5.2.2. Extension and Compression

Even if substantial rotations of the principal stresses are simulated, the angle values displayed in Figure 4c show the normal efforts remains higher than the tangential ones in every part of the model. This means the tectonic regime of all sediments in the model remains extensional through their history. However, the ratio between minimal and maximal principal stresses varies with space and time, delineating areas and ages where the regime nears compression. These variations simulated on the base case model are represented in Figure 5.

**Figure 5.** Minimal principal stress simulated on the base case scenario. (**a**) reminder of the lithological facies distribution; (**b**) present-day minimal principal stress: absolute values; (**c**) overview of the minimal principal stress evolution from six geological events: ratios of maximal principal stress; vertical exaggeration × 2.

A clear zoning is visible in the simulation results: the proximal part of the model hosts the lowest principal stress ratios and the most extensional regimes, while the distal part gets very close to compression with ratios above 95%. This is in line with the structural style commonly observed after the collapse of passive margin sediments. Extensional normal faults usually appear in a proximal section of the wedge and compressional fault-and-thrust belts in a distal one. However, if the principal stress ratios simulated in the distal area remain quite constant through time, those in the proximal area varies significantly with the stratigraphic units being deposited. They appear significantly lower during the lowstand periods, with large areas under 80%, than during the highstand periods, with most of the model above 85%. This can be related to a more proximal and deeply immersed sedimentation during the highstand ages.


**Abstract**

Agricultural sustainability is an indicator for economic prospect across the globe. The revolution of industrial development and the growth of annual crop to meet the need of increasing world population is a determining factor for SOC availability. Sustainability of agriculture is largely related to SOC and management practices. Agro-ecological stability is significant to soil type and fertility input. Organic matter is a combination of plant residue and/ or animal waste. This is capable of accumulating carbon and nitrogen in the soil. It retains water and support the buildup of organic carbon. It enhances the stability of SOC and crop yield. The use of organic matter is effective at stabilizing the microbial communities. Carbon sequestration is high with crops that have abundant residues. SOC can potentially mitigate climate change. It prevents the use of minimum and conventional tillage. Higher deposit of SOC is associated with crop yield. Perennial crop cultivation such as cup plant (*Siliphium perforliatum. L*.) can potentially sequestrate carbon into the soil than annual crop. SOC are often exhausted with the cultivation of annual crop such as maize. However, SOC can be retained by growing clover in between harvests and the next sowing. Mineral fertilizer can likewise accumulate SOC but not as efficient as the use organic manure and plant residue. Perennial crop was found useful at preventing environmental degradation and soil compaction. Consistent assessment of SOC is essential for continuous food production and plant growth. This can be achieved through a multidimensional software called multiple linear regression.

**Keywords:** soil organic carbon, sustenance, ecosystem

## **1. Introduction**

Global warming is caused by the continuous increase in greenhouse gases in the earth's atmospheric surface [1, 2]. 50% of the total global emission is from agricultural production [3]. Excessive application of inorganic fertilizer causes ammonia volatilization, soil nitrogen leaching, air pollution, and soil acidification [1, 4]. This is a result of a rapid increase in the global population. They suggest the need for the protection of soil quality to meet the food requirement of the increasing global population and societal development [5, 6]. Climate change significantly affects the atmospheric carbon pool and its availability in the soil for agricultural productivity [7]. The loss of soil organic carbon and land degradation is one of the

major factors that affect the yield of existing farmland [3, 8]. Soil organic matter deposition is released from approximately two-third of CO2 exchange between the terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere [9, 10]. The most active part of the global carbon pool is soil farmland. Farmland soil enables global carbon and nitrogen cycling [4, 11]. Farmland is an important source and sinks of CO2 for the farmland ecosystem. Agricultural farmland with decrease organic carbon has been proven to be unreliable [6, 12]. This has led to pressure in crop production through cropland management practices such as irrigation and fertilization [8, 13]. Organic matter plays a significant role in food production and agricultural land expansion. It is an environmental factor that determines sustainability and development [8, 13]. It is an indicator for factors such as water retention and nutrient availability [14]. It is a structural balance that promotes efficient drainage, aeration and minimizes loss of topsoil from erosion [6, 15]. It decreases reliance on external inputs such as fertilizer and irrigation [11, 16]. It is a stable and a last longing input that supports crop yield and sustainability [11, 16]. One of the major limitations to the availability of soil organic matter in the soil is the target method of prediction for a specific agricultural land and environmental development [17, 18]. Yield is often expected to increase per unit area with a certain measure of organic matter. But yardstick for determining organic matter is yet to be fully exploited [6, 19]. Several studies have been established in relationship with soil organic matter and yield [6, 19]. It was also found that a concrete agreement among researchers is yet to be reached. For instance, a decrease [20], an increase [21], and no change were recorded in some research findings [11]. Variation in result findings may be due to management, climate change, and soil type [11, 20, 21]. Likewise, a global understanding of soil organic with yield is heterogeneous [11, 20, 21]. This suggests the need to test and understand the effect of soil organic matter and carbon in agriculture and its environment [11, 20, 21]. This paperwork investigates the impact of organic carbon and its relevance in agricultural sustainability and development.


**1. Introduction**

26 Topics in Cancer Survivorship

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Worldwide, breast cancer is the predominant form of malignancy in women (Hortobagyi *et al.*, 2005). However, when diagnosed in an early stage, women have a good chance to survive for a longer period of time. Therefore, it is important to focus on the impact of breast cancer and its treatment on long-term psychosocial outcomes. In recent years, quality of life (QOL) has become a primary endpoint in oncology (Movsas, 2003, Sprangers, 2002). Body image is an important aspect of QOL, especially in breast cancer patients (Avis *et al.*, 2005), because of the mutilating effect surgical treatment may have. Body image is a component of the self-concept of a woman, which includes feeling attractive and feminine (Fobair *et al.*, 2006). Body image is defined in different ways, but typically conceived as a multidimensional construct, consisting of perceptual, attitudinal, and behavioral aspects.(Jolly *et al.*, , Sarwer and Cash, 2008) Body image evaluation (e.g., satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and body image investment (i.e., the psychological importance of one's appearance to his or her sense of self or self-worth) are the most central body image dimensions.(Sarwer and Cash, 2008) Patients experience a body image problem when a marked discrepancy exists between the actual or perceived appearance or function of a discrete bodily attribute(s) and an individual's expressed ideal regarding this bodily attribute(s).(White, 2000) A positive body image is related to patients' ability to cope with cancer (Pikler and Winterowd, 2003). In this study, the focus will be on the dimension of body image evaluation.

Women with breast cancer often experience a decrease in satisfaction with body image after surgery, irrespective of type of surgical treatment (Brandberg *et al.*, 2008, Ganz *et al.*, 1992, Kraus, 1999, Lindop and Cannon, 2001). There is no consensus whether the type of surgery received is related to dissatisfaction with body image after surgery. Some studies found that women receiving MTC report lower scores on body image compared with women receiving BCT (Anagnostopoulos and Myrgianni, 2009, Engel *et al.*, 2004, Ganz *et al.*, 1992, Janni *et al.*, 2001, Janz *et al.*, 2005, Kenny *et al.*, 2000, Schou *et al.*, 2005). However, a number of studies did not find type of surgery to be a relevant factor in satisfaction with body image (Fobair *et al.*, 2006, Goldberg *et al.*, 1992, Schover *et al.*, 1995, Wolberg *et al.*, 1989). Furthermore, previous research was also inconsistent regarding adjuvant therapy. Although most studies

Changes in Body Image in Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer 29

Women with a palpable lump in the breast or an abnormality on a screening mammography were referred by their general practitioner to the outpatient clinic of the St. Elisabeth Hospital (Tilburg), the Maasland Hospital (Sittard; since August 2004), or the Jeroen Bosch Hospital (Den Bosch; since January 2006) in the Netherlands between September 2002 and September 2007. Women were included if they had an abnormality in the breast, were able to read, speak and write Dutch, and were 18 years or older. Women who had a history of abnormalities in the breast, benign or malignant, or had a breast tumor that was too large (>5 centimeter) for BCT, were excluded from the study. After written informed consent and before the first appointment with the surgeon, the participating women completed a set of questionnaires. Thus, women completed the first set of questionnaires when the diagnosis was still unknown. After this baseline measurement (Time-1), a set of questionnaires was also completed one (Time-2), three (Time-3), six (Time-4), and 12 months (Time-5) after diagnosis (BBP) and/or surgical treatment (BC). The breast cancer group consisted of 219 patients; the women with benign breast problems (BBP group) consisted of 381 patients (See Figure 1). Non-participants (57.8 ± 10.1 yrs) were older than participants (55.0 ± 10.4 yrs; p=.001) in the study. They did not differ on other sociodemographic (i.e., living with a partner, having children, educational level) or clinical characteristics (i.e., disease stage, type of surgery, adjuvant therapy). The length of the questionnaires and the amount of stress the women experienced during the diagnostic period were the reasons for not participating in

All women completed questionnaires on personality factors (only at baseline) and the WHOQOL-100 Body Image and Appearance facet (all time points). The BC group also completed the EORTC-QLQ-BR23 Body image subscale from Time-2 onwards. Both instruments were chosen since both subscales complement each other, i.e., the Body and Appearance facet covers more general concerns (satisfaction with they way the body looks, acceptance of bodily appearance, and inhibition by own looks), while the Body image subscale

The Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) (Costa and McCrae, 1992, Hoekstra *et al.*, 1996) was developed to study an individual's personality by testing the five domains of the Five Factor or Big Five Model: neuroticism (i.e., the tendency to experience distressing emotions, such as fear, guilt, and frustration), extraversion (i.e., the disposition towards cheerfulness, sociability, and high activity), openness (i.e., the tendency to have a receptive orientation towards varied experiences and ideas), agreeableness (i.e., the inclination towards interpersonal trust and consideration of others) and conscientiousness (i.e., the tendency towards persistence, sense of duty, organizing, planning, and self-discipline). This self-report questionnaire consists of 60 statements. Each statement is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (*strongly disagree*) to 5 (*strongly agree*), resulting in dimension scores ranging from 12 to 60. The psychometric properties are

The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument-100 (WHOQOL-100) (De Vries and Van Heck, 1997, WHOQOL Group, 1998) is a cross-culturally developed generic multi-dimensional quality of life measure. This questionnaire consists of 100 items

covers feelings of low attractiveness and femininity as a result of cancer or treatment.

the study. This study was approved by the local ethics committee.

acceptable to good.(Costa and McCrae, 1992)

**2. Methods 2.1 Participants**

**2.2 Questionnaires**

showed that chemotherapy (Fehlauer *et al.*, 2005, Joly *et al.*, 2000), hormone therapy (Ganz *et al.*, 1998), and radiotherapy (Fehlauer *et al.*, 2005, Hopwood *et al.*) did not negatively affect body image, Schover et al. (Schover *et al.*, 1995) concluded that chemotherapy did have a negative impact on body image, while hormonal and radiation therapy did not.

Women's perception about their bodies may be influenced by the length of time since treatment. In general, most studies found that body image improved over time (Hopwood *et al.*), for MTC and BCT (Ganz *et al.*, 1992, King *et al.*, 2000).However, in a more recent study, it was found that most body image scores were quite stable, especially for MTC patients. Only BCT patients felt more attractive and feminine after two years (Engel *et al.*, 2004). Information about the effect of surgery across time is lacking and few studies measured body image before diagnosis making it impossible to know the effect of treatment on patients' body image. Therefore, the first aim of this prospective follow-up study was to examine changes in body image across one year, starting before diagnosis and comparing women with benign breast problems (BBP group) with women with breast cancer (MTC and BCT).

The impact of disease and treatment on general QOL seems to vary with age, marital status, and educational level, with younger women and women with lower levels of education reporting lower QOL scores when patients received chemotherapy (Janz *et al.*, 2005, King *et al.*, 2000). Two studies reported a strong relationship between age and body image (Al-Ghazal *et al.*, 1999, King *et al.*, 2000, Yeo *et al.*, 2004). The largest negative impact of MTC on body image was found amongst young, married women (King *et al.*, 2000, Yeo *et al.*, 2004). In contrast, other studies did not find differences in scores on body image between younger and older women (Engel *et al.*, 2004, Hartl *et al.*, , Kenny *et al.*, 2000, Zimmermann *et al.*, 2009).

Body image is not only influenced by life events such as having breast cancer, but also by culture, socio-economic status, and personality (Diener *et al.*, 2003). The personality traits extraversion (the disposition towards cheerfulness, sociability, and high activity) and neuroticism (the tendency to experience distressing emotions, such as fear, guilt, and frustration) may have an effect on QOL (Diener *et al.*, 2003). Only one study examined these characteristics and found that neuroticism was acting as a vulnerability factor for anxiety and/or depressive symptoms one year after breast cancer surgery (Millar *et al.*, 2005). Besides, Costa et al. (Costa *et al.*, 1992) found that neuroticism was correlated with a negative body image and extraversion was correlated with a positive body image. However, there is a lack of prospective data on possible relationships between psychological, clinical, and demographic factors and body image (Hartl *et al.*, 2003, Zimmermann *et al.*, 2009). Therefore, the second aim of this prospective study was to examine the effects of personality, sociodemographic factors, and type of surgery on body image in breast cancer patients at different time points after treatment over a one-year period. In contrast with previous studies on satisfaction with body image in breast cancer patients, this study examined which factors from a combination of factors (age, marital status, educational level, work status, disease stage, type of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experiences, conscientiousness) predicted body image. It is hypothesized that body image problems arise from surgery and are most commonly experienced following MTC. In addition, body image problems are a function of personality (i.e., neuroticism).


**Abstract**

Management scholars should further study the scientific area concerning the contingent effects of learning capability and organizational innovations on the relationship between quality management organizational performance. This chapter examines the interactive effects of quality management with organizational learning capability and innovations on organizational performance. Indeed, it may be argued that within quality management theory and methodology, the need to consider the contingency approach may result in an in-depth understanding of how the intersection of constituent elements associated with quality management influences organizational performance. Results revealed that the interaction of quality management and learning capability explained higher variance in organizational performance than the direct effect of quality management on performance. Similarly, interactions between quality management and innovations explained more significant variance in organizational performance than the direct effect of quality management on performance. Outcomes showed that quality management might not directly impact organizational performance. Findings underscore the importance of interactive effects of innovation and organizational learning capability with quality management in explaining the relationship between quality management and organizational performance.

**Keywords:** strategy, integrated quality management, contingency theory, innovation, learning capability


5. Results and discussions

The popped borax-char column temperature produced from different combustion flue gas exit level or long duration of cooling of exhaust system (Figures 12 and 13). The temperatures at 50–200°C were tested in three column series for adsorption of SO2 as seen in Figure 14. Test results were determined as weight in TGA.

Figure 12. Adsorption column used in postcombustion with packed popped borax-char carbon tubes.

Figure 13. SOx output concentrations packed bed residence time of waste gas in the column unit.

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

The popped borax-char column humidity produced from different combustion fuel and combustion temperature exit or fuel moisture content in the exhaust system. The steam amount in flue gas at exhaust chamber that varied at 5–20% was tested in three column series for adsorption of SO2 as seen in Figure 15. Test results were determined as weight in TGA.

Advanced materials and technologies should be used to prevent pollution of exhaust gas; the material used in this study is finally concluded as efficient and high cut with ecological environmental protection (Figure 16).

The representative poped borax composite samples at 1–3 mm sized pellet fractions of combustion Şırnak asphaltite, shale and coal waste raised SO2 sorption weight by the microwave radiation increased to 23, 21, and 12% at decreasing pressure., respectively, and all those valuse with char raised to 46, 24, and 14% at decreasing pressure. Microwave wet heating of porous coal did not change. The optimum sorption with char and ferrite using column was effective far more than waste coal and limestone as was discussed in microwave heating ability and heat conduction in the wet column designed in laboratory TGA.

Figure 14. The effect of adsorption pressure effect on sorbent pore change as %.

Figure 15. The effect of adsorption pressure effect on sorbent weight change as %.

the shape of the curves in column adsorption shown in Figure 11, the response of the stage-wise back mixing model changes from a mixed flow condition managed at

The popped borax-char column temperature produced from different combustion flue gas exit level or long duration of cooling of exhaust system (Figures 12 and 13). The temperatures at 50–200°C were tested in three column series for adsorption of SO2 as seen in Figure 14. Test results were determined

Adsorption column used in postcombustion with packed popped borax-char carbon tubes.

SOx output concentrations packed bed residence time of waste gas in the column unit.

low pressure.

Sorption in 2020s

as weight in TGA.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

74

5. Results and discussions

m weight of adsorbent (g) Ea activation energy (J mol1

T temperature (K)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

(ka) adsorption and

(kb) desorption rate constants

B is the initial adsorption (mg/g)

DeffA=1YAYB/DAB +YC/DAC+YD/DAD

Author details

77

Yıldırım İsmail Tosun

R gas constant (8.314 J mol1 K1

SpBET specific surface area of the adsorbent (m2

Vpore total pore volume of the adsorbent (cm3

tref the longest time in adsorption process (min) Vmicro micropore volume of the adsorbent (cm3

ki is the IPD rate constant [mg/(gmin0.5)], and

Department of Mining Engineering, Şırnak University, Şırnak, Turkey

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
provided the original work is properly cited.

time (min)

Diffusivity

)

adsorbent in the Crank model (cm)

Sext specific area of the adsorbent due to external surface(m2

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted…

) or Radius of the particle of

/g)

/g)

/g)tadsorption

/g)

Figure 16. The effect of adsorption pressure effect on pumice popped borax compost sorbent weight change as %.


**5.2 Free radical cause peroxynitrites**

Physiological role for ONOO▬ as a down-modulator of immune responses and also as key mediator in cellular and tissue injury is associated with chronic activation of the immune system [93]. In chronic inflammatory diseases, peroxynitrite formed by phagocytic cells may cause damage to DNA which acts as epitopes for the production of autoantibodies [94]. The central role of peroxynitrite is performed in the control of infections in macrophages [95]. They are produced throughout the vascular system, regulate differentiation and contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells, control vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration, mediate

platelet activation and hemostasis, and significantly contribute to the immune response [96]. Elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are reduced levels of glutathione with chronic systemic inflammation with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [97]. The ONOO▬ could be modified by the histone proteins that lead to formation of oxidatively nitrated histones in the initiation and progression of autoimmune inflammatory diseases [98]. Peroxynitrite represents both a pathophysiologically relevant endogenous cytotoxin and a cytotoxic effector against invading pathogens [99]. Being a mediator of protein oxidation and nitration, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death, peroxynitrite represents both a pathophysiologically relevant endogenous cytotoxin and a cytotoxic effector against invading pathogens [99].


*Case Report* **Community-Based Business on Small Hydropower (SHP) in Rural Japan: A Case Study on a Community Owned SHP Model of Ohito Agricultural Cooperative**

**Zafar Alam 1, Yoshinobu Watanabe 1, Shazia Hanif 2, Tatsuro Sato 3 and Tokihiko Fujimoto 4,\***

**Abstract:** Energy is the prerequisite for social and economic development of a community and country. In Japan, national government is promoting small hydropower (SHP) through a renewable energy policy by providing a high FIT price of 34 yen (0.32 US\$/kWh) on energy generated from an SHP of less than 200 kW. Until now, the energy generation was controlled by national government agencies, but now independent power generation businesses are growing at the local community level in rural Japan. For the future growth of SHP, it is necessary to make electricity generation at the local community level. Therefore, these local communities will install and manage their renewable electricity by themselves. It will help to make the community self-sustainable and independent from the national government, and at the same time, it will also lead them to achieve the Sustainable Developments Goals (SDGs) target from community-based action. This paper aimed to discuss an SHP development business model in which local community will become the business owner of the SHP. It means "of the community, by the community and for the community". The community identifies their renewable energy potential and needs, they borrow money from the financial organization or banks, install the power plant and do necessary maintenance and management by themselves. The revenue earned by selling electricity is used to repay the loan, and the rest is used for community development directly (such as local roads construction, agriculture land improvements, community hall maintenance, waterways maintenance, welfare, etc.). This paper also discussed a community-based 50 kW SHP installed in Miyazaki prefecture of Japan as a case study. This SHP is one of the best examples of a community ownership model (Community-based business model). A detailed explanation from planning to investment has been discussed. The local community is getting approximately 112,000 USD per year by selling the electricity, and 162-ton CO2 is estimated to decrease yearly, which will support the achievement of SDGs. Finally, installing this kind of SHP in remote areas will provide managerial skills to the local community directly, plant operation knowledge, and education to local students. Local communities learn the problem-solving skills, which lead them to solve the local problem on a community level by themselves.

**Keywords:** community development; community ownership; small hydropower; SHP; renewable energy; crowdfunding; FIT; community-based business; agricultural cooperative