**6.3. Design consideration**

Several inferences can be drawn based on the above results of needle-punched padding:

All the above points should be taken into consideration to design or develop suitable padding structure for maximum performance.


**2.2 Laser diagnostic system**

Laser diagnostic techniques are able to probe combustion products nonintrusively. Laserinduced fluorescence (LIF) and laser-induced incandescence (LII) are attractive techniques for combustion diagnostic and can be used to obtain information about PAHs (Hayashida, 2006) and soot (Shaddix, 1996), respectively. We measured the two-dimensional distribution of the PAHs-LIF in diffusion flames, and laser-induced incandescence (LII) was also used to visualize the soot distribution. Figure 2 shows schematic of the optical arrangement. The laser diagnostic system consisted of an Nd: YAG laser (Spectron Laser Systems, SL856G), a dye laser (Lumonics, HD-300B), and a doubling unit (Lumonics, HT-1000). The laser light was formed into a light sheet (0.5 mm×46 mm) by cylindrical lenses and was introduced into a target flame. Laser-induced emissions were detected by an ICCD camera (Andor Technology, DH-534-18F-03), which was oriented perpendicular to the laser beam direction. The LIF and LII images were obtained by averaging 20 laser shots. For the PAHs-LIF measurement, the Nd: YAG laser was used to pump the dye laser (Rhodamine 590), producing a beam at 563 nm, and the doubling unit was used to double the dye laser output to produce 281.5 nm radiation. For the LII measurement, second harmonic generation (532 nm) of the Nd: YAG laser was used.

Fig. 2. Schematic of laser diagnostic system


**EPIDEMIOLOGY – CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH AND PRACTICE**

Edited by **Nuno Lunet**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2241 Edited by Nuno Lunet

#### **Contributors**

Juan David Ramírez, Felipe Guhl, Ana Azevedo, Aubrey Adams, Catherine Turkel, Haley Kaplowitz, Susana Silva, Sílvia Fraga, Eiliv Lund, Eyal Shahar, Doron Shahar, Juan Carlos Gallego-Gomez, Richard Hoyos-López, José Usme-Ciro, Raquel Lucas, Carla Torre, Ana Paula Martins, Nuno Lunet

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First published in Croatia, 2012 by INTECH d.o.o. eBook (PDF) Published by IN TECH d.o.o. Place and year of publication of eBook (PDF): Rijeka, 2019. IntechOpen is the global imprint of IN TECH d.o.o. Printed in Croatia

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**3. Materials used in wearable sensors**

Due to the boost in the area of flexible and stretchable electronic materials, various wearable sensor devices have been demonstrated [47]. In order to integrate the wearable sensor with the human body, the mechanical properties of the sensor must be delicate and elastic, and it must be placed on the surface of human skin. Ordinarily, Silicon is the basic material of semiconductor hardware, but its modulus is about 10,000 times higher than that of human skin. Given the huge mechanical inconsistency, the most intuitive approach is to develop electronic materials (**Figure 6**) that are inherently soft to achieve mechanical compatibility and thus implement unrecognizable biosensors. Several review articles on material synthesis, structural engineering, and platform design were published [47–52].