**5.3 Slow wave effect**

Based on the slow-wave effect, an excellent phase shifter is fabricated using a CSRR-loaded SIW, as shown in **Figure 35**. CSRR provides the slow-wave effect in the TE10 mode of SIW. The phase velocity reduction resulting from the slow-wave effect provides a phase shift [45]. By controlling the phase velocity and the physical length of the transmission line, different degrees of phase shift can be achieved. The CSRR-loaded SIW realizes a direct conversion between the fast wave and the slow wave, which makes the phase shifter integrate with other devices easily.

**Table 4** shows the performance parameter of the phase shifters following different technological approaches.

#### **Figure 33.**

*Proposed SIW controllable phase shifter (a) structure. (b) Biasing circuit of the NIP diodes [49].*

**W**

**Figure 34.** *The three operating states of the proposed phase shifter [50].*

**Figure 35.** *Proposed a slow-wave structure.*


**Author details**

selection in rootstock breeding program in citrus, Xu et al. [123] suggested that the feasible application of MAS in citrus rootstock breeding for citrus nematode resistance needs at least two genetic markers, each corresponding to related locus, in order to pyramiding the multi-

*Citrus* species are the most produced fruit crops and one of the most imported fruit groups subjected in both domestic and export markets. Citrus fruits can be produced in the tropical, semi-tropical, and subtropical climates with such a great market value. Factors limiting citrus growth in these climates significantly vary. Epidemic levels of disease and pest regarding the ecological conditions (temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation) also remarkably differ. On the contrary, the existence of common abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and iron chlorosis in citrus-producing countries differs depending on the countries and the production areas of the countries. Rootstock is used for a successful citrus production against

In addition, searching for dwarfing rootstock, which enables high-density planting, has gained importance in terms of increasing the fruit yield per area, fruit quality, use of mechanical pruning, harvesting and decreasing pest, and disease management in citriculture. With this knowledge, we can say that there is no ideal rootstock which can combine all these traits. Hence, countries with different ecological conditions have to manage individual rootstock programs. In contrast, abiotic and biotic factors as well as the producer demands change depending on market conditions and new trends. Thus, breeding studies have to be persistent

In several breeding programs, existing rootstocks or genotypes that can be used as rootstocks in citrus production have been screened for abiotic stress conditions, and their current tolerance/resistance levels had been reported. These rootstocks currently have been used in citriculture depending on the ecological conditions of the producer countries. In addition, traditional breeding studies were carried out with these genotypes in order to combine their different tolerance/resistance characteristics in one genotype. Several successful rootstocks have been obtained so far by breeding programs. But traditional breeding takes at least 15 years from the begging of a cross-hybridization program until a new selected rootstock is released to the industry for a commercial use and limited by the complex reproductive biology of citrus. Therefore, rootstock breeders have begun to benefit using biotechnological methods in citrus breeding such as somatic hybridization, genetic transformation, and marker-assisted

Genetic capacities of the parents or genotypes have great importance in breeding studies whichever method (traditional or biotechnological) is used, since the aim of breeding is to expose or combine the existing genetic capacity of parents. Therefore, screening both *ex situ* and *in situ* germplasm in the world regarding problems of citrus producer is necessary. Using promising genotypes obtained in screening studies carried out in germplasms in addition to

and managed by the current production situation and future demands.

genes associated or cofunctioned in controlling the citrus nematode resistance.

552 Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

**6. Conclusions**

the abiotic stresses discussed.

selection in recent years.

Berken Cimen\* and Turgut Yesiloglu

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Turkey


**Author details**

Bharti Pandya1 \*, BooYun Cho2 and Louise Patterson3

1 Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

2 Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea

3 American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.