionship, 132 comparison group, 233 competences for action, 5, 7, 61, 63–66, 85, 96, 97, 122, 134, 135, 143, 149, 157, 162, 165–167, 173, 177, 208, 209, 212, 224–227, 234–236, 239, 240, 246, 247 computer, 21, 25, 95, 124, 125, 128, 130–133, 140–142, 144, 150, 160, 165, 177, 179, 180, 184, 192, 201, 208–210, 227, 247 computer games/video games Jump and Run; Animal Crossing, 125; Mario Kart, 125; Naruto, 125; Super Mario, 125; Super Mario Galaxy, 125 simulation games, 125 violent computer games/egoshooter/battle games; Age of War, 192; Call of Duty 3, 125; Call of Duty 4, 125; Grand Theft Auto(GTA), 130; League of Legends, 130; Skyrim, 217; World of Warcraft, 130 confict, 139, 175, 215, 220 constructivist theories, 47 consumer society, 2 consumption, 15, 139, 179, 185, 206, 234 contexts of socialisation, 7, 51, 87, 89, 123, 148, 171, 194 contextual in-depth analysis, 96 contextualism, 51, 121, 232 convergence, 3, 7

coping, 7, 54, 56, 58, 66, 77, 97, 134, 135, 161, 163, 165–167, 172, 187, 193, 195, 198, 224, 225, 227, 228, 235–237 counselling, 201 countryside, 116, 196, 199, 206, 221 crisis/crises, 15, 16, 54, 56, 108, 139, 147–149, 176, 195, 216, 218, 219 cross-media, 21, 32 cross-media distribution, 124 cultural studies, 59, 60 cultural values, 15, 31 cyber-bullying, 29, 30 Cyprus, 27, 30 Czech Republic, 14

#### **D**

data collection, 5, 77, 81–84, 87, 90, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 119, 122, 126, 172, 173, 176, 183, 184, 186, 189 data processing, 22, 93, 94, 98 dedicated social research, 2 Denmark, 15, 17 depression, 30, 114, 141, 143, 182, 184, 185 deprivation, 8, 13, 171, 174, 175, 192, 224, 226, 245 developmental phase, 54 developmental tasks, 4, 51–58, 61, 63, 66, 123, 127, 132–135, 149, 173, 209, 219, 225, 226, 232, 236–238 digitalisation, 7, 19, 22 digital skills, 24, 29 divorce, 8, 109, 112, 134, 207, 210, 237 documentation, 242 doing family, 4, 8, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 78, 85, 90, 123, 137, 141, 164,

166, 167, 171, 187, 198, 225, 227, 236, 239, 240, 245 drop-out quota, 82 Dutch, 28 DVD, 191 DVD player, 191 dynamic process, 49, 53 dysfunctional, 165

#### **E**

Eastern Europe, 13, 183, 199, 200, 202 eating disorder, 135 ecological model, 47 ecological theory, 47 ecology, 47 economic circumstances, 17 economic development, 15 economic disadvantage, 17 economic migrant(s), 15 education, 4, 12, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31, 53, 54, 57, 58, 62, 85–87, 89, 93, 111, 116, 124, 128, 140, 145, 150, 163, 174, 175, 180, 182, 183, 189, 190, 193, 214, 219, 220, 226, 231, 244–247 educational achievement, 12 educational background, 26 educational institutions, 46, 60, 121 educational level, 26, 239 EFTA, 17, 79 emotional-affective development, 177 empirical data, 56 empirical research, 56 entertainment, 27, 125, 128, 166, 180, 197, 207, 216 Estonia, 23 ethical challenges, 5, 97 ethical guideline, 99 EU-28, 17, 23 EU candidate, 17

EuRegio, 14 Europe, 16, 25, 28, 31 European Union, 14–17, 23, 116, 118 everyday life, 2–5, 14, 45, 48, 50–52, 56, 59–63, 65, 66, 78, 85, 87, 88, 93, 123–125, 130, 133, 135, 138, 149, 157, 161–163, 167, 171, 174, 179, 180, 192, 198, 200, 209, 211, 212, 219, 225, 227, 228, 232, 233, 235, 236, 240, 241, 244–246 expense allowance, 81 expertise, 52, 87 extra-familial socialisation contexts, 123, 138

#### **F**

Facebook, 83, 91, 125, 130, 141, 161, 165, 185, 186, 192, 196, 202, 216 family allowance, 15 family climate, 85, 113, 137, 150, 172, 184, 238 family communication, 57, 59, 167 family constellation large family, 86, 114, 175, 182, 206, 207 migration background, 6, 16, 30, 107, 132, 140, 146, 148, 149, 188 nuclear family, 6, 107, 109, 187, 226 patchwork family, 6, 107, 111 single-parent family, 6, 79, 80, 163, 174 family life, 16, 58, 88, 93, 158, 226, 228, 239 family structures, 16, 17, 135, 243 family system, 58 family ties, 210, 220 family types, 97, 173, 174 father

biological father, 107, 111, 114, 116, 117, 175, 189, 194, 195, 197, 214, 218, 223, 224 step father, 167, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 233 father role, 213 flter software, 211, 217, 244 fnal secondary school examination, 112 fnancial situation, 109–112, 114, 115, 117, 138, 171, 172, 174, 176, 182, 187, 194, 197, 200, 213, 218, 220–222, 225, 237 fnancial stability, 184, 185, 223 Finland, 17 fat, 86, 90, 93, 111, 113–117, 137, 210 fat screen TV, 215, 224 focused analysis, 96, 122, 157 formal education, 2, 5, 6, 12, 16, 18, 22, 26, 30, 31, 50, 60, 63, 79, 80, 107, 150, 244 foster child, 117, 194 FPÖ, 15 France, 13 friend(s), 7, 12, 13, 21, 50, 56, 77, 88, 89, 91–93, 95, 96, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 138–142, 147–149, 177, 181, 183, 186, 192, 194, 196–198, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 209–211, 214–216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 238 friendship, 127, 140, 147 frustration, 55, 133

#### **G**

game console PlayStation (2, 3, 4), 179, 215 PlayStation Portable (PSP), 179 gender, 52, 63, 126, 128, 134, 149, 238

general qualifcation for university entrance, 108, 116, 118 German Länder (Federal States), 18 Germany, 3, 11–18, 20–23, 31, 109, 116, 125, 145, 150, 207, 208, 218 gifts, 81 globalisation, 19 government, 24, 81, 149 grandparent(s), 115, 138, 139, 210, 220, 222, 238 Greece, 15

# **H**

habitus, 62, 63 hard-core media content, 126 health, 12, 16, 17, 24, 112–114, 118, 139, 144, 158, 176, 182, 185, 210, 212, 213, 225, 231, 245 home, 7, 25, 27, 30, 45, 108, 109, 111, 113–116, 142–144, 147, 148, 163, 165, 175, 177, 179–182, 185, 190, 191, 193, 196, 198, 207, 210, 218, 224, 226, 246 house, 13, 82, 86, 90, 93, 108–110, 112, 113, 115–118, 166, 176, 177, 180, 188, 194, 199, 207, 208, 214, 220 household, 17, 20, 47, 86, 110, 115, 118, 165, 180 housing benefts, 186, 205 housing conditions, 79, 86, 90 humiliation, 165, 176 Hungary, 23

# **I**

identifcation, 50, 172 identity, 3, 23, 24, 51–56, 59, 62, 63, 66, 127, 139, 141, 142, 179, 237, 240

identity construction, 49–51 identity management, 127 idol, 126 immigrants, 140, 150, 183, 184, 188, 218 inclusive workshop, 113 income, 2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24–29, 31, 60, 63, 79–81, 86, 107–110, 112–118, 138, 166, 206, 207, 211, 213, 214, 216, 220, 237, 239 income gap, 15, 18 independence, 55, 57, 129, 187, 204, 205, 208, 210, 214, 218, 219, 226 individualisation, 19 individuality, 57 inequality gap, 1, 11, 15, 16 Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), 22, 23, 28, 150 information management, 127 information society, 19 infrastructure, 24, 28, 31, 79, 108, 174, 183, 237 insecurity, 185 Instagram, 130, 185, 191, 192, 202 integrative approach, 32, 46, 121, 232 internet access, 28, 31, 124, 192 internet risks conduct-related risks, 23 contact-related risks, 23 content-related risks, 23 health-related risks, 24 lack of internet safety in general, 24 intersubjective traceability, 241 intersubjectivity, 5 intervention, 98, 110, 190, 191, 243 isolation, 2, 17, 108 IT(s), 112, 114, 131, 143 Italy, 15, 28

# **J**

JIM, 20, 23 job training, 49, 51, 56, 110, 111, 114, 115, 174, 177, 180, 184, 189, 190, 194, 195, 198, 210, 214, 216–218, 221, 223

# **K**

KIM, 20–22, 125 kindergarten, 4, 7, 49, 51, 56, 66, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 108, 123, 126, 138, 140, 142, 159, 161, 191, 192, 218, 220, 233, 239, 245, 246

# **L**

labour market, 12, 15, 31, 60, 237 laptop, 201 lebenswelt, 61, 234 leisure opportunities, 12, 145 leisure time, 29, 45, 55, 131, 142, 145, 161, 178, 179, 191, 195, 211–215, 217, 218, 221 Let's play-videos, 128 life prospects, 12 life satisfaction, 12 life span, 47, 49 lifestyle, 238 life tasks, 52, 58, 61, 173, 175, 237, 238 lifeworld, 3, 29, 32, 60, 61, 64, 131, 174, 234, 236 literacy, 28, 30, 50 literary transcription, 95 literature review, 4, 27, 31, 80, 234 living conditions, 2, 12, 13, 29, 80, 84, 86–88, 231, 246 Lombardy, 28 longitudinal design, 79

long-term research, 82 loss, 186, 201, 214 Luxembourg, 15 luxury, 206

#### **M**

macro-level, 77, 237 Malta, 23 marginalisation, 1, 12, 17 masculinity, 213 mass communication, 24 material deprivation, 11–13, 17 material world, 52 maternity leave, 112, 237 matrix/matrices, 96, 122, 173, 242 maturationist theory, 47 media activities, 45 media application, 5, 127, 130 media-based practices, 49, 58 media behaviour, 89, 91, 92 media brand(s), 21 media content, 7, 20, 45, 46, 125, 126, 133, 134, 149, 158, 179, 193, 201, 203, 217, 221, 222 media device, 192, 196, 202 media environment, 6, 20, 22, 123, 239 media expertise, 89 media hardware, 90 media literacy, 7, 157, 159, 161, 180, 181, 195, 217, 228 media processing, 89 media repertoire(s), 6, 7, 21, 32, 87–89, 92, 100, 123–125, 128, 148, 160, 171, 233, 235 media service(s), 20, 21, 32, 92, 96, 125, 128, 130, 134, 141, 149, 150, 232–235, 238, 240, 241, 244 mediation, 3, 7, 19, 24, 26, 85, 87, 89, 149, 157–159, 161, 162, 164–168, 171, 179, 181, 184,

186, 191, 199, 203, 204, 209, 212, 217, 222, 226–228, 244, 245 mediation practices amicability, 7, 162, 166, 204, 206 arbitrary control and exploitation of dominance, 7, 162, 164, 181, 197 child-centred, 162, 166, 227 laissez-faire, 7, 162, 164, 191, 198, 206, 208, 217, 227 unmethodological restriction, 7, 162, 181, 183, 184 mediation strategies active mediation, 26, 158 coviewing/co-use, 158 restrictive mediation, 26, 158, 159 mediatised socialisation, 3, 51, 123 mediatization, 1–4, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 31, 32, 45, 46, 50, 158, 234 media usage, 7, 12, 20, 21, 23, 26, 32, 59, 77, 78, 83, 85, 87–89, 92, 96, 123, 126, 134–137, 149, 157–159, 161, 162, 164, 166, 180, 181, 185, 186, 207, 214–217, 224, 227, 234–236, 238, 241, 245, 246 meso-level, 77, 238 messenger(s) Facebook messenger, 125, 165, 186 MSN, 141 meta process, 1, 19 methodological approach, 5, 8, 32, 77, 78, 81, 239, 240 methods, 5, 66, 83–85, 90, 91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 123 micro-level, 77, 238 mid childhood, 24 migrant, 16, 79, 80, 116, 140, 183, 184 milieu, 62, 233, 237 Millennium Development Goals, 14 mobile phone(s), 128, 168, 179

movies Jungle Book, 201 Spiderman, 201

# **N**

national research, 30 neighbourhood, 47, 58, 79, 86, 108, 110, 111, 140, 146, 161, 183, 188, 197, 212, 214, 218 The Netherlands, 30 network map, 177, 178, 190, 204, 208, 213, 215, 222, 223, 228 news, 192, 193, 202 Norway, 14, 17, 30

# **O**

objective factors, 4, 49 observation protocol, 90 OECD, 1, 16 Ofcom, 20, 122, 126, 128–130 online-banking, 204 online computer games, 124 online-dating platform, 202 open coding, 95 options for action, 7, 64–66, 85, 96, 97, 122, 134, 149, 161, 162, 165–167, 173, 224–227, 235, 236, 239, 240 orientation, 29, 50, 56, 59, 62, 65, 66, 81, 118, 124, 126, 133, 141, 142, 148, 195, 222, 228, 233, 234, 236 outlines for action, 7, 63–66, 85, 96, 97, 122, 134, 135, 149, 157, 161, 162, 164–167, 173, 224–227, 235, 236, 239 overextension, 187, 188, 225, 226, 228 overwhelmed, 135, 174, 182, 187, 192, 193, 224, 245

#### **P**

panel, 5–7, 32, 56, 77, 79, 81, 82, 95, 96, 99, 107, 112, 115, 121, 122, 124, 127–130, 133, 141, 142, 145, 147, 157, 160, 166, 171, 179, 191, 204, 221, 222, 233, 242, 243, 246 panel maintenance, 100 parental media guidance, 134 parent-child relationship, 57, 167 parentifcation, 135 parenting, 7, 28, 57, 150, 157, 159, 162, 165, 167, 173, 175, 181, 188, 192, 193, 199, 203, 209, 212, 217, 218, 222, 225–228 parenting practices, 157 parenting style, 181, 192, 203 participation, 1–4, 12, 13, 16, 19, 24, 25, 30, 31, 81, 87, 88, 144, 145, 207, 231 participation divide, 25, 158 participation gap, 25 participatory observation, 90 paternity leave, 221 pay television Sky, 128 Sky Go, 128 peer-group, 56, 86, 161 peers, 4, 12, 21, 24, 46, 49–52, 55, 58, 59, 66, 77, 88, 89, 93, 95, 96, 116, 121, 123, 130, 132, 133, 139–141, 149, 183, 215, 221, 225, 238 person of reference, 197, 209, 219 pet(s), 90, 95, 203, 217 pew report, 21 physical health, 12 pocket money, 86, 110, 138 politics, 63, 123, 146, 149, 183, 193 popular culture, 50 pornography, 126, 217 Portugal, 27

poverty, 1, 2, 8, 11–14, 16–19, 23, 29–31, 79, 80, 109–111, 113, 115, 118, 145, 228 praxeological approach, 51, 59, 60, 66, 77 preschool, 123 primary school, 81, 177, 222 print media magazine, 128, 141, 180, 202 newspaper, 32, 81, 128, 129, 180; tabloid, 129 privacy setting(s), 28, 91, 202, 211 private bankruptcy, 114 private sphere, 63, 197 private television channel(s), 124 professional re-training, 110 psychiatric clinic, 177 psychodynamic theories, 47 psychologically impaired, 176, 177 psychological problems, 110, 144, 184, 210 psychological wellbeing, 113 psycho-social development, 46, 51, 121 puberty, 53, 85, 129, 138, 165, 211, 219 public discourse, 12, 126 public transport, 79, 109, 182 purposeful sampling, 79 push-services, 192

# **Q**

qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA), 95, 96 qualitative longitudinal study, 5, 99 qualitative long-term study, 32, 97, 99 qualitative research paradigm, 78 qualitative types, 171

#### **R**

radio, 32, 141, 159, 192, 216 real estate, 117, 138, 187, 194, 206 recruitment, 5, 79, 81, 111 refugee crisis, 15, 16, 147–149, 195, 216, 218 refugees, 15, 31, 147, 148, 182, 193, 197 relationship management, 127 resilience, 144, 194, 206, 226 resources, 2–4, 12–14, 16, 26, 28, 50, 55, 57, 61, 64, 80, 81, 85, 96, 97, 99, 139, 146, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 167, 171, 182, 183, 207, 212, 220, 225–227, 234–236, 238 rich country, 11, 231 rich design, 5, 83, 84, 99, 237 role model, 136, 209 role of media, 1, 11, 27, 31, 46, 51, 59, 65, 66, 77, 89, 98, 123, 127, 231, 232 role-playing questions 100 Euro-question/500 Euroquestion, 89 island question, 89 romantic partners, 56, 66, 123, 149 romantic relationship(s), 55, 59, 139, 142, 225, 238 room, 88, 92, 93, 131, 137, 150, 165, 176, 179, 180, 199, 215, 224 rural, 28, 79, 81, 108, 110, 174, 176 Russia, 27–29

#### **S**

school, 4, 8, 13, 14, 28, 45, 51, 56, 79, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 93, 96, 108–110, 113–116, 123, 124, 126, 133, 138, 140–143, 148, 160, 163, 165, 175, 177, 179,

183, 186, 189–194, 196, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 214–220, 238, 245–247 secondary medium, 128 secondary school, 109, 112, 116–118, 190, 201, 219, 222 second level digital divide, 158 selection criteria, 6, 79 selective coding, 95 self-effcacy, 132, 143, 179, 216 self-esteem, 143, 176, 179, 183, 212, 216 selfe, 192 self-perception, 140 self-presentation, 50 sensitive data, 6 separation, 111, 187, 195, 196, 223 sexual abuse, 185 siblings, 81, 87, 89, 90, 107, 112, 123, 135–137, 140, 148, 150, 175, 182, 183, 188, 189, 191, 194, 199, 205–207, 218, 235, 237, 238 simulation, 125 Sky, 128 Sky Go, 128 Skype, 141 smartphone(s), 21–23, 25, 29, 124, 127, 128, 138, 160, 192, 195, 196, 202, 209, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222, 224, 244 smoking, 90, 215 Snapchat, 130, 192, 196, 202 social climber, 211, 227 social desirability, 159, 180 social disadvantage, 1–3, 11–14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 79, 80, 157, 172, 201, 221, 231, 239, 244 social exclusion, 16, 186 social felds, 61 social housing, 15 social inclusion, 14, 27, 91

social inequality, 2, 3, 16, 27, 60, 79, 121, 158, 239, 247 socialisation, 1–6, 8, 11, 15, 24, 26, 27, 32, 45–51, 53, 56–60, 62–66, 77–79, 85, 98, 121, 123, 134, 135, 138, 145, 146, 149, 157, 167, 171, 173, 174, 181, 193, 204, 227, 228, 231–239, 241, 245 socialisation context(s), 4, 7, 56, 134, 142, 181, 192, 193, 203, 217, 232, 237 socially disadvantaged, 1–4, 11, 13, 16, 20–27, 31, 32, 55, 66, 77, 79–81, 98, 122, 158, 159, 231– 233, 236, 241, 242, 244, 248 Social Media, 5, 91, 127, 129, 130, 148, 160, 161, 185, 186, 191, 196, 202, 207, 211, 216, 219 social milieu, 5, 62–64, 66, 234–237, 239 Social Networking Sites Facebook, 91, 125, 130, 196, 202, 216 Instagram, 130, 185, 192, 202 Snapchat, 130 WhatsApp, 83, 91, 92, 128, 130, 166, 186, 197 YouTube, 91, 125, 128, 129, 148, 192, 202 social order, 48, 63 social place, 46 social practices, 49, 247 social sphere, 63 social welfare, 15, 31, 108, 110–112, 114, 116, 182, 188, 192, 205 society, 1–4, 7, 11–13, 16, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32, 46, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 77, 87, 88, 123, 127, 129, 146, 149, 158, 231, 235, 239, 248 socio-economic, 2, 3, 6, 7, 16, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 59, 60, 86, 97,

107, 111, 113, 116, 118, 122, 123, 139, 141, 143–146, 159, 163, 167, 172, 174, 184–187, 196, 198, 205, 208, 209, 211, 223–227, 236, 240, 245, 247 socio-emotional, 3, 6, 7, 16, 26, 32, 97, 130, 137, 141, 158, 163, 167, 172, 185, 187, 188, 196, 198, 199, 209, 211, 220, 223, 225–227, 237, 240, 245, 248 socio-structural, 5, 26, 46, 53, 57, 59, 64–66, 78, 167, 235–239 South America, 13, 28 Southern Europe, 27 Spain, 15 sport events, 216 sports, 12, 123, 144–146, 149, 192, 221 sports activities, 144, 146 sports clubs, 123, 144–146, 149, 221 stakeholder(s), 8, 24, 245 State of Bavaria, 14 State of Salzburg, 14 study grant, 15 subjective factors, 49 subjective sense, 32, 60 subordination, 177 success, 52, 116, 129, 147, 176 suicide, 184 supervised living facility, 110, 112, 113, 184, 185, 189, 191, 193, 200 survey, 4, 13, 21, 80, 82, 90, 123– 125, 133, 137–142, 145–147, 150, 160, 233, 239, 240, 243, 244 Sweden, 13, 15 Switzerland, 15 symbolic world, 52

### **T**

tablet, 29, 124 technological innovation, 19 television, 21, 25, 32, 124–126, 128, 134, 141, 159, 160, 162–165, 179, 180, 192, 193, 196, 197, 201, 206, 210, 216, 219, 221–223, 246 television series cartoon/anime series, 125, 126; Benjamin Blümchen, 125; Bibi Blocksberg, 125; Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears, 141; Dragonball (Z), 125; Herkules, 125; Kim Possible, 125; Lilo and Stitch, 140; One Piece, 125; Pokémon, 125, 133, 179; Pumba Bear, 140; Spongebob, 125; Superman, 126; Tarzan, 125; Tom and Jerry, 125; Yu-Gi-Oh!, 125 crime series, 126, 201, 216 daily soaps, 125, 126 Reality TV & casting shows, 126; Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS), 126; Shopping Queen, 206 sitcom, 201; Charmed, 125; Hannah Montana, 125, 185, 201; How I met your mother, 126; Sabrina, 125; Scrubs, 126; Sex and the City, 206; Two and a half men, 126 trash TV, 196 thinking aloud, 6, 83, 91, 240 third digital divide, 158 training programme, 114, 116 transcription, 6, 93, 95, 242

transparency, 243 Trentino, 28 triangulation, 5, 84, 98, 99, 237, 242 Turkey, 28, 29 tutoring (professional), 143 typology, 7, 8, 171–173, 224, 227, 228, 240

#### **U**

uncle(s), 138, 139, 195, 222, 238 unemployment, 16, 18, 58, 79, 80, 86, 93, 117, 158, 161, 174, 237 unemployment benefts, 15 unemployment rates, 15, 16, 23, 31 UNICEF, 1, 12, 14–18, 23, 247 United Kingdom (UK), 15, 20, 25 United Nations (UN), 14 United States of America (USA), 20, 29 Upper Austria, 20, 22, 81 urban, 24, 79, 81

#### **V**

values, 3, 48, 55, 61, 87, 89, 203 video games, 124, 128, 131, 132, 165, 179, 180, 183, 191, 198, 203, 210, 211, 214–216, 224 video platform

Burning Series, 128 kinox.to, 128 Naruto-Tube, 128 Sky Go, 128 YouTube, 91, 125, 128, 129, 192, 202 violence, 98, 144, 164, 165, 175–177, 179, 181, 188, 216, 217

# **W**

wage, 2, 80 welfare state, 15 well-being, 12, 18, 22, 136 Western societies, 3, 4, 11, 13, 16, 31, 45, 53, 55 WhatsApp, 83, 91, 92, 128, 130, 166, 186, 191, 197 Wikipedia, 127 working poor, 15

# **Y**

youth, 16, 20, 24, 25, 29, 45, 46, 54, 81, 82, 85, 127, 159, 215, 217, 238, 244, 246, 247 YouTube, 91, 125, 128, 129, 148– 150, 191, 202 YouTuber, 129


<IP_ADDRESS>. Environmental Impacts

The computation of the environmental impacts of cogeneration considered two types of impacts: (a) the GHG emissions resulting from the fuel burned in each cogeneration plant, and (b) the avoided GHG emissions resulting from the possible replacement of large thermal power plants in the country (that use fossil-derived fuels for electricity production) by cogeneration plants in the industry. It is expected that the availability of cogeneration plants could remove the necessity of installing a thermal power plant (that uses oil-derived fuels to run) with capacity equal to that corresponding to the total cogeneration potential. Both results were added to obtain the net GHG emissions.

#### (a) Emissions in cogeneration plants

The fuels required for cogeneration depend on the prime mover selected. Cogeneration in Ecuador will use diesel, biogas, and lignocellulosic biomass, which are the fuels available currently in the country (See Section 3.2). The GHG emissions were estimated for each type of fuel. The computations followed the concept of conservation of carbon, from the fuel combusted into CO2, according to the guidelines from the International Energy Agency [81]. For biogas, GHG emissions also considered

the release of methane to the environment that can be avoided by using effluents in palm oil mills to produce biogas via anaerobic digestion [28].

(b) Emissions avoided by replacing thermal power plants

This computation consisted of determining how much fossil-derived fuels could save the country due to the substitution of existing or expected thermal power plants for electricity production (which could be a necessity to offset hydropower generation capacity in the country, especially during the dry season of the year) by cogeneration in industrial plants. To make easier the computations, it was assumed that the efficiency of large thermal power plants is ~35% [80] (although the efficiency of some existing thermal power plants in Ecuador is lower). The expected efficiency of the cogeneration plants taken as a reference was calculated in five representative companies (including a hospital and a hotel, where trigeneration is possible). Results showed efficiencies >70% in all cases. Thus, the difference in efficiency in a scenario without cogeneration and a scenario with cogeneration was conservatively taken as 30%.


**1. Introduction**

20 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

104 Earthquake Research and Analysis – Seismology, Seismotectonic and Earthquake Geology

Perfettini, H., Campillo, M. & Ionescu, I. (2003) On the scaling of the slip weakening rate of heterogeneous faults. *J. Geophys. Res.*, 108, B9, 2410, doi:10.1029/2002JB001969. Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T. & Flannery, B.P. (1996) *Numerical Recipes in*

Rice, J. (1993) Spatio-temporal complexity of slip on a fault. *J. Geophys. Res.*, 98, 9885-9907. Rubin, A. M. & Ampuero, J.-P. (2005) Earthquake nucleation on (aging) rate and state faults. *J.*

Sawai, Y., Kamataki, T., Shishikura M., Nasu, H., Okamura, Y., Satake, K., Thomson, K.H.,

Shibazaki, B. & Matsu'ura, M. (1998) Transition process from nucleation to high-speed rupture

Shimazaki, K. & Nakata, T. (1980) Time-predictable recurrence model for large earthquakes.

Suito, H., Nishimura, T., Tobita, M., Imakiire, T. & Ozawa, S. (2011) Interplate fault slip along

Subarya, C., Chlieh, M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Avouac, J.P., Bock, Y., Sieh, K., Meltzner,A. J.,

Uchida, N. & Matsuzawa, T. (2011) Coupling coefficient, hierarchical structure, and

Uchida, N., Nakajima, J., Hasegawa, A., & Matsuzawa, T. (2009) What controls interplate

Yagi, Y., Kikuchi, M. & Sagiya, T. (2001) Co-seismic slip, post-seismic slip, and aftershocks

Yamanaka, Y. & Kikuchi, M. (2004). Asperity map along the subduction zone in northeastern

Vannucchi, P., Remitti, F. & Bettelli, G. (2008) Geological record of fluid flow and

Wang, D. & J. Mori (2011) Rupture Process of the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku

with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, *Nature*, 440, doi:10.1038. Takahashi, N., Kodaira, S., Tsuru, T., Park, J. O., Kaneda, Y., Kinoshita, H., Abe, S., Nishino,

*Geophys. Res.*, 110, B11312, doi:10.1029/2005JB003686.

of the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake.

the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake.

Japan. *J. Geophys. Res.*, 114, B01319, doi:10.1029/2007JB005503.

ISBN0-521-43064-X, New York.

*Geophys. Res. Lett.*, 7, 279-282.

*Geophys. Res. Lett.*, 27, 1977-1980.

doi:07310.01029/02003JB002683.

2008| doi:10.1038/nature06486.

*Space*, 53, 793-803.

Earthquake.

*Int.*, 132, 14-30.

*Fortran 77: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition*, Cambridge University Press,

Matsumoto, D., Fujii, Y., Komatsubara, J. & Aung, T.T. (2009) Aperiodic recurrence of geologically recorded tsunamis during the past 5500 years in eastern Hokkaido,

propagation: scaling from stick-slip experiments to natural earthquakes. *Geophys. J.*

the Japan Trench before the occurrence of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake as inferred from GPS data. *Earth Planets Space*, Special Issue: First Results

Natawidjaja, D. H. & McCaffrey, R. (2006) Plate-boundary deformation associated

M. & Hino, R. (2000) Detailed plate boundary structure off northeast Japan coast.

earthquake cycle for the source area of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake inferred from small repeating earthquake data. *Earth Planets Space*, Special Issue: First Results of

coupling?: Evidence for abrupt change in coupling across a border between two overlying plates in the NE Japan subduction zone. *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.*, 283, 111-121.

associated with two large earthquakes in 1996 in Hyuga-nada, Japan. *Earth, Planets*

Japan inferred from regional seismic data. *J. Geophys. Res.*, Vol.109, B07307,

seismogenesis along an erosive subducting plate boundary. *Nature*, 451|7, February

Earthquake (Mw9.0) as Imaged with Back-Projection of Teleseismic P-waves. *Earth Planets Space*, Special Issue: First Results of the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku By virtue of dense networks of GPS and highly sensitive seismic stations, occurrences of deep low-frequency tremors/earthquakes have been recognized worldwide in the deep portions of subduction plate boundaries (e.g., Schwartz & Rokosky, 2007). Since these tremors and earthquakes have moment release rate smaller than that of regular earthquakes, the low-frequency tremors (LFTs) /earthquakes are classified into "slow-earthquake" group (Ide et al., 2007). The slow-earthquakes occur sometimes independently and sometimes break into chain-reaction propagating at a speed of about 10 km/day. However, a systematic explanation of the origin of such slow-earthquake migrations in some subduction zones is still lacking.

First of this study, we investigate the mechanisms of slow-earthquake migration by comparing observational results and numerical simulation results. Since some LFTs are found to be modulated by Earth tides (e.g., Nakata et al., 2008) and the moment release rate of the slow earthquake group is much smaller than that of regular earthquakes (Ide et al., 2007), they likely have low-stress drop and are sensitive to shear stress perturbations possibly induced by the preseismic slip of nearby megathrust earthquakes.

Second of this study, we propose a new method to detect precursory change around the large asperity prior to a megathrust earthquake, focusing on the spatio-temporal change of migration speed and moment release rate for nearby slow earthquakes. Recently, lowfrequency tremors/earthquakes have been also detected in the shallower portion of frictional transition zone on the subduction plate boundaries (Obana & Kodaira, 2009).

Third of this study, we also perform another numerical simulation of shallow low-frequency tremors/earthquakes, comparing with the characteristics of the deep low-frequency tremors/earthquakes and discussing the strategy of Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) toward an anticipated Tonankai Earthquake.