**Author details**

The distinguished needs of bonds, identity and self-fulfilment become the basic determinants of the pace, dynamics and direction of individual's cognitive activeness. This activeness allows the individual for a very close relation with the nearer and further cultural environment, which also enhances 'building' the representation of one's own person (among other factors, associated with preserving one's own identity and with maintaining or increasing

*4.2.2. Constructing knowledge at school: learning through intercultural dialogue and contact*

results in changes in educational theories, which concern such areas as:

Intercultural pedagogy necessitates a different approach to the child's acquisition of knowledge—to the transition from monologue education to dialogue education—which involves generating meanings. As Jerome S. Bruner, the author of the notion 'interpretative phrase' emphasizes, 'generating meanings is linked with placing the meetings with the world in their appropriate cultural context in order to learn "what is it about?". Although meanings are in the mind, they have their source and references in the culture in which they are created. This cultural situating of meanings ensures their negotiating nature and immersion in communication. Whether there are 'private meanings' is not an issue here, what is important is that meanings provide a basis for cultural exchange. From this point of view, 'cognition and communication are, in their essence, highly interrelated, in fact inseparable' [44]. This assumption

• the teacher's knowledge: a significant role of personal pedagogical theories, personal reflection upon one's own practice, the focus on the alternative status of educational solutions; • the learner's knowledge: the existence of many 'possible worlds' and their interpretations, the understanding dialogue, being ready for 'disobedience in thinking', creative thinking, the

• classroom communication: the social character of learning, cooperation in group aiming at the same goal (task), the searching-creative function of speech, the significance of explor-

• didactic planning: spontaneous experimenting, guidelines, improvisation and goals under-

According to Jerome S. Bruner's concept of education, the thesis treating culture as both the basic orientation of modern pedagogy and education and as the need for cultural enhancement results in defining school as the learning culture. Its fundamental task is supporting children in learning the use of tools for generating meanings and in their adjustment to the world and in changing this world dependently on the needs. Such learning culture should also contribute to shaping learners' identity and self-esteem, as well as it should strengthen

The presented discussion is aimed at becoming aware of the need to promote intercultural education as a current of the modern pedagogical theory and educational practice, compliant with

one's own position in the social system of meanings).

66 New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education

school's hidden programme;

ative speech (thinking aloud);

stood as intentions and general plans.

the chances for managing at school and outside it [44].

**5. Prospects: an attempt at recapitulation**

Ewa Ogrodzka-Mazur

Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Science in Cieszyn, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland


*4.2. Performance of Heat Pump System with Higher Pressure Side Chiller in Heating Mode*

This section elaborates the performance characteristics of the heat pump system with a high-pressure side chiller, namely, heat dissipation, chiller heat transfer rate, compressor power consumption, system efficiency, heater core performance and pressure characteristics for the steady state conditions of various compressor speeds, coolant temperatures and air velocities in heating mode. In addition, a brief discussion about the transient behavior of heat pump system with a high-pressure side chiller under heating mode is presented in this section.


*Biochemical Analysis*

The determination of homocysteic acid (HCA) was performed as recently described in detail [36] with minor modifications, as the method was originally validated for the analysis of human serum and urine. Briefly, HCA was determined in murine serum and urine using a combination of protein precipitation and solid phase extraction for sample preparation followed by an LC–MS/MS analysis using a combination of a HILIC separation and tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were processed as previously described [36] by adding formic acid followed by protein precipitation using cooled acetonitrile. Samples were vortexed, centrifuged and loaded onto conditioned tables (Strata X AW SPE columns (33 μm, 30 mg / 1 mL, Phenomenex, Ascha ffenburg, Germany) using the automated sample preparation system Extrahera (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden). After washing the cartridges using water, methanol and a mixture of acetonitrile and aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution, HCA was eluted using two times a mixture of methanol and aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution. The eluate was dried and reconstituted by adding ammonium acetate solution and acetonitrile separately. Afterwards, the samples were injected into the LC-MS/MS system. The LC-MS/MS system consisted of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer QTRAP 6500+ (Sciex, Darmstadt, Germany) equipped with a Turbo Ion Spray source operated in negative electrospray ionization mode and an Agilent 1290 Infinity LC-system with binary HPLC pump, column oven and autosampler (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany). The chromatographic separation was performed using a Luna 3 μm HILIC 200 Å 100 × 2 mm column in combination with a KrudKatcher in-line filter (both Phenomenex, Ascha ffenburg, Germany). Data acquisition was done using Analyst Software 1.6.3 and quantification was performed with MultiQuant Software 3.0.2 (both Sciex, Darmstadt, Germany), employing the internal standard method. Calibration curves were calculated by linear regression with 1/x weighting. Acceptance criteria and quality assurance measures have been applied as previously described [36].

The determination of homocysteine (HCys) was performed using protein precipitation in combination with LC–MS/MS. Briefly, 20 μL of serum or urine was pipetted to a polypropylene tube and 20 μL of 15 mg/mL aqueous TCEP-solution (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine), 40 μL IS working solution (500 ng/mL HCys-d4 in methanolic TCEP solution, 1 mg/mL) and 40 μL methanolic TCEP solution, 1 mg/mL were added. Afterwards, samples were vortexed, centrifuged, transferred into another polypropylene tube, and dried using nitrogen. The dried samples were reconstituted using 50 μL of water containing 10 mM ammonium acetate bu ffer and 10 mM acetic acid, centrifuged again and injected into the LC-MS/MS system. The same LC-MS/MS-system and acceptance criteria as described for HCA were used. However, positive electrospray ionization mode was applied and a Luna Omega 1.6 μm Polar C18 100 × 2.1 mm column in combination with a respective pre column (both Phenomenex, Ascha ffenburg, Germany) was used.


**3. Dimensionless analysis**

278 Thermodynamics – Interaction Studies – Solids, Liquids and Gases

*dp* 1 *dQ dV p dt V dt V dt*

In the combustion model, since the engine is crankless, a time-based Wiebe functions (as opposed to a conventional crank angle-based approach) is used to express the mass fraction

0 1 exp

*t t t a*

*Q t tt tt Q Qa b a t tt t t*

 *ht cyl w Q hA T T*

5 130 1.4 10 *p h V TU*

Since most heat transfer models, like the ones proposed by Woschni and Hohenberg, are made for Diesel engines. This means that they take radiative heat transfer effect into account, which is hardly present in premixed combustion. Hence, in the numerical

So the total energy that is used to increase the in-cylinder pressure in equation (18) can be

*Q Q c ht dQ dt t t*

Exhaust blown down is modeled to be a polytrophic expansion process while the exhaust

*dp n dQ dV* 1 *p n dt V dt V dt*

For two-stroke spark ignition engines with under piston or crankcase scavenging, the scavenging efficiency is about 0.7~0.9 [20], , a scavenging efficiency of 0.8 is introduced to evaluate the effects of incomplete scavenging effect. The moment the scavenging ports are open, the pressure and temperature are assumed to be the same with the scavenging

0.8 0.8 \_ 0.06 0.4

1

*c*

0 0 1 1 exp

*cc c*

*t*

*b*

(18)

(19)

(20)

1

*b b*

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

The in-cylinder heat transfer effect is modeled according to Hohenberg [19]:

*t*

simulations a factor of 0.5 is introduced to reduce the heat transfer coefficient [9].

port is opening and the scavenging ports are still covered by the piston [11].

conditions and the incoming gases mix entirely with the burned gases.

and the heat rate released during combustion is:

*c in in*

burned in combustion process [4]:

expressed in the following equation:


**1.2 Anatomical consideration**

Critical illness and its management protocols might hinder the airway anatomy, fluid resuscitation and capillary leak makes the airway edematous and distorted. Furthermore, the patient demography, body mass index (BMI), associated neurological and cardiopulmonary comorbidities, and the indication of ICU admission contribute to anatomical difficulties.