In addition, IoT convergence service models are discovered through collaboration between large and small businesses based on interlocking, and open smart city testbeds are operated and demonstrated. It demonstrates the interoperability, compatibility, and commercialization appropriateness of various products and services. It also provides consulting services for commercialization of related small and mediumsized enterprises. It prepares and distributes standards for open smart city linkage technology. It supports the operation of open IoT consultative bodies that participate in industry, academia, and research.

Open lab actively supports development companies and manufacturers to commercialize ideas by supporting development spaces and 3D printers, including NB-IoT communication modules and development boards. Open lab receives business proposals for innovative devices and creative services to revitalize the IoT ecosystem.

#### **2.2 Start-up incubating**

It will build a "start-up incubation support platform" that can be operated continuously by combining hardware elements such as space, facilities, and equipment for cooperation with companies in industrial complexes with software elements such as research resources and capabilities.

Spigel [8] classified the ecosystem of start-ups into cultural, social, and physical dimensions, and saw it as a process in which components of three dimensions interact with each other and resonate [9]. The cultural dimension refers to a risk-taking entrepreneurial culture or a successful model to benchmark, the social dimension includes social networking within the region and mentors that companies must follow, and the physical dimension encompasses national or local governments, infrastructure, research, and investment institutions [8]. This means that policy should create an environment in which entrepreneurs can start their own businesses without fear of failure. Fails in the growth of companies and entrepreneurs need to not become a burden on the economy to help.

#### **Table 1.** *Fostering realistic content.*

It is to complete a circular structure in which start-up companies can lead to new investments again through growth and spread. Therefore, early start-up companies should not have difficulty raising funds and securing talent.

#### **2.3 Fostering realistic content**

This project will be carried out as a project to foster new industries that foster innovative growth bases for industries by establishing 5G-based VR/AR platforms in connection with strategic industries, which are future growth engines. The main task is to create and utilize a development environment in VR and AR production base centers. It supports equipment and systems for technical support such as production and demonstration of convergence VR and AR contents (**Table 1**).

#### **2.4 Building a cluster for revitalizing the unmanned aircraft (drone) industry**

This project is a cluster construction project that builds a drone-only flight test site, in the landfill, in the Seoul metropolitan area, supports drone-related companies, and creates a space for civic experience (education) to create a foundation for fostering new industries.

The project will establish a foundation for revitalizing the drone industry by providing a drone-only test site so that safety tests can be freely performed for a certain period of time at the request of operators (users) to support various flight test conditions such as night and altitude. It will build infrastructure facilities such as control towers, maintenance warehouses, offices, and take-off and landing sites.

The expected effect of this creates a foundation for establishing the drone industry promotion policy of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, thereby providing conditions for fostering new industries. It creates a synergy effect of expanding the base of unmanned aerial vehicles, such as attracting related industries. Policy and technical support through the support of experts from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and the Korea Aerospace Exploration Institute will be needed (**Table 2**).

#### **2.5 Supporting innovation growth in robot industry**

There is a need for bold fostering and support policies to enhance the competitiveness of the robot industry. It is necessary to establish a mid-to a long-term plan to foster the robot industry as a specialized industry by setting five major policy directions.

#### **Table 2.**

*Building a cluster for revitalizing the unmanned aircraft (drone) industry.*

#### *The Effect of Smart City on the Promotion of Entrepreneurship DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107996*

Specifically, it will create a representative robot ecosystem through the successful creation of Robot Land. It is necessary to establish a support system to discover and intensively foster the specialized robot field and foster the robot industry by supporting the innovative growth of robot companies and establishing and spreading robot culture among citizens.

The main task is to create infrastructure to foster the robot industry such as Robot Land. By creating the Robot Land, robot industry promotion facilities will be activated, and robot test and certification support centers will be established. It fosters robot start-ups and supports the innovative growth of robot companies.

Furthermore, it spreads robot culture among citizens. Through this, cultural projects that can raise awareness of robots and induce citizens' interest are carried out. Robot characters and content are developed and citizen participation in robot competitions is held.

Also, specialization creates the demand for robots. Through supply–demand matching, conditions for creating and revitalizing the robot industry ecosystem are created. Improve the organizational system and system for upgrading the robot industry system. Establish a cooperative system for robot companies and strengthen system improvement and support organizations (**Table 3**).

#### **2.6 Recruitment and operation of private start-up training institutions**

It is necessary to select a private fostering institution with the capability and infrastructure to discover and foster big data and AI-based startups that will lead to new industries by linking smart cities and bio-fusion. It supports private organizations

#### **Table 3.**

*Supporting innovation growth in robot industry.*

and companies that have the capacity and infrastructure to support startups and meet the qualifications.

As for the contents of the support, space to discover and foster startups and common and specialized startup programs (evidence, R&D, education, etc.) are supported. The selection of tenant companies shall be promoted through the formed committee. Rent for space will be provided free of charge for up to 5 years to tenant companies, and major fostering industries through common and specialized startup programs will be selected as fourth industry-specialized fields, such as big data, AI, blockchain, and IoT.

#### **3. Smart city strategy**

Currently, many local governments are promoting or planning to promote platform-oriented smart cities. It is also aware of the importance of the platform when promoting smart cities, but it is still in the early stages of settling down where the results of the smart city platform are not as expected.

The distribution of urban integrated operation centers, which can be said to be the physical infrastructure of platform-oriented smart cities, is held by many local governments from the beginning, and local governments using self-communication networks are also showing a high rate. In addition, an integrated platform with a public nature is also expanding its construction through distribution and diffusion projects to local governments every year. While the distribution of physical infrastructure and integrated platforms is being structured or rapidly spreading, the data linkage and utilization sector, which is the core of platform-oriented smart cities, is still insufficient, causing low achievement of platform-oriented smart cities. In order for platform-oriented smart cities to be implemented, the most important direction is to promote policies so that more data can be linked and utilized, and in addition, platform policy directions should be established so that various subjects can participate and spread spatially. In fact, it will be possible to achieve the goals pursued by platform-oriented smart cities only when public and private data are linked and integrated, and at the same time, their joint use gradually spreads locally.

#### **3.1 Seeking ways to link with private data**

The current level of domestic smart cities is limited to linking and utilizing public data between different service fields. In the case of overseas, there are some cases in which private big data is used together with public data based on the platform of the urban integrated operation center. The biggest problem in linking private data with the platform in the domestic urban integration operation center is linked to the Personal Information Protection Act. Local governments' opinions also argue that the integrated platform should be partially opened to increase its utilization.

Due to the existence of personal information in the integrated operation center and platform, local government officials are reluctant to actively develop and link solutions, and they are burdened by the law in terms of introducing and linking smart city solutions. While interest in platform-linked smart cities is mentioned, as the highest target type of local governments, the fiscal investment sector is the lowest so far. Therefore, there is a need to promote platform linkage as a national project so that smart city solutions suitable for the characteristics of local governments can be

#### *The Effect of Smart City on the Promotion of Entrepreneurship DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107996*

discovered. If a pilot project linking private and public data is promoted by combining various newly introduced regulatory sandboxes, local governments will be able to push for a more distinctive smart city with the central government's budget support.

Among the current government's smart city promotion strategies, problemsolving smart city-type urban regeneration targeting areas with innovative industries through national pilot cities have clear goals. However, in the case of existing urban areas, including new cities, where construction has been completed, there is an area where the identity of the goal is ambiguous. Therefore, as one of the goals of upgrading smart cities, it is necessary to seek ways to upgrade to data-oriented smart cities in the form of discovering and distributing private and public data-linked services as well as the current integrated platform distribution project.

In terms of technology, the current closed smart city platform, which is disconnected from the external network, should be upgraded to an open smart city platform so that information can be disclosed and provided. Due to regulations related to personal information protection, the current smart city platform is cut off from the outside world. Since there are definitely limitations in linking only public services, there is also a need to convert to a platform form in which data can be opened in order to expand its functions. Since it is practically impossible to switch from a closed platform to an open platform, due to current regulations, the most realistic alternative would be to apply it first using the regulatory special cases of the national pilot city currently being promoted and gradually spreading after a successful demonstration.

#### **3.2 Smart city with innovative space creation**

Smart cities that create innovative spaces can be seen as a type that lags behind in Korea compared to advanced countries abroad. The creation of innovative spaces includes demonstration and inter-city networks, and in the case of demonstration, there are many factors to consider, such as deregulation, goal-oriented performance indicators, open data policies, living labs based on civic participation, and new industries. Since inter-city networks simultaneously play a role as knowledge exchanges and potential overseas markets, global network support is needed at the national level.

Since discussions on innovative space creation-type smart cities have recently begun in the domestic smart city policy sector, it is necessary to consider various strategies. As can be seen from the results of the local government's survey, there are few local governments that are currently promoting innovation space creation in smart cities in Korea, but as can be seen from domestic keyword analysis, keywords related to innovation have increased significantly over the past 2 to 3 years.

#### **3.3 Introduction of practical regulatory sandboxes**

With the recent revision of the Smart City Act, national pilot cities have introduced and operated regulatory sandboxes. However, domestic regulatory sandboxes have the nature of regulatory exceptions for prescribed industries such as self-driving cars and drones, which the government believes have potential rather than discovering unexpected new innovative industries. Regulatory sandboxes promoted in Japan are more comprehensive than national pilot cities in Korea because they try to introduce a method of granting regulatory deferral by deliberating on proposals from private companies that want to test new industries. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the subject of regulatory grace in the direction of Japanese-style regulatory sandboxes that can further expand the scope of regulatory sandboxes.

As in the case of Japan, in order to implement regulatory sandboxes, the legal system needs to be improved in the short term, and it is also necessary to consider the management and operation of regulatory sandboxes. First, an organizational system related to the regulatory sandbox should be formed after the revision of the law in the form of a complete regulatory sandbox in the current form of special regulations. Two support organizations are needed to manage and operate regulatory sandboxes.

First, it is necessary to evaluate private companies' proposals for testing new industries in the regulatory sandbox, and at the same time, to monitor the performance and side effects of the new industry testing process of private companies. The role of the support center is to establish standards for allowing proposals, review the contents of proposal evaluation, determine acceptance levels, continuous monitoring of performance and side effects in the experiment process, and secure and promote markets for new industries that have been successfully demonstrated.

Second, a one-stop regulatory improvement center is needed. Most of the new industries that are newly tested in the regulatory sandbox are industries that are difficult to spread to other regions due to regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to operate a regulatory improvement center that monitors the tested process and supports the promotion of regulatory improvement at the same time if there is a high possibility of success. In general, it takes about 2 years until regulations are improved and legalized, so tests and regulatory improvement preparations need to be carried out in parallel so that they can be used immediately after a successful demonstration [10].

#### **3.4 Promotion of special industry classification in smart urban industries**

On the other hand, although the concept of smart cities is ambiguous and the definition and classification of related industries are unclear and extensive, efforts need to narrow the scope of smart city industries to revitalize the smart city innovation ecosystem. As seen by integrated platform construction companies, the standard industry classification code is a mixture of manufacturing and software developers, and there are limitations that it is difficult to define the smart city industry based on the existing classification criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly establish special industry classifications related to smart cities by referring to special classifications, such as the spatial information industry, and gradually supplement them in the future.

#### **3.5 Improvement of smart city certification and standardization system**

It is expected that new services will be derived by converging and combining existing services in relation to the smart city industry. Standardization should be supported, so that different services are linked and compatible under these conditions of convergence. Therefore, when various smart city services are developed, it is necessary to present guidelines related to standard procedures and frameworks to enable convergence, complexity, and interoperability based on compatibility [11]. These efforts are related to entering not only domestic but also overseas smart city businesses, and for this, international cooperation related to smart city standardization is also needed.

#### **3.6 Social and cultural innovation**

Sociocultural innovation can be said to be the most abstract and difficult to present measures compared to the innovations of the assets discussed above. In the case of networking assets discussed in urban innovation spaces, a culture that allows people to

#### *The Effect of Smart City on the Promotion of Entrepreneurship DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107996*

interact and talk with each other may be a more appropriate model for the West than for the Asian region. However, in Korea, if various community activities are activated and an environment where people can gather is created, the possibility of physical networking can increase. In fact, the prerequisite in terms of revitalizing platforms and networking assets is that cities should play a role as a place where various people meet, share opinions, and communicate offline as well as on online platforms.

#### *3.6.1 Fostering an adventurous entrepreneurial spirit*

First of all, socio-cultural innovation is needed in relation to the training of talents who are the basis of networking. It was found that domestic companies lack entrepreneurship to enjoy the adventure without fear of risk, and job seekers prefer stable jobs (Asan [12]). It can be seen that this trend of job preference does not solve the most fundamental problem of forming a smart urban innovation ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary for the public and private sectors to cooperate to educate entrepreneurship so that the start-up culture of enjoying and attempting new adventures can spread (Asan [12]).

In addition, it is related to socio-cultural changes, and even if necessary manpower is trained in many universities, their careers cannot be connected to related majors and there is a problem of preferring stable jobs such as public officials. As such an example, a survey of high school students' future hopes showed that 50% preferred stable jobs such as public officials and professionals (Asan [12]). For this reason, it is necessary to recognize the perception that business activities related to start-ups can be stable for those who are worried about their careers. This direction can be resolved in a way that the government bears the failure, as previously discussed in the policy related to the revitalization of start-ups.

#### *3.6.2 Promoting citizens' awareness of participation in smart city policies*

If there is a difference between the smart urban innovation ecosystem and the general economic innovation ecosystem, it may be related to improving the quality of life of citizens. In other words, in order to revitalize smart urban innovation ecosystem, solving urban problems recognized by citizens, and creating a better city is a condition for revitalizing the smart urban innovation ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to collect opinions from citizens and create a system so that they can participate in urban policies and contribute to the city by providing urban problem solutions.

The way to influence citizens' smart city policies is to use civil petition data. However, it is necessary to introduce a direct democracy method rather than an indirect method using civil petition data to create a system so that citizens can directly propose urban policies and actively engage in urban management, and encourage citizens to participate in policies. In terms of technology, digital democracy using blockchain technology is under discussion, and there are cases that implement this. If direct democracy such as digital democracy is expanded, citizens' interest in policy participation could increase.

#### **4. Conclusions**

This study presented a framework for establishing the concept and analyzing components of the smart urban innovation ecosystem in detail through literature research. The smart urban innovation ecosystem framework includes platforms,

#### **Figure 1.**

*The framework of the smart urban innovation ecosystem.*

physical assets, virtual assets, human assets, economic assets, institutions, and social culture as components, among which platforms, that is, networking assets, are the most important (**Figure 1**). Here, the platform is a platform as a city mentioned in a smart city and refers to both a digital platform in a virtual space and a platform in a physical space and a virtual space that encompasses networking assets discussed in an urban innovation space.

Based on the smart urban innovation ecosystem framework, this study discussed ways to improve the innovation of each innovation ecosystem component and revitalize the overall innovation ecosystem, focusing on the platform. As the term ecosystem implies, which means the circulation of matter and energy, there is a connection between each innovation ecosystem component, and if the connection between them is not smooth, the spread of innovation and innovation of the components is difficult to occur. For example, human assets affect not only virtual assets, such as the collection of big data and analysis using artificial intelligence in terms of technology development, but also economic assets in terms of entrepreneurship and smart urban industry.

In the case of the startup ecosystem related to the innovation ecosystem in terms of economy, it may seem related to the industrial economy, but as seen in Urban Tech, it is an important element of the smart urban innovation ecosystem in that there are many startups related to urban problem-solving. These startups emerge, spread, and lead to innovation in physical and virtual assets. To lead this creativity, talent needs an entrepreneurial spirit to enjoy the adventure without fear of risk, which must be accompanied by socio-cultural innovation that supports new attempts and helps them recover even if they fail.

In terms of institutional aspects, existing smart city policies have carried out various institutional support projects such as infrastructure construction, R&D projects for technical support, and talent training projects. It is true that such institutional

#### *The Effect of Smart City on the Promotion of Entrepreneurship DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107996*

support contributed to the development of domestic smart cities, but the private sector and citizens were passive in the process of implementing these policies due to the government-led top-down ordering method. In the future, there should be institutional support so that the private sector and citizens can play a leading role in establishing smart city policies. In addition, it is necessary to improve various regulations, such as improving the Personal Information Protection Act, and ultimately seek ways to realize comprehensive negative regulations. In addition, in order to present specific measures for the creation and revitalization of the smart urban innovation ecosystem, it is necessary to preemptively present the concept and scope by introducing a special classification of the smart urban industry.

Ultimately, it is necessary to activate the platform so that the innovations between these assets can be smoothly connected. Until now, it can be said that discussions are underway rather than implementing smart cities as platforms. As an ideal platform, smart cities are not only virtual city platforms that collect, analyze, and simulate urban data, but also online and offline platforms that integrate physical and virtual environments by expanding physical networking to exchange ideas through offline community activities.

### **Author details**

Jae Eun You1 and Jong Woo Choi<sup>2</sup> \*

1 Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University, South Korea

2 Digital Agriculture and Technology Management Lab, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, South Korea

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### **References**

[1] United Nations Economic and Social Council. Smart Cities and Infrastructure. Commission on Science and Technology for Development: Genova; 2016

[2] ITU-T. Smart sustainable cities: An analysis of definitions. ITU-T focus group on smart sustainable cities Technical Report. 2014

[3] Neirotti P, De Marco A, Cagliano AC, Mangano G, Scorrano F. Current trends in smart city initiatives: Some stylised facts. Cities. 2014;**38**:25-36

[4] Hollands R. Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City. 2008;**12**(3):303-320

[5] Komninos N. Intelligent Cities: Innovation, Knowledge Systems and Digital Spaces. London: Routledge; 2002

[6] Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What it Means, How to Respond. 2016

[7] Hwang JS. Smart city project national strategy by evolving trends and issues. Journal of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences. 2017;**34**(8):14-18

[8] Spigel B. The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2017;**41**(1):49-72

[9] Lee JW, Kim SW, Kim YH, Lee YJ, Baek SI, Kwon KH, et al. 2018 Entrepreneurship and Startup Ecosystem Monitoring. Sejong: Science and Technology Policy Institute; 2019

[10] Zhou Y, Kankanhalli A. AI regulation for smart cities: Challenges and

principles. In: Smart Cities and Smart Governance. Cham: Springer; 2021. pp. 101-118

[11] National Institute of Technology. R&D Roadmap Smart Based on 2019 New Growth Industry Standards City. Chungbuk Seoul: National Institute of Technology and Standards Korea Standards Association; 2019

[12] Asan Foundation. Startup Korea to Revitalize the Startup Ecosystem Seoul: Asan Foundation. Seoul: Korea Startup Forum; 2019

#### **Chapter 6**

## Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent Disaster Prevention as an Example

*Chang-Wei Chai, Yu-Heng Huang and Tseng-Wei Chao*

#### **Abstract**

An advanced smart building platform should meet the needs of humanization and provide the best information and communication technology integration capabilities to enhance the digital upgrading and transformation of the construction industry. From the perspective of the technology governance of the smart city in Yilan County, this study proposes the direction of the sustainable development of intelligence in Lan-yang area and discusses the intelligent disaster prevention of the IoT smart city in Yilan, Taiwan. In the study, data related to technology governance were collected through literature review and validation of empirical fire drills, including the meaning of smart city, the development process of promoting smart city in Taiwan, and technology governance and smart city development. The content and analysis of empirical fire drills demonstrated the specific achievements of the smart city technology governance development in Yilan County, Taiwan.

**Keywords:** technology governance, intelligent city, Internet of Things, intelligent disaster prevention, fire protection

#### **1. Introduction**

Last year, IEEE held the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Electronic Communications, Internet of Things and Big Data (ICEIB 2021) international symposium in Yilan, Taiwan, and one of the papers was selected as the Best Paper Award. The paper provides forward-looking AIoT (The Artificial Intelligence of Things) Fairy technical capabilities through the Infairy IoT (Internet of Things) browser platform, integrates different communication protocols, realizes the interconnection and interoperability of IoT standards, solves the smart home fragmentation, and meets the needs of intelligent buildings to keep pace with the times.

The study site is located in Yilan County, northeastern Taiwan. The location is small and beautiful, which is conducive to the development of the pilot smart city market. Through the smart application of technology governance and industrial development, it will bring a new and better life experience, expand the energy of technology governance and the IoT industry, and introduce the smart city market.

**Figure 1.** *Smart city official documents approved by Yilan County Government.*

This study has been approved by the local government of Yilan County with the approval letter number:<PHONE_NUMBER>, as shown in **Figure 1**, smart city official documents approved by Yilan County Government. The approved research field goals include the following seven aspects: (1) Demonstration Project of Intelligent Disaster Prevention and Intelligent Rehabilitation Aids in Yilan County Nursing Homes: Social Division and Health Bureau, (2) Old Building Access Control Upgrade Demo Construction Project in Yilan County: Construction Office, (3) Demonstration of intelligent fire joint defense system in Yilan County's smart city upgrade project: Fire Department, (4) Intelligent Agriculture and Breeding Platform Demonstration Site in Yilan County: Agriculture Division, (5) School Intelligent Science Laboratory Construction Project: Department of Education in Yilan County, (6) Demonstration sites for the elderly living alone and nursing care in Yilan County: Health Bureau, (7) Smart hotel, smart home project in Yilan County: Construction Office/Industry and Tourism Office.

This chapter focuses on the third field "Demonstration of intelligent fire joint defense system in Yilan County's smart city upgrade project" and combines the IoT technology as the core technology to build a smart city in Yilan, especially the intelligent fire detection and alarm system in Yilan County.

#### **2. Literature review**

The concept of smart city originates from the concept of "Smarter Planet" proposed by IBM. A smart city is a measure for the transformation of a smart planet from concept to concrete implementation. Smart city construction is to develop and

#### *Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

apply massive data, cloud computing, IoT, mobile information and communication technologies on the basis of intelligence, develop new urban concepts and governance methods, and improve urban operation efficiency. The construction of information and communication technology and environmental facilities will create a sustainable ecological environment, allow citizens and enterprises to enjoy a more comfortable and convenient environment, and enhance the competitiveness of the city. A smart city is defined as a city that performs well in terms of future economy, mobility, environment, citizenship, quality of life, and government [1].

Six thematic areas must be present and addressed in any Smart City proposal. They are: Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Mobility, Smart Living, Smart Government, and Smart Environment, proposed by Boyd Cohen in the model, known as "The Cohen Wheel" [2]. Each subject area contains a set of city indicators.

Cities face tight budget, which have led to budget cuts in addition to cost-cutting measures. Therefore, smarter and resilient infrastructure is essential to oversee urban challenges and transform urban environments [3]. The integration of smart city technologies can help achieve the goal of smarter and resilient infrastructure [4, 5]. Currently, proposals for cost-effective solutions to data-based decision-making are best involving IoT-based technologies [6]. The IoT is one of the technological paradigms destined to exponentially increase the connectivity of various devices. The main advantage of IoT is its high impact on the daily behavior of potential users [7].

The IoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are current hot research topics due to recent industry achievements, and they have been shown to achieve better results in many disciplines such as automated factories, public surveillance, asset monitoring, waste management, weather monitoring, etc. Combining the IoT and AI is an effective way to intelligently upgrade existing information systems [8].

Infairy Technology Company has been engaged in the research and development of the IoT technology for more than 10 years. It integrates all communication standards and provides a smart IoT platform for true connectivity. The traditional IoT is limited by the problem of non-interoperability of standards, while Infairy Technology has not changed its hardware standards. Compatible with the original standards, coupled with the "standard interoperability" technology, solves the problems of the traditional IoT [9].

In Taiwan, there are many master's and doctoral dissertations related to smart city research. These relevant dissertations can be used as a reference for the literature review of this study [10–16].

In terms of promoting smart cities in Taiwan, the Economic Development Council of the Executive Yuan (now the National Development and Reform Commission) passed the "Third National Construction Design in the New Century (2009~2012)" in 2008, in which the main axis of national development policy of spatial reconstruction is the fifth project, namely "Smart Taiwan." Since 2014, the National Development and Development Council has actively promoted the overall development plan of smart land and proposed the overall development plan and planning strategy of smart land. The content and analysis of the development of science and technology governance in Yilan County and the empirical fire drills of smart cities show the specific achievements of technology governance and smart city development in Yilan County, Taiwan, as follows: [17]

1.Governments at all levels in Taiwan are actively promoting the research planning and pilot tests of smart land. For the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the Yilan County Government provides a process

that takes into account the different aspects and characteristics of the problem, as well as various impacts and challenges, to form views and ideas that belong to Yilan. In the process of thinking about developing a smart country.

2.List the 104-year planning goals: In view of the problems faced by the urban development of Yilan County, through the operation of smart Yilan software and hardware, observe and understand the information environment of Yilan County's future development problems and propose solution to introduce big data and GISrelated technologies for planning "smart cities." Through big data, open data, GIS, and other processing and cloud computing, it provides intelligent information that can be applied to smart cities, whether it is urban governance, improving people's quality life experience, promoting the development of local industries, and extensive public services as the foundation of smart land and city governance.

The graphic text description of Smart Land Map of Taiwan (**Figure 2**) is as follows [17]:

**Figure 2.** *Smart Land Map Yilan County in Taiwan [17].*

*Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

#### **3. Research methodology**

Knowledge production within the field of business research is accelerating at an alarming rate, while still being decentralized and interdisciplinary. This makes it difficult to keep up with the latest technologies and to be at the cutting edge of research, as well as to assess the collective evidence for a particular area of business research. This is why literature reviews are more relevant than ever as a research method. Traditional literature reviews often lack thoroughness and rigor and are conducted ad hoc, rather than following a specific methodology. Therefore, questions can be raised about the quality and credibility of these types of reviews. Literature review as a method of conducting research provides an overview of different types of reviews and some guidelines to how to conduct and evaluate literature review papers [18].

Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of existing scientific theory and practice, propose a design, use scientific instruments and equipment, and determine conditions, through purposeful and step-by-step operations under natural conditions, according to the changes in phenomena accompanied by observation, recording, and measurement in the activity of causality between phenomena. The main purpose is to illustrate the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable.

Software engineering is more than technical solutions. It also largely deals with organizational issues, project management, and human behavior. For a discipline like software engineering, empirical methods are crucial because they allow the incorporation of human behavior into the research approach taken. Empirical methods are common practice in many other disciplines. One motivation for using empirical methods in software engineering research is that it is needed from an engineering perspective to allow for informed and well-grounded decision. Empirical research methods in software engineering continue with a brief introduction to four research methods: controlled experiments, case studies, surveys and postmortem analyses. These methods are then put into an improved context. The four methods are presented with the objective to introduce the reader to these methods so that they can select the most appropriate method in a specific situation [19].

This chapter applies research methods such as literature research method and empirical research method to analyze and discuss actual research cases, so as to fully present the technical governance application of smart city IoT intelligent disaster prevention in Yilan County, Taiwan. The research design is as follows:

#### **3.1 Current status of disaster prevention**

For the construction of the intelligent fire joint defense system in the study, after the firefighters entered the fire scene, because they could not grasp the internal space conditions, and the surrounding smoke was dense, the visibility was insufficient. , Lost direction, no way to get out of the predicament of export research, analysis, and control. In previous cases, such as the fire at the Jingpeng factory in Taoyuan City, Taiwan, the regrettable death of firefighters has occurred continuously.  In the past few decades, firefighters have only relied on heavy and heavy paper to grab pictures, which are not only difficult to preserve, but also inconvenient to carry. They failed to provide interpretation to front-line personnel in a timely manner, making firefighters almost blindly rush into the fire scene. In addition, the KTV fire in Taipei City, Taiwan, further highlights the importance of self-management of fire

safety by the industry. Due to the complete shutdown of fire safety equipment such as smoke exhaust, sprinkler, alarm, and broadcasting systems, consumers cannot escape in time, causing heavy casualties. We should keep pace with the times, and only by combining technology can we improve the efficiency of disaster prevention and relief.

#### **3.2 Intelligent disaster prevention solution strategy**

In this research, an intelligent fire joint defense system is constructed in combination with the IoT technology, which provides real-time information for firefighters, so that firefighters can grasp the internal space situation after entering the fire scene. Using IoT technology to provide fire-related information for firefighters to interpret, reducing the casualties of firefighters due to insufficient information. In addition, actions that endanger public safety, such as the fire alarm system being closed privately by the operator, can also be communicated to the fire authorities through the real-time warning notification system to avoid the complete shutdown of fire safety equipment such as smoke exhaust, sprinkler, alarm, and broadcasting systems, resulting in consumption. The person cannot escape in time, resulting in the risk of serious casualties.

#### **4. Research results**

This research carried out a fire drill on June 20, 2020 at the Natural Beauty Dormitory, Wujie Township, Yilan County, Taiwan. The results of the relevant application of the IoT research were displayed in the fire drill. It is the first IoT technology disaster prevention exercise in the country. The fire chief of the county and city, the director of the Disaster Prevention Office of the Executive Yuan, and major media were all present. The research and development system combined industry-government-academic resources, led by the Fire Bureau of Yilan County Government and Chairman of Yilan County Council Jian-rong Zhang (Chief of Yilan County Volunteer Fire). The parliamentary secretary, Yu-heng Huang, was assigned to coordinate the liaison, participate in joint research and development, and introduce the first IoT-based intelligent fire protection system in Taiwan to improve disaster prevention and safety in Yilan County and more effectively reduce the danger of firefighters in the fire scene. The results of the relevant fire drills are as follows (**Figures 3–5**):

This exercise applies intelligent cloud platform of Infairy IoT browser technology as the IoT application infrastructure, combined with the firefighter's mobile positioning device of search action technology, intelligent smoke detection of Horing Lih industrial co., Ltd., temperature, gas wireless sensors, and other equipment to build a set of a security disaster prevention and relief system based on the IoT, research team members develop intelligent sensing technology, external sensors detect the operation of the trusted switchboard, and actively report abnormal behavior (ex. power is turned off) to create a smart fire city system. The system can actively report the operation of the fire safety equipment and the location of the fire in the event of a fire. It can receive the positioning signal in real time through the combination of the alarm device and the positioning device and send the plan of the fire site and the position of the firefighters back to the on-site commander's tablet computer. In order to avoid disasters in public places such as KTV in Taipei City, at the same time, this study cooperated with Taiwan Connection Co., Ltd., to enhance the LINE

*Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

#### **Figure 3.**

*Real photos of fire drills in Yilan County, Taiwan.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Fire drill results presentation manual in Yilan County, Taiwan.*

community function, and played the role of a new "Community Watch and Help." Through the LINE group notification function, the traditional "Community" Watch and Help Team has been advanced into a "Smart Community" Watch and Help Team Group, we can apply the IoT technology to build a smart city that makes people feel safe and secure at home.

**Figure 5.** *Invitation letter for the presentation of fire drill results in Yilan County, Taiwan.*

The notification process for the use of IoT technology combined with the community software notification system is as follows:

The theme of this study exercise is "safety" and " relieved." During the exercise, through four major themes, this study will create an environment that will make Yilan County the most livable environment in Taiwan:

### **4.1 Intelligent disaster prevention linkage**

When the smart sensor is triggered, the protective actions of firefighting through the Infairy smart cloud platform are as follows:

Open the windows of the home to exhaust smoke to avoid choking injuries and affect the escape time at the same time.

*Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

**Figure 6.**

*Schematic diagram of intelligent disaster prevention linkage.*

Turn off the gas to reduce the risk of increasing the fire due to gas leakage (**Video 1**, https://youtu.be/u9NxLUxXB9Q ) (**Figure 6**).

#### **4.2 Firefighters fire location**

The personal safety of firefighters in the fire scene is also very important in this research. During the exercise, a fire location environment was built, and the

**Figure 7.** *Schematic diagram of firefighters' fire location.*

indoor positioning App built into the firefighter's mobile phone automatically transmits the current location information to the command center. The real-time position, stay time, and travel trajectory of firefighters in the fire scene are easy to grasp and dispatch disaster relief, and at the same time, it can effectively reduce the danger of firefighters in the fire scene (**Figure 7**) (**Video 2**, https://youtu.be/ U2KZqa-OCbE).

#### **4.3 Abnormal notification of fire detector central control**

When the trusted switchboard of the firefighting equipment is turned off, the detector immediately detects the abnormal situation, immediately transmits the message through the LINE communication system through the Infairy intelligent cloud platform, and notifies the designated background (such as the command center of the Fire station and related personnel), in order to immediately notify the responsible personnel to dispatch personnel to investigate and report to prevent the occurrence of disasters (**Figure 8**) (**Video 3**, https://youtu.be/wcB\_iEEGjEM).

#### **4.4 Community watch and help announcement**

The LINE group of the social software is not only a channel for communication between modern people, but also can play a new role of "community watch and help." The relevant watch and mutual aid delivery procedures are as follows:

#### **Figure 8.** *Schematic diagram of abnormal notification of fire detector central control.*

*Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

**Figure 9.**

*Schematic diagram of community watch and help notification in LINE.*

Through the LINE group notification function, the traditional "community" watch and support team has been advanced into a "smart community" watch and support group, and the use of IoT technology to build a smart city that makes people feel safe and secure at home (**Figure 9**) (**Video 4**, https://youtu.be/VAhDuhAUDVs)

The actual case of the application of IoT technology in technology governance successfully demonstrated in this research exercise. At the same time as the results of the exercise were displayed, Yilan County Mayor Zi-miao Lin led the announcement that Yilan County fully introduced IoT technology in agriculture, aquaculture, and the elderly living alone. Care, security update of old apartment access control, smart accommodation and other scenarios, and implement the IoT concept into the basic education courses of middle and primary schools, and establish seven major fields such as the IoT teaching practice laboratory in middle and primary schools, so that the IoT concept can be realized. Taking root downward, and taking Yilan County as a demonstration site, Yilan County will become the first smart city in Taiwan that can be felt by the public (**Figure 10**).

The research team has applied distance teaching technology to guide primary and secondary school students of remote indigenous tribes to learn new knowledge of science and technology, and the results have been unanimously affirmed and favored by teachers and students of remote indigenous tribes [20].

After entering the fire scene, the firefighters were unable to grasp the internal space conditions, the surrounding smoke was dense, and the visibility was insufficient. Although they were only a few steps away, they were disoriented due to the bad environment of the fire scene and could not get to the exit. There is too little disaster relief information. Over the past few decades, relying only on heavy paper to grab the pictures is not only difficult to store, but also inconvenient to carry.

**Figure 10.**

*Schematic diagram of the application of IoT technology in seven fields of smart city in Yilan County, Taiwan.*

The tragedy cannot be repeated again. The Fire Department of Yilan County Government decided to cooperate with the team of Yizhong Information Co., Ltd., through the project of the Industrial Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs to develop the "Smart Fire 3D Reality Control System," taking the lead in the country and establishing the basis for visualization. 3D map data, personnel entry and exit control, and indoor positioning system will present information such as the internal configuration of the building, firefighting equipment, and storage of dangerous goods in a three-dimensional manner, assisting in real-time grasp of disaster relief and effective deployment and human life search and rescue. Among them, the indoor positioning system can provide a warning function, reminding the commander to send personnel to follow the line for rescue and assist each firefighter to walk out of the fire safely. It has been gradually extended to 239 places such as hotels and restaurants, large exhibition venues, shopping malls, and dangerous goods factories within the jurisdiction, which is expected to greatly reduce the risk of disaster relief.

#### **5. Conclusion**

The introduction of IoT technology into smart cities will bring more convenience and fun to the city's daily work and life. In the future, urban intelligence will not be just cold steel, cement, and equipment, but will become a good partner in life, providing a safer, more convenient and energy-saving lifestyle. For example, the results of this research help fire and disaster relief to accurately grasp key information and effectively carry out disaster relief deployment and human life search and rescue operations. Among them, the indoor positioning system can provide a warning function, reminding the commander to dispatch personnel immediately, follow the line to rescue, and assist each firefighter to walk out of the fire safely. Relevant technologies can also be extended to hotels, restaurants, large exhibition venues, shopping malls,

*Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

and dangerous goods factories in the county to reduce the risk of disaster relief for firefighters during disaster relief.

In addition, the establishment of a community watch and help LINE group in the research results can not only serve as a channel for communication between modern people, but also play a new role of "smart community watch and help," up to 1. When the smoke alarm in the home is triggered, "neighbor group" of LINE can be notified immediately. 2. "family group" of LINE can receive a notification immediately when the door is opened or when the elderly enters and exits. 3. When the electricity usage is abnormal, the "friend group" of LINE can receive abnormal electricity usage information. 4. If a monitor is installed, watch it at the same time to transmit the monitor screen to each group synchronously. By combining the IoT technology with the function of LINE group notification, the traditional "community" support team has been advanced into a "smart community" support group. The results show that people's homes are safer and more secure.

#### **Acknowledgements**

This study was supported by the Research Support Scheme of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan, R.O.C., grant no. MOST 110-2622-E-034-001-.

#### **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **Notes/thanks/other declarations**

The authors extend their deepest gratitude to the technical contributions of Chairman Dung-Ming Wu, former General Manager Zhi-Yuan Zhang, and President Ying Fang of Infairy Technology Co., Ltd., and the full assistance and cooperation of Yilan County Government. In addition, the authors are also very grateful to all those who participated in this research.

*Sustainable Smart Cities - A Vision for Tomorrow*

### **Author details**

Chang-Wei Chai1 \*, Yu-Heng Huang1 and Tseng-Wei Chao2

1 Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan

2 Shih Hsin University, Taipei City, Taiwan

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Research on Technology Governance of IoT Smart City in Yilan, Taiwan: Taking Intelligent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106819*

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[20] Chai C-W, Chao T-W, Huang Y-H. Research on the Application of Educational Robots for Distance Teaching in Rural Area for Post-COVID-19 - taking the Cultivation of Seed Talent Students of Indigenous Tribes as an Example, 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention (ICKII). 2021. pp. 223-229. DOI: 10.1109/ ICKII51822.2021.9574777

### **Chapter 7**

## Communication Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Smart Cities

*Menachem Domb*

#### **Abstract**

Sustainable smart cities (SSC) are becoming a reality as many develop their unique model of smart cities based on vast communication infrastructure. New technologies led to innovative ecosystems where transportation, logistics, maintenance, etc., are automated and accessed remotely. Information and communication coordinate their overall activities. Sensors embedded in these devices sense the environment to provide the required input. Together with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning, it enables them to facilitate effective decision-making. This chapter discusses the role of integrating technologies in smart cities, focusing on the information and communication aspects, challenges, limitations, and mitigation strategies related to the infrastructure, implementations, and best practices for attaining SSC. We propose a four-layered model covering the main aspects of incorporating communication technology within sustainable smart cities. It covers the basic physical level, providing guidelines for designing a smart city that supports the requirements of a proper communications infrastructure. The level above is the network level where we describe current communication networks and technologies. The rest two upper layers represent the software with integrated and embedded communication components. In summary, we conclude that communication technology is the key enabler of most of the activities performed in smart cities.

**Keywords:** smart city, sustainable, communications technologies, protocols, infrastructure, signal, wireless communications, urban area communication, signal attenuation, machine learning

#### **1. Introduction**

Typical SSCs are equipped with state-of-the-art technologies to support the new and modern lifestyle. Communication technologies are the primary enabler of most electronic interactions and associated operations. The European Parliament states, "A smart city seeks to address public issues via information and communication technology (ICT) solutions." The Japanese definition concentrates on energy, infrastructure, ICT, and lifestyle.  Wireless communication using electric signals is the core

for accessibility and availability of communication everywhere within the city and at all times. The UN projected that 66% of the world's population will be urban by 2050, and cities consume most of the world's resources, such as 75% of the total energy. They will generate 80% of the greenhouse gases, causing adverse environmental effects. Smart cities with their inherent moderation and control of resource consumption are the ideal solution to address these challenges, population growth, deterioration of energy sources, environmental pollution, etc. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) provides standards to assure a wide range of smart cities' quality, safety, and performance. Adherence to these standards benefits deploying, managing, and controlling smart cities. Implementing these standards requires embedding sensors within the involved devices and having these devices connected to a local network to establish inter-sensors communications using ICT. Nathali et al. [2] proposed a generic and universal bottom-up smart city architecture for real-world deployment. The architecture comprises four layers: sensing, transmission, data management, and application. Embedded communication means within each layer are critical and mandatory to ensure cooperation and synchronization among the various components of city sustainability.

ICT allows setting energy targets, observing, and enforcing them by deploying sensor networks covering primary energy consumption sources, such as municipal, industrial, hospitals, and citizens. A tool to identify optimal monitoring locations is available. In a case study, the ICT hotspots identified were heating systems, transport systems, and potential transformation of the buildings and roads enabled by ICT solutions. Studies show that a successful implementation requires the timing of ICT-related decisions in the planning process and the actor-networks needed to implement the ICT solutions and their management. The planning process has several decision points: the property owner, meta-network governance coordination, and traveler information systems. A flexible-work-hub solution case study revealed that mobility management systems encourage environment-friendly transport modes to reduce transport demand with minimum impact. All transportation means should be equipped with efficient navigation systems, and flexible work hubs should be located in local nodes closer to people's homes.

To provide a practical framework for this chapter, we propose a four-layer concept, an analogy to the OSI seven-layer for communications. **Figure 1** depicts the layers model, starting from the bottom with the physical city architecture layer, allowing electric and optical signals free of disturbances and delays. Then the network layer

**Figure 1.** *The multi-layer framework for smart city communications.*

#### *Communication Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Smart Cities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106223*

where all the communication equipment, wireline, wireless, antennas, sensors, and IoT are optimally deployed. The intermediate layer contains the protocols and thirdparty software required to support the application layer and manage the lower-level devices. The upper layer has applications enabling the end-user to enjoy the benefits of a sustainable city, such as energy control and waste and pollution management. Each layer is improving over time; this is presented by the vertical column called trends and developments.

#### **2. Trends and developments**

The global smart cities market size is expected to expand from \$1.226T in 2022 to \$6.965T registering a CAGR of 24.2% by 2030. Navigant Research [1], based on 443 projects spanning 286 cities worldwide, will contribute nearly \$1.7T to the global smart city technology market until 2030. Rapid urbanization led by government initiatives worldwide encourages sustainable and green technologies investment. Asia Pacific market seems to lead with a CAGR of 27.7%. Advanced cities use IoT to manage sustainable operations. For example, pollution, water, and healthcare. Endeavor Business Media announced the launch of smart-building technology embedding intelligence for new constructions and existing commercial buildings. This technological development reduces energy consumption. Major Asian mobile operators take many 5G deployments, and initiatives to resolve the problem of high bandwidth requirements are anticipated to drive the growth. The list of companies promoting smart cities shows that many leading communication vendors appear there, such as Cisco Systems, Inc., Ericsson, General Electric, Honeywell, IBM, Huawei Technologies, Siemens AG Telensa, Verizon, and Vodafone. The introduction of electric vehicles has been well accepted mainly due to their low pollution and modern look. However, it raised a new environmental issue of recharging stations and how to get rid of the big obsolete batteries.

To complement it, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) [3] became decisive in minimizing congestion, pollution, and parking space. There is still a need for a closed monitoring system to prevent greenhouse gas emissions and promote efficient energy consumption, awareness, attraction, and broadcast decisions. Smart cities market report posted that the innovative utility section, the intelligent infrastructure, and the travel assistance segment are expected to grow at a CAGR of 22.9, 24.3, and 23.4%, respectively, over the forecast period. Endeavor Business Media, 06/21, announced the launch of intelligent construction technology combining smart communication components, reducing energy consumption. Waste management companies deploy sensor networks and data platforms to generate practical insights, route optimization, and analytics decisions. The growing adoption of new technologies in the smart ticketing market, RFID, QR code, BFSI, and healthcare offer smart solutions across sectors.

Businesses look for new ways to engage their customers, streamline operations, and generate revenue, and many are turning to wireless wide area network (WAN) technology. Wireless connectivity is now essential for enabling agile and secure connectivity of people, places, and things, beyond the reach and limitations of traditional wired network connections, managed wireless. The emergence of 5G, with its faster speed, lower latencies, and enhanced network capabilities, catalyzes wireless WAN adoption as businesses seek to make their WANs cellular simple and fiber-fast for true wireless flexibility. This solution provides businesses with the necessary secure and flexible wireless cellular connectivity to any number of fixed sites managed by network

experts, helping organizations save time, money, and removing the burden of ongoing management or upfront infrastructure costs. Customers need an agile network that is quick to deploy, highly scalable, secure, and supports a broad WAN use case. They expect a plug-and-play, managed solution that enables simple and fast deployment of wireless connectivity when wired connections are unavailable, lack sufficient reliability, are too costly, only applicable to fixed locations, and require long lead times. Managed wireless WAN is designed to connect thousands of endpoints while providing end-users with fast and secure access to the cloud, datacenter applications, and the internet. It provides employees with safe and reliable access to be productive anywhere without relying on a network provider to deliver a circuit. 5G wireless edge devices offer connectivity, and plans for future additions to the service include support for in-vehicle and internet of things (IoT) use cases and the addition of enhanced routing and security features. Examples of particular use cases have a temporary connection at a branch site, pop-up store, or construction trailer, expanding to new locations, or using a permanent cellular connection as a failover or WAN link for an SD-WAN deployment. It extends the reach of the enterprise to remote areas https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252516487/European-employers-missing-the-opportunity-toautomate-processes-for-hybrid-work enabling innovative use cases.

#### **3. Application layer: applications with embedded communication**

Advanced communications enable the use of new services covering a variety of life indicators applications, such as shorter commute time, clean air, traffic control, street lighting, smart parking, gathering management, accelerated emergency response time, reduced healthcare costs, decreased water consumption, recycled waste, harmful emissions, sustainability, and other saving potential.

**Figure 2** presents several key application types used in a typical SSC for managing, coordinating, synchronizing, and managing all city activities, such as advanced metering of water, electricity, and gas consumption control. Real-time metering of measurable elements, anomaly detection, alert systems, sensor-data collection, machine learning, deep learning methods, and big data analysis. The expected impact is efficient, balanced, cost-efficient, reliable, secured, improved power consumption, low air pollution, and tight coordination among city sectors, such as energy, transportation, water supply, healthcare, education, and culture. In parallel, privacy and security issues are handled, and centralized IoT applications for cost reduction and energy saving of LED lighting controls. Applications for managing surveillance cameras, environmental sensors, electronic billboards, charging stations, WiFi coverage, and smart transit systems reduce cost, improve safety, and routing management improve user experience,

**Figure 2.**

*The application layer detailed examples.*

#### *Communication Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Smart Cities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106223*

onboard WiFi reduce congestion, provide clean air quality, and priority access management. Other applications, sensing flow rates, tank pressure, water levels, remote management solution, monitoring or the components of the IoT, including a range of radio devices, system on modules (SOMs), sensors, water management applications, gateway to supply the connectivity for a range of application needs, water treatment solutions, evaluate critical environmental data, such as groundwater analytics providing recommendations to customers. Remote monitoring and management solution offer hidden visibility of equipment and customers usage of chemicals.

A collection of vast applications arsenal is the core enabler of SSC. Following are estimated global market values per application type: [4]. Smart metering for the electricity, gas, and water, market is estimated to reach \$39B by 2027. The smart lighting market will grow at a CAGR of 18% to \$31B by 2025. Intelligent electric vehicle (EV) charging market is expected to reach \$70B by 2026. The solar photovoltaic (PV) market is estimated to grow by 5% annually, reaching \$185B.

#### **4. Intermediate layer: communication management**

This layer provides the underlying generic technologies required by the application layer to operate, giving new ideas and capabilities, and empowering the software intelligence to a leading position in the software domain. **Figure 3** depicts state-of-the-art technologies enabling AI and other libraries to enrich the applications in the first-layer. The API library contains various generic software components the application layer uses. Big data is another component having a warehouse of data collected over a long period enriched with related market data. Data mining, AI, and BI use this data to identify data patterns, rules, and exciting insights. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are two modern tools that are able to learn some insights by processing a given training data. These insights are then used to extrapolate and predict the behavior of the system results. Cloud computing transforms computer-owned usage into services without owning the computer environment. It is disconnecting computer services from the organization's site. Consequently, the software can be accessed anywhere and anytime free of maintenance, which is an excellent advantage for a smart city. Cyber security is a comprehensive solution to secure the entire system from cyber-attacks.

The following are typical qualifications representing SSCs [4], as follows: Technological provision, environmental, social, economic sustainability, economic and social development, air quality, energy transition toward renewables, quality of living, waste per population, water sustainability, human infrastructure & networked markets, ESG performance, and smart city ecosystem. Some of the cities provided data regarding their status. One city deployed over 20,000 sensors for capturing

**Figure 3.**

*The intermediate layer detailed examples.*

temperature, air quality, mobility data, lighting, noise, and climate. Another city implemented pollution-monitoring sensors and educational campaigns. Some cities stated that all new buildings are built with intelligent controls, low-energy heating, and digitized mobility using accessible WiFi in 755 public spaces. More options are wired bike-sharing, electrical vehicle plug-in spots, activated video feeds in busy intersections to smooth traffic, renewable energy, sustainable mass transit, \$70B in total startup valuations, 100 accelerators, incubators, and co-working spaces, using 100% renewable power, implementing real-time meter sensors, reducing emissions from daily commuting by sharing, and deploying sensors for heating, cooling, and lighting based on occupancy. Distribute to the public smart-mobile applications, measure and optimize biogas, energy efficiency, heating and cooling, smart grids, and consider electric buses and green energy systems.

Following are typical declarations of existing smart cities. The city goals are clean air, biodiversity, low carbon, green transportation, waste reduction, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, internet of things (IoT), quantum computing helping in their intelligence journey, and cutting 40% of CO2 emissions by 2025. Becoming the leader in smart and sustainable building solutions. Through the \$37N green building masterplan, make 80% of the city buildings eco-friendly by 2030, earn 80% of new buildings super low energy (SLE), and achieve an 80% improvement in energy efficiency for green buildings. Becoming a climate-friendly by 2040. Any services that can be digitized will be digitized. Become the world's first carbon-neutral city by 2025, becoming fossil-fuel-free by 2050.

Some of the recorded achievements are: reducing carbon emissions by 25,000 tons, saving \$9.5M, decreasing the electricity consumption of public buildings by 7.8%, reducing overall carbon footprint by 35%, recover 1.64 million tons of municipal solid waste, reducing emissions by about 18,000 T/year, comparable to the electricity use of 4000 residents, Over a third of all transportation, fossil-fuel consumption has been removed through sustainable transport alone, a reduction of 90,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year.

#### **5. Network layer: city wireline, wireless 5G, WiFi7, antennas, sensors, and IoT**

Several publications define the requirements for qualifying a city as an SSC. In all of these publications, we realize that communication and sensors are the key enablers of smart cities. Internet connectivity is crucial for smart cities as almost all activities are via messaging. High capacity, high-speed, efficient, and effective internet connection is a key to achieving the smart cities vision. It complies with the forecast that by 2024, more than 23B devices will be connected to cellular networks. It is possible with high-speed internet connectivity associated with local communication networks. **Figure 4** depicts recent trends in modern communication infrastructure, which can cope with a high-volume communication activity. The first component is satellite communications, which is undergoing significant development by SpaceX. The second is cellular 5G, which supports a new magnitude of transmission speed and volume. The third refers to a substantial WiFi version, a newly expanded gateway, and the exploding spread of sensors and IoT devices.

During the past few years, we are evident the intensive launch of more than 2000 small satellites to the LEO by SpaceX, creating a network of satellites communicating with each other via laser beams. The communication with the earth is by electronic

*Communication Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Smart Cities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106223*

*The network layer details.*

signals transmitted toward ground stations for further distribution via wireline and cellular networks. It is the ultimate achievement of satellite communications.

The evolving spread of 5G provides ultra-fast internet, low latency, and improved reliability. It is the ultimate solution that copes with the expected wireless traffic. 5G network's speed is 10–30 Gbps, which is 100 times faster than 4G; the capacity is 1000 Gbps/km<sup>2</sup> area spectral in dense urban environments, 1000 times more than 4G. It decreases energy consumption by 10% times the higher battery life of associated devices and five times lessened end-to-end delay. 5G integrates with long term evolution (LTE) and WiFi to give all-inclusive high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. 5G networks have a latency rate of 1 ms vs. 40–50 milliseconds in 4G. 5G networks allow smoother handling of spikes and better network traffic optimization than 4G. Lower power consumption and enhanced capacity and speed are part of sustainability.

WiFi wireless communications transport most wireless traffic in enterprises, public and residential environments cost-effectively and continue improving the efficiency in using precious spectrum resources. The new version 7 is to be released in 2024. It is a significant enhancement of WiFi 6. It is more flexible and efficient, supports 16 streams, has a channel size of 640 MHz, has a data rate of 46 Gbps, has lower latency, and uses network and spectrum resources. WiFi 7 integrates well with 5G and 3GPP-based 5G and other standard communication devices and protocols. It supports distributed and cloud architectures, virtualization, and digitalization in the emerging private wireless networks (PWN). Wi-Fi-7 supports applications that require deterministic latency, high reliability, quality of service (QoS), IoT, IIoT, and video-based applications, such as surveillance, remote control, gaming, AV/VR, smart-home services, and more. WiFi deployment provides communication services that save unnecessary wiring, energy, transportation, and contribute to sustainability.

The evolving new services generated for smart cities require numerous sensors connected to new types of wireless communication networks that meet the specific requirements of smart city needs. Sensors [5] interactions require the transfer of small data packages, energy efficiency, the ability to connect devices in remote areas, a high degree of data protection, and interoperability. Connected end devices must operate for a long time, powered by an embedded battery with no connection to the grid. Terleev et al. [6] recommend LoRaWAN as the best gateway for machine-tomachine communication technology. According to experiments, the coverage area of the LoRaWAN gateway is 1500 m, which is fine for a smart city.

The last component required to complement the network layer is IoT, the internat of things, enabling the data collection from the system endpoints, the sensors, and vice versa, transmitting messages from the system toward an IoT device and among IoT devices.

#### **6. Physical layer: city architecture supporting smooth communication**

Smart city communication infrastructure supports intra-city and internet interactions. It comprises wireline and wireless mixture networks. The wireline is a network of fiberoptic channels deployed underground with connected antennas.

**Figure 5** depicts the typical new generation of communication hardware required to support modern communication services. It includes satellite and cellular antennas, underground fiberoptics wiring, and the construction materials impacting the electric signals. The number of antennas, location, signal strength, and height depend on the city's population density. The wireless portion comprises signals from satellites intercepted by the corresponding antennas and signals broadcasted by the cellular antennas and captured by the mobile phones located within the antenna's spectrum. Wireless signals are disturbed by physical obstacles, such as buildings and other constructions. Therefore, city streets, buildings architecture plans, and used materials should consider optimal deployment of the wireline fiberoptics and the corresponding antenna locations to ensure smooth communication at minimum interference. For example, the building material and the estimated data transmission load apply the suitable communications infrastructure or determine the building's fabric. We provide the knowledge and guidelines for selecting the appropriate communications technologies fitting the specific SSC's attributes and vice versa.

Electric waves are the core of wireless digital communication at free space and ground contacts. However, the transmitted waves are exposed to obstacles, such as rain, dust, topography, urban surface, and magnetic forces, causing signal attenuation and degrading the transferred signal quality up to data loss. To overcome it, we may request the transmission of stronger signals, which increases the power consumption and shortens the transmitting satellite's lifespan. Hence, we propose a machinelearning based model, which predicts the proper signal strength and the correct transmission time, having a high probability of reaching the intercepting antenna on the ground. The model analyses the two path sections, from the satellite to free space close to the ground and then to the ground station. We trained our ML system using training data from the genesis satellite. Experiment results show our system's high accuracy level for frequencies ranging from 2 to 72 GHz.

Several papers cope with the same problem. Some proposed solutions are limited to a geographic region where minimal rain and dust, while others are limited to low frequencies [7]. Analyzed satellite data to discover the elements causing a signal loss in urban environments [8, 9]. Correlate signal loss and construction material [10, 11]. Present materials measurements of low frequencies [12, 13]. Focus on the receiver's position and height disruption inside a building. Entry loss for 2 GHz is reported in [14–18]. Discuss signal spread within facilities and [19] calculate the spread delay as a function of elevation and angle. In [20], a new path loss model and [21] present attenuation differences

**Figure 5.** *The physical layer details.*

*Communication Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Smart Cities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106223*

for indoor textures and materials. We selected a concrete building with a horn antenna with vertical polarization. The signal generator, the transmitter, and the receiver are agilent. We use recurrent neural networks (RNN), and MLNNs have a temporal dimension. The MLNN system builds, loads the neural network, trains, and tests the input data. Then it analyzes the data, starting with the input samples reduced in two stages to one instance, identifying the optimal converged parameters. The training results resemble the accurate results. In summary, we provide SSC designers with a tool to determine the optimized materials and positioning of communication equipment so that signal strength will remain effective until it reaches the targeted antennas and mobile devices.

#### **7. Summary and conclusions**

This chapter discusses the role and contribution of communication technologies to sustainable smart cities. For a detailed analysis, we divided the subject into four cumulative aspects piled into four layers, starting with the bottom physical layer up to the applications developed to manage, coordinate, and synchronize the activities required to maintain sustainability in smart cities. This study shows the profound necessity of incorporating communication technology into the management and control mechanisms used to assert sustainable smart cities. Based on the detailed content of the chapter sections, it is clear that everything related to management, control, and interaction

**Figure 6.**

*The multi-layer detailed framework for smart city communications.*

among key players of smart cities require communications infrastructure to enable its operations. **Figure 6** encapsulates the complete view of the chapter content and its details. Since SSC is still in its beginning stage and still evolving, this chapter may be updated soon to capture the near future developments in this advanced domain.

### **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

### **Author details**

Menachem Domb Ashkelon Academy College, Ashkelon, Israel

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Communication Technologies and their Contribution to Sustainable Smart Cities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106223*

#### **References**

[1] Navigant Research's Smart City Tracker 2Q19 Highlights. June 20 2019

[2] Nathali B, Bhagya S, Silva N, Khan M, Jung C, Jung C. Urban planning and smart city decision management empowered by real-time data processing using big data analytics. Sensors. 2018;**18**(9):2994. DOI: 10.3390/ s18092994

[3] Haferkamp M, et al. Radio-based traffic flow detection and vehicle classification for future smart cities. In: 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). 2017. pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2017.8108633

[4] https://www.silabs.com/applications/ industrial-and-commercial/smartcities?source=Media&detail=Goo gle\_Ads&cid=pad-gos-all-111921&gcl id=Cj0KCQjwwJuVBhCAARIsAOP wGAQHA29BqXdFGWJiNB5ZzbD iOU9oAkuP9z\_AR7bu-Q1p88uws-Mi9LEaAioTEALw\_wcB

[5] Stone W. Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology; 1997

[6] Terleev AV, Khalturin AA, Shpenst VA. LoRaWAN gateway coverage evaluation for smart city applications. In: 2021 3rd International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE). 2021. pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/ REEPE51337.2021.9388004

[7] Al-Hourani A, Guvenc I. On modeling satellite-to-ground path-loss in Urban environments. IEEE Communications Letters. 2021;**25**(3):696-700. DOI: 10.1109/LCOMM.2020.3037351

[8] ITU-R Rec. P.1411-3: Propagation data and prediction methods for planning short-range outdoor radio communication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 300MHz to 100GHz. 2005

[9] Perez-Fontan F et al. Building entry loss and delay spread measurements on a simulated HAP-to-indoor link at S-band. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2008;**2008**:1-6

[10] Baker-Jarvis J, Janezic MD, Riddle BF, et al. Measuring the Permittivity and Permeability of Lossy Materials: Solids Liquids, Building Material, and Negative Index Materials. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology; 2005

[11] Stavrou S, Saunders SR. Review of constitutive parameters of building materials. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP '03); March– April 2003; Exeter, UK. pp. 211-215

[12] De Toledo AF, Turkmani AMD, Parsons JD. Estimating coverage of radio transmission into and within buildings at 900, 1800, and 2300 MHz. IEEE Personal Communications. 1998;**5**(2):40-47. DOI: 10.1109/98.667944

[13] Martijn EFT, Herben MHAJ. Characterization of radio wave propagation into buildings at 1800MHz. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2003;**2**(1):122-125

[14] Vogel WJ, Torrence GW. Propagation measurements for satellite radio reception inside buildings. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1993;**41**(7):954-961. DOI: 10.1109/8.237628

[15] Oestges C, Paulraj AJ. Propagation into buildings for broadband wireless access. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2004;**53**(2):521-526. DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2004.823546

[16] Devasirvatham DMJ, Krain MJ, Rappaport DA, Banerjee C. Radio propagation measurements at 850 MHz, 1.7GHz, and 4GHz inside two different office buildings. Electronics Letters. 1990;**26**(7):445-447. DOI: 10.1049/ el:19900289

[17] Nobles P, Halsall F. Delay spread measurements within a building at 2GHz, 5GHz, and 17GHz. In: Proceedings of the IEE Colloquium on Propagation Aspects of Future Mobile Systems; October 1996; London, UK. pp. 8/1-8/6

[18] Report ITU-R. Compilation of measurement data relating to building entry loss. May 2015

[19] https://www.disruptive-technologies. com/blog/the-top-20-sustainable-smartcities-in-the-world

[20] Plets D et al. Simple indoor path loss prediction algorithm and validation in a living lab setting. Wireless Personal Communications. 2013;**68**(3):535-552

[21] Micheli D, Santoni F, Delfini A. Measurement of electromagnetic field attenuation by building walls in the mobile phone and satellite navigation frequency bands. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2014;**14**:1. DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2376811

**Chapter 8**

## Smart City Serious Game Based on Features Selection

*Fachrul Kurniawan, Supeno Mardi Susiki Nugroho, Mochamad Hariadi, Isdaryanto Iskandar and Prita Dewi Basoeki*

#### **Abstract**

In general, the smart city concept integrates ICT devices to collect various types of data related to urban life. The data will be used to manage and improve assets and operations in the city. In determining a smart city, there are eight key aspects (features) as a consideration. However, implementing eight smart city features will require many resources, including time, cost, and human resources. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a scenario and method of features and smart city parameters establishment in a serious game. This game consists of visualization, storyline, and gameplay as a learning platform to increase players' understanding of the smart city concepts. The development was started by collecting feature data of each city. The collected data will be discovered for the relationship between its features using differential equations. Then, data processing results will be classified and used as a basis for serious games. This study's product is an easy-to-use game that can simulate planning and constructing a smart city. This game is intended for the city government or the mayor as a critical role in city development. It will ease the user to understand the concept of the smart city based on the city characteristics. Furthermore, this serious game will provide feedback and recommendations on aspects that need to be improved in the city. It can be basic knowledge to make an actual decision and policies in smart city development.

**Keywords:** city development, serious games, smart city

#### **1. Introduction**

The challenges to implementing a smart city concept in developing countries are technology adaptation, government operational management, and lack of clear strategy [1]. As one of the developing countries in South East Asia, Indonesia has potential for smart city development [2, 3]. However, this archipelago state implements smart city is difficult. Each city has its characteristics, so that implementation cannot be equated. In general, these cities are classified based on the number of population, which are small city (<100,000 population), medium city (100,000–500,000 population), big city (500,000–1,000,000 population), and metropolis (>1,000,000 population).

There are several considerations to determine a smart city, such as a feature of the smart city. In its application, there are eight main features that each feature has several parameters. The factor will decide the level of a city, whether it is categorized as a smart city or not [4, 5]. It is tough to implement all the eight smart city features because it requires a lot of resources. Therefore, it needs a platform that can simulate planning and constructing an ideal smart city. One simulation model is in the form of a serious game [6, 7].

In this case, the use of serious games has several advantages. This kind of game emphasized a specific purpose such as education, scientific exploration, city management, etc. [8–10]. The smart city serious game aims to simulate the implementation of the smart city based on features. Based on the simulation through the game, it can be a consideration as a problem solving related to the smart city issues. Furthermore, using these serious games helps to save costs, human resources, and time.

According to the researcher's project, a smart city-based development project provides many data from the smart operation room. It records issues around the city, such as delay in the development projects and the determination of bandwidth network technology needed to integrate CCTV cameras and operation rooms. This phenomenon encourages researchers to use a game-based method as part of problemsolving to find the most effective development system [11, 12]. One of the expected outputs from the serious game is the clarification optimization process that can be implemented in city development [13].

The game will provide feedback, knowledge, and specific result related to the city's problem. It will make a player focus on the issues and create a solution in starting the development using the smart city system [6, 14]. The scenario of these games is adjusted to the city's problems covered in eight features smart city [4, 15]. In the next section, it will describe the formulation of smart city features and parameters.

#### **2. Smart city features and parameters**

The formulation of smart city features is based on current development in a developed country [16–18].  However, there are

#### **Table 1.** *Smart city features and each parameter.*

*Smart City Serious Game Based on Features Selection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105014*

two additional features based on characteristics and differences between developed and developing countries: smart infrastructure and smart people. Furthermore, there are some parameters to measure each feature value. **Table 1** presents the smart city features and each parameter. Based on **Table 1**, those parameters are collected from the Indonesian central bureau of statistics. The data of parameters will be processed and resulting in a main value of features. In general, the feature data will be compared end evaluated with the standard of a smart city. The information of current city condition becomes a fundamental consideration to improve the low sector.

This feature formulation is essential as preparation of scenario development in the smart city serious game. The formulation process of feature value is based on differential equations. The final score for each feature is 0.125, so that the overall value is 1 or 100%. The results will be used to give weight to the serious game scenario, and then it will be classified into three categories (not ready, standard, smart city). This classification will determine the game's feedback on a smart city serious game scenario.

#### **3. Proposed method of the smart city serious game**

The research process begins with identifying data based on several previous studies related to the smart city. This identification produced the required features and parameters that are used for smart city determination. In the previous section, it is known that eight features were identified in this study. After that, the collected data will be processed using a differential equation and classification algorithm to develop a whole smart city serious game (visualization, storyline, and gameplay). **Figure 1** presents the research flow of smart city serious game development.

Data resources become an essential thing in this study. It was collected from the Indonesian central bureau of statistics within the last 3 years. It is crucial to use credible data as a basis for future experiments. For example, **Table 2** presents the energy feature data that consists of two parameters: electricity and water. Researchers are also participating in smart city planning projects to enrich data identification and explore related problems.

After the data identification and collection, it continues with the data modeling using a differential equation. This step aims to find out the difference of smart city feature data and determine each feature's urgency level. The use of differential equations also aims to determine the weights in the game process. Also, the slope one algorithm is used to discover data comparisons in each city. It can provide a recommended formula for smart city development. Next, the data classification is calculated by the learning algorithm. This algorithm will classify the data into three categories (not smart, standard, and smart). This classification process is important because it is the feedback that the serious game gives to the players.

#### **Table 2.**

*Data of energy features and its parameter.*

#### **4. Result and discussion**

#### **4.1 Scenario design of smart city serious game**

The purpose of scenario design development is to identify a required process. In this study, the fidelity aspect means that simulation cases are based on the actual data. Furthermore, this game trains the process of identifying cities and their problems, especially for the local city government. **Figure 2** presents the scenario of a serious game. **Figure 1** started with the type of city based on the population number (small city, medium city, big city, and metropolis). From the city classification, players are directed to understand the differences from each city in Indonesia.

After understanding the type of a city, players are required to know about the concept of a smart city through its features and parameters. Players will be invited to study the smart city components, which consist of features and parameters data. By introducing the smart city components, players can imagine the concept of the game. Further understanding of the smart city concept can be reached after players completed the parameters of each feature. After that, it will be processed, and the results will be given in the form of a graph. It describes and concludes the gameplay, also provides a detailed description of each feature visualized in the graphic.

#### **4.2 Main principles of smart city serious game**

There are three essentials principles in developing smart city serious games: learn, rule, and play. It aims to make the players reach as much benefit as possible, and they would completely understand the concept of smart city development.

The learning principle is related to the type of city. By learning the city type, the player will understand the characteristics and issues of each city. Then, it would give feedback on development projects that were supposed to be prioritized [14, 19]. With an entertaining concept, a different learning experience would be gained when the players understand the issues [12, 14, 20]. **Figure 3** shows the learning process of city data identification.

Furthermore, **Figure 4** shows that the population of a city affects the city's type and the problems faced by the city. Thus, the score and development treatment would be different, depending on the type and level of the city's problems. This learning experience through the game will affect knowledge improvement. **Figure 5** shows that the level of understanding was started with level 1 with

*Smart City Serious Game Based on Features Selection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105014*

**Figure 2.** *The scenario of smart city serious game.*

limited data, 10%. As the level increases to level 2 or 3, the cities were getting bigger and more complex problems. It allowed the players to get more experience and improve their understanding.

In a serious game, rules are necessary as a basic guideline related to the actual case. The serious game rule must be in accordance with the real facts, and this interaction would be relevant to the real case. Each feature has been given a weight based on its priority level that becomes a rule for the smart city serious game. **Figure 6** shows the rule function control in serious game development.

According to **Figure 6**, the rule function that formed a set of data relevant to the standard and actual conditions. Then, it was used to set training data to provide scores for the smart city system's eight features. Each rule had an objective in training: to get the general description of the training to collect relevant conditions and result in actions that followed the training guidelines. This rule was highly important and affected the users' knowledge of the cities' problems, which were seen from the scores of the parameters.

The last principle of smart city serious game is play. Raw data collected from the survey were input to be processed using a clustering system and classified before the training process. The game did not use levels to show acceleration. Instead, it required the players to prove input based on the types of cities, and thus an optimal score would be gained at the end of the game. The game would provide recommendations to players on required actions to solve a similar problem.

**Figure 3.** *The learning process for city identification.*

**Figure 7** shows the indicator input in accordance with the game level. It started with the small city category and increasing along with the higher level. The level of the game is increasing while the player completes and understands the current level. After that, the player can play at a higher level with the higher type of city and face more complex problems.

#### **4.3 Implementation smart city features in the serious game**

As we mentioned before, the game begins by selecting the city's type based on the population number. It is important to understand the players who act as city mayors to consider the characteristics and limitations. **Figure 8** previews the city selection page in the game.

After the city type selection, the game will preview the features and parameters of the city. The player has to input the number according to the actual data. The input of real data is vital so that the system will provide a calculation and feedback as accurately as possible. It can be basic knowledge to develop the current city condition. For example, **Figure 9** previews the input page of the smart energy feature in the small city. Based on the preview, it can be seen that the smart energy feature consists of two parameters (electrical and water).

The category of the city could be seen from the number of populations shown and from the eight features of the smart city as well as their parameters. **Figure 10** presents another feature (smart infrastructure) with its parameters.

After the player completes all the features and parameters, the data will be processed using the impact factor score determined in the system. The game's result

*Smart City Serious Game Based on Features Selection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105014*

**Figure 4.** *Diagram of learning data.*

concludes that the mayor's policies are around 34% of development. It means that the development of the smart city is relatively low. **Figure 11** presents the result and recommendation page of the game.

**Figure 6.**

*Rule function (fidelity) in smart city serious game.*

#### **Figure 7.** *The indicator of data input based on the game level.*

Furthermore, detailed info will be provided in the graph that shows the city conditions. It shows the value of each smart city feature. It is used to evaluate policies and optimize values lacking in smart city features to make improvements in the next game. This feedback and recommendations make a player more focus on areas that need improvement to meet the smart city's standard.

The score of the game estimates the mayor's level of understanding of the city's problems. It could help to improve the level of understanding of smart city-based development programs. The smart city game could be useful if used continuously until it achieved a standardized score as intended by the player (city mayor). It could eventually improve the smart city system's knowledge and provide many considerations in determining developing cities' policies.

Moreover, the use of smart city serious games has many advantages [21, 22]. It helps the player to simulate that appropriate with the actual city cases. It can save time, costs, and resources before implementing the real improvement. It is also used *Smart City Serious Game Based on Features Selection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105014*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Selection of the type of the city.*

#### **Figure 9.**

*Input page of smart energy feature in the small city.*

to minimize a potential failure due to the lack of understanding by the city mayor [23]. Furthermore, the smart city serious game is expected to help an equitable city development, especially in developing countries.

#### **5. Conclusion**

The differences between developing and the developed country become a factor in the development of the city. Infrastructure and human resources are the two essential differences of it. Therefore, more considerations are used so the development

can be implemented properly. The serious game could be considered a training and learning platform to decide and policies in actual city development. In smart cities, the game could help minimize failure for the city mayors in implementing development programs. Also, it would save the required time, costs, and resources

#### **Figure 10.**

*The input of smart energy and smart infrastructure parameters.*

**Figure 11.** *The result and recommendation page.*

*Smart City Serious Game Based on Features Selection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105014*

before implementing the city development. Features and parameters of the city are an indicator to determine the smart city level. Thus, it must be customized with the characteristics of the country or the city. The formulation of features and parameters is important to help each city to reach the potential improvement. The three essentials principles: learning, rule, and play, allow the player to understand the characteristics and complexity problem in the city. It makes a player, especially a city mayor, increases their understanding of the smart city concept.

A serious game scenario design methodology is still highly challenging for further study since it is often not relevant to the actual conditions. It is needed and optimization to produce an adequate configuration. The development related to big data and business intelligence is also considered in the next study. It will help the government to make a policy and solution based on the actual condition. The collected data can be analyzed comprehensively with several artificial intelligence algorithms and make data becomes useful information.

#### **Acknowledgements**

This research is supported by the collaboration of the computer engineering laboratory and Master of Informatics Islamic State University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang.

### **Author details**

Fachrul Kurniawan1 \*, Supeno Mardi Susiki Nugroho2 , Mochamad Hariadi<sup>2</sup> , Isdaryanto Iskandar3 and Prita Dewi Basoeki3

1 Department of Informatics Engineering, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia

2 Department of Computer Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya

3 Faculty of Engineering, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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## Section 2