*<IP_ADDRESS>.2 Sorafenib*

Sorafenib is a potent first-generation multikinase inhibitor with activity against FLT3/ITD receptor but resistance emerges as FLT3-TKD point mutations [15]. It has been evaluated as either single agent or in combination with chemotherapies in numerous phase I and phase II clinical trials [16–20]. In an early phase clinical trial, sorafenib combined with idarubicin and high dose cytarabine in younger de novo AML patients provided a CR rate of 93% and a 1-year survival rate of 74% in FLT3-ITD positive AML patients [18]. In SORAML study, a placebocontrolled randomized study from Germany in 267 newly diagnosed patients aged 18–60 years. Sorafenib was added to daunorubicin and cytarabine (7 + 3) which resulted in a significantly prolonged 3-year EFS (40 vs. 22%, P = 0.013) and RFS

**243**

*Target Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94422*

skin reaction and rash [21].

*<IP_ADDRESS>.3 Sunitinib*

respectively [28].

*<IP_ADDRESS>.4 Lestaurtinib*

(56 vs. 38%, P = 0.017) without improvement in OS and CR [21]. Another randomized placebo-controlled trial in 201 older patients aged 61–80 years did not demonstrated improvement in EFS, CR, and OS. The results showed higher early mortality (17 versus 7%, P = 0.052) compared with placebo [22]. In multivariate analysis of retrospective study analysing the effect of sorafenib as post-transplant maintenance in adult patients with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in 26 sorafenib patients and 55 controls, sorafenib significantly improved OS [Hazard ratio (HR) 0·26, P = 0·021] and PFS (HR 0·25, P = 0·016). Also there was no difference in 2-year non-relapse mortality (9·8% vs. 9·3%, P = 0·82) or 1-year chronic graft-versus-host disease (55·5% vs. 37·2%, P = 0·28) [23]. The most common adverse events occurring during treatment with sorafenib in SORAML study were fever, infections, pneumonia and pain. Grade 3 or worse adverse events that were significantly more common in the sorafenib group than the placebo group were fever, diarrhea, bleeding, cardiac events, hand-foot-

Sunitinib is an oral multitargeted kinase inhibitor with selectivity for FLT3, PDGFa/b, VEGF receptor, and Kit receptor tyrosine kinases [24]. Sunitinib induces G1 phase arrest, increases pro-apoptotic molecule expression, and decreases anti-apoptotic molecule expression in AML cells [25]. In a study by O'Farrell and colleagues in 29 AML patients each received a single dose of sunitinib, inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation was observed in 50% of FLT3 wild-type patients and 100% of FLT3 mutated patients [26]. In another phase I study of sunitinib in 15 patients with refractory AML partial responses were achieved in all 4 patients with FLT3 mutations compared with 2 of 10 in patients with wild-type FLT3. All responses were of short duration and the most frequent grade 2 toxicities were edema, fatigue, and oral ulcerations occurring with a regimen of 50 mg/week [27]. In another phase I/II clinical trial, sunitinib combined with intensive chemotherapy included 22 patients older than 60 years with FLT3/ITD-mutated. Thirteen patients, including 8 patients with FLT3/ITD mutation, achieved CR/CRi. The median overall, relapse-free, and event-free survival of the 17 patients were 1.6, 1.0, and 0.4years,

Lestaurtinib (CEP-701) is an orally bioavailable first generation FLT3 inhibitor. It is derived from the bacterial fermentation product K-252a as indolocarbazole alkaloid compound. Except inhibition of FLT3 Lestaurtinib also inhibits JAK2, tropomyosin receptor kinases and neurotrophin receptors [29–33]. In a phase 2 trial lestaurtinib was administered as monotherapy in untreated older patients with AML not considered fit for intensive chemotherapy, irrespective of FLT3 mutation status. This study involved 29 patients with median age of 73 years. Lestaurtinib was administered orally at doses of 60 mg and 80 mg twice daily for 8 weeks. Clinical activity was evident in 8 (30%) patients, including 3 (60%) of 5 FLT3 mutant patients and 5 (23%) of 22 evaluable FLT3 WT patients, the difference in response rates between mutation groups not reaching statistical significance. Lestaurtinib was generally well tolerated. Commonly observed toxicities included mild nausea (8 patients), emesis (5 patients), constipation (5 patients), diarrhea (6 patients), and elevations in alkaline phosphatase concentration (13 patients) [34]. Another phase 1/2 trial in 14 heavily pretreated AML patients treated with CEP-701 at an initial dose of 60 mg orally twice daily, showed clinical evidence of biologic

#### *Target Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94422*

(56 vs. 38%, P = 0.017) without improvement in OS and CR [21]. Another randomized placebo-controlled trial in 201 older patients aged 61–80 years did not demonstrated improvement in EFS, CR, and OS. The results showed higher early mortality (17 versus 7%, P = 0.052) compared with placebo [22]. In multivariate analysis of retrospective study analysing the effect of sorafenib as post-transplant maintenance in adult patients with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in 26 sorafenib patients and 55 controls, sorafenib significantly improved OS [Hazard ratio (HR) 0·26, P = 0·021] and PFS (HR 0·25, P = 0·016). Also there was no difference in 2-year non-relapse mortality (9·8% vs. 9·3%, P = 0·82) or 1-year chronic graft-versus-host disease (55·5% vs. 37·2%, P = 0·28) [23]. The most common adverse events occurring during treatment with sorafenib in SORAML study were fever, infections, pneumonia and pain. Grade 3 or worse adverse events that were significantly more common in the sorafenib group than the placebo group were fever, diarrhea, bleeding, cardiac events, hand-footskin reaction and rash [21].


**4. Biological diversity**

Legumes contribute to an increased diversity of soil flora and fauna lending a greater stability to the total life of the soil. Legumes also foster production of a greater total biomass in the soil by providing additional N. Soil microbes use the increased N to break down carbon-rich residues of crops like wheat or corn.

#### **4.1 Legumes and carbon sequestration**

For a range of years, the practicable importance of legumes in many agroecosystems, but also the restrained extent to which this possible has been realized, has been recognized. Legumes do not just contribute in terms of food, feed and fertility, but are also essential as fuelwood and with admire to carbon (C) sequestration. In this chapter we focal point on the extent to which legumes can contribute to greater C sequestration and the delivery of co-benefits including greater biodiversity and reduced greenhouse fuel (GHG) emissions. We additionally consider briefly the main reasons why legumes are currently underutilized and the possibilities for a larger function in the future. Enhancing C sequestration in the soil is linked to elevated biomass and hence to soil fertility. Raising fertility is perchance the most effective way of rapidly growing carbon sink capacity. Clearly, one way of doing this is through elevated addition of nitrogenous fertilizers. However, caution in the enormous use of nitrogenous fertilizers as a strategy to elevated productivity is excellent for a variety of reasons, consisting of the potential for other emissions. By contrast, the role of legumes in supplying nitrogen (N) through fixation is being increasingly more seen as important as an extra beneficial in terms of common GHG stability than had as soon as been thought. The introduction of legumes and their higher utilization as section of a pasture improvement system are consequently probably to be worthy of serious consideration in many circumstances [11].

#### **4.2 Reduction in greenhouse gasoline emissions**

Legumes are also possibly to have a position to play in lowering GHG emissions from ruminant systems. An approach to decreasing methane emissions of current interest and supported by some initial evidence is the use of tannin containing forages and breeding of forage species with greater tannin content. Forage legumes such as *Lotus corniculatus* (birds foot trefoil) and *L. uliginosus* (greater trefoil) possess secondary metabolites acknowledged as condensed tannins in their leaves. They are no longer present on the leaves of white or purple clover but are existing in the inflorescences. Methane production values had been lower in housed sheep fed on

**21**

*Role of Legumes in Improving Soil Fertility Status DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93247*

timothy (*Phleum pratense*) as underneath legumes.

**4.3 The potential for legumes to mitigate climate change**

N fertilizer manufacturing and symbiotic N2 fixation.

the crop residue in soil formation and aggregation [18–26].

**4.4 Role of legume vegetation on enhancing soil physical properties**

Important soil physical properties are bulk density, porosity, combination stability, and texture. These properties are additionally associated with waterrelated methods including aeration, runoff, erosion, water maintaining capacity, and infiltration rate [15]. Legume vegetation have a manageable to enhance physical properties of soil by being a soil conditioner and enhancing the physical residences [16]. Leguminous cover crops have a tremendous effect on soil physical properties broadly speaking due to the manufacturing ability of large biomass which affords substrata for soil organic undertaking and soil organic matter [17]. Furthermore, leguminous cover vegetation are grown to protect the soil from loss of plant nutrients and erosion, while green manure plants are grown for the motive of improving soil bodily properties. Moreover, some plants can physically modify the types of soil profile. Legumes additionally have an effect on soil shape by means of their impact on aggregation. Leguminous cover crops can expand or keep an appropriate soil C/N ratio and increase in preserving soil organic carbon stock. Legume plants often result in higher infiltration of water, due to direct effects of

productivity [14].

purple clover and birds foot trefoil than on a ryegrass/white clover pasture [12]. The emissions of nitrous oxide from soils improved linearly with the quantity of mineral nitrogen fertilizer applied and because structures containing legumes produce lower annual nitrous oxide emissions, alfalfa and different legume vegetation need to be regarded differently when deriving national inventories of GHG from agriculture. The nitrous oxide emissions are from soils with alfalfa and soybean cropping, looking at soil floor emissions in evaluation with perennial grass. Low nitrous oxide emissions have been considered under grass and soil mineral N used to be up to ten instances higher beneath legumes however soil mineral N pools were not carefully associated to nitrous oxide emissions. Comparable emissions were viewed under

Legumes are soil-amendment crops with strong benefits on soil health and need to be an essential element of the farming systems [13]. Legumes have positive effects on soil processes such as benefiting agroecosystems, agricultural productivity, soil conservation, soil biology, SOC and N stocks, soil chemical and bodily properties, BNF, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, and nitrate (NO3) leaching by means of lowering the need for chemical fertilizers. Above all, legumes are now utilized as soil nourishment agents. However, these benefits on soil health need to be quantified, and their mechanisms understood. Thus, incorporating legumes as a section of cropping systems is pertinent to higher soil fitness and

The concentrations rise, it has become an increasing number of necessary to account for losses of CO2 and N2O arising from agriculture. Emissions of these gases may occur either directly as the result of farming activities (e.g., cultivation and harvesting) or circuitously for the duration of the production and transport of required inputs (e.g., fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides). The plausible function of N2-fixing legumes in lowering GHG emissions via direct effects on CO2 and N2O fluxes in the production of high-protein grain and forage will be in contrast to the functions of fertilizer N in the following sections. CO2 emissions bobbing up from

#### *Role of Legumes in Improving Soil Fertility Status DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93247*

*Legume Crops - Prospects, Production and Uses*

**3.5 Lower soil pH**

growth and development.

**4. Biological diversity**

**4.1 Legumes and carbon sequestration**

serious consideration in many circumstances [11].

**4.2 Reduction in greenhouse gasoline emissions**

as a "glue" that binds soil together into stable aggregates. This aggregate stability increases pore space and tilth, reducing both soil erodibility and crusting.

N rather than from the soil as nitrate, their net effect is to lower the pH of the soil. In greenhouse studies, alfalfa and soybeans lowered the pH in a clay loam soil by one whole pH unit. Legumes could lower the pH and promote increased plant-soil-microbial activity on soils with a pH above the range for optimum crop

Legumes contribute to an increased diversity of soil flora and fauna lending a greater stability to the total life of the soil. Legumes also foster production of a greater total biomass in the soil by providing additional N. Soil microbes use the increased N to break down carbon-rich residues of crops like wheat or corn.

For a range of years, the practicable importance of legumes in many agroecosystems, but also the restrained extent to which this possible has been realized, has been recognized. Legumes do not just contribute in terms of food, feed and fertility, but are also essential as fuelwood and with admire to carbon (C) sequestration. In this chapter we focal point on the extent to which legumes can contribute to greater C sequestration and the delivery of co-benefits including greater biodiversity and reduced greenhouse fuel (GHG) emissions. We additionally consider briefly the main reasons why legumes are currently underutilized and the possibilities for a larger function in the future. Enhancing C sequestration in the soil is linked to elevated biomass and hence to soil fertility. Raising fertility is perchance the most effective way of rapidly growing carbon sink capacity. Clearly, one way of doing this is through elevated addition of nitrogenous fertilizers. However, caution in the enormous use of nitrogenous fertilizers as a strategy to elevated productivity is excellent for a variety of reasons, consisting of the potential for other emissions. By contrast, the role of legumes in supplying nitrogen (N) through fixation is being increasingly more seen as important as an extra beneficial in terms of common GHG stability than had as soon as been thought. The introduction of legumes and their higher utilization as section of a pasture improvement system are consequently probably to be worthy of

Legumes are also possibly to have a position to play in lowering GHG emissions from ruminant systems. An approach to decreasing methane emissions of current interest and supported by some initial evidence is the use of tannin containing forages and breeding of forage species with greater tannin content. Forage legumes such as *Lotus corniculatus* (birds foot trefoil) and *L. uliginosus* (greater trefoil) possess secondary metabolites acknowledged as condensed tannins in their leaves. They are no longer present on the leaves of white or purple clover but are existing in the inflorescences. Methane production values had been lower in housed sheep fed on

Because inoculated, nodulated legumes acquire their N from the air as diatomic

**20**

purple clover and birds foot trefoil than on a ryegrass/white clover pasture [12]. The emissions of nitrous oxide from soils improved linearly with the quantity of mineral nitrogen fertilizer applied and because structures containing legumes produce lower annual nitrous oxide emissions, alfalfa and different legume vegetation need to be regarded differently when deriving national inventories of GHG from agriculture. The nitrous oxide emissions are from soils with alfalfa and soybean cropping, looking at soil floor emissions in evaluation with perennial grass. Low nitrous oxide emissions have been considered under grass and soil mineral N used to be up to ten instances higher beneath legumes however soil mineral N pools were not carefully associated to nitrous oxide emissions. Comparable emissions were viewed under timothy (*Phleum pratense*) as underneath legumes.

Legumes are soil-amendment crops with strong benefits on soil health and need to be an essential element of the farming systems [13]. Legumes have positive effects on soil processes such as benefiting agroecosystems, agricultural productivity, soil conservation, soil biology, SOC and N stocks, soil chemical and bodily properties, BNF, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, and nitrate (NO3) leaching by means of lowering the need for chemical fertilizers. Above all, legumes are now utilized as soil nourishment agents. However, these benefits on soil health need to be quantified, and their mechanisms understood. Thus, incorporating legumes as a section of cropping systems is pertinent to higher soil fitness and productivity [14].

### **4.3 The potential for legumes to mitigate climate change**

The concentrations rise, it has become an increasing number of necessary to account for losses of CO2 and N2O arising from agriculture. Emissions of these gases may occur either directly as the result of farming activities (e.g., cultivation and harvesting) or circuitously for the duration of the production and transport of required inputs (e.g., fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides). The plausible function of N2-fixing legumes in lowering GHG emissions via direct effects on CO2 and N2O fluxes in the production of high-protein grain and forage will be in contrast to the functions of fertilizer N in the following sections. CO2 emissions bobbing up from N fertilizer manufacturing and symbiotic N2 fixation.


**5. Conclusions**

In addition, participants identifying the development of values learning focused on valuing knowledge and learning about economics. "It's important to learn how to take care of money." Also, through the planning and execution of the project the students gave value to the importance of communicating, referred to the relevance of effectively communicating, were tolerant, and knew how to listen to and transmit information. "We learn to listen to oth-

According to the participants, behavioral learning emphasizes financial planning, the acquisition of new practices of using money, and favorable practices of saving, for example, there was an increase in students who actually save and have the ability to manage a business, mainly by collaborating in the administration of family businesses. "There are many children who previously did not save and now they do" and "To compare sales on shops in downtown." Considering the planning, development, and execution of an entrepreneurship, through the methodology of interdisciplinary classroom projects, students can work and develop many competences related to teamwork, communication, and responsibility. "The course worked as a team." Also, in relation to learning, the students' tendency for future declarations is observed, mainly linked to the support of a family business. Through the developed and acquired tools, the participants feel able to collaborate and/or take charge of a family business. "My mom has a Christmas decoration business, and now I will be able to help her." In relation to this, with the knowledge and skills base acquired, they also feel capable of developing an entrepreneurship. "I want to be a veterinarian and open my own pet clinic." Likewise, by increasing their participation as economic citizens, through the learnings of the project, they can prevent future bad financial practices. "It is interesting to learn about money and thus not make a mistake in the future." The development of the project had an impact on the social bonding of students with various actors in their environment. An important element of this was their families, for example, reverse resocialization, where they can transfer knowledge to members of their family, such as parents and grandparents, favoring certain positive financial practices and highlighting the usefulness of the new knowledge acquired. "I told my grandmother that the bottles she will not use can be used as flower pots" and "When I go shopping with my mom, I tell her not to buy without checking the price in other stores." On the other hand, students identify union between peers and classmates, by working together using the skills they have developed. "We come together more as a course." Different emotions were experienced by the participants of the project; they described it as a fun, entertaining, cool, and incredible experience. They felt rewarded when observing the impact and results of a project of which they were a part and emphasized this emotion by referring to the program as a pleasant and beautiful, fantastic experience. "It was fun" and "It was really cool." Although the participants valued the initiative and development of the program, they suggested improvements could be incorporated in future versions. For example, the project should be allowed to develop over a longer period of time, and while it was accessible, there should be more physical space for the planning and execution of the project, the participation of the establishment involving other courses should be increased, and, finally, to generate impact in other establishments, there should be diffusion and promotion of the developed projects. "I feel it was a short time and I would have liked it to last longer" and "Get together with other schools to tell them to eat healthily." (The topic of this project was healthy diet.)

ers" and "We listen to others' opinions."

150 Socialization - A Multidimensional Perspective

There is generally a positive assessment of the program, but it is important to consider negative assessments, especially if improvements in the development of new versions are included.

The students emphasized the playful way of acquiring new knowledge and recognized in large part the effectiveness of this, since various means are used to facilitate learning, including reading, debating, planning, teaching, creating, and developing, among other recommended activities, for example, the learning pyramid.

Participation in programs focused on acquiring and developing knowledge, in this case, financial literacy, and focused on work with entrepreneurial skills, which could generate greater self-confidence, motivation for achievement, and projection both personally and professionally. The ability to work in a team, the responsibility and development of diverse traits and/or styles of leadership, in addition to the link with students' peers, the environment, and the generation of networks, applicable and useful both now and in the future, strengthen the development of economic world comprehension and entrepreneurial skills by bringing out the necessary implementation of this kind of program in formal education. In Chile, economic education is precarious, is developing on 20 or 22 weeks in the 12 years of formal education (contents like, economic market, limited resources and unlimited needs, some bank instruments), and does not exist programmatic axes which organize the dispersed topics in the different subjects [8]. Also, the lack of a pedagogical model of economic education for guidance and organization is demonstrated. Economic education is more like an isolated instructional recommendation, which cannot effectively handle the world of consumption and management of money [19].

It is important to consider that even when some students did not experience the achievement of incorporation of the contents, it was possible to observe a gradual incorporation of these, where some achieved an attitude and behavioral change. However, one should not ignore the incorporation of technical language, values, and content, because these could be the first step to develop significant learnings, considering the necessary training and construction of a systemic vision of the economic–social model in which they are placed and the acquisition of competences for the achievement of critical, reflexive, and socially responsible consumption[20].

**References**

[1] Rosendahl L, Sloof R, Van Praag M. The effect of early entrepreneurship education: evi-

Entrepreneurship and Interdisciplinary School Projects of Vulnerable Students in Santiago de…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74088

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[2] Heckman J, Humphries J, Urzúa S, Veramendi G. The effects of educational choices on labor market, health, and social outcomes. Unpublished manuscript, University of

[3] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). *Recommendation on Principles and Good Practices for Financial Education and Awareness*. OECD Publishing,

[4] OECD/INFE, Women and Financial Literacy: OECD/INFE Evidence, Survey and Policy Responses, 2013. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/financialedu-

[5] Commonwealth Bank Foundation (CBF). *Australian and Financial Literacy.* Sydney:

[6] Denegri M, Martínez G. ¿Ciudadanos o Consumidores? Aportes constructivistas a la educación para el consumo. PAIDEIA. Revista de Educación. 2004;**37**:101-116

[7] Yamane E. The meaning of "economics education" in Japanese elementary and secondary education: a historical perspective, in Proceedings of the Second Conference of the International Association for Children's Social and Economics Education, Malmö,

[8] Denegri M, Sepúlveda J. Evaluación de un programa de educación económica "Yo y la economía", en escolares chilenos de educación general básica. Liberabit. 2014;**20**(1):175-186

[9] Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. Pilotos para la incorporación de innovación y emprendimiento en el sistema escolar. Subsecretaría de Economía División de

[10] Denegri M, Sandoval D, Etchebarne S. Educación Económica y Financiera para la Formación Inicial de Profesores: Herramientas Conceptuales y Didácticas. Capítulo 1. Educación económica en la escuela: aportes a la inclusión social y la ciudadanía. Edición

[11] Uribe J, de Pablo J. Revisando el emprendedurismo. Boletín Económico de ICE No. 3021.

[12] Suárez-Álvarez J, Pedrosa I. Evaluación de la Personalidad Emprendedora: Situación Actual y Líneas a Futuro. Papeles del psicólogo. Consejo general de Colegios Oficiales

Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. Gobierno de España. 2011

dence from a randomized field experiment. IZA. Discussion paper. 2011

Chicago, Department of Economics. 2011

Commonwealth Bank Foundation. 2004

Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco. 2013

de Psicólogos. Madrid, España. 2016;**37**(1):62-68

Innovación. 2015

Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. 2005

cation/TrustFund2013\_OECD\_INFE\_Women\_and\_Fin\_Lit.pdf

Sweden: Edge Hill University College/IACSEE. 1997; pp. 101

It is also possible to consider how the teachers described the objectives of the project, how these were to be worked, and the learning involved, because some children may not recognize as learning the incorporation of skills such as teamwork, leadership, self-confidence, and problem solving, among others; however, this could be achieved by incorporating an interview with the teachers, which could be included in future versions of the program.

Finally, it is important to mention than this project provides a first approach to interdisciplinary projects related to entrepreneurship topics, and allows continual research into its importance and how it is possible teach this important topic in schools. For the future, projects should consider further teacher training on issues such as conflict resolution, objectives planning and setting, curricular adaptation, and "soft skills."


**Abstract**

The plasma-facing materials in fusion reactors will face very extreme servicing condition such as high temperatures, high thermal loads, extreme irradiation conditions induced by high-energy neutron, and high fluences of high-flux and low-energy plasma. Tungsten is considered as the most promising material for plasma-facing components (PFCs) in the magnetic confinement fusion devices, due to its high melting temperature, high thermal conductivity, low swelling, low tritium retention, and low sputtering yield. However, some important shortcomings such as the irradiation brittleness and high ductility-brittle transition temperature of pure tungsten limit its application. Focusing on this issue, various W alloys with enhanced performance have been developed. Among them, nanoparticle dispersion strengthening such as oxide particle dispersion-strengthened (ODS-W) and carbide particle dispersion-strengthened (CDS-W) tungsten alloys and W fiber-reinforced Wf/W composites are promising. This chapter mainly reviews the preparation, microstructure, properties, regulation, and service performance evaluation of ODS-W, CDS-W, and Wf/W materials, as well as future possible development is proposed.

**Keywords:** W alloy, plasma-facing materials, fabrication, performance


**8.3 Emotional freedom technique**

EFT is a gentle psychological intervention that may be readily taught and given by oneself. Subjects gently touch acupressure sites on the head, body, and hands with their fingertips, relating this to speaking certain sentences. According to recent systematic evaluations, EFT is useful for several psychiatric illnesses, including lowering presentation and test-taking anxiety and improving sports performance. According to new research, EFT is a viable therapy for students' presentation and exam anxiety. For example, EFT was demonstrated to dramatically reduce presentation anxiety in university students and looked into the effects of EFT and Progressive Muscular Relaxation (PMR) on exam anxiety among Turkish university students [35]. This can be beneficial in institutions of higher learning where presentations are highly regarded as a mode of learning.


*2.4. EDI Levels of Residues of Organophosphorus Insecticides Ingested Through Fish in Taiwanese Adults*

The average EDI levels extrapolated from the average chlorpyrifos levels in Taiwanese women and men were 0.002 and 0.003 μg/kg body weight/day, respectively (Table 4). The EDI levels were noted to be substantially lower than the JECFA-recommended chlorpyrifos ADI level of 0.01 mg/kg (Table 4) [4,15]. Moreover, the EDI levels expressed as the percentages of the ADIs were 0.03% and 0.02% in men and women, respectively. Taken together, fish consumption led to a low risk assessment for chlorpyrifos, with EDIs that are <0.1% of the ADIs in men as well as women.

**Table 4.** EDI levels of organophosphorus insecticide residues in Taiwanese adults.