**About the Editors**

#### **Peter Panjan**

Peter Panjan received his PhD in materials sciences at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technologies, University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). He joined the Jožef Stefan Institute in 1980, where he headed the Department for Thin Films and Surfaces and Hard Coating Center for 13 years. He has almost 40 years of experience in PVD hard coating research, development, and manufacturing. His research group has successfully implemented a number of new hard protective coatings in industrial production. In addition to his primary research topic, he has been active in several other scientific areas related to PVD thin films (depth profiling and diffusion phenomena in multilayer thin films, low-pressure plasma characterization, laser modification of solid surfaces and thin films). He has published over 240 scientific papers, 1 book, 4 chapters in books, and 3 patents. He is also intensively involved in editorial work, as he has been the editor, co-editor, and editorial board member of many scientific journals, and the editor of several books and conference proceedings.

#### **Aljaž Drnovšek**

Aljaž Drnovšek received his PhD in material science from the Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School (Ljubljana, Slovenia). In his thesis, he studied the impact of the surrounding atmosphere and growth defects on the tribological properties of PVD hard coatings. The emphasis of his research was on the influence of surface topography, due to growth defects, on the initial stages of tribological sliding. After his PhD, he was employed at Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Austria) for two years as a post-doc researcher. The focus of his research was on high temperature tribology and the high temperature mechanical properties of CrAlN and CrAlSiN coatings. In the scope of the project, he collaborated with Tomas Polcar's research group in Southampton, UK (engineering materials and surface technology) and prof. Peter Hosemann at the Nuclear Engineering Department at the University of California, Berkeley. Since 2019, he has been employed in the Department of Thin Films and Surfaces at the Jožef Stefan Institute (Slovenia). His current research interest is the nanomechanical characterization of PVD coatings at high temperatures.


**1. Introduction**

[94] Rojanasuphot, S., Charoensuk, O., Kitprayura, D., Likityingvara, C., Limpisthien, S., Boonyindee, S., et al. (1989). A field trial of Japanese encephalitis vaccine produced in Thailand. *The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health*, 20(4), 653-4,

[95] Kurane, I., & Takasaki, T. (2000). Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the cur‐ rent inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine against different Japanese encephalitis

[96] Duggan, S. T., & Plosker, G. L. (2009). Japanese encephalitis vaccine (inactivated, ad‐

[97] Fischer, M., Lindsey, N., Staples, J. E., & Hills, S. (2010). Japanese encephalitis vac‐ cines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). *MMWR Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control*, 59(RR-1), 1-27, Epub

[98] Halstead, S. B., & Thomas, S. J. (2011). New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alterna‐ tives to production in mouse brain. *Expert review of vaccines*, 10(3), 355-64, Epub

[99] Reisen, W., & Brault, A. C. (2007). West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention. *Pest management science*, 63(7), 641-6, Epub

[100] Heinz, F. X., & Stiasny, K. (2012). Flaviviruses and flavivirus vaccines. *Vaccine*, 30(29),

Epub 1989/12/01.

94 Encephalitis

2010/03/13.

2011/03/26.

2007/03/22.

4301-6, Epub 2012/06/12.

virus strains. *Vaccine*, 2, 33-5, Epub 2000/05/24.

sorbed) [IXIARO]. *Drugs*, 69(1), 115-22, Epub 2009/02/06.

In the XXI century tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) remains the most distributed severe natural foci infection transmitted by Ixodes ticks bite.

The causative agent of this infection is tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). According to the modern classification it belongs to the group of mammal viruses transmitted by ticks, and is a member of the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae [23]. As a result of nu‐ merous studies devoted to TBEV genetic variability it was divided into three genotypes (subtypes): 1) genotype 1 (Far-Eastern (FE) subtype); 2) genotype 2 (European subtype); 3) genotype 3 (Siberian subtype). Each genotype is believed to distribute in its certain area where its absolute domination is observed [10, 20].

In Eastern Siberia the circulation of three TBE virus genotypes with the domination of geno‐ type 3 was identified by the prior study. Moreover, the unique TBEV strains (886-84 and 178-79), which differed in genetic structure from all known TBEV genotypes, have been found on this territory [10].

Currently, with use of molecular hybridization of nucleic acids (MHNA) method with geno‐ type-specific probes and sequencing of complete virus genome or its fragments we identi‐ fied the group of 13 strains with high homology level to 886-84 strain that was

conventionally defined as "group 886" [6]. The obtained results confirm the validity of "group 886" certification as possible separate TBEV genotype.

**2.2. Strains genotyping**

formed by the common methods [16].

**2.3. Strains immunotyping**

**2.4. Neuroinvasiveness**

1 Tissue cytopathogenic dose

We used MHNA with three panels of 40 deoxyoligonucleic probes complemented to frag‐ ments of 10 genes of different TBEV genotypes. The probe description and their localization

Genetic and Biological Properties of Original TBEV Strains Group Circulating in Eastern Siberia

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54087

97

The total RNA extraction from infected mice brains or porcine embryo kidney cells, apply‐ ing RNA onto kapron or cellulose nitrate filters and hybridization with probes were per‐

The amplification was carried out with primers complemented to 5'- UTR fragment, to CprM-E-NS1 genes, E gene or E-NS1 genes fragments, synthesized in the Institute of Chemi‐ cal Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia). RT-PCR was

The sequence analysis of PCR products was carried out with BigDye Terminators Cycle Se‐ quencing Kit v.3.1 (Applied Biosystems, USA) in DNA Sequencing Center SB RAS, Novosi‐ birsk, Russia. The obtained data was analyzed by Mega 5.0 program [28]. The gene fragments sequences of TBEV strains belonging to the different genetic types from GenBank database were used as a material for comparison. BLAST program (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/) was used for homology search of obtained nucleotide sequen‐

The genome fragments sequences of "group 866" strains obtained during the study have been deposited into GenBank database with access numbers EF469662, EU878281-EU878283,

The sequencing of full genome of 886-84 strain has been performed by Karan *et al*. in Central

The reaction of diffuse precipitation in agar (RDPA) was carried out by the method developed by Clark [12] with modifications by Rubin [27] and Bochkova [2]. We used immune sera against TBEV prototype strains of three serotypes (Sofjin – Far-Eastern serotype, 256 – Western sero‐ type, Lesopark-11 and Aina/1448 – East-Siberian serotype) exposed to dosed adsorbtion with

The cytoplasmatic activity study was performed according to common methods. Virus titers were determined in tests on cell culture based on its cytopathic activity (CPA) by the full

To estimate the neuroinvasiveness of TBEV strains we determined the index of invasiveness (II) – the difference between the virus titers after intracerebral (mNic) and subcutaneous

/ml [26].

concentrated cultural antigens or cross-adsorbed sera against investigated strains [4].

cumulative method (offered by Reed and Muench) and expressed as lg TCD50 1

Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor RF, Moscow, Russia.

performed according to the "BioSan" company (Novosibirsk, Russia) protocol.

in TBEV genome was presented earlier by Demina *et al*. [6].

ces with already known fragments of TBEV genomes.

JN936341, JN936347, JN936349-JN936350, JN936353-JN936355.

The unique genetic structure of "group 886" strains also manifests in original phenotype pattern that is quite significant from the scientific point of view. "Group 886" strains can be tested as prototype candidate strains for the design of universal vaccines effective against strains of different serotypes (genotypes) and TBEV test-systems.

The aim of the study was to investigate genetic and biological properties of TBEV "886 group" strains circulating in Eastern Siberia (territories of Irkutsk region, Buryat Repub‐ lic, Transbaikalia) for estimation of their potential as candidates for test-systems and vac‐ cine development.


**1. Introduction**

Embedded system requires the interaction between hardware and software installed in PC (Personal Computer). Before LabVIEW, a software designed for hardware devices seems to be hard work job because of the communication protocols are need to be programmed in both hardware device and PC. For instant applications which aim to measurement data acquisition for analysis algorithm development or process control as well as controller design, the hard work in programming field may restrict the destination job. To solve the problem, National Instrument introduced LabVIEW as a graphical programming tools with a series of compatible hardware devices [1]. This tool has been widely chosen by the non-professional user community. The NI hardware communicate with PC through some communication protocol such as CAN (Controller Area Network), GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus), PROFINET (Process Field Network) and LIN (Local Interconnect Network), are officially equipped with software called driver licensed by National Instrument. The independent hardware developments for LabVIEW compatibility, hence, are not easy.

Recently, some multiple purpose low-cost open-source hardware modules based-on micro-controller were developed by commercial companies such as Arduino [2], NodeMCU [3]. This device connects with PC using USB port and transceivers data through a simple embedded program set on the flash memory of the micro-controller. With data acquisition and control applications which the

**102**

*LabVIEW - A Flexible Environment for Modeling and Daily Laboratory Use*

[1] LabVIEW™ Core I PN 326292A-01

[3] Alan GS. Introduction to Arduino: a piece of cake. ISBN:<PHONE_NUMBER>

[4] Jian S. Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems Pulse-Width Modulation. pp. 25-61. ASIN:

[5] Available from: https://github.com/ gporziog/LabView-and-connectionswith-third-party-hardware/tree/master/

[6] LabVIEW™ Core II PN 326293A-01

[7] Available from: https://github.com/ gporziog/LabView-and-connectionswith-third-party-hardware/tree/master/

LabView%20Master%20CODE

B00A9YGCWC

**References**

Ardunio\_Like\_DAQ

[2] Giuseppe Porzio is the author of LabView SW for didactic experience discrete sampling as well as response frequency not over than 100 kHz, this device will be the considered options for experimental arrangement. Since the first time released in 2005 [4], Arduino is used to develop many applications in automation systems. However, until 2013, a proposal for LabVIEW interface toolkit as LIFA (LabVIEW Interface for Arduino Toolkit) was announced [5] and introduced [6]. Another interface named as LINX designed by Digilent [7]. So far, these toolkit is widely known for the users using Arduino and Raspberry Pi in LabVIEW application for embedded system.

The LabVIEW VI is programmed to communicate with hardware devices though a package called NI-VISA [8]. This package provides some interface with communication protocol such as PXI, GPIB, VXI, Serial, USB. The LabVIEW compatible hardware devices has to be set their communication procedures in the flash or ROM memory to handshake with the VI program, then, the data can transfer from the devices to PC and the command can receive from the PC to the devices. The main problems of any embedded system is how to build the communication procedure set on the device to match with the communication procedures installed in LabVIEW designed by National Instrument. This is solved by some independent projects such as LIFA and LINX which the communication procedure is designed.


**9. Treatment/management**

The management of patients with HGMP/CIP depends on the presence of symptoms or complications following the clinico-pathological classification proposed by von-Rahden. For the majority of patients, HGMP/CIP are detected incidentally (type I) and as such do not require any treatment, follow up or surveillance. For patients with acid related symptoms, treatment with acid suppression with or without pro-kinetic and antacid will suffice. For majority, a short course of treatment will be adequate. However, for a proportion, prolonged acid suppression similar to patients with significant gastro-esophageal reflux disorders may be required.

Table 3. Reported complications associated with HGMP/CIP based on literature search to 2010

Heterotopic Gastric Mucosal Patch of the Proximal Esophagus 139

Other reported modalities for treating symptomatic non neoplastic HGMP/CIP include argon plasma coagulation and endoscopic mucosal resection. However, these modalities

For those cases with complicated HGMP/CIP (type III), apart from acid suppressions, other

Type IV cases will require close follow up treatment may include argon plasma coagulation (Sauvé et al., 2001; Klaase et al., 2001), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic sub-mucosal dissection (ESD). For those with type V HGMP/CIP, treatment will depend on the stages of disease. Early adenocarcinoma can be treated with EMR or ESD. These can be resected after the creation of a polyp by rubber band ligation or with cap assisted EMR. For

It remains unknown whether patients detected to have HGMP/CIP requires to be followed up for future complications or progressions to types III to V. Patients found on biopsy to have dysplastic HGMP/CIP mucosa will require surveillance. It is unknown what time interval is recommended. Given that HGMP/CIP is gastric mucosa, following the

Currently, there are several controversies regarding HGMP/CIP. First, there is still dispute with regard to the origin of HGMP/CIP. However, it is widely believed to be congenital origin as result of remnant of columnar epithelium due to failure of complete squamization of the esophagus. There are several factors that favor the congenital origin hypothesis. The embryogenesis of esophagus can explain the profiles of HGMP/CIP; proximal location correlating with the last part of the esophagus, the proximal esophagus to transform to keratinized mucosa. Babies and children do not have sufficient duration of acid exposure to induce changes suggested by the acquired theory. Finally, although the staining pattern based on CK7 and CK20 are similar, staining with MUC protein shows differences between

An earlier study had also shown that the HGMP/CIP had cellular component different from

The proposed theory on acquired origin was based on similarities between histological findings of HGMP/CIP and Barrett's esophagus. Mucin protein (MUC) and CK7 and CK20 similarities suggested similar origin. Other study based on MUC also suggested HGMP/CIP being acquired in origin. In the future, other staining methods may be identified and may show clear differences between HGMP/CIP and Barrett's esophagus. Weak evidence come from higher incidence of Barrett's esophagus in patients found to have HGMP/CIP. However, the overall reported incidence rates are still too low to lend strong support for this

The latest theory proposed was based on findings of glandular cystic retentions secondary in the proximal esophagus. The evidence to support this theory are lacking given the very few reports of glandular retention cysts encountered in the clinical practice and reported in the literature. Furthermore, the absence of lesions found in the other part of esophagus makes the second and the third proposed theories less likely. Interestingly, it has also been proposed that the origin may be different, congenital in baby or children and acquired in

Barrett's esophagus, suggesting embryogenic in origin (Fuerle et al., 1990).

modalities such as dilatation for stricture and even surgery may be required.

have only been reported in small series.

other cases, surgical resections are indicated.

HGMP/CIP and Barrett's (Lauwers et al., 2005).

**10. Controversies**

theory.

adult (Lauwers et al., 2005).

recommendations for stomach will probably be adequate.

Other reported modalities for treating symptomatic non neoplastic HGMP/CIP include argon plasma coagulation and endoscopic mucosal resection. However, these modalities have only been reported in small series.

For those cases with complicated HGMP/CIP (type III), apart from acid suppressions, other modalities such as dilatation for stricture and even surgery may be required.

Type IV cases will require close follow up treatment may include argon plasma coagulation (Sauvé et al., 2001; Klaase et al., 2001), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic sub-mucosal dissection (ESD). For those with type V HGMP/CIP, treatment will depend on the stages of disease. Early adenocarcinoma can be treated with EMR or ESD. These can be resected after the creation of a polyp by rubber band ligation or with cap assisted EMR. For other cases, surgical resections are indicated.

It remains unknown whether patients detected to have HGMP/CIP requires to be followed up for future complications or progressions to types III to V. Patients found on biopsy to have dysplastic HGMP/CIP mucosa will require surveillance. It is unknown what time interval is recommended. Given that HGMP/CIP is gastric mucosa, following the recommendations for stomach will probably be adequate.


**The Metabolism of Islands**

Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Sustainability* Simron Jit Singh, Marina Fischer-Kowalski and Marian Chertow Edited by

www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

**The Metabolism of Islands**