3.3.3. Zmp1 Inhibitors

Although its role is not fully understood yet, Zmp1 is involved in mycobacterial pathogenicity as it inhibits the inflammasome and therefore prevents phagosome maturation (Figure 1) [117]. Zinc peptidases like Zmp1 are often inhibited by molecules with specific zinc binding groups (ZBG) like 8-hydroxyquinolines. 8-hydroxyquinolines are already in use as metal-interacting structures in pharmacological applications [118]. Based on this, Vickers et al. synthesized compounds consisting of an 8-hydroxyquinoline ring and a hydroxamate moiety and isosteric analogues of these. One 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-hydroxamate derivative showed a reduction in colony forming units (CFU) in infected J774 mouse macrophages while no extracellular, anti-mycobacterial activity was observed. Treatment of infected human monocyte-derived macrophages with this substance led to a decrease in bacterial burden in a dose-dependent matter. In in-vitro inhibition assays the compound inhibited Zmp1 with an IC50 of 0.011 μM [119].


*Article* **A Bibliometric Analysis of the Health Field Regarding Social Networks and Young People**

**Pilar Aparicio-Martinez 1,2,3,\* , Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno 4, María Pilar Martinez-Jimenez 4 , María Dolores Redel-Macías 5, Manuel Vaquero-Abellan 1,3 and Claudia Pagliari 6**

Received: 12 September 2019; Accepted: 18 October 2019; Published: 21 October 2019

**Abstract:** Social networks have historically been used to share information and support regarding health-related topics, and this usage has increased with the rise of online social media. Young people are high users of social media, both as passive listeners and as active contributors. This study aimed to map the trends in publications focused on social networks, health, and young people over the last 40 years. Scopus and the program VOSviewer were used to map the frequency of the publications, keywords, and clusters of researchers active in the field internationally. A structured keyword search using the Scopus database yielded 11,966 publications. The results reveal a long history of research on social networks, health, and young people. Research articles were the most common type of publication (68%), most of which described quantitative studies (82%). The main discipline represented in this literature was medicine, with 6062 documents. North American researchers dominate the field, both as authors and partners in international research collaborations. The present article adds to the literature by elucidating the growing importance of social networks in health research as a topic of study. This may help to inform future investments in public health research and surveillance using these novel data sources.

**Keywords:** social networks; health; young people; bibliometric study


*3.4. Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells (SGECs)*

SGECs are one of the targets of autoimmune attack in SS as exhibited by the aberrant apoptosis that occurs in the SG. However, further scrutiny into the role of SGECs has revealed that this class of cells is not merely the bystander target, but rather an active participant in the autoimmune response [84,85]. SGECs expressed high levels of HLA-DR, costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and adhesion molecules, allowing them to perform as non-professional antigen presenting cells [86]. Additionally, SGECs have been identified to be sources of multiple chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines including CXCL12, CXCL13, IL-6, IL-7, IL-22, ICOSL, and BAFF [74,87–93]. Local expression of certain chemokines by SGEGs, including CXCL12 and CXCL13 is believed to contribute to the formation of ectopic GCs in the glands [89]. Furthermore, the Ro52 antigen has been detected in SGECs of pSS at higher levels than control patients, and is positively associated with the severity of inflammation [94]. Enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress detected in the SGECs of pSS patients has been hypothesized to contribute to the production of proinflammatory cytokines from SGECs [95]. Co-culture experiments discovered that SGEC expression of ICOSL and IL-6 can differentiate naïve T cells into follicular T cells, demonstrating the ability of SGECs to influence lymphocytic organization in the SGs [91].

TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 are known to be expressed by SGECs [96–98]. Furthermore, TLR3 stimulation of the SG of New Zealand Black X New Zealand White (NZB/W) F1 mice was shown to reduce salivary flow in mice [99]. Separate studies observed that TLR3 stimulation induced apoptosis in SGECs, and SGECs from pSS patients were more susceptible to anoikis induced by TLR3 stimulation [100,101]. Additionally, pSS patients were found to overexpress the costimulatory molecule B7-H3 which was determined to be able to induce apoptosis of SGECs [102]. Stimulation of patient SGECs with TLR agonists dsRNA virus and poly I:C resulted in increased BAFF expression, further demonstrating the role of SGECs as regulators of the immune response [92]. The anti-inflammatory activity of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was found to be reduced in SS patient derived SGECs, allowing for overactive NF-κB and IL-1β pathways [103]. TLR stimulation of the SGECs, presumably from a viral infection, represents a possible initiating event in the autoimmune cascade where increased cell death, and the release of inflammatory cytokines drive an escalating cycle of inflammation [84,85,104]. Overall, like macrophages and DCs, SGECs possess the ability to both produce various chemokines, inflammatory cytokines, and act as APCs, allowing them to exert a powerful influence guiding the behavior of lymphocytes within the SGs.


**Conflict of interest**

*Goats (Capra) - From Ancient to Modern*

diseases beside fiber traits.

**6. Material and methods**

feeding level on fiber diameter of cashmere [12].

chapter. These experiences included:

production.

world [11].

**7. Conclusions**

traits together, e.g., selection for birth weight, fertility, mature weight, resistance to

Ansari-Renani et al. [10] studied improving livelihoods of small farmers and rural women through value-added processing and export of cashmere. Small producers of cashmere goats in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Iran share the problem of poor access to world fiber markets and as a result experience considerable losses of income. Many of the program activities targeting production and market constraints of the cashmere can be implicated based on following development program: Analysis of markets and farmers' access to market; improvement in goat management within households; improvement in shearing and classification of

The materials and methods used in this chapter of the book were (a) to do a bibliography including author's researches [11–16] on cashmere goats. In some of the author's researches, he measured fiber characteristics by himself with microprojection technic. For example, in one of them, we tried to know the effects of age and

So in this bibliography, the author's experiences were the majority part of the

• Contact with cashmere goat keepers. Their livelihood depends on cashmere

• The results of some of these activities helped to clarify the origin of goats in the

In this chapter, we tried to see the cashmere fiber from another perspective. This view was based on the dependence of the life of farmers on the production of cashmere. Economic significance, the principles of biology, the structure of cashmere goats, genetics, and fiber-based products were reviewed. The importance of raising goats for the production of cashmere is further noticed by the fact that in the modern life of today's world, there are those people whose livelihoods depend on the sale of cashmere. It is necessary to introduce cashmere to the new generation of students in the field of animal science. A lot of interesting research and achievements about cashmere happened 50 years ago. The task of the authors of livestock books is to familiarize young researchers with this subject. This chapter was an attempt to familiarizereaders with the main concepts of cashmere industry. There are issues in the textile industry that are related to raw materials. Solving the problem of raw materials is the responsibility of the animal breeders. The needs of the consumer and the cloth's fashion world should be identified. Then livestock scientists, including animal nutritionist, physiologists, and geneticist, try to produce the raw material of cashmere needed by the industry. At the same time, it will supply income for

goat keepers. Cashmere production helps our world to live more peaceful.

• Research on characteristics of cashmere and genetics of cashmere goats.

• Frequent visits to goat breeding areas and living with goat keepers.

fiber; and standardization based on international quality standards.

**98**

We have not any "conflict of interest."