*3.3. Rheology*

The ArcTem simulator uses a direct relationship between porosity and vertical e ffective stress, known as the Schneider's law [76,77]. This law is widely used in the basin modelling community for its practicability, notably to reproduce porosity–depth data measured from cores or well logs [57].

In the iterative coupling, we model the rheology of passive margin sediments with a tensor extension of the Schneider's law. Concretely, the model describes an elasto-plastic behavior, with the rock sti ffness varying with compaction. It accounts for the full stress tensor but is designed to trigger the same volume variations as the Schneider's law in the case of tabular sedimentation with no lateral deformation (i.e., oedometer test conditions). It is presented in detail in [71]. Other relevant models describing sediment compaction can be found in the literature [78,79]. However, we see the one used herein as a suitable compromise with several practical needs, notably applicability on geologically detailed passive margin models, easy comparison with classical basin simulators, and integration in the iterative coupling at a reasonable computation cost.


5. Concluding remarks

This chapter presented a complete design of a typical US single-family home made of conventional wood-frame system. Initially, the applicable building and material codes were introduced and relevant provisions discussed. A typical home plan by a PA builder was discussed and explained for detailed design. The process of load selection and load path and load combination was discussed. Then based on application of the resultant loads on typical structural elements, detailed designs for roof sheathing, roof trusses, exterior walls, main wind force resisting system, floor system, girders, columns, and foundation walls and footings were presented and discussed. Where appropriate, tips and guidelines for typical design were offered so that the procedure presented can be followed by designers as appropriate. While other structural systems are becoming increasingly available, the wood-frame system is still the dominating system as in the USA lumber is readily available at highly competitive process. This makes structural systems other than conventional wood-frame less competitive, unless there are special conditions where cost may not be the main determining factor.


**Author details**

Alan B. Schorr1,2

1 Chairman Department of Medicine, Saint Mary Medical Center, USA

2 Division Head Endocrinology, Saint Mary Medical Center, USA

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**5. Conclusions**

This study found that although HIV/AIDS-related discrimination has been decreasing over the years, there are still those who harbour these negative attitudes toward people living with HIV and AIDS. Unattended to, these negative attitudes may hamper utilization of various HIV/AIDS care services. It is evident that government efforts or interventions to address HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are producing desirable outcomes, even though there is room for improvement. Current anti-stigma interventions need to be strengthened in order to uproot HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination completely. It is also important to conduct further studies to understand why people stigmatise and discriminate against those living with HIV or have AIDS.