3.2.4 Deep search allowing higher bounds for θVPIN

In the following we have looked to higher bounds for θVPIN from 0.99 to 0.99999. All other parameters of the deep search are the same. Below, one can see the results in Tables 7–10. The results for the naive algorithm are indeed the same.

We remark the following:

Table 7.

bucket of the data set. In Table 6 one can see the results of the naive classifier for the first deep search set of parameters.6 As it is a naive classifier, results do not depend on direction of prices (bar price classifier) and bar price structure.

Best parameters maximizing precision+recall rate for different futures for the naive classifier.

Advanced Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Applications

Futures Recall Precision Precision+recall θMIR n ω (buckets) ES 1 0.0355 1.0355 0.052 50 2500 EC 1 0.9948 1.9948 0.004 50 2500 CL 1 0.3413 1.3413 0.022 50 2500 NQ 1 0.0076 1.0076 0.084 60 2500 YM 1 0.0174 1.0174 0.055 50 2500

• "Naive classifier" has poor results comparable to those of VPIN for ES, NQ, and YM instruments; although poor, VPIN predictions are better than "naive

• "Naive classifier" has better results than VPIN on EC instrument.

• "Naive classifier" has worse results than VPIN on CL instrument.

is very small to detect a "flash crash" of such a magnitude.

• EC flash crash definition is barely inconsistent, with a MIR threshold of

0.006%; it is obvious that a naive algorithm does better results as the constraint

• On CL and ES cases though, VPIN predictions are better, and these results are obtained when θMIR threshold was on the lower bound of the deep search. It might indicate that VPIN software has a better predictive power than a "naive algorithm" not on a "flash crash" amplitude basis but on a lower amplitude level. Nevertheless, one may wonder whether or not this level of amplitude is

Anyway, previous results may conclude that for "flash crash" prediction, VPIN

That's why in the next paragraph, we benchmark predictive power of "naive"

• Third on higher θVPIN constraints and at the same time lower bounds on θMIR

has overall equivalent poor power prediction with the traditional threshold

• Second on lower bounds of crash amplitude θMIR while θVPIN = 0.99

6 First tests conducted with EC instrument have been realized with an average to get more robust results. They are really close to the one obtained here with a single realization of randomness.

We remark the following:

Table 6.

algorithm" on ES cases.

We can interpret it as follows:

useful for practitioners.

θVPIN = 0.99, as a "naive" algorithm.

• First on higher θVPIN constraints

and VPIN algorithms:

64

Best parameters maximizing precision+recall rate for different futures and last bar price structure allowing higher bounds for θVPIN.

Table 8.

Best parameters maximizing precision+recall rate for different futures and first bar price structure allowing higher bounds for θVPIN.

#### Table 9.

Best parameters maximizing precision+recall rate for different futures and median bar price structure allowing higher bounds for θVPIN.

To verify whether or not we can get at least better results than a naive algorithm in data sets with a real flash crash, we study in the following first the results allowing lower bounds on θMIR while θVPIN = 0.99 and second the results allowing lower bounds on θMIR and higher constraints on θVPIN. Indeed, the intuition is that on NQ case, the "flash crash" amplitude constraints are far too high to have a good precision rate, because in this case there are too few events detected with MIR algorithm.


**Author details**

Kazutaka Hirakawa1,2

1 Department of Engineering, Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan

2 Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
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Contents

**Preface XI**

#### **Section 1 Molecular Mechanisms 1**

#### **Section 3 A Novel Approach to Treatment 157**

#### Chapter 7 **Metformin and Pancreatic Cancer Metabolism 159** Mary Jo Cantoria, Hitendra Patel, Laszlo G. Boros and Emmanuelle J. Meuillet

Preface

nancies.

velopment and progression of pancreatic cancer.

er detection of pancreatic cancer are also found herein.

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose early, treat effectively, and has a particularly poor prognosis, making it one of the most lethal forms of human cancers. In fact, pancreatic can‐ cer is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. De‐ spite its steady increasing incidence, the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of this devastating malignancy are still largely unknown. Consequently, there is a considerable effort currently underway to uncover the molecular basis for the de‐

The major purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and novel linkages that contribute to pancreatic carcino‐ genesis and metastasis, the identification of novel approaches for improved earlier detection

This book presents an update on recent findings related to the underlying molecular mecha‐ nisms responsible for the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. This book also informs the reader about the link between obesity and pancreatic cancer and how Metfor‐ min, a well-known and widely used anti-diabetic drug, may also be a novel approach to the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, insight into novel approaches for improved earli‐

As with previous books in this series, we hope that this book will be informative and useful to patients, scientists, clinicians and others, and that it will serve as an invaluable source of information in the quest for a better understanding of the basic biology and clinical ap‐ proaches to the earlier diagnosis and novel approaches to the treatment of pancreatic malig‐

**Kelly D. McCall, PhD**

Athens, Ohio

USA

Department of Specialty Medicine

Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine

of pancreatic cancer, and evidence for a potentially novel approach to treatment.


**Integrated Surface Water and Groundwater Analysis**

Editors

**Il-Moon Chung Sun Woo Chang Yeonsang Hwang Yeonjoo Kim**

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This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal *Hydrology* (ISSN 2306-5338) (available at: www.mdpi.com/journal/hydrology/special issues/GWSW).

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**3.4. Using Defected Ground Structure (DGS)**

220 Ultra Wideband – Current Status and Future Trends

isolation in printed antennas.

without the EBG reflector.

**3.3. Using neutralizing line**

surface. If the protrusions are small compared to the wavelength, their electromagnetic properties can be described using lumped circuit elements – capacitors and inductors. The proximity of the neighboring metal elements provides the capacitance, and the long conducting path linking them together provides the inductance. They behave as parallel resonant LC circuits, which act as electric filters to block the flow of currents along the sheet. This is the origin of the high electromagnetic surface impedance. Because of its unusual impedance, the surface wave modes on this structure are very different from those on a smooth metal sheet. In this way, EBG structures have the ability of suppressing surface waves propagation in a frequency band which makes them very useful to improve the ports

**Narrowband MIMO Systems** - In [33], such structures are used to increase isolation in patch antennas by using very simple EBG structures with the help of a multilayer substrate containing a high and a low permittivity layers. A planar EBG consisting of a double squared ring is printed on high permittivity layer while antenna is printed on low permittivity layer. The isolation is enhanced by approximately 10 dB. Further, a simple line fed microstrip patch array designed on a relatively thick substrate gives very good port isolation by using three periods of mushroom EBG elements in addition to variable offset superstrates in [34]. The isolation was improved by 10 dB. However, bandwidth was increased by 50 MHz by using additional superstrates. Recently, in [35], a mushroom-type EBG structure is designed to minimize the loading effects between the two slot antennas without significantly modifying the radiation pattern and input impedance profile. When the EBG reflector is utilized, the insertion loss between the antennas is increased due to the suppression of the parallel-plate modes in the band-gap. The reduction in antenna coupling at some specific frequency is observed by more than 30 dB in comparison to the prototype

**UWB-MIMO Systems** - Though this technique is widely used for narrowband MIMO systems, yet it has some constraints. The method is not viable for wideband systems because a large number of mushroom-like EBG structures will be required to cover the wide range of frequency. As a result, antennas will require large area to embed these structures for UWB-MIMO systems. Further, an intricate process is required to fabricate such structures. They

**Narrowband MIMO Systems** - The technique of using neutralizing line is based on the concept to neutralize two antennas operating in the same frequency band to enhance the isolation. Originally, this technique is proposed by C. Luxey et al. in [16]. They have used a suspended neutralization strip line physically connected to the antenna elements. This line samples a certain amount of the signal on one antenna element and delivers to the other antenna element in order to cancel out the existing mutual coupling, thus increasing total efficiency. In other words, an additional coupling path is created to compensate for the electrical currents owing on the PCB from one antenna to another. Initially for UMTS PIFAs,

involve an intricate fabrication process with cells shorted to the ground through vias.

The researchers have found that the defected ground structure (DGS) is also able to provide a bandstop effect due to the combination of inductance and capacitance [40]. The defects on the ground plane store a fraction of propagating energy and that can be modeled in terms of a simple equivalent reactive circuit as was explained in detail in [41]. DGS has been applied to antenna designs to suppress harmonics, cross polarization of a patch antenna, and to increase the isolation between antennas.

Narrowband MIMO Systems - In [42], a defected ground structure (DGS) consisting of concentric circular rings in different configurations is presented and its stop band characteristics are examined. Later, this DGS is being employed to reduce mutual coupling between two cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas. About 5 dB suppression has been obtained near the operating frequency around 3.3 GHz. Other variants of this technique could be embedding of slits [43] or meander lines [44] in the ground plane. In [43], the ground plane structure consisting of five pairs of slits etched into the middle of a ground plane of two closely packed planar inverted-F antennas is proposed. These slits are interleaved with metal strips and these strips could be thought of as capacitors. At the same time, some inductance is introduced along the central small connecting strip. Therefore, the structure behaves as a bandstop filter based on a parallel resonator. As a result, such a pattern etched onto the ground plane effectively suppresses mutual coupling. A significant improvement up to 20 dB in isolation is observed in the case of monopole antennas. In [44], it has been demonstrated that meander line embedded ground plane provides better isolation as compared with slitted ground plane. Recently, a combination of two techniques, i.e., DGS and EBG, is presented in [45]. A slitted pattern is etched on the ground plane and three mushroom photonic band gap (PBG) are etched on each wall. Using two techniques together, isolation between the ports of closely-packed antenna elements is increased by 30 dB.

**UWB-MIMO Systems** - In [46], a diversity antenna operating at a frequency range of 3.1-5.8 GHz is designed consisting of two orthogonal half circles with the radiators placed symmetrically with respect to a protruded T-shaped ground plane, which has a slot at the upper center portion of the ground plane. This slot helps in enhancing the isolation and matching the impedance. In [47], this technique is used in real sense where circular slot antenna with a stepped ground plane is proposed. A stepped ground plane generates nonplanar connections and discontinuous interfaces between the elements and the system ground planes. This strategy has effectively decreased the mutual coupling and provided 10 dB enhancements in isolation characteristics. The antenna consists of four radiating elements and operates over the range of 2-6 GHz.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antennas for Ultra Wideband Communications 223

**Narrowband MIMO Systems** - The technique of using stubs to get better isolation also deals with the ground plane instead of the radiating elements. One or more stubs are inserted to enhance the isolation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no scientific

**UWB-MIMO Systems** - The method of inserting stubs is mainly found in the literature for UWB-MIMO antennas. For instance, in [54], two elements diversity planar antenna, with three stubs on the ground plane to improve the isolation, has been proposed particularly for PDA phone. The 10 dB return loss bandwidth is achieved from 2.27 GHz to 10.2 GHz and isolation is always more than 15 dB. Similarly, another printed UWB diversity antenna consisting of two square radiators and a cross stub placed between them on the ground is presented in [55]. The 10 dB return loss bandwidth of the antenna ranges from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz and the isolation

**Narrowband MIMO Systems** - The method of using heterogeneous elements is sometimes used for multi-band antennas in narrowband systems. The objective is then relatively

**UWB-MIMO Systems** - In [56], a vector antenna system has been presented. This vector antenna system comprises a center-fed loop antenna and two orthogonal bow-tie antennas in the plane of the loop. This antenna system has large form factor and operates in the frequency range of 3.6-8.5 GHz. The isolation between the antennas is more than 15 dB and reduced mutual coupling is obtained exploiting the advantage of orthogonal components of electric field. The capability of antenna system for UWB operations is authenticated by time domain measurements. It is shown that the vector antenna can provide nearly the same

A lot of UWB antennas and MIMO antennas have already been presented in the literature. But few publications have been presented on the design and characterization of MIMO antennas for UWB applications as presented in the previous section. This section deals solely with our contributions towards UWB-MIMO antennas. It presents the defined objectives and consequently the followed approaches to achieve these goals. The designs and structures of the proposed different types of MIMO antennas for UWB applications exploiting spatial, polarization and pattern diversities are described. The analysis and evaluation of performance of these proposed designs are provides taking the special parameters into account which are necessary to characterize UWB-MIMO antennas. Finally,

publication presenting the use of this technique for narrowband MIMO systems.

between the two ports is higher than 18 dB within 3.3 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

**4. Some contributions towards UWB-MIMO antennas**

a solution to enhance isolation with reduced size antenna is presented.

**3.7. Using heterogeneous elements**

different than to realize a MIMO channel.

capacity as a traditional spatial array.

**4.1. Introduction**

**3.6. Inserting stubs**

#### **3.5. Using spatial and angular variations**

**Narrowband MIMO Systems** - The technique of using spatial and angular variations relative to the antenna elements of array is very commonly used to reduce mutual coupling. It is well demonstrated that by increasing the space between the radiating elements decorrelates them and even the spacing greater than or equal to ߣȀʹ gives mutual coupling less than -20 dB, where ߣ is free space wavelength at the center frequency [48]. However, the spacing becomes less than ߣȀʹ in the case of compact MIMO antennas for portable devices, thus it requires considering the mutual coupling effects to be compensated [49]. Therefore, in addition to separating the radiating elements by some distance, positioning of the radiating elements at different angles with respect to each other helps to reduce mutual coupling by exploiting the diversity in polarization. Chae et al. [27] has presented the detailed study using this technique. Further, the same technique is described and employed in [50].

**UWB-MIMO Systems** - Being very simple technique, it has not some specific constraints relating to the bandwidth but with size of the antenna. First of all, this technique is used for UWB diversity antenna by Wong et al. in [51] where the antenna consists of two truncated square monopoles orthogonally and symmetrically printed on the two sides of a T-shaped protruded ground plane as shown in Table 2. This antenna operates over 2.3-7.7 GHz giving isolation more than 20 dB. Using T-shaped ground plane also indicates that the modification of ground plane is an additional technique used together with polarization diversity to enhance the isolation. Recently, Chen et al. have used the similar technique [52]. It presents very compact UWB diversity antenna exploiting polarization diversity. The antenna elements are fed orthogonally and are designed for the lower band of UWB, i.e., 3.1-4.8 GHz. The isolation between two antennas is greater than 20 dB across the bandwidth. Also, the same research group has presented a detailed analysis of two suspended UWB plate antennas operating over 3.0-6.0 GHz in [53] for UWB-MIMO systems. They tested two configurations; (i) when shorting walls are vertically positioned (ii) when shorting walls are horizontally positioned. The effects of the variation of distance between antennas on mutual coupling, isolation and impedance matching are presented.


**4. Rising to a world city again: 1950 – 2000**

The end of World War I (1918) was at the same time the end of the Ottoman dynasty, analogous the fate of the Habsburgs (in Austro-Hungary) and Wilhelm II at Berlin. For Istanbul the time that followed was extremely hard. When Kemal Pasha, a cavalry officer and leader of nationalist young men (who complained about the decline of Turkey) got the leadership of the post-Ottoman country, he decided upon Ankara as the new state capital. Turkey was a very undeveloped country in that time and the decision was correct, in respect to enforce modernisation in the Asiatic hinterland.

But for Istanbul the decision meant losing its international reputation with the embassies and other international organisations moving to Ankara. Another significant blow was the exchange of population between Turkey and Greece in the early 1920s, repeated in part in the 1950s: Istanbul lost most of its Greek and Armenian population. This seriously held back the city's development for decades and turned it to a (mostly) monoethnic society. After a stagnant period (1920–1945), this situation was the starting point of the development after WW II, which is characterised as *a period of rapid growth, a changing urban structure* and *takeoff phases* as shown in Fig. 3. For the corresponding spatial development see Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Steps to a global city: the spatial change and social development of Istanbul 1950- 2000. Three stages of urban development and two phases of "take off". Concept: M. Seger.

In the decades between 1950 and 1970, Istanbul's growth was driven by an intensive industrialisation, especially in the following branches: textile, leather, clothes, chemical goods and machinery. A city of 1.2 million inhabitants in 1950, this number rose to 1.9 million in 1960 and to 3 million in 1970. The growth of the population was dominantly caused by migration, mostly unskilled and from Anatolia. The industry was located west of

The end of World War I (1918) was at the same time the end of the Ottoman dynasty, analogous the fate of the Habsburgs (in Austro-Hungary) and Wilhelm II at Berlin. For Istanbul the time that followed was extremely hard. When Kemal Pasha, a cavalry officer and leader of nationalist young men (who complained about the decline of Turkey) got the leadership of the post-Ottoman country, he decided upon Ankara as the new state capital. Turkey was a very undeveloped country in that time and the decision was correct, in respect

But for Istanbul the decision meant losing its international reputation with the embassies and other international organisations moving to Ankara. Another significant blow was the exchange of population between Turkey and Greece in the early 1920s, repeated in part in the 1950s: Istanbul lost most of its Greek and Armenian population. This seriously held back the city's development for decades and turned it to a (mostly) monoethnic society. After a stagnant period (1920–1945), this situation was the starting point of the development after WW II, which is characterised as *a period of rapid growth, a changing urban structure* and *take-*

*off phases* as shown in Fig. 3. For the corresponding spatial development see Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Steps to a global city: the spatial change and social development of Istanbul 1950- 2000. Three stages of urban development and two phases of "take off". Concept: M. Seger.

In the decades between 1950 and 1970, Istanbul's growth was driven by an intensive industrialisation, especially in the following branches: textile, leather, clothes, chemical goods and machinery. A city of 1.2 million inhabitants in 1950, this number rose to 1.9 million in 1960 and to 3 million in 1970. The growth of the population was dominantly caused by migration, mostly unskilled and from Anatolia. The industry was located west of

**4. Rising to a world city again: 1950 – 2000**

to enforce modernisation in the Asiatic hinterland.

the peninsula, at the Golden Horn and on the Asiatic bridgehead of the city. The migrants built their squatter homes in general near to the factory sites, so called *Gecekondu* – meaning 'built over night'. A ring of *squatter areas* characterised the fringe of the city, its new inner parts dominated by apartment blocks. The direction of the growth at that time is documented in Fig. 4 and the fragmentation of the *shape of the city in three main parts* (Penisula, north of Golden Horn, bridgehead in the east) produced several subcentres. Up to 1985 (1985: 5,8 mio. inhabitants) new industrial areas were founded and the crowded situation made it necessary to remove most of the industries out of the city - the start of *environment protection*.

Fig. 4. Changes in the urban form of Istanbul 1950-2010: ribbon development at the seaside, growth and fragmentation, satellites and displacement of industry, belt of Gecekondu, later upgrading. Draft M. Seger.

The *CBD areas* (Fig. 1) underwent the following changes in the period 1950–1970:

Istanbul's Backbone - A Chain of Central Business Districts (CBDs) 211

state's commercial and service activities and contributes 43% to Turkey's tax revenues. Most of the foreign banking institutions in Turkey and most of the private universities are located in the city. More than half of Turkey's exports and imports take place in Istanbul and about 7.6 million tourists and shoppers from abroad (2009 approximately, 22% of Turkey's tourism) visited Istanbul. The relation *services:industry* in the formal sector is 62:38 (Istanbul Chamber of Commerce 2009). Istanbul is still a goods producing city, beneath the growth of the financial sector and related variables (which indicates a post-industrial and globalised structure). The revenues of the relevant employees rose and a new middleclass has now been created. Their new lifestyle is oriented on real estate as well as on consumer attitudes:

What does this mean in relation to *CBD development* within the last decade? At first, the tremendous growth of the metropolis is fragmented by different functions and levels.

The dominant new CBD structures are located in the middle part of the metropolis, *continuing the CBD chain with a north bound axis*; see Fig. 1. The region north of the "triangle"

Photo 5. Konus-Hypermarket and Apartment-complex, Levent. Globalised aspects of

60 shopping malls were built in Istanbul between 2000 and 2005.

in Şişli is characterised by four facts:

architecture and lifestyle, "L" in Fig. 1.

Photo 5),

consequent reaction to the demand from a growing upper middle class only at Şişli and north of that area.

The *industrialisation* brought Istanbul back to the prime position among Turkey's cities and even before the fall of the iron curtain (1989) tremendous numbers of tourists from the socalled *socialist states* did their shopping tours in Istanbul. It was the time of *luggage trade* with the wholesale of western products at cheap prices. The low prices of Turkish goods are related to low wages for the working people in comparison to central Europe.

Photo 4. Road and shops in Şişli's Golden Triangle near the Osmanbey metro station. Founded in the 1970s, the area has become the most fashionable shopping district nowadays, 2010, "S" in Fig. 1.


**FLOW MEASUREMENT**

Edited by **Gustavo Urquiza Beltrán**  and **Laura L. Castro Gómez**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2111 Edited by Gustavo Urquiza Beltrán and Laura L. Castro Gómez

#### **Contributors**

Gustavo Urquiza, Miguel Angel Basurto, Adam Adamkowski, Waldemar Janicki, Laura Castro, Sheng Liu, Dong Wang, Daisuke Ito, Horst-Michael Prasser, Shen Chun Wu, Boguslaw Kruczek, Siamak Lashkari, Kannan Munisamy, Hironori Watanabe Toru Mitsutake

#### **© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2012**

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