*2.2. AG Improved Short-Term Working Memory*

The effect of AG on short-term working memory was measured using the Y-maze test (Figure 2). TBI did not have a significant effect on the alternation behaviors. However, AG increased the alternation behavior in both TBI and normal mice (Figure 2A). Similarly, CMS did not affect the alternation behavior in CMS mice. In contrast, AG treatment increased the alternation behavior (Figure 2B)

**Figure 2.** Short-term working memory by AG in TBI and CMS mice, measured by the percent alternation in the Y-maze. (**A**) TBI model. There were before–after (within) effects [F(1,28) = 3.57, *p* = 0.012], treatment group (between) effects [F(3,28) = 3.23, *p* = 0.081], and within–between interactions [F(3,28) = 3.28, *p* = 0.036]. There were no before–after changes in the control (*p* = 0.6) and TBI (*p* = 0.38), but improvements in the AG (*p* = 0.008) and TBI + AG (*p* = 0.047). (**B**) CMS model. There were before–after effects [F(1,36) = 6.2, *p* = 0.018] and treatment group effects [F(3,36) = 11.8, *p* < 0.001], but no significant within–between interaction differences [F(3,36) = 1.5, *p* = 0.24]. There was no before–after

change in the control group (*p* = 031), AG (*p* = 0.97) or CMS (*p* = 0.33) groups. However, there was an increase of % alternation in the CMS + AG group (*p* = 0.006).  Repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey's HSD post-hoc test.


**About the Special Issue Editors**

**J´ozsef Popp** is Professor and dean at Szent Istv´an University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Hungary. He is Professor at WSB University, Dąbrowa G´ornicza, Poland and North-West University, South Africa. He is also an active member and chairman of several academic and professional organisations. Professor Jozsef ´ Popp obtained his PhD of economics at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and his Dr. Sc. oec. degree at the Humbold University, Berlin, Germany. He is a corresponding Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His research interests includes global food and energy security analysis, competitiveness of the food economy, rural development, supply chain management, renewable energy, bioeconomy and circular economy. Among the honors he has received are: Doctorem Honoris Causa Pannon University, Hungary, 2010 and "Honoris Causa Professorship", Delhi School of Professional Studies and Research, 2010. Award of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Recognition of Research Contributions, 2011. https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56031677900.

**Zolt´an Lakner** (1959). MS.c. (Food Eng.), Post-graduate diploma. (Management), Post-graduate diploma (Innovation Management), chartered accountant, Dr. univ. (food economics), Ph.D. (Agric. Econ.), habilitation (Agricultural Engineering), Doctor of Sciences (Agricultural Economics), professor (Szent Istan´ University), head of department (Food Chain Management). Jean Monet Chair. Interests: food system analysis; econometrics and mathematical modeling in food chain; food chain.

**Judit Ol´ah** is Associate Professor at the University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics. She is Associate Professor at WSB University, Dąbrowa G´ornicza, Poland and North-West University, South Africa. The main area of her scientific work is the food industry and the production of biofuels, risk management, food supply chain, bioenergy, logistics, Industry 4.0, and bioeconomy. https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56016286600.


**2.5 Signs**

HL may be associated with other physical problems which are called syndromic HL. Genetic HLs without any other complications is called non-syndromic genetic hearing loss [Willems, 2004]. HL loci are named with the prefix DFN, followed by the mode of inheritance which is indicated by B, A, X and Y for autosomal recessive (DFNB), autosomal dominant (DFNA), X-linked (DFNX) and Y-linked (DFNY), respectively. The order in which loci have been described is denoted by a number after these letters, e.g. DFNB1 is the first identified locus causing autosomal recessive HL [Guilford et al., 1994].

Table 2. Various criteria for the classification of hearing loss.


**3.1 Content of total phenolics and condensed tannins**

The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined using the Folin– Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. The results were expressed as (+)-catechin equivalents per g of the extract or 100 g seeds. The results are reported in **Tables 2** and **3**. The content of total phenolics ranged from 40.7 (FAB 219) to 66.1 mg/g extract (FAB 187) and from 326 (FAB 219) to 574 mg/100 g seeds (FAB 5019).

The content of condensed tannins in the extracts was determined using the vanillin/HCl colorimetric method. The results ranged from 2.40 (FAB 297) to 49.9 mg/g extract (FAB 225) and from 22.2 (FAB 297) to 441 mg/100 seeds (FAB 5019) (**Tables 1** and **3**).

The results obtained in this research confirm the fact that faba bean is a rich source of phenolic compounds as well as condensed tannins. A lower content of total phenolic compounds was previously reported for extracts of pea [28], white bean [29], broad bean [23, 30] lupin [31], and grass pea [32]. A similarly high content of total phenolic compounds was previously reported for red lentil [33], green lentil [34], red bean [35], and adzuki bean [36].

The presence of condensed tannins in faba bean seeds determined with the vanillin method was reported by Amarowicz et al. [37], Baginsky et al. [38], Amarowicz and Shahidi [39], and Zduńczyk et al. [17]. In a research conducted by

*b Catechin equivalents.*

#### **Table 2.**

*Contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins and antioxidant activity of faba bean extracts. Results are reported per g of extract.*

**45**

**3.2 Antioxidant activity**

*Antioxidant Activity of Faba Bean Extracts DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85534*

**(mg/100 g seeds)**

561 ± 13 486 ± 14 **Condensed tanninsb (mg/100 g seeds)**

> 451 ± 13 265 ± 12

 421 ± 14 217 ± 12 6.56 ± 0.13 5.34 ± 0.08 626 ± 18 308 ± 13 9.81 ± 0.14 7.90 ± 0.12 418 ± 9 126 ± 7 5.52 ± 0.09 6.28 ± 0.09 482 ± 17 471 ± 23 6.85 ± 0.09 6.66 ± 0.15 464 ± 6 326 ± 14 6.01 ± 0.10 6.60 ± 0.07 602 ± 17 365 ± 10 8.20 ± 0.14 7.40 ± 0.10

 484 ± 4 247 ± 6 6.16 ± 0.13 6.32 ± 0.13 421 ± 10 109 ± 19 5.50 ± 0.16 5.35 ± 0.10 524 ± 5 222 ± 12 7.37 ± 0.09 7.78 ± 0.10 574 ± 22 441 ± 12 7.80 ± 0.20 6.88 ± 0.08 509 ± 13 362 ± 15 6.51 ± 0.20 6.23 ± 0.09 425 ± 2 192 ± 9 5.82 ± 0.07 5.66 ± 0.13 539 ± 6 447 ± 6 7.94 ± 0.15 6.40 ± 0.13 378 ± 7 22.2 ± 1.0 5.72 ± 0.15 4.61 ± 0.10 395 ± 4 82.8 ± 9.9 6.31 ± 0.13 6.01 ± 0.08 326 ± 11 34.5 ± 7.5 5.28 ± 0.10 4.82 ± 0.13 373 ± 2 34.0 ± 4.9 4.85 ± 0.09 5.34 ± 0.11 475 ± 13 191 ± 14 7.13 ± 0.19 6.34 ± 0.10 559 ± 9 201 ± 14 7.63 ± 0.19 7.64 ± 0.10 410 ± 9 309 ± 18 6.04 ± 0.03 5.85 ± 0.12

**TEAC (mmol TE/100 g seeds)**

> 7.75 ± 0.16 7.91 ± 0.22

**FRAP (mmol Fe2+/100 g seeds)**

> 7.57 ± 0.11 6.61 ± 0.08

**No Total phenolicsa**

15 16

*a*

*b*

**Table 3.**

*Catechin equivalents.*

*Catechin equivalents.*

*Results are reported per 100 g of seeds.*

Luo et al. [40], the content of condensed tannins in faba bean extracts ranged from 0.9 to 1.9 g of gallic acid equivalents/100 g extract. In this research, the authors used the Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent to determine the content of tannins precipitated from the extract by using polypyrrolidone (PVPP). Amarowicz and Shahidi [39] identified gallate procyanidin dimer and three gallate procyanidins in faba bean extract by using HPLC-DAD-MS. The content of the abovementioned compounds was 689, 89.8, 28.6, and 18.3 μg/g extract. Five procyanidin dimmers and three procyanidin trimers were determined in faba bean extract using an UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method [41]. The presence of procyanidin B1, B2, B3, B4,

*Contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins and antioxidant activity of faba bean seeds.*

Antioxidant properties of the extracts were investigated using ABTS and FRAP assays. The extracts and seeds were characterized by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values ranging from 0.550 (FAB 443) to 1.030 mmol Trolox/g extract (FAB 187) and from 4.85 (FAB 318) to 9.81 mmol Trolox/100 g

C1, and C2 has been reported by De Pascual-Teresa et al. [42].

*Antioxidant Activity of Faba Bean Extracts DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85534*

*Plant Extracts*

5019) (**Tables 1** and **3**).

**No Total phenolicsa**

**(mg/g extract)**

per g of the extract or 100 g seeds. The results are reported in **Tables 2** and **3**. The content of total phenolics ranged from 40.7 (FAB 219) to 66.1 mg/g extract (FAB

The content of condensed tannins in the extracts was determined using the vanillin/HCl colorimetric method. The results ranged from 2.40 (FAB 297) to 49.9 mg/g extract (FAB 225) and from 22.2 (FAB 297) to 441 mg/100 seeds (FAB

The results obtained in this research confirm the fact that faba bean is a rich source of phenolic compounds as well as condensed tannins. A lower content of total phenolic compounds was previously reported for extracts of pea [28], white bean [29], broad bean [23, 30] lupin [31], and grass pea [32]. A similarly high content of total phenolic compounds was previously reported for red lentil [33], green

The presence of condensed tannins in faba bean seeds determined with the vanillin method was reported by Amarowicz et al. [37], Baginsky et al. [38], Amarowicz and Shahidi [39], and Zduńczyk et al. [17]. In a research conducted by

 51.5 ± 0.4 26.4 ± 0.7 0.656 ± 0.014 0.673 ± 0.014 42.1 ± 1.0 10.9 ± 0.9 0.550 ± 0.016 0.535 ± 0.010 61.2 ± 0.5 25.9 ± 1.4 0.860 ± 0.011 0.908 ± 0.012 62.8 ± 2.4 48.2 ± 1.3 0.854 ± 0.022 0.753 ± 0.008 60.5 ± 1.6 43.2 ± 1.8 0.775 ± 0.023 0.742 ± 0.011 47.6 ± 0.2 21.5 ± 1.1 0.563 ± 0.008 0.634 ± 014 60.2 ± 0.7 49.9 ± 0.7 0.886 ± 0.017 0.715 ± 0.015 46.9 ± 0.9 2.40 ± 0.72 0.710 ± 0.018 0.572 ± 0.013 41.8 ± 0.4 8.77 ± 1.06 0.669 ± 0.014 0.636 ± 0.009 40.7 ± 1.4 4.32 ± 0.78 0.661 ± 0.012 0.603 ± 0.016 45.5 ± 0.3 4.15 ± 0.69 0.592 ± 0.011 0.651 ± 0.014 55.0 ± 1.6 22.1 ± 1.6 0.826 ± 0.022 0.734 ± 0.012 59.1 ± 1.1 21.3 ± 1.5 0.806 ± 0.020 0.807 ± 0.011 46.8 ± 1.0 35.3 ± 2.1 0.691 ± 0.004 0.671 ± 0.011 61.1 ± 1.4 49.1 ± 1.4 0.844 ± 0.017 0.824 ± 0.014 51.7 ± 1.5 28.2 ± 1.3 0.841 ± 0.024 0.703 ± 0.012 46.3 ± 1.5 23.8 ± 1.4 0.721 ± 0.014 0.588 ± 0.008 66.1 ± 1.9 32.5 ± 1.3 1.035 ± 0.014 0.833 ± 0.009 47.9 ± 1.0 14.4 ± 0.8 0.631 ± 0.011 0.718 ± 0.013 48.8 ± 1.7 47.8 ± 2.3 0.694 ± 0.009 0.675 ± 0.010 48.7 ± 0.6 34.2 ± 1.5 0.631 ± 0.010 0.694 ± 0.015 65.7 ± 1.9 39.9 ± 1.1 0.894 ± 0.015 0.807 ± 0.007

*Contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins and antioxidant activity of faba bean extracts.*

**TEAC (mmol TE/g extract)**

**FRAP (mmol Fe2+/g extract)**

**Condensed tanninsb (mg/g extract)**

187) and from 326 (FAB 219) to 574 mg/100 g seeds (FAB 5019).

lentil [34], red bean [35], and adzuki bean [36].

**44**

*a*

*b*

**Table 2.**

*Catechin equivalents.*

*Catechin equivalents.*

*Results are reported per g of extract.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins and antioxidant activity of faba bean seeds. Results are reported per 100 g of seeds.*

Luo et al. [40], the content of condensed tannins in faba bean extracts ranged from 0.9 to 1.9 g of gallic acid equivalents/100 g extract. In this research, the authors used the Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent to determine the content of tannins precipitated from the extract by using polypyrrolidone (PVPP). Amarowicz and Shahidi [39] identified gallate procyanidin dimer and three gallate procyanidins in faba bean extract by using HPLC-DAD-MS. The content of the abovementioned compounds was 689, 89.8, 28.6, and 18.3 μg/g extract. Five procyanidin dimmers and three procyanidin trimers were determined in faba bean extract using an UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method [41]. The presence of procyanidin B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, and C2 has been reported by De Pascual-Teresa et al. [42].


*2.1. Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticle Suspensions and ZnSO4 Solution*

For the experiment with fungal growth, three Zn forms were used, ionic Zn in the form of a solution of ZnSO4, suspension of ZnO NPs, and bulk ZnO. Bulk ZnO was acquired in the form of powder (p.a. quality, Chemapol, Prague, Czech Republic). ZnO NP dispersion used in the experiment was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA (<100 nm particle size (TEM), ≤40 nm Avg. part. size (APS), 20 wt. % in H2O). ZnO NPs used in this work were also used in the article by Kolenˇcík et al. [16], and additional characterization of the nanoparticles can be found there. Right before the experiment, the suspension of ZnO NPs with a concentration of 65 mg·L −1 (1 mmol Zn·L −1 ) was prepared by adding 65 µL of ZnO NP dispersion to a 200 mL volumetric flask that was filled to mark

with distilled water. The suspension was then sonicated for 15 min in an ultrasonic bath. An ionic zinc solution of 65 mg·L −1 (1 mmol Zn·L −1 ) ZnSO4 was prepared by dissolving 0.2876 g ZnSO4·7H2O (p.a. quality, CentralChem, Bratislava, Slovakia) in 1 L of distilled water.

### *2.2. Cultivation of Aspergillus niger*

Microscopic filamentous fungus *Aspergillus niger* (Tiegh.), strain CBS 140837, originally isolated from the mercury-contaminated soil [33], was grown in Sabouraud growth medium (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks using a 7-day static cultivation in a growth chamber (dark, 25 ◦C). Four different types of growth media were created with three forms of Zn at 6.5 mg Zn·L −1 (0.1 mmol Zn·L −1 ), ZnSO4, ZnO NP, and bulk ZnO, and one control without added Zn. The concentration of 6.5 mg Zn·L −1 was selected in a preliminary experiment with ZnSO4 (Supplementary Material Table S1, Figure S1), where a concentration of 13 mg Zn·L −1 in the form of ZnSO4 prolonged sporulation with negligible effect on dry biomass weight; a concentration of 26 mg Zn·L −1 was inhibitory for fungal growth and no compact mycelium was formed after 7 days.

In the case of ZnSO4, and ZnO NPs, 5 mL of either 1 mmol Zn·L −1 ZnSO4 solution or ZnO NP suspension were added to 45 mL of Sabouraud growth medium in Erlenmeyer flask. Bulk ZnO in the form of 0.0033 g of ZnO powder was added to 45 mL of growth medium and 5 mL of sterilized distilled water put into Erlenmeyer flask. The control experiment was done in Erlenmeyer flasks filled with 45 mL of the growth medium and 5 mL of sterilized distilled water. Each of the Zn forms and control had six replicates. All the Erlenmeyer flasks with the growth media were then put into the ultrasonic bath for 15 min.

After the aforementioned procedure, each of the growth media in Erlenmeyer flasks was inoculated with 50 µL of *A. niger* spore suspension and grown in the dark in the growth chamber for 7 days. After a 7-day growth period, the weight of dry biomass, the concentration of Zn in dry biomass, pH in the growth media, and the concentration of Zn in growth media in form of ionic Zn and Zn bound in organic or inorganic colloids was measured.

The biomass grown on the top of the growth media was collected and washed several times with distilled water. Afterwards, it was dried out at 60 ◦C, then weighed, and transferred into PTFE containers and 5 mL of 65% HNO3 was added to digest the biomass. The PTFE containers were put into high-pressure acid digestion vessels, and the vessels were closed afterwards. Then, the vessels were placed into an oven heated to 150 ◦C for 4 h to digest the biomass.

To discern between Zn bound to colloidal form and ionic Zn, the removed growth medium was centrifuged at 700 g for 1 min, to remove big clusters of residual biomasses bigger than 1000 nm. Then, part of the supernatant was removed and analyzed for Zn concentration (*C*1000). The concentration of ionic Zn (< 1 nm, *C*1) was acquired after the ultrafiltration of the supernatant, 6 mL of supernatant was transferred to ultrafiltration centrifugation units (Sartorius Vivaspin® 6 mL, 3 kDa, Goettingen, Germany) which were centrifuged at 3500 g for 20 min. 0.5 mL of filtrate was collected, stabilized with HNO3, and analyzed for Zn concentration. The concentration in filtrates, supernatants, and digested biomass was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer 1100, Perkin-Elmer, Rodgau, Germany). A concentration of Zn bound to colloidal forms (1–1000 nm, *C*1-1000) was calculated by subtracting the concentration of ionic Zn from the concentration of Zn in colloidal supernatant (*C*1-1000 = *C*1000 − *C*1).

The dry weight of mycelia and pH was compared for all applications via a two-tail *t*-test at a significance level α = 0.05. Before the *t*-test, data were analyzed for differences in variances by F-test, and then a *t*-test for either equal or unequal variances was used. The statistical evaluation was done with Analysis ToolPak add-in for Microsoft Excel (Redmond, WA, USA).


**Abstract**

Hysterectomy is one of the most common operations performed in gynecology. In the last decade and a half, the da Vinci robotic system has gained widespread acceptance in gynecology due to enhanced visualization and excellent dexterity compared to conventional laparoscopic techniques. The rapid adoption of the technology comes with unique challenges. Excluding initial acquisition cost and maintenance cost, surgery performed robotically is expensive than laparoscopic surgery. Higher cost on each case questions many about the viability of the robotic platform. Several hospitals have successfully established the robotic program, but many are reluctant to acquire expensive technology, and some are rolling back on their decision due to various reasons. This chapter expands on those challenges, mainly needs assessment, team building, culture of safety, learning curve, business strategy, and return of investment.

**Keywords:** Robotic hysterectomy, need assessment, team building, learning curve, culture of safety, business model