**INTERFEROMETRY – RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2635 Edited by Ivan Padron

## **Contributors**

Cruz Meneses-Fabian, Gustavo Rodriguez-Zurita, Noel-Ivan Toto-Arellano, Amalia Martínez-García, David Ignacio Serrano García, Sara Tofighi, Marzieh Bathaee, Ali Reza Bahrampour, Farnaz Farman, Cheng Chih Hsu, Luis Esteban-Hernández, Miguel Sánchez Gómez, Wee Keat Chong, Xiang Li, Yeng Chai Soh, Morel, Fotis Kossivas, Andreas Kyprianou, Charalambos Doumanidis, Takeshi Tsujimura, Michał Arabski, Sławomir Wąsik, Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa, Hubert Grześkiewicz, Jerzy Gubernator, Wiesław Kaca, Xiaoji Zhou, Xuguang Yue, Makarova, Valery Kulichikhin, Akira Kimachi, Levon Mouradian, Aram Zeytunyan, Garegin Yesayan, Tae Hyun Baek, Uriel Rivera-Ortega, Akos Ledeczi, Sandor Szilvasi, Janos Sallai, Peter Volgyesi, Miklos Maroti, Graciela Hernández-Orduña, Masanori Ota, Tatsuro Inage, Shinsuke Udagawa, Kazuo Maeno, Babu Varghese, Wiendelt Steenbergen

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*3.1. Patient Characteristics*

A total of 35 NSCLC patients treated with ICI rechallenge between April 2017 and November 2018 at six different institutions in Japan were enrolled. The median age was 70 years (range: 40–83 years), 24 patients (68.6%) were male, and 27 (77.1%) patients had a history of smoking. The histological subtypes were (23, i.e., 65.7%) adenocarcinoma and (10, i.e., 28.6%) squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic disease was detected in the liver of five patients (14.3%) and in the brain of seven patients (20%). Of the patients, 10 (28.6%) had stage III disease, 19 (54.3%) had stage IV disease, and six (17.1%) had postoperative recurrence at the time of intervention with the initial ICI treatment. An EGFR mutation was detected in four patients (11.4%). There were no ALK-positive patients. ECOG-PS was 0–1 for 23 patients (65.7%) and 2–4 for 12 patients (34.3%). The PD-L1 TPS was ≥50% for 14 patients (50%), 1–49% for eight patients (7%), <0% for seven patients (29%), and not evaluated for six patients (17.1%). The BMI was ≥25 for 3 patients (8.6%), 20–25% for 16 patients (45.7%), and <20 for 16 patients (45.7%). Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of patients.

**Table 1.** *Cont*.


*Article* **Novel Orange Color Pigments Based on La3LiMnO7**

**Ryohei Oka 1 , Jun-ichi Koyama 2 , Takuro Morimoto 3 and Toshiyuki Masui 2,\***

**Abstract:** La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method, and a single-phase form was observed for the samples in the range of *x* ≤ 0.03. Crystal structure, optical properties, and color of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) samples were characterized. Strong optical absorption was observed at a wavelength between 400 and 550 nm, and a shoulder absorption peak also appeared around 690 nm in all samples; orange colors were also exhibited. Among the samples synthesized, the most brilliant orange color was obtained at La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 . The redness (*a*\*) and yellowness (*b*\*) values of this pigment were higher than those of the commercially available orange pigments. Therefore, the orange color of this pigment is brighter than those of the commercial products. Since the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O pigment is composed of non-toxic elements, it could be a new environmentally friendly inorganic orange pigment.

**Keywords:** inorganic pigments; orange color; environment-friendly; Mn4+ ion; d–d transition

#### **1. Introduction**

Inorganic pigments have been widely applied to paints, glasses, ceramics, etc., because of their high hiding power and thermal stability compared to organic pigments [1]. Several orange pigments such as cadmium orange (CdS·CdSe), molybdate orange (PbCrO4·PbMoO4·PbSO4), and bayferrox orange (Fe2O3·FeOOH) are conventionally used. However, the use of the cadmium and molybdate orange pigments has been forbidden or restricted because they contain toxic elements which have harmful effects on the human body and the environment. Although the bayferrox orange pigment is environmentally friendly, the vividness of this pigment is not sufficient. Therefore, development of environmentally friendly inorganic orange pigments is required, and several studies have been reported [2–17]. Some compounds, such as La2Ce2−*x*W0.5*x*Fe0.5*x*O7+*δ* [14], Sr4Mn2Cu0.5Zn0.5O9 [15], and SrBaCe0.6Tb0.4O4 [3], for example, have been proposed and exhibit an orange color. Unfortunately, the colors of La2Ce2−*x*W0.5*x*Fe0.5*x*O7+*δ* and Sr4Mn2Cu0.5Zn0.5O9 are pale or dark, and SrBaCe0.6Tb0.4O4 contains Tb, for which raw materials are expensive. Hence, environment-friendly and low-cost orange pigments are desirable.

Because of this situation, we focused on Mn4+ as an orange coloring source. Mn4+ has been investigated as an activator for the red-light emitting phosphors [18–25]. These Mn4+-activated phosphors absorb/emit visible light, due to the d-d transition. In general, the absorption intensity and wavelength of the optical absorption band corresponding to the d-d transition are strongly influenced by the content of Mn4+ and the coordination environment around the Mn4+ ions, respectively. In the case of phosphors, the concentration of Mn4+ is limited by ≤1% mol, but the absorption becomes stronger as the Mn4+ concentration increases. Recently, the materials based on Li2MnO3 containing a large amount of Mn4+ have been reported as environment-friendly red pigments [26–28]. The

**Citation:** Oka, R.; Koyama, J.-i.; Morimoto, T.; Masui, T. Novel Orange Color Pigments Based on La3LiMnO7. *Molecules* **2021**, *26*, 6243. https:// doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206243

Academic Editors: Jorge Bañuelos Prieto and Ugo Caruso

Received: 13 September 2021 Accepted: 13 October 2021 Published: 15 October 2021

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

pure Li2MnO3 pigment shows orange color, while the color becomes reddish by doping with other cations. In other words, Mn 4+ ion is a promising coloring source for not only red but also orange.

–

In this study, we selected La3LiMnO7 as a host material for environmentally friendly orange pigment. This compound could have quite low toxicity as compared with the conventional pigments containing toxic elements, because toxicity of the constituent elements is quite lower than that of toxic ones, such as Cd and Pb. In addition, raw materials of this are cost-effective. The components of this material are similar to those of Li2MnO3. Therefore, it is expected that the host La3LiMnO7 material exhibit orange color due to the d–d transition of Mn 4+ . As mentioned above, the optical absorption of the d–d transition is influenced by the geometric structure around Mn 4+ and the concentration of Mn 4+ . If other cations such as Ti 4+ (ionic radius: 0.0605 nm [29]), the ionic radius of which is close to that of Mn 4+ (ionic radius: 0.053 nm [29]), are doped into the Mn 4+ site, it is possible to tune the color by controlling the content and geometric structure for Mn 4+ . For these reasons, the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method, and their optical and color properties were characterized as environmentally friendly inorganic orange pigments. – – 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized by a solid

#### **2. Results and Discussion**

is limited by ≤

#### *2.1. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Image*

Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05) samples. The positions, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and relative integrated intensities (RII) of diffraction peaks for La3LiMnO7 phase are also listed in Table 1. A single-phase form was observed for the samples in the range of *x* ≤ 0.03, and all diffraction peaks were assigned to the La3LiMnO7 phase. On the other hand, an impurity phase (TiO2) was detected in the sample with *x* = 0.05. 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.05) samples. The ≤ 0.03, and all diffraction peaks were

**Figure 1.** XRD patterns of the La3LiMn1−1−*x*Ti*x*O(0 ≤ 7 (0 ≤≤ 0.05) samples. *x* ≤ 0.05) samples.

*Molecules* **2021**, *26*, 6243

**Table 1.** Peak positions, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and relative integrated intensities (RII) of diffraction peaks for La3LiMnO7 phase.

La3LiMnO7 belongs to the layered perovskite type structure, and it crystallizes into a tetragonal structure with space group of *P*42/*mnm* (No. 136) [30]. The Li+ and Mn4+ ions occupy one 8j site according to the Wyckoff notation. These cations form the [Li/MnO6] octahedra surrounded by six O2− ions. Figure 2 shows the composition dependence of the lattice volume for the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05) samples. Cell volume increased as the Ti4+ content increased in the range of *x* ≤ 0.03. This result indicates that some Mn4+ (ionic radius: 0.053 nm [29]) ions in the host lattice were substituted with larger Ti4+ (ionic radius: 0.0605 nm [29]) ones. The lattice volumes of the samples for *x* = 0.03 and 0.05 were even equal. Therefore, the solubility limit of Ti4+ into the La3LiMnO7 lattice was *x* = 0.03.

The SEM images of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (*x* = 0 and 0.03) samples are shown in Figure 3. The particle size was about 1 µm in both samples, and particle aggregation was observed. Colors of materials are affected by various factors such as crystal structure, chemical composition, and particle size. In both present samples, there was no significant change in particle size and morphology as seen in Figure 3. These results indicate that the change in color properties was attributed to the changes in crystal structure and optical absorption caused by doping Ti4+ .

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.05). **Figure 2.** Compositional dependence of the lattice volume for La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05).

**Figure 3.** SEM images of (**a**) La3LiMnO7 and (**b**) La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 .

### *2.2. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF)*

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples, The element ratios of La, Mn, and Ti for the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) samples, which were obtained in a single-phase form, were analyzed by XRF, and the results are summarized in Table 2. They were in approximate agreement with the stoichiometric ratios of the starting mixtures.

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples. **Table 2.** Elemental ratios of La, Mn, and Ti for the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) samples.

#### *2.3. Optical Reflectance Spectra*

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples. The UV–Vis reflectance spectra of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) samples, which were obtained in a single-phase form, are depicted in Figure 4. The optical absorption below 400 nm in the UV light region corresponded to the O2p-Mn3d charge transfer transition, while those around 500 and 690 nm in the visible region were attributed to the d-d transition of Mn 4+ . The former was spin-allowed 4A2g– 4T2g transition and the latter was spinforbidden 4A2g2212 2Eg and 4A2g– 2T1g transitions, respectively [22,26–28].

– 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples. **Figure 4.** UV–Vis reflectance spectra for the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) samples.

– – The absorption intensity of the d-d transition bands was increased by doping with Ti 4+ . This behavior was due to the increased distortion of the [MnO6] octahedra, which was caused by the Ti 4+ substitution, because Ti 4+ (0.0605 nm [29]) was larger than Mn 4+ (0.053 nm [29]). Although the d-d transitions were essentially forbidden, they were partially allowed due to the loss of symmetry. As a result, the absorption intensity of the d-d transitions was increased by the Ti 4+ doping. – 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples. –

– 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples, which

– 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) samples, which

– – –

– – –

– The UV–Vis reflectance spectrum of La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 was compared to those of the commercial orange pigments such as Bayferrox ® 960 and Bayferrox ® 4960 (Fe2O3- FeOOH, Ozeki), as shown in Figure 5. The reflectance values in the green-blue light region (480–490 nm), corresponding to the complementary color of orange, of the current La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 and commercial pigments were almost the same. On the other hand, the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment showed higher reflectance in the yellow-red light region (580–750 nm) than those of the conventional ones. Accordingly, the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment exhibited more vibrant orange color than the commercially available orange pigments. – –

**Figure 5.** UV–Vis reflectance spectra for La – 3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 , Bayferrox ® 960 and Bayferrox ® 4960.

#### *2.4. Color Properties*

The *L*\**a*\**b*\**Ch* ◦ color coordinate data of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) and commercially available orange Bayferrox ® 960 and Bayferrox ® 4960 pigments are summarized in Table 3 (See 3.2. Characterization section described in later for the detail of these parameters). The photographs of these orange pigments are also shown in Figure 6. The hue angle (*h* ◦ ) values of the samples synthesized in this study have fallen within the orange color region (35 ◦–70 ◦ ). The redness (*a*\*), yellowness (*b*\*), and chroma (*C*) values were slightly increased by doping with Ti 4+ into the Mn 4+ site. As already discussed above on the results

in Figure 4, the optical absorption from 480 to 490 nm (green-blue) became stronger when the Ti 4+ ions were introduced into the Mn 4+ site in the host lattice. Therefore, the sample color became more vivid orange.

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) and commer-

**Table 3.** *L*\**a*\**b*\**Ch* ◦ color coordinate data of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) and commercially available orange (Bayferrox ® 960 and Bayferrox ® 4960) pigments. 1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03)

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.03) and commercially available orange Bayferrox **Figure 6.** Photographs of the La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.03) and commercially available orange Bayferrox ® 960 and Bayferrox® 4960 pigments.

> As recognized in Table 3, the *C* value of the present La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment was much higher than those of the commercial orange pigments. In addition, the *h* ◦ value of these pigments were almost equivalent. These results elucidate that the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment exhibited a bright orange color with high color purity, compared to the commercial orange pigments.

#### *2.5. Chemical Stability Test*

–

The chemical stability of the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment was tested in the acid/base solutions. The pigment was dispersed into the 4% acetic acid and 4% ammonium bicarbonate solutions. These sample solutions for the acid and base conditions were left at room temperature for 1 and 24 h. After that, the samples were washed with deionized water and ethanol, and then dried at room temperature. The color of the pigment after the chemical stability test was evaluated by using the colorimeter. The *L*\**a*\**b*\**Ch* ◦ color coordinate data of the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment before and after the soaking test are tabulated in Table 4, and the photographs are also displayed in Figure 7. After the soaking test, the *b*\* value decreased slightly, but the *h* ◦ value was almost constant and no significant color degradation was observed.

**Table 4.** *L*\**a*\**b*\**Ch* ◦ color coordinate data of the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment before and after the chemical stability test.

**Figure 7.** Photographs of the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment before and after the chemical stability test.

#### **3. Materials and Methods**

#### *3.1. Synthesis*

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized by a conventional solid The La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction method. La2O3 (99.99%), Li2CO3 (99.0%), Mn2O3 (99.0%), and TiO2 (99.0%) powders were used as starting reagents. Stoichiometric amounts of metal oxides and three times the stoichiometric amount of Li2CO3 were mixed in an agate mortar. The homogeneous mixtures were calcined in an alumina crucible at 900 ◦C for 6 h in air. Before characterization, the samples were ground in an agate mortar.

#### *3.2. Characterization*

Kα ers and volumes were calculated from the XRD peak angles refined, using α The element ratios of La, Mn, and Ti for the samples were confirmed by using Xray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF; Rigaku, ZSX Primus). The crystal structure of the samples was identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD; Rigaku, Ultima IV) with Cu-Kα radiation, operating with voltage and current settings of 40 kV and 40 mA. The lattice parameters and volumes were calculated from the XRD peak angles refined, using α-Al2O3 as a standard and using the CellCalc Ver. 2.20 software. The morphologies and particle sizes were observed by using field-emission-type scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; JEOL, JSM-6701F).

'É – − The optical reflectance spectra were measured with a UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer (JASCO, V-770), using a standard white plate as a reference. The color properties were evaluated in terms of the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) *L*\**a*\**b*\**Ch* ◦ system, using a colorimeter (Konica-Minolta, CR-300). The *L*\* parameter represents the brightness or darkness in a neutral grayscale. The *a*\* and *b*\* values indicate the red–green and yellowblue axes, respectively. The chroma parameter (*C*) expresses the color saturation and is calculated with the formula, *C* = [(*a*\*) 2 + (*b*\*) 2 ] 1/2 . The hue angle (*h* ◦ ) ranges from 0 to 360 ◦ and is estimated according to the following formula: *h* ◦ = tan −1 (*b*\*/*a*\*).

#### **4. Conclusions**

1− (0 ≤ ≤ 0.05) samp 1− – La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (0 ≤ *x* ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized using a solid-state reaction technique as environmentally friendly inorganic orange pigments. The La3LiMn1−*x*Ti*x*O7 (*x* = 0, 0.01, and 0.03) samples were obtained in a single-phase form, but an impurity phase was observed for *x* = 0.05. In the visible light region, the optical absorption band at a wavelength below 550 nm and the shoulder absorption peak around 690 nm were attributed to the spin-allowed and spin-forbidden d–d transitions of Mn 4+ , respectively. These absorption intensities were increased by the Ti 4+ doping, because the [MnO6] octahedra were more distorted. Accordingly, the sample color became more vivid orange. Among the samples synthesized in this study, the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment exhibited the most brilliant orange color. In addition, the orange color of the present pigment was brighter than those of the commercially available orange pigments, because the *a*\* and *b*\* values of this pigment were higher than those of the commercial ones. Since the orange color of the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7 pigment has chemical stability, it has a potential to be a novel environmentally friendly inorganic orange pigment.

**Author Contributions:** The following are the author contributions to this study: Conceptualization, R.O. and T.M. (Toshiyuki Masui); methodology, R.O., J.-i.K., T.M. (Takuro Morimoto) and T.M. (Toshiyuki Masui); data curation, J.-i.K. and T.M. (Takuro Morimoto); writing—original draft preparation, R.O.; writing—review and editing, T.M. (Toshiyuki Masui); supervision, T.M. (Toshiyuki Masui); funding acquisition, T.M. (Toshiyuki Masui) All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was partially funded by the JSPS KAKENHI, grant number JP19K05668 and JP20H02439.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Sample Availability:** Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

#### **References**