**RECRYSTALLIZATION IN MATERIALS PROCESSING**

Edited by **Vadim Glebovsky**

#### **Recrystallization in Materials Processing**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58713 Edited by Vadim Glebovsky

#### **Contributors**

Renu Chadha, Kunal Chadha, Maninder Karan Vashisht, Yashika Bhalla, Vadim Glebovsky, Yousef Javadzadeh, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj, Zhila Vazifehasl, Masumeh Mokhtarpoor, Yuriy Perlovich, Margarita Isaenkova, Dong Nyung Lee, Sung Bo Lee, Sergei Mileiko

#### **© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2015**

The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted.

All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECH. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECH's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECH rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be foundat http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

#### **Notice**

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in Croatia, 2015 by INTECH d.o.o. eBook (PDF) Published by IN TECH d.o.o. Place and year of publication of eBook (PDF): Rijeka, 2019. IntechOpen is the global imprint of IN TECH d.o.o. Printed in Croatia

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Recrystallization in Materials Processing Edited by Vadim Glebovsky p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-2196-1 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-6396-1


*3.1.1. Strategies in the introductory stage*

goes to show that product management plays a major role in determining the length of a products life cycle. A product can follow a pattern known as **growth-slump-maturity pattern**. This kind of pattern usually encounters a rapid growth initially but later in the life cycle sales decline with a stabilization at a certain level. One of the examples of such product in Nigeria is the Globacom mobile communication services which experienced a very high sales volume

The **cycle-recycle pattern** depicts a two-phased product life cycle. At the initial phase, a product goes through the ideal stages probably up to decline stage. But after using some strategies to reinvigorate and re-launch the product in the market, it starts another life cycle and depending on how it is managed, it may stay longer or shorter in the market. A good example here is Maclean toothpaste in Nigeria, which went out of the market before it was later reintroduced into the Nigerian market as a new product thus starting a new life cycle entirely. Another common pattern is called **scalloped pattern**. This is where sales enjoy a succession of growth periods based on the discovery of new product characteristics, uses, or users [7]. Omo and Maggi cube brands in Nigeria show a scalloped life cycle because of the way each of these brands is managed for a long period of time. **Figure 2** illustrates the life cycle patterns.

Product management is a unique function [6]. It is an important area in marketing because it paves the way for sustainable product performance and profitability for companies. Bjernulf and Billgren define product management as "the task that consist of product planning (making sure that the right product is offered), product marketing (enabling the product to reach its potential market), product strategy (the guide for product value delivery over the life cycle), and creating insights (understanding legacy, ecosystems/markets and driving forces)" [8]. Haines and Ausura also define it as a strategic and tactical management of products which

at introduction but slumped down and stabilizes presently.

**Figure 2.** Other product life cycle pattern. Source: [7].

20 Product Lifecycle Management - Terminology and Applications

**3. Product management**

The nature and characteristics of the introductory stage have been discussed earlier in this chapter. Therefore, the main challenge in this stage is that when a new product is launched, there is typically small market which translates into low sales. There is high cost associated with research and development, marketing, and promotion. These costs notwithstanding, most companies will see negative profits in this stage with limited competition especially if the product is entirely new in the market.

*3.1.4. Decline stage strategies*

The key focus here is to be able to harvest the declining product by offering cheaper products, selling to the laggards' market segment that is the last to adopt an innovation. Firms can also offer discounts and other promotional activities to increase sales in the short run. In the long run, a company can think of entering a new market with the existing product, product modification or even selling the product in foreign market thereby starting a new life cycle entirely. However, poorly managed product cannot withstand the harsh conditions of this stage which gives organization no option other than to phase the affected product out of the market. To do this, a company should establish a product review committee consisting of members from marketing, finance, engineering, production, and research and development to study the performance of a declining product [11]. After the review, the team can then recommend a product or products that can be built through re-investment, those to harvest, hold, or divest from the portfolio. Therefore, decision on phasing out a product should not be taken haphazardly in a rush; rather, it should be based on an informed decision. Consequently, the product life cycle curve needs to be applied with a certain amount of care, even though it is still a useful model which provides businesses and their marketing departments with the opportunity to

Product Development and Management Strategies http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80345 23

It is equally important for companies to appreciate the significance of product mix and product line in the product management discourse. This is because of the relevance of the two concepts in determining the level and complexity of managing a product portfolio. A product mix is the set of all products and items a particular company offers for sale. It is the total product portfolio that a company manages. While a product line is a group of closely related

**Retail banking Corporate banking e-Business Private banking** Jaiz saving acct Jaiz Corporate Acct. Jaiz Online Jaiz Premium Jaiz current acct Corporate saving Jaiz Mobile Investment Acct

plan ahead and be better prepared to meet those future challenges.

Jaiz salary acct Domiciliary Acct Point of Sales (POS)

Jaiz Kids acct Working Capital acct Jaiz pay Jaiz Tier one acct Project Financing SMS Banking Jaiz Tier two acct Real Estate Financing Jaiz just Top-up Personal Finance Service Lease Verve cards Rental Finance Import Finance Master cards

Medical Finance Export Finance

**Table 1.** Jaiz Bank's product mix.

Education Finance Jaiz Travel Finance

Source: [12].

**3.2. Product mix and product-line analysis**

A company can adopt any of the four product introduction strategies; rapid skimming strategy using high promotion with higher initial price, rapid penetration strategy (involving high promotion with low price), slow penetration strategy (using low promotion with associated lower price), and slow skimming strategy (involving low promotion with higher initial price). Each of these strategies is built upon the objectives of the company of either market penetration or market skimming, i.e., higher profit. This, in turn, depends on how price sensitive the market is. In any case, it is always better to adopt penetration strategy in order to encourage more product adoption which produces higher sales volume.

#### *3.1.2. Growth stage strategies*

At this stage, brand managers have to effectively manage the challenge of increased competition as new manufacturers seek to benefit from a new, developing market, and its resultant effects. In response to the growing number of competitors that are likely to enter the market during the growth phase, manufacturers tend to lower their prices in order to achieve the desired increase in sales. Marketers should also change the focus of their promotion from product awareness to brand preference which will help to increase the size of the market and sharp increase in sales.


**4. Results**

310 Soil Erosion Studies

Geodetic and bathymetric measurements of Lake Mladotice were conducted in 1972, 1990 and 2003 (Jansky 1976, 1977; Jansky & Urbanova 1994; Česak & Šobr 2005). By comparing the results of these measurements, it is possible to analyse the dynamics of the lake's sedimentation in the past and to attempt to predict the further development of the lake basin: in other words, to determine a period after which the lake will be entirely filled with

To reconstruct land use shifts, the Military Topographical Institute in Debrovska (western Bohemia) supplied air photos taken in 1938, 1952, 1975, 1987 and 1998. Up to now only 2-D interpretation has been possible, because of the lack of overlap. The air photographs document a considerable land use change with the introduction of collectivisation (see below). We anticipate that stereoscopic 3-D interpretation of the air photos will show the removal of field terraces that accompanied field enlargement and also contributed to

Rainfall data were analysed from six stations recording data since 1881 to assess the influence of natural factors on erosion, transport and sedimentation rates in Lake Mladotice. The rain gauges at Kralovice, Plasy, Mladotice, Manetin, Liblin and Valecin are not located in the drainage basin of Lake Mladotice, but they are the closest stations in the surrounding area. These records do not seem to be homogeneous for all events at all stations and need to be examined carefully to identify the rainfall events relevant to flooding. Rainfall runoff analysis should therefore focus on major events which covered the whole area of the rainfall

Runoff data serve to indicate the dimensions of past flood events. The nearest runoff gauge is located on the Strela River (Plasy Station, 775 km², Fig. 2 small map), which also drains the Mladoticky creek. Daily records at this gauge date back to 1941. It is assumed that large floods recorded at the Strela River were also experienced at the Mladoticky creek and that

To classify current sedimentation conditions and sediment properties, we measured the oxygen content, conductivity, temperature, visible depth and stream flow of the lake water

Sediment echo sounding was used to measure sediment distribution along profiles in the lake basin in order to find suitable sites for core drilling. Unfortunately the sediments were extremely poor in reflection owing to the great number of cavities in the lake sediments, and thus results were unsatisfactory. The analysis of the sediment cores confirms the great

In spite of this setback, we obtained information about the distribution of the sediments by extracting 13 short cores, each about 1 m in length. Five long cores were drilled down to the bottom of the sediments. The reference core ML 18/03 was extracted from the deepest part

Reference core ML 18/03, with a total length of 4 m, underwent analyses of water content, density, grain size distribution, total sulphur, total carbon, total phosphorus, clay mineral composition, the isotope content of 137Cs, 241Am and 210Pb as well as thin sections from the entire length of the core. Sediment samples were taken and analysed in 10 cm sections. The upper part of the sediment core ML 14/03 was investigated for diatoms (0–160 cm core depth). As agrochemicals can indicate system changes, we analysed their input into the lake. Fractionated organic analyses were conducted on four samples using GC-MS technology.

of the lake, and core ML 14/03 was investigated for diatom analyses (Fig. 3).

increased erosion (Janský 1976, 1977; Jansky & Urbanova 1994).

stations, including the drainage basin of Lake Mladotice.

sediments were deposited in the lake during these events.

in the summers of 2003 and 2004 in a depth grid across the lake.

**3. Methods**

sediment.

number of cavities.


3.5.1. Membrane Stabilization Inhibition Assay

The membrane-stabilizing activity of the samples was assessed using hypotonic solution-induced erythrocyte (RBCs) hemolysis [67]. For the preparation of erythrocyte suspension, whole blood was obtained with heparinized syringes from rats through cardiac puncture. The blood was washed three times with isotonic buffered solution (154 mM NaCl) in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and immediately centrifuged for 10 min at 3000× *g*. The test sample consisted of stock erythrocyte suspension (0.5 mL), 5 mL of hypotonic solution (50 mM NaCl), and the *C. amblyocarpa* EO (7.81–1000 μg mL−1 in ethanol) or indomethacin (as a standard drug). The control sample consisted of 0.5 mL of stock erythrocyte suspension and hypotonic-buffered saline solution alone. The mixtures were incubated for 10 min at room temperature (25 ± 2 ◦C) and centrifuged for 10 min at 3000× *g*. In 96-well plates, the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 540 nm. The percentage inhibition of hemolysis or membrane stabilization were calculated according to the modified method described by Shinde et al. [67] as follows:

$$\text{Inhibition }\%=100 \times \text{I(A}\_{\text{control}} - \text{A}\_{\text{treatment}}) \div A\_{\text{control}}\text{ I}\tag{3}$$

where Acontrol is the absorbance control, and Atreatment is the absorbance treatment.

The IC50 value was defined as the concentration of the EO required to inhibit 50% of the RBC hemolysis under the assay conditions. It was calculated graphically by linear regression of the inhibition values of different concentrations using MS-EXCEL 2016.

#### 3.5.2. Lipoxygenase (LOX) Inhibition Assay

The activity of the *C. amblyocarpa* EO on the inhibition of the LOX enzyme (type I-B) was determined according to Granica et al. [68], with slight modifications. Briefly, in 96-well

plates, 100 μL of soybean (*Glycine max*) LOX solution (1000 U/mL in borate buffer solution, pH 9) and 200 μL of borate buffer were mixed together with various concentrations of either EO (to a final concentration range of 0.98–125 μg mL−1) or ibuprofen as a reference drug. Samples were pre-incubated with 100 μL of linoleic acid (substrate) to initiate the reaction and then were incubated at 25 ◦C for 15 min. The absorbance increase was measured at 234 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). The inhibition percentage and IC50 were calculated as previously mentioned in the membrane stabilization inhibition assay.

#### 3.5.3. Cyclooxygenase (COX 1 and COX 2) Inhibition Assay

The COX activity was monitored as a result of the oxidation reaction of N,N,N,Ntetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) with arachidonic acid according to the protocol of Petrovic and Murray [69], with slight modifications. The activity of the EO or ibuprofen as a reference drug at a concentration range of 0.98–125 μg mL−1 was determined by monitoring the absorbance of TMPD oxidation reaction with arachidonic acid at 611 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). The inhibition percentage and IC50 were calculated as previously mentioned in the membrane stabilization inhibition assay.


*Supporting open minds since 2005*

Molecular Biotechnology http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75339 Edited by Sergey Sedykh

#### Contributors

Na Wang, Galina Kovalenko, Larisa Perminova, Mitsuhiro Ueda, Kei Nakadoi, Shunsuke Sakurai, Kana Tsukamoto, Riddhi Prabha, Snehi Soy, Vinod Nigam, Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Fabio De Lima, Yun Wang

#### © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2021

The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECHOPEN LIMITED. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECHOPEN LIMITED's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECHOPEN LIMITED rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

#### Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in London, United Kingdom, 2021 by IntechOpen IntechOpen is the global imprint of INTECHOPEN LIMITED, registered in England and Wales, registration number: 11086078, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom Printed in Croatia

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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Molecular Biotechnology Edited by Sergey Sedykh p. cm. Print ISBN 978-1-83880-797-9 Online ISBN 978-1-83880-798-6 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83880-799-3


**Ahmed Gowida 1, Tamer Moussa 1 , Salaheldin Elkatatny 1,\* and Abdulwahab Ali 2**

Received: 8 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 25 September 2019

**Abstract:** Rock mechanical properties play a key role in the optimization process of engineering practices in the oil and gas industry so that better field development decisions can be made. Estimation of these properties is central in well placement, drilling programs, and well completion design. The elastic behavior of rocks can be studied by determining two main parameters: Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Accurate determination of the Poisson's ratio helps to estimate the in-situ horizontal stresses and in turn, avoid many critical problems which interrupt drilling operations, such as pipe sticking and wellbore instability issues. Accurate Poisson's ratio values can be experimentally determined using retrieved core samples under simulated in-situ downhole conditions. However, this technique is time-consuming and economically ineffective, requiring the development of a more effective technique. This study has developed a new generalized model to estimate static Poisson's ratio values of sandstone rocks using a supervised artificial neural network (ANN). The developed ANN model uses well log data such as bulk density and sonic log as the input parameters to target static Poisson's ratio values as outputs. Subsequently, the developed ANN model was transformed into a more practical and easier to use white-box mode using an ANN-based empirical equation. Core data (692 data points) and their corresponding petrophysical data were used to train and test the ANN model. The self-adaptive differential evolution (*SADE*) algorithm was used to fine-tune the parameters of the ANN model to obtain the most accurate results in terms of the highest correlation coefficient (*R*) and the lowest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results obtained from the optimized ANN model show an excellent agreement with the laboratory measured static Poisson's ratio, confirming the high accuracy of the developed model. A comparison of the developed ANN-based empirical correlation with the previously developed approaches demonstrates the superiority of the developed correlation in predicting static Poisson's ratio values with the highest *R* and the lowest MAPE. The developed correlation performs in a manner far superior to other approaches when validated against unseen field data. The developed ANN-based mathematical model can be used as a robust tool to estimate static Poisson's ratio without the need to run the ANN model.

**Keywords:** elastic parameters; Poisson's ratio; sandstone; artificial neural network; self-adaptive differential evolution


**New Surgical Procedure for Pancreas Head New Surgical Procedure for Pancreas Head**

Yoshinobu Sato, Yoshiaki Hara, Naruhiko Sawada, Shoji Shimada, Kenta Nakahara, Daisuke Takayanagi, Fumio Ishida, Shin-EI Kudo and Junichi Tanaka Yoshinobu Sato, Yoshiaki Hara, Naruhiko Sawada, Shoji Shimada, Kenta Nakahara, Daisuke Takayanagi, Fumio Ishida, Shin-EI Kudo and Junichi Tanaka

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66493

#### **Abstract**

In this study, we demonstrate two new methods for pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). One method is the mini‐laparotomic PD by Shuriken‐shaped umbilicoplasty with the real‐time moving window's method. The other method is the new pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) by punctured stent slide guiding method (PSSGM). This procedure could be performed by complete mini‐laparotomy under direct vision, and the final major wound is only 2 cm of round navel. PSSGM prevents the difference of caliber between pancreatic anastomosis and the inside out of jejunal mucosa in theory. Ten cases of mini‐lap PD were successfully performed under new PJ anastomosis. The pancreatic leakage (PL) was only one case of ISGPF grade A, and its frequency was 9% (1/11). Our mini‐lap PD by Shuriken‐shaped umbilicoplasty might be a useful way for overcoming the obstacles about safety, compli‐ cation risk, cosmetic demand, and medical cost compared to laparoscopic PD. Also, our new device of PJ reconstruction by PSSGM might be an easy and useful device for the prevention of PL.

**Keywords:** laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreaticojejunostomy, navel surgery, Shuriken‐shaped umbilicoplasty, minimal invasive surgery


**7. AMPs and Fungi**

Fungal infections represent one of the most frequent public health problems [84], also considering the progressive increase in resistance to traditional therapies and the side effects of some antimycotics that limit their use, especially in immunocompromised patients [85].

For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate new molecules to expand our therapeutic options. In our experience, we also evaluated the action of AMPs against fungal infections. Some AMPs show both antibacterial and antibiotic action and can therefore be excellent options in the treatment of mixed infections, allowing them to act on different mechanisms of action than current therapies, which mainly affect sterol biosynthesis [84–89].

#### *7.1. IB-367*

IB-367 is a protegrin with activity against Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. In an in vitro study, the efficacy of IB-367 alone and in combination with fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine was evaluated against strains from patients infected with *Trichophyton mentagrophytes*, *T. rubrumand*, and *Microsporum canis*. In monotherapy, the lowest MIC was for terbinafine and itraconazole, but there was a synergy of 35% with IB-367/fluconazole, 30% with IB-367/ITRA, and 25% with IB-367/TERB [88]. This study suggests that IB-367 may be a molecule capable of increasing the efficacy of currently available antifungal therapies.

In addition, IB-367 showed in vitro a rapid fungicidal action against *Candida* spp., both sensitive and resistant to fluconazole. Synergistic action occurred in 41.6% of cases with fluconazole and 44% of cases with amphotericin B, without antagonism [89]. For these reasons, IB-367 is also a very promising molecule for treating candida infections.


3.2.2. Environmental Regulations (*ERs*)

Referring to Liu et al. (2018), environmental regulations are government-initiated environmental protection measures that are universally applicable to all businesses; this paper breaks down environmental regulations from three perspectives: economic, legal, and supervisory [4].


**3. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)**

Monitoring of the outcomes from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is via the annual reporting of each centres activity and outcomes as submitted to the international voluntary Extracorporeal Life Support Organisation (ELSO). Membership of ELSO is a requirement of each centre as part of the national service and ensures that the data collected on outcomes are consistent internationally, thus allowing benchmarking of outcomes across organisations.

#### **3.1 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for adults and children with potentially reversible severe respiratory failure**

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) for adults and children with potentially reversible severe respiratory failure has been nationally commissioned in England since 1997. Currently ECMO is provided by the current hospital Trusts:

There is also a children's ECMO service in provided at Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, that is commissioned by National Services Division Scotland. The four providers of ECMO for children with potentially reversible severe respiratory failure work in collaboratively to ensure the needs of the UK are met.

All providers of the national ECMO programme (adult and / or paediatric) are registered with the Extracorporeal Life Support Organisation (ELSO) which is the international registry recording the outcomes for patients receiving ECMO. All centres provide their anonymised activity and outcome data on an annual basis to the National Specialised Commissioning Team as part of the end of year review visits to each centre.

This data collection and presentation is supplemented by an annual meeting of all the UK centres along with representatives from the ECMO service at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, where each centre's anonymised activity and outcomes are presented along with agreed educational topics relating to recent experience or anticipated innovation. Again, this facilitates joint learning and service improvement in a very open and transparent setting.

National commissioning of the adult ECMO service enabled the definitive trial of ECMO in adults with potentially reversible severe respiratory failure to be commissioned jointly with the National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment (now part of the National Institute for Health Research Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre). The results of this trial were published in the Lancet in September 2009 (Peek et al., 2009) and as a NIHR Health Technology Assessment Monograph in 2010 (Peek et al., 2010).


*2.5. Classification*

The classification process uses unsupervised and supervised algorithms to map the spatial location and abundance of each endmember spectrum. The relevant MNF bands are the input for the ISODATA algorithm (Figure 3(12)), which iteratively clusters the pixels using the least distance approach [68]. The result is a first classified image based on the inherent spectral information of the dataset, with each class represented by a different endmember.

The next level of classification is produced by the spectral angle mapper (SAM) algorithm (Figure 3(13)), which calculates the angle between two spectra to identify their spectral similarity based on a maximum angle threshold [69]. This threshold is set to 0.1 radians to minimize spectral mixing issues. This algorithm uses the endmembers of the unsupervised classification to classify.

The last algorithm selected in this study is the support vector machine (SVM) (Figure 3(15)), selected because of the good results it produces with heterogeneous, complex, and noisy data [70]. The SVM separates the classes using a training set with class samples (i.e., support vectors) [71], with every class represented by an ROI. In this case, ROIs are generated based on three sources of information: (1) the unsupervised classification; (2) the SAM-classified image; (3) the NDVI map (Figure 3(14)).


**6. Other herpesviridae viral miRNAs**

The herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 discussed mainly in this chapter are also termed as human herpesvirus (HHV)-1 and 2. The other members of the

*herpesviridae* family of viruses include the Varicella zoster virus (VZV) or HHV-3, the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) or HHV-4, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or HHV-5, the Roseoloviruses HHV-6 and HHV-7, and the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or HHV-8 [61]. A common characteristic of the herpesviruses is that all the members are capable of establishing latent infections in their hosts and reactivate when the immune system has been compromised. Herpesvirus reactivation brings about changes in the host signaling pathways with the help of alterations in the miRNA expression [62]. VZV is a neurotropic virus that causes chickenpox in humans. Although there are not many reports on VZV v-miRNAs, nearly 20 miRNAs have been predicted from the VZV genome and some of these miRNAs have been shown to be involved in viral replication [63, 64]. EBV, the first human oncovirus reported to encode viral miRNAs and cause various cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, encodes 44 miRNAs. The EBV miRNAs target the viral as well as the host mRNAs to regulate carcinogenesis and cellular transformation of the EBV-associated cancers [65]. HCMV, which allows extensive replication in the endothelial as well as the epithelial cells and has a large dsDNA genome of 230 bp, encodes 22 miRNAs [66, 67]. KSHV, a gamma herpesvirus and the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, encodes 25 miRNAs. The family also contains HHV-6 and HHV-7, which are the lesser explored members. A single miRNA, miR-U86, encoded by HHV-6A has been reported to target the expression of the U86 gene which is an IE gene of HHV-6A [68]. Therefore, apart from HSV-1 and HSV-2, the other members of the herpesviridae family also encode a number of miRNAs to regulate their infection cycles in the host. Owing to similarities amongst them, investigations pertaining to one will provide insights regarding the other. Here, we discuss some of the miRNA effector functions that are employed during other herpesvirus infections.


**5. Conclusions**

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.R., M.J., and R.S.; methodology, P.R., M.J., and R.S.; validation, P.R, J.D., K.A., R.S., and M.J.; formal analysis, P.R, J.D., K.A., R.S., and M.J.; investigation, P.R, J.D., K.A., R.S., and M.J.; writing—original draft preparation, P.R.; writing—review and editing, P.R., M.J., and R.S.; visualization, P.R. and J.D.; supervision, P.R., M.J., and R.S.; project administration, P.R., M.J., and R.S.; funding acquisition, P.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the CDA of La Rochelle through the DYPOMAR research project and the thesis of Julien Duboscq.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available because work is still in progress on the subject.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.