**Author details**

Manuela Cristina Russu\*, Adriana Elena Ghelmene, Ruxandra Viorica Stặnculescu and Şerban Nastasia "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2023 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Abnormal Cervical Remodeling Early Depiction by Ultrasound Elastography: Potential… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113314*


**1. Introduction**

Flaps have been increasingly used in plastic and reconstructive surgery for tissue defects. Although the success rate of flap surgery reaches up to 99%, complications can occur even in the most experienced hands [1]. Vascular blood flow insufficiency is the leading cause of partial or total flap losses [2]. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the most important reason of vascular insufficiency to considerate. It is also the remarkable cause of flap compromise and organ dysfunction during organ transplantation and free flap surgery [3, 4].

The ischemic area of flaps is generally more distal to the region of vascular supply. Even the ischemia occurs for a short time period, it can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The reperfusion period, which occurs after ischemia, causes the restoration of blood flow and oxygen influx in the ischemic tissue and can finalize in cellular, inflammatory, and metabolic changes in the living cell. These changes caused by free radicals execute structural and functional alterations in the cell and may contribute to tissue necrosis [5]. This process can be prevented or decelerated with the use of antioxidant drugs that decrease the toxic metabolites responsible for tissue damage. Because postsurgical I/R injury is one of the most important causes of flap failure, in this review, we aim to show the pathophysiology of I/R injury and how the antioxidants show their beneficial effects on flap salvage.


**5. Acknowledgment**

296 Advances in Crystallization Processes

The change in composition of internal water is proposed as a method for approximate dating of agates (a variety of chalcedony) (Moxon, 2004). It has been demonstrated in geological environments that less stable silica polymorphs appear to have transformed over

time to chalcedony and microquartz (Nash & Hopkinson, 2004).

Fig. 10. Chalcedony formation. Krumbein, W.C., Garrels, R.M., (1952).

This research was partially supported by grants to María Prado Figueroa from Secretaría General de Ciencia y Técnica, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina. MPF is grateful to Dr. T. Moxon, 55 Common Lane, Auckley, Doncaster DN93HX, UK, for many interesting suggestions about chalcedony formation and isolation.

MPF is grateful to Prof. F.J. Barrantes, ex-Director of the Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca, Argentina (CCT-BBca, CONICET - UNS) for his permanent interest in this study.

MPF appreciate Lic. E. Buzzi and Mr. M. Diestefano from the CCT-BBca, CONICET – UNS, for technical assistance. Finally, the author is very grateful to Lic. M. Salaberry, English Translator, for her excellent work.

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*al*, 2004; Troitzsch *et al*, 2005; Vittayakorn *et al*, 2006; Licina *et al*, 2008).

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**1. Introduction**

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## Fuzzy Logic Controls, Concepts, Theories and Applications

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