**Acknowledgements**

The author would like to thank Christian Sternecker, Lothar Braun and Tsvetko Tsvetkov for many fruitful discussions regarding the implementation and Quality of Service extension of the BPS-MAC protocol. Furthermore, the author is very thankful for the support of Prof. Carle, the head of the Chair for Network Architectures and Services at the Technical University Munich.


*Review* **Status of BIPV and BAPV System for Less Energy-Hungry Building in India—A Review**

**Pranavamshu Reddy 1, M. V. N. Surendra Gupta 2, Srijita Nundy 3, A. Karthick 4 and Aritra Ghosh 5,\***

Received: 25 February 2020; Accepted: 24 March 2020; Published: 29 March 2020

**Abstract:** The photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the most promising technologies that generate benevolent electricity. Therefore, fossil fuel-generated electric power plants, that emit an enormous amount of greenhouse gases, can be replaced by the PV power plant. However, due to its lower efficiency than a traditional power plant, and to generate equal amount of power, a large land area is required for the PV power plant. Also, transmission and distribution losses are intricate issues for PV power plants. Therefore, the inclusion of PV into a building is one of the holistic approaches which reduce the necessity for such large land areas. Building-integrated and building attached/applied are the two types where PV can be included in the building. Building applied/attached PV(BAPV) indicates that the PV system is added/attached or applied to a building, whereas, building integrated PV (BIPV) illustrates the concept of replacing the traditional building envelop, such as window, wall, roof by PV. In India, applying PV on a building is growing due to India's solar mission target for 2022. In 2015, through Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, India targeted to achieve 100 GW PV power of which 40 GW will be acquired from roof-integrated PV by 2022. By the end of December 2019, India achieved 33.7 GW total installed PV power. Also, green/zero energy/and sustainable buildings are gaining significance in India due to rapid urbanization. However, BIPV system is rarely used in India which is likely due to a lack of government support and public awareness. This work reviewed the status of BIPV/BAPV system in India. The BIPV window system can probably be the suitable BIPV product for Indian context to reduce the building's HVAC load.

**Keywords:** India; BIPV/BAPV; BIPV-Glazing; JNNSM; MNRE; Zero energy-building


**Introductory Chapter: Hair Loss**

Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu **Introductory Chapter: Hair Loss**

Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66984


6. Conclusion

In this chapter, a dynamically integrated spatiotemporal-based trajectory planning and control method for the off-road autonomous vehicles is proposed. The upper-level trajectory planner can select the best time-parameterised trajectory among a group of the candidate trajectories by considering the road topography information. Then, the lower-level trajectory controller can control the motion of the vehicle and achieve the desired trajectory.

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Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicle in Off-Road Scenario

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49

Simulation results have proved that the proposed trajectory planning and control method can successfully control the motion of autonomous vehicles and achieve the spatiotemporal-based desired trajectory while satisfying the target ending position and velocity. In the highway scenario, the proposed method has better overall position tracking control performance and can better achieve the desired longitudinal and lateral velocity compared with the conventional potential field method. In addition, the 4WIS-4WID vehicle shows better tracking control performance than traditional vehicle based on two-wheel model.

In the off-road scenario, the proposed trajectory planning method can successfully find a specific trajectory which can avoid the peak values of bank angle and road slope. Simulation results prove that the proposed trajectory planner when considering the road topography information can generate the trajectory with much smaller bank angle and road slope compared with trajectory generated by traditional trajectory planner. The actual trajectory tracking performance, roll stability and pitch stability performance can be improved by using the proposed trajectory planning method to minimise the effect of road topography on vehicle dynamics.


**5. Conclusions**

Our findings suggest that it is feasible to use IMUs to measure head and trunk movement and provide metrics that are clinically important. The system is portable, unobtrusive, and easy to use. These features make such systems well suited for use in the clinic to detect and characterize head and trunk movement during routine and standard vestibular rehabilitation. This study provides an initial step towards the implementation of IMUs to provide clinically meaningful information to physical therapists treating patients with imbalance after mTBI.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: P.C.F., D.A.J., L.A.K.; data curation: P.C.F., D.A.J., L.P.; formal analysis: L.P., S.P., M.E.-G.; funding acquisition: P.C.F., L.A.K.; methodology: P.C.F., D.A.J., S.P., M.E.-G.; project administration: L.A.K.; software: S.P., M.E.-G.; writing—original draft, L.P.; writing—review and editing: L.P., P.C.F., D.A.J., S.P., M.E.-G., L.A.K.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs under Award No. W81XWH-17-1-0424. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to acknowledge the help of research assistants Nicholas Kreter, Alexa Beeson, Sharna Clark-Donovan and Brian Rios.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors affiliated with APDM have a financial interest in APDM, a company that may have a commercial interest in the results of this research and technology. The potential individual and institutional conflicts of interest have been reviewed and managed by OHSU and APDM.


**5. Conclusions**

Comprehensive physical function assessment has been proved useful for understanding the ability of elderly people. Walking efficiency is closely correlated with life space, and it can be used for comparing physical function. Performance assessment, such as the grip strength, skeletal muscle mass, and postural control stabilization, may help slow the events that ultimately can lead to motor function disorder and disability. This chapter suggests that comprehensive physical function assessment is a useful method to evaluate the physical function and therefore aids rehabilitation programs.


2.2.3. Theil-Sen's Estimator

Theil-Sen slope estimate method were used to analyse the long-term trend in the data and the seasonality. The Theil-Sen estimator (TSE) is fairly resistant to outliers and is robust with a high breakdown point of 29.3% [37,38]. TSE method was first outlined by Theil [39] and later expanded upon by Sen [40]. The determination of trend slope of n-pair of data is given by the formula:

$$T\_i = \frac{x\_j - x\_i}{j - i},\tag{4}$$

where, *xj* and *xi* presents as data values at time *j* and *i* (*j* > *i*) respectively [37].