**2.1.4 Localization techniques**

The radio tagged pheasants were monitored through radio-tracking (Godfrey & Bryant, 2003), the poncho equipped pheasants were monitored by direct sighting through the aid of binoculars and then by telescope. A portable radio receiver with a modulation ranging from 151,000 to 151,999 MHz was used to localize the radio signals (Biotrack Sica-receiver). The operator could select the desired frequency on the receiver and then identify and locate each pheasant. A Yaghi, four element, manual antenna (a characteristically directional antenna) was used to locate the signal's direction of the tag. Having a small number of birds, most of the radio localization were made via direct sighting; triangulation was rarely used. All locations were made from late September to early April, 2 or 3 times a week, and always from the early morning until early afternoon. A GPS (Global Positioning System) on a handheld device (Garmin eTrex Legend navigator) was used to record the direct sighting localization. The data were then transferred on a geo-referencing program (ArcGIS ®-ESRI), which had been previously loaded with the maps of the ZRV through a specific software (GPS-Utility ltd. 1998-2006). The geographical coordinates of points on the earth's surface obtained by satellites orbiting the earth (Betti et al., 2001), in our study were saved as Northeast Cartesian coordinates (Gauss-Boaga), referring to the reference system ROMA 1940 (Galetto & Spalla, 1995). when the pheasants was not clear to the observer (did not succeed in direct observation of the pheasant) a triangulation obtained with a single worker was used to obtain the fix. The observer, made the first detection, quickly moved to a second point of listening in order to minimize the possible pheasant movement, and then to calculate the pheasant triangulation as precise as possible (Hessler et al. 1970; Warner & Etter, 1983). The two identified directions were manually reported on the regional technical maps (1:10,000) using a still rule and a pencil. If an animal was not seen or triangulated more than twice in the same place, direct sighting was always used the next time, to verify the conditions of the subject (death or not). All locations were analyzed for survival, dispersion, home range and land use. The locations obtained through triangulation were manually entered into the geo-referencing program, in the same file where the direct locations were automatically transferred. Cards were also used, together with the GPS devices to complete the daily data collection; frequency of tag or poncho number, time, habitat where the pheasant was observed, weather conditions and other features were recorded for each pheasant in the cards.

#### **2.1.5 Data processing**

410 Modern Telemetry

• **Spur Length:** the transverse diameter or tarsus including the spur was taken by the

• **Remiges Length:** a metal tape measure was used to externally measure the distance

Radio collars (TW3 Biotrack + ½AA cell) were supplied to 40 pheasants (20 from the Hen group and 20 from the Control group) while the remaining 77 (40 from the Hen group and 37 from the Control group) were provided with numbered and differently colored ponchos (Figure 2). The frequencies of all tags ranged between 151,045 and 151,975 MHz. (crystal

The radiotags did not affect the animals' survival as the weight of the radio (with cell, antenna and collar) was well below 3% of the animals' own weight (Perez et al., 2004). The radio was always attached to the neck (Bardi et al., 1983), eliminating the potential risk of diseases and/or injury caused by the other types of fixing. Once all the measurements had been taken and the radio transmitters had been fixed on all the pheasants, they were placed in the acclimatization aviary: a tunnel-shaped, 30\*3 m, entirely constructed of soft plastic square mesh netting to prevent head injuries during attempts to escape. The pheasants remained in the aviaries for 24 hours in order to test the proper working of their tags, and to ensure that the attached collar did not create problems for the pheasants. Only 114 pheasants were released

The radio tagged pheasants were monitored through radio-tracking (Godfrey & Bryant, 2003), the poncho equipped pheasants were monitored by direct sighting through the aid of binoculars and then by telescope. A portable radio receiver with a modulation ranging from 151,000 to 151,999 MHz was used to localize the radio signals (Biotrack Sica-receiver). The operator could select the desired frequency on the receiver and then identify and locate each pheasant. A Yaghi, four element, manual antenna (a characteristically directional antenna) was used to locate the signal's direction of the tag. Having a small number of birds, most of the radio localization were made via direct sighting; triangulation was rarely used. All locations were made from late September to early April, 2 or 3 times a week, and always from the early morning until early afternoon. A GPS (Global Positioning System) on a handheld device (Garmin eTrex Legend navigator) was used to record the direct sighting

Fig. 2. Pheasants with mounted radio collar (left) and poncho + radio collar (right).

due to damage occurred during handling for collar supplying or measuring.

between the bird hand and the longest primary flight feather.

Vernier caliper in the males;

**2.1.4 Localization techniques**

modulation radios, maximum instability ±4.2 MHz).

The two groups, **Hen** and **Control**, were studied in many ways over time from late September to early April. Data on biometrics measurement (live weight, tarsus length, diameters, spur length, and remiges length), recorded before release, were submitted to variance analysis in relation to the two groups and different sex (SAS 2002). Survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, which allows to follow the survival pattern over time and probabilistically classify the missing animals in relation to tag, group, sex and within the different ZRV of release (Efron 1988, Lee 1980, Petrini 1995, Pollock et al. 1989a, Pollock et al. 1989b, SAS 2002). In particular, when the animal was checked alive or changed its position in two consecutive sightings, it was coded as alive, whereas if the poncho or the radiotag was found, with the remains or not, the birds was coded as dead. Animals sighted up to a certain period and then no longer detected, were consequently considered "missing" (probabilistically live/dead), and considered alive only up until the last time they were seen. The causes of death of the animals were only recorded and not submitted to statistical analysis, due to the little number of necroscopies. The maximum distances reached from the point of release calculated on GIS (ArcGIS ®- ESRI) were submitted to variance analysis in relation to tag, group and sex within the different release ZRV (nested model; SAS, 2002). The home range of each subject was determined using the Hawth's Tool GIS (ArcGIS ®- ESRI), evaluating the Minimum Convex Polygon or maximum area (MCP) obtained by joining the outermost points where each subject had been detected. The MCP was determined only for pheasants with a radio collar that had been observed at least 5 different times. The MCP areas were then subjected, as in the previous cases, to variance analysis (SAS 2002). The land use maps, in digitized format, were produced by a preliminary process of photo-interpretation, then verified by a location scout view into the field to identify the crops that were not identifiable through aerial photos or were changed, and to correctly define the polygon vectors. The ten environmental types summarized and categorized were: woods, shrub area, uncultivated

Radiotracking of Pheasants (*Phasianus colchicus* L.): To Test Captive Rearing Technologies 413

group: Control – n. 28 Hen - n. 30 Live weight g 945 ± 16.9 **A** 749 ± 17.2 **B**  Tarsus length cm 7.44 ± 0.174 ns 7.43 ± 0.177 ns Remiges length cm 21.7 ± 0.118 ns 21.3 ± 0.131 ns Tarsus diameter min mm 5.92 ± 0.092 ns 5.69 ± 0.094 ns Tarsus diameter max mm 8.42 ± 0.112 **A** 7.68 ± 0.114 **B**

Table 2. Female morphologic characteristics (means ± st.dev); different letters show

brooding does not allow the pheasant chicks to reach their maximum potential growth.

tag

From the observation of the tables, we can see great differences in the live weights, remiges length, tarsus diameters and spur length between the males bearing to the two groups. However, also in the females, the average larger sizes were measured in the Control group, even if only the differences between the body weights reached the minimum significant level. these results show that the maximum pheasant growth rate can be obtained only with the totally controlled rearing conditions used by the standard technology while the use of natural

The results of the survival rates (Table n. 3) showed difference survivals in relationship to the different rearing technique; the pheasants of the group Hen showing an improvement of their survival rates, either with poncho or radio tags (90.0% *vs*. 57.1% and 35.0% *vs*. 21.1%,

> Chi square Tests

Log-rank=5.50\* P=0.02

Released/Dead n 40/4 20/13 60/17

Survived % **90.0 35.0 71.7**

Released/Dead 75/19 39/28 114/47

Survived **74.4 28.2 58.8**

Wilkoxson 0.23 P= 0.63 Table 3. Survival rates of the reared pheasants: effect of different rearing and tag (\* show

Survived % **57.1 21.1 44.4**

Wilkoxson=4,07\* P=0.04

Radio tag

19/15

Chi square Tests

Log-rank=1.34 P=0.24

Wilkoxson=1,80 P=0,18

Both tags Tests

Log-rank=5.50\* P=0.02

Wilkoxso5.48\* P=0.02

54/30

differences per p<0.01.

**2.2.2 Survival rates**

Poncho

Released/Dead n 35/15

Chi square Test Log-rank 1.14\* P= 0.02

significant differences between percentages).

respectively).

Control

Hen

Both

fields, vineyards, olive orchards, Spring crops for game, winter crops for game, grassland and pastures, urban areas (such as cities and construction sites) and river and ponds. The environmental composition of each home range, and the type of environment assigned to each location were obtained using Hawth's Tool GIS (ArcGIS ®- ESRI). The environmental availability was calculated from random points used like centers of circles with an area equal to the average pheasant home range, calculated for each ZRV (Fearer & Stauffer 2004). Two criteria were used to evaluate the use of available habitat through the Composition Analysis (Aebisher et al. 1993; Manly et al. 2002; Pendleton et al. 1998):

1. The home range choice = home range composition in relation to the composition of the available habitat, equal to:

> Surface area of a single type of environment in the home range Home range (MCP) surface area Surface area of a single type of environment in the study area Study surface area

2. The choice in the home range = the number of fixes in a particular habitat relative to how often that habitat appears in the home range, equal to:

The environmental choices (log transformed) were then submitted, as in the previous case, to variance analysis for more categorical factors (Pendleton et al. 1998; SAS 2002). If there was an available habitat in the home range not being used by the animal, zero values were converted to 0.01% before the log transformation. (Aebisher et al. 1993).


6. Medicinal properties of forskolin

Traditionally, the roots have been used as condiments in pickles, for preparation of pickles. Forskolin has positive effect against a wide range of conditions such as asthma, glaucoma, hypertension, hair loss, cancer, and obesity [51]. C. forskohlii extract (standardized to contain 95% forskolin) is potentially useful in skin care formulations, particularly as a conditioning age. In traditional Indian systems of medicine, the roots of C. forskohlii are used as a tonic. Other therapeutically relevant properties include anthelmintic action and efficacy in the management of skin infections and eruptions. The plant is also used traditionally in veterinary practice (Table 1). Essential oil in tubers of this plant has potential uses in food flavoring industry and can be used as an antimicrobial agent and has very attractive and delicate odor with spicy note. A labdane diterpenoid is considered the active secondary metabolite because of its ability to activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (Ac) thereby increasing the intracellular level of cAMP and leading to various physiological effects [52]. FSK is shown to exert a 6–400 fold increase in levels of cAMP. Cyclic AMP is a "second messenger" hormone signaling system as its synthesis triggers the action of various hormones, enzymes and other biological activities that have profound effects on local cells, as well as systemic effects, in some instances, on the entire body [53]. FSK by passes the adrenoreceptors, increasing cAMP levels directly, thereby stimulating lipolysis.  FSK also accelerates lipolysis through the activation of hormonesensitive lipase [54]. It is primarily via the increased synthesis of cyclic AMP that C. Forskohlii may exert its medicinal influences on a significant number of common health conditions.

7. FSK and brain

tubule

Anti-cystic fibrosis

Table 1. Pharmacological action of FSK.

xiii. Inhibition

of human neutrophil degranulation

xv. Hydrodynamic alterations in collecting

Anti-histaminic activity

7.1. FSK-binding sites

3H-forskolin has, for example, been found to bind to both a high and a low affinity site in rat brain membranes [55] and the capacity of the high affinity forskolin-binding site has been shown to be increased by the activation of N-proteins by guanine nucleotides [56]. High affinity [3H] FSK-binding sites have been mapped autoradiographically in rat brain area such as caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the hilus of the area dentata [57] and exhibit a markedly heterogeneous distribution.

S.No. Pharmacological activity Mechanism of action Ref. No

stimulates lipolysis.

response to FSK

xi. Anti-diabetic activity FSK predominantly decreased basal glucose in healthy rats

xii. Anti-platelet aggregation Antagonizes the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF).

AC

xiv. Smooth muscle relaxant Increase both the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and the

proliferation and thus decrease cell division. Normalizing the cAMP /cGMP ratio

Forskolin increases cAMP accumulation, and therefore

Overexpression of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) reduced phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in

and attenuated the severity of hyperglycemia in diabetic rats FSK increase intracellular cAMP, which, together with the increase in ATP, enhance the priming of insulin granules

Reduction in the histamine release from human basophiles and mast cells by modulating the release of mediators of the immediate hypersensitivity reaction, through activation of

cytosolic NO concentration ([NO]c) in the endothelial cells

FSK resulted in increase in osmotic water flux and hydraulic conductivity of the rabbit cortical collecting tubule FSK leads to cyst formation in culture media

Reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation Induced a partial deaggregation of ADP- or collagen-

cAMP-mediated phosphodiesterase inhibition.

inflammatory hepatic and necrosis

Neuroprotective Strategies of Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrant "Forskolin" (AC/cAMP/PKA/CREB Activator)…

Inhibit mast cell degranulation

aggregated human platelets

leads to cause vasodilatation Increases uterine smooth muscle AC 99

13

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80046

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

viii. Anti-psoriasis Decreased cGMP levels that are associated with cell

ix. Hepatoprotective activity Repair of hepatic tissue damage, normalization of

x. Anti-inflammatory Reduction in the level of Interleukin-1β, 6 and 8

Table 1. Pharmacological action of FSK.


**3. The LabZero UnB project: Design, performance analysis and energy balance**

This section presents the final design of LabZERO|UnB building, as a result of the previously described design process. The performance analysis, computational simulation process, and final energy balance are also presented.

#### **3.1 The final design of LabZERO|UnB**

The LabZERO|UnB construction is predicted to be done at the Science and Technology Park, at the Darcy Ribeiro campus of the University of Brasília (UnB), which aims at socio-economic development and strengthening research, development, and innovation (RD&I) structures. The privileged location on the campus provides the building with excellent visibility and easy access for the visitors (**Figure 5**).

Once built, the LabZERO|UnB building will be used for office activities in a coworking regime, to house research groups of UnB's Architecture and Engineering Faculties dedicated to the study of zero energy balance and sustainability in buildings, (**Figure 6**).

In terms of architectural design, the basic assumption was the adequacy of the architecture to favor the use of passive resources, respecting the local climate recommended strategies for bioclimatic zone 4 (Bioclimatic Zone 4, [23]), which includes shading, controlled natural ventilation, roof insulation, among others, as mentioned before in 2.2.

It was also a premise that architectural style was in accordance with the construction standards of the University of Brasília, highlighting, in the volumetry, some of the innovative systems used in the building.

Considering the educational and representative character of LabZERO|UnB, both internally and externally, the architecture uses innovative systems as elements of a visual framework, to highlight the applied design decisions, such as the steel structure, apparent electrical installations, and visual integration between the technical area and the work environment. As for the building's morphology (**Figure 7**), the elongated and shallow shape, with larger façades towards the North–South orientation, allows the use

**Figure 5.** *Location of UnB campus Darcy Ribeiro in Brasilia.*

**Figure 6.**

*Building plot on the Darcy Ribeiro campus (left) and implementation (right). Source: [25].*

of natural light and optimized and effective sun protection [25]. The glazed area on the façades is limited to 35% and duly protected from excessive sun radiation using louvers. On the North façade, they are indeed a BIPV (building-integrated solar photovoltaics) solar louvers, whilst a solar chimney system is present on the West façade to intensify natural ventilation, combined with forced ventilation when necessary (**Figure 7**).

The floor plan has 207 m2 , arranged as an office area (with an area reserved for meetings), a pantry, a bathroom, a dressing room, a technical area, and a bicycle rack, in addition to an outdoor balcony. **Figure 8** shows the layout of the building plan.

The constructive systems elected to be used in this project are envisaged to strengthen sustainability and technological innovation. In addition, institutional criteria had to be met regarding the possibility of reproducibility, relocation, and integration with industrialized dry-construction systems, which reduce losses and *An Integrated Design Process in Practice: A Nearly Zero Energy Building at the University… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102443*

#### **Figure 7.**

*3D perspective view of LabZERO|UnB building from northeast [25].*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Floor plan of LabZERO|UnB building. Source: [25].*

waste in construction, ensuring faster execution. The building envelope systems are composed of a composite steel deck slab plus 12 cm of concrete employed on the floor and the roofs, whereas external walls are constituted by external fiber cement panel and drywall internally, filled with 4 cm of rock wool for insulation. Internally, all partitions are composed of two drywall panels with an air cavity, except for the partition between the office area and the technical area, which employs a clear 6 mm glass.

As complementary processes, in addition to natural lighting and ventilation, it was included an induced (or forced) ventilation system using a solar chimney. When comfort conditions with natural ventilation and induction were not sufficient, a set of high-efficiency exhaust fans with speed control is activated, maintaining the necessary airflow for the occupied space. Additionally, to the several passive systems and techniques envisaged to maintain thermal and lightning comfort conditions, the building's energy efficiency is guaranteed by highly efficient artificial lighting and HVAC appliances. The project will have a rational use of drinking water, besides the use of alternative water sources, distributed generation

with grid-connected photovoltaic generators, waste management, accessibility, and new technologies (**Figure 9**).

From the early stages, the building was conceived to achieve high performance and renewable energy generation instead of contemplating only conservation, efficiency, and energy generation measures in the final stages of the project. This is especially relevant because it is in the initial design stage that there is the opportunity to reduce the project costs and avoid future rework [26]. However, in order for this to happen, the project methodology contemplated interaction and collaboration between the various agents and disciplines that interfere in the project development, which in fact occurred in the experience of LabZero at the University of Brasília (LabZERO|UnB).


**1. Introduction**

The Greek neurologist-psychiatrist Georg N. Koskinas (1885–1975) is better known for his collaboration with Constantin von Economo (1876–1931) on the cytoarchitectonic study of the human cerebral cortex (von Economo & Koskinas, 1925, 2008). Koskinas seems to have been one of those classically unrecognised and unrewarded figures of science (Jones, 2008, 2010). Such an injustice has been remedied in part in recent years (Triarhou, 2005, 2006). The

Fig. 1. The Vienna General Hospital on the left, where Koskinas worked between 1916 and 1927 under the supervision of Julius Wagner von Jauregg (1857–1940) and Ernst Sträussler (1872–1959) (author's archive). The 1926 roster of the Vienna Society for Psychiatry and Neurology on the right, showing Koskinas as a regular member (Hartmann et al., 1926)

Cytoarchitectonics of the Human Cerebral Cortex:

**2.2.1 Incentives and aim**

rhetoric, etc.

**2.2.2 Methods**

The 1926 Presentation by Georg N. Koskinas (1885–1975) to the Athens Medical Society 3

Fig. 2. Previously unpublished photographs of Koskinas and family members. The left photograph, taken in Vienna around 1926, shows Koskinas (first from the right) with his wife Stefanie, their daughter, his sister Paraskevi and her husband. The right photograph shows Koskinas (second from the right) in the Peloponnese in the 1940s—the bridge of the Eurotas River appears in the background—with his wife and daughter (left), and the children of his sister Irene and their father (photos courtesy of Rena Kostopoulou)

The incomplete and largely imperfect knowledge of the histological structure of the brain constituted the main reason that led us to its detailed architectonic research, and its ultimate goal was the localisation, to the extent possible, of the various cerebral functions and the pathological changes in mental disorders, as well as the interpretation of numerous problems, such as individual mental attributes, i.e. the talent in mathematics, music,

At the outset of our studies we came across various obstacles and difficulties deriving on one hand from the very structure of the brain and on the other from the deficiency of the hitherto available research means. That is why we were obliged to modify numerous of the known means, to incise absolutely new paths, taking advantage of any possible means towards a precise, reliable and indelible rendition of nature. We modelled an entire system of new methods of brain research from the autopsy to the definitive photographic documentation of the preparations. Thus, we were able to not only solve many of the problems, but also, and above all, to provide to anyone interested various topics for

*Sectioning method.* Instead of the hitherto used method of sectioning the whole brain serially perpendicular to its fronto-occipital axis (Fig. 5), whereby gyri are rarely sectioned perpendicularly, we effected the sections always perpendicular to the surface of each gyrus and in directions corresponding to their convoluted pattern (Fig. 6). We arrived at that act

investigation, as well as the manner for exploring them. Allow me to mention some of the employed research means.

year 2010 has marked the 125th birthday anniversary of Koskinas (1 December 1885) and the centennial of his graduation from the University of Athens (M.D., 1910).

As soon as the Atlas and Textbook of Cytoarchitectonics were published in 1925, Koskinas briefly returned to Greece and donated a set to the Athens Medical Society. On that occasion, he delivered a keynote address, which summarises the main points of his research with von Economo. That address (Koskinas, 1926) forms the main focus of this paper. There are only two other presentations known to have been made by Koskinas: one with von Economo at the Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in Vienna in February 1923 (von Economo & Koskinas, 1923), presenting an initial summary of cytoarchitectonic findings on the granularity of sensory cortical areas especially in layers II and IV; and the other with Sträussler at the 88th Meeting of the German Natural Scientists and Physicians in Innsbruck in September 1924 (Sträussler & Koskinas, 1925), reporting histopathological findings on the experimental malaria treatment of patients with general paralysis from neurosyphilis.

#### **2. The 1926 presentation by Koskinas**

The following is an exact English translation of the *Proceedings* of the Athens Medical Society, Session of Saturday, 23 January 1926, rendered from the original Greek text (Koskinas, 1926) by the author of the present chapter.

#### **2.1 Introductory comment by Constantin Mermingas, presiding**

"I am in the gratifying position of announcing an exceptional donation, made to the Society by the colleague Dr. G. Koskinas, sojourning in Athens; having temporarily come from Vienna, he brought with him a copy, as voluminous as you see, but also as valuable, of the truly monumental compilation, produced by the two Hellenic scientists in Vienna, C. Economo and G. Koskinas, who is among us today. It involves the book—text volume and atlas—*Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen*, about the value of which we had learnt from reviews published in foreign journals, but also convinced directly. Dr. Koskinas deserves our warm thanks, as well as our gratitude, for being willing to deliver a synopsis of that original scientific research and achievement."

#### **2.2 Main lecture by Georg N. Koskinas, keynote speaker**

"Thanks to the ardour of the honourable President of the Society, Professor Dr. Mermingas, who is meritoriously making every attempt to highlight the Society as a centre of noble emulation in scientific research and the promotion of science and at the encouragement of whom I have the honour of being a guest at the Society today. Enchanted by that, I owe acknowledgments because you are offering me the opportunity to briefly occupy you in person about the work published by Professor von Economo and myself in German, and deposited to the chair of the Society, "The Cytoarchitectonics of the Human Cerebral Cortex" *(Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen)*. An attempt on my behalf to analyse that work requires much time and many auxiliary media which, simply hither passing through, I lack. That is why I wish to confine myself, such that I very briefly cover the following simply and to the extent possible.

Fig. 2. Previously unpublished photographs of Koskinas and family members. The left photograph, taken in Vienna around 1926, shows Koskinas (first from the right) with his wife Stefanie, their daughter, his sister Paraskevi and her husband. The right photograph shows Koskinas (second from the right) in the Peloponnese in the 1940s—the bridge of the Eurotas River appears in the background—with his wife and daughter (left), and the children of his sister Irene and their father (photos courtesy of Rena Kostopoulou)


**1. Introduction**

Introduction and application of inkjet technology, inkjet technology is involved in electronics, electrical, mechanical, materials, chemical, physics and other fields of expertise. It is highly integrated technology. Inkjet technology is in industrial applications with highspeed operation, quiet, non-contact and computer-controlled features. It does not require the use of photomask, process simplification, material utilization, low cost and more environmentally friendly. Jetting technology is a widely used technology [1–12]. The principle of ink-jet technology is mainly that the liquid in the chamber is squeezed by an Actuator

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

so that the liquid is squeezed by the pressure to be ejected through the spray hole. It is because each jetting hole in the ink jetting device has an independent jetting chamber, an actuator and a micron-sized jetting hole. Spray chamber can be filled with a certain amount of liquid [13–18]. When the actuator squeezes the liquid in the chamber and then passes through the micron-sized orifice, the fixed-size and uniform-size micrometer-sized liquid droplets can be jetted, as shown in **Figures 1** and **2**. This study has established a complete jet technology. For example, from the droplet nucleation and flow simulation, spray chip design, spray device package, corrosion head design, back pressure control technology, micro-droplet detection technology … and so on. It can be the most complete jet design for the technology, assembly and testing. It currently except in the relevant technology transfer to the industry outside. It also uses this technology in the display, power machinery, bio-chip, printed circuit board (PCB) and other industries in the development of new technologies.

It generates surface tension suction. It pulls the new liquid to replenish the liquid ejection area. Thermal bubble jet technology is constructed from such integrated cycle technology programs and materials.

Jet dispensing wafer technology includes high-voltage drive, low-voltage logic signal processing, and micro-electromechanical structure array. As shown in **Figure 3**. It drops a small drop of liquid onto the paper. It combines imaging with very small droplets, only 50–60 μ (micron, one millionth of a meter). It is thinner than the human hair (70 μ). The position of the drip ink is precisely finely moved by the ink head. Each inch can be up to 1000 points or more. In this research, HV-ESD Clamp was integrated into the design and fabrication of monolithic inkjet chips for multi-level output integrated circuits. It contains a high-voltage drive power device array, lowvoltage logic circuits, and micro-electromechanical components array structure integrated in a silicon substrate process. It is resistant to HBM (±4 kV), MM (±400 V) protection circuit testing.

Precisely Addressed (DNA Gene) Spray Microfluidic Chip Technology

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74611

203

Biomedical wafers have many advantages such as trace detection, accurate quantification, automatic operation and rapid parallel processing. Compared with traditional biomedical testing, biomedicine wafers have great advantages and so far, many breakthroughs have been made Technological development. But it cannot be denied that biomedical chips are also facing many technical challenges that need to be overcome by scientists in different fields.

As the design and manufacture of biomedical wafers are cross-cutting projects that involve the operation of microfluidic systems, biomedical reactions and optical signal detection, they are quite different from the highly specialized professional division of labor in many traditional

**2. DNA gene spray microfluidic chip technology**

**Figure 3.** Monolithic DNA liquid jet integrated ESD multi-level output.

**Figure 1.** Spray device spray diagram (top jetting).

**Figure 2.** Spray device spray diagram (side jetting).

**Figure 3.** Monolithic DNA liquid jet integrated ESD multi-level output.

so that the liquid is squeezed by the pressure to be ejected through the spray hole. It is because each jetting hole in the ink jetting device has an independent jetting chamber, an actuator and a micron-sized jetting hole. Spray chamber can be filled with a certain amount of liquid [13–18]. When the actuator squeezes the liquid in the chamber and then passes through the micron-sized orifice, the fixed-size and uniform-size micrometer-sized liquid droplets can be jetted, as shown in **Figures 1** and **2**. This study has established a complete jet technology. For example, from the droplet nucleation and flow simulation, spray chip design, spray device package, corrosion head design, back pressure control technology, micro-droplet detection technology … and so on. It can be the most complete jet design for the technology, assembly and testing. It currently except in the relevant technology transfer to the industry outside. It also uses this technology in the display, power machinery, bio-chip, printed circuit board (PCB) and other industries in the development of new

It generates surface tension suction. It pulls the new liquid to replenish the liquid ejection area. Thermal bubble jet technology is constructed from such integrated cycle technology

technologies.

202 Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

programs and materials.

**Figure 2.** Spray device spray diagram (side jetting).

**Figure 1.** Spray device spray diagram (top jetting).

Jet dispensing wafer technology includes high-voltage drive, low-voltage logic signal processing, and micro-electromechanical structure array. As shown in **Figure 3**. It drops a small drop of liquid onto the paper. It combines imaging with very small droplets, only 50–60 μ (micron, one millionth of a meter). It is thinner than the human hair (70 μ). The position of the drip ink is precisely finely moved by the ink head. Each inch can be up to 1000 points or more. In this research, HV-ESD Clamp was integrated into the design and fabrication of monolithic inkjet chips for multi-level output integrated circuits. It contains a high-voltage drive power device array, lowvoltage logic circuits, and micro-electromechanical components array structure integrated in a silicon substrate process. It is resistant to HBM (±4 kV), MM (±400 V) protection circuit testing.


*2.3. Plasma Manipulation and Digestion*

Plasma samples were sequentially subjected to high abundant plasma protein depletion and trypsin/Lys-C digestion. To remove the 14 most abundant plasma proteins (albumin, IgA, IgG, IgM, α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A2, complement C3, transferrin, α2-macroglobulin, transthyretin, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen), a 40 μL aliquot of plasma diluted 4-fold with a proprietary "Buffer A" was injected into a MARS14 depletion column (Agilent Technology, Palo Alto, CA, USA) on a binary HPLC system (20A Prominence, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The unbound fraction was buffer-exchanged into 8 M urea in 50 mM Tris (pH 8), concentrated to approximately 50 μL by ultrafiltration using a Vivaspin 500 3 kDa cutoff filter (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany), and then transferred to a new filter unit (Nanosep, 30 kDa; Pall Corporation, NY, USA). A 200 μL aliquot of 8 M urea in 50 mM Tris (pH 8.5) was added, and the mixture was centrifuged at 14,000× *g* for 15 min, with the procedure repeated twice. The flow-through from the collection tube was discarded, 100 μL of 0.05 M iodoacetamide solution was added, and the preparation was mixed at 600 rpm in a thermo-mixer for 1 min and incubated without mixing for 20 min. The filter units were centrifuged at 14,000× *g* for 10 min; 100 μL of 8 M urea in 50 mM Tris (pH 8.5) was added, and the filter units were again centrifuged at 14,000× *g* for 15 min, with this step repeated twice. A 100 μL aliquot of 0.05 M ammonium bicarbonate was added to the filter unit, and the unit was centrifuged at 14,000× *g* for 10 min, with this step also repeated twice. A 40 μL aliquot of 0.05 M ammonium bicarbonate containing 2.5 μg Lys-C/trypsin was added, and the preparation was mixed at 600 rpm in a thermo-mixer for 1 min. The units were incubated in a wet chamber at 37 ◦C for 12 h and transferred to new collection tubes. The filter units were centrifuged at 14,000× *g* for 10 min, 40 μL of 0.5 M NaCl was added, and the filter units were again centrifuged at 14,000× *g* for 10 min. The digestion reaction was stopped by the addition of formic acid to a final concentration of 0.3%. The peptide mixture was desalted with a Sep Pak C-18 cartridge (Waters, Milford, MA, USA), lyophilized with a cold trap (CentriVap Cold Traps, Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA), and stored at −80 ◦C until used.

## *2.4. Nano-LC-ESI-MS*/*MS Analysis*

Peptides were separated using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 RSLCnano system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Tryptic peptides from a bead column were reconstituted in 0.1% formic acid and separated on a 50 cm Easy-Spray column with a 75 μm inner diameter packed with 2 μm C18 resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) over 200 min (250 nL/min). The column was developed using a 0–45% acetonitrile gradient in 0.1% formic acid and 5% DMSO at 50 ◦C. The LC was coupled to a Q Exactive mass spectrometer with a nano-ESI source. Mass spectra were acquired in a data-dependent mode with an automatic switch between a full scan and 20 data-dependent MS/MS scans. The target value for the full scan MS spectra was 3,000,000, with a maximum injection time of 120 ms and a resolution of 70,000 at m/z 400. Repeated peptides were dynamically excluded for 20 s. All MS data have been deposited in the PRIDE archive (www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD017211) under Project PXD017211 [24].


*Editorial* **Tracing Tendencies in the Japanese Documentary Mode** †

#### **Marcos P. Centeno-Martín 1,\* and Michael Raine 2**

Received: 29 July 2020; Accepted: 29 August 2020; Published: 21 September 2020


**Author details**

406 Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications

**Abbreviation Statement**

SM slag mortar

Wc water curing

OSM/50-wc control mix/ mortar

SD standard deviation

XRD X-ray diffraction

XRF X-ray fluorescence

GSD grain size distribution FM fineness modulus SSA specific surface area SAI slag activity index SP super plasticizer s/b sand-binder ratio w/c water-cement ratio w/b water-binder ratio

DEF delayed ettringite formation EEF early ettringite formation SEF secondary ettringite formation

AFm (C3A.CaSO4.12H2O) aluminate-ferrite-monosubstituted or AFt (C3A.3CaSO4.32H2O) aluminate-ferrite-trisubstituted or ettringite

ASR alkali silica reaction C-S-H calcium silicate hydrates CH hydroxide calcium LOI loss on ignition RH relative humidity

R2 coefficient of determination

SEM scanning electron microscopy EDX energy dispersive X-ray analysis

ACI American Concrete Institute BSI British Standards Institute SCA Slag Concrete Association MIA Mortar Industry Association CSA Canadian Standards Association

OPC ordinary Portland cement

ggbfs ground granulated blast furnace slag OM ordinary Portland cement mortar OSM ordinary Portland cement-slag mortar

fi compressive strength at i days in MPa i relative strength or strength ratio T thermal activation method

Ac curing in air under room temperature

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

OSM/i OPC-slag mortar for i% replacement with slag

**Abbreviations**

Fathollah Sajedi *Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran*

## **5. References**

408 Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications

*Systems*. London

*Research 12*(2), 10.

Hall.

*30*(3), 7.

*and Concrete Research, 6*(2), 14.

*Proc Highway Res Board 27*, 11.

*Cement and Concrete Research, 26*(12), 11.

Johansen, V., Thaulow, N., & Skalny, J. (1993). Simultaneous presence of alkali-silica gel and

Kosmatka, S. H., Panarese, W. C., & Allen, G. E. (1991). *Design and control of concrete mixtures*

Lerch, W., Ashton, F. W., & Bogue, R. H. (1929). Sulfoaluminates of Calcium *Journal of*

Lewis, M. C., & Scrivener, K. L. (1996). *Microchemical effects of elevated temperature curing and delayed ettringite formation. In Mechanisms of Chemical Degradation of Cement-Based*

Lodeiro, C. I., Macphee, D. E., Palomo, A., & Fernandez, A. J. (2009). Effect of alkalis on fresh

Mehta, P. K. (1976). Scanning Electron Micrographic Studies of Ettringite Formation *Cement*

Neville, A. M. (2008). *Properties of Concrete* (Fourth ed.). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Prentice

Ogawa, K., & Roy, D. M. (1982). C4AS3 hydration, ettringite formation and its expansion mechanism: III. Effect of CaO, NaOH and NaCl; conclusions *Cement and Concrete*

Powers, T. C. (1947). A discussion of cement hydration in relation to the curing of concrete.

Pfeifer, D. W., & Marusin, S. (1991). *Energy efficient accelerated curing of concrete, a state-of-the-*

Ramezanianpour, A. A., & Malhotra, V. M. (1995). Effect of Curing on the Compressive Strength, Resistance to Chloride-Ion Penetration and Porosity of Concretes Incorporated Slag, Fly Ash or Silica Fume. *Cement and Concrete Composites 17*(2), 9. Shi, C. (1996). Strength, pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars.

Shoaib, M. M., Balaha, M. M., & Rahman, A. G. A. (2000). Influence of cement kiln dust substitution on the mechanical properties of concrete. *Cement and Concrete Research,*

Shariq, S., Prasad, J., & Masood, A. (2010). Effect of GGBFS on time dependent compressive

Wang, S. D., Pu, X. C., Scrivener, K. L., & Pratt, P. L. (1995). Alkali-activated slag cement and

Wang, S. D., Scrivener, K. L., & Pratt, P. L. (1994). Factors affecting the strength of alkali-

Yang, R., Lawrence, C. D., & Sharp, J. H. (1996). Delayed ettringite formation in 4-year old

*art review* (No. Technical Report No. 1): Prestressed Concrete Institute.

strength of concrete. *Construction and Building Materials 24*(8), 10.

concrete: a review of properties and problems. *Adv Cem Res 27*, 10.

activated slag. *Cement and Concrete Research, 24*(6), 11.

cement paste. *Cement and Concrete Research, 26*(11), 11.

ettringite in concrete. *Advances in Cement Research 5*(17), 7.

(Fifth ed.). Ottawa Canadian Portland Cement Association.

C-S-H gels. FTIR analysis. *Cement and Concrete Research, 39*(3), 7.

*Research of the National Bureau of Standards 2*(4).


*Drosophila melanogaster* Model for Recent Advances in Genetics and Therapeutics

*Edited by Farzana Khan Perveen*

*Drosophila melanogaster* - Model for Recent Advances in Genetics and Therapeutics

ISBN 978-953-51-3853-2

**DROSOPHILA**

**MELANOGASTER -**

**MODEL FOR RECENT**

**AND THERAPEUTICS**

Edited by **Farzana Khan Perveen**

**ADVANCES IN GENETICS**


**3. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) based on TMC electrodes**

In order to improve HER performance, three main factors including the number of active sites, intrinsic catalytic activity, and the conductivity of TMCs play crucial roles. In 2005, Hinnemann et al. suggested the active sites for HER only exist in the edges of TMCs by density functional theory (DFT) calculation [30]. Thus, many research works are dedicated to enrich the defect sites and/or active sites by nanostructural engineering [31–33]. Zhang et al. synthesized the edge-rich 3D MoS2 coupling with conductive polymer polyaniline (PANI) as catalyst (**Figure 6**) [34].

The MoS2 grown on 3D PANI substrate tends to grow vertically and expose abundant edge sites for HER. Consequently, excellent HER performance can be achieved with a low onset potential of 100 mV and a small Tafel slop of 45 mV dec1 .

Additionally, MoS2/PANI achieved superior stability for HER electrocatalysis. Although the promising catalytic activity of MoS2 for HER was achieved by creating abundant edge sites and/or active sites, the performance was still limited by its intrinsic properties such as poor electrical transport and inefficient electrical contact to the catalyst [35]. Lukowski et al. reported that the metallic nanosheets of 1T-MoS2, which were chemically exfoliated by lithium intercalation of semiconducting 2H-MoS2 nanostructures, dramatically enhanced HER performance (**Figure 7**) [36]. The current density of 10 mA cm1 can be reached at a low overpotential of

attributed to the favorable kinetics, metallic conductivity, and increasing number of active sites in the metallic 1T-MoS2 nanosheets, which was proven by the dramatically decrease of charge-transfer resistance from 232 Ω of 2H-MoS2 nanostructures to 4 Ω of metallic 1T-MoS2 nanosheets. This finding proves that the metallic 1T polymorph of TMCs is competitive to earth-abundant catalysts in heterogeneous

*(a) The schematic illustration for the synthesis of beaded stream-like CoSe2 nanoneedles, (b) the SEM images of beaded stream-like (CoSe2) nanoneedle array, and (c) the electrochemical measurements of Co-BSND, CoSe2-*

. The excellent performance can be

187 mV with a Tafel slope of 43 mV dec1

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92045*

*Transition Metal Chalcogenides for the Electrocatalysis of Water*

catalysis.

**Figure 8.**

**83**

*PA, and CoSe2-BSND electrodes [37].*

#### **Figure 6.**

*The defect-rich 3D MoS2/PANI catalyst for HER (a) the morphologies of synthesized 3D MoS2/PANI and (b) the electrochemical performance of 3D MoS2/PANI catalyst [34].*

#### **Figure 7.**

*(a) Electron microscopy characterization of as-grown 2H-MoS2 nanostructures. (b) Comparison of as-grown and exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets. (c) Electrocatalytic performance of chemically exfoliated and as-grown MoS2 nanosheets [36].*

### *Transition Metal Chalcogenides for the Electrocatalysis of Water DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92045*

The MoS2 grown on 3D PANI substrate tends to grow vertically and expose abundant edge sites for HER. Consequently, excellent HER performance can be achieved with a low onset potential of 100 mV and a small Tafel slop of 45 mV dec1

*The defect-rich 3D MoS2/PANI catalyst for HER (a) the morphologies of synthesized 3D MoS2/PANI and*

*(a) Electron microscopy characterization of as-grown 2H-MoS2 nanostructures. (b) Comparison of as-grown and exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets. (c) Electrocatalytic performance of chemically exfoliated and as-grown MoS2*

*(b) the electrochemical performance of 3D MoS2/PANI catalyst [34].*

**Figure 6.**

*Advanced Functional Materials*

**Figure 7.**

**82**

*nanosheets [36].*

.

Additionally, MoS2/PANI achieved superior stability for HER electrocatalysis. Although the promising catalytic activity of MoS2 for HER was achieved by creating abundant edge sites and/or active sites, the performance was still limited by its intrinsic properties such as poor electrical transport and inefficient electrical contact to the catalyst [35]. Lukowski et al. reported that the metallic nanosheets of 1T-MoS2, which were chemically exfoliated by lithium intercalation of semiconducting 2H-MoS2 nanostructures, dramatically enhanced HER performance (**Figure 7**) [36]. The current density of 10 mA cm1 can be reached at a low overpotential of 187 mV with a Tafel slope of 43 mV dec1 . The excellent performance can be attributed to the favorable kinetics, metallic conductivity, and increasing number of active sites in the metallic 1T-MoS2 nanosheets, which was proven by the dramatically decrease of charge-transfer resistance from 232 Ω of 2H-MoS2 nanostructures to 4 Ω of metallic 1T-MoS2 nanosheets. This finding proves that the metallic 1T polymorph of TMCs is competitive to earth-abundant catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis.

#### **Figure 8.**

*(a) The schematic illustration for the synthesis of beaded stream-like CoSe2 nanoneedles, (b) the SEM images of beaded stream-like (CoSe2) nanoneedle array, and (c) the electrochemical measurements of Co-BSND, CoSe2- PA, and CoSe2-BSND electrodes [37].*

Lee et al. developed earth-abundant nanostructuring beaded stream-like cobalt diselenide (CoSe2) nanoneedles (CoSe2-BSND) as electrocatalyst for HER [37]. The CoSe2 nanoneedles derived from the cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoneedle array directly formed on flexible titanium foils after selenization treatment (**Figure 8**). The CoSe2-BSND can drive the HER at a current density of 20 mA cm2 with a small overpotential of 125 mV. Also, it possesses a small Tafel slope of 48.5 mV dec1 suggesting that the HER follows the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism where a fast discharge of protons is followed by rate-determining electrochemical desorption. Moreover, the CoSe2-BSND electrode achieved great stability in an acidic electrolyte for 3000 cycles. The enhanced electrochemical activity is attributed to the highly accessible surface active sites, the improved charge transfer kinetics, and the super hydrophilic surface of CoSe2-BSND electrode.

required to reach 10 mA cm2 was 290 mV, suggesting that this catalyst exhibits its competitivity among the oxide-based electrocatalysts. The catalytic ability of Ni3Se2 can be further improved through the modification of Se-deficient phase in Ni3Se2. Moreover, electrodeposited Ni3Se2 catalysts exhibited exceptional stability under OER for 42 hours. The effect of the underlying substrates such as glassy carbon, ITO-coated glass, and Ni foam on OER was also investigated. The results revealed that the glassy carbon substrate exhibited the lowest onset potential and the highest

*Transition Metal Chalcogenides for the Electrocatalysis of Water*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92045*

*(a) The morphological characterization of Ni3Se2 grown by electrochemical deposition and (b) the crystal*

*(a) The structural and morphological characterizations of different P-doped CoSe2, (b) electrochemical OER activities of the different P-doped CoSe2 and standard RuO2 electrodes, (c)* in situ *STEM images of the P-doped CoSe2 catalyst taken at different times after immersing in the KOH solution, and (d)* in situ *Co K-edge XANES*

*spectra of different P-doped CoSe2 electrodes for HER and OER processes [3].*

*structure identification and OER performance of Ni3Se2 electrocatalyst [43].*

**Figure 10.**

**Figure 11.**

**85**