Amongst the archival records that the Soprintendenza archivistica e bibliografica della Toscana safeguards there are, since the 1970's, business or company archives. Such archives bear witness to the history, capacities and vision of many big and small intrapreneurs in the local manufacturing industry. Tuscany has been famous since the 18th century for the production and processing of straw. The latter was used to realize the famous 'cappello di paglia di Firenze' (viz. the Florentine straw hat), giving work to hundreds of women employed in weaving straw into braids and hats. The tradition has continued somehow until today and some of the older firms are still active: in all, there are around 14 firms, many of which around a century old, which are still producing braids, hats and hat moulds. Their work and tradition has inspired the Museum of Straw in Signa1 , one of the main centres of the production of straw hats. It was in Signa that, for the first time, in 1714 Domenico Michelacci had the idea of starting a new kind of straw crop in order to obtain a thread that was particularly suited for weaving.

356

**Two Projects and a Thesaurus.**

**Recent Experiences in the Management,**

**Description and Indexing of Oral Sources**

**Sabina Magrini(a)**

a) Ministero della Cultura

**Contact:** Sabina Magrini<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
The Istituto Centrale per i Beni Sonori e Audiovisivi (ICBSA) has just finished, together with the Università degli Studi di Siena and Università degli Studi di Siena per stranieri, to work on the project "Ti racconto in italiano" which focuses on providing different access points to audio resources collected between 1980's and 2000's by ICBSA itself, as part of its

The main aim of the project is to create tools which will enable scholars of social history, art and literature to use these sources as well as providing original material for foreign students to exercise their knowledge of Italian. In order to facilitate access it has been necessary to create finding aids such as indexes and thesauri. For this purpose ICBSA has started a

This is not the first case of a project by insititutes of the Italian Ministry of Culture comprising the use of the Nuovo Soggettario for the indexing of archival materials. Indeed, the Soprintendenza Archivistica e Bibliografica della Toscana has

collaboration with the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze and the latter's Nuovo Soggettario.

already worked in this direction a few years ago when treating the so-called Straw archives.

**ABSTRACT**

12731

**KEYWORDS**

mission to document Italian audio and audiovisual culture.

Nuovo Soggettario; Oral sources; Archives; Indexing.

1 https://www.museopaglia.it/ Accessed June 2021

To celebrate the third centenary of the revolution in straw production and processing in the region after Michelacci's pioneering experiences, the Soprintendenza archivistica opted in 2014 to realize the census of the companies that were or are still active in the sector, to collect data on their archives and to organize and record a series of interviews with business owners, workers and furnishers active in this line (as well as their relatives) in order to have first-hand information on their way of life and work. The interviews (some on video as well) were intended for the Museum at Signa. One of the main aims of the project was also the publication online of the so-called SIU-SA descriptions of the archival records of the firms involved. SIUSA is an acronym for the Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (Unified Information System for the Supervision Agencies). It intends to be the primary access node to non State archival documents, both public and private, which are not kept by StateArchives.

The system describes the *archival fonds* according to a multi-level description; the *creators* (*bodies*, *people* and *families*) who produced the documents performing their activities; the persons or bodies who preserve (custody) the archives. General historical, administrative and archival information is provided as well, in order to allow a better comprehension of the context2 .

The aim of SIUSA is to assure the preservation and the knowledge of these sources and to provide access to them.

It was immediately clear from the perusal of the documents and the examination of the content of the interviews that it would have been essential to dispose of a controlled vocabulary focused on the world of straw processing. In such a way, it would have been possible to choose from a selection of terms in order to index content or to retrieve content through browsing or searching: thus, the SIUSA descriptions and any other works on the archives and interviews would have gained so much in sense, purpose and usability!

The potential of language as a meeting point between libraries, archives and museums was on the other hand a theme of reflection in those years for the Soprintendenza. So much so that in 2012 it had already created the basis of a collaboration with the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze through series of explorative letters and reciprocal declarations of intent.

For this reason, the Soprintendenza archivistica sought the collaboration of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence and specifically of the team behind the Nuovo soggettario3 . The Nuovo soggettario viz. the New Subject Index, is the Italian subject indexing tool created by the National Central Library of Florence for the entire system of Italian libraries and, in particular, for those operating in the National Library Service.

Far from being a tool in use only in the Library world, the Nuovo soggettario was and still is open to contributions from other areas of knowledge management and is interoperable with databases of archives and museums as well as available in all standard formats and protocols.

Significantly the potential of this interaction between different worlds was explored on occasion of the conference organized in 2015 by ANAI, the Association of Italian Archivists4 , MAB *Musei Archivi Biblioteche. Professionisti del Patrimonio Culturale Toscana* as well as the Tuscan Region and hosted by the Soprintendenza itself. On that occasion Emilio Capannelli, one of the archivists

359

of the Soprintendenza, described the first experiences of collaboration between local archivists

So, thanks to this collaboration with the National Library, Alessia Artini and Silvia Melloni, the two free lance archivists who worked on the straw archives project under the guidance of the Soprintendenza (and of the archivists Renato Delfiol and Luca Faldi in particular) produced a series of controlled vocabulary terms which have been accepted and adopted by the general Thesaurus

The idea was that of continuing the collaboration between archivists and librarians in order to create other carefully selected lists of words and phrases in order to tag units of information in other 'domains', such as the archival records of other manufacturing sectors. So far, though, this

A more complex and recent project that develops significantly some of the themes touched by "Archivi di paglia" is that of "Ti racconto in italiano" (fig. 1). This one year long project which has been financed by the General Directorate of Libraries in the Ministry aims at promoting the collections of ICBSA as well as the knowledge of the Italian language and culture abroad. What is it

has not occurred, at least as concerns the Soprintendenza archivistica in Tuscany.

. These terms hence recur in the scientif-

and librarians5

Fig. 1.

5 Capannelli 2016, 17-20

6 Artini, Benelli and Melloni 2017, 9

.

that is the main component of Nuovo soggettario system6

ic production concerning the straw archives.

all about? And, first of all, what is ICBSA?

2 https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/siusa/pagina.pl?RicLin=en Accessed June 2021

3 https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/ Accessed June 2021

4 http://www.anai.org/anai-cms/; http://www.mab-italia.org/ Accessed June 2021

of the Soprintendenza, described the first experiences of collaboration between local archivists and librarians5 .

So, thanks to this collaboration with the National Library, Alessia Artini and Silvia Melloni, the two free lance archivists who worked on the straw archives project under the guidance of the Soprintendenza (and of the archivists Renato Delfiol and Luca Faldi in particular) produced a series of controlled vocabulary terms which have been accepted and adopted by the general Thesaurus that is the main component of Nuovo soggettario system6 . These terms hence recur in the scientific production concerning the straw archives.

The idea was that of continuing the collaboration between archivists and librarians in order to create other carefully selected lists of words and phrases in order to tag units of information in other 'domains', such as the archival records of other manufacturing sectors. So far, though, this has not occurred, at least as concerns the Soprintendenza archivistica in Tuscany.

A more complex and recent project that develops significantly some of the themes touched by "Archivi di paglia" is that of "Ti racconto in italiano" (fig. 1). This one year long project which has been financed by the General Directorate of Libraries in the Ministry aims at promoting the collections of ICBSA as well as the knowledge of the Italian language and culture abroad. What is it all about? And, first of all, what is ICBSA?

358

To celebrate the third centenary of the revolution in straw production and processing in the region after Michelacci's pioneering experiences, the Soprintendenza archivistica opted in 2014 to realize the census of the companies that were or are still active in the sector, to collect data on their archives and to organize and record a series of interviews with business owners, workers and furnishers active in this line (as well as their relatives) in order to have first-hand information on their way of life and work. The interviews (some on video as well) were intended for the Museum at Signa. One of the main aims of the project was also the publication online of the so-called SIU-SA descriptions of the archival records of the firms involved. SIUSA is an acronym for the Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (Unified Information System for the Supervision Agencies). It intends to be the primary access node to non State archival documents,

The system describes the *archival fonds* according to a multi-level description; the *creators* (*bodies*, *people* and *families*) who produced the documents performing their activities; the persons or bodies who preserve (custody) the archives. General historical, administrative and archival

The aim of SIUSA is to assure the preservation and the knowledge of these sources and to provide

It was immediately clear from the perusal of the documents and the examination of the content of the interviews that it would have been essential to dispose of a controlled vocabulary focused on the world of straw processing. In such a way, it would have been possible to choose from a selection of terms in order to index content or to retrieve content through browsing or searching: thus, the SIUSA descriptions and any other works on the archives and interviews would have gained so

The potential of language as a meeting point between libraries, archives and museums was on the other hand a theme of reflection in those years for the Soprintendenza. So much so that in 2012 it had already created the basis of a collaboration with the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze

For this reason, the Soprintendenza archivistica sought the collaboration of the Biblioteca Nazio-

soggettario viz. the New Subject Index, is the Italian subject indexing tool created by the National Central Library of Florence for the entire system of Italian libraries and, in particular, for those

Far from being a tool in use only in the Library world, the Nuovo soggettario was and still is open to contributions from other areas of knowledge management and is interoperable with databases

Significantly the potential of this interaction between different worlds was explored on occasion

*Archivi Biblioteche. Professionisti del Patrimonio Culturale Toscana* as well as the Tuscan Region and hosted by the Soprintendenza itself. On that occasion Emilio Capannelli, one of the archivists

nale Centrale of Florence and specifically of the team behind the Nuovo soggettario3

of archives and museums as well as available in all standard formats and protocols.

of the conference organized in 2015 by ANAI, the Association of Italian Archivists4

2 https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/siusa/pagina.pl?RicLin=en Accessed June 2021

4 http://www.anai.org/anai-cms/; http://www.mab-italia.org/ Accessed June 2021

through series of explorative letters and reciprocal declarations of intent.

.

. The Nuovo

, MAB *Musei*

information is provided as well, in order to allow a better comprehension of the context2

both public and private, which are not kept by StateArchives.

access to them.

much in sense, purpose and usability!

operating in the National Library Service.

3 https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/ Accessed June 2021

5 Capannelli 2016, 17-20

6 Artini, Benelli and Melloni 2017, 9

ICBSA – as stated before The Central Institute for Sound and Audiovisual Heritage7 – was founded in 1928 and was once known as the State Discotheque. Its first collections consisted of a record collection entitled "The word of the Great", voices collected by Rodolfo De Angelis in the first half of the 1920s. Over the years, documents of folklore, music, history, theater, dance, cinema have been added to this initial nucleus, which represented the first Italian public sound heritage, recorded on the most different media, from the wax cylinders invented by Edison, to records, tapes, videos up to current digital media. ICBSA materials are public and available for consultation via OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) with the possibility of listening to the *incipit* of the digitized sound documents and consultation of the accompanying description.

At the beginning of 2020, a collaboration between ICBSA, and the University of Siena (UNISI) and the University for Foreigners of Siena (UNISTRASI) started in order to make a section of the "Historical Voices" collection available to the public.

The materials made available by ICBSA for the realization of the project are 35 interviews on audio files lasting an average of one hour each, carried out between 1983 and 2006. The interviews, chosen by Piero Cavallari (an ICBSA technician) involve prominent personalities from the world of Italian business, art and culture for a total of about 40 hours of recording.

In detail, the corpus of interviews comprises:

361

As Pierangela Diadori has noticed, it is difficult to think that a person with a mother tongue other than Italian and unfamiliar with the Italian culture of the second half of the twentieth century

Professor of Didactics of Italian for Foreigners).

As concerns UNISTRASI, ICBSA decided to activate a research grant in order to carry out the didactic adaptation of these sound materials to make them available online to teachers and students of Italian, Level B1-B2. The purposes were two: to bring foreign learners closer to intensive listening to encourage the learning of Italian, but also to open them a world of ideas, stories and emotions linked to some extremely interesting Italian personalities of the second half of the 20th century and through them to offer a cross-section of the Italian culture and society of this period. The work was accomplished by Elena Grifoni under the supervision of Pierangela Diadori (Full

Fig. 2.

7 http://www.icbsa.it/ Accessed June 2021

Fig. 2.

360

ICBSA – as stated before The Central Institute for Sound and Audiovisual Heritage7

the digitized sound documents and consultation of the accompanying description.

of Italian business, art and culture for a total of about 40 hours of recording.

Vespignani, painter, illustrator, set designer and engraver.

mo Petroni, writer; Luisa Spaziani, poet; Franca Valeri, actress. (fig. 2)

"Historical Voices" collection available to the public.

In detail, the corpus of interviews comprises:

7 http://www.icbsa.it/ Accessed June 2021

ed in 1928 and was once known as the State Discotheque. Its first collections consisted of a record collection entitled "The word of the Great", voices collected by Rodolfo De Angelis in the first half of the 1920s. Over the years, documents of folklore, music, history, theater, dance, cinema have been added to this initial nucleus, which represented the first Italian public sound heritage, recorded on the most different media, from the wax cylinders invented by Edison, to records, tapes, videos up to current digital media. ICBSA materials are public and available for consultation via OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) with the possibility of listening to the *incipit* of

At the beginning of 2020, a collaboration between ICBSA, and the University of Siena (UNISI) and the University for Foreigners of Siena (UNISTRASI) started in order to make a section of the

The materials made available by ICBSA for the realization of the project are 35 interviews on audio files lasting an average of one hour each, carried out between 1983 and 2006. The interviews, chosen by Piero Cavallari (an ICBSA technician) involve prominent personalities from the world

Meliconi, house goods producer; Ottavio Missoni, sportsman and fashion designer.

– was found-

As concerns UNISTRASI, ICBSA decided to activate a research grant in order to carry out the didactic adaptation of these sound materials to make them available online to teachers and students of Italian, Level B1-B2. The purposes were two: to bring foreign learners closer to intensive listening to encourage the learning of Italian, but also to open them a world of ideas, stories and emotions linked to some extremely interesting Italian personalities of the second half of the 20th century and through them to offer a cross-section of the Italian culture and society of this period. The work was accomplished by Elena Grifoni under the supervision of Pierangela Diadori (Full Professor of Didactics of Italian for Foreigners).

As Pierangela Diadori has noticed, it is difficult to think that a person with a mother tongue other than Italian and unfamiliar with the Italian culture of the second half of the twentieth century could listen to interviews lasting over an hour, or read the automatic transcription offered (honestly incomprehensible in many points): not even an Italian native speaker would do it.

The goal was therefore to create a battery of metadata, which could be freely surfed online and associated with the audio files and written files relating to each interview. It all had to be in the form of comprehension or completion exercises with closed answers, to be carried out in relation to the 'listening or reading'of the texts provided, together with keys for self-learning (figs. 3-4).

Fig. 3.

363

The format had to be such as to allow the insertion of these sets of exercises on the platform, in order to make access faster and offer immediate feedback with keys to the answers. Also a glossary

If one thinks of the shortage of didactic audio materials, having this instrument available anywhere in the world online, with the advantage of being free of charge and the possibility of access-

UNISI's contribution to the project consisted, instead, in the indexing of the text in order to make it interesting for a wider number of potential users and perusable for research purposes. In this

.

ing authentic cultural contents, it is easy to understand the importance of this operation8

Fig. 4.

has been realized.

8 Diadori 2021

Fig. 4.

The format had to be such as to allow the insertion of these sets of exercises on the platform, in order to make access faster and offer immediate feedback with keys to the answers. Also a glossary has been realized.

If one thinks of the shortage of didactic audio materials, having this instrument available anywhere in the world online, with the advantage of being free of charge and the possibility of accessing authentic cultural contents, it is easy to understand the importance of this operation8 .

UNISI's contribution to the project consisted, instead, in the indexing of the text in order to make it interesting for a wider number of potential users and perusable for research purposes. In this

362

Fig. 3.

could listen to interviews lasting over an hour, or read the automatic transcription offered (honest-

The goal was therefore to create a battery of metadata, which could be freely surfed online and associated with the audio files and written files relating to each interview. It all had to be in the form of comprehension or completion exercises with closed answers, to be carried out in relation to the 'listening or reading'of the texts provided, together with keys for self-learning (figs. 3-4).

ly incomprehensible in many points): not even an Italian native speaker would do it.

8 Diadori 2021

case as well a research grant was activated: the work was accomplished by Cecilia Valentini under the supervision of Silvia Calamai (Associate Professor of Glottology and General Linguistics).

As Valentini and Calamai have pointed out on occasion of the presentation of the project at the CLARIN Annual Conference 20209 , the main objective of "Ti racconto in italiano" was to create tools facilitating users search through the collection. Therefore, finding aids such as indexes and thesauri have been realized.

Indexing has been done classifying each segment of the documents at regular time intervals with a label (fig. 3).

The terms used as labels consist of key words and controlled vocabulary and are structured in a specifically created thesaurus, viz. a specialized vocabulary of hierarchically listed words and phrases that indicates a preferred term among synonyms and shows relationships between terms. The use of a thesaurus facilitates retrieval of information and ensures greater consistency in the indexing of documents.

The thesaurus used is naturally that of the Nuovo soggettario10. The National Central Library of Florence is in fact a partner of the project. Therefore, Anna Lucarelli and her team have followed all phases concerning the choice of the terms and have authorized the use of new terms proposed by Cecilia Valentini and which have now entered the Nuovo soggettario.

Indexing has been done, mainly by Stella Montanari via AVIndexer, a software developed by Davide Merlitti (Informatica Umanistica, Pisa)11 that makes use of SKOS, the Simple Knowledge Organization System recommended by W3C. Also the DublinCore Metadata set has been exploited (figs. 5-6).

Once indexed, the records as well as the thesauri will be published on the internet portal "Ti racconto in italiano" managed by ICBSA. The process is in progress at the moment. This platform is shaped on the digital library *Ti racconto la storia* online since September 201812. The latter was conceived by the General Directorate for Archives and the Central Institute for Archives in order to promote the knowledge and use of collections of oral testimonies, stories of life and other audio and audiovisual documentation produced on both analogue and digital media and stored in public institutions, research centers and private associations.

Once online, the perusal of the platform13 will clearly show how the resources of the Semantic Web have been exploited in order to create a framework for creating, managing, publishing and searching semantically rich metadata for web resources.

365

Fig. 5.

9 https://www.clarin.eu/content/programme-clarin-annual-conference-2020 Accessed June 2021

10 https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/ Accessed June 2021

11 http://www.informaticaumanistica.com/open-source/avindexer Accessed June 2021

12 https://www.tiraccontolastoria.san.beniculturali.it/ Accessed June 2021

13 The foreseen address is: https://tiracconto.icbsa.it/

Fig. 5.

364

9 https://www.clarin.eu/content/programme-clarin-annual-conference-2020 Accessed June 2021

11 http://www.informaticaumanistica.com/open-source/avindexer Accessed June 2021

12 https://www.tiraccontolastoria.san.beniculturali.it/ Accessed June 2021

case as well a research grant was activated: the work was accomplished by Cecilia Valentini under the supervision of Silvia Calamai (Associate Professor of Glottology and General Linguistics). As Valentini and Calamai have pointed out on occasion of the presentation of the project at the

tools facilitating users search through the collection. Therefore, finding aids such as indexes and

Indexing has been done classifying each segment of the documents at regular time intervals with

The terms used as labels consist of key words and controlled vocabulary and are structured in a specifically created thesaurus, viz. a specialized vocabulary of hierarchically listed words and phrases that indicates a preferred term among synonyms and shows relationships between terms. The use of a thesaurus facilitates retrieval of information and ensures greater consistency in the

The thesaurus used is naturally that of the Nuovo soggettario10. The National Central Library of Florence is in fact a partner of the project. Therefore, Anna Lucarelli and her team have followed all phases concerning the choice of the terms and have authorized the use of new terms proposed

Indexing has been done, mainly by Stella Montanari via AVIndexer, a software developed by Davide Merlitti (Informatica Umanistica, Pisa)11 that makes use of SKOS, the Simple Knowledge Organization System recommended by W3C. Also the DublinCore Metadata set has been exploit-

Once indexed, the records as well as the thesauri will be published on the internet portal "Ti racconto in italiano" managed by ICBSA. The process is in progress at the moment. This platform is shaped on the digital library *Ti racconto la storia* online since September 201812. The latter was conceived by the General Directorate for Archives and the Central Institute for Archives in order to promote the knowledge and use of collections of oral testimonies, stories of life and other audio and audiovisual documentation produced on both analogue and digital media and stored in pub-

Once online, the perusal of the platform13 will clearly show how the resources of the Semantic Web have been exploited in order to create a framework for creating, managing, publishing and

by Cecilia Valentini and which have now entered the Nuovo soggettario.

lic institutions, research centers and private associations.

searching semantically rich metadata for web resources.

10 https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/ Accessed June 2021

13 The foreseen address is: https://tiracconto.icbsa.it/

, the main objective of "Ti racconto in italiano" was to create

CLARIN Annual Conference 20209

thesauri have been realized.

indexing of documents.

a label (fig. 3).

ed (figs. 5-6).

Fig. 6.

367

Artini, Benelli and Melloni 2017. *Archivi di paglia. Gli archivi del distretto industriale della paglia in Toscana*, edited by Alessia Artini, Angelita Benelli, Silvia Melloni, Firenze: Edizioni Polistampa.

Capannelli, Emilio 2016. "Prime esperienze di collaborazione tra archivisti e bibliotecari" In *Il nome delle cose. Il linguaggio controllato come punto di incontro tra archivi, biblioteche e musei. L'esperienza del Gruppo linguaggi di MAB Toscana*, edited by Francesca Capetta, 17-20. Accessed June 2021.

Diadori, Pierangela 2021. "Ti racconto in italiano: voci del '900 per imparare l'italiano L2. Progetto ICBSA-UNISTRASI di didattizzazione di interviste sonore a personalità del '900." In La Nuova DITALS risponde 3, edited by Pierangela Diadori, Caterina Gennai, Elena Monami, in

http://www.ilmondodegliarchivi.org/images/Quaderni/MdA\_Quaderni\_n1.pdf.

**References**

press. Roma: Edilingua.

# **References**

366

Fig. 6.

Artini, Benelli and Melloni 2017. *Archivi di paglia. Gli archivi del distretto industriale della paglia in Toscana*, edited by Alessia Artini, Angelita Benelli, Silvia Melloni, Firenze: Edizioni Polistampa.

Capannelli, Emilio 2016. "Prime esperienze di collaborazione tra archivisti e bibliotecari" In *Il nome delle cose. Il linguaggio controllato come punto di incontro tra archivi, biblioteche e musei. L'esperienza del Gruppo linguaggi di MAB Toscana*, edited by Francesca Capetta, 17-20. Accessed June 2021. http://www.ilmondodegliarchivi.org/images/Quaderni/MdA\_Quaderni\_n1.pdf.

Diadori, Pierangela 2021. "Ti racconto in italiano: voci del '900 per imparare l'italiano L2. Progetto ICBSA-UNISTRASI di didattizzazione di interviste sonore a personalità del '900." In La Nuova DITALS risponde 3, edited by Pierangela Diadori, Caterina Gennai, Elena Monami, in press. Roma: Edilingua.

# **The bibliographic control of music in the digital ecosystem. The case of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB)**

# **Klaus Kempf(a)**

a) Independent consultant – formerly Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

**Contact:** Klaus Kempf<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
#### **ABSTRACT**

12753

The BSB's music department (entrusted since 1949 with the management of the national information service on music) is one of the largest music libraries in the world in terms of the size and quality of its collection, but also in terms of the breadth and depth of its collection acquisition policy. The various materials are widely catalogued and indexed in a very articulate way, using a wide range of catalogues and according to specific rules. The BSB currently uses the RDA and MARC21, according to national policies.

The Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND), the authority files of the German-speaking library world, are used both in cataloguing and in subject classification. The GND is nowadays used even outside the library world by archives, museums and other kinds of institutions, as well as for the cataloguing of websites.

The BSB participates in the RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) international online catalogue of music sources, and, together with the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, manages its OPAC.

The presentation will describe these projects, as well as the cataloguing workflow, the application of the RDA in specific cases, the special rules (and cataloguing system) for personal archives and musical legacies (RNA), and finally the futuristic service 'musiconn'. This last service is included in the national service for music information Fachinformationsdienst Musikwissenschaft and has been developed by the BSB: it offers the possibility to search by melody, as part of a project based on Optical Music Recognition (OMR), a software tool that allows automatic recognition of compositions after they are printed.

#### **KEYWORDS**

Cataloging music sources in Germany; German authority files in musicology and music sources; Digitization of music sources.

FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI 10.36253/fup\_best\_practice)

368 Giovanni Bergamin, Mauro Guerrini (edited by), *Bibliographic Control in the Digital Ecosystem*, © 2022 Author(s), content CC BY 4.0 International, metadata CC0 1.0 Universal, published by Associazione italiana biblioteche, Edizioni Università di Macerata, Firenze University Press, ISSN 2704-5889 (online), ISBN 978-88-5518-544-8 (PDF), DOI 10.36253/978-88-5518-544-8

369

**The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek as a big music research library**

**Cataloging & metadata management in music and musicology collections**

– https://wiki.dnb.de/display/RDAINFO/Arbeitshilfen); and

ny in both cases they use the Integrated Authority File (GND).

metadating in a relatively wide range of different catalogs.

in the meanwhile well established standards,

**The integrated authority file (GND)**

The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB) is not only the central state library (national library) of the Free State of Bavaria, but also or in particular a big research library. It disposes of world wide well known and recogniced special collections in a couple of science disciplines. One of them regards music and musicology. The library hosts in its stacks 455.000 music editions, 72.000 music manuscripts, 330 composer archives (personal papers), 93.000 non book material/sound carriers, in particular discs and CDs, 164 000 books and journals about music and musicology. Since 1949 the BSB is part of the national special collection progamme, especially music, cofinanced by the German Research Society (DFG) and since 2014 the library is responsable for music and musicology within the framework of the Specialised information services programme (FID) also cofunded

Following the principle that cataloging aims traditionally on two major objectives: on the one hand side on the specifica of the object/material regarded: on the other hand side on the needs (and desires) of the (potential) user leads in the field of music and musicology – at least in the German speaking world – to an especially varied and contemporarily particularly profiled cataloging/

Since the introduction of the online catalogs (OPAC) the German libraries use more and more the

The Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatendatei – GND: https://www.dnb.de/EN/ Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd\_node.html;jsessionid=935B36EDCD89249E62A%20 1BA3000574759.internet531) is a service facilitating the collaborative use and administration of authority data. These authority data represent and describe entities, i.e., persons, corporate bodies, conferences and events, geographic entities, topics and works relating to cultural and academic collections. Libraries in particular use the GND to catalog publications. However, archives, museums, cultural and academic institutions, and researchers involved in research projects are also increasingly working with the GND. Authority data make cataloging easier, offer definitive search entries and forge links between different information resources. Every entity in the GND features a unique and stable identifier (GND ID). This makes it possible to link the authority data

**Subsection title**

by the DFG.

## **The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek as a big music research library**

### **Subsection title**

The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB) is not only the central state library (national library) of the Free State of Bavaria, but also or in particular a big research library. It disposes of world wide well known and recogniced special collections in a couple of science disciplines. One of them regards music and musicology. The library hosts in its stacks 455.000 music editions, 72.000 music manuscripts, 330 composer archives (personal papers), 93.000 non book material/sound carriers, in particular discs and CDs, 164 000 books and journals about music and musicology. Since 1949 the BSB is part of the national special collection progamme, especially music, cofinanced by the German Research Society (DFG) and since 2014 the library is responsable for music and musicology within the framework of the Specialised information services programme (FID) also cofunded by the DFG.

### **Cataloging & metadata management in music and musicology collections**

Following the principle that cataloging aims traditionally on two major objectives: on the one hand side on the specifica of the object/material regarded: on the other hand side on the needs (and desires) of the (potential) user leads in the field of music and musicology – at least in the German speaking world – to an especially varied and contemporarily particularly profiled cataloging/ metadating in a relatively wide range of different catalogs.

Since the introduction of the online catalogs (OPAC) the German libraries use more and more the in the meanwhile well established standards,

### **The integrated authority file (GND)**

368

**The bibliographic control of music**

**in the digital ecosystem.**

**The case of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB)**

**Klaus Kempf(a)**

a) Independent consultant – formerly Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

**Contact:** Klaus Kempf<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
The BSB's music department (entrusted since 1949 with the management of the national information service on music) is one of the largest music libraries in the world in terms of the size and quality of its collection, but also in terms of the breadth and depth of its collection acquisition policy. The various materials are widely catalogued and indexed in a very articulate way, using a wide range of catalogues and according to specific rules. The BSB currently uses the RDA and

The Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND), the authority files of the German-speaking library world, are used both in cataloguing and in subject classification. The GND is nowadays used even outside the library world by archives, museums and other

The BSB participates in the RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) international online catalogue of music

The presentation will describe these projects, as well as the cataloguing workflow, the application of the RDA in specific cases, the special rules (and cataloguing system) for personal archives and musical legacies (RNA), and finally the futuristic service 'musiconn'. This last service is included in the national service for music information Fachinformationsdienst Musikwissenschaft and has been developed by the BSB: it offers the possibility to search by melody, as part of a project based on Optical Music Recognition (OMR), a software tool that allows automatic recognition of compositions after they

Cataloging music sources in Germany; German authority files in musicology and music sources; Digitization of music sources.

**ABSTRACT**

12753

are printed.

**KEYWORDS**

MARC21, according to national policies.

kinds of institutions, as well as for the cataloguing of websites.

sources, and, together with the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, manages its OPAC.

The Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatendatei – GND: https://www.dnb.de/EN/ Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd\_node.html;jsessionid=935B36EDCD89249E62A%20 1BA3000574759.internet531) is a service facilitating the collaborative use and administration of authority data. These authority data represent and describe entities, i.e., persons, corporate bodies, conferences and events, geographic entities, topics and works relating to cultural and academic collections. Libraries in particular use the GND to catalog publications. However, archives, museums, cultural and academic institutions, and researchers involved in research projects are also increasingly working with the GND. Authority data make cataloging easier, offer definitive search entries and forge links between different information resources. Every entity in the GND features a unique and stable identifier (GND ID). This makes it possible to link the authority data

with both each other and external data sets and web resources. This results in a cross-organizational, machine-readable data network.

### **Cataloging of music editions, books, and audio/sound carrier in Germany**

Cataloging of music editions, books and audio/sound carriers in Germany is normally done on a regional level via the academy library system dominating regional and intraregional library networks, however periodicals are cataloged in a nationwide, even transnational database. In the case of the BSB music editions, books (monographs) and audio/sound carriers are cataloged in the Union Catalog (Verbundkatalog – B3kat) of the Bavarian Library Network (BVB): <https://www. bib-bvb.de/>. But the periodicals, journals, year books and so on, are cataloged – like the other libraries are doing – in the German National Periodical Catalog (ZDB): <https://www.zeitschriftendatenbank.de/startseite> on which are participating also the library systems of Austria and the German Switzerland. By adding a shelfmark at the cataloging record in the union catalog and the national periodical catalog the concerned record is replicated/duplicated – in real time – in the regarded local OPAC: <https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/metaopac/start.do>.

In a different way are handled the music sources. They are primarly cataloged worldwide in cooperation via RISM <https://rism.info/index.html>. The Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM), International Inventory of Musical Sources, is an international, non-profit organization that aims to comprehensively document extant musical sources worldwide: manuscripts, old music editions, writings on music theory, and libretti that are found in libraries, archives, churches, schools, and private collections. The RISM Catalog of Musical Sources contains over 1.2 million records and can be searched at no cost. RISM was founded in Paris in 1952 and is the largest and only global organization that documents written musical sources. RISM records what exists and where it can be found.

The cataloging happens decentrally via an international cooperation following specific cataloging rules which are primarily oriented on musicological criteria. This catalog in the case of handwritten material offers access to its content also via the cataloging of the so called music incipits. Moreover, this catalog is using an own rather detailled (meta)data format. At least the German editorial staff is also using systematically the (German) Authority File, the GND. The central cataloging tool, the data base, is hosted by the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (SBB). The (RISM) OPAC is managed and maintained by the BSB. The BSB-OPAC is updated every half a year with the new records cataloged in the RISM-Catalog via the Bavarian Network Union Catalog (B3Kat).

### **Cataloging of personal papers (composer archives), publisher archives and manuscripts**

Kalliope is a Union Catalog for collections of personal papers, manuscripts, and publishers' archives and the National Information System for these material types (https://kalliope-verbund. info/de/index.html). Founded by the Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage with financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) in 2001, Kalliope superseded the Central Register of Autographs (Zentralkartei der Autographen, ZKA), which was established in 1966.

371

The Kalliope Union Catalog is committed to comply with standards (guidelines, file formats, authority files, ISO norms) of the library and archival community: Encoded Archival Description (EAD): XML schema for encoding archival finding aids; Encoded Archival Context – Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC): XML schema for encoding (archival) authority records; GND – Integrated Authority File of the German National Library: uniquely referenced vocab-

rate bodies, with 24,000 of these having a unique identifier of the GND.

**Kalliope and bibliographic control**

The joint cataloging in Kalliope is based on established archival and librarian description and cataloging guidelines and relies heavily on authority control processes. Kalliope is therefore not just another data aggregation service, but rather a digital environment that establishes and provides new instruments and processes to create, modify, and to access data about personal papers dispersed in many libraries, archives, and museums. But using Kalliope means parallel cataloging and parallel offer of data access. Until today there is no connection, neither an interface nor a data transfer (replication) between the Kalliope data base and the union catalogs of the various region-

The initial data base of Kalliope was formed by 1,2 million catalog cards of the ZKA that had been provided by 450 institutions over a period of more than 30 years. The conversion of these cards into a machine-readable format was completed in 2006. Moreover, the catalog service was extended step by step to provide access to collections of personal papers in Austria and Switzerland as well as personal papers of persons from German speaking countries kept in libraries and archives abroad, particularly in the United States of America. Since 2001 cultural heritage organizations can make full use of a client-server based cataloging application including full access to the Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND) of the German National Library. The Union Catalog takes an active role in the operation of this national cataloging resource and adds greatly to it by identifying entities that are only known via unique materials as are described

The cataloging client conforms to the German Guidelines for the description of personal paper and manuscript collections (RNA – Regeln für die Erschließung von Nachlässen und Autographen) which are in turn compatible with ISAD(G) – General International Standard Archival Description. As of May 2015, 102 organizations use the Kalliope cataloging client – compared to 54 in 2010. Additionally, standardized data (EAD – Encoded Archival Description) from local applications can be made available for retrieval in Kalliope. Currently the database provides access to 19,300 collections with a total of more than 3 million units of description originating from more than 950 institutions, including letters, manuscripts, personal documents, albums, diaries, lecture notes, photographs, posters, movies, screenplays, music editions and even some famous ringlets. The database includes around 600,000 name records, 253,000 of which describe individualized persons distinguished by a unique identifier of the GND, and more than 90,000 records of corpo-

al library networks or the single local OPACs.

in Kalliope.

**Kalliope: History, Development, State of the Art**

The joint cataloging in Kalliope is based on established archival and librarian description and cataloging guidelines and relies heavily on authority control processes. Kalliope is therefore not just another data aggregation service, but rather a digital environment that establishes and provides new instruments and processes to create, modify, and to access data about personal papers dispersed in many libraries, archives, and museums. But using Kalliope means parallel cataloging and parallel offer of data access. Until today there is no connection, neither an interface nor a data transfer (replication) between the Kalliope data base and the union catalogs of the various regional library networks or the single local OPACs.

## **Kalliope: History, Development, State of the Art**

The initial data base of Kalliope was formed by 1,2 million catalog cards of the ZKA that had been provided by 450 institutions over a period of more than 30 years. The conversion of these cards into a machine-readable format was completed in 2006. Moreover, the catalog service was extended step by step to provide access to collections of personal papers in Austria and Switzerland as well as personal papers of persons from German speaking countries kept in libraries and archives abroad, particularly in the United States of America. Since 2001 cultural heritage organizations can make full use of a client-server based cataloging application including full access to the Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND) of the German National Library. The Union Catalog takes an active role in the operation of this national cataloging resource and adds greatly to it by identifying entities that are only known via unique materials as are described in Kalliope.

The cataloging client conforms to the German Guidelines for the description of personal paper and manuscript collections (RNA – Regeln für die Erschließung von Nachlässen und Autographen) which are in turn compatible with ISAD(G) – General International Standard Archival Description. As of May 2015, 102 organizations use the Kalliope cataloging client – compared to 54 in 2010. Additionally, standardized data (EAD – Encoded Archival Description) from local applications can be made available for retrieval in Kalliope. Currently the database provides access to 19,300 collections with a total of more than 3 million units of description originating from more than 950 institutions, including letters, manuscripts, personal documents, albums, diaries, lecture notes, photographs, posters, movies, screenplays, music editions and even some famous ringlets. The database includes around 600,000 name records, 253,000 of which describe individualized persons distinguished by a unique identifier of the GND, and more than 90,000 records of corporate bodies, with 24,000 of these having a unique identifier of the GND.

### **Kalliope and bibliographic control**

370

with both each other and external data sets and web resources. This results in a cross-organiza-

Cataloging of music editions, books and audio/sound carriers in Germany is normally done on a regional level via the academy library system dominating regional and intraregional library networks, however periodicals are cataloged in a nationwide, even transnational database. In the case of the BSB music editions, books (monographs) and audio/sound carriers are cataloged in the Union Catalog (Verbundkatalog – B3kat) of the Bavarian Library Network (BVB): <https://www. bib-bvb.de/>. But the periodicals, journals, year books and so on, are cataloged – like the other libraries are doing – in the German National Periodical Catalog (ZDB): <https://www.zeitschriftendatenbank.de/startseite> on which are participating also the library systems of Austria and the German Switzerland. By adding a shelfmark at the cataloging record in the union catalog and the national periodical catalog the concerned record is replicated/duplicated – in real time – in the

In a different way are handled the music sources. They are primarly cataloged worldwide in cooperation via RISM <https://rism.info/index.html>. The Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM), International Inventory of Musical Sources, is an international, non-profit organization that aims to comprehensively document extant musical sources worldwide: manuscripts, old music editions, writings on music theory, and libretti that are found in libraries, archives, churches, schools, and private collections. The RISM Catalog of Musical Sources contains over 1.2 million records and can be searched at no cost. RISM was founded in Paris in 1952 and is the largest and only global organization that documents written musical sources. RISM records what

The cataloging happens decentrally via an international cooperation following specific cataloging rules which are primarily oriented on musicological criteria. This catalog in the case of handwritten material offers access to its content also via the cataloging of the so called music incipits. Moreover, this catalog is using an own rather detailled (meta)data format. At least the German editorial staff is also using systematically the (German) Authority File, the GND. The central cataloging tool, the data base, is hosted by the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (SBB). The (RISM) OPAC is managed and maintained by the BSB. The BSB-OPAC is updated every half a year with the new

records cataloged in the RISM-Catalog via the Bavarian Network Union Catalog (B3Kat).

**Cataloging of personal papers (composer archives), publisher archives and manuscripts**

Kalliope is a Union Catalog for collections of personal papers, manuscripts, and publishers' archives and the National Information System for these material types (https://kalliope-verbund. info/de/index.html). Founded by the Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage with financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) in 2001, Kalliope superseded the Central Register of Autographs (Zentralkartei der Autographen, ZKA), which was estab-

**Cataloging of music editions, books, and audio/sound carrier in Germany**

regarded local OPAC: <https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/metaopac/start.do>.

tional, machine-readable data network.

exists and where it can be found.

lished in 1966.

The Kalliope Union Catalog is committed to comply with standards (guidelines, file formats, authority files, ISO norms) of the library and archival community: Encoded Archival Description (EAD): XML schema for encoding archival finding aids; Encoded Archival Context – Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC): XML schema for encoding (archival) authority records; GND – Integrated Authority File of the German National Library: uniquely referenced vocabulary for entities such as persons, corporate bodies, places, and subject headings Guidelines for the Description of Personal Paper and Manuscript Collections (Regeln für die Erschließung von Nachlässen und Autographen, RNA); ISO 15511: International Standard Library Identifier and Related Organisations (ISIL): unique identifier code for scientific and cultural heritage organizations; ISO 3166: Codes for Names of Countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest and their principal subdivisions: used for asigning persons and corporate bodies of the integrated authority file to main geographical area; ISO 629-2: Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 2: Alpha-3 code: used to describe the language within a unit of description. The Guidelines for the Description of Personal Paper and Manuscript Collections are well established and applied by libraries, archives, museums, and similar organizations in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, and are compatible with the principles of archival description outlined in the General International Standard Archival.

### **The new Special information service (FID) for music/musicology – musiconn**

The introduction of information portals or platforms is a web conform way to put order and structure in rather heterogenous data, but concerning the same scientific discipline; in particular they offer normally a discipline specific unique search possibility on heterogenous information sources. In German this way of presenting information is often called Sekundär-erschließung. The service musiconn.search (https://www.musiconn.de/) offers access to 19 relevant data bases/catalogues and other, also fulltext online sources with 6,5 millions single items. A special service of musiconn is the so called melodies search, the musiconn.scoresearch. The prototypical application was developed by the BSB itself, promoted and financially supported by the DFG. The software tool is based on the principles of Optical Music Recognition (OMR) and allows the automatical recognition of melodies in selected digitized music sheets. Actually the melody search is possible in the compositions of the following composers (https://scoresearch. musiconn.de/ScoreSearch/about).

### **Conclusion**

The start of the online cataloging pushed the standardization in general and involved a consequent usage of authority file controlled terms in cataloging as well as in subject heading. This applies in principle also to information material regarding music and musicology. In the field of music and musicology cataloging traditionally there is a strong input from the research community itself. The organizational platform for that is RISM, an international body which has established just in the early 50ies its own cataloging database. Today the database is a publicly accessible catalog for the registering (and cataloging) of music sources, in particular manuscripts and old music editions as well as libretti. The RISM-Catalog has its own rules and is based on its own data format. This catalog offers access to its content also via the cataloging of the so called music incipits.

In the German speaking world existing online platform for the cataloging of personal papers & autographs and giving access to them in the internet, called Kalliope, is also used for the catalog-

373

ing of relevant material in music and musicology. Last but not least the recently introduced special information service (FID) for music, musiconn, offers with musiconn.scoresearch the possibility to find melodies in selected and via the portal accessible digitized music editions. Score search is still a work in progress and not error-free, but it is a decisive step towards a machine learning approach in the field of musicology. It is similar to a full text search in text based sciences and in

a near future it can become an very interesting service also for the average user.

ing of relevant material in music and musicology. Last but not least the recently introduced special information service (FID) for music, musiconn, offers with musiconn.scoresearch the possibility to find melodies in selected and via the portal accessible digitized music editions. Score search is still a work in progress and not error-free, but it is a decisive step towards a machine learning approach in the field of musicology. It is similar to a full text search in text based sciences and in a near future it can become an very interesting service also for the average user.

372

In the German speaking world existing online platform for the cataloging of personal papers & autographs and giving access to them in the internet, called Kalliope, is also used for the catalog-

The start of the online cataloging pushed the standardization in general and involved a consequent usage of authority file controlled terms in cataloging as well as in subject heading. This applies in principle also to information material regarding music and musicology. In the field of music and musicology cataloging traditionally there is a strong input from the research community itself. The organizational platform for that is RISM, an international body which has established just in the early 50ies its own cataloging database. Today the database is a publicly accessible catalog for the registering (and cataloging) of music sources, in particular manuscripts and old music editions as well as libretti. The RISM-Catalog has its own rules and is based on its own data format. This catalog offers access to its content also via the cataloging of

ulary for entities such as persons, corporate bodies, places, and subject headings Guidelines for the Description of Personal Paper and Manuscript Collections (Regeln für die Erschließung von Nachlässen und Autographen, RNA); ISO 15511: International Standard Library Identifier and Related Organisations (ISIL): unique identifier code for scientific and cultural heritage organizations; ISO 3166: Codes for Names of Countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest and their principal subdivisions: used for asigning persons and corporate bodies of the integrated authority file to main geographical area; ISO 629-2: Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 2: Alpha-3 code: used to describe the language within a unit of description. The Guidelines for the Description of Personal Paper and Manuscript Collections are well established and applied by libraries, archives, museums, and similar organizations in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, and are compatible with the principles of archival description outlined

**The new Special information service (FID) for music/musicology – musiconn**

The introduction of information portals or platforms is a web conform way to put order and structure in rather heterogenous data, but concerning the same scientific discipline; in particular they offer normally a discipline specific unique search possibility on heterogenous information sources. In German this way of presenting information is often called Sekundär-erschließung. The service musiconn.search (https://www.musiconn.de/) offers access to 19 relevant data bases/catalogues and other, also fulltext online sources with 6,5 millions single items. A special service of musiconn is the so called melodies search, the musiconn.scoresearch. The prototypical application was developed by the BSB itself, promoted and financially supported by the DFG. The software tool is based on the principles of Optical Music Recognition (OMR) and allows the automatical recognition of melodies in selected digitized music sheets. Actually the melody search is possible in the compositions of the following composers (https://scoresearch.

in the General International Standard Archival.

musiconn.de/ScoreSearch/about).

the so called music incipits.

**Conclusion**

# **Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane (RIDI): a reconnaissance for the national newspaper library**

### **Fabio D'Orsogna(a), Giulio Palanga(b)**

a) Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Roma, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-8715 b) Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Roma, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-2529

**Contact:** Fabio D'Orsogna<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Giulio Palanga<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
#### **ABSTRACT**

12734

The article presents a reflection born from a reconnaissance (named RIDI, Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane) launched in December 2019, on online open access journals and digitalization of previously printed publications, which are not always considered as unitary bibliographic elements. It highlights the increasingly urgent need to offer its users not only the physical heritage of the library but also the entire world of open-access digital publications available on the web. Starting from an overview of the state of the art of Italian open access periodicals, both digital natives and continuations or parallel editions of previously printed publications, it offers some examples of bibliographic records already present in the national OPAC of SBN (Italian union catalog), related to publications available with both printed and digital editions. It illustrates the main Italian and international digital libraries, highlighting the problems of coordinating the various initiatives to improve the quantitative and qualitative offer of products. The directory, from which a database integrated with the portal of the Digital Newspaper Library of the National Central Library of Rome will originate, will allow direct access to resources through multiple search fields. The prototype of a super-record of the Work will provide all the elements for the standardization of images, data, metadata, bibliographical histories of publications, to build the national digital newspaper library of the future.

#### **KEYWORDS**

Digital libraries; Digital newspaper library; Open access serials; RIDI; National Central Library of Rome.

FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI 10.36253/fup\_best\_practice)

374 Giovanni Bergamin, Mauro Guerrini (edited by), *Bibliographic Control in the Digital Ecosystem*, © 2022 Author(s), content CC BY 4.0 International, metadata CC0 1.0 Universal, published by Associazione italiana biblioteche, Edizioni Università di Macerata, Firenze University Press, ISSN 2704-5889 (online), ISBN 978-88-5518-544-8 (PDF), DOI 10.36253/978-88-5518-544-8

375

This paper takes its cue from a reconnaissance called RIDI (Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane) launched in December 2019, on those bibliographic realities often not considered in a unified way on our OPACs, such as open access online journals and digitalization of previously printed publications. The need, more than 20 years after the first digitization projects that involved Italian libraries, is to offer its users not only the physical heritage of its library but also the whole vast

The paper will illustrate the state of the art on Italian open access periodicals, either digital natives, continuations, or parallel editions of previously printed publications, then it will propose some examples of bibliographic records already present in the Italian national catalog, the SBN

editions, then it will provide a prototype that can provide the elements for a qualitative standardization of images, data, metadata, bibliographic histories of publications, to build the national

In the Wiki on Open Access in Italy, a portal that records news and information about the movement at the national and international level, under the heading *Riviste italiane OA* (Italian OA Journals), this communication appears: "At this time the requested page is empty. You can search for this title in other pages of the site or search in related registries, but you do not have permis-

This first Italian directory, which does not presume to be exhaustive, arrives with some delay and tries to fill a gap. It is now about 20 years that the main faculties and university departments in the world have begun to organize themselves to offer their journals online. In 2000, the Cato Institute, a temple institution of US liberalism, dedicated its annual conference to the question of which of the two paradigms – intellectual property or open access – would dominate the economy of the future.3 In 2003, many scientific institutions signed the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Scientific Literature. In Italy, in November 2004, the Berlin Declaration was followed by the Messina Dec-

Universities began to organize themselves by creating dozens of university presses. In 2009 the UPI Coordination was established, which in 2018 became the *Associazione Coordinamento delle*

3 Carlo Formenti, *Corriere della sera*, 20 novembre 2000, p. 27; see also http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/open-access\_%-

4 Bologna, Brescia, Calabria, Firenze, Foggia, Genova, Insubria, Lecce, Messina, Milano, Milano Bicocca, Milano Politecnico, Milano Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Modena, Molise, Napoli Federico II, Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli Partenope, Padova, Palermo, Parma, Piemonte Orientale, Roma LUMSA, Roma Tor Vergata, Roma III, Siena, Torino, Trieste, Trieste SISSA,

5 The association aims to study and deepen the issues related to the positioning, the function, and the promotion of university publishing and popular science as well as the possibility to participate in national and international calls for funding

related to publications with both printed and digital

world of open access digital publications available on the web.

(Servizio bibliotecario nazionale) OPAC,1

digital newspaper library of the future.

laration, joined by about thirty universities.4

1 https://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/free.jsp

5

2 https://wikimedia.sp.unipi.it/index.php?title=Riviste\_italiane\_OA

Tuscia, Venezia IUAV, and Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale di Roma.

of publishing projects. 13 university publishing houses publish 25 open access journals.

**Better late than never**

sions to create this page".2

*University Press Italiane*.

28Neologismi%29/

This paper takes its cue from a reconnaissance called RIDI (Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane) launched in December 2019, on those bibliographic realities often not considered in a unified way on our OPACs, such as open access online journals and digitalization of previously printed publications. The need, more than 20 years after the first digitization projects that involved Italian libraries, is to offer its users not only the physical heritage of its library but also the whole vast world of open access digital publications available on the web.

The paper will illustrate the state of the art on Italian open access periodicals, either digital natives, continuations, or parallel editions of previously printed publications, then it will propose some examples of bibliographic records already present in the Italian national catalog, the SBN (Servizio bibliotecario nazionale) OPAC,1 related to publications with both printed and digital editions, then it will provide a prototype that can provide the elements for a qualitative standardization of images, data, metadata, bibliographic histories of publications, to build the national digital newspaper library of the future.

### **Better late than never**

In the Wiki on Open Access in Italy, a portal that records news and information about the movement at the national and international level, under the heading *Riviste italiane OA* (Italian OA Journals), this communication appears: "At this time the requested page is empty. You can search for this title in other pages of the site or search in related registries, but you do not have permissions to create this page".2

This first Italian directory, which does not presume to be exhaustive, arrives with some delay and tries to fill a gap. It is now about 20 years that the main faculties and university departments in the world have begun to organize themselves to offer their journals online. In 2000, the Cato Institute, a temple institution of US liberalism, dedicated its annual conference to the question of which of the two paradigms – intellectual property or open access – would dominate the economy of the future.3 In 2003, many scientific institutions signed the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Scientific Literature. In Italy, in November 2004, the Berlin Declaration was followed by the Messina Declaration, joined by about thirty universities.4

Universities began to organize themselves by creating dozens of university presses. In 2009 the UPI Coordination was established, which in 2018 became the *Associazione Coordinamento delle University Press Italiane*. 5

374

**Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane (RIDI):**

**a reconnaissance for the national newspaper library**

**Fabio D'Orsogna(a), Giulio Palanga(b)**

a) Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Roma, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-8715 b) Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Roma, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-2529

**Contact:** Fabio D'Orsogna<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Giulio Palanga<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
The article presents a reflection born from a reconnaissance (named RIDI, Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane) launched in December 2019, on online open access journals and digitalization of previously printed publications, which are not always considered as unitary bibliographic elements. It highlights the increasingly urgent need to offer its users not only the physical heritage of the library but also the entire world of open-access digital publications available on the web. Starting from an overview of the state of the art of Italian open access periodicals, both digital natives and continuations or parallel editions of previously printed publications, it offers some examples of bibliographic records already present in the national OPAC of SBN (Italian union catalog), related to publications available with both printed and digital editions. It illustrates the main Italian and international digital libraries, highlighting the problems of coordinating the various initiatives to improve the quantitative and qualitative offer of products. The directory, from which a database integrated with the portal of the Digital Newspaper Library of the National Central Library of Rome will originate, will allow direct access to resources through multiple search fields. The prototype of a super-record of the Work will provide all the elements for the standardization of images, data, metadata, bibliographical histories of publications, to build the national digital newspaper

Digital libraries; Digital newspaper library; Open access serials; RIDI; National Central Library of Rome.

**ABSTRACT**

12734

library of the future.

**KEYWORDS**

1 https://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/free.jsp

2 https://wikimedia.sp.unipi.it/index.php?title=Riviste\_italiane\_OA

3 Carlo Formenti, *Corriere della sera*, 20 novembre 2000, p. 27; see also http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/open-access\_%- 28Neologismi%29/

4 Bologna, Brescia, Calabria, Firenze, Foggia, Genova, Insubria, Lecce, Messina, Milano, Milano Bicocca, Milano Politecnico, Milano Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Modena, Molise, Napoli Federico II, Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli Partenope, Padova, Palermo, Parma, Piemonte Orientale, Roma LUMSA, Roma Tor Vergata, Roma III, Siena, Torino, Trieste, Trieste SISSA, Tuscia, Venezia IUAV, and Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale di Roma.

5 The association aims to study and deepen the issues related to the positioning, the function, and the promotion of university publishing and popular science as well as the possibility to participate in national and international calls for funding of publishing projects. 13 university publishing houses publish 25 open access journals.

### **Reasons for growth**

We are still far from the total replacement of the printed page by the web page, but the steady growth in the number of magazines appearing online is no less real.6 The reasons for this success are very simple: plenty of space reduced publication costs and, above all, ease of access anywhere with just the availability of a network connection.

Underlying the success of the Open Access Initiative are two instances:

For many small businesses, bearing the economic burden of printing and shipping magazines has become unsustainable and is often the motivation to publish only in digital format. This transformation, feared by many, which represents a surrender to the affordability of digital, often also allows a qualitative leap and a broadening of the horizons of publications. Online publication can enhance the characteristics of periodicals and allow readers to navigate the texts in a simpler, more agile, and sometimes interactive way.

There are two models for sustaining management costs and remaining adherent to the philosophy of free access; the model centered on financing by consumers of content (demand-side) and that financed by content producers through sponsorship, donations, fundraising (supply-side). The main supply-side model is that of the Article Processing Charge (APC), better known as the author-pays model, which provides for the payment by the authors of articles accepted for publication of a contribution, which can reach in some cases up to \$ 2,500, while for the contributors of articles from poor or developing countries, the publication is free. 7

### **Legal deposit of digital resources in Italy**

Legal deposit, i.e. the compulsory delivery of publications to depository institutions by the subjects envisaged by Italian Law no. 106 of April 15, 2004, and Presidential Decree no. 252 of May 3, 2006, is the regulatory instrument that allows the collection and preservation of the various publications in national and regional archives. The law also deals with native digital publications (born-digital).

Two significant experiences were born as a result of the law.

CNR SOLAR (Scientific Open-access Literature Archive and Repository) is a database of scientific publications, established in 2006, aimed at creating an archive of Italian products of science and research, using also the Legal deposit of digital publications. In the context of the mission entrusted to the CNR Central Library by the Law 2004/106 and by the Presidential Decree 2006/252, the

377

legal deposit is aimed at constituting the Italian archive of scientific publications and at realizing national bibliographic services of information and access to the documents subject to legal depos-

1. self-archiving by the author(s), who must make sure of the actual conditions of use and dissemination of the version of the deposited work, previously agreed upon with the publisher

2. specific agreements between the CNR Central Library and the publisher and/or the producing institution of the publications. In this case, the deposit may be made by the Central

The resources in SOLAR can be full-text open access or limited access, i.e. the metadata are still

Magazzini Digitali is the Italian project for digital legal deposit, launched on July 14, 2011, with the signing of an agreement between the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and the Presidents of the most representative associations of the publishing industry: AIE, FIEG, USPI (later joined by

The purpose of the agreement was to promote the experimentation of the legal deposit of born-digital works in the National Central Libraries of Rome and Florence and, limited to the backup

The experimentation lasted 3 years, starting in 2012. After this period, a shared and efficient system of legal deposit should have been outlined and, in particular, the procedures related to digital

The trial ended on December 31, 2014. Magazzini Digitali continued to receive subsequently few publications covered by the agreement in the 2012-2014 Conventions, receiving at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>requests for voluntary membership, while waiting for a final regulation and

The budget is insufficient, as is, more generally, the response of Italian cultural institutions to the preservation of this type of publications, which will inevitably be lost if no concrete and adequate

RIDI (Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane) is a repertory conceived as a work in progress that already contains the bibliographic records of about 12,000 Italian journals, compiled according to

There are two main reasons for this choice: the first is practical and is based on the consideration that online journals now represent an enormous quantity, probably more than that of printed journals, which makes bibliographic control almost impossible, as Mauro Guerrini predicted in

available on the Internet for free

action are taken to deposit them in national archives as is the case for printed publications.

access. All journals that require subscription and registration for a fee are excluded.

accessible, while it is necessary to contact the CNR Central Library for full-text resources.

it. Legal deposit in SOLAR is realized through:

and/or producing institution;

copy, in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana of Venice.

MEDIACOOP and ANES).

**Contents and purpose of RIDI**

8 https://norme.iccu.sbn.it/index.php/Guida\_moderno 9 https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform\_Resource\_Identifier

Library itself or by the publisher/producing institution.

works should have been defined through the issuing of a specific regulation.

trying to cope with requests based on the few resources available.

the standards of the SBN cataloguing guide, 8 with their URIs,9

6 The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) listed 2,100 academic-level journals in 2006; as of April 3, 2021, there are 16,146.

7 A clear and comprehensive account of the costs of the Open Access publication process can be found in Technical report #1 (2018) from CNR Bologna: Mangiaracina, Silvana and Cristina Morroni. 2018. *Quanto costa l'accesso alle pubblicazioni scientifiche nell'era dell'Open Access? : una prima analisi delle pubblicazioni nel CNR*. Bologna: Biblioteca Area della ricerca di Bologna CNR. https://zenodo.org/record/1247497#.XoC-JKPOPkU

legal deposit is aimed at constituting the Italian archive of scientific publications and at realizing national bibliographic services of information and access to the documents subject to legal deposit. Legal deposit in SOLAR is realized through:

The resources in SOLAR can be full-text open access or limited access, i.e. the metadata are still accessible, while it is necessary to contact the CNR Central Library for full-text resources.

Magazzini Digitali is the Italian project for digital legal deposit, launched on July 14, 2011, with the signing of an agreement between the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and the Presidents of the most representative associations of the publishing industry: AIE, FIEG, USPI (later joined by MEDIACOOP and ANES).

The purpose of the agreement was to promote the experimentation of the legal deposit of born-digital works in the National Central Libraries of Rome and Florence and, limited to the backup copy, in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana of Venice.

The experimentation lasted 3 years, starting in 2012. After this period, a shared and efficient system of legal deposit should have been outlined and, in particular, the procedures related to digital works should have been defined through the issuing of a specific regulation.

The trial ended on December 31, 2014. Magazzini Digitali continued to receive subsequently few publications covered by the agreement in the 2012-2014 Conventions, receiving at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>requests for voluntary membership, while waiting for a final regulation and trying to cope with requests based on the few resources available.

The budget is insufficient, as is, more generally, the response of Italian cultural institutions to the preservation of this type of publications, which will inevitably be lost if no concrete and adequate action are taken to deposit them in national archives as is the case for printed publications.

### **Contents and purpose of RIDI**

RIDI (Riviste digitali e digitalizzate italiane) is a repertory conceived as a work in progress that already contains the bibliographic records of about 12,000 Italian journals, compiled according to the standards of the SBN cataloguing guide, 8 with their URIs,9 available on the Internet for free access. All journals that require subscription and registration for a fee are excluded.

There are two main reasons for this choice: the first is practical and is based on the consideration that online journals now represent an enormous quantity, probably more than that of printed journals, which makes bibliographic control almost impossible, as Mauro Guerrini predicted in

376

We are still far from the total replacement of the printed page by the web page, but the steady

are very simple: plenty of space reduced publication costs and, above all, ease of access anywhere

1. increase dissemination, visibility, and impact of scholarly literature through publication in

2. to counteract the rising prices of academic journals with alternative models of scholarly

For many small businesses, bearing the economic burden of printing and shipping magazines has become unsustainable and is often the motivation to publish only in digital format. This transformation, feared by many, which represents a surrender to the affordability of digital, often also allows a qualitative leap and a broadening of the horizons of publications. Online publication can enhance the characteristics of periodicals and allow readers to navigate the texts in a simpler,

There are two models for sustaining management costs and remaining adherent to the philosophy of free access; the model centered on financing by consumers of content (demand-side) and that financed by content producers through sponsorship, donations, fundraising (supply-side). The main supply-side model is that of the Article Processing Charge (APC), better known as the author-pays model, which provides for the payment by the authors of articles accepted for publication of a contribution, which can reach in some cases up to \$ 2,500, while for the contributors of articles

Legal deposit, i.e. the compulsory delivery of publications to depository institutions by the subjects envisaged by Italian Law no. 106 of April 15, 2004, and Presidential Decree no. 252 of May 3, 2006, is the regulatory instrument that allows the collection and preservation of the various publications in national and regional archives. The law also deals with native digital publications

CNR SOLAR (Scientific Open-access Literature Archive and Repository) is a database of scientific publications, established in 2006, aimed at creating an archive of Italian products of science and research, using also the Legal deposit of digital publications. In the context of the mission entrusted to the CNR Central Library by the Law 2004/106 and by the Presidential Decree 2006/252, the

6 The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) listed 2,100 academic-level journals in 2006; as of April 3, 2021, there

7 A clear and comprehensive account of the costs of the Open Access publication process can be found in Technical report #1 (2018) from CNR Bologna: Mangiaracina, Silvana and Cristina Morroni. 2018. *Quanto costa l'accesso alle pubblicazioni scientifiche nell'era dell'Open Access? : una prima analisi delle pubblicazioni nel CNR*. Bologna: Biblioteca Area della ricerca

The reasons for this success

growth in the number of magazines appearing online is no less real.6

Underlying the success of the Open Access Initiative are two instances:

open, online, institutional, and disciplinary repositories;

with just the availability of a network connection.

**Reasons for growth**

communication.

(born-digital).

are 16,146.

more agile, and sometimes interactive way.

from poor or developing countries, the publication is free. 7

Two significant experiences were born as a result of the law.

di Bologna CNR. https://zenodo.org/record/1247497#.XoC-JKPOPkU

**Legal deposit of digital resources in Italy**

8 https://norme.iccu.sbn.it/index.php/Guida\_moderno

9 https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform\_Resource\_Identifier

1999.10 The second is more exquisitely librarian: both from the cataloguing point of view since it gives a standardized account of bibliographical descriptions that would otherwise be absent from the web and, above all, from national and local OPACs of resources that are unknown to catalogs; and from the point of view of the preservation of printed copies of dual-track publications (paper and online), since it would be possible to exclude from ordinary consultation all those resources that are freely available on the Internet and of which information has been given in catalogs.

The repertory is currently complete only for digital journals and is being completed for the part concerning journals digitized from paper format. The final goal will be to create a single repertory containing also the ever-growing world of resources born in print and digitized later, as a result of public and private digitization campaigns in recent decades. The digital recovery of a printed past, among other things, is present in many journals that are entering open access after a long paper season and represent an attempt to progressively provide all the published material in a single digital archive. Think, for example, of what Banca d'Italia has done in the last 10 years (it has 97 open access publications in its portal) which has made an enormous recovery of its historical publications.11

The search for digitized journals began in April 2020. The work will involve the analytic cataloguing of 73 Italian digital libraries surveyed. As for the type of resources, RIDI includes:

Intending to find titles even outside the academic circuits, we have therefore given an account of the relations, more and more numerous and frequent, between printed publication and open access publication within the history of the same publication. This allowed us to adequately reconstruct the historical evolution of many journals, also from a cataloging point of view, to offer the OPAC, in the case of Italy the SBN OPAC, the possibility of providing adequate information on their publishing history and to start the cataloging of the online issues in SBN, both by intervening in the area of notes and URIs12 and by creating new bibliographic descriptions linked to the descriptions of the printed editions. During the editing of this catalog, numerous bibliographical descriptions of online resources not yet present were created on the SBN OPAC.

Take the case of *Giornale di gerontologia*, a prestigious journal published for sixty years by the Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics. In 2013, it ceased its print publication. A laconic note informs SBN OPAC users that since 2014 it is published only online. Actually, the journal

379

titles that periodical publications often adopt. http://www.bncrm.beniculturali.it/it/325/archivio-news/3259/

RIDI is ordered alphabetically by title. The source of the bibliographical information is CAPUS (Catalogo delle Pubblicazioni in Serie possedute dalla Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Roma). 13 In order to give full visibility to this repertory and to expand its search possibilities, it will be necessary to create a database, which will allow direct access to the resources through multiple

13 CAPUS is a catalog edited by Giulio Palanga and published in 2019, containing the complete collection of all periodicals and newspapers owned by the National Central Library of Rome. Divided into twelve volumes, the first two volumes contain the index of titles and the index of authors and subjects and constitute the guide by which to navigate the catalog knowing a title, an author, or a subject to search for. The other ten volumes contain the bibliographical records of over 72,000 periodicals, divided into 53 sections, which contain a unique alphanumeric code that refers to a single access point in the catalog, with all the history and editorial changes of the publication, without the need to navigate through the various

only retrieves online a few previous years and since 2016 it changes its title. Users have no news of this. RIDI offers this fundamental information to reconstruct the entire bibliographic history of

**\*Giornale di gerontologia** : organo ufficiale della Società italiana di gerontologia e geriatria. – Anno 1, n. 1/2 (gen.-feb. 1953)-anno 61, n. 6 (dicembre 2013). – Firenze : L. Macrì, 1953- 2013. – 61 volumi : ill. ; 25 cm. ((Mensile; poi bimestrale. – Il formato varia in 30 cm. – La casa editrice varia: Pisa : Pacini. – BNI 1953-5821. – ISSN 0017-0305; poi 0367-4533. – Dal

**\*Giornale di gerontologia** : organo ufficiale della Società italiana di gerontologia e geriatria. – Anno 58, n. 1/2 (gen.-feb. 2010)-anno 63, n. 4 (dicembre 2015). – Pisa : Pacini, 2014-2015. – 34 File PDF. ((Bimestrale; trimestrale nel 2015. – ISSN 2035-021X. – Disponibile in Internet

**\*JGG : \*Journal of gerontology and geriatrics** : official journal of the Italian Society of gerontology and geriatrics. – Vol. 64, 01 (2016)-. – Pisa : Pacini, 2016-. – File PDF. ((Trimestrale. – ISSN 2499-6564. – Disponibile in Internet all'indirizzo: http://www.jgerontology-geriatrics.

the periodical.

2014 solo on line. – CFI0353910

Ha come supplemento: \*Giornale dell'arteriosclerosi

all'indirizzo: http://www.jgerontology-geriatrics.com/issue/archive

Continua con: \*JGG : \*Journal of gerontology and geriatrics

Autore: Società italiana di gerontologia e geriatria

Soggetto: Geriatria – Periodici; Gerontologia – Periodici

Giornale di gerontologia *bibliographic record on RIDI*

com/issue/archive

Classe: D618.97005

10 "La proliferazione incontenibile delle basi di dati ad accesso remoto rende evidente come sia oggi più che mai illusorio il controllo bibliografico universale [...] la biblioteca può pensare di descrivere solo le risorse elettroniche di proprio interesse [...] selezionando le risorse in modo piuttosto stretto". Guerrini, Mauro, "Catalogare le risorse elettroniche: lo standard ISBD(ER)", *Biblioteche oggi*, 17 (1999), no. 1, 62.

11 See https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione-annuale/index.html for the annual reports of Banca d'Italia governors from 1894 to 2019.

12 In this regard, see the ICCU note that established the rules for including in the General Content Notes of the ISBD the link to the digitized copy of the copy not owned by the operating library. http://polonap.bnnonline.it/index.php?it/21/news-ed-eventi/46/link-alla-copia-digitalizzata-dellesemplare-non-posseduto-dalla-biblioteca-operante-regole-per-linserimento

only retrieves online a few previous years and since 2016 it changes its title. Users have no news of this. RIDI offers this fundamental information to reconstruct the entire bibliographic history of the periodical.

**\*Giornale di gerontologia** : organo ufficiale della Società italiana di gerontologia e geriatria. – Anno 1, n. 1/2 (gen.-feb. 1953)-anno 61, n. 6 (dicembre 2013). – Firenze : L. Macrì, 1953- 2013. – 61 volumi : ill. ; 25 cm. ((Mensile; poi bimestrale. – Il formato varia in 30 cm. – La casa editrice varia: Pisa : Pacini. – BNI 1953-5821. – ISSN 0017-0305; poi 0367-4533. – Dal 2014 solo on line. – CFI0353910

Ha come supplemento: \*Giornale dell'arteriosclerosi

**\*Giornale di gerontologia** : organo ufficiale della Società italiana di gerontologia e geriatria. – Anno 58, n. 1/2 (gen.-feb. 2010)-anno 63, n. 4 (dicembre 2015). – Pisa : Pacini, 2014-2015. – 34 File PDF. ((Bimestrale; trimestrale nel 2015. – ISSN 2035-021X. – Disponibile in Internet all'indirizzo: http://www.jgerontology-geriatrics.com/issue/archive

Continua con: \*JGG : \*Journal of gerontology and geriatrics

**\*JGG : \*Journal of gerontology and geriatrics** : official journal of the Italian Society of gerontology and geriatrics. – Vol. 64, 01 (2016)-. – Pisa : Pacini, 2016-. – File PDF. ((Trimestrale. – ISSN 2499-6564. – Disponibile in Internet all'indirizzo: http://www.jgerontology-geriatrics. com/issue/archive

Autore: Società italiana di gerontologia e geriatria

Soggetto: Geriatria – Periodici; Gerontologia – Periodici Classe: D618.97005

Giornale di gerontologia *bibliographic record on RIDI*

378

1999.10 The second is more exquisitely librarian: both from the cataloguing point of view since it gives a standardized account of bibliographical descriptions that would otherwise be absent from the web and, above all, from national and local OPACs of resources that are unknown to catalogs; and from the point of view of the preservation of printed copies of dual-track publications (paper and online), since it would be possible to exclude from ordinary consultation all those resources that are freely available on the Internet and of which information has been given in catalogs. The repertory is currently complete only for digital journals and is being completed for the part concerning journals digitized from paper format. The final goal will be to create a single repertory containing also the ever-growing world of resources born in print and digitized later, as a result of public and private digitization campaigns in recent decades. The digital recovery of a printed past, among other things, is present in many journals that are entering open access after a long paper season and represent an attempt to progressively provide all the published material in a single digital archive. Think, for example, of what Banca d'Italia has done in the last 10 years (it has 97 open access publications in its portal) which has made an enormous recovery of its historical

The search for digitized journals began in April 2020. The work will involve the analytic catalogu-

b) journals published in mixed form, in print and online. Of the publications of this second type, the description of the printed part has also been given, highlighting all the connec-

Intending to find titles even outside the academic circuits, we have therefore given an account of the relations, more and more numerous and frequent, between printed publication and open access publication within the history of the same publication. This allowed us to adequately reconstruct the historical evolution of many journals, also from a cataloging point of view, to offer the OPAC, in the case of Italy the SBN OPAC, the possibility of providing adequate information on their publishing history and to start the cataloging of the online issues in SBN, both by intervening in the area of notes and URIs12 and by creating new bibliographic descriptions linked to the descriptions of the printed editions. During the editing of this catalog, numerous bibliographical

Take the case of *Giornale di gerontologia*, a prestigious journal published for sixty years by the Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics. In 2013, it ceased its print publication. A laconic note informs SBN OPAC users that since 2014 it is published only online. Actually, the journal

10 "La proliferazione incontenibile delle basi di dati ad accesso remoto rende evidente come sia oggi più che mai illusorio il controllo bibliografico universale [...] la biblioteca può pensare di descrivere solo le risorse elettroniche di proprio interesse [...] selezionando le risorse in modo piuttosto stretto". Guerrini, Mauro, "Catalogare le risorse elettroniche: lo standard

11 See https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione-annuale/index.html for the annual reports of Banca d'Italia

12 In this regard, see the ICCU note that established the rules for including in the General Content Notes of the ISBD the link to the digitized copy of the copy not owned by the operating library. http://polonap.bnnonline.it/index.php?it/21/news-ed-eventi/46/link-alla-copia-digitalizzata-dellesemplare-non-posseduto-dalla-biblioteca-operante-regole-per-linserimento

ing of 73 Italian digital libraries surveyed. As for the type of resources, RIDI includes:

descriptions of online resources not yet present were created on the SBN OPAC.

a) Italian native digital journals, which are one-tenth of the total;

tions between the two forms of publication;

c) digitized Italian journals.

ISBD(ER)", *Biblioteche oggi*, 17 (1999), no. 1, 62.

governors from 1894 to 2019.

publications.11

RIDI is ordered alphabetically by title. The source of the bibliographical information is CAPUS (Catalogo delle Pubblicazioni in Serie possedute dalla Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Roma). 13 In order to give full visibility to this repertory and to expand its search possibilities, it will be necessary to create a database, which will allow direct access to the resources through multiple

13 CAPUS is a catalog edited by Giulio Palanga and published in 2019, containing the complete collection of all periodicals and newspapers owned by the National Central Library of Rome. Divided into twelve volumes, the first two volumes contain the index of titles and the index of authors and subjects and constitute the guide by which to navigate the catalog knowing a title, an author, or a subject to search for. The other ten volumes contain the bibliographical records of over 72,000 periodicals, divided into 53 sections, which contain a unique alphanumeric code that refers to a single access point in the catalog, with all the history and editorial changes of the publication, without the need to navigate through the various titles that periodical publications often adopt. http://www.bncrm.beniculturali.it/it/325/archivio-news/3259/

search fields.14 All the descriptions, however, already allow a hypertextual link to digital or digitized resources.

This first compilation of the catalog, completed on April 7, 2020, includes 11,706 bibliographic records. We started by retrieving information from CAPUS, where over twelve years of editing, links, and URIs with online publications of printed journals were gradually reported. This first reconnaissance has allowed us to find the journals contained in the 66 main Italian open access publishing platforms that have been analytically catalogued, verifying the correctness of the URI links, leaving out those no longer traceable on the web. The vast majority of these titles are also present in the two most important international sources, the ISSN portal with 1,028 titles,15 the DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journal) with 461 titles, 16 and, for Italy, Magazzini digitali with 113 titles. 17

### **Open access, digitization, and bibliographic control**

Online publications are often accompanied by the digital retrieval of issues published in print. Sometimes, this can happen by chance, but it is now possible to reconstruct and document the history of a publication through the various phases of its editorial policy, which almost always start from the printed text and end with the online publication and the digitalization of previous years.18

See, for example, the digitization of the entire archive of Radiocorriere, a weekly magazine that was the official organ of RAI for seventy years, from 1925 to 1995. With all the schedules and articles of the newspaper, it is possible to reconstruct the bibliographic (and political) history of the publication. An enormous amount of unpublished material, which represents a unique testimony and an exclusive source for contemporary historiography, not only of the media. It is one of the treasures recovered by Teche RAI and made available to the network free of charge.

381

**\*Radio orario** : periodico settimanale / organo ufficiale della Unione radiofonica italiana. - Anno 1, n 1 (18 gennaio 1925)-anno 2, n. 4 (23 gennaio 1926). - Roma : La poligrafica nazionale, 1925-1926. – 1 volume : ill. ; 30 cm. ((L. 1.50

**\*Radiorario** : organo ufficiale della U.R.I., Unione radiofonica italiana : tutti i programmi italiani ed esteri della settimana. - Anno 2, n. 5 (30 gennaio 1926)-anno 5, n. 52 (22 dicembre 1929). - Milano : EIAR, 1926-1929. - 4 volu-

**\*Radiocorriere** : settimanale dell'EIAR. - Anno 6, n. 1 (5/11 gennaio 1930)-anno 19, n. 37 (12-18 settembre 1943). - Torino : EIAR, 1930-1943. - 14 volumi : ill. ; 42 cm. ((Il complemento del titolo varia. - Il formato varia. –

**\*Segnale radio** : settimanale dell'Eiar / Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche. - Anno 1, n. 1 (27 ago.-2 set. 1944) anno 2, n. 17 (22-28 aprile 1945). - Torino : S.I.P.R.A., 1944-1945 (Torino : Tipografia della S.E.T.). – 2 volumi : ill.

**\*Segnale radio** : musica e propaganda radiofonica nell'Italia nazifascista, 1943-1945 / Gioachino Lanotte. - Perugia

**\*Radiocorriere** / Radio audizioni Italia. - **Ed. per l'Italia centro-meridionale**. - Anno 1, n. 1 (novembre 1945)-anno 3 (1947). - Roma : Rai, Radio Audizioni Italia, 1945-1947. – 3 volumi in folio. ((Settimanale. - BNI 1949-2985. -

**\*Radiocorriere TV.** - Anno 35, n. 19 (11/17 maggio 1958)-anno 62, n. 49 (dicembre 1985). - Torino [etc.] : [Edizioni radio italiana], 1958-1985. – 28 volumi : ill. ; 35 cm. ((Settimanale. - Il formato varia. - BNI 58-9386. - RAV0024443

**\*TV radiocorriere.** - Anno 62, n. 50 (dicembre 1985)-anno 72, n. 53 (31 dicembre 1995); anno 69 (1999)- . - Roma

: Nuova Eri, 1985-2008. – volumi : ill. ; 28 cm. ((Settimanale. – Direttore Willy Molco. - CFI0398854

**\*Radiocorriere** : organo ufficiale della radio italiana. - Anno 23, n. 1 (6-12 gennaio 1946)-anno 35, n. 18 (4-10 maggio 1958). - Torino : S.I.P.R.A, 1946-1958 (Torino : S.E.T.). - 13 volumi : ill. ; 42 cm. ((Il complemento del titolo

Radiocorriere *bibliographic record on RIDI*

Ha come supplemento: \*Italiana [PE. 11647]

il numero. - BNI 1926-904. - CUB0705457

Autore: Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche

Autore: Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche Soggetto: Radiotrasmissioni – Periodici

((Direttore Cesare Rivelli. – TO00195117 Autore: Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche Soggetto: Radiodiffusione – Italia – Periodici

Fa parte della collezione: \*Storia Autore: Lanotte, Gioachino

varia. - Il formato varia. – TO00202876 Variante del titolo: \*Radio corriere Soggetto: Radiotrasmissioni – Periodici

Classe: D384.540945

CFI0362950

TO00202876

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

Copia digitale 1985-1995 a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

: Morlacchi editore U. P., 2014. - 387 p. ; 22 cm. - BNI 2015-2626. – LIA0965392

Soggetto: Fascismo - Propaganda radiofonica - Ruolo [della] Musica - Italia - 1943-1945

mi : ill. ; 30 cm. ((Settimanale. - Il complemento del titolo cambia. – UM10014518

14 For example, in addition to the title, one could include search fields for author, subject, DDC, and provide a permalink of the resource and a permalink of the description in the catalog, as well as the holdings of the printed resource and the holdings of the online or digitized resource.

15 For the alphabetical list of Italian periodicals see: https://portal.issn.org/?q=api/search&search[]=MUST=country=I-TA&search\_id=7564722&sort=sort.title. Not all titles belong to actual periodicals. As is well known, the ISSN is attributed both to periodicals and to series and monographic series.

16 For the alphabetical list of Italian periodicals see: https://tinyurl.com/doaj-italian-journals

17 http://www.depositolegale.it/journals/

18 \*Lucifero : periodico democratico-radicale. - [S. l. : s. n., 1870]- (Ancona : Tip. sociale). – volumi ; 38 cm. ((Settimanale. – Il complemento del titolo varia: periodico della Consociazione repubblicana delle Marche (1914); periodico repubblicano fondato nel 1870 (1964). – Diretto fino al 1904 da Domenico Barilari. - La tipografia varia: Stabilimento tip. cooperativo (1914); Tip. Bellomo (1964). - Descrizione basata su: anno 2, n. 27 (agosto 1871). – Il formato varia: 50 cm (1964). - Copia digitale anni 1914-1918 a: http://www.14-18.it/periodici/AFM\_OM\_B60\_FASC184. – Da anno 146, n. 1 (ott.-dic. 2016) disponibile anche in Internet a: https://www.luciferonline.it/. - TO00188040; URB0934447; IEI0163814. Dal 2016 has title: \*Lucifero nuovo

**\*Radio orario** : periodico settimanale / organo ufficiale della Unione radiofonica italiana. - Anno 1, n 1 (18 gennaio 1925)-anno 2, n. 4 (23 gennaio 1926). - Roma : La poligrafica nazionale, 1925-1926. – 1 volume : ill. ; 30 cm. ((L. 1.50 il numero. - BNI 1926-904. - CUB0705457

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

**\*Radiorario** : organo ufficiale della U.R.I., Unione radiofonica italiana : tutti i programmi italiani ed esteri della settimana. - Anno 2, n. 5 (30 gennaio 1926)-anno 5, n. 52 (22 dicembre 1929). - Milano : EIAR, 1926-1929. - 4 volumi : ill. ; 30 cm. ((Settimanale. - Il complemento del titolo cambia. – UM10014518 Autore: Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

**\*Radiocorriere** : settimanale dell'EIAR. - Anno 6, n. 1 (5/11 gennaio 1930)-anno 19, n. 37 (12-18 settembre 1943). - Torino : EIAR, 1930-1943. - 14 volumi : ill. ; 42 cm. ((Il complemento del titolo varia. - Il formato varia. – TO00202876 Autore: Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche Soggetto: Radiotrasmissioni – Periodici Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

**\*Segnale radio** : settimanale dell'Eiar / Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche. - Anno 1, n. 1 (27 ago.-2 set. 1944) anno 2, n. 17 (22-28 aprile 1945). - Torino : S.I.P.R.A., 1944-1945 (Torino : Tipografia della S.E.T.). – 2 volumi : ill. ((Direttore Cesare Rivelli. – TO00195117 Autore: Ente italiano audizioni radiofoniche Soggetto: Radiodiffusione – Italia – Periodici Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

**\*Segnale radio** : musica e propaganda radiofonica nell'Italia nazifascista, 1943-1945 / Gioachino Lanotte. - Perugia : Morlacchi editore U. P., 2014. - 387 p. ; 22 cm. - BNI 2015-2626. – LIA0965392 Fa parte della collezione: \*Storia Autore: Lanotte, Gioachino Soggetto: Fascismo - Propaganda radiofonica - Ruolo [della] Musica - Italia - 1943-1945 Classe: D384.540945

**\*Radiocorriere** / Radio audizioni Italia. - **Ed. per l'Italia centro-meridionale**. - Anno 1, n. 1 (novembre 1945)-anno 3 (1947). - Roma : Rai, Radio Audizioni Italia, 1945-1947. – 3 volumi in folio. ((Settimanale. - BNI 1949-2985. - CFI0362950

**\*Radiocorriere** : organo ufficiale della radio italiana. - Anno 23, n. 1 (6-12 gennaio 1946)-anno 35, n. 18 (4-10 maggio 1958). - Torino : S.I.P.R.A, 1946-1958 (Torino : S.E.T.). - 13 volumi : ill. ; 42 cm. ((Il complemento del titolo varia. - Il formato varia. – TO00202876 Variante del titolo: \*Radio corriere Soggetto: Radiotrasmissioni – Periodici

Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

**\*Radiocorriere TV.** - Anno 35, n. 19 (11/17 maggio 1958)-anno 62, n. 49 (dicembre 1985). - Torino [etc.] : [Edizioni radio italiana], 1958-1985. – 28 volumi : ill. ; 35 cm. ((Settimanale. - Il formato varia. - BNI 58-9386. - RAV0024443 Copia digitale a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

**\*TV radiocorriere.** - Anno 62, n. 50 (dicembre 1985)-anno 72, n. 53 (31 dicembre 1995); anno 69 (1999)- . - Roma : Nuova Eri, 1985-2008. – volumi : ill. ; 28 cm. ((Settimanale. – Direttore Willy Molco. - CFI0398854 Ha come supplemento: \*Italiana [PE. 11647] Copia digitale 1985-1995 a: http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Default.aspx

380

search fields.14 All the descriptions, however, already allow a hypertextual link to digital or digi-

This first compilation of the catalog, completed on April 7, 2020, includes 11,706 bibliographic records. We started by retrieving information from CAPUS, where over twelve years of editing, links, and URIs with online publications of printed journals were gradually reported. This first reconnaissance has allowed us to find the journals contained in the 66 main Italian open access publishing platforms that have been analytically catalogued, verifying the correctness of the URI links, leaving out those no longer traceable on the web. The vast majority of these titles are also present in the two most important international sources, the ISSN portal with 1,028 titles,15 the DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journal) with 461 titles, 16 and, for Italy, Magazzini digitali with

Online publications are often accompanied by the digital retrieval of issues published in print. Sometimes, this can happen by chance, but it is now possible to reconstruct and document the history of a publication through the various phases of its editorial policy, which almost always start from the printed text and end with the online publication and the digitalization of previous

See, for example, the digitization of the entire archive of Radiocorriere, a weekly magazine that was the official organ of RAI for seventy years, from 1925 to 1995. With all the schedules and articles of the newspaper, it is possible to reconstruct the bibliographic (and political) history of the publication. An enormous amount of unpublished material, which represents a unique testimony and an exclusive source for contemporary historiography, not only of the media. It is one of the treasures recovered by Teche RAI and made available to the network

14 For example, in addition to the title, one could include search fields for author, subject, DDC, and provide a permalink of the resource and a permalink of the description in the catalog, as well as the holdings of the printed resource and the

15 For the alphabetical list of Italian periodicals see: https://portal.issn.org/?q=api/search&search[]=MUST=country=I-TA&search\_id=7564722&sort=sort.title. Not all titles belong to actual periodicals. As is well known, the ISSN is attributed

18 \*Lucifero : periodico democratico-radicale. - [S. l. : s. n., 1870]- (Ancona : Tip. sociale). – volumi ; 38 cm. ((Settimanale. – Il complemento del titolo varia: periodico della Consociazione repubblicana delle Marche (1914); periodico repubblicano fondato nel 1870 (1964). – Diretto fino al 1904 da Domenico Barilari. - La tipografia varia: Stabilimento tip. cooperativo (1914); Tip. Bellomo (1964). - Descrizione basata su: anno 2, n. 27 (agosto 1871). – Il formato varia: 50 cm (1964). - Copia digitale anni 1914-1918 a: http://www.14-18.it/periodici/AFM\_OM\_B60\_FASC184. – Da anno 146, n. 1 (ott.-dic. 2016) disponibile anche in Internet a: https://www.luciferonline.it/. - TO00188040; URB0934447; IEI0163814. Dal 2016 has title:

**Open access, digitization, and bibliographic control**

tized resources.

113 titles. 17

years.18

free of charge.

\*Lucifero nuovo

holdings of the online or digitized resource.

17 http://www.depositolegale.it/journals/

both to periodicals and to series and monographic series.

16 For the alphabetical list of Italian periodicals see: https://tinyurl.com/doaj-italian-journals

Digitization makes it possible to integrate the collections owned by the library with the missing issues, freely available online, of other libraries.

A new season of cataloguing must be launched starting from the mass of documents placed on the web in recent years and freely available to users. It will concern the (few) publications not yet described, but above all it, will make significant some descriptions already present in the online catalogs. 19

The availability of digital reproductions, especially of old publications, makes it possible to reconstruct the evolution of the titles of a publication correctly, recording the titles and consistencies of the various series.

To obtain a more accurate bibliographic record, it is sometimes necessary to unify information scattered across multiple descriptions. Some information can be derived directly from digitized copies. The digital copy of the original can give us back a record uncontaminated by the use of later printed reproductions.

The comparison of different editions of digital copies can reveal or confirm the presence of parallel publications, not detected in the historical cataloguing, even of important journals.20

In some cases, it will be necessary to establish connections that were non-existent in the catalogs and to create descriptions with the correct serial nature. 21

Through the analytic cataloguing and filing of the various digital libraries, it is possible to reconstruct a more complete history of the publications, starting from the observation and comparison of different issues of the same publication that may be in different cases and not communicating

383

23 *La \*guerra : pubblicazione settimanale, illustrata*. - Anno 1, n. 1 (27 giugno 1915)-n. 13 (1915). - Roma : Quattrini, 1915. – 1 volume : ill. ; 36 cm. ((BNI 1915-7778. – Copia digitale dei n. 1-10 a: http://www.14-18.it/periodici/CFI0355788/1915. -

22 To reconstruct the history of The Worker of Trieste we consulted: the SBN OPAC, Internet culturale website, Biblioteca Attilio Hortis of Trieste website, Stampa clandestina website, Wikipedia and Archivio della Federazione di Trieste del

with each other. 22 We may digitize supplements, without reference to the mother journal, of which

By comparing digitizations with catalogs and other repertories on the periodical press, we can better define the number of digitized issues compared to those published. 23 The matching between images and bibliographic descriptions must be precise, otherwise we risk keeping publications that are usable hidden. Error is always around the corner, especially in the case of publications

Through digital copies, we can correct erroneous information in the catalog, related to numbering and possible relationships with homogeneous periodicals. The bibliographical investigation

The comparison of digitizations and previous bibliographical descriptions allows us to determine the periodicity of publications. From the reading of editorials, we can also detect cessations of

The survey of the 73 digital libraries visited this year has allowed us to define what should be the quality criteria for a national digital library. A ranking was compiled that identifies fourteen criteria:

allows us to uncover anomalies in periodicals issues and particular numbering systems.

5. presence (or not) of a bibliographic description of the digitized material

6. presence (or not) of a bibliographic history of the publication

we don't even know the bibliographical description.

with the same title and from the same period.

**Assessment elements for a quality digital library**

3. quality of the alphabetical sorting by titles

8. information about digitized holdings 9. accuracy and precision of the information

11. quality of the image display system

13. rarity and value of the collections

14. completeness of the digitized collections

http://www.stampaclandestina.it/?page\_id=116&ricerca=253 http://www.rifondazionecomunistatrieste.org/archivio.htm

CFI0355788. Soggetto: Guerra mondiale 1914-1918.

12. quality of the images

Partito della Rifondazione comunista:

4. simplicity, speed, and effectiveness of the search

7. linking between the various titles of the publication

10. information about the number of digitized volumes

http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8331 http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8332 http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8335 http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8336

periodicals and changes of titles.

1. display 2. graphics

19 For example, going from a description like this: Il \*consigliatore : giornale politico, istruttivo, letterario e commerciale.

- Pinerolo, 1849-1850. - - TO00182029 to a description like this: Il \*consigliatore : giornale politico, istruttivo, letterario e commerciale. – Anno 1 (1849)-anno 2, n. 18 (22 febbraio 1850). – Pinerolo : Tipografia Lobetti-Bodoni, 1849-1850. – 18 volumi. ((Settimanale. – Poi: giornale della città e provincia di Pinerolo. - Direttore: Lorenzo Giribaldi. – Descrizione basata su: Anno 1, n. 3 (10 novembre 1849). - TO00182029. Copia digitale a: https://www.giornalidelpiemonte.it/edizionitesta. php?testata=Consigliatore

20 La \*voce. - Edizione politica. - Anno 7, n. 1 (7 maggio 1915)-anno 7, n. 14 (dicembre 1915). - Roma : Libreria della Voce, 1915. – 14 volumi ; 26 cm. ((Bimensile. – Direttori: Giuseppe Prezzolini; poi: A. De Viti De Marco. – Copertina di colore giallo. - Copia digitale a: https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/fonte/la-voce-edizione-politica-1915/#top. - TO00197733 Variante del titolo: La \*voce. Edizione politica. Autore: Prezzolini, Giuseppe

21 From the digital library of INEA, the National Institute of Agricultural Economics, we have developed this example: *L'\*annata agricola … nel Veneto : prime valutazioni* / Andrea Povellato. – 1988-2000. - Padova : Osservatorio di economia agraria per il Veneto ed il Trentino Alto Adige, 1989-2001. – 13 volumi ; 24 cm. ((Annuale. - Poi: INEA, Istituto nazionale di economia agraria, Osservatorio di economia agraria per il Veneto. – I curatori variano. - CFI0521760. Fa parte di: \*Pubblicazioni a cura dell'Osservatorio di Economia Agraria per il Veneto. Autore: Bortolozzo, Davide; Cesaro, Luca; Gambarin, Luigi; INEA; Kuehl, Gerhard; Osservatorio di politica agraria per il Veneto; Povellato, Andrea; · Schiavon, Stefano <1971- >. Copia digitale: -1994-1998, 2000 a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/handle/inea/1032/browse?type=dateissued&submit\_browse=Data+di+pubblicazione -1999 a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/bitstream/inea/1269/1/VEN-19.pdf

*L'\*andamento del settore agroalimentare nel Veneto : prime valutazioni per il …* / [Andrea Povellato, Stefano Schiavon, Mauro Capriotti, Filippo Codato]. – 2001-2002. - Legnaro (Pd) : Veneto Agricoltura, 2002-2003. – 2 volumi : ill. ; 24 cm. ((Annuale. – Sul frontespizio: Veneto Agricoltura, in collaborazione con Inea. - PUV0880096; PUV0946606. Autore: Povellato, Andrea. Disponibile anche in Internet a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/handle/inea/1235/browse?type=dateissued&submit\_browse=Data+di+pubblicazione**.** \*Prime valutazioni … sull'andamento del settore agroalimentare Veneto / Veneto Agricoltura ; in collaborazione con INEA, Osservatoria economico per il sistema agroalimentare e lo sviluppo rurale. – 2003-2008. - Legnaro PD : Veneto Agricoltura, 2004-2009. – 6 volumi ; 24 cm. ((Annuale. Autore: INEA; Veneto agricoltura. Disponibile anche in Internet a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/handle/inea/904/browse?type=dateissued&submit\_browse=Data+di+pubblicazione

with each other. 22 We may digitize supplements, without reference to the mother journal, of which we don't even know the bibliographical description.

By comparing digitizations with catalogs and other repertories on the periodical press, we can better define the number of digitized issues compared to those published. 23 The matching between images and bibliographic descriptions must be precise, otherwise we risk keeping publications that are usable hidden. Error is always around the corner, especially in the case of publications with the same title and from the same period.

Through digital copies, we can correct erroneous information in the catalog, related to numbering and possible relationships with homogeneous periodicals. The bibliographical investigation allows us to uncover anomalies in periodicals issues and particular numbering systems.

The comparison of digitizations and previous bibliographical descriptions allows us to determine the periodicity of publications. From the reading of editorials, we can also detect cessations of periodicals and changes of titles.

## **Assessment elements for a quality digital library**

The survey of the 73 digital libraries visited this year has allowed us to define what should be the quality criteria for a national digital library. A ranking was compiled that identifies fourteen criteria:

382

Digitization makes it possible to integrate the collections owned by the library with the missing

A new season of cataloguing must be launched starting from the mass of documents placed on the web in recent years and freely available to users. It will concern the (few) publications not yet described, but above all it, will make significant some descriptions already present in the online

The availability of digital reproductions, especially of old publications, makes it possible to reconstruct the evolution of the titles of a publication correctly, recording the titles and consistencies of

To obtain a more accurate bibliographic record, it is sometimes necessary to unify information scattered across multiple descriptions. Some information can be derived directly from digitized copies. The digital copy of the original can give us back a record uncontaminated by the use of

The comparison of different editions of digital copies can reveal or confirm the presence of paral-

In some cases, it will be necessary to establish connections that were non-existent in the catalogs

Through the analytic cataloguing and filing of the various digital libraries, it is possible to reconstruct a more complete history of the publications, starting from the observation and comparison of different issues of the same publication that may be in different cases and not communicating

19 For example, going from a description like this: Il \*consigliatore : giornale politico, istruttivo, letterario e commerciale. - Pinerolo, 1849-1850. - - TO00182029 to a description like this: Il \*consigliatore : giornale politico, istruttivo, letterario e commerciale. – Anno 1 (1849)-anno 2, n. 18 (22 febbraio 1850). – Pinerolo : Tipografia Lobetti-Bodoni, 1849-1850. – 18 volumi. ((Settimanale. – Poi: giornale della città e provincia di Pinerolo. - Direttore: Lorenzo Giribaldi. – Descrizione basata su: Anno 1, n. 3 (10 novembre 1849). - TO00182029. Copia digitale a: https://www.giornalidelpiemonte.it/edizionitesta.

20 La \*voce. - Edizione politica. - Anno 7, n. 1 (7 maggio 1915)-anno 7, n. 14 (dicembre 1915). - Roma : Libreria della Voce, 1915. – 14 volumi ; 26 cm. ((Bimensile. – Direttori: Giuseppe Prezzolini; poi: A. De Viti De Marco. – Copertina di colore giallo. - Copia digitale a: https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/fonte/la-voce-edizione-politica-1915/#top. - TO00197733 Variante

21 From the digital library of INEA, the National Institute of Agricultural Economics, we have developed this example: *L'\*annata agricola … nel Veneto : prime valutazioni* / Andrea Povellato. – 1988-2000. - Padova : Osservatorio di economia agraria per il Veneto ed il Trentino Alto Adige, 1989-2001. – 13 volumi ; 24 cm. ((Annuale. - Poi: INEA, Istituto nazionale di economia agraria, Osservatorio di economia agraria per il Veneto. – I curatori variano. - CFI0521760. Fa parte di: \*Pubblicazioni a cura dell'Osservatorio di Economia Agraria per il Veneto. Autore: Bortolozzo, Davide; Cesaro, Luca; Gambarin, Luigi; INEA; Kuehl, Gerhard; Osservatorio di politica agraria per il Veneto; Povellato, Andrea; · Schiavon, Stefano <1971- >. Copia digitale: -1994-1998, 2000 a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/handle/inea/1032/browse?type=dateissued&submit\_brow-

*L'\*andamento del settore agroalimentare nel Veneto : prime valutazioni per il …* / [Andrea Povellato, Stefano Schiavon, Mauro Capriotti, Filippo Codato]. – 2001-2002. - Legnaro (Pd) : Veneto Agricoltura, 2002-2003. – 2 volumi : ill. ; 24 cm. ((Annuale. – Sul frontespizio: Veneto Agricoltura, in collaborazione con Inea. - PUV0880096; PUV0946606. Autore: Povellato, Andrea. Disponibile anche in Internet a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/handle/inea/1235/browse?type=dateissued&submit\_browse=Data+di+pubblicazione**.** \*Prime valutazioni … sull'andamento del settore agroalimentare Veneto / Veneto Agricoltura ; in collaborazione con INEA, Osservatoria economico per il sistema agroalimentare e lo sviluppo rurale. – 2003-2008. - Legnaro PD : Veneto Agricoltura, 2004-2009. – 6 volumi ; 24 cm. ((Annuale. Autore: INEA; Veneto agricoltura. Disponibile anche in Internet a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/handle/inea/904/browse?type=dateissued&submit\_browse=Data+di+pubblicazione

se=Data+di+pubblicazione -1999 a: http://dspace.crea.gov.it/bitstream/inea/1269/1/VEN-19.pdf

lel publications, not detected in the historical cataloguing, even of important journals.20

issues, freely available online, of other libraries.

and to create descriptions with the correct serial nature. 21

del titolo: La \*voce. Edizione politica. Autore: Prezzolini, Giuseppe

catalogs. 19

the various series.

later printed reproductions.

php?testata=Consigliatore

22 To reconstruct the history of The Worker of Trieste we consulted: the SBN OPAC, Internet culturale website, Biblioteca Attilio Hortis of Trieste website, Stampa clandestina website, Wikipedia and Archivio della Federazione di Trieste del Partito della Rifondazione comunista:

http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8331 http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8332 http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8335 http://www.internetculturale.it/it/913/emeroteca-digitale-italiana/periodic/testata/8336 http://www.stampaclandestina.it/?page\_id=116&ricerca=253 http://www.rifondazionecomunistatrieste.org/archivio.htm

23 *La \*guerra : pubblicazione settimanale, illustrata*. - Anno 1, n. 1 (27 giugno 1915)-n. 13 (1915). - Roma : Quattrini, 1915.

– 1 volume : ill. ; 36 cm. ((BNI 1915-7778. – Copia digitale dei n. 1-10 a: http://www.14-18.it/periodici/CFI0355788/1915. - CFI0355788. Soggetto: Guerra mondiale 1914-1918.

# **The Digital Newspaper Library of BNCR**

The Digital Newspaper Library of the National Central Library of Rome (BNCR) will ideally host the bibliographic record and be identified by an alphanumeric code.24