**5. Conclusion**

A rapidly growing body of literature suggests that the IL-23/IL-17 axis is the major pathway that drives the chronic inflammation underlying psoriasis pathophysiology. The recent years have witnessed that superior clinical efficacy of IL-23/IL-17 pathway biologics in the systemic treatment of psoriasis brings to a major paradigm shift for the management of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Nevertheless, lack of molecular targeted therapies remains for topical treatment of psoriasis.


**3.12. Partially flexible airfoil**

The last major control device, which is the objective of the chapter, among passive flow controllers is the flexible membrane used on the surface of the airfoil. This type of airfoil is called as a segmented or partially flexible airfoil. Since it is a new concept of flow control method, a detailed investigation of a partially flexible membrane is rarely studied in the aerodynamic literature. A pioneered computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using

flexible membrane material on the airfoil surface by using ANSYS software [95]. The fluidstructure interaction (FSI) method was used for numerical modeling to investigate interactions between fluid and membrane. The segmented airfoil is seen in **Figure 23** [95]. The flexible

**Figure 24.** Streamline of rigid and flexible airfoils, α = 13°: (a) rigid; (b) one-segment; (c) two-segment; (d) three-segment; and (e) four-segment [95].

**Figure 25.** Configuration of the partially flexible airfoil [99].

**Figure 26.** Integrated sketch of the flow visualization and standard deviation of the deformation at α = 8° for (a) Re = 2.5 × 104 and (b) Re = 5 × 104 [99].

membrane material was used on the suction side of the airfoil. They numerically modeled four different cases on which the upper surface of the airfoil was flexible. In this numerical model, the effect of flexibility on aerodynamic performance in various regions on the airfoil was investigated for a Reynolds number of 1.35 x 105 . **Figure 24** [95] gives information about flow over the uncontrolled airfoil and the segmented flexible airfoils. It has been observed that the interaction between flow and the segmented airfoil decreases flow separations at high angles of attack. It has been found that the airfoil with three separate flexible zones shows the best aerodynamic performance and increased the lift coefficient by 39% compared to the rigid airfoil around the stall angle.

Apart from numerical study, first detailed experimental investigations on a partially flexible airfoil at low Reynolds numbers were carried out by Açıkel and Genç [99]. They modified the rigid NACA 4412 airfoil by using a membrane material that was located on the upper side of the airfoil as denoted in **Figure 25** [99]. The location of the membrane was between x/c = 0.2 and x/c = 0.7. In this study, different experimental methods such as force measurement, velocity measurement, deformation measurement, and smoke wire visualization were used to investigate flow control on partially flexible membrane airfoil.

According to the experimental results, flow control with flexibility is more effective at low angles of attack. **Figure 26** [99] demonstrates a combined sketch of the membrane standard deviation and smoke wire visualization for α = 8°. This sketch showed that the membrane vibration modes were increased with increasing Reynolds number.


**Author details**

Lucian Mocan1,2\*, Ofelia Mosteanu1,3, Teodora Pop1,3, Lucia Agoston-Coldea4 , Cornel Iancu1,2, Teodora Mocan1,5 and Furcea Luminita1,2

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
1 Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor", Cluj-Napoca, Romania

2 Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania

3 Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania

4 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania

5 Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania


**5. Conclusions**

Recent epidemiology confirms that cryptosporidiosis is common worldwide in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnostic approaches are still mainly based on microscopy; however, PCR-based methods are increasingly used for routine diagnosis. The performance of PCR methods is variable and needs to be evaluated. In this study, based on PCR analysis of the same DNA extracts, we compared the performance of eight commonly used methods according to limit of detection (for both *C. hominis* and *C. parvum*), specificity, and rare species identification. All eight methods were able to detect *C. parvum* and *C. hominis* with a limit of detection of 1000 oocysts/gram of stool, but only one method (FTD®) was able to detect one and ten oocysts/gram for *C. parvum* and *C. hominis*, respectively. Specificity was satisfactory for each tested method. Six of the eight methods were able to detect rare species implicated in human infection.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: D.C., R.R., L.F. and F.D.; methodology: D.C. and L.S.; investigation: D.C. and L.S.; supervision: D.C., L.F. and F.D.; writing—original draft preparation: D.C.; writing—review: G.G., S.V., L.B., L.F., R.R. and F.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The authors gratefully thank Santé Publique France for their funding of CNR-LE cryptosporidiosis activities.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors are grateful to Nikki Sabourin-Gibbs, Rouen University Hospital, for her help in editing the manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


*2.2. Other Renewable Energy Potential*

Algeria has a considerable average of wind speed that can reach 6 m/s in approximately 50% of the country's surface. The government plans to promote this energy source. Hydroelectricity potential is modest and has little benefit to the Algerian economy. For geothermal energy, the Renewable Energy Development Centre listed more than 200 hot springs, thereby presenting a favourable outlook to exploit this resource [48]. Finally, the biomass potential in Algeria is considerable. It reaches 5 Mtoe/year, but it is still not consumed. This source of energy offers great promises and should be enhanced [51].

#### *2.3. Algerian Renewable Energy Program*

Currently, Algeria focuses on the production of electrical energy from renewable sources, especially on solar energy and grid-connected photovoltaic power plants, for a capacity of several megawatts to reduce its dependence on oil rents, thereby representing approximately 96% of export and 17.36% of GDP in 2014 [52]. It also aims to reduce the use of diesel generators, which is the dominant energy source in rural and Saharan regions in Algeria [46].

The development of green energy sources is a key priority for the Algerian government. Nowadays, enhancing the exploitation of renewable energy is a necessity to decrease the amount of CO2 emissions, considering that Algeria has shown great interest in signing the historic Paris agreement in 2015 [53]. Furthermore, with such a measure, the government can save conventional resources, which are used to generate electricity. The renewable sources showed a poor share in the total energy compared with the conventional sources [54]. The residential electricity sector reached approximately 42% of the total energy consumption [55]. However, the ambitious national renewable energy program allowed one to reach 27% of renewable energy in the national energy mix [56].

Renewable energy sources are the focus of the 2011–2030 development program adopted by the Algerian government to achieve the installation of 22,000 MW of renewables by 2030, including 10,000 MW for export and 12,000 MW for meeting the national market demand [57]. Notably, photovoltaic energy is the dominant renewable source and is expected to reach a capacity of 13,575 MW, representing 62% of the total power installation, as shown in Table 2. In this ambitious program, the government strategy focuses on the development of photovoltaics on a large scale and prepares for the future of Algeria. The adopted program includes the development of wind and CSP energy, biomass, cogeneration and geothermal sources.


**X 100**

*No, I don't have a separate room for teleworking*

*Yes, I have a separate room for teleworking*

### Bibliography

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Chamoux, A. (2021). Télétravail contraint en pandémie, nouveau risque psychosocial : réflexions sur les enjeux santé et l'accompagnement nécessaire. Bulletin de L'Académie Nationale De Medecine, 205 (8), 985-992. Chesterman, A., de Battista, M., & Causse, E. (2021). Effects of social position and household affordances on COVID-19 lockdown resilience and coping. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 78, 101687.

Evans, G. W., & Stecker, R. (2004). Motivational consequences of environmental stress. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 143–165.

Fornara, F., Mosca, O., Bosco, A., Caffò, A. O., Lopez, A., Iachini, T., & Pazzaglia, F. (2022). Space at home and psychological distress during the Covid-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of

environmental psychology, 79, 101747.

Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hu, M., Roberts, J. D., Azevedo, G. P., & Milner, D. (2021). The role of built and social environmental factors in covid-19 transmission: A look at America's capital city. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102580. Robertson, M. M., & Mosier, K. (2020). Work from home: Human factors/ergonomics considerations for teleworking. Genf: International Labour Organization.

*Teleworkers' response rates to occupational health indices via the spatial distribution of housing during the health crisis (%).*

Conclusions The teleworking environment has an effect on occupational health, suggesting that workspace designs for teleworkers should be considered, not only for future social restrictions, but also for the telework of tomorrow.


Preface

Startups and rocket manufacturers are revolutionizing access to space. For example, Aerojet Rocketdyne, NASA, and SpaceX partially (and increasingly) use 3D-printed elements in rocket building, which lowers costs and allows for faster construction of engines. The number of low Earth orbit (LEO) micro-gravity scientific experiments conducted by the International Space Station is already in the thousands. This year, the first set of circumlunar commercial missions will be launched, opening a vastly more diversified point of view on the possibilities to make the moon our first non-Earth planetary port. Although the multiple challenges of lunar habitats and periodic/long-term crew rotations are still many, science and technology, alongside commercial drives, are changing the convergence rate on a first landing/settlement date.

There are still many open scientific questions about the moon, and there are also now many questions about humans and their potential lives there. This book looks at the history of the moon orbit and the prospects of in situ lunar science, the radiation impact on the lunar surface, the resistance of settlement materials on the moon under the conditions of protecting humans on-site, and the preparation of humans for space missions.

> **Dr. Yann-Henri Chemin** Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

Section 1 Introduction


**4. Conclusions**

Pellets from residues from rice harvest (i.e., straw and husk) were produced and their main properties were evaluated. Rice straw pellets were initially produced at lab scale at varying operational conditions (i.e., load compression and wt % of feeding moisture content) to evaluate their suitability for palletization without the use of binders. Afterwards, pellets from rice straw and husk pellets were commercially produced without the use of a binder.

All the samples were characterized in terms of their main physical (density, dimension, porosity), physico-chemical (proximate and ultimate analysis, higher heating value), and structural properties. In addition, axial and diametral compression tests and durability tests were used to assess their mechanical performance. All the analyzed properties were compared with the established quality standards for non-woody pellets.

In summary, rice straw pellets presented suitable properties for their use as pelletized fuels in the context of the LIFE LIBERNITRATE project. Rice husk pellets fell out of the standards in several tests such as recommended size or durability and their pre-treatment might be necessary for their use as fuels.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, methodology, writing draft, formal analysis C.M. and A.L. writing-review and editing, B.B., R.B. supervision, funding acquisition, E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was funded through the LIFE LIBERNITRATE project (LIFE16 ENV/ES/000419).

**Acknowledgments:** Beatrice Ghinello, Matteo Toscanini and Alice Gabuti are acknowledged in the framework of their thesis work.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**8. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as biomarkers (TILs)**

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have a predominant role in breast cancer as predictive and prognostic biomarker. It is present intratumorally and in adjacent stromal tissues. The increased presence of TILs in Breast cancer is associated with improved prognosis and overall survival in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy [52, 53]. In a recent study higher number of TILs was in TNBC as compared to other breast cancer subtypes, therefore is associated with the possibility to show better responses to neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with relapse free survival [54, 55]. The connection of TILs with anti-tumor immune response in TNBC patients also serves as a predictive biomarker, thereby making examination of immunotherapy in TNBC more interesting [14]. Furthermore, clinical trial KEYNOTE-173 trial investigating pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy has shown

promising results in the neoadjuvant setting of TNBC, as this trial demonstrated the presence of higher levels of TILs and higher PD-L1 expression resulting in a high combination score with increased overall response rates in TNBC patients [56].


Genetic Programming New Approaches and Successful Applications

*Edited by Sebastian Ventura*

**GENETIC PROGRAMMING –**

**SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS**

**NEW APPROACHES AND**

Edited by **Sebastián Ventura**


*3.1.5 Ophthalmological assessment*

Specific ophthalmological assessment such as retinal camera or fundoscopy provides information of the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, vasculature, optic disc and macula. Pale disc may be an indication of increased intracranial

#### *Spina Bifida and Craniosynostosis - New Perspectives and Clinical Applications*

pressure. Tonometry can be performed to measure the intraocular pressure. Assessment of the volume of eye sockets is also important and can be conducted via the analysis of CT scan.


*2.5. Three-Dimensional (3D) Fluorescence Spectroscopy*

Structural changes and conformational changes in the protein are identified with 3D fluorescence spectra. In addition, microenvironmental fluctuations in the vicinity of fluorophore residues lead to conformational or structural changes in the protein molecules. The BSA-ERL 3D spectra were matched to the 3D spectra of BSA to identify any such variations in the fluorophore microenvironment.


From a scientific point of view, RFID has become a well-defined research field, counting more than fifteen thousand scientific papers and books indexed by IEEE, Springer, and Elsevier, and more than twenty-two thousand patents or patent applications indexed by the most essential three regional patent databases (USA, Europe, and Japan) [2]. All of these highlight a rich palette of research directions in RFID technology, such as: system implementation, design principles, chipless

implementations, IoT integration, security, and so on.

#### **Chapter 5**