**Author details**

Jose Efrain Perez1,2, Nouf Alsharif1,2, Aldo Isaac Martínez Banderas1,2, Basmah Othman1 , Jasmeen Merzaban1 , Timothy Ravasi1 and Jürgen Kosel2 \*

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
1 Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2 Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia


*4.4. Transcriptome Assembly and Gene Functional Annotation*

A total of 44.59 Gb of clean data was removed from the original data, including low-quality data. Then Trinity software was used to break reads into shorter K-mers, extend them to obtain Contigs, gather a collection of Contig clusters, and finally obtain the transcript sequence by using de Bruijin graphs algorithm method and reads.

Using BLAST software, the sequencing of the Unigene sequence was compared with NR, KOG, COG, GO, KEGG, Pfam and Swissprot-Annotation databases. After the prediction of the amino acid sequence of the unigene, HMMER software [63] was used to compare it with the Pfam database [64] to obtain functional annotation information of all unigenes.


*Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering*

Lean principles suggest a stronger connection to the physical part of the Toyota approach than to its human side. The term "Lean", in my interpretation, may have been the term chosen by the perception that the researchers had to what they observed in Toyota factories. The reduction of waste ("fat"), especially the reduction of WIP (and the consequent increase in the flow of articles throughout the manufacturing processes) would be easy to observe. This fact may have given the idea of "leanness" as can be interpreted when looking at **Figure 2**.

As it can be seen at the bottom part of **Figure 2**, a smaller amount of WIP is metaphorically represented by a narrower pipe, i.e., it can be said that the production looks "leaner".

Different scholars of Toyota's approach vary greatly in the emphasis they give to the technical aspects and human/culture aspects. If we look at the five Lean principles, we realize that 4 of them are dedicated to technical aspects while only one is dedicated to a mixture of technical aspects and human/culture aspects. It is the principle of continuous improvement or pursuit perfection which is in fact the central theme here in the chapter.


*5.1. Search Strategy and Eligibility Criteria*

To identify appropriate studies for a network meta-analysis, two independent investigators (CWL and SJC) conducted a comprehensive electronic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Wiley, and ClinicalTrial.gov for trials published between January 1995 and September 2019, with a language restriction of English. The present study followed PRISMA recommendations. The terms and related synonyms "overactive bladder", "bladder overactivity", "detrusor overactivity", "urinary incontinence", "urgency", "urgent incontinence", "detrusor overactivity" and "Botulinum A toxin" or "OnabotulinumtoxinA" or "Botox" or "botulinumtoxin A" or "sacral neuromodulation" or "sacral nerve stimulation" or "percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation" or "posterior tibial nerve stimulation" were combined in the search strategy. MeSH terms, key words and other free terms were used for searching and Boolean operators (OR and AND) were used to combine the searches. The reference lists of the included articles, as well as the guidelines for the AUA and European Association of Urology were manually reviewed, and external peer reviewers were asked to contribute any additional trials.

Studies were considered eligible if they were randomized controlled trials that compared any dose of OnabotulinumtoxinA, SNM, and PTNS therapy with each other or a placebo, in adults with OAB syndrome with reported efficacy at 12 weeks follow-up. It was required that the studies provided detailed data on the treatments and outcomes of the participants.