*2.4. 3D multicellular Tumor Spheroid Cytotoxicity Assays*

MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells were seeded into ultra-low attachment 96-well plates (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), at a density ranging between 625 and 5000 cells per well and incubated at 37 ◦C to promote spheroid formation. Liposomes were serially diluted in PBS and incubated with cells for up to 96 h (each concentration tested in triplicate).


1.2.2. The Original Motivation

With institution theory, Goguen and Burstall addressed an important issue in computing science, and especially in formal–specification theory. There was an explosion of formal logical systems used, and there was a need for a uniform treatment of specification concepts and results across the increasing number of logic-based formal methods. There was also a strong feeling that much of the logic-based specification theory may actually be developed independently of an underlying concrete logical system. Over decades, this area undertook a massive development, and now, it is still vibrant and dynamic. It has fulfilled its original mission, even beyond expectations, as follows:


**3.1 Mechanism of action**

*Pain Management - Practices, Novel Therapies and Bioactives*

General Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis Malaise Skin reactions

Specific With iv use, flushing and tachycardia

**Side effects Rare Frequency not known**

• Steven-Johnson syndrome • Toxic epidermal necrolysis

decrease in glutathione.

**2.2 Interactions**

**Table 1.**

*Paracetamol side effects.*

are prescribed (**Table 1**) [2, 4].

Paracetamol is metabolised in the liver primarily through conjugation to sulphate or glucuronides [2]. A minor pathway for the oxidative metabolism of paracetamol produces the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-P-benzoquinone (NAPQI) [2]. NAPQI requires glutathione for detoxification and elimination. Hepatic toxicity can occur when glutathione pathways are overwhelmed by an increase in NAPQI or

Paracetamol is generally well tolerated with rare side effects when the right doses

Blood disorders: leucopoenia neutropenia, thrombocytopenia as is bone marrow suppression

With iv use, hypotension

It is associated with several important drug interactions. Many anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, barbiturates and carbamazepine induces hepatic microsomal enzymes. Increased conversion of paracetamol to its toxic metabolite may occur in patients who are taking anticonvulsants, but this rarely leads to concerning conse-

Although uncommon, drug interaction resulting in an increased INR is reported for patients taking both paracetamol and warfarin, particularly among patients taking high doses of paracetamol (> 9 g/week) [2, 12, 13]. Long term use of paracetamol should be avoided in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Patients with a history of salicylate hypersensitivity characterised by urticaria have a 11% cross-reactivity to paracetamol, and the agent should be used with caution in this group [2, 7].

The NSAIDs share several properties with aspirin and may be considered together. NSAIDs are particularly used for the treatment of patients with chronic disease

Some of them are also used for acute pain management and in the short-term treatment of mild to moderate pain including transient musculoskeletal pain. They are also suitable for the pain control in dysmenorrhoea and to release pain caused by secondary bone tumours, many of which produce lysis of bone and increase prostaglandins synthesis. Many of the NSAIDs are also used for postoperative analgesia as part of the multimodal analgesia strategy. Selective inhibitors of COX2 may be used in preference to non-selective NSAIDs for patients at high risk of developing serious

There are some limited and low quality evidences against the use of NSAIDs in bone pathology, suggesting that prostaglandins promote bone formation and that NSAID might impair this process [14, 15], theory not proven through properly

quences in the context of the usual doses for pain management [2, 6].

**3. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs**

accompanied by pain and inflammation.

gastro-intestinal side-effects.

**238**


Meet the editors

Dr. R. Sudhakar is a professor and head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India. He is also an associate editor for IEEE Access, from which he received the Outstanding Associate Editor Award in 2019. He is a reviewer of sixteen international journals, including *IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, International Arab*

*Journal of Information Technology, and International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering*, among others. He has published 110 papers in international, and national journals and conference proceedings. His areas of research include digital image processing, image analysis, wavelet transforms, and digital signal processing.

Dr. Naduvath is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India. He has been teaching at the collegiate level since 2001 and has been a researcher in mathematics since 2011. His areas of specialization are graph theory, discrete mathematics, algebra, and number theory. Dr. Naduvath has more than 130 publications in international research journals to his credit. He has been a reviewer for many

reputable publications including *Mathematical Reviews, zbMATH, MAA Reviews, and Computing Reviews.* He is a member of the editorial board of ten research journals and on the referee panel of more than fifty others.

Contents

*by Sergio Venturini*

*by Özen Özer*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 33**

**Chapter 4 53**

**Chapter 5 69**

**Chapter 6 89**

**Chapter 7 107**

Dynamic HUB Selection Process in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) *by Mahammad Firose Shaik, M. Monica Subhashini and G. Jaya Amrutha*

Abel and Euler Summation Formulas for *SBV*() Functions

Algebraic Approximations to Partial Group Structures

How Do Web-Active End-User Programmers Forage?

A Public Key Cryptosystem Using Cyclotomic Matrices *by Md. Helal Ahmed, Jagmohan Tanti and Sumant Pushp*

*by Fitzroy Nembhard and Marco M. Carvalho*

Non Classical Structures and Linear Codes

*by Surdive Atamewoue Tsafack*

Conversational Code Analysis: The Future of Secure Coding

*by Sandeep Kaur Kuttal, Abim Sedhain and Benjamin Riethmeier*