**5. Conclusions**

In general, the new restoration of the NCCL with the expansion of the cavity under the prosthetic inlay and the formation of the area of the gingival fold for the gum growth shows its viability. On the main volume of tooth materials, there are levels of strain parameters comparable to the tooth without taking into account the lesion. It is required to study the influence of the cavity geometry for the prosthetic construction and the veneer part of the inlay to eliminate local zones of the maximum level of stresses and strains in the biomechanical assembly. The problem of frictional contact interaction in the region of the tooth-inlay interface with the refinement of the finite element model should be extended.

It is established that the material of the Herculite XRV inlay (Kerr Corp, Orange, CA, USA) in this formulation of the problem delivers a favorable strain state to the biomechanical system. The nature and levels of the distribution of the stress values of the maximum and average level of the contact parameters of the interface zones and strain intensity are close to those of a tooth without taking into account the lesion. At the same time, the level of strain of the Herculite XRV inlay is comparable to the strains in the tooth enamel, which can adversely affect the service life of the structure.

The results obtained in this article reflect the qualitative patterns of tooth deformation behavior. Accounting for the root system and its rationalization is required for quantification.


**Author details**

Filippo Spertino\*, Alessandro Ciocia, Paolo Di Leo, Gabriele Malgaroli and Angela Russo Energy Department "Galileo Ferraris", Politecnico di Torino, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**91**

2015. pp. 1-6

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**6. Final thoughts**

beings, are part of a larger living system that gets organized to generate life. For the Chilean educator, education is the darkest expression of the crisis of Euro-Western civilization:

• I would like to be extremely sincere in reviewing the energy background of our civilization

• The contemporary education, in almost everywhere in the West, does not fulfill its task of

• It neither provides the natural germs of vitality nor the values of the intimate. It does not develop creative potentials, intellectual freedom, or the uniqueness of skills. It does not

• Its task is at the service of political and economic power and, to fulfill this mission, it orga-

• The current education tends to produce servile adaptation to the established. It seeks to create a sense of duty and an attitude of respect toward things that are not respectable [30].

Rolando Toro mentions 15 assumptions of the biocentric theory, including the following: biodance is oriented by "an ecological concept of human and cosmic relationships"; biodance postulates a prophylactic action that transcends the borders of conventional therapy, attempting to prevent diseases to manifest; it postulates a community-centered social change system and not client focused; biodance is a theory based on Human Sciences (Anthropology, Etiology, Biology, Medicine, Psychology, and Sociology), and "does not stem from any special ideological, religious, or psychological system"; "biodance is an evolutionary—not

Why biodance? Rolando Toro was born in the territory that, before 1492, was occupied by a wide diversity of indigenous people having (and they still have) dance as an existential practice to connect with the natural and spiritual world. Furthermore, Toro lived through the crisis of social, political, and epistemological paradigms that would get expressed in a more striking manner in the rebellions of youngsters, in several countries through the 1960s, against the materialistic, destructive, and consumerist rationale of West European modernity; a rationale that fosters competition, war, and deaths. Biodance theory is hence a theory aspiring to promote life and the peaceful and respectful coexistence of humans and nonhumans alike; it is an approach proposing a new educational/upbringing paradigm for subjects that are capable of feeling, coexisting, and connecting to the life beings community, be it at local level or in any other living environment in the universe; it is a systemic and holistic vision of the world, based on a dialogical interaction between the tradition, wisdom, and knowledge

Rolando Toro says that the "biodance" concept gets close to the idea of *Dancing Your Life*, from the French philosopher Roger Garaudy, who expressed his dance philosophy as one of the vital components of live beings, humans included; to live and interact with nature dancing for life. Dance, according to Garaudy, "is a complete way of living the world; it is knowledge, art, and religion, all at once." So dance "shows us that what is sacred is carnal as well, and the

providing the individual with internal guidelines for development.

112 New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education

nizes magnificent programs of psychological sterilization.

and its darker expression: Education.

foster the splendor of human relationships.

revolutionary—system" [30].

produced by contemporary science.

Overall, we found that Latin America reached the end of the twentieth century having accomplished a significant part of the educational ideals proposed and claimed by the generation of educators born and graduated in the first half of that same century. All countries implemented a national public education system "for all." Literacy includes the wide majority of the population. Elementary education has become an obligation of the family and a duty of the state. There are school buildings implemented in all regions, cities, and small villages. Each country has developed its university-level teacher qualification policy. New universities came up, as well as a new breed of educators-researchers. Science and scientific knowledge have been absorbed by the school culture. "Liberal democracy" has become the dominant (and practically only) paradigm of a State, with the exception of Cuba and occasional "Coup" attempts, which are still a political practice fostered and validated by conservative sections of Latin-American countries and imperialistic Northern governments.

Many conquests and few victories—The metrics of violence against the poor, Afrodescendant, and indigenous populations are ingrained in what is known as the "banality of evil." Social disparity between the rich and the poor is shamefully staggering. The national educational system has made significant improvements to the living conditions of many families; however, it is a bureaucratic system that perpetuates the "banking education" rationale and develops a schooled population deprived of intellectual autonomy and critical thinking, as intended by the educators who dreamed about and believed in the transforming role of modern education. Elementary school teachers' working conditions and compensation are still in indigenous and demotivating situation in most countries.

From either left or right, Latin America has adopted the developmentalist model from the West European modernity. The educational system and professional training for teachers were both adjusted to match this model. The inter-ethnical plurality of national States only began to be acknowledged in fact during the first decade of the twenty-first century. Some states dignified the rights of their autochthonous people; however, in most, their situation entails hostility, violence, and exclusion.

Eurocentrism still dominates the curricular structure of national education systems at all levels. Most scientists and educators in Latin America have not yet noticed or acknowledged the effects of the epistemological domain of Eurocentrism in its way of seeing "problems" and "solutions" for Latin America. However, a new generation of educators has undertaken the

challenges left by the generation that designed the initial framework of liberating education, of the decolonial education, of the pedagogy of the *Abya Yala* people, and of the education that values the life and the well-living of all live beings.

[10] Fals Borda O. Da pedagogia do oprimido à pesquisa participativa. In: STRECK, Danilo (Org.), editor. Fontes da Pedagogia Latino-Americana: uma antologia. Belo Horizonte:

Precursors of Decolonial Pedagogical Thinking in Latin America and *Abya Yala*

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[12] Fanon F. Os condenados da terra. Tradução de José Laurência de Melo. 2nd ed. Rio de

[13] Quijano A. Colonialidade do poder, eurocentrismo e América Latina. In: Lander, Ed. (Org.), editor. A colonialidade do saber: eurocentrismo e ciências sociais. Perspectivas latino-americanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales; 2005. pp. 117-142 Available from: http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/sur-sur/201006

[14] Dussel E. El encubrimiento del otro: hacia el origen del mito de la modernidad. La Paz: UMSA. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Plural Editores; 1994 [15] Soustelle J. A civilização Asteca. Tradução de Maria Júlia Goldwasser. Rio de janeiro:

[16] Vargas Callejas G. Memorias de los Andes. Notas sobre la educacion en la cultura Inca. Rev. Sarm. Anuario galego de historia da educación. 2005;**5**:45-64. ISSN: 1138-5863. Available from: http://ruc.udc.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/2183/7759/SAR\_5\_art\_3.pdf.

[17] Favre H. A civilização Inca. Tradução de Júlia Goldwasser. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar

[18] Guaman Poma F. Nueva crónica y buen gobierno. Ed. de John Murra, Rolena Adorno &

[19] Yataco M. Antes y después de la Escuela: Apuntes que poca gente conoce. Published on Servindi – Serv. Com. Interc.; 2009. Available from: https://www.servindi.org/actuali-

[20] López Martinez A. La Autonomia del Pueblo Kuna en Panama. In: Seminario de Expertos sobre Tratados, Convenios y Otros Acuerdos Constructivos Entre los Estados y los Pueblos Indigenas; 15-17 de diciembre de 2003; Ginebra. p. 2-3. Available from: www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/Seminars/bp12.doc. [Accessed: 05-10-2017]

[21] Corrales Carvajal ME. Los pensamientos del indio que se educó dentro de las selvas colombianas: Manuel Quintin Lame. The Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas. 2005;**48**: 204, 206, 236. Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4136/413635242012.pdf.

[22] Streck DR et al. Elizardo Pérez: Warisata – a escola ayllu. In: STRECK, Danilo R. (Org.), editor. Fontes da pedagogia latino-americana: uma antologia. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica

Autêntica Editora; 2010. pp. 370-375

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Jorge L. Urioste. Madrid: Historia 16, Tomo A; 1987; 1615

dad/7446. Acesso em 19/04/2017. [Accessed: 05-05-2017]


*2.6. Biological Characteristics*

In this region, there are several species of economic importance (regional and local fisheries), ecosystemic and anthropogenic applications (medicinal, construction, tourism), or areas with some category of risk, according to the 059-Semarnat-2010 [36] or the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Table 1). Although many more species are reported, only those with anthropic importance and/or uses, or a protection category were assessed.

**Table 1.** Species reported in the north of Yucatan, detailing their ecological and commercial importance, anthropic uses, and protection category.


**7. Current situation and future perspective**

Peptides can affect important brain regions that are essential for life-sustaining functions. There are studies about Peptide drug and Peptide-Polymer Vaccines and drugs using for brain disorders. In this future perspective we will explain the using of peptides in common brain disorders such as Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis. In a study using an interferenceinducing peptide (TAT-DATNT) to elute a protein complex consisting of interaction between DAT and the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), it was determined that locomotor behaviors were induced in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. This peptide can provide potential therapy for regulating the activity of DAT and dopaminergic neurotransmission of Attention Hyperactivity Deficit Disorder (ADHD) therapies [63]. Alpha Synuclein (A-syn) aggregate is very important for the PD. Against of this aggregate, an immunogenic peptide the sequence of CGGVDPDN [64] is developed with solid phase peptide synthesis method as a vaccine in PD. Peptides can also be neuroprotection for the PD. TFP5 peptide, FITCGGGKEAFWDRCLSVINLMSSKMLQINAYARAARRAARR; TP5 peptide, KEAFWDRCLSVINLMSSKMLQINAYARAARRAARR; SCP peptide, FITCGGGGGGFWDRCLSGKGKMSSKGGGINAYARAARRAARR are reduction in neuroinflammation and apoptosis. **MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)** is a neurotoxin drug of MPP+, which causes permanent symptoms of PD by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain for mouse modeling [65]. PD01A is a Phase 1 epitope vaccine in experimental — a synthetic a-syn mimicking peptide-polymer based on a-syn aggregate by inducing an immune response that generates antibodies specifically against it [66]. In general, vaccines are developed according to the T cell response, but a peptide epitope with a three-celled peptide epitope with a three-cell universal peptide such as Syn85-99 (AGSIAAATGFVKKDD), α-Syn109-126 (QEGILEDMPVDPDNEAYE), α-Syn126-140 (EMPSEEGYQDYEPEA) and P30 (*FNNFTVSFWLRVPKVSASHLE*) epitope vaccines comprising three peptide-based epitope vaccines comprising different α-Syn peptides, but consisting of different B cell epitopes as follows, are noted for their high immunogenicity [67]. So peptides can have different immune cell response in brain disorders. Peptides can also protect cell biological agents such as microtubules activity. This is very important for cell stability while the diseases are seen in the cells. The dysregulation of ADNP / ADNP2 expression in the relevant brain tissue and animal model may improve the prognosis of schizophrenia because these genes are responsible for the regulation of interacting microtubules. The microtubule-interacting drug candidate, NAP (davunetide) is a small peptide and belong to activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) which contains a small peptide motif, *NAPVSIPQ* sequence that provides potent neuroprotection for tau pathology, neuronal cell death as well as social and cognitive dysfunctions [68]. Especially in Amyloid beta pathology, *DAEFRHDSGY* peptide, Wang et al. synthesized peptide immunogens, A1-14 peptide immunogens for *UBITh®* AD immunotherapeutic vaccine by using automated SPPS for the Alzheimer Disease.

**37**

*New Generation Peptide-Based Vaccine Prototype DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89115*

in a Th2 delivery system [69].

**8.

**Author details**

Shen Leng Tan2

Öznur Özge Özcan1

**Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

, Mesut Karahan1

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

and Yi Na Tee2

1 Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey

2 UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*, Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar2

,

Wang's group has developed a synthetic peptide vaccine prototype for the prevention and treatment of AD and is conducting *phase II* clinical trials. The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease constitutes a strong immune response to Amyloid Beta (Ab) Plaques; *UB-311* was constructed with two synthetic Ab1-14 targeting peptides (B cell epitopes), each bound to different helper T cell peptide epitopes and formulated

Consequently, this chapter provides a brief manual for anyone in the fields of solid-phase peptide synthesis, peptide vaccines, Nanotechnological importance for effective vaccine prototypes, and their future perspective for other diseases such as *New Generation Peptide-Based Vaccine Prototype DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89115*

Wang's group has developed a synthetic peptide vaccine prototype for the prevention and treatment of AD and is conducting *phase II* clinical trials. The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease constitutes a strong immune response to Amyloid Beta (Ab) Plaques; *UB-311* was constructed with two synthetic Ab1-14 targeting peptides (B cell epitopes), each bound to different helper T cell peptide epitopes and formulated in a Th2 delivery system [69].


**11.2 Bilateral TKR**

Bilateral TKR, either staged or single-staged (simultaneous), is also a commonly performed joint surgery in relatively younger and healthy patients. Patient selection is very crucial in bilateral TKR as it is associated with advantages as well as disadvantages.

The **advantages** of bilateral TKR surgeries include [62],

The **disadvantages** of bilateral TKR surgeries include,


**Abstract**

The human being is the only mammal capable of walking and simultaneously maintaining an upright position. This fact, implies somewhat unfavorable repercussions for the pelvic region that must support the weight of the abdominal organs. A prime example of the aforementioned adverse effects of the standing position are pelvic organ prolapses (POP). POP surgery is an increasingly important therapeutic aspect in clinical practice due to the aging of our population, and is increasingly prevalent as a therapeutic option. Surgical techniques can be performed using an abdominal or vaginal approach, depending on the medical history, physical examination, and experience of the surgeon. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is an adequate therapeutic option with a high success rate in 80–100% of cases. However, this technique is not always appropriate, especially for patients who are at high risk for anesthesia, a multioperated abdomen, or in recurrent prolapse. In these cases, a vaginal approach offers an interesting surgical alternative. In this review, we added our experience with transvaginal single-incision mesh under locoregional anesthesia for correction of female POP. We retrospectively analyzed 78 patients showing a success rate of 92% after more than 12 months of follow up. Transvaginal mesh was developed to maintain the advantage of a vaginal procedure, while reducing the risk of recurrent prolapse compared to native tissue repair and simplifying the surgery compared to sacrocolpopexy.

**Keywords:** Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Reconstructive Surgical Procedures, Gynecologic Surgical Procedures


*Article* **The Cyanobacterial Ribosomal-Associated Protein LrtA from** *Synechocystis* **sp. PCC 6803 Is an Oligomeric Protein in Solution with Chameleonic Sequence Properties**

**Lellys M. Contreras 1,†, Paz Sevilla 2,3, Ana Cámara-Artigas 4, José G. Hernández-Cifre 5, Bruno Rizzuti 6,\*, Francisco J. Florencio 7, María Isabel Muro-Pastor 7, José García de la Torre 5 and José L. Neira 8,9,\*,†**

Received: 18 May 2018; Accepted: 20 June 2018; Published: 24 June 2018

**Abstract:** The LrtA protein of *Synechocystis* sp. PCC 6803 intervenes in cyanobacterial post-stress survival and in stabilizing 70S ribosomal particles. It belongs to the hibernating promoting factor (HPF) family of proteins, involved in protein synthesis. In this work, we studied the conformational preferences and stability of isolated LrtA in solution. At physiological conditions, as shown by hydrodynamic techniques, LrtA was involved in a self-association equilibrium. As indicated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence, the protein acquired a folded, native-like conformation between pH 6.0 and 9.0. However, that conformation was not very stable, as suggested by thermal and chemical denaturations followed by CD and fluorescence. Theoretical studies of its highly-charged sequence suggest that LrtA had a Janus sequence, with a context-dependent fold. Our modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that the protein adopted the same fold observed in other members of the HPF family (β-α-β-β-β-α) at its N-terminal region (residues 1–100), whereas the C terminus (residues 100–197) appeared disordered and collapsed, supporting the overall percentage of overall secondary structure obtained by CD deconvolution. Then, LrtA has a chameleonic sequence and it is the first member of the HPF family involved in a self-association equilibrium, when isolated in solution.

**Keywords:** conformational plasticity; disordered protein; folding; ribosomal protein; spectroscopy; protein stability


**5.1 Regeneration**

The regeneration can be demonstrated at Vin = 240 V, q = 0.75, and fs = 10 kHz by applying step transient to reverse the speed at 1.2 s as shown in **Figure 12**. A step transient lasts upto 2.4s, no load speed reversal (from +188.5 rad/s to -188.5 rad/s), as shown in the **Figure 13** which also shows developed torque which is direclty proportional to torque producing current (isq) of IM during VC. The torque producing current (iq) of the induction motor reaches the maximum limit of 35 A during acceleration as shown in **Figure 13**. Here regenerative power depends upon large inertial load (j = 0.089 kg m2 ) of the induction motor, which is created coupling IM with the same rating of DC motor (4 kW). The output current waveforms of the matrix converter drive is depicted in **Figure 14(a)**, which also indicates during speed reversal, the fourquadrant operation, inherent property, of MC from motoring mode to regenerating mode is smoothly achieved. The control of dq-currents (id, iq) with no coupling effects is demonstrated. **Figure 14(b)** shows input phase currents (iA, iB, iC) of the matrix converter during the four-quadrant operation. The input regenerative powers (PA, PB, PC) to be dissipated using the regeneration control circuit (RCC) are shown

**Figure 12.** *Overview of the simulation diagram for obtaining regeneration in the MC vector-controlled induction motor.*

**65**

**Figure 15.**

**Figure 13.**

**Figure 14.**

*Matrix Converter for More Electric Aircraft DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81056*

*Speed and torque of the vector-controlled IM in regeneration. Vin = 240 V, q = 0.75, and fs = 10 kHz.*

*(a) Output currents of the MC and (b) input phase currents of the MC.*

*(a) Input phase powers of the MC and (b) phase opposition at regeneration.*

*Aerospace Engineering*

**5. Simulations results**

software package [12].

**5.1 Regeneration**

(j = 0.089 kg m2

To predict and verify the performance of the proposed methods for avoiding regeneration in a matrix converter, a simulation study is carried out using SABER

The regeneration can be demonstrated at Vin = 240 V, q = 0.75, and fs = 10 kHz by applying step transient to reverse the speed at 1.2 s as shown in **Figure 12**. A step transient lasts upto 2.4s, no load speed reversal (from +188.5 rad/s to -188.5 rad/s), as shown in the **Figure 13** which also shows developed torque which is direclty proportional to torque producing current (isq) of IM during VC. The torque producing current (iq) of the induction motor reaches the maximum limit of 35 A during acceleration as shown in **Figure 13**. Here regenerative power depends upon large inertial load

rating of DC motor (4 kW). The output current waveforms of the matrix converter drive is depicted in **Figure 14(a)**, which also indicates during speed reversal, the fourquadrant operation, inherent property, of MC from motoring mode to regenerating mode is smoothly achieved. The control of dq-currents (id, iq) with no coupling effects is demonstrated. **Figure 14(b)** shows input phase currents (iA, iB, iC) of the matrix converter during the four-quadrant operation. The input regenerative powers (PA, PB, PC) to be dissipated using the regeneration control circuit (RCC) are shown

*Overview of the simulation diagram for obtaining regeneration in the MC vector-controlled induction motor.*

) of the induction motor, which is created coupling IM with the same

**64**

**Figure 12.**

**Figure 13.** *Speed and torque of the vector-controlled IM in regeneration. Vin = 240 V, q = 0.75, and fs = 10 kHz.*

**Figure 14.** *(a) Output currents of the MC and (b) input phase currents of the MC.*

in **Figure 15(a)**. During regeneration, the phase opposition (180*°* phase displacement) between the input phase voltages (VA, VB, VC) and input phase currents (iA, iB, iC) can be seen in **Figure 15(b)**.


*4.5. Mass Spectral Data Acquisition*

LC–MS/MS was performed using a Thermo Scientific Accela LC system coupled to a Thermo Finnigan LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer with an ESI source. Bacterial metabolite extracts and control media extracts (no bacteria) were prepared at 1 mg/mL in ACN and were injected onto an ACE 5 (Hichrom) C18 column (5 μm, 75 × 3.0 mm) using the following gradient: 1–5 min (5% ACN in H2O), 5–25 min (5–100% ACN), 25–30 min (100% ACN). Mass data were collected in positive ion mode using ESI and mass range 150–1500 *m*/*z* (15,000 resolution). Data-dependent MS2 scans were obtained using collision-induced dissociation (CID) with an energy of 35 eV and activation time of 30,000 ms for the first, second, and third most intense peaks.

#### *4.6. Mass Spectral Data Processing*

Mass spectral data were processed using MZmine v2.38 freeware (http://mzmine. sourceforge.net/ (accessed on 9 November 2020)) for peak detection, deconvolution, deisotoping, filtering, alignment and gap filling to make multiple data files comparable. Throughout the data processing, the *m*/*z* tolerance used was 0.01, peaks were detected above 3.00E3 and the minimum time span and tR tolerance was 0.1 min. Mass detection was performed using a centroid mass detector with a noise level set at 2.00 × 103.