In a scenario of hyper-connectivity, supporting networks would need to meet the challenge of the generation of massive sets of streaming digital data, defined by volume, variety, veracity, velocity, and value [24]. This would require distributed application logic cloud infrastructures, able to handle the diversity of data sources and formats and to support the continuous nature of the data acquisition. Security becomes more difficult to address as it is difficult to develop a generic security strategy or model [25], also in view of the emerging "openness" of the networks. Streaming data, in addition, demands ultrafast response times from security and privacy solutions [26]. To realize a comprehensive hyper-data platform, a set of sophisticated and scalable analytic functions should be implemented at infrastructure, platform, and software level, while some of the key requirements to consider relate to response time,

The following functionalities are minimum requirements for the support of the reliable gathering, exchange, and processing of hyper-data in order to take an intelligent real-time deci-

• Support of 24/7 continuous collection of data from various sources and environments by means of an elastic wireless system based on a converged low power consumption of local area mesh-based communication network (e.g., based on IEEE 802.14.5) complemented

**3. Simple, efficient, and trustworthy convergence**

84 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

less convergence with advanced cloud computing concepts.

several others.

introduced.

reliability, accuracy, and so on.

sion-making in relation to a given application:

A conceptual vision for a platform able to handle the real-time analysis of large diverse and unstructured datasets acquired in a continuous manner is shown in **Figure 6**.

At the user equipment (UE) level, data would be collected from multiple (in the order of thousands and more) nodes located indoors at the user's home, office, car, or public spaces. These nodes can be battery-operated sensor devices or Internet-enabled personal devices. Functionalities enabling lower layer security to the IoT device or as protection of the physical infrastructure should be put into place at the UE level. The collected data may be processed

**Figure 6.** Conceptual vision of a converged IoT cloud platform for hyper-data.

at the edge level for real-time decision-making while keeping the data mining components at the remote level and distinct locations (e.g., at the cloud). This approach allows for isolation of the individual microservices, and this simplifies the security-related design. The edge component may implement distributed ledger technology (DLT) to enable trustworthiness between the various platform entities. The edge component will also implement some storage capabilities and will expose the API to the collected metastreams of macro-data. Other functionalities at the edge level are the processing and indexing of the micro-data, configurations, and exchange of control data, and decisions that would trigger alarms. The API should support both message-based and pull and push communication.

• Supporting real-time processes

• Interoperability of solutions

the edge level

**4. Conclusions**

without an additional infrastructure expansion.

**Acknowledgements**

• Enabling resources from the cloud for the IoT applications and data residing at the physical infrastructure level, which requires novel functionalities and capabilities to be deployed at

Cooperative Human-Centric Sensing Connectivity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76158 87

• Enabling a unison of performance response/trade-offs between the wireless and cloud

Standards, regulation, and open-platform solutions are key to the deployment and commercialization of any of the above research solutions toward achieving the vision of HCS-N cooperation and realizing its social potential. Common standards are essential to achieving interoperability, which in turn is essential for reliable and smooth operation of technological

Currently, there is an effort within the ITU-T to standardize Blockchain and DLT, which is also closely linked to the standardization effort on ITU-T SG16 (multimedia), ITU-T SG17 (security), and ITU-T SG20 (IoT, smart cities, and communities). Another standardization effort is within the IEEE with the objective to evolve the mesh function in wireless networks as 802.16n, 802.15.4g, and 802.15.4e, as an integral part of a converged IoT/cloud/big data scenario.

This chapter introduced and explored the concept of HCS-N cooperation on various levels and in the context of a converged IoT-cloud-hyper-data scenario. This vision is of global importance for releasing the potential of robust interoperable technologies to deliver business and/ or societal applications. A scenario of hyper-connectivity requires a supporting platform that is open in nature and allows for its deployment under any type of legislative framework to realize in full the visions of smart cities and digital single market. The role of the human user, an ability to deal with an ever-increasing amount of sensors, smart objects and data, enhanced security and privacy, and trust are some of the key open research challenges to be resolved. The emerging hyper-connectivity trend implies pervasive and exponentially increasing complex type of data traffic that pushes against the boundary of the power and design of current communication and information processing networks. The intensely high streams of wireless traffic and immersive data necessitate scalably to their continued growth of wireless and data management architectures, offering the required efficient processing techniques and capacity

Some of the research work on BCI presented in this chapter was supported by award number EEC-1028725 from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Authors would like to thank

solutions across various deployment scenarios and for stimulating further innovation.

infrastructure, which requires flexible software solutions

By introducing an edge level, one can enable certain tasks, such as giving a fast response to a query sent by a user or securing the data transmissions between sensors and concentrators by defining a zero trust security at the entering points. Security can be implemented as a service by means of distributed networking solutions based on technologies such as software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), network slicing, and evolved cloud computing paradigms. Blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies like Tangle and Hashgraph have recently drawn much attention due to their distributed nature and the possibility of not needing a Central Authority (CA) for establishing trust. Such technology can enable to implement a distributed ledger SDN that can reduce attack window times by allowing IoT forwarding devices to quickly check and download the latest flow-table rules.

The degree to enable privacy and protection of the data is expressed through the capability of a system to anonymize and pseudonymize data, which may be enabled by the privacyby-design approach currently under standardization within ETSI and within the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA).

An emerging trend is the increasing complexity of the data to be collected, prompted by research on how to involve all five human senses for an immersive experience. Such data can be enabled by new types of digital sensors able to replicate the human touch, smell, and taste and their synchronous integration with traditional sensors, which requires also a novel approach to extracting the contextual information carried by the multisensory data and technologies for reproducing the experience at the receiver's end.

There are a number of open critical challenges in order to be able to deploy the above technological advances as a converged and operational platform. The main difficulty of enabling convergence comes forth from the conflicting properties of the IoT and cloud environments. The IoT environment resides at the UE level and is typically resource constrained and location specific. The remote-level functionalities have plentiful of resources and are typically location independent.

A key number of open challenges have been summarized below:

• Supporting real-time processes

at the edge level for real-time decision-making while keeping the data mining components at the remote level and distinct locations (e.g., at the cloud). This approach allows for isolation of the individual microservices, and this simplifies the security-related design. The edge component may implement distributed ledger technology (DLT) to enable trustworthiness between the various platform entities. The edge component will also implement some storage capabilities and will expose the API to the collected metastreams of macro-data. Other functionalities at the edge level are the processing and indexing of the micro-data, configurations, and exchange of control data, and decisions that would trigger alarms. The API should sup-

By introducing an edge level, one can enable certain tasks, such as giving a fast response to a query sent by a user or securing the data transmissions between sensors and concentrators by defining a zero trust security at the entering points. Security can be implemented as a service by means of distributed networking solutions based on technologies such as software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), network slicing, and evolved cloud computing paradigms. Blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies like Tangle and Hashgraph have recently drawn much attention due to their distributed nature and the possibility of not needing a Central Authority (CA) for establishing trust. Such technology can enable to implement a distributed ledger SDN that can reduce attack window times by allow-

ing IoT forwarding devices to quickly check and download the latest flow-table rules.

The degree to enable privacy and protection of the data is expressed through the capability of a system to anonymize and pseudonymize data, which may be enabled by the privacyby-design approach currently under standardization within ETSI and within the European

An emerging trend is the increasing complexity of the data to be collected, prompted by research on how to involve all five human senses for an immersive experience. Such data can be enabled by new types of digital sensors able to replicate the human touch, smell, and taste and their synchronous integration with traditional sensors, which requires also a novel approach to extracting the contextual information carried by the multisensory data and tech-

There are a number of open critical challenges in order to be able to deploy the above technological advances as a converged and operational platform. The main difficulty of enabling convergence comes forth from the conflicting properties of the IoT and cloud environments. The IoT environment resides at the UE level and is typically resource constrained and location specific. The remote-level functionalities have plentiful of resources and are typically location

• Collecting, exchanging, and processing of hyper-data without distorting the quality of the collected data and without compromising the personal aspects of the processed data

• Processing of hyper-data in a user- and application-centered manner, without overwhelming the user with affluence of information, which requires sophisticated data mining

port both message-based and pull and push communication.

86 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA).

nologies for reproducing the experience at the receiver's end.

A key number of open challenges have been summarized below:

independent.

algorithms

Standards, regulation, and open-platform solutions are key to the deployment and commercialization of any of the above research solutions toward achieving the vision of HCS-N cooperation and realizing its social potential. Common standards are essential to achieving interoperability, which in turn is essential for reliable and smooth operation of technological solutions across various deployment scenarios and for stimulating further innovation.

Currently, there is an effort within the ITU-T to standardize Blockchain and DLT, which is also closely linked to the standardization effort on ITU-T SG16 (multimedia), ITU-T SG17 (security), and ITU-T SG20 (IoT, smart cities, and communities). Another standardization effort is within the IEEE with the objective to evolve the mesh function in wireless networks as 802.16n, 802.15.4g, and 802.15.4e, as an integral part of a converged IoT/cloud/big data scenario.

## **4. Conclusions**

This chapter introduced and explored the concept of HCS-N cooperation on various levels and in the context of a converged IoT-cloud-hyper-data scenario. This vision is of global importance for releasing the potential of robust interoperable technologies to deliver business and/ or societal applications. A scenario of hyper-connectivity requires a supporting platform that is open in nature and allows for its deployment under any type of legislative framework to realize in full the visions of smart cities and digital single market. The role of the human user, an ability to deal with an ever-increasing amount of sensors, smart objects and data, enhanced security and privacy, and trust are some of the key open research challenges to be resolved.

The emerging hyper-connectivity trend implies pervasive and exponentially increasing complex type of data traffic that pushes against the boundary of the power and design of current communication and information processing networks. The intensely high streams of wireless traffic and immersive data necessitate scalably to their continued growth of wireless and data management architectures, offering the required efficient processing techniques and capacity without an additional infrastructure expansion.

## **Acknowledgements**

Some of the research work on BCI presented in this chapter was supported by award number EEC-1028725 from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Authors would like to thank Dr. Joshua R. Smith and Dr. Matt Reynolds, professors of electrical engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, for their continuous support and assistance in the research.

[4] Semov P, Poulkov V, Mihovska A, Prasad R. Self-resource allocation and scheduling challenges for heterogeneous networks deployment. Springer International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications. 2016;**87**(3):759-777. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-015-2640-7

Cooperative Human-Centric Sensing Connectivity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76158 89

[5] Mihovska A, Luo J, Mino E, Tragos E, Mensing C, et al. Requirements and algorithms for cooperation of heterogeneous networks. Springer International Journal on Wireless

[6] Craciunescu R, Mihovska A, et al. Use of behavior and influence functions for relay selection in cooperative communications. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Conference on Communications (GLOBECOM'15); December 2015. San Diego/New York: IEEE; 2015.

[7] Weiwei F, Feng L, Fangnang Y, Lei S, Sojiro N. Energy-efficient cooperative communication for data transmission in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Consumer

[8] Nikodem J. Autonomy and cooperation as factors of dependability in wireless sensor network. In: Proceedings of Third International Conference on Dependability of Computer Systems 2008 (DepCos-RELCOMEX '08); 26-28 June 2008. Szklarska Poreba,

[9] Vasilev V, Mihovska A, Poulkov V, Iliev G. Optimization of wireless node discovery in an IoT network. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Conference on Communications (GLOBECOM'15); December 2015; San Diego; California. New York: IEEE; 2015. pp. 6-10.

[10] Kasabova S, Gechev M, Vasilev V, Mihovska A, Poulkov V, Prasad R. On modeling the psychology of wireless node interactions in the context of internet of things. Springer International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications. 2015;**85**(1):101-136. DOI:

[11] Liang C-W, Hsu JY-J, Lin K-J. Auction-based resource access protocols in IoT service systems. In: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA '14); 17-19 November 2014; Matsue, Japan.

[12] Ranjibaran S, Mohammadi A, Manshaei MH. On cooperation mechanism in internet of things with multiple sponsors. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Conference on Communications (GLOBECOM'16). 4-6 December 2016; Washington DC, New York:

[13] Mulatu MA. Energy cooperation in communication of energy harvesting tags. AEU— International Journal of Electronics and Communications. 2017;**71**:145-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[14] Zou Y, Peng J, Liu K, Jiang F, Lu H. Energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive sensor networks with energy harvesting. In: Proceedings of Control and Decision Conference (CCDC); 28-30 May 2016. Yinchuan, China, New York: IEEE; 2016.

New York: IEEE; 2014. pp. 49-56. DOI:10.1109/SOCA.2014.50

IEEE; 2016. DOI:10.1109/GLOCOMW.2016.7848973

Poland, New York: IEEE; 2008. DOI:10.1109/DepCoS-RELCOMEX.2008.50

Personal Communications. 2009;**50**(2):207-245. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-008-9586-y

pp. 6-10. DOI: 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2015.7414145

DOI:10.1109/GLOCOMW.2015.7414153

10.1007/s11277-015-2730-6

aeue.2016.10.016

DOI:10.1109/CCDC.2016.7531382

Electronics. 2010;**56**(4):2185-2192. DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2010.5681089

## **Acronyms and abbreviations**

## **Author details**

Albena Mihovska1 \* and Mahasweta Sarkar2

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
1 Aarhus University-BTECH, Herning, Denmark

2 San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

## **References**

[4] Semov P, Poulkov V, Mihovska A, Prasad R. Self-resource allocation and scheduling challenges for heterogeneous networks deployment. Springer International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications. 2016;**87**(3):759-777. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-015-2640-7

Dr. Joshua R. Smith and Dr. Matt Reynolds, professors of electrical engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, for their continuous support and assistance in the research.

[1] David Alvarez Corrales L, Giovanidis A, Martins P. Coverage gains from the static cooperation of mutually nearest neighbours. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Conference on Communications (GLOBECOM'16); December 2016. Washington, DC/New York: IEEE;

[2] Baccelli F, Giovanidis A. A stochastic geometry framework for analyzing pairwisecooperative cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2015;

[3] Tanbourgi R, Singh S, Andrews JG, Jondral FK. A tractable model for noncoherent jointtransmission base station cooperation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

**Acronyms and abbreviations**

88 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

IoT Internet of Things

M2M machine to machine M2H machine to human H2H human to human

SDN software-defined networking

BCI brain computer interfaces

**Author details**

Albena Mihovska1

**References**

NVF network virtualization function HCS-N human-centric sensing network

\* and Mahasweta Sarkar2

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
1 Aarhus University-BTECH, Herning, Denmark 2 San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

2016. pp. 4-6. ISBN: 978-1-5090-1328-9/16/

**14**(2):794-808. DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2014.2360196

2014;**13**(9):4959-4973. DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2014.2340860

ICT Information and communications technologies

[15] Kyriazakos S et al. eWALL: An open-source cloud-based eHealth platform for creating home caring environments for older adults living with chronic diseases or frailty. Springer International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications. 2017;**97**(2):1835- 1875. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-017-4656-7

**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World**

The internet of things (IoT) constitutes a network of embedded devices that incorporate sensors and communication functions. The IoT is becoming one of the core technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is because the IoT creates new values in the connected smart world by collecting big data, uploading data into clouds, and processing data in intelligent systems. The newly created values in intelligent systems differ from previously generated values that were based on the simple automated systems of the Third Industrial Revolution. In this chapter, we present a brief introduction of the IoT, which connects to the Internet through incorporating sensors and communication functions in various smart objects. In the IoT era, it is possible to create a networked smart world with powerful new services and products that create new values. As applications of the IoT, we introduce smart homes, smart electronics, smart connected cars, smart grids, smart healthcare, smart wearable devices, etc. In addition, we illustrate a specific IoT complex in a smart city as one of the smart connected applications of the IoT. Finally, we describe the predicted hyper-connected smart world that will be achieved through

**Keywords:** internet of things, IoT, big data, cloud, intelligent systems, hyper-connected,

The internet of things (IoT) can connect the enormous offline world with people through the Internet. To achieve this, developed sensors are used to collect data from connected smart objects in the physical world. The gathered data are then uploaded into the cloud and become big data. These data are then integrated and utilized for the development of intelligent systems. Therefore, the IoT is one of the core technologies that is driving the Fourth Industrial

**The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World**

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76128

Hyun Jung Lee and Myungho Kim

Hyun Jung Lee and Myungho Kim

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128

**Abstract**

the IoT.

**1. Introduction**

smart world

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76128

Hyun Jung Lee and Myungho Kim Hyun Jung Lee and Myungho Kim

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128

#### **Abstract**

[15] Kyriazakos S et al. eWALL: An open-source cloud-based eHealth platform for creating home caring environments for older adults living with chronic diseases or frailty. Springer International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications. 2017;**97**(2):1835-

[16] Bardas G, Astaras S, Diamantas S, Pnevmatikakis A. 3D tracking and classification system using a monocular camera. Springer International Journal on Wireless Personal

[19] Mihovska A, Pejanovic M, Prasad R. Human-centric IoT networks. In: Dixit S, Prasad R, editors. Human Bond Communication: The Holy Grail of Holistic Communication and Immersive Experience. 1st ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2017. DOI: 10.1002/9781119341451.ch5

[20] Al Ameen M, Ullah N, Chowdhury SM, Islam R, Kwak K. A power efficient MAC protocol for wireless body area networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications

[21] Smart Body Area Network (SmartBAN). Enhanced ultra-low power physical layer, document ETSI TS 103 326 V1.1.1, April 2015. Available from: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/

[22] Smart Body Area Network (SmartBAN). Low complexity medium access control (MAC) for SmartBAN, document ETSI TS 103 325 V1.1.1, April 2015. Available from: www.etsi.

[23] Viittala H et al. ETSI SmartBAN system performance and coexistence verification for healthcare. IEEE Access. 2017;**5**:8175-8182. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2697502

[24] Bellazzi R. Big data and biomedical informatics: A challenging opportunity. Yearbook of

[25] Sfar AR, Natalizio E, Challal Y, Chtourou Z. A roadmap for security challenges in the Internet of Things. Elsevier Journal on Digital Communications and Networks. 2017.

[26] Cloud Security Alliance. Top ten big data security and privacy challenges, report, November 2012. Available from: https://www.isaca.org/Groups/Professional-English/

[27] Harada H, Mizutani K, Fujiwara J, Mochizuki K, Obata K, Okumura R. IEEE 802.15.4g based Wi-SUN communication systems. IEICE Transactions on Communications.

Communications. 2017;**92**(1):63-85. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-016-3839-y

[18] European Telecommunication Standardization Institute (ETSI). http://etsi.org

[17] International Telecommunication Union (ITU). http://www.itu.int

and Networking. 2012;**33**. DOI: 10.1186/1687-1499-2012-33

etsi\_ts/103300\_103399/103326/01.01.01\_60/ts\_103326v010101p.pdf

org/deliver/etsi\_ts/103300\_103399/103325/…/ts\_103325v010101p.pdf

Medical Informatics. 2014;**9**:8-13. DOI: 10.15265/IY-2014-0024

big-data/GroupDocuments/Big\_Data\_Top\_Ten\_v1.pdf

2017;**EB100-B**(7):1032-1043. DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2016SCI0002

DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2017.04.003

1875. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-017-4656-7

90 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

The internet of things (IoT) constitutes a network of embedded devices that incorporate sensors and communication functions. The IoT is becoming one of the core technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is because the IoT creates new values in the connected smart world by collecting big data, uploading data into clouds, and processing data in intelligent systems. The newly created values in intelligent systems differ from previously generated values that were based on the simple automated systems of the Third Industrial Revolution. In this chapter, we present a brief introduction of the IoT, which connects to the Internet through incorporating sensors and communication functions in various smart objects. In the IoT era, it is possible to create a networked smart world with powerful new services and products that create new values. As applications of the IoT, we introduce smart homes, smart electronics, smart connected cars, smart grids, smart healthcare, smart wearable devices, etc. In addition, we illustrate a specific IoT complex in a smart city as one of the smart connected applications of the IoT. Finally, we describe the predicted hyper-connected smart world that will be achieved through the IoT.

**Keywords:** internet of things, IoT, big data, cloud, intelligent systems, hyper-connected, smart world

#### **1. Introduction**

The internet of things (IoT) can connect the enormous offline world with people through the Internet. To achieve this, developed sensors are used to collect data from connected smart objects in the physical world. The gathered data are then uploaded into the cloud and become big data. These data are then integrated and utilized for the development of intelligent systems. Therefore, the IoT is one of the core technologies that is driving the Fourth Industrial

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Revolution. Moreover, intelligent systems are continually being developed to process big data through the IoT. One of the special characteristics of these intelligent processing-based services and products is the capacity for customization and personalization. Consequently, new and potent values can now be created in smart systems using smart technologies, including the IoT, for a dynamic smart world.

Using big data collected, processed, and integrated through the IoT, intelligent systems have been developed to connect intelligent things. The IoT is thus closely related to intelligent systems because its development is based on the enormous amount of collected data. Generated data in the online and offline world can be propagated and shared in real time by anyone who needs or wants it. They can be also used and analyzed to provide products or services in business and public sectors. Using the IoT, it is possible to collect personalized data, such as at what time someone came to a physical location, in what he or she is interested in, and how long he or she remained in that place. After data analysis, customized and personalized services can be generated that are dynamically developed depending on users' analyzed characteristics, as well as requirements. To analyze data and generate a relevant service, it is also necessary to utilize intelligent applications and systems. For instance, Amazon's Dash Button device uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technology. It is enabled by a mobile phone, collects personalized data, and provides a corresponding customized service. To do this, the Button technology must be connected to the IoT, intelligent systems, big data, cloud, etc. It processes different contents each time that the button is pushed through the use of smartphone apps to send and receive information. In this way, it provides valuable customized content. In this system, big data technology is also requisite because data are accumulated each time that the button is pushed. By using this button system, it is possible to connect the online to the offline world by gathering so much data from the offline world. Therefore, the IoT is clearly different from previously developed electronics and technologies because it can create new opportunities, services, businesses, and platforms by connections and communications with the online

The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128 93

This chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the global growth of the IoT, trends in the global markets, and current and potential uses of the IoT in government and business sectors. Section 3 introduces sensors, networks, and service interfaces of IoT-based technologies and created services. In Section 4, we discuss IoT-based service applications, such as smart workplaces, smart factories, smart healthcare systems, etc., as well as an example of a smart city application and potential hazards of the IoT. Finally, we present some conclusions.

In the global market, a variety of expectations exist regarding the internet of things (IoT). These expectations are related to how IoT devices will be connected, what are the services and values that will be created, how it can be used to increase a company's market share, etc. Although forecasts may vary slightly regarding the ubiquity of the IoT, it is obvious that it is growing dramatically. This rapid growth is attributable to the creation of new service markets, the expansion of the IoT devices, and the ease with which the IoT can be applied to industry, governments, products, and services. It is also clear that the growth of the service

market, in particular, will comprise a major portion of the IoT market.

to the offline world.

**2.1. Global market growth**

**2. Global growth and trends of the IoT**

In the early 2000s, during the advent of the IoT, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was developed for logistic and inventory management applications. It was mainly applied to reduce product distribution and factory production costs. It was also utilized to trace the locations of products being delivered using location-based information systems. RFID technology then continuously evolved and developed into machine-to-machine (M2M) applications, which enable direct communications, monitoring, and controls between devices with a remote application infrastructure using communication channels. More recent M2M communication has expanded into the Internet. Specifically, utilizing wired or wireless communication channels between IP networks, it transmits data between humans and things and between things and other things, such as between household appliances. The Internet itself has also evolved into the IoT as the third generation of the Internet. The first generation of the Internet was developed to be enterprise oriented as the Internet of Computers (IoC), and the second generation of the Internet focused on customers as the Internet of People (IoP) [1]. Eventually, the internet of things (IoT) became an advanced form of M2M.

In 1999, the term "the Internet of Things" was first coined by Kevin Ashton [2]. Initially, the term referred to a type of computer network that can gather a lot, and a wide variety, of data from all of the physical things in the offline world. In order to obtain these data, these things have embedded sensors that record data and transmit them through connections to the Internet using IP networks. According to Kevin Ashton [2], the unique importance of the IoT comprises the following factors. First, the IoT was introduced as a new and powerful method to gather information that was not possible to be gathered in the past. From these tremendous amounts of collected data, the IoT enables the discovery of an almost infinite amount of previously inaccessible facts. Consequently, many manufacturing companies are now attempting to transform themselves from manufacturing to service-based companies, such as the General Electric (GE) Company. Predix is GE's cloud-based platform (PaaS) for industrial Internet applications that combine people, machines, big data, and analytics [3]. Applications of IoT technology are manifold and diverse. For example, government organizations can use discovered data extracted from the IoT to discover and prevent terrorist attacks. It is also easy to extend IoT-based systems due to good scalability and flexibility. In fact, IoT-based systems can be extended as much as the Internet itself has been extended. For example, new services that are based on IoT applications, such as IoT-based new car-sharing services or parking lot searching services, can be added to previously built systems, leading to the possibility of an infinite extension of the services. Indeed, with relatively little effort, systems and services can be expanded to create new and massively powerful values and opportunities. It is anticipated that the world will witness exponential expansion of diverse applications of the IoT in the near future.

Using big data collected, processed, and integrated through the IoT, intelligent systems have been developed to connect intelligent things. The IoT is thus closely related to intelligent systems because its development is based on the enormous amount of collected data. Generated data in the online and offline world can be propagated and shared in real time by anyone who needs or wants it. They can be also used and analyzed to provide products or services in business and public sectors. Using the IoT, it is possible to collect personalized data, such as at what time someone came to a physical location, in what he or she is interested in, and how long he or she remained in that place. After data analysis, customized and personalized services can be generated that are dynamically developed depending on users' analyzed characteristics, as well as requirements. To analyze data and generate a relevant service, it is also necessary to utilize intelligent applications and systems. For instance, Amazon's Dash Button device uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technology. It is enabled by a mobile phone, collects personalized data, and provides a corresponding customized service. To do this, the Button technology must be connected to the IoT, intelligent systems, big data, cloud, etc. It processes different contents each time that the button is pushed through the use of smartphone apps to send and receive information. In this way, it provides valuable customized content. In this system, big data technology is also requisite because data are accumulated each time that the button is pushed. By using this button system, it is possible to connect the online to the offline world by gathering so much data from the offline world. Therefore, the IoT is clearly different from previously developed electronics and technologies because it can create new opportunities, services, businesses, and platforms by connections and communications with the online to the offline world.

This chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the global growth of the IoT, trends in the global markets, and current and potential uses of the IoT in government and business sectors. Section 3 introduces sensors, networks, and service interfaces of IoT-based technologies and created services. In Section 4, we discuss IoT-based service applications, such as smart workplaces, smart factories, smart healthcare systems, etc., as well as an example of a smart city application and potential hazards of the IoT. Finally, we present some conclusions.

## **2. Global growth and trends of the IoT**

#### **2.1. Global market growth**

Revolution. Moreover, intelligent systems are continually being developed to process big data through the IoT. One of the special characteristics of these intelligent processing-based services and products is the capacity for customization and personalization. Consequently, new and potent values can now be created in smart systems using smart technologies, includ-

In the early 2000s, during the advent of the IoT, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was developed for logistic and inventory management applications. It was mainly applied to reduce product distribution and factory production costs. It was also utilized to trace the locations of products being delivered using location-based information systems. RFID technology then continuously evolved and developed into machine-to-machine (M2M) applications, which enable direct communications, monitoring, and controls between devices with a remote application infrastructure using communication channels. More recent M2M communication has expanded into the Internet. Specifically, utilizing wired or wireless communication channels between IP networks, it transmits data between humans and things and between things and other things, such as between household appliances. The Internet itself has also evolved into the IoT as the third generation of the Internet. The first generation of the Internet was developed to be enterprise oriented as the Internet of Computers (IoC), and the second generation of the Internet focused on customers as the Internet of People (IoP) [1]. Eventually, the internet of things (IoT) became an advanced

In 1999, the term "the Internet of Things" was first coined by Kevin Ashton [2]. Initially, the term referred to a type of computer network that can gather a lot, and a wide variety, of data from all of the physical things in the offline world. In order to obtain these data, these things have embedded sensors that record data and transmit them through connections to the Internet using IP networks. According to Kevin Ashton [2], the unique importance of the IoT comprises the following factors. First, the IoT was introduced as a new and powerful method to gather information that was not possible to be gathered in the past. From these tremendous amounts of collected data, the IoT enables the discovery of an almost infinite amount of previously inaccessible facts. Consequently, many manufacturing companies are now attempting to transform themselves from manufacturing to service-based companies, such as the General Electric (GE) Company. Predix is GE's cloud-based platform (PaaS) for industrial Internet applications that combine people, machines, big data, and analytics [3]. Applications of IoT technology are manifold and diverse. For example, government organizations can use discovered data extracted from the IoT to discover and prevent terrorist attacks. It is also easy to extend IoT-based systems due to good scalability and flexibility. In fact, IoT-based systems can be extended as much as the Internet itself has been extended. For example, new services that are based on IoT applications, such as IoT-based new car-sharing services or parking lot searching services, can be added to previously built systems, leading to the possibility of an infinite extension of the services. Indeed, with relatively little effort, systems and services can be expanded to create new and massively powerful values and opportunities. It is anticipated that the world will witness exponential expansion of diverse applications of the IoT in the

ing the IoT, for a dynamic smart world.

92 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

form of M2M.

near future.

In the global market, a variety of expectations exist regarding the internet of things (IoT). These expectations are related to how IoT devices will be connected, what are the services and values that will be created, how it can be used to increase a company's market share, etc. Although forecasts may vary slightly regarding the ubiquity of the IoT, it is obvious that it is growing dramatically. This rapid growth is attributable to the creation of new service markets, the expansion of the IoT devices, and the ease with which the IoT can be applied to industry, governments, products, and services. It is also clear that the growth of the service market, in particular, will comprise a major portion of the IoT market.

Concerning this IoT device market, Gartner predicts that, by 2020, the number of connected things will reach 25 billion and the service market will grow to USD \$ 300 billion by the same year [4]. In Directions 2016 [5], the IDC forecasts that the number of terminals connected to the Internet will reach approximately 80 billion units in 2025. In addition, Cisco expects that, by 2030, there will be over 37 billion Internet units, the number of IoT devices will reach 50 billion, and the IoT will develop into the Internet of Everything (IoE) [6]. Gartner also predicts that China, North America, and Western Europe will be most active in adopting IoT devices, which will account for 67% of all Internet devices in 2017 [1].

that they want to promote. Through this, national governments around the world are rapidly establishing public goals, such as strengthening national competitiveness, improving people's quality of life, and taking actions that will catalyze major economic development. Certain large countries, based on developed information and communications technology (ICT), are strongly supporting the development of the IoT as a national project, including the USA, Japan, China, Europe, and South Korea. China, for example, established the Sensor Network Information Center in 2009 and the Intelligent Things Communications Center in 2010. Through these two institutions and others, China is announcing, establishing, and promoting various national projects. One of them is the "12-5 Plan for Development of the IoT" as part of the twelfth 5-year plan from 2011 to 2015 in 2011. It is building IoT pilot complexes targeted at facilitating the use of the IoT and the cloud as strategic measures [13]. The EU has also announced an implementation plan, including the 2009 IoT Detailed Treatment Plan. The UK is increasing IoT development funds and has announced that it is planning to invest \$ 100 billion in the development of IoT technology by 2025. In 2008, the USA focused on building a hyper-connected network infrastructure to extend its existing communication infrastructure to the IoT. In early 2000, Japan accelerated national projects related to the IoT. In 2013, Japan implemented major ICT strategies, such as building smart towns, smart grids, and remote monitoring capabilities. In 2013, South Korea announced a comprehensive IoT plan for the

The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128 95

Many large global companies are actively participating in technology development and building ecosystems of technology focused on the internet of things (IoT) market. For example, Google has announced an ambitious plan to include the smartphone operating system "Android" on all major devices, such as televisions, automobiles, and watches. The company is also continuing strategic mergers and acquisitions (M&As) with related companies, e.g., the Nest company, which provides control services for room temperature, and Dropcam, an Internet surveillance camera manufacturer. Cisco has also led the IoT platform with IOx as an environment for the execution of IoT applications. In addition, Cisco recently announced that it had acquired Tail-f Systems, as a provider of network management solutions, and will acquire Assemblage, a real-time collaboration solution provider. Cisco, as the global market leader in networking equipment, has built an "Interloud" for the entire Internet of Everything (IoE) and is actively pursuing the IoT business through its "Smart Connected Communities" project. In addition, Qualcomm leads the open-source object Internet framework to connect devices with AllJoyn. General Electric (GE), as a leading equipment manufacturer, has announced that it will create new value with the "Industrial Internet Consortium" in connection with the IoT. In GE, the adopted IoT is available to provide new types of services or events. For example, GE's Predix collects data to monitor factories or systems, estimate possible faults during factory or system operations, and provide appropriate solutions for these faults [3]. AT&T is also working with Cisco, GE, IBM, Intel, and IoT network providers that connect all devices [12]. In recent years, M&As have also been increasing in global IT companies, such as Cisco and Google. This has been identified as a major activity that is preparing for the dominance of the IoT era. Therefore, it is important to ensure competitiveness in each service industry, including distribution, healthcare, security, and finance. It is also essential

development of technology and related market creation.

**2.3. Global business trends**

In addition, the service market is also expected to occupy a large proportion of the IoT market. According to Gartner, in 2020, more than half of all existing Internet devices will connect with regular customers. Moreover, the number of customers using home automation systems and entertainment information will amount to 13 billion [7]. Cisco also predicts that 250 million people will be connected to the Internet by 2020. According to IDC, the expected IoT market will be USD \$ 1.46 trillion by that same year [8]. These forecasts are based on the development of IoT-related products and the increase of related software and applications. Business and labor markets associated with data centers and management infrastructures will also be expanded to manage increasing data traffic. The consumer segment is predicted to comprise 5.2 billion units, accounting for 63% of the total installed capacity, leading to the ubiquitous use of IoT devices. Moreover, the business sector is anticipated to reach 3.1 billion connected units by 2017 [9]. To leverage the IoT, Mckinsey [10] defined nine key relevant environments: factories, cities, healthcare, retail stores, workplaces, logistics, transportation, housing, and offices. Economic effects range from USD \$ 3.9 trillion to USD \$ 11.1 trillion, depending on the availability of the IoT [10]. Machina Research (2015) predicts that the global market for the IoT will reach USD \$ 1.2 trillion by 2022 [11]. In 2013, the market was USD \$ 200 billion, but Machina Research forecasts that the market will grow 22% annually [11]. In addition, market size is expected to increase in the order of terminal, platform, and service by 2022. The average annual growth rate of service and platforms from 2013 to 2022 is expected to be 90.0 and 66.1%, respectively.

It should be noted that the growth of the service market is intimately related to semiconductor chipsets, communication modules, terminals, platforms including systems and solutions, and communication and service applications for device markets that support the IoT. From 2013 to 2022, each of these markets is forecast to have 19.2, 18.7, 8.8, 66.1, 17.0, and 90.0% of the compound average annual growth rate (CAGR). Global consulting firms, Gartner and IDC, forecast that the global IoT market will grow at a CAGR of 31.4 and 17.5% in 2013 and 2020, respectively. According to Cisco, the market value created by IoT corporations is expected to be USD \$ 14.4 trillion over the next 10 years, and the public sector will be approximately USD \$ 4.6 trillion. IDC expects that the IoT market will increase from approximately USD \$ 2 trillion in 2013 to USD \$ 7 trillion in 2020. Demands related to software applications, services, and devices for the IoT will also continue to increase. Consequently, in accordance with this demand, service markets from smart factories, smart healthcare systems, connected services, etc. [12] will also grow.

#### **2.2. Trends in governments around the world**

Currently, in order to realize economic and social innovations, governments and public sectors are also focusing on the internet of things (IoT) as a means of announcing policies that they want to promote. Through this, national governments around the world are rapidly establishing public goals, such as strengthening national competitiveness, improving people's quality of life, and taking actions that will catalyze major economic development. Certain large countries, based on developed information and communications technology (ICT), are strongly supporting the development of the IoT as a national project, including the USA, Japan, China, Europe, and South Korea. China, for example, established the Sensor Network Information Center in 2009 and the Intelligent Things Communications Center in 2010. Through these two institutions and others, China is announcing, establishing, and promoting various national projects. One of them is the "12-5 Plan for Development of the IoT" as part of the twelfth 5-year plan from 2011 to 2015 in 2011. It is building IoT pilot complexes targeted at facilitating the use of the IoT and the cloud as strategic measures [13]. The EU has also announced an implementation plan, including the 2009 IoT Detailed Treatment Plan. The UK is increasing IoT development funds and has announced that it is planning to invest \$ 100 billion in the development of IoT technology by 2025. In 2008, the USA focused on building a hyper-connected network infrastructure to extend its existing communication infrastructure to the IoT. In early 2000, Japan accelerated national projects related to the IoT. In 2013, Japan implemented major ICT strategies, such as building smart towns, smart grids, and remote monitoring capabilities. In 2013, South Korea announced a comprehensive IoT plan for the development of technology and related market creation.

#### **2.3. Global business trends**

Concerning this IoT device market, Gartner predicts that, by 2020, the number of connected things will reach 25 billion and the service market will grow to USD \$ 300 billion by the same year [4]. In Directions 2016 [5], the IDC forecasts that the number of terminals connected to the Internet will reach approximately 80 billion units in 2025. In addition, Cisco expects that, by 2030, there will be over 37 billion Internet units, the number of IoT devices will reach 50 billion, and the IoT will develop into the Internet of Everything (IoE) [6]. Gartner also predicts that China, North America, and Western Europe will be most active in adopting IoT devices, which will account for 67% of all Internet devices in 2017 [1].

94 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

In addition, the service market is also expected to occupy a large proportion of the IoT market. According to Gartner, in 2020, more than half of all existing Internet devices will connect with regular customers. Moreover, the number of customers using home automation systems and entertainment information will amount to 13 billion [7]. Cisco also predicts that 250 million people will be connected to the Internet by 2020. According to IDC, the expected IoT market will be USD \$ 1.46 trillion by that same year [8]. These forecasts are based on the development of IoT-related products and the increase of related software and applications. Business and labor markets associated with data centers and management infrastructures will also be expanded to manage increasing data traffic. The consumer segment is predicted to comprise 5.2 billion units, accounting for 63% of the total installed capacity, leading to the ubiquitous use of IoT devices. Moreover, the business sector is anticipated to reach 3.1 billion connected units by 2017 [9]. To leverage the IoT, Mckinsey [10] defined nine key relevant environments: factories, cities, healthcare, retail stores, workplaces, logistics, transportation, housing, and offices. Economic effects range from USD \$ 3.9 trillion to USD \$ 11.1 trillion, depending on the availability of the IoT [10]. Machina Research (2015) predicts that the global market for the IoT will reach USD \$ 1.2 trillion by 2022 [11]. In 2013, the market was USD \$ 200 billion, but Machina Research forecasts that the market will grow 22% annually [11]. In addition, market size is expected to increase in the order of terminal, platform, and service by 2022. The average annual growth rate of service and

platforms from 2013 to 2022 is expected to be 90.0 and 66.1%, respectively.

It should be noted that the growth of the service market is intimately related to semiconductor chipsets, communication modules, terminals, platforms including systems and solutions, and communication and service applications for device markets that support the IoT. From 2013 to 2022, each of these markets is forecast to have 19.2, 18.7, 8.8, 66.1, 17.0, and 90.0% of the compound average annual growth rate (CAGR). Global consulting firms, Gartner and IDC, forecast that the global IoT market will grow at a CAGR of 31.4 and 17.5% in 2013 and 2020, respectively. According to Cisco, the market value created by IoT corporations is expected to be USD \$ 14.4 trillion over the next 10 years, and the public sector will be approximately USD \$ 4.6 trillion. IDC expects that the IoT market will increase from approximately USD \$ 2 trillion in 2013 to USD \$ 7 trillion in 2020. Demands related to software applications, services, and devices for the IoT will also continue to increase. Consequently, in accordance with this demand, service markets from

smart factories, smart healthcare systems, connected services, etc. [12] will also grow.

Currently, in order to realize economic and social innovations, governments and public sectors are also focusing on the internet of things (IoT) as a means of announcing policies

**2.2. Trends in governments around the world**

Many large global companies are actively participating in technology development and building ecosystems of technology focused on the internet of things (IoT) market. For example, Google has announced an ambitious plan to include the smartphone operating system "Android" on all major devices, such as televisions, automobiles, and watches. The company is also continuing strategic mergers and acquisitions (M&As) with related companies, e.g., the Nest company, which provides control services for room temperature, and Dropcam, an Internet surveillance camera manufacturer. Cisco has also led the IoT platform with IOx as an environment for the execution of IoT applications. In addition, Cisco recently announced that it had acquired Tail-f Systems, as a provider of network management solutions, and will acquire Assemblage, a real-time collaboration solution provider. Cisco, as the global market leader in networking equipment, has built an "Interloud" for the entire Internet of Everything (IoE) and is actively pursuing the IoT business through its "Smart Connected Communities" project. In addition, Qualcomm leads the open-source object Internet framework to connect devices with AllJoyn. General Electric (GE), as a leading equipment manufacturer, has announced that it will create new value with the "Industrial Internet Consortium" in connection with the IoT. In GE, the adopted IoT is available to provide new types of services or events. For example, GE's Predix collects data to monitor factories or systems, estimate possible faults during factory or system operations, and provide appropriate solutions for these faults [3]. AT&T is also working with Cisco, GE, IBM, Intel, and IoT network providers that connect all devices [12]. In recent years, M&As have also been increasing in global IT companies, such as Cisco and Google. This has been identified as a major activity that is preparing for the dominance of the IoT era. Therefore, it is important to ensure competitiveness in each service industry, including distribution, healthcare, security, and finance. It is also essential to possess the capabilities of an IoT value chain, such as content, platform, networks, and devices. For example, platform vendors, such as Microsoft and Oracle, are working to take advantage of their platforms, Microsoft Azure (Azure) and Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition), respectively, to prepare for a strong position in the IoT platform market. Moreover, Qualcomm, Intel, and other chipset vendors have focused their devices on the IoT network through AllJoyn and Quark. They are specifically focused on wearable devices and smart homes in the IoT market [12].

transformation, processing, extraction, and accumulation of sensed data. Additionally, it must make it possible to judge, contextualize, recognize, protect privacy, ensure security, authenticate, allow, discover, shape, etc., for the creation of services. The IoT service interface interlocks three major components: people, things, and services. For the application services to perform specific functions, the IoT must provide some interfaces for accumulating, processing, and transforming data for services, such as ontology-based semantics, open-sensor APIs, augmentation, virtualization, location identification, process management, open platform technology, etc. The new types of value chains can be created based on the sensor devices, networks, and services in the IoT environment. This means that it can create new types of services that are based on different types of value chains on a data platform that is based on the particular device's sensing technology. The IoT contributes greatly to the derivation and creation of services based on connections between devices, things, and people. Ultimately, the created services, operations, and products will be based on convergence between data and services using data

The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128 97

The processed data can also be accumulated in a cloud computing environment as big data. It is obviously critical to integrate data collected from distributed things through the IoT for the creation of advanced services. To achieve this, a data platform that can integrate distributed, collected, and aggregated data is requisite. This platform enables the creation of services that can generate value from different types of data. Service applications on such a data platform

The internet of things (IoT) is expanding the service market that is focused on public safety and distribution through merging with various industries. It is anticipated to be expanded to intelligent transportation services; social infrastructure, such as buildings and bridges; remote management services, existing healthcare, and smart energy-related fields. If the IoT becomes firmly established, its influence is expected to include everyday life, as well as all industries, due to the development and increased use of certain technologies, such as wireless networks, communication modules, sensors, and smart terminals. Furthermore, medical, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, education, and other fields will bring significant

The smart workplace constitutes a new paradigm for working that will greatly increase collaboration, communication, and intelligent decision-making. It is based on connected, knowledge-based, integrated, and intelligent work facilities that depend on the new technology platform. One of the core technologies involved in creating smart work places is the IoT [7, 14]. Software applications that will be supported by the IoT have also been developed to support smart workplace environments, such as videoconferencing, new knowledge-sharing

capabilities, and tracking the location of key mobile business assets.

collected through sensors.

are introduced in the next section.

**4. IoT service applications**

changes to existing processes and services.

**4.1. Smart workplace**

## **3. IoT technology and service**

Sensors play a critical role in the internet of things (IoT). Sensors collect data on the Internet by smart devices, which are then used to upload information to the cloud. To achieve this, sensors are embedded in physical devices or exist in the form of external devices. Sensing technology is utilized to acquire a broad range of information, such as position, motion, images, etc. They can also collect surrounding environmental data, including temperature, humidity, heat, atmosphere composition, light, and sound. The IoT is also used to remotely control air conditioning, heating, and lighting. It is important to note that many physical sensors are also evolving into smart sensors with built-in standard interfaces for improving informationprocessing capabilities and applicable functions. Sensors can also include virtual sensing functions that extract specific information from the sensed and accumulated data. Moreover, virtual sensing technology can be implemented in the actual IoT service interface. Using multidisciplinary sensor technology, which is one-dimensional higher than existing independent sensors, it is also possible to extract more intelligent and high-dimensional information.

For the connection of sensors, the network interface plays the role of connecting physical network devices. For wired and wireless IoT networks, physical devices include wireless personal area networks (WPAN), Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, LTE, Bluetooth, Ethernet, broadband convergence network (BcN), satellite communication, microwaves, serial communication, and PLC. These and other advanced communications systems enable the possibility for people, things, and services to become closely and rapidly connected.

The devices, such as sensors and network modules, are fixed on terminal devices for the collection of data. In other words, the development of sensor technology is essential to collect and extract data from objects. In addition, it is obviously necessary for network modules to communicate with these sensors, constituting an interworking of Internet communication, an application system, and an embedded system for providing user interfaces (UI). For activating the IoT, optimization and evolution of network technology are very important. The IoT can be connected to a network in a variety of ways. For example, things can be directly connected to a wireless network or connected to a smartphone through communication systems, such as Bluetooth. In the case of non-portable products, it can be connected to a protocol such as Wi-Fi, which is fixed in a certain place, such as a smart home or Industry 4.0.

It is important to note that the IoT service interface differs from traditional network interfaces. The primary aim of the IoT service interface is to offer value-added services through transformation, processing, extraction, and accumulation of sensed data. Additionally, it must make it possible to judge, contextualize, recognize, protect privacy, ensure security, authenticate, allow, discover, shape, etc., for the creation of services. The IoT service interface interlocks three major components: people, things, and services. For the application services to perform specific functions, the IoT must provide some interfaces for accumulating, processing, and transforming data for services, such as ontology-based semantics, open-sensor APIs, augmentation, virtualization, location identification, process management, open platform technology, etc.

The new types of value chains can be created based on the sensor devices, networks, and services in the IoT environment. This means that it can create new types of services that are based on different types of value chains on a data platform that is based on the particular device's sensing technology. The IoT contributes greatly to the derivation and creation of services based on connections between devices, things, and people. Ultimately, the created services, operations, and products will be based on convergence between data and services using data collected through sensors.

The processed data can also be accumulated in a cloud computing environment as big data. It is obviously critical to integrate data collected from distributed things through the IoT for the creation of advanced services. To achieve this, a data platform that can integrate distributed, collected, and aggregated data is requisite. This platform enables the creation of services that can generate value from different types of data. Service applications on such a data platform are introduced in the next section.

## **4. IoT service applications**

to possess the capabilities of an IoT value chain, such as content, platform, networks, and devices. For example, platform vendors, such as Microsoft and Oracle, are working to take advantage of their platforms, Microsoft Azure (Azure) and Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition), respectively, to prepare for a strong position in the IoT platform market. Moreover, Qualcomm, Intel, and other chipset vendors have focused their devices on the IoT network through AllJoyn and Quark. They are specifically focused on wearable devices and smart

Sensors play a critical role in the internet of things (IoT). Sensors collect data on the Internet by smart devices, which are then used to upload information to the cloud. To achieve this, sensors are embedded in physical devices or exist in the form of external devices. Sensing technology is utilized to acquire a broad range of information, such as position, motion, images, etc. They can also collect surrounding environmental data, including temperature, humidity, heat, atmosphere composition, light, and sound. The IoT is also used to remotely control air conditioning, heating, and lighting. It is important to note that many physical sensors are also evolving into smart sensors with built-in standard interfaces for improving informationprocessing capabilities and applicable functions. Sensors can also include virtual sensing functions that extract specific information from the sensed and accumulated data. Moreover, virtual sensing technology can be implemented in the actual IoT service interface. Using multidisciplinary sensor technology, which is one-dimensional higher than existing independent sensors, it is also possible to extract more intelligent and high-dimensional information.

For the connection of sensors, the network interface plays the role of connecting physical network devices. For wired and wireless IoT networks, physical devices include wireless personal area networks (WPAN), Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, LTE, Bluetooth, Ethernet, broadband convergence network (BcN), satellite communication, microwaves, serial communication, and PLC. These and other advanced communications systems enable the possibility for people,

The devices, such as sensors and network modules, are fixed on terminal devices for the collection of data. In other words, the development of sensor technology is essential to collect and extract data from objects. In addition, it is obviously necessary for network modules to communicate with these sensors, constituting an interworking of Internet communication, an application system, and an embedded system for providing user interfaces (UI). For activating the IoT, optimization and evolution of network technology are very important. The IoT can be connected to a network in a variety of ways. For example, things can be directly connected to a wireless network or connected to a smartphone through communication systems, such as Bluetooth. In the case of non-portable products, it can be connected to a protocol such

It is important to note that the IoT service interface differs from traditional network interfaces. The primary aim of the IoT service interface is to offer value-added services through

as Wi-Fi, which is fixed in a certain place, such as a smart home or Industry 4.0.

things, and services to become closely and rapidly connected.

homes in the IoT market [12].

**3. IoT technology and service**

96 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

The internet of things (IoT) is expanding the service market that is focused on public safety and distribution through merging with various industries. It is anticipated to be expanded to intelligent transportation services; social infrastructure, such as buildings and bridges; remote management services, existing healthcare, and smart energy-related fields. If the IoT becomes firmly established, its influence is expected to include everyday life, as well as all industries, due to the development and increased use of certain technologies, such as wireless networks, communication modules, sensors, and smart terminals. Furthermore, medical, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, education, and other fields will bring significant changes to existing processes and services.

#### **4.1. Smart workplace**

The smart workplace constitutes a new paradigm for working that will greatly increase collaboration, communication, and intelligent decision-making. It is based on connected, knowledge-based, integrated, and intelligent work facilities that depend on the new technology platform. One of the core technologies involved in creating smart work places is the IoT [7, 14]. Software applications that will be supported by the IoT have also been developed to support smart workplace environments, such as videoconferencing, new knowledge-sharing capabilities, and tracking the location of key mobile business assets.

#### **4.2. Smart factory**

The smart factory is not the automation-based factory system that existed in the Third Industrial Revolution, but is rather an intelligent system to support customization according to customers' requirements. This results in greatly increased production efficiency, more accurate and less expensive inventory systems, etc. Smart factories are developed by intelligent systems that are based on collected data from intelligent devices, integration of the collected data for the creation of services, and uploading the data to the cloud. In factories, it is important to interconnect facilities, such as overall systems, processes, and machines, in order to enable advanced services, such as innovation of production processes and cost reduction in supply chains. The IoT has also assumed a role in monitoring and maintaining infrastructure in smart factories.

the Department of Agriculture established an open data policy and developed various smart agricultural services [15]. For example, Fujitsu grows hydroponic lettuce using its Internet technology platform (Akisai) and is developing it as a new type of farm. In agriculture, food seeds, seedlings, and information about them can be sent directly to consumers, allowing people to grow agricultural products themselves at home. Of course, commercial farmers can also use such services supported by the information provided by the IoT. In addition, by using the IoT, it is now possible to remotely monitor and control conditions for crops and farms. It can

The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128 99

Unlike in the past, automobiles can be now viewed as a digital mobile software system and not as a machine with an engine. Accordingly, such modern cars are often termed "connected cars." In fact, advanced cars have more than 100 million lines of source code, which supports autonomous operation, self-parking, control, infotainment, safety, performance monitoring with built-in sensors, and inter-vehicle communication. Gartner predicts that, by 2020, connected cars will deliver a new in-vehicle maintenance service and autonomous navigation capability. It is further expected that there will be more than 250 million such units, and one out of five vehicles globally will be connected to a wireless network through the internet of things (IoT) [16]. This rapid increase in vehicle connectivity will affect the overall functionality of telematics, autonomous navigation, infotainment, as well as mobile services, such as mobile banking and remote offices. Over the next 5 years, the proportion of new vehicles with these features is anticipated to increase at a truly dramatic rate, and connected cars will

Hall [18] defines a smart city as a city that "monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while maximizing services to its citizens." According to Harrison et al. [19], the smart city is defined by "connecting the physical infrastructure, the IT infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city." Recently, the definition of the smart city has been expanded to include not only physical aspects, such as city infrastructure, but also concepts that comprise nonphysical factors, such as the environment and governance. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) [20] defines the smart city as smart mobility, smart economy, smart living, smart governance, smart people, and smart environment. Data for smart cities originate from all infrastructure and things in the city based on internet of things (IoT) technology. Services are then developed to enable citizens to have greatly expanded and personalized options in their lives by using the collected data. The IoT overall was developed for the purposes of connecting various things to exchange information and realize value-added information services. Consequently, if the IoT is intelligently applied to cities' facilities, management, and security, city functions

monitor and control essential factors, such as humidity, sunshine, temperature, etc.

**4.6. Smart connected car**

constitute a major part of the IoT [17].

**4.7. Smart city**

#### **4.3. Smart health**

For smart health, hospital information systems usually use the internet of things (IoT) to monitor and connect patients, doctors, medical devices, and application systems, such as X-rays, using sensors. Some healthcare systems, such as IBM Watson, possess partnerships between people and systems. For example, instead of always requiring the presence of a medical doctor, in some cases, IBM Watson can treat patients by itself because it possesses expert knowledge and constitutes an intelligent system. In this type of case, the IoT is used to track, collect, and integrate remote data and the location of mobile assets in order to create and provide intelligent and advanced medical services. It is also applied to greatly increase the efficiency of healthcare infrastructure and resource usage. It is important to note that the developed applications can also substantially increase profits. Consequently, the more resources that can be saved, the greater the likelihood that new services will be developed. In fact, eight out of ten healthcare leaders (80%) stated that innovation has expanded since the advent of IoT use [7, 14].

#### **4.4. Smart connected retailers**

Nearly half of retailers worldwide allow network access on individual mobile devices to build the internet of things (IoT). This can create many new experiences and services for customers. For example, such applications of the IoT use a store's location service to provide customized information about products. It also assists in obtaining and retaining customers due to customization systems based on collected, accumulated, and processed data concerning individual customers. Currently, the retailing process is changing from a supplier-based value chain to a value-added value chain that is based on customer-centric services. Through the IoT, it is now possible to collect customers' personalized information, and the accumulated data can be applied to develop new types of services that can be based on intelligent systems. Since the IoT can facilitate more beneficial and customized services for individual customers, developing such services is currently very popular.

#### **4.5. Smart farm**

Recently, with smart farms, many countries and farmers are actively attempting to utilize the Internet, nano-based devices, and robot technology. In 2014, the National Weather Service and the Department of Agriculture established an open data policy and developed various smart agricultural services [15]. For example, Fujitsu grows hydroponic lettuce using its Internet technology platform (Akisai) and is developing it as a new type of farm. In agriculture, food seeds, seedlings, and information about them can be sent directly to consumers, allowing people to grow agricultural products themselves at home. Of course, commercial farmers can also use such services supported by the information provided by the IoT. In addition, by using the IoT, it is now possible to remotely monitor and control conditions for crops and farms. It can monitor and control essential factors, such as humidity, sunshine, temperature, etc.

#### **4.6. Smart connected car**

**4.2. Smart factory**

98 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

**4.3. Smart health**

**4.4. Smart connected retailers**

**4.5. Smart farm**

developing such services is currently very popular.

The smart factory is not the automation-based factory system that existed in the Third Industrial Revolution, but is rather an intelligent system to support customization according to customers' requirements. This results in greatly increased production efficiency, more accurate and less expensive inventory systems, etc. Smart factories are developed by intelligent systems that are based on collected data from intelligent devices, integration of the collected data for the creation of services, and uploading the data to the cloud. In factories, it is important to interconnect facilities, such as overall systems, processes, and machines, in order to enable advanced services, such as innovation of production processes and cost reduction in supply chains. The IoT has also assumed a role in monitoring and maintaining infrastructure in smart factories.

For smart health, hospital information systems usually use the internet of things (IoT) to monitor and connect patients, doctors, medical devices, and application systems, such as X-rays, using sensors. Some healthcare systems, such as IBM Watson, possess partnerships between people and systems. For example, instead of always requiring the presence of a medical doctor, in some cases, IBM Watson can treat patients by itself because it possesses expert knowledge and constitutes an intelligent system. In this type of case, the IoT is used to track, collect, and integrate remote data and the location of mobile assets in order to create and provide intelligent and advanced medical services. It is also applied to greatly increase the efficiency of healthcare infrastructure and resource usage. It is important to note that the developed applications can also substantially increase profits. Consequently, the more resources that can be saved, the greater the likelihood that new services will be developed. In fact, eight out of ten healthcare

leaders (80%) stated that innovation has expanded since the advent of IoT use [7, 14].

Nearly half of retailers worldwide allow network access on individual mobile devices to build the internet of things (IoT). This can create many new experiences and services for customers. For example, such applications of the IoT use a store's location service to provide customized information about products. It also assists in obtaining and retaining customers due to customization systems based on collected, accumulated, and processed data concerning individual customers. Currently, the retailing process is changing from a supplier-based value chain to a value-added value chain that is based on customer-centric services. Through the IoT, it is now possible to collect customers' personalized information, and the accumulated data can be applied to develop new types of services that can be based on intelligent systems. Since the IoT can facilitate more beneficial and customized services for individual customers,

Recently, with smart farms, many countries and farmers are actively attempting to utilize the Internet, nano-based devices, and robot technology. In 2014, the National Weather Service and Unlike in the past, automobiles can be now viewed as a digital mobile software system and not as a machine with an engine. Accordingly, such modern cars are often termed "connected cars." In fact, advanced cars have more than 100 million lines of source code, which supports autonomous operation, self-parking, control, infotainment, safety, performance monitoring with built-in sensors, and inter-vehicle communication. Gartner predicts that, by 2020, connected cars will deliver a new in-vehicle maintenance service and autonomous navigation capability. It is further expected that there will be more than 250 million such units, and one out of five vehicles globally will be connected to a wireless network through the internet of things (IoT) [16]. This rapid increase in vehicle connectivity will affect the overall functionality of telematics, autonomous navigation, infotainment, as well as mobile services, such as mobile banking and remote offices. Over the next 5 years, the proportion of new vehicles with these features is anticipated to increase at a truly dramatic rate, and connected cars will constitute a major part of the IoT [17].

#### **4.7. Smart city**

Hall [18] defines a smart city as a city that "monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while maximizing services to its citizens." According to Harrison et al. [19], the smart city is defined by "connecting the physical infrastructure, the IT infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city." Recently, the definition of the smart city has been expanded to include not only physical aspects, such as city infrastructure, but also concepts that comprise nonphysical factors, such as the environment and governance. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) [20] defines the smart city as smart mobility, smart economy, smart living, smart governance, smart people, and smart environment. Data for smart cities originate from all infrastructure and things in the city based on internet of things (IoT) technology. Services are then developed to enable citizens to have greatly expanded and personalized options in their lives by using the collected data. The IoT overall was developed for the purposes of connecting various things to exchange information and realize value-added information services. Consequently, if the IoT is intelligently applied to cities' facilities, management, and security, city functions could be performed much faster and more efficiently than was previously the case. If a hyperconnected society that connects things and cities becomes a reality in the near future, we will experience truly smart cities that can integrate city management systems that were previously operated individually.

that have adopted the IoT claim to be able to analyze data, almost all respondents (97%) stated that it is still difficult to generate value from these data. In fact, more than one-third of companies are not extracting and analyzing corporate network data and using these insights to improve business decisions. One of the biggest limitations is security of data and information

The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128 101

In this chapter, we introduced the internet of things (IoT), which is a new type of a network that connects device to device, device to people, device to place, etc. The network communications are based on an Internet protocol (IP), such as that used for the Internet. The communications are conducted using embedding or external sensors in devices or objects. Through these communications, tremendous amounts of data are generated. These data are termed big data and are uploaded to a cloud system. This enormous amount of data can then be utilized to create valuable new services and products. In addition, through using the accumulated data, some systems and markets provide powerful intelligent services and applications, such

We are already living in a hyper-connected world where people and intangible things are networked through the IoT. Indeed, the IoT is leading the era of superfusion that is creating multifaceted economic, social, and ethical values that converge with various industries and expressed as productive business models. In the era of the IoT, most devices use gathered information and network connectivity that actively exploit collected data through a variety of sensors to drive opportunities for new products and services. From this perspective, the IoT integrates intelligent networks which can be systematically linked with humans, things, and

As one of the IoT applications, the smart city was introduced in this chapter. The smart city can be understood as a kind of hyper-connected world comprising the overall society, business platforms, the environment, etc., with newly developed technologies, such as big data, cloud, and artificial intelligence. Smart cities can also embed these applications and innova-

Initially, the IoT was developed for simple communications between devices and objects through RFID and M2M technology. However, the IoT is creating a new type of hyper-connected world that comprises connected societies, connected environments, etc. It also creates entirely new types of services, products, and businesses that were not even envisioned in the past. For example, when the Internet first appeared, it was not expected that it would revolutionize the world, but it did. This time, the IoT is changing the world and to no less of an

In near the future, in our hyper-connected world, we will be able to experience a truly smart world which integrates systems that were previously operated individually and create pow-

to protect IoT-based systems from external threats.

as smart workplaces, smart factories, etc.

services for distributed sensing, networking, and processing.

erful new values and opportunities that we have never experienced.

tions, such as in connected vehicles, smart homes, etc.

**5. Conclusion**

extent.

As progress has been made in IoT uses and applications, public sectors are linking building security systems (57%), street lighting (32%), and automobiles (20%) to create an organic technological environment that will support the smart city of the future. The most widely deployed IoT applications in this sector comprises remote monitoring and control of urban devices (27% responded that this is the main application) and constitutes an essential step toward actualizing the smart city's integrated infrastructure.

Paul Manwaring [21], cofounder of the IoT Living Laboratory in Amsterdam, stated that "we need to empower communities to solve their own problems." Certainly, problems still exist that need to be solved to achieve sustainable development. These problems are mainly due to industrialization activities that are based on digital technology.

#### **4.8. IoT demonstration complex**

The internet of things (IoT) has been identified as a core technology for building smart cities. Therefore, many countries around the world are promoting smart cities to obtain various benefits. As one of the efforts to solve the abovementioned problems, we focus now on trash cans equipped with IoT sensors to assess load quantity in real time. In early 2016, 76 IoT sensors were attached to trash cans in major commercial districts in Seoul, Korea. In June 2017, Goyang city built a smart collection management system based on the IoT [22] as the IoT demonstration complex. The IoT sensors are installed in the trash cans in various locations along city streets and in resident public trash cans to manage loads in real time.   In addition, the sensor is powered by solar energy. In garbage collection vehicles, a tracker is installed, and the vehicle position and collection routes are displayed in real time. The amount of garbage collected by each vehicle in the landfill can also be quantified and systematically managed. The measured data in the smart trash can are transmitted to the Goyang city demonstration center server and to environmentfriendly smartphones. Finally, garbage-loading information can be checked and managed in real time. This is an example of using the IoT to successfully solve a generally occurring problem in most cities.

#### **4.9. IoT threats**

It is certain that the internet of things (IoT) will provide tremendous opportunities in manifold regions and industries. However, a fundamental gap still exists between understanding and preparing for the anticipated ubiquity of the IoT. For example, although 98% of organizations that have adopted the IoT claim to be able to analyze data, almost all respondents (97%) stated that it is still difficult to generate value from these data. In fact, more than one-third of companies are not extracting and analyzing corporate network data and using these insights to improve business decisions. One of the biggest limitations is security of data and information to protect IoT-based systems from external threats.

## **5. Conclusion**

could be performed much faster and more efficiently than was previously the case. If a hyperconnected society that connects things and cities becomes a reality in the near future, we will experience truly smart cities that can integrate city management systems that were previously

As progress has been made in IoT uses and applications, public sectors are linking building security systems (57%), street lighting (32%), and automobiles (20%) to create an organic technological environment that will support the smart city of the future. The most widely deployed IoT applications in this sector comprises remote monitoring and control of urban devices (27% responded that this is the main application) and constitutes an essential step

Paul Manwaring [21], cofounder of the IoT Living Laboratory in Amsterdam, stated that "we need to empower communities to solve their own problems." Certainly, problems still exist that need to be solved to achieve sustainable development. These problems are mainly due to

The internet of things (IoT) has been identified as a core technology for building smart cities. Therefore, many countries around the world are promoting smart cities to obtain various benefits. As one of the efforts to solve the abovementioned problems, we focus now on trash cans equipped with IoT sensors to assess load quantity in real time. In early 2016, 76 IoT sensors were attached to trash cans in major commercial districts in Seoul, Korea. In June 2017, Goyang city built a smart collection management system based on the IoT [22] as the IoT demonstration complex. The IoT sensors are installed in the trash cans in various locations along city streets and in resident public trash cans to manage loads in real time.   In addition, the sensor is powered by solar energy. In garbage collection vehicles, a tracker is installed, and the vehicle position and collection routes are displayed in real time. The amount of garbage collected by each vehicle in the landfill can also be quantified and systematically managed. The measured data in the smart trash can are transmitted to the Goyang city demonstration center server and to environmentfriendly smartphones. Finally, garbage-loading information can be checked and managed in real time. This is an example of using the IoT to successfully solve a generally occurring

It is certain that the internet of things (IoT) will provide tremendous opportunities in manifold regions and industries. However, a fundamental gap still exists between understanding and preparing for the anticipated ubiquity of the IoT. For example, although 98% of organizations

toward actualizing the smart city's integrated infrastructure.

100 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

industrialization activities that are based on digital technology.

operated individually.

**4.8. IoT demonstration complex**

problem in most cities.

**4.9. IoT threats**

In this chapter, we introduced the internet of things (IoT), which is a new type of a network that connects device to device, device to people, device to place, etc. The network communications are based on an Internet protocol (IP), such as that used for the Internet. The communications are conducted using embedding or external sensors in devices or objects. Through these communications, tremendous amounts of data are generated. These data are termed big data and are uploaded to a cloud system. This enormous amount of data can then be utilized to create valuable new services and products. In addition, through using the accumulated data, some systems and markets provide powerful intelligent services and applications, such as smart workplaces, smart factories, etc.

We are already living in a hyper-connected world where people and intangible things are networked through the IoT. Indeed, the IoT is leading the era of superfusion that is creating multifaceted economic, social, and ethical values that converge with various industries and expressed as productive business models. In the era of the IoT, most devices use gathered information and network connectivity that actively exploit collected data through a variety of sensors to drive opportunities for new products and services. From this perspective, the IoT integrates intelligent networks which can be systematically linked with humans, things, and services for distributed sensing, networking, and processing.

As one of the IoT applications, the smart city was introduced in this chapter. The smart city can be understood as a kind of hyper-connected world comprising the overall society, business platforms, the environment, etc., with newly developed technologies, such as big data, cloud, and artificial intelligence. Smart cities can also embed these applications and innovations, such as in connected vehicles, smart homes, etc.

Initially, the IoT was developed for simple communications between devices and objects through RFID and M2M technology. However, the IoT is creating a new type of hyper-connected world that comprises connected societies, connected environments, etc. It also creates entirely new types of services, products, and businesses that were not even envisioned in the past. For example, when the Internet first appeared, it was not expected that it would revolutionize the world, but it did. This time, the IoT is changing the world and to no less of an extent.

In near the future, in our hyper-connected world, we will be able to experience a truly smart world which integrates systems that were previously operated individually and create powerful new values and opportunities that we have never experienced.

## **Author details**

Hyun Jung Lee\* and Myungho Kim

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Department of Economic and Social Research, Goyang Research Institute, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

## **References**

[1] Information Research Service Global. IOT·AI-based Smart Home (Home IoT) related Innovation Technology Trend and Future Prospects. Available from: http://www.irsglobal.com [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

[9] Gartner. 2017 Will See 8.4 Billion Connected 'Things' Will Be in Use in 2017, Up 31 Percent From 2016. 2017. Available from: https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3598917

The Internet of Things in a Smart Connected World http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76128 103

[10] McKinsey. The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value beyond the Hype. 2015. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/ McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/The%20Internet%20of%20Things%20The%20 value%20of%20digitizing%20the%20physical%20world/The-Internet-of-things-

[11] Machina Research. The Global IoT Market Opportunity Will Reach USD4.3 Trillion by 2024. 2015. Available from: https://machinaresearch.com/news/the-global-iot-market-

[13] Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning Ministries of the Republic of Korea. Master Plan for Building the Internet of Things (IoT) that leads the hyper-connected, digital revolution. 2014. Available from: http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=& esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjepe\_EmNfYAhUBvrwKHZwYAF0QFggm MAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiot.or.kr%2FuploadFiles%2Fboard%2FKOREA-IoT%2520Master%2520Plan.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2Z5CjmAItMtT-rM6S51i-K [Accessed:

[14] Hewlett Packard Enterprise. Internet of Things, Today and Tomorrow. 2016. Available from: http://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/eo/HPE\_Aruba\_IoT\_Research\_Report.pdf

[15] Economic Review. 2016. Available from: https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/

[16] Gartner. The Internet of Things Challenges Smart City Processes and Culture. 2013. Available from: https://www.gartner.com/doc/2619517?ref=SiteSearch&sthkw=2014%20 November%20IoT&fnl=search&srcId=1-3478922254 [Accessed: December 04, 2017] [17] IT World. Connected Car Occupies Major Part of Internet of Things for Next 5 Years. 2015. Available from: http://www.itworld.co.kr/news/91595#csidxae88edf9540bff89177c

[18] Hall RE. Thee vision of a smart city. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris, France, September 28, 2000. Available from:

https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/773961 [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

for%20Smarter%20Cities.pdf [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

[19] Harrison C, Eckman B, Hamilton R, Hartswick P, Kalagnanam J, Paraszczak J, Williams P. Foundations for smarter cities. IBM Journal of Research and Development. 2010;**54**(4):1-16. Available from: http://fumblog.um.ac.ir/gallery/902/Foundations%20

ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

opportunity-will-reach-usd43-trillion-by-2024/ [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

[12] IITP, 2014. IoT Status and Major Issues, ICT Insight 04

Mapping-the-value-beyond-the-hype.ashx [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

[Accessed: December 04, 2017]

January 12, 2018]

[Accessed: December 04, 2017]

f9bba41bbce [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

**Author details**

**References**

04, 2017]

04, 2017]

2017]

Hyun Jung Lee\* and Myungho Kim

Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
102 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

global.com [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

Department of Economic and Social Research, Goyang Research Institute, Goyang-si,

[1] Information Research Service Global. IOT·AI-based Smart Home (Home IoT) related Innovation Technology Trend and Future Prospects. Available from: http://www.irs-

[2] Ashton K. Making Sense of IoT. 1999. Available from: http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t& rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjz3vj-uIXYAhVIgrwKHYGzC6cQ FggrMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arubanetworks.com%2Fassets%2Feo%2FHPE\_ Aruba\_IoT\_eBook.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2eucTstKelqZE5OGGRCBRC [Accessed: December

[3] Predix. Available from: https://www.ge.com/digital/predix [Accessed: December 04,

[4] Gartner. Forecast Analysis: Semiconductor Assembly and Test Services, Worldwide, 3Q14 Update in Direction 2016. 2014. Available from: https://www.gartner.com, https:// www.gartner.com/doc/2907217?ref=SiteSearch&sthkw=2014%20November%20IoT&fnl

[5] IDC Directions. Digital Transformation at Scale, Innovation in a Changed World. 2016. Available from: http://www.cvent.com/events/idc-directions-2016/custom-19-d98c-

[6] Cisco white paper. Internet of Everything: A \$4.6 Trillion Public-Sector Opportunity. 2014. Available from: http://www.cisco.com/web/services/portfolio/consulting-services/ documents/internet-of-everything-public-sector-white-paper.pdf [Accessed: December

[7] Barker C. 25 Billion Connected Devices by 2020 to Build the Internet of Things. ZDNet. 2014. Available from: http://www.zdnet.com/article/25-billion-connected-devices-by-

[8] Framingham M. Worldwide Spending on the Internet of Things Forecast to Reach Nearly \$1.4 Trillion in 2021, According to New IDC Spending Guide. IDC. 2017. Available from: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS42799917 [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

=search&srcId=1-3478922254) [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

2b4263944a4cb8c785d4bdbec196.aspx [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

2020-to-build-the-internet-of-things/ [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

[20] UNCTAD. Issues Paper On Smart Cities and Infrastructure. 2016. Available from: http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/CSTD\_2015\_Issuespaper\_Theme1\_ SmartCitiesandInfra\_en.pdf [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

**Chapter 6**

**Provisional chapter**

**A Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems**

**A Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77395

Digital ecosystems are a new type of application based on a "universal digital environment" populated by digital entities that form communities that evolve and interact with information exchange and who trade digital objects that are produced through the system. Entities that participate and form the ecosystem can be applications running not only on simple devices: wearable, sensors, actuators, but also on complex services executed on smartphones, tablets, personal computers, company servers, etc. A reference architecture for digital ecosystems is a step toward standardization, as it defines a set of guidelines in designing and implementing a digital ecosystem. Often such architectures are very abstract, difficult to understand and implement. In this chapter, we introduce a vendor- and technology-neutral reference architecture for digital ecosystems and apply

**Keywords:** digital ecosystems, reference architecture, adaptive, context-aware

A series of architectures have been taken into consideration in the construction of digital ecosystems. Briscoe presents in [1] the first neural calculus applications that bring together, in a new approach, elements of theory with service-oriented architectures, multiagent systems and distributed computing components, the proposed digital ecosystems to deliver business support. In [2], the principles and semantics used in digital ecosystems are formulated, as shown in [3], Chang et al. continue to research digital ecosystems by broadening their scope in areas such as transport, education and health. Article [4] presents the implementation steps toward an agent-oriented architecture of the digital healthcare ecosystem. All examples assume the existence of an environment of communication and intelligent agents or context-conscious applications that respond to changes that occur in the environment. In

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77395

this architecture to an actual use case.

Alexandru Averian

Alexandru Averian

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

#### **A Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems A Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77395

#### Alexandru Averian Alexandru Averian

[20] UNCTAD. Issues Paper On Smart Cities and Infrastructure. 2016. Available from: http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/CSTD\_2015\_Issuespaper\_Theme1\_

[21] Paul Manwaring. The IoT Living Lab at The Smart City Innovation Summit Asia—SCIS Asia 2017. 2017. Available from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/iot-living-lab-smart-

[22] Kim JH. Goyang City, IoT Garbage Can Appear. May 17, 2017. e4ds. Available from: http://www.e4ds.com/sub\_view.asp?ch=30&t=1&idx=6203 [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

city-innovation-summit-asia-scis-manwaring [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

SmartCitiesandInfra\_en.pdf [Accessed: December 04, 2017]

104 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77395

**Abstract**

Digital ecosystems are a new type of application based on a "universal digital environment" populated by digital entities that form communities that evolve and interact with information exchange and who trade digital objects that are produced through the system. Entities that participate and form the ecosystem can be applications running not only on simple devices: wearable, sensors, actuators, but also on complex services executed on smartphones, tablets, personal computers, company servers, etc. A reference architecture for digital ecosystems is a step toward standardization, as it defines a set of guidelines in designing and implementing a digital ecosystem. Often such architectures are very abstract, difficult to understand and implement. In this chapter, we introduce a vendor- and technology-neutral reference architecture for digital ecosystems and apply this architecture to an actual use case.

**Keywords:** digital ecosystems, reference architecture, adaptive, context-aware

#### **1. Introduction**

A series of architectures have been taken into consideration in the construction of digital ecosystems. Briscoe presents in [1] the first neural calculus applications that bring together, in a new approach, elements of theory with service-oriented architectures, multiagent systems and distributed computing components, the proposed digital ecosystems to deliver business support. In [2], the principles and semantics used in digital ecosystems are formulated, as shown in [3], Chang et al. continue to research digital ecosystems by broadening their scope in areas such as transport, education and health. Article [4] presents the implementation steps toward an agent-oriented architecture of the digital healthcare ecosystem. All examples assume the existence of an environment of communication and intelligent agents or context-conscious applications that respond to changes that occur in the environment. In

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

this chapter, we introduce a new, high-level, reference architecture for the development of digital ecosystems. We propose a set of steps toward a more specific reference architecture for digital ecosystems, and introduce Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems (RADE), a six-layer architecture comprising: environment, context management, interaction, adaptation to goals, species management, user integration, and finally, we apply proposed architecture to an actual use case. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the related work and current results in the field of ecosystem representation. Section 3 presents a new reference architecture for digital ecosystems. Section 4 describes a possible implementation of proposed reference model. Last section presents the conclusions and hints for future work.

participating in ecosystem. The following sections describe each layer in the species structure.

A Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77395 107

In order to present the components of a digital ecosystem, we start from the structure of a natural ecosystem.  More specifically, it consists of one or more communities of organisms of different species that manifest themselves in their habitat. Of each species, there may be several populations that activate in their microhabitat [8]. A community is formed by groups of populations of various species that operate in the same habitat. A habitat is a distinct part of the environment. An individual organism or a population can migrate from one habitat to another in search of resources, thus being able to compete with other organisms. A microhabitat is a subdivision of a habitat with its own specific properties. A population that operates in a microhabitat will tend to occupy a niche. This is a functional relationship between a population and the environment it occupies. Niche emerges as a strong adaptation of a population to the occupying microhabitat [9]. One can find more details about the habitats in articles [1, 10], which presents the first applications in the neural calculus area that bring together, in a new approach, elements of theory with service-oriented architectures, multiagent systems and element-distributed computing, and the digital business ecosystems.

Ecosystems are described as complex adaptive systems (CAS) consisting of diverse components that interact locally and are subject to the process of natural evolution and selection. Digital ecosystems are composed of populations of agents evolving (through natural selection) in the distributed environment. These fall within the definition of complex adaptive systems, having a nonlinear evolution and always aiming at a dynamic balance. We present

• the communication medium is a P2P communications network or a real-time data distribution system (such as DDS—Data Distribution Service), TCP/IP- or UDP-based networks; • habitat is a key element in the functioning of an ecosystem, it is a network node running the ecosystem services in which support services and optimization services (EVE) are run [5, 6]. Each user has a habitat that connects and launches queries in the ecosystem, users can define and activate new services. Habitats communicate with each other and can form

• the entities of a digital agent ecosystem, context-conscious applications, or local or remote services, sensors or intelligent objects (IOTs) that can be connected to the habitat to provide

• the context defines the environment in which a particular entity is in the ecosystem at a given time, it contains primary data relevant to the application, a high-level context

Reference architecture for digital ecosystems represents a step forward for standardization, because this defines a set of guidelines in designing and implementing a digital ecosystem. Usually, these types of architectures are very abstract, hard to understand and implement.

RADE architecture integrates devices and species, and it takes a device or a thing and upgrades it with context-awareness, adaptability, and autonomicity and produces a digital

context information; these are the species that populate a digital ecosystem.

the following components of a digital ecosystem:

clusters of habitats based on data exchanges between them.

obtained by aggregating primary data, and context contexts.

The section concludes with a series of considerations on security, identity, and trust.

## **2. Related work**

As introduced in [5], the ecosystem oriented architecture (EOA) model, named architectural style, defines a digital business ecosystem as being an open ensemble of distributed services. This differs from a service-based architecture (SOA) because it needs to address new issues such as: decentralization, managing a distributed knowledge base, self-organization, and selfrebuilding. EOA is not a larger SOA or other SOA [6], it addresses a new type of evolutionary, dynamic, knowledge-sharing, self-organizing, self-controlling, self-reliant architectural model as it occurs in natural ecosystems [7]. The EOA architecture applied to a digital business ecosystem presupposes the following components:

Minimal support services that facilitate communication between services and ecosystem development help participants integrate and publish new services.

An SOA-based application is owned and managed by a large organization, operates within its network, and interconnection (B2B) with other organizations is usually required. The user community must be the owner of the ecosystem, a P2P network is more appropriate in this case being more "democratic." On the other hand, in a digital ecosystem, there must be no hierarchical topology based on interest, it must not be a single point of administration, and the system must be self-configuring and adaptive.

## **3. Reference architecture for digital ecosystems**

In this section, the RADE model is presented—a reference architecture for digital ecosystems. After a brief introduction, the section 3.1 presents the anatomy of the digital species participating in ecosystem. The following sections describe each layer in the species structure. The section concludes with a series of considerations on security, identity, and trust.

this chapter, we introduce a new, high-level, reference architecture for the development of digital ecosystems. We propose a set of steps toward a more specific reference architecture for digital ecosystems, and introduce Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems (RADE), a six-layer architecture comprising: environment, context management, interaction, adaptation to goals, species management, user integration, and finally, we apply proposed architecture to an actual use case. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the related work and current results in the field of ecosystem representation. Section 3 presents a new reference architecture for digital ecosystems. Section 4 describes a possible implementation of proposed

As introduced in [5], the ecosystem oriented architecture (EOA) model, named architectural style, defines a digital business ecosystem as being an open ensemble of distributed services. This differs from a service-based architecture (SOA) because it needs to address new issues such as: decentralization, managing a distributed knowledge base, self-organization, and selfrebuilding. EOA is not a larger SOA or other SOA [6], it addresses a new type of evolutionary, dynamic, knowledge-sharing, self-organizing, self-controlling, self-reliant architectural model as it occurs in natural ecosystems [7]. The EOA architecture applied to a digital busi-

• Services described from the perspective of the problem (business), the computational

• Service registry—intelligent discovery mechanisms based on the business specification are required because the services will not be known in the construction of the system.

• Model repository—it is separated from the service register and must allow for a modeldriven development, so that models can be categorized by users (folksonomy) and

Minimal support services that facilitate communication between services and ecosystem

An SOA-based application is owned and managed by a large organization, operates within its network, and interconnection (B2B) with other organizations is usually required. The user community must be the owner of the ecosystem, a P2P network is more appropriate in this case being more "democratic." On the other hand, in a digital ecosystem, there must be no hierarchical topology based on interest, it must not be a single point of administration, and

In this section, the RADE model is presented—a reference architecture for digital ecosystems. After a brief introduction, the section 3.1 presents the anatomy of the digital species

description (interface) is not sufficient, and a business specification is needed.

reference model. Last section presents the conclusions and hints for future work.

ness ecosystem presupposes the following components:

106 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

development help participants integrate and publish new services.

the system must be self-configuring and adaptive.

**3. Reference architecture for digital ecosystems**

**2. Related work**

improved.

In order to present the components of a digital ecosystem, we start from the structure of a natural ecosystem.  More specifically, it consists of one or more communities of organisms of different species that manifest themselves in their habitat. Of each species, there may be several populations that activate in their microhabitat [8]. A community is formed by groups of populations of various species that operate in the same habitat. A habitat is a distinct part of the environment. An individual organism or a population can migrate from one habitat to another in search of resources, thus being able to compete with other organisms. A microhabitat is a subdivision of a habitat with its own specific properties. A population that operates in a microhabitat will tend to occupy a niche. This is a functional relationship between a population and the environment it occupies. Niche emerges as a strong adaptation of a population to the occupying microhabitat [9]. One can find more details about the habitats in articles [1, 10], which presents the first applications in the neural calculus area that bring together, in a new approach, elements of theory with service-oriented architectures, multiagent systems and element-distributed computing, and the digital business ecosystems.

Ecosystems are described as complex adaptive systems (CAS) consisting of diverse components that interact locally and are subject to the process of natural evolution and selection. Digital ecosystems are composed of populations of agents evolving (through natural selection) in the distributed environment. These fall within the definition of complex adaptive systems, having a nonlinear evolution and always aiming at a dynamic balance. We present the following components of a digital ecosystem:

Reference architecture for digital ecosystems represents a step forward for standardization, because this defines a set of guidelines in designing and implementing a digital ecosystem. Usually, these types of architectures are very abstract, hard to understand and implement.

RADE architecture integrates devices and species, and it takes a device or a thing and upgrades it with context-awareness, adaptability, and autonomicity and produces a digital species populating a digital ecosystem. The anatomy of a species is formed from six main layers and a security component, which can also be found on every layer, as can be seen in the next section (**Figures 1**–**6**).

• Heterogeneity—ecosystems are open systems, a reference architecture must cover a wide variety of logical, physical and virtual entities, processing patterns and standards, and it

A Reference Architecture for Digital Ecosystems http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77395 109

• Flexibility—this assumes that the system is easily changed, permits easy assembly of heterogenic components, and the easy assembly of a varied set of components and services.

• Weak coupling—this involves the use of poorly coupled processing modules and a communication medium that allows the digital entities involved to be decoupled in time and

• Scalability—this requires the system to admit a large number of connected entities (theoretically unlimited); the system being open, it must admit the addition of new participants

• Security—certain areas of application of digital ecosystems (e-health) will imply a strong connection between the physical world and the digital world, for the realization of secure systems, the model should include multilevel security measures including identification

The environment level is the mode of communication between species, and it extracts the information from other entities and helps to communicate data/orders in the environment. The digital environment can be a peer-to-peer (P2P) system that has a number of advantages over a centralized (client/server) model that is not resilient, error tolerant, scalable, and vulnerable to attacks. These advantages result from the network definition mode, P2P is defined as a network in which the nodes are equivalent to each other in the sense that all nodes (in principle) can execute the same set of functions needed for network to work. The most impor-

• resource sharing through direct transfer with no centralized servers, however, sometimes centralized servers that can be used for setting up the network, node management, etc.;

• nodes actively participate in operations such as handling information, finding resources,

• the network has the ability to adapt to changes in connectivity, to changes in typology, and

• the typology of a P2P network is tolerant to defects, having the ability of auto-organization

• the network can be structured or not, and physical proximity between nodes is not

• IP, the links between nodes are TCP connections but can be represented as pointers to the

• no centralized nodes, no central fall points, no central attack points;

the ability to reconfigure itself after finding an error;

and authorization of digital entities and users, data protection, and authentication.

must be able to use a wide variety of hardware and software platforms.

space.

in a flexible way.

**3.2. Environment**

tant features of a P2P network are as follows:

and storing and managing data;

in order to keep functioning;

important;

IP address.

#### **3.1. Anatomy of species in ecosystems**

From an ecosystem perspective, every actor participating in a supply chain ecosystem is represented by its digital counterpart in digital ecosystem. An entity is part of a species if it is designed and programmed to behave in a certain specific way, to use a certain type of resources and to act according to a specific context. In this section, we introduce the reference model of species participating in a digital ecosystem. The introduced model proposes a set of guidelines in designing and implementing of digital counterpart of players taking part in a supply chain ecosystem. Anatomy of species is comprised of six main layers and a security component, which can also be found on every layer, as can be seen in the figure below.

A reference architecture operates with components with a high degree of similarity, so they can be assembled correctly and safely, resulting in complex yet scalable solutions, providing flexibility for various application scenarios. In this respect, the following guiding principles can be found in different areas of architecture:

**Figure 1.** RADE overall architecture.

#### **3.2. Environment**

species populating a digital ecosystem. The anatomy of a species is formed from six main layers and a security component, which can also be found on every layer, as can be seen in the

From an ecosystem perspective, every actor participating in a supply chain ecosystem is represented by its digital counterpart in digital ecosystem. An entity is part of a species if it is designed and programmed to behave in a certain specific way, to use a certain type of resources and to act according to a specific context. In this section, we introduce the reference model of species participating in a digital ecosystem. The introduced model proposes a set of guidelines in designing and implementing of digital counterpart of players taking part in a supply chain ecosystem. Anatomy of species is comprised of six main layers and a security component, which can also be found on every layer, as can be seen in the figure below.

A reference architecture operates with components with a high degree of similarity, so they can be assembled correctly and safely, resulting in complex yet scalable solutions, providing flexibility for various application scenarios. In this respect, the following guiding principles

next section (**Figures 1**–**6**).

**3.1. Anatomy of species in ecosystems**

108 Internet of Things - Technology, Applications and Standardization

can be found in different areas of architecture:

**Figure 1.** RADE overall architecture.