**3.2 Political environment**

Politically there are many facets that one has to consider while providing technology services to the stakeholders in that country. Some example here:

Besides such external factors there are internal factors that influence technology strategy. A multinational organization operating in five continents generally has the manufacturing plants in low cost countries, the Research and Development in high talent rich locations and the back office work in most optimum cities. The resultant countries have a sort of unwritten hierarchy in the multinational organization. The heads of those countries have ears to the higher ups in the company and they have a say about every possible strategic and tactical plan of the company. Strategy formulation that happens in such a multi-country, multi-product, multidivision matrix organization can be best described in Lindblom's [16] terminology as 'Partisan Mutual Adjustment'. The strategist needs to manage certain give and take while making final plan. The various groups in a multinational company working in affiliates and parent company have own interests. The strategist needs to balance these interests, the process is referred as partisan mutual adjustment, typically found in the political circles.

One may also witness an intervention termed as collibration by Dunshire [17]. Collibration is the term used by Dunshire to indicate a higher level intervention such as a directive to award a contract to a certain vendor, or to appoint to particular person in a particular position. Philips deal with Dell on outsourcing of global desktop services that was canceled in 12 months in 2006, later on awarded to IBM. Dell was also supplier of components to Philips. One may wonder if the desktop deal with Dell was part of condition to maintain customer-supplier relationship.

Thirdly there has been a concept of coalition that is usually seen in political circles. A strategist in a multinational company needs to aware and work with coalition actors as described by Sabatier [18]. The coalition politics, also referred s 'Realpolitik' is a term that represents groups of people joining hands in a given context without any regard to their own ideology or own goals. It is also called as pragmatic politics. In a multinational company one may find such coalitions that exit only for a transient period to serve certain common goals.


**1. Introduction**

208 Soybean Physiology and Biochemistry

Zare, R., Gams, W., Culham, A., 2000. A revision of *Verticillium* sect. Prostrata.

Food security remain an unfulfilled dream for more than 800 million people (Combes *et al.,* 1996) who are unable to lead healthy and active lives because they lack assess to safe and nutritious food. More than 840 million people lack access to enough food to meet their daily basic needs, while more than one third of the world's children are stunted due to diets inadequate in quantity and quality (WHO, 2001). Widespread nutritional problems are steadily reported in less developed countries (LDCS). This is manifested in protein energy malnutrition indicated within vulnerable groups such as infants, children, the elderly, and pregnant and lactating mothers, who often have high nutrient needs.

Anon (2003), reports that the World Health Organization (WHO) called protein energy malnutrition, (PEM), the silent emergency. According to this report, it declared that PEM is an accomplice in at least half of 10.4 million child deaths each year. WHO (2001) reports that malnutrition cast long shadows, affecting close to 800 million people with 20% of all such people in the LDC. Reports of these wide growing nutritional problems have been steadily mentioned even in Nigeria (Smith and Oluwoye, 1988). Majority of this class is found in the rural areas and urban slums where common heritage of poverty, ignorance, poor sanitation and other conditions contribute to the problems of malnutrition, interfere with its solution, and thus perpetuate a vicious cycle.

Most malnourished people live in Asia and Africa; and the staple of most people in Asia and Africa are starchy pastes. These pastes are made from cereals (sorghum, rice, maize, wheat, millet, acha*)* roots and tubers (cassava, yam, sweet potato and plantain). These crops do not only provide marginal nutrition (especially for children) but also require high inputs of time, labour and fuel to prepare. In most cases they are consumed as combinations in the home because the blends provides complementary balance of amino acids (proteins) in the diet (FAO, 1985). That Africa and especially sub Saharan Africa is in danger of food shortages is no longer news. What is news however is the inability of this region to rise to the great danger facing this region in terms of provision of adequate food.

It was in response to this bleak future that the Bill Gate foundations (2007-2009) sponsored recent research on the possibility of development of drought resistant legumes including soybeans for the areas prone to drought. This was in the realization that these legumes would not only provide needed protein there by improving the nutritional status of the farming populations it would also enhance the socio- economic status of the populace through value chain addition.

The broad objective of the soybean component of the study was to **e**nhance promiscuous multipurpose soybean productivity and production in drought-prone areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The specific objectives included: To increase production of soybean by 15%, through increasing on farm yields in drought years by 20%, on 60% of target area planted, and also by increasing value chain marketing by 20%, income by 30% and house-hold consumption by 25%. These objectives were to be achieved through; Testing of promiscuous multipurpose existing soybean breeding lines for drought and low P tolerance. At least 20 promiscuous elite soybean lines with resistance to bacterial pustule, frog-eye spot, rust and shattering were to be evaluated for adaptation to drought and low P tolerance, and for promiscuous nodulation.

Part of the overall goal of the work was to develop soybean value chains to increase income and improve nutrition of smallholder farm families and other rural entrepreneurs. At least ten thousand households across the target countries were to be informed about profitable and environmental friendly value- addition technologies. At least 25% increase in consumption of soybean products and 25% increase in household income for at least 25% of the population in the target areas was envisaged. At least six training courses for soybean processing and utilization was to be organised in each project site in each country . At least 5 pilot sites for community-based soybean value addition operational in each of the target countries was to be established. At least 10 best-bet technologies for value addition in soybean used by at least 10% of households in the target countries was to be developed.

#### **1.1 Effect of drought on the nutritional status of soybean**

A study to evaluate the nutritional qualities of soybean grown under limited rainfall (drought) was carried out. The results showed that drought grown soybeans grains were smaller and ranged between 6.81-7.88 mm in length and 4.42-5.20 mm in width compared to 7.47-8.22 mm in length and 5.15-5.72 mm in width of the rainfed soybeans grains.

The functional properties of drought and rain fed samples( Table 1) showed that packed and loose bulk density of the milled flours were not significant (P>0.05). Water absorption capacity had been reported by Oyelade *et al* (2002) to denote the maximum amount of water that a food material can take up and retain under formulation conditions. It is known to be related to the degree of dryness and porosity. The high water absorption capacities and index showed that incorporation of the drought sample flour to other food supplement would yield similar results as use of rainfed soybean flours. Foaming capacity of the drought samples were significantly different (P<0.05) from the rainfed soybean sample. Though there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the foaming stability of the drought and rainfed samples, however, drought grown soybean samples had higher foaming capacities but lower foaming stability. Soy protein is used in food formulations for its foaming properties (Iwe, 2003). The results showed that drought materials have potential capacities to be used as foaming agents. Thus it could be a success in replacement or partial replacement of traditional ingredients for foaming such as egg white (INTSOY, 1998).

Emulsion capacity showed no significant differences (P<0.05) between the drought and rainfed samples. However the drought soybeans showed higher emulsion capacities than the rainfed samples indicating that there were no loss of critical functional property.

The least gelation capacity were also not significantly different (P>0.05). Gelation is an important functional property that soy protein can impart to comminuted sausage products. The results showed that even at 1%, the drought soybeans like the rainfed, soybean produced a gel.

The broad objective of the soybean component of the study was to **e**nhance promiscuous multipurpose soybean productivity and production in drought-prone areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The specific objectives included: To increase production of soybean by 15%, through increasing on farm yields in drought years by 20%, on 60% of target area planted, and also by increasing value chain marketing by 20%, income by 30% and house-hold consumption by 25%. These objectives were to be achieved through; Testing of promiscuous multipurpose existing soybean breeding lines for drought and low P tolerance. At least 20 promiscuous elite soybean lines with resistance to bacterial pustule, frog-eye spot, rust and shattering were to be evaluated for adaptation to drought and low P tolerance, and for

Part of the overall goal of the work was to develop soybean value chains to increase income and improve nutrition of smallholder farm families and other rural entrepreneurs. At least ten thousand households across the target countries were to be informed about profitable and environmental friendly value- addition technologies. At least 25% increase in consumption of soybean products and 25% increase in household income for at least 25% of the population in the target areas was envisaged. At least six training courses for soybean processing and utilization was to be organised in each project site in each country . At least 5 pilot sites for community-based soybean value addition operational in each of the target countries was to be established. At least 10 best-bet technologies for value addition in soybean used by at least 10% of households in the target countries was to be developed.

A study to evaluate the nutritional qualities of soybean grown under limited rainfall (drought) was carried out. The results showed that drought grown soybeans grains were smaller and ranged between 6.81-7.88 mm in length and 4.42-5.20 mm in width compared to

The functional properties of drought and rain fed samples( Table 1) showed that packed and loose bulk density of the milled flours were not significant (P>0.05). Water absorption capacity had been reported by Oyelade *et al* (2002) to denote the maximum amount of water that a food material can take up and retain under formulation conditions. It is known to be related to the degree of dryness and porosity. The high water absorption capacities and index showed that incorporation of the drought sample flour to other food supplement would yield similar results as use of rainfed soybean flours. Foaming capacity of the drought samples were significantly different (P<0.05) from the rainfed soybean sample. Though there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the foaming stability of the drought and rainfed samples, however, drought grown soybean samples had higher foaming capacities but lower foaming stability. Soy protein is used in food formulations for its foaming properties (Iwe, 2003). The results showed that drought materials have potential capacities to be used as foaming agents. Thus it could be a success in replacement or partial replacement of traditional ingredients for

Emulsion capacity showed no significant differences (P<0.05) between the drought and rainfed samples. However the drought soybeans showed higher emulsion capacities than

The least gelation capacity were also not significantly different (P>0.05). Gelation is an important functional property that soy protein can impart to comminuted sausage products. The results showed that even at 1%, the drought soybeans like the rainfed, soybean

the rainfed samples indicating that there were no loss of critical functional property.

7.47-8.22 mm in length and 5.15-5.72 mm in width of the rainfed soybeans grains.

**1.1 Effect of drought on the nutritional status of soybean**

foaming such as egg white (INTSOY, 1998).

produced a gel.

promiscuous nodulation.

Similarly there were significant (P<0.05) differences in all the proximate parameters measured (Table 2). The results followed already established principles that drought materials are low in moisture but higher in protein percentage. The reduction in moisture content and the hardness of the grain kernel makes oil extraction difficult. But results gotten from this work showed that even fat content of the drought material was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the rain fed samples. The vitamin and mineral contents of the materials showed similar trends in their profile. The amino acid profile further elucidated the nutritional superiority of the drought samples over the rainfed samples. Compared to the FAO recommendations for infants and adults the results showed that drought materials exceeded the recommendations for infant nutrition in all the amino acids.

The implication of this is that while rainfed material may record higher yields due to bigger seed size ,drought materials would be better nutritionally.

Table 1. The Functional Properties of the Drought and Rainfed Soybean

Table 2. The Proximate Composition of Drought and Rainfed Soybean.

Table 3. Vitamin Content of Drought and Rainfed Soybeans

Table 4. Minerals Content of Drought and Rainfed Soybeans

Table 5. Sensory Attributes of Soymilk Produced from Drought and Rainfed

Table 6.  The Amino Acid Profile of Drought and Rainfed Soybean Compared to FAO

Drought 87.5 6.6 6.7 6.6 7.0 Rainfed 8.9 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.9 Commercial 8.0 6.6 7.2 7.0 8.0

Table 5. Sensory Attributes of Soymilk Produced from Drought and Rainfed

(g/100g protein) Drought Soybean Rainfed Soybean FAO Amino

Acceptability

Acid Ref. Pattern

Children Adult

Table 4. Minerals Content of Drought and Rainfed Soybeans

Sensory Attributes

Amino acids

Reference Pattern

Organoleptic properties (Table5) showed that drought soybean samples had higher mean scores for taste (6.7), consistency (6.6) and overall acceptability (7.0) compared to 6.2, 6,4 and 6.9 respectively for rainfed soybeans samples. The results indicated that the only issue of serious consideration is the smaller size of drought soybean seeds which translates to lower yield. Growing soybean under limited rains may reduce its physical size, but have no reduction in its chemical, functional, nutritional or organoleptic properties. It is therefore necessary for increase in yield and to facilitate adoption and incorporation of soybean into both the farming systems and recipes of those in areas prone to drought that drought resistant soybean varieties be developed.


**2. DC-based vaccines**

Since cancer in fact develops and evolves in the presence of an intact immune system TAAs are by definition inadequately immunogenic. This results in a suboptimal T-cell activation, induction of immune tolerance and thus an ineffective immune reaction. Cancer vaccines are intended to break this immune tolerance. Strong presentation of antigen by antigenpresenting cells (APCs) is essential. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are the most powerful APCs, are known to be deficient in number and function in cancer patients. Activating APCs that are able to appropriately process and present the TAA is pivotal to activating an adaptive immune response and breaking peripheral tolerance.


**Author details**

Putu Artawan Ganesha University of Education (Undiksha), Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Bi-Ellipse Microstripline Antenna Array Varians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98834*


Human Culture and History

**111**

concept

**1. Introduction**

and only these are approved for use.

**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

*Paola González Carvajal*

Shipibo Conibo and Chilean

Diaguita Visual Art: Cognitive

Technologies, Shamanism and

Long-Distance Cultural Linkages

Pre-Columbian art in all its varied forms offers rich terrain for furthering our insights into the cultural and symbolic lives of Amerindian peoples. This paper studies decorative patterns of Diaguita origin which present a visual logic characterized by the use of complex symmetries, illusory optical vibration, endless variability stemming from simple geometric forms, *horror vacui*, and gradual structural complication, among other techniques. The features described, the association of this visual art to an animal alter ego (jaguar), and the evidence of hallucinogen use together suggest a cultural link with specific ethnographic (Shipibo-Conibo) and archeological (Mojocoya) visual art. In this case, we are dealing not with a notation system but with visual "technologies of enchantment" (sensu Gell 1998) that are used to produce decorative patterns with social agency that captivate viewers with their visual artifice—the non-mimetic appearance of animation. In 2015, a large cemetery was excavated at the Diaguita site of El Olivar. The graves therein belong to an early Diaguita cultural period, during which the Diaguitas created a techno-stylistic material identity, expressed in visual languages rooted not only in the Andean world, but in ancient cultural traditions of the eastern lowlands of Bolivia and the Peruvian Amazon.

**Keywords:** Chilean Diaguita culture, Shipibo-Conibo culture, South American shamanic art, cultural symmetry, long-distance cultural linkages, indigenous art

Structural analysis of Diaguita visual art [1] revealed certain decorative patterns (the predominance of abstract designs, the heavy use of symmetry, and the presence of spotted feline representations). The designs' minimal units and symmetrical structure have been shown to be sensitive to issues of group identity and cultural interaction processes [2], in which each culture selects and appropriates a limited number of symmetries that form a specific universe of socially recognized forms,

Pre-Inca Diaguita art displays a series of traits that allow it to be considered representative of a specific South American shamanic art tradition. Notable among these traits are the association of the designs with an alter ego (jaguar or spotted feline), the


**8. Sputnik V**

Gam-COVID-Vac, developed by the Russia's Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, is composed of two vector vaccines, based on rAd type 26 (rAd26) and rAd type 5 (rAd5)—both of which express the full-length spike protein (rAd26-S and rAd5-S). Both rAd26-S and rAd5-S are injected intramuscularly separately after 3 weeks interval. The results of the phase 1/2 clinical trials revealed the vaccine safety and immunogenicity in the healthy individuals. Therefore, the vaccine was authorized in Russia in accordance with the national laws. In a randomized, controlled phase 3 trial in Russia, including 21,862 participants, they detected the anti-RBD specific IgG titers, neutralizing antibody titers, and cellular immune response. The proposed regimen of vaccination generates both B cell and T cell responses, with 91·6% efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. The vaccine is preserved and dispersed at −18°C but storage at 2–8°C, an optimum temperature for worldwide supply, has also been licensed by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation [51].


*4.3. Reverse Transcription PCR and qRT-PCR*

Total RNA (1 µg) from each sample was used in reverse transcription. First-strand cDNA was synthesized with a PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit with a gDNA Eraser kit (TaKaRa, Japan). The concentration of the synthesized cDNA was determined, and the cDNA was diluted to 20 ng/µL for PCR analysis. Semi-RT-PCR was performed, which consisted of denaturation at 94 ◦C 5 min; followed by 25 cycles of 94 ◦C for 30 s, 55 ◦C for 30 s, and 72 ◦C for 60 s. The qRT-PCR conditions were pre-denaturation at 95 ◦C for 30 s; followed by 30 cycles of 95 ◦C for 5 s, 60 ◦C for 20 s, and 72 ◦C for 15 s. All primer sequences used in this study are listed in Table S4. The semi-RT-PCR products were separated on 1.5% agarose gels, and stained with ethidium bromide. The qRT-PCR results were analyzed using the 2−∆∆C T method, with three biological replicates.


**Epigenetics of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma**

Zhe Zhang1, Fu Chen2, Hai Kuang3 and Guangwu Huang1

*1Dept.Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 2Dept. Radiation Oncology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital of Fudan University 3Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University P.R. China*


The solutions from the analysis of sufficiency are reported in Table A1.13. Since neither the theoretical assumptions nor the results from the analysis of necessity allow for any directional expectations regarding individual conditions, the conservative and intermediate solutions yielded by the fsQCA software's standard analysis are identical. The parsimonious solution again serves only illustrational purposes and includes two tied prime implicants (∼LRECONPROX\*∼GALTANPROX and∼LRECONPROX\*∼SAMESIDE).The conservative solutionis very similar to the csQCA of the negative outcome in the same period. It only differs in one of the five solution paths, both of which include the condition ∼SAMESIDE, but in combination with different INUS conditions. The consistency and coverage are lower than in the csQCA, but not as significantly as in the analysis of government participation in this period. This results from the fact that there are three cases of radical right parties in opposition not covered by the solution.

Overall, the fsQCA yielded fairly similar results as the csQCA, though mostly with a lower consistency and coverage. These lower consistency scores indicate that some of the factors for radical right parties' inclusion in, and exclusion from, government during the first post-Communist decade which were necessary conditions in the csQCA do not qualify as such in the fsQCA. Because they are on the border to being necessary, however, this result does not fundamentally contradict the findings in the csQCA.The sufficient solution paths in the fsQCA and the csQCA are also quite similar. Hence, the fsQCA corroborates the robustness of the results in this study (Schneider and Wagemann 2012, chap. 11.2).

*TableA1.13:Sufficientconditionsfortheexclusionofradicalrightpartiesfromgovernment(afterfirstthird-generationelections)*

*(fsQCA)*

Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* Since no directional expectations about individual conditions have been made, the intermediate and conservative solutions are exactly the same. \*\* The prime implicants ∼LRECONPROX\*∼GALTANPROX and ∼LRECONPROX\*∼SAMESIDE are tied. The parsimonious solution includes both prime implicants.

## B) Temporal threshold: EU membership (csQCA)

## 1. Government formation with radical right parties before EU membership

In Chapter 4, the first third-generation elections were selected as the temporal threshold instead of the countries' accession to the European Union. Dividing the three post-Communist decades into before- and after-accession periods results in certain changes to the results.

1.1 Government participation of radical right parties

Table A1.14 shows that the RoN and coverage of socio-economic proximity (LRE-CONPROX) between radical right parties and formateurs decreases, so that it no longer qualifies as a necessary condition, rendering socio-cultural proximity (GAL-TANPROX) the only necessary condition for government participation.This finding corroborates the argument that the importance of socio-economic issues decreases in the consolidating decades.

*Table A1.14: Parameters of fit necessity: Government participation of radical right parties (before EU membership)*

Source: Created with QCA Package for R (Duşa 2019).

Extending the first period reduces the number of logical remainders to 22 (see Table A1.15), compared to 28 in the period before the first third-generation elections (see Chapter 8).

*A1.15:Truthtable:Governmentformationwithradicalrightparties(beforeEUmembership)*

*Table*

Source: Created with fsQCA 3.0 (Ragin and Davey 2016).

The conservative solution that results from the minimisation of rows 1 to 3, remains the same as in the period before the first third-generation elections (see Table A1.16), because all additional cases concern radical right parties that remained in opposition.

Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* Since no directional expectations about individual conditions have been made, the intermediate and conservative solutions are exactly the same.

#### 1.2 The exclusion of radical right parties from government

Similar to the analysis of necessary conditions for government participation of radical right parties, the negation of the LRECONPROX condition does not qualify as a necessary condition for the exclusion of radical right parties from government when the time frame is extended until accession to the EU (see Table A1.17). The consistency of the socio-cultural distance between radical right parties and formateurs (∼GALTANPROX) is lower than in the period before the first third-generation elections, but it is still above the minimum consistency for necessary conditions. As the lower consistency results from a contradiction in kind (MIÉP 1998), however, it is questionable whether or not this condition can be considered necessary for the negative outcome.The negation of the SAMESIDE condition also passes the consistency threshold of 0.9. However, the RoN is rather low and∼SAMESIDE reflects two theoretically different concepts—the absence of a bipolar opposition in the party system and the radical right and the formateur in opposite camps. Hence, this condition is not considered necessary either.

*Table A1.17: Parameters of fit necessity: Exclusion of radical right parties from government (before EU membership)*

Source: Created with QCA Package for R (Duşa 2019).

The analysis of sufficient conditions for the negative outcome before the accession to the EU includes more truth table rows and is more complex than in the period before the first third-generation elections, when all cases in which radical right parties were excluded from government clustered in a single truth table row.Therefore, the solutions in Table A1.18 differ somewhat from the results of the original analysis. This observation indicates that country-specific party competition in Central and Eastern Europe began to diversify in the period between the first third-generation elections and the accession to the European Union.

*Table A1.18: Sufficient conditions for the exclusion of radical right parties from government (before EU membership)*

Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* Since no directional expectations about individual conditions have been made, the intermediate and conservative solutions are exactly the same. The prime implicants LRECONPROX\*∼GALTANPROX\*∼FRAG\*∼SAMESIDE and LRECONPROX\*∼GALTANPROX\*∼SEATS\*∼SAMESIDE are tied. The conservative/intermediatesolutionincludesbothprimeimplicants. \*\*

 The prime implicants ∼SEATS\*∼FRAG and∼FRAG\*SAMESIDE are tied. The parsimonious solution includes both prime implicants.

## 2. Government formation with radical right parties since EU membership

2.1 Government participation of radical right parties

The parameters of fit in Table A1.19 illustrate that none of the conditions in the analytical model, nor their negations, are necessary for government participation of radical right parties in the period since EU membership. This mirrors the result in the period after the first third-generation elections.

*Table A1.19: Parameters of fit necessity: Government participation of radical right parties (since EU membership)*

Source: Created with QCA Package for R (Duşa 2019).

The number of logical remainders in the truth table that covers the period after the countries' accession to the EU is slightly lower than in the period after the first third-generation elections, and the truth table contains the same contradictory configuration (see Table A1.20).

*A1.20:Truthtable:Governmentformationwithradicalrightparties(sinceEUmembership)*

*Table*

Source: Created with fsQCA 3.0 (Ragin and Davey 2016).

Because changing the temporal threshold affects only cases in which radical right parties remained in opposition, the analysis of sufficiency in the period since EU membership yields the same conservative solution as in the period after the first third-generation elections (see Table A1.21).

*Table*

*A1.21:*

*Sufficient*

*conditions*

*for*

*the*

*government*

*participation*

*of*

*radical*

*right*

*parties*

*(since*

*EU*

*membership)*

 Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* Since no directional expectations about individual conditions have been made, the intermediate and conservative solutions are exactly the same.

2.2 The exclusion of radical right parties from government

Table A1.22 shows that there are no necessary conditions for the exclusion of radical right parties from government in the period after the countries' accession to the EU.

*Table A1.22: Parameters of fit necessity: Exclusion of radical right parties from government (since EU membership)*

Source: Created with QCA Package for R (Duşa 2019).

The analysis of sufficiency yields fewer, and slightly different, solution paths than in the period after the first third-generation elections because some cases have already been included in the period before EU membership (see Table A1.23). However, both approaches to periodisation result in similar findings. Here, again the absence of socio-cultural proximity between radical right parties and the formateur is included in three of the four solution paths, and the cases covered by the solution comprise a large number of parties that remained in opposition due to a cordon sanitaire, sometimes despite otherwise favourable conditions.

#### C) Recalibrating fragmentation

In Chapter 7, the set of fragmented party systems was calibrated to assign party systems with more than 4.0 effective parliamentary parties a membership score of 1. The two cases with a fragmentation of 3.9 and 4.0, Latvia and Slovakia in 2010, were characterised as moderately complex bargaining situations, because the level of complexity in these two cases was more similar to party systems with lower fragmentation. Hence, both cases were not included in the set of fragmented party sys-

Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* Since no directional expectations on individual conditions have been made, the intermediate solution is exactly the same as the conservative solution. \*\* The prime implicants ∼GALTANPROX\*∼FRAG and∼GALTANPROX\*∼SEATS are tied. The parsimonious solution includes both prime implicants.

tems. Lowering the threshold to 3.8 and thus including both cases in this set changes the results marginally. Since both cases concern the period after the first third-generation elections, the results of the earlier period are not affected.

## 1. Government participation of radical right parties

Table A1.24 shows that changing the calibration of the FRAG condition does not affect the conclusions regarding necessary conditions.The consistencies of FRAG and ∼FRAG remain constant, while the RoN and coverage scores change marginally.

*Table A1.24: Parameters of fit necessity: Government participation of radical right parties (after first third-generation elections)*

Source: Created with QCA Package for R (Duşa 2019); values in parentheses report parameters of fit in the original analysis.

The new truth table (see Table A1.25) shows that changing the calibration results in one additional logical remainder, since the case of the Slovak SNS in 2010 now has the same configuration as the Czech Úsvit in 2013 and the Estonian EKRE in 2015. The change neither resolves the previously existing contradiction nor does it create a new one.

*A1.25:Truthtable:Governmentparticipationofradicalrightparties(afterfirstthird-generationelections)*

*Table*

Source: Created with fsQCA 3.0 (Ragin and Davey 2016).

#### 376 Pariahs or Partners?

As the change in the calibration concerns only cases in which radical right parties remained in opposition, it does not affect the conservative solution yielded by the analysis of sufficient conditions for the participation of radical right parties in government in the period after the first third-generation elections (see Table A1.26). Additionally, the recalibrated cases are not covered by any of the logical remainders that were used for crafting the intermediate solution in the original analysis (see Chapter 9.1).

*TableA1.26:Sufficientconditionsforthegovernmentparticipationofradicalrightparties(afterfirstthird-generationelections)*

Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* Since no directional expectations on individual conditions have been made, the intermediate solution is exactly the same as the conservative solution. \*\*

 The prime implicants ∼LRECONPROX\*GALTANPROX, ∼LRECONPROX\*∼SEATS\*∼FRAG, and ∼LRECONPROX\*∼FRAG\*SAMESIDE are tied. The parsimonious solution includes all three prime implicants.

### 2. The exclusion of radical right parties from government

The recalibration of fragmentation results in marginal changes to the parameters of fit necessity for the negative outcome (see Table A1.27). However, there are still no necessary conditions for the exclusion of radical right parties from government in the period after the first third-generation elections.

*Table A1.27: Parameters of fit necessity: Exclusion of radical right parties from government (after first third-generation elections)*

Source: Created with QCA Package for R (Duşa 2019); values in parentheses report parameters of fit in the original analysis.

The conservative solution in Table A1.28 is somewhat different from the one resulting from the original calibration of fragmentation in Chapter 9 (see Table 9.5). In the original analysis of sufficiency, the intermediate solution was crafted by reversing the minimisation step that led to dropping the condition SAMESIDE from the first solution path. Thus, the intermediate solution better illustrates which conditions led to the negative outcome when the SAMESIDE condition was present or absent, respectively. The same procedure is used here. After this step, the two intermediate solutions are quite similar and illustrate that the recalibration does not result in a significant change of the explanatory patterns for the negative outcome.

*A1.28:Sufficientconditionsfortheexclusionofradicalrightpartiesfromgovernment(afterfirstthird-generationelections)*

*Table*

Source:CreatedwithfsQCA3.0(RaginandDavey2016).

 \* The prime implicants ∼LRECONPROX\*SAMESIDE and ∼LRECONPROX\*GALTANPROX are tied. The parsimonious solution includes both prime implicants.

## **Appendix II. Salience of socio-economic and socio-cultural issues in Central and Eastern European party systems**

Since the 2014 wave, the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) provides data on the salience of the socio-economic and socio-cultural dimensions for the individual parties, in addition to their positions (Jolly et al. 2022). The salience ranges from 0 (low) to 10 (high). The average salience of each dimension in the party system can be obtained by summing the salience of the respective dimension for each party and weighting it by their vote share. The mathematical formula for calculating the salience is as follows:

> Salience = ∑{(saliencei\*vote sharei )/(∑vote sharei )}

where i represents individual parties. Table A2.1 shows the average salience of the socio-economic and socio-cultural dimensionsin the countries covered by this study in the second half of the 2010s, which is based on the salience of the LRECON and GALTAN dimensions in the 2014 and 2019 CHES waves.

*Table A2.1: Salience of the socio-economic and socio-cultural dimension in the second half of the 2010s*

Source: Own compilation, based on data from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (Jolly et al. 2022).

## **Appendix III. Calibration of the higher-order condition of fundamentally similar socio-cultural positions**

Table A3.1 displays the calibration of the higher-order condition of fundamentally similar socio-cultural positions of radical right parties and formateurs (SOCCUL). The SOCCUL condition is true if GALTANPROX is present and/or SAMESIDE is present and based on ideological polarisation that originates from socio-cultural divides.

 For

 see

 7.

# Social Sciences

 Anke Strüver, Sybille Bauriedl (eds.) Platformization of Urban Life Towards a Technocapitalist Transformation of European Cities

September 2022, 304 p., pb. 29,50 € (DE), 978-3-8376-5964-1 E-Book: available as free open access publication PDF: ISBN 978-3-8394-5964-5

#### Mihnea Tanasescu Understanding the Rights of Nature A Critical Introduction

February 2022, 168 p., pb. 40,00 € (DE), 978-3-8376-5431-8 E-Book: available as free open access publication PDF: ISBN 978-3-8394-5431-2

 Oliver Krüger Virtual Immortality – God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism

2021, 356 p., pb., ill. 35,00 € (DE), 978-3-8376-5059-4 E-Book: PDF: 34,99 € (DE), ISBN 978-3-8394-5059-8

# Social Sciences

 Dean Caivano, Sarah Naumes The Sublime of the Political Narrative and Autoethnography as Theory

2021, 162 p., hardcover 100,00 € (DE), 978-3-8376-4772-3 E-Book: PDF: 99,99 € (DE), ISBN 978-3-8394-4772-7

 Friederike Landau, Lucas Pohl, Nikolai Roskamm (eds.) [Un]Grounding Post-Foundational Geographies

2021, 348 p., pb., col. ill. 50,00 € (DE), 978-3-8376-5073-0 E-Book: PDF: 49,99 € (DE), ISBN 978-3-8394-5073-4

 Andreas de Bruin Mindfulness and Meditation at University 10 Years of the Munich Model

2021, 216 p., pb. 25,00 € (DE), 978-3-8376-5696-1 E-Book: available as free open access publication PDF: ISBN 978-3-8394-5696-5


**4. Fe-S clusters (ISCs)**

triphosphate (ATP) during cellular respiration; hence, facilitating energy conversion in eukaryotes. Uniquely, each mitochondrion has its own DNA and encodes mitochondrial genes; hence, contributing the cell's proteome independently. The inheritance of the mitochondrial genome differs from nuclear genome since the donor of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the egg rather than sperm whose mitochondria are marked for obliteration upon entering the egg [3]. Hence, the organelle's DNA is inherited through females known as "maternal inheritance." Since these organelles generate energy, most biochemical reactions in the eukaryotic cells occur in the mitochondria. These reactions include pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) all needed for energy production. Mitochondria also have an important role in calcium signaling, regulation of cellular metabolism, heme synthesis, steroid synthesis, apoptosis, and the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (IS) clusters (ISC). The high number of human diseases caused by the malfunction of the mitochondrial proteins—encoded by nuclear or mtDNA—drew attention to the importance

Mitochondria are genetically controlled by both nuclear DNA and the mitochondrial genome [1, 4]. A wide range of molecular defects have been identified in the human mitochondrial genome [4–9]. Diseases due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome are clinically, genetically, and biochemically diverse [1, 2, 4, 6, 10]. Similarly, deficiencies in mitochondrial genes encoded by nuclear genome can also lead various mitochondrial disorders and a wide range of cellular perturbations such as undue reactive oxygen species and distracted apoptosis, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and deficient energy production. This in turn leads failure to meet the requirements of numerous organs, especially those with high energy needs. Hence, various pathological conditions appears due to impaired mitochondrial function in human body involving different cell types, tissues, and organs including heart and brain. Such multiorgan manifestations are all mitochondria related and these diseases varies from epilepsy to

**3. Mitochondria and genetics of mitochondria-related diseases**

The mitochondrial genome is a multicopy, double-stranded circular DNA molecule, which is 16.6 kb in human [11]. This genome encodes 13 essential proteins for the OXPHOS system and 24 components of the RNA machinery: 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs [11]. It is intronless and the only noncoding region is the displacement region (D-Loop), a region of 1.1 kb. It contains both the replication origins and the transcriptional promoters. Although mitochondria are genetically controlled by both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, mtDNA is only maternally inherited [3]. Mitochondrial genetics differ greatly from Mendelian genetics in size, number of encoded genes, number of DNA molecules per cell, lack of introns, gene density, replication, transcription, recombination, and mode of inheritance. The 13 proteins include 7 subunits of NADH

of this organelle.

238 Mitochondrial Diseases

**2. Mitochondria**

cardiac myopathies.

ISCs are evolutionarily ancient cofactors consisting of Fe (iron) and S (sulfur) associated to the cysteine sulfurs of proteins. The clusters are found in variety of organisms including archaea, protists, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. In a eukaryotic cell, they can be found in the mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus where they perform diverse functions [12]. ISCs play a critical role in many fundamental molecular processes and have roles in electron transfer, structural stabilization, gene regulation, enzymatic catalysis, metabolic regulation, and sensing environmental signals [13]. Almost 30 proteins in the mitochondria and the cytosol are involved in synthesizing and assembling these clusters. ISC have two most common forms [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters. ISC-related proteins of the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion are mainly located in the inner membrane. Moreover, some of these proteins are also found in the mitochondrial matrix in the organelles. For the cluster assembly, two machineries are required, the mitochondrial ISC assembly machinery and the cytosolic IS protein assembly machinery [12].

Eukaryotic IS proteins are located in mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus, where they perform diverse functions in cellular metabolism and regulation. The mitochondrial ISC assembly machinery matures all organellar IS proteins, and additionally contributes to the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear IS proteins by producing an unknown sulfur-containing compound (X-S) that is exported to the cytosol and used by the cytosolic IS protein assembly machinery. Hence, mitochondria are directly responsible for the essential functions (e.g., of nuclear IS proteins involved in DNA metabolism and genome maintenance).

Mitochondria forms iron-sulfur clusters of significant proteins such as DNA polymerase and DNA helicases, and, therefore, plays a significant role in survival. There are 17 different proteins forming iron-sulfur cluster machinery that places the clusters into the Apo proteins. The mechanism of formation of iron-sulfur clusters can be divided into three steps. First, it is synthesized on a scaffold protein. Second, it is bound to transfer protein after dislocation from scaffold protein. Third, the transfer protein, the cluster and the specific ISC targeting factor place the cluster into the Apo protein. The changes in the first two steps inhibit the maturation of extra mitochondrial Fe/S proteins and disturb the iron homeostasis [14]. Assembly of Fe-S cluster also takes place by NIF, SUF, and CIA machineries. Cysteine desulfurase is an enzyme that unites Fe-S assembly machineries. It is encoded by NFS 1 which functions to deliver sulfur to ISCU [15]. ISCU is an iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme; encodes component of iron-sulfur scaffold protein. The changes in this gene result in severe myopathy and lactic acidosis ("ISCU Fe-S Cluster Assembly Enzyme [*Homo sapiens* (Human)] - Gene - NCBI") Complexes 1, 2, and 3 contain Fe-S clusters. They function in electron transport by transfer of one electron in redox processes [16]. The assembly of the clusters is recently studied in Yeast. In photosynthetic organisms, the iron-sulfur clusters play role in chloroplast processes and are important for plastid functioning [17].

Yeast frataxin, Isu1, and Nfs1 (cysteine desulfurase) take part in *de novo* synthesis of ISC. Many genes encode ISC assembly factors such as *BOLA3*, *NFU1*, *GLRX5*, *NUBPL*, *LYRM4*, *IBA57*, *ISCA1*, and *ISCA2*. These molecules have significant role in mitochondria. They are essential cofactors in the assembly of cluster. Deficiency of these genes leads to different diseases, for instance, GLRX5 deficiency causes sideroblastic anemia, whereas NUBPL mutations lead to respiratory chain complex 1 deficiency. On the other hand, some of these deficiencies are classified under a unique category such as MMDS.


**E**ff**ect of Particle Size on Pore Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shales: Investigations from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Fluid Intrusion Techniques**

#### **Yi Shu 1, Yanran Xu 1, Shu Jiang 1,\*, Linhao Zhang 1, Xiang Zhao 1, Zhejun Pan 1,2, Tomasz P. Blach 3, Liangwei Sun 4, Liangfei Bai 4, Qinhong Hu 5 and Mengdi Sun 1,\***

Received: 20 October 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 19 November 2020

**Abstract:** The sample size or particle size of shale plays a significant role in the characterization of pores by various techniques. To systematically investigate the influence of particle size on pore characteristics and the optimum sample size for different methods, we conducted complementary tests on two overmature marine shale samples with different sample sizes. The tests included small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), gas (N2, CO2, and H2O) adsorption, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging. The results indicate that artificial pores and fractures may occur on the surface or interior of the particles during the pulverization process, and some isolated pores may be exposed to the particle surface or connected by new fractures, thus improving the pore connectivity of the shale. By comparing the results of different approaches, we established a hypothetical model to analyze how the crushing process affects the pore structure of overmature shales. Our results imply that intact wafers with a thickness of 0.15–0.5 mm and cubic samples (~1 cm3) are optimal for performing SANS and MICP analyses. Meanwhile, the 35–80 mesh particle size fraction provides reliable data for various gas physisorption tests in overmature shale. Due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of shale, future research on pore characteristics in shales needs a multidisciplinary approach to obtain a more comprehensive, larger scale, and more reliable understanding.

**Keywords:** sample size; neutron scattering; mercury injection capillary pressure; adsorption; shale


**Plant Responses and Tolerance to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity**

## **Plant Responses and Tolerance to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity**

Special Issue Editors **Mirza Hasanuzzaman Masayuki Fujita**

MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade

*Special Issue Editors* Mirza Hasanuzzaman Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Bangladesh

Masayuki Fujita Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University Japan

*Editorial Office* MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland

This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal *Plants* (ISSN 2223-7747) from 2019 to 2020 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants/special issues/metal toxicity).

For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below:

LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. *Journal Name* **Year**, *Article Number*, Page Range.

**ISBN 978-3-03936-198-4 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-199-1 (PDF)**

c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.


**Author's contributions**

Thonte. s.s analyzed and interpreted the data related to ED-XRF analysis. Yelmate A.A has given a major contribution for conducting the research and writing the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.


**Appendix A**

**Table A1.** Indigenous population in Taiwan in 2020.

Source: Ministry of the Interior [72] and Council of Indigenous Peoples [18].

**Figure A1.** Screenshot of the Power BI analysis. Note: For the online version, see: https://bit.ly/3gyBW3b.