*Article* **Selective Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Using L-Type Zeolites with Di** ff**erent Morphologies**

### **María José Ginés-Molina 1,**†**, Nur Hidayahni Ahmad 2,**†**, Sandra Mérida-Morales 1,**†**, Cristina García-Sancho 1, Svetlana Mintova 3, Ng Eng-Poh 2,\* and Pedro Maireles-Torres 1,\***

Received: 25 November 2019; Accepted: 13 December 2019; Published: 16 December 2019

**Abstract:** In the present work, the morphology of L-type zeolite (LTL topology) has been modified in order to evaluate the influence of several protonated-form LTL-zeolites with di fferent morphologies on their stability and catalytic performance in the conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Physico-chemical characterization of the LTL-based catalysts has revealed that the three types of morphologies (needle, short rod and cylinder) are active, providing complete glucose conversion and high 5-HMF yield values. The addition of CaCl2 had a positive influence on the catalytic performance. It was found that morphology influences the textural and acid properties of LTL-zeolites, and hence their catalytic performance. The best catalytic results have been obtained with the NEEDLE-LTL, showing nanoparticles with a length of 4.46 μm and a width of 0.63 μm, which attains a 5-HMF yield of 63%, at 175 ◦C after 90 min of reaction, and a glucose conversion of 88%. The reusability study has revealed a progressive decrease in 5-HMF yield after each catalytic cycle. Di fferent regeneration methods have been essayed without recovering the initial catalytic activity. The presence of organic molecules in micropores has been demonstrated by TG analysis, which are di fficult to remove even after a regeneration process at 550 ◦C.

**Keywords:** biomass; glucose; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; LTL-zeolites; heterogeneous catalysis


*Edited by Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi*

In the present book, various applications of electric field are introduced in health and biology like treating cancer and cell sorting and in engineering and technological applications like enhancing the heat transfer, colloidal hydrodynamics and stability, and lithography. Electric field is defined as a force field arising from the electric charges. Depending on the nature of the material (the ability to polarize) and the inherent or attained surface charges, the response of the electric field varies.

ISBN 978-1-78923-186-1

Electric Field

Published in London, UK © 2018 IntechOpen © Joshua Sortino / unsplash


**3. In-situ BMGMCs**

For in-situ BMGMCs, the fabrication process is very important and difficult to design, such as how to induce in-situ precipitated phase, how to control the volume fraction and size of secondary phase. For different alloy systems, the process and reinforcing phases are quite different, thus, this part will be divided by alloy systems, not by reinforcing phases.