*2.3.1 Valproic acid*

Recently, VPA has been shown to be an effective HDACi and has been proposed as a drug for cancer treatment [31]. VPA inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells and enhances radiosensitivity by increasing hyperacetylation in vitro and in vivo [32]. Another antitumor effect of VPA is the induction of apoptosis by the inhibition of GSK3β via the activation of Akt/ERK [33]. According to several studies, the inhibition of GSK3β suppresses survival and proliferation and induces apoptosis in human GBM cells [34]. However, some meta-analyses have revealed that the clinical benefit of VPA combination treatment in patients with GBM was contraindicated [35–39], and further studies are warranted.


**1. Introduction**

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and damage to the microstructure of bone tissue, causing increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures [1]. With the aggravation of the global population aging, the prevalence of osteoporosis and the associated fractures is increasing year by year [2]. The medical care and nursing produced by that require a lot of human, material and financial investment, rising serious consequences for families and society such as the huge economic burden and social pressure [3]. Therefore, osteoporosis has become an important public health problem around the world, and early diagnosis is of critical significance for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis [4, 5]. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is frequently based on bone mineral density, while bone turnover markers were used for differential diagnosis, observation of curative effect and treatment follow-up.


Author details

Berna Kırıl Mert1 \*, Nihan Ozengin2 , Esra Can Dogan3 and Coskun Aydıner4

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
1 Sakarya University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey

[8] Vergili İ, Kaya Y, Gönder B, Barlas H. İlaç aktif maddelerinin sucul çevrede bulunuşları, davranışları ve etkileri. Ulusal Su Günleri 2005, 28–30 Eylül, Trabzon (in Turkish)

Efficient Removal Approach of Micropollutants in Wastewater Using Membrane Bioreactor

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[10] Daughton CG, Ternes TA. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements. 1999;

[11] Wasser-wissen.de. Das Internetportal für Wasser und Abwasser, Institut für Umweltver-

[12] Halling–Sorensen B, Nors Nielsen S, Lanzky PF, Ingerslev F, Holten Lützhoft HC, Jorgensen SE. Occurence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environ-

[13] Ternes TA. Occurence of drugs in german sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water

[14] Heberer T. Occurence, fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: A review of recent research data. Toxicology letters. 2002;131:5-17 https://doi.

[15] Reddersen K, Heberer T, Dünnbier U. Identification and significance of phenazone drugs and their metabolites in ground-and drinking water. Chemosphere. 2002;49:539-544

[16] Dietrich DR, Webb SF, Petry T. Hot spot pollutants: Pharmaceuticals in the environment. Toxicology Letters. 2002;131:1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00062-0

[17] Mersmann P. Transport und Sorptionsverhalten der Arzneimittelwirkstoffe Carbamazepin, Clofibrinsäure, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen und Propyphenazon in der wassergesättigten und ungesättigten Zone. Dissertation am Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften der

[18] Gelbrand H, Miller-Petrie M, Pant S, Gandra S, Levinson J, Barter D, White A, Laxminarayan R, Ganguly N, Kariuki S. The state of the World's. Antibiotics. Wound

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[20] Gross-Sorokin MY, Roast SD, Brighty GC. Assessment of feminization of male fish in English rivers by the environment Agency of England and Wales. Environmental Health

[21] Joss A, Andersen H, Ternes T, Richle PR, Siegrist H. Removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater treatment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: Consequences for plant

Technischen Universität Berlin. 2003; http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-708

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fahrenstechnick – Universität Bremen. 2000. ISSN 1614–0362

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107(56):907-938

2 Uludag University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa, Turkey

3 Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli, Turkey

4 Gebze Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey


**Cloud Versus Clouds: Emergency Response Communications at Large Scale Festivals and Special Events – Innovative ICT Applications**

David Gration1 and Shah J. Miah2

*1School of Business, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 2School of Management and Information Systems, Faculty of Business and Law, Footscray Park, Victoria University, Melbourne Australia*


2.3.1. Vanadium Dioxide (VO2)

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has a unique atomic rearrangement of monoclinic phases, exhibiting semiconductor behavior at room temperature and rutile phases at high temperatures (~68◦), experiencing an abrupt transition from insulator to metal when subjected to thermal, electrical, optical, or mechanical stimulation [88–92]. This insulator-to-metal transition property provided a diversified application for switching a metasurface between the broadband-absorber and half-wave plate states (Figure 7a) [90]. The metasurface had an absorption efficiency >90% at room temperature but became a reflector as the temperature rose above the phase-change temperature [90]. Supercells consisting of eight resonators were designed to have a beam-steering effect in the metallic state (Figure 7b). The metasurface had a simulated wideband deflection of ~28◦ at 0.8 THz (Figure 7c). Embedded VO2 with resonant structures for a multifunctional coding metasurface was also presented numerically [91,93–95]. An experimental demonstration of VO2-based reconfigurable beam steering was presented in [89] (Figure 7d). The unit cell had a cross-shaped aperture with a resistive heater electrode placed beneath for independent Joule-heating actuation. A 100 nm thick SiO2 layer was used to insulate the resistive-heater electrodes from the top Au layer. The refractive index of the VO2 was varied through temperature changes. The metasurface achieved a 44◦ beam deflection in both horizontal and vertical directions at 0.1 THz (Figure 7e,f). Recently, an electrically triggered VO2-based reconfigurable metasurface for both phase (90◦) and amplitude (71% at 0.79 THz) modulation was experimentally demonstrated in [96]. And a multi-state 8 × 8 pixelated reflective modulator was demonstrated with a modulation speed of 1 kHz [97].

**Figure 7.** Phase-change materials of a vanadium-dioxide (VO2)-enabled reconfigurable metasurface. (**a**–**c**) A thermally controlled reconfigurable metasurface with broadband absorption-to-reflection conversion. Reprinted from Ref. [90]. (**a**) Schematic of the VO2 integrated metasurface. (**b**) Unit-cell structure (top) and a unit-cell array for 2π phase control (bottom). (**c**) Broadband reflection when VO2 is in its fully metallic state. (**d**–**f**) An electronically controlled beam-steering metasurface operates at 0.1 THz. Reprinted from Ref. [89]. (**d**) Top-view scanning electron microscopic image of the metasurface (top left), unit-cell structure (bottom left), and beam steering (right). (**e**) Horizontal beam steering at −22◦, −14◦, 0◦, 12◦, and 22◦. (**f**) Vertical beam steering at −14◦, 0◦, and 12◦.


**DISRUPTIVE WIDE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS, RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, AND THEIR APPLICATIONS**

Edited by **Yogesh Kumar Sharma**

#### **Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71702 Edited by Yogesh Kumar Sharma

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Aaron Cai, Liter Siek, Anup Bhalla, Neophytos Lophitis, Marina Antoniou, Anastasios Arvanitopoulos, Samuel Perkins, Yaqi Wang, Fan Li, Mike Jennings, Paul Mumby-Croft, Daohui Li, Gary Liu, Andy Dai, Yogesh Kumar Sharma

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**Acknowledgements**

The authors would like to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), Brazil (CAPES) [Finance Code 001] and Instituto Oswaldo Cruz for financial support.