**Preface to "Marine Natural Product Chemistry: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Peter Proksch on His Research Career"**

As early as 30 years ago, Professor Dr. Peter Proksch was aware that marine organisms with diverse species are a huge treasure for the discovery of marine natural products with medicinal values. Since then, he has transferred his research interest from terrestrial plants to marine animals. His attention was caught by the colorful coral reefs in the tropical seas. He focused his research work on marine invertebrates, mainly including sponges, molluscs and tunicates. With the deepening of research, he expanded his research object to symbiotic microorganisms derived from marine invertebrates. Thousands of new marine natural products have been discovered by his group from marine invertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms, most of them having novel structures and significant biological activities. A series of lead compounds with antitumor, antiviral, and antibacterial activities have been discovered and developed.

In his academic career, Professor Dr. Peter Proksch has put forward many innovative ideas which have played a guiding role in the field of marine natural products and marine drugs. He has published more than 600 peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and book chapters. Many academic views proposed by Professor Dr. Peter Proksch have important insights and provide a reference for scholars in the domain of marine natural products and marine drugs. He explored and practiced the discovery of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms. We are deeply impressed by his great achievements in marine natural products and marine drugs.

Professor Dr. Peter Proksch not only has a global vision, but also has a broad mind and sincere spirit of international cooperation. He has trained a large number of scholars and students from all over the world, especially from China, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Mongolia, Egypt, Turkey, Morocco, Cameroon and Nigeria. His laboratory is therefore known as the PP international family. He spread his academic thoughts and scientific spirit and was admired and respected by scientists in the field of natural product chemistry.

On the occasion of Professor Dr. Peter Proksch finishing his academic career, we are honored to be invited to organize an album in the journal of Marine Drugs to commemorate his outstanding contribution to marine natural products and marine drugs, as well as express our admiration for him. At the same time, we also hope that the album can inspire young generation of scholars in this field to make greater contributions in the future, explore the medicinal value of marine natural products and benefit human health.

> **Bin-Gui Wang, RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel, and Chang-Yun Wang** *Editors*


Meet the editors

Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for

their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications, including books, journal articles, and conference papers. His publications include around seventy books as author and editor. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is the chair and a member of the international advisory committees and organizing committees of various international conferences. He is also editor in chief and editor for various international journals.

Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim is a senior lecturer at the Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He has been in the department for more than ten years. He obtained his BAppSc, MSc, and Ph.D. in Computational Mathematics and Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). He has twenty years of experience using Mathematica and MATLAB

software for teaching and research activities. His research interests include curves and surfaces designing, geometric modeling, and wavelets applications in image compression and statistics. He has published more than 140 papers in journals and conferences as well as seven books, including two research monographs and three edited conference volumes, and thirty book chapters. He was the recipient of the Effective Education Delivery Award and Publication Award (Journal & Conference Paper), UTP Quality Day 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. He is a Certified WOLFRAM Technology Associate, Mathematica Student Level.

Contents

for Grzegorz Shaft Sinking

*by Paweł Kamiński*

Tune Technique

*and Joichi Kusano*

*and Hossein Alaei*

*and Subhra Mullick*

for EDM Process

*and Maryam Mohd. Isa*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 17**

**Chapter 3 39**

**Chapter 4 59**

**Chapter 5 73**

**Chapter 6 95**

**Chapter 7 119**

**Chapter 8 137**

Optimization Directions for Monitoring of Ground Freezing Process

A Novel PID Robotic for Speed Controller Using Optimization Based

*by Falih Salih Mahdi Alkhafaji, Wan Zuha Wan Hasan, Nasri Sulaiman*

Highway PC Bridge Inspection by 3.95 MeV X-Ray/Neutron Source *by Mitsuru Uesaka, Katsuhiro Dobashi, Yuki Mitsuya, Jian Yang*

A Survey on Weapon Target Allocation Models and Applications

*by Abdolreza Asadi Ghanbari, Mousa Mohammadnia, S. Abbas Sadatinejad*

A Review on Advanced Manufacturing Techniques and Their Applications

Stress-Strain Relationship: Postulated Concept to Understand Genetic

*by Umesh Prasad Verma, Madhurendra Narain Sinha, Pushan Kumar Dutta*

Nature Inspired Metaheuristic Approach for Best Tool Work Combination

Incremental Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator

*by Aymen Lachheb and Lilia El Amraoui*

*by Anand J. Patel and Gülenay A. Kilic*

Mechanism Associated with a Seismic Event

*by Goutam Kumar Bose and Pritam Pain*


**2.5. Molecular subtypes**

Most recently, molecular-based classification systems were introduced. According to the results of the cancer genome atlas research network [4], four subtypes exist (including their distribution):

According to the results of Cristescu et al., four subtypes exist associated with distinct clinical outcomes [5].


**1. Introduction**

There are notable differences between lightweight aggregates and normalweight aggregates (NWA), so what are the different effects on different types of concrete?

Lightweight coarse aggregate has a softening effect; does lightweight aggregate concrete have this effect too?

Can the lightweight concrete be used under special environmental conditions such as negative temperature, elevated temperature, and chemical corrosion?

Are there any changes in the mechanical performance of lightweight concrete under complicated stress and in reinforced concrete?

Since 2005, it has been prohibited to mine river sand in most areas of China. The relevant laws, such as the *Water Law of the People's Republic of China* (2002, 2016),

the *Flood Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China* (1997, 2016), the *Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China* (1986, 2009), and the *Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of River Courses* (1986, 2009), are constantly amended, and thus the prohibition of river sand excavation has been extended throughout the country since 2018. Nowadays, artificial sand is mainly used as normal-weight fine aggregate (NWFA) in normal-weight concrete (NWC) in China. This study mainly discusses artificial sand, and all of the following experiments were carried out strictly according to Chinese national standards.

## **2. Technical requirements of normal-weight sand**

NWFA can be distinguished from lightweight fine aggregate (LWFA) by the apparent density (*ρ*a) and the bulk density (*ρ*b) [1, 2]. If *ρ*a ≥ 2500kg/m3 or *ρ*b ≥ 1400kg/m3 and the void ratio (*e*v) ≤ 44% when calculated by Eq. (1), the sand is NWFA [1]. On the other hand, if *ρ*b ≤ 1200kg/m3 , the sand is LWFA. Also, the LWFA is usually made of lightweight coarse aggregate (LWCA) for producing lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) [2]:

$$e\_{\rm v} = \left(\mathbf{1} \frac{\rho\_{\rm b}}{\rho\_{\rm a}}\right) \times \mathbf{100\%} \tag{1}$$

for self-compacting concrete (SCC) production, and the percentage retained on a 315-μm sieve should not be less than 15%. The fineness modulus range of 2.6–3.0 is suitable for high-strength concrete (HSC) production. Moreover, medium sand

Nominal diameter of sand and sieve hole 5 mm 2.5 mm 1.25 mm 630 μm 315 μm 160 μm Mesh size (length of sieve hole) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 600μm 300μm 150 μm

> Zone I 10–0 35 5 65–35 85–71 95–80 100–90 Zone II 10–0 25–0 50 – 10 70–41 92–70 100–90 Zone III 10–0 15–0 25–0 40–16 85–55 100–90

Lightweight aggregate (LWA) includes artificial, natural, industrial waste slag, cinder, and spontaneous combustible coal gangue LWA [2]. LWA is called superlightweight coarse aggregate (SLWCA) when *ρ*b does not exceed 500 kg/m3

tube crushing strengths (TCS) of the different grades of high-strength lightweight coarse aggregates (HSLWCAs) are provided in **Table 3**. The softening coefficient should be equal to or higher than 0.8 and 0.7 for artificial and industrial waste slag LWCA and natural LWCA, respectively. The fineness modulus (*M*x, LA) of LWFA

According to the current LWA production technology and its use in actual

**) Tube crushing strength (MPa) Strength grade of LWAC**

engineering, the particle size distribution of LWA is shown in **Table 4**.

600 4.0 LC25 700 5.0 LC30 800 6.0 LC35 900 6.5 LC40 *Notes: The bulk density grade is a size range, not an exact number. For example, ρb = 600 kg/m3 means 500*

*Tube crushing strength and strength grade of LWAC for artificial HSLWCA stipulated in [2].*

Continuous grading (5–16 mm) 16.0 mm 9.50 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm Cumulative retained percentage (%) 0–10 20–60 90–100 95–100

Continuous grading (5–10mm) 9.50 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm Cumulative percentage retained (%) 0 15 90–100 95–100

*Particle size distribution for LWFA and LWCA.*

Mesh size (length of sieve hole) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 600μm 300μm 150 μm Cumulative percentage retained (%) 0–10 0–35 20–60 30–80 65–90 75–100

. The

should be used for mass concrete and mortar production [6].

*Particle size distribution for artificial sand stipulated in [1, 3].*

*The Influence of Hybrid Aggregates on Different Types of Concrete*

**3. Technical requirements of lightweight aggregate**

should be between 2.3 and 4.0.

**Bulk density grade (***ρ***b, kg/m3**

*< ρb 600 kg/m3 and so on.*

**Table 3.**

**Table 4.**

**83**

Cumulative percentage retained

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88254*

(%)

**Table 2.**

In order to standardise the artificial sand (AS), namely, manufactured sand (MS), the terms, definitions, classifications, specifications, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, and so on are stipulated in the Chinese national standards Sand for Construction (GB/T14684-2011) [1], Technical Specification for Application of Manufactured Sand Concrete (JGJ/T241–2011) [3], and Standard for Technical Requirements and Test Method of Sand and Crushed Stone (or Gravel) for Ordinary Concrete (JGJ52–2006) [4].

The MS is made of different parent rocks, whose strength should be in accordance with **Table 1** [3].

The fineness module (*M*x, calculated by Eq. 2) should be *M*x, c = 3.7–3.1, *M*x, m = 3.0–2.3, *M*x, f = 2.2–1.6, and *M*x, e = 1.5–0.7 for coarse, medium, fine, and extrafine sand, respectively. The detailed particle size distribution sieved with a square hole mesh sieve is provided in **Table 2**:

$$M\_{\rm x} = \frac{(A\_2 + A\_3 + A\_4 + A\_5 + A\_6) \cdot 5A\_1}{100 \cdot A\_1} \tag{2}$$

where *A*1, *A*2, *A*3, *A*4, *A*5 and *A*6 are the cumulative percentages retained in 4.75, 2.36, 1.18, 600, 300 and 150 μm sieves, respectively.

For concrete production, it is recommended that sand from Zone II be used. The sand ratio (sand-to-sand and coarse aggregate weight ratio, *S*p, %) should be improved properly when selecting sand from Zone I to keep a sufficient cement content to satisfy the workability requirement of concrete. When selecting sand from Zone III, *S*p should be reduced properly. Also, medium sand should be selected

#### **Table 1.**

*Strength of parent rock made of artificial sand (unit, MPa).*

*The Influence of Hybrid Aggregates on Different Types of Concrete DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88254*

#### **Table 2.**

the *Flood Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China* (1997, 2016), the *Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China* (1986, 2009), and the *Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of River Courses* (1986, 2009), are constantly amended, and thus the prohibition of river sand excavation has been extended throughout the country since 2018. Nowadays, artificial sand is mainly used as normal-weight fine aggregate (NWFA) in normal-weight concrete (NWC) in China. This study mainly discusses artificial sand, and all of the following exper-

NWFA can be distinguished from lightweight fine aggregate (LWFA) by the

*ρ*b ≥ 1400kg/m3 and the void ratio (*e*v) ≤ 44% when calculated by Eq. (1), the sand

, the sand is LWFA. Also, the

(2)

� 100% (1)

apparent density (*ρ*a) and the bulk density (*ρ*b) [1, 2]. If *ρ*a ≥ 2500kg/m3 or

LWFA is usually made of lightweight coarse aggregate (LWCA) for producing

*ρ*b *ρ*a

In order to standardise the artificial sand (AS), namely, manufactured sand (MS), the terms, definitions, classifications, specifications, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, and so on are stipulated in the Chinese national standards Sand for Construction (GB/T14684-2011) [1], Technical Specification for Application of Manufactured Sand Concrete (JGJ/T241–2011) [3], and Standard for Technical Requirements and Test Method of Sand and Crushed Stone (or Gravel)

The MS is made of different parent rocks, whose strength should be in accor-

The fineness module (*M*x, calculated by Eq. 2) should be *M*x, c = 3.7–3.1, *M*x, m = 3.0–2.3, *M*x, f = 2.2–1.6, and *M*x, e = 1.5–0.7 for coarse, medium, fine, and extrafine sand, respectively. The detailed particle size distribution sieved with a square

> *M*x ¼ ð Þ *A*2 þ *A*3 þ *A*4 þ *A*5 þ *A*6 ‐5*A*1 100‐*A*1

where *A*1, *A*2, *A*3, *A*4, *A*5 and *A*6 are the cumulative percentages retained in 4.75,

For concrete production, it is recommended that sand from Zone II be used. The

sand ratio (sand-to-sand and coarse aggregate weight ratio, *S*p, %) should be improved properly when selecting sand from Zone I to keep a sufficient cement content to satisfy the workability requirement of concrete. When selecting sand from Zone III, *S*p should be reduced properly. Also, medium sand should be selected

**Igneous rock Metamorphic rock Sedimentary rock** ≥100 ≥80 ≥60

*Notes: The test method of compressive strength of parent rock refers to GB/T50266–2013 [5].*

*e*v ¼ 1‐

iments were carried out strictly according to Chinese national standards.

**2. Technical requirements of normal-weight sand**

*Sandy Materials in Civil Engineering - Usage and Management*

is NWFA [1]. On the other hand, if *ρ*b ≤ 1200kg/m3

lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) [2]:

for Ordinary Concrete (JGJ52–2006) [4].

hole mesh sieve is provided in **Table 2**:

2.36, 1.18, 600, 300 and 150 μm sieves, respectively.

*Strength of parent rock made of artificial sand (unit, MPa).*

dance with **Table 1** [3].

**Table 1.**

**82**

*Particle size distribution for artificial sand stipulated in [1, 3].*

for self-compacting concrete (SCC) production, and the percentage retained on a 315-μm sieve should not be less than 15%. The fineness modulus range of 2.6–3.0 is suitable for high-strength concrete (HSC) production. Moreover, medium sand should be used for mass concrete and mortar production [6].


*2.8. Computed Tomography (CT)*

In vivo and in vitro CT images were acquired using an in vivo microCT scanner (Skyscan 1076, Bruker microCT, Kontich, Belgium) with the following settings: 50 kV X-ray source, 200 μA source current, 0.5 mm Al filter, 120 ms exposure time, 22 × 29 mm field of view, 0.7◦ rotation step over a total angel of 180◦, which results in a tomographic dataset with a 35 μm isotropic resolution. The data has been processed using software from the manufacturer (NRecon, Dataviewer, CTvox and CTan). Sample preparation was similar for CT as for PAI.


[138] FUJIOKA T, HASEGAWA M, ISHIKURA K, MATSUSHITA Y, SATO M, TANJI S. Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by vitamin D3 agents in murine renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of urology. 1998 Jul;160(1):247- 51. Sundaram S, Sea A, Feldman S,

Strawbridge R, Hoopes PJ,

Demidenko E, Binderup L, Gewirtz DA. The combination of a potent vitamin D3 analog, EB 1089, with ionizing radiation

1994 Dec 1;23(6):1133-6.

1;13(4):169-77.

1;16(6):1249-303.

[133] Garland CF, Garland FC. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?.

International journal of epidemiology.

1;9(6):599-612.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97299*

neurobiology. 1995 Nov 1;47(4-5):425-48.

Nov;35(S147):132-47.

1983 Jan 1;36(8):551-9.

vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence: (A viewpoint) part 2. biochemical and genetic factors. International Journal of Environmental

[125] Acheson ED, Bachrach CA, Wright FM. Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1960

[126] Norman Jr JE, Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: 2. Latitude, climate and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Journal of chronic diseases.

[127] Goldberg P. Multiple sclerosis:

Studies. 1974 Jan 1;6(2-3):121-9.

[128] Acheson ED, Bachrach CA, Wright FM. Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1960

[129] Sutherland JM, Tyrer JH, Eadie MJ. The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in

[130] VanAmerongen BM, Dijkstra CD, Lips P, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: an update. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2004

Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: an update. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2017 May

[132] Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. The

Nov;35(S147):132-47.

1;85(1):149-64.

Aug;58(8):1095-109.

[131] Pierrot-Deseilligny C,

Australia. Brain. 1962 Mar

*Vitamin D and Its Relationship with the Pathways Related to Thrombosis and Various Diseases DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97299*

neurobiology. 1995 Nov 1;47(4-5):425-48.

*Vitamin D*

and clinical applications. Primer on the

musculoskeletal pain. InMayo clinic proceedings 2003 Dec 1 (Vol. 78, No. 12,

Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. The American journal

pp. 1463-1470). Elsevier.

[117] Bischoff-Ferrari HA,

of clinical nutrition. 2006 Jun

study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2007

[119] Carthy EP, Yamashita W, Hsu A, Ooi BS. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and rat vascular smooth muscle cell growth.

[120] Michos ED, Melamed ML. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition

[121] Kuneš J, Tremblay J, Bellavance F, Hamet P. Influence of environmental temperature on the blood pressure of hypertensive patients in Montreal. American journal of hypertension. 1991

Sharma AM. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet (British edition).

[123] McAlpine D, Compston A. McAlpine's multiple sclerosis. Elsevier

[124] Gale CR, Martyn CN. Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis. Progress in

[118] Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose

1;84(1):18-28.

Feb;55(2):234-9.

Hypertension. 1989 Jun;13(6\_pt\_2):954-9.

1;11(1):7-12.

& Metabolic Care. 2008 Jan

May 1;4(5\_Pt\_1):422-6.

1998;352(9129):709-10.

Health Sciences; 2005.

[122] Krause R, Bühring M, Hopfenmüller W, Holick MF,

[109] Feldman D, Malloy PJ, Gross C. Vitamin D: biology, action, and clinical implications. InOsteoporosis 2001 Jan 1

[110] DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. The American journal of

Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, Lieben L, Mathieu C, Demay M. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocrine reviews. 2008 Oct

[112] Mussolino ME, Gillum RF. Low bone mineral density and mortality in men and women: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked mortality file. Annals of

[113] Suzuki T, Yoshida H. Low bone mineral density at femoral neck is a predictor of increased mortality in elderly Japanese women. Osteoporosis international. 2010 Jan;21(1):71-9.

[114] Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled

[115] Nieves J, Cosman F, Herbert J, Shen V, Lindsay R. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in multiple sclerosis. Neurology.

[116] Plotnikoff GA, Quigley JM.

Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific

epidemiology. 2008 Nov

trials. Jama. 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64.

1994 Sep 1;44(9):1687-.

1;18(11):847-50.

Metabolic Bone Diseases. 1999.

(pp. 257-303). Academic Press.

clinical nutrition. 2004 Dec

[111] Bouillon R, Carmeliet G,

1;80(6):1689S–96S.

1;29(6):726-76.

**104**

[125] Acheson ED, Bachrach CA, Wright FM. Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1960 Nov;35(S147):132-47.

[126] Norman Jr JE, Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: 2. Latitude, climate and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Journal of chronic diseases. 1983 Jan 1;36(8):551-9.

[127] Goldberg P. Multiple sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence: (A viewpoint) part 2. biochemical and genetic factors. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 1974 Jan 1;6(2-3):121-9.

[128] Acheson ED, Bachrach CA, Wright FM. Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1960 Nov;35(S147):132-47.

[129] Sutherland JM, Tyrer JH, Eadie MJ. The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Australia. Brain. 1962 Mar 1;85(1):149-64.

[130] VanAmerongen BM, Dijkstra CD, Lips P, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: an update. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2004 Aug;58(8):1095-109.

[131] Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: an update. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2017 May 1;14:35-45.

[132] Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. The

Lancet Neurology. 2010 Jun 1;9(6):599-612.

[133] Garland CF, Garland FC. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?. International journal of epidemiology. 1980 Sep 1;9(3):227-31.

[134] Garland FC, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Young JF. Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation. Preventive medicine. 1990 Nov 1;19(6):614-22.

[135] LEFKOWITZ ES, Garland CF. Sunlight, vitamin D, and ovarian cancer mortality rates in US women. International journal of epidemiology. 1994 Dec 1;23(6):1133-6.

[136] Young MR, Halpin J, Hussain R, Lozano Y, Djordjevic A, Devata S, Matthews JP, Wright MA. Inhibition of tumor production of granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor by 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces tumor motility and metastasis. Invasion & metastasis. 1993 Jan 1;13(4):169-77.

[137] Evans SR, Shchepotin EI, Young HE, Rochon JA, Uskokovic MI, Shchepotin IB. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthetic analogs inhibit spontaneous metastases in a 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis model. International journal of oncology. 2000 Jun 1;16(6):1249-303.

[138] FUJIOKA T, HASEGAWA M, ISHIKURA K, MATSUSHITA Y, SATO M, TANJI S. Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by vitamin D3 agents in murine renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of urology. 1998 Jul;160(1):247- 51. Sundaram S, Sea A, Feldman S, Strawbridge R, Hoopes PJ, Demidenko E, Binderup L, Gewirtz DA. The combination of a potent vitamin D3 analog, EB 1089, with ionizing radiation reduces tumor growth and induces apoptosis of MCF-7 breast tumor xenografts in nude mice. Clinical Cancer Research. 2003 Jun 1;9(6):2350-6.

[139] Holick MF. Vitamin D: its role in cancer prevention and treatment. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology. 2006 Sep 1;92(1):49-59.

[140] Feskanich D, Ma J, Fuchs CS, Kirkner GJ, Hankinson SE, Hollis BW, Giovannucci EL. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2004 Sep 1;13(9):1502-8.

[141] John EM, Schwartz GG, Dreon DM, Koo J. Vitamin D and breast cancer risk: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1975 to 1992. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 1999 May 1;8(5):399-406.

[142] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 2004 May 1;27(5):1047-53.

[143] Martineau AR, Honecker FU, Wilkinson RJ, Griffiths CJ. Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2007 Mar 1;103(3-5):793-8.

[144] Blondon M, Rodabough RJ, Budrys N, Johnson KC, Berger JS, Shikany JM, Raiesdana A, Heckbert SR, Manson JE, LaCroix AZ, Siscovick D. The Effect of Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on the risk of venous thromboembolism in the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 2015 May;113(5):999.

[145] Moscarelli L, Zanazzi M, Bertoni E, Caroti L, Rosso G, Farsetti S, Annunziata F, Paudice N, Salvadori M. Renin angiotensin system blockade and

activated vitamin D as a means of preventing deep vein thrombosis in renal transplant recipients. Clinical nephrology. 2011 May 1;75(5):440-50.

[146] Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Olsson H. Does an active sun exposure habit lower the risk of venous thrombotic events? AD-lightful hypothesis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009 Apr;7(4):605-10.

[147] Brot C, Vestergaard P, Kolthoff N, Gram J, Hermann AP, Sørensen OH. Vitamin D status and its adequacy in healthy Danish perimenopausal women: relationships to dietary intake, sun exposure and serum parathyroid hormone. British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 Aug;86(S1):S97-103.

[148] Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Nair N, Babalyan V, Hutchings N, Napoli N. Mechanisms in endocrinology: vitamin D and COVID-19. European journal of endocrinology. 2020 Nov 1;183(5):R133-47.

[149] Lau FH, Majumder R, Torabi R, Saeg F, Hoffman R, Cirillo JD, Greiffenstein P. Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent in severe COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.

[150] Lanham-New SA, Webb AR, Cashman KD, Buttriss JL, Fallowfield JL, Masud T, Hewison M, Mathers JC, Kiely M, Welch AA, Ward KA. Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 disease. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2020;3(1):106.

[151] Aslan MT, Aslan İÖ, Özdemir Ö. Letter to the Editor: Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days? J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24(9):1038- 1039. doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1413-5. PMID: 33155635; PMCID: PMC7597430.

**107**

Section 3

Vitamin D and Dental

Medicine

### Section 3


**Meet the editor**

Hussaini Anthony Makun is currently working as Professor of Biochemistry and Director of Research in the Federal University of Technology, Minna. He completed his PhD in Biochemistry (Toxicology) from the same University. The researcher was a Postdoctoral Fellow (PDF) with Food Environment and Health Research Group of the University of Johannesburg (UJ) between

2008 and 2010. He is the Lead Researcher of the Food and Toxicology Research Group (FTRG), which conducts researches on mycotoxins, African medicinal plants and substances of abuse in Nigeria. He has won six national and international grants and is a member of the African Union Expert Committee on Contaminants in Food and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Contaminants in Food (2012-2016). He has 57 publications in peer-reviewed journals, technical papers and books.


**4. Conclusions**

This study describes the first detailed validated method for quantification of OLE and other CGs in culinary herbs and human urine. The method displays good specificity, linearity, accuracy, and expanded measurement uncertainty, thus enabling the accurate quantification of OLE, DIGO, DIGI, and CON in culinary herbs and OLE, DIGO, DIGI, CON, and OUB in human urine. This new method was applied to the analysis of more than 60 samples of culinary herbs and herb/spice mixtures containing bay leaves present on the Belgian food market, showing that these products are safe for the consumer. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method described here could, therefore, become a useful tool to determine these plant toxins in culinary herbs and also in urine.

#### **5. Materials and Methods**

#### *5.1. Standards, Reagents, and Consumables*

Analytical standards of OLE, DIGO, DIGI, CON, and OUB octahydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland). Individual stock solutions were prepared by dissolving the crystalline standards in MeOH at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. A methanolic solution of DIGO-D (1 mg/mL) was obtained from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Intermediate solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solutions in MeOH. The stock and the intermediate solutions were stored at −20 ◦C.

The MeOH absolute ULC-MS, ACN ULC-MS, and HCOOH 99% ULC-MS were purchased from Biosolve (Valkenswaard, the Netherlands). The ammonia solution 28–30% was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while NH4HCO3 LC-MS and HCOONH4 LC-MS were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). H2O was purified by a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA).

Oasis® MAX (3 cc, 60 mg) LP and Oasis® HLB (3 cc, 60 mg) extraction cartridges were provided by Waters (Wexford, Ireland). Discovery® DSC-18 (6 mL, 500 mg) and Supelclean™ ENVI-Carb™ (6 mL, 500 mg) SPE cartridges were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. VWR (Randor, PA, USA) was the supplier of 15 and 50 mL centrifuge PP tubes and centrifugal filters (modified nylon, 0.2 μm, 500 μL).

## *5.2. UHPLC-MS*/*MS Conditions*

The UHPLC-MS/MS system consisted of an ACQUITY UPLC H-class system coupled to a Xevo TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA).

The mass spectrometer was operated in the ESI(+) mode. The MS parameters were set as follows: Source and desolvation temperatures: 150 and 350 ◦C, respectively; capillary voltage: 1.50 kV; cone and desolvation gas flows: 150 and 1000 L/h, respectively; collision gas flow: 0.15 mL/min; source offset: 30 V. The SRM acquisition mode was used.

Chromatographic separation was achieved on an AQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm; 1.7 μm) with an ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18 VanGuard precolumn (2.1 × 5 mm; 1.7 μm) (both from Waters). The column temperature was maintained at 40 ◦C. The mobile phase was composed of phase A (H2O containing 10 mM NH4HCO3 pH 9) and phase B (ACN). The flow rate used was 0.45 mL/min and the applied gradient elution program was as follows: 0–1 min: 95% A, 1–6 min: 40% A, 6–7 min: 10% A, 7–7.1 min: 95% A, 7.1–10 min: 95% A. The injection volume was 10 μL.


*2.16. Recombinant Retroviral Vectors*

The PCR amplified fragments wild type (WT) and Ser46Ala Ser64Ala double mutant (AA) were cloned in *EcoR1* site of pBABE-Puro retroviral vector to obtain FLAG-TCTP-pBABE and FLAG-AA-TCTP-pBABE. All constructs were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis.


*Edited by Chaouki Ghenai*

Securing the future of the human race will require an improved understanding of the environment as well as of technological solutions, mindsets and behaviors in line with modes of development that the ecosphere of our planet can support. Some experts see the only solution in a global deflation of the currently unsustainable exploitation of resources. However, sustainable development offers an approach that would be practical to fuse with the managerial strategies and assessment tools for policy and decision makers at the regional planning level. Environmentalists, architects, engineers, policy makers and economists will have to work together in order to ensure that planning and development can meet our society's present needs without compromising the security of future generations. Better planning methods for urban and rural expansion could prevent environmental destruction and imminent crises. Energy, transport, water, environment and food production systems should aim for self-sufficiency and not the rapid depletion of natural resources. Planning for sustainable development must overcome many complex technical and social issues.

ISBN 978-953-51-0116-1

Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and

Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security

Photo by scanrail / iStock