**1.2. Alcohol metabolism and distribution**

Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and intestines through the blood stream and crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after consumption. Alcohol is metabolized through the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) and catalase in the liver or the brain. In the brain, alcohol metabolism by CYP2E1 produces acetaldehyde and alcohol is considered to be the only source of acetaldehyde. The rest of the acetaldehyde may go through the brain by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which is found in the liver and helps in conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde. Target of alcohol is considered to be ADH. Alcohol binds through its hydroxyl (─OH) group and zinc atom on ADH [1]. Disulfiram (antabuse), one of the first approved treatments for alcoholism, showed its mechanism by inhibiting the ADH enzyme. When taken regularly, disulfiram decreases the drinking capacity because of the aversive effects [2].


Suarau O. Oshunsanya and OrevaOghene Aliku

Preface

chapters.

of the topic through a general reading.

Today, human beings have turned to the profound meaning of green areas in their lives, and it is clear that grasses are a symbol of life, and their importance corresponds to the earliest evidence of people on earth. Grasses have existed on the earth for much longer than people have, and human beings have been the fortunate member of this partnership. Savannah and Steppe form the largest natural grassy areas from different climate zones that are not suita‐ ble for forests. In addition, grasses create cultural landscapes, especially in Central Europe. They have arisen in a long process since the Ice Age, where forests have been transformed into meadows and pastures. Appropriately, the earth's first ages of grasses came even earli‐ er than the first age of the grazing animal. Indeed, the word 'graze' was derived from 'grass'. During Miocene times, believed to have begun some 30 million years ago, the fore‐ bears of grass came out of tropical forests and swamplands into the cooler and drier lands. The aim of this book is to embody the essential components, the role and the function of grasses as natural material in our lives. The book will discuss the importance of using differ‐ ent species of grasses in landscape and medicine. The importance of the book is manifested by subject debates, which display multiple viewpoints on how grasses are used in general, and their impact on our lives in particular. The book is divided into four parts and eight

Section 1, 'Overview on Grass Topic', is an introductory section, which presents a snapshot

Section 2, 'Grasses in a Complex Agronomic Process: The Benefit and Importance', is divid‐ ed into two chapters: the first, 'Analytical Interpretation of the Beneficial Interaction Be‐ tween Microorganisms and Grasses', debates the meaning, benefit and importance of soil microorganisms, the mechanisms of growth promotion of grasses and the main mechanisms of growth promotion of grasses by soil microorganisms. The second chapter, 'Importance of Grass Carp (*Ctenopharyngodon idella*) for Controlling of Aquatic Vegetation', debates the con‐ cept of aquatic plants, where grass carp becomes a tool to control aquatic vegetation. This

Section 3, 'Different Grass Species from Diverse World Regions', is divided into three chap‐ ters. The first chapter, 'Study of Some North African Grasses (*Ampelodesma mauritanica* and Esparto Grass)', discusses the subject of *Ampelodesma mauritanica*, which is a plant of the family Poaceae from northern and southern Africa. Esparto grass is another topic of this chapter; both are cellulose-based fibres extracted using a basic procedure to remove noncel‐ lulosic substances such as pectin, lignin and hemicelluloses. The authors attempt to charac‐ terise the Esparto grass fibre obtained from chemical extraction using sodium hydroxide followed by sodium hypochlorite as a bleaching agent. The second chapter, 'Endemic Spe‐

chapter aims to analyse the use of grass carp to control aquatic vegetation.


**5. Conclusions**

ITEM-TWO is able (i) to determine epitopes and (ii) to investigate the epitopes´ binding strengths in the gas phase. Mixing of antigen or epitope peptide and antibody solutions is the only required in-solution handling step when the complex components are dissolved in electrospray-compatible solutions. From normalized ion intensities, the apparent gas phase quasi equilibrium dissociation constants (**K**# **D m**0**g** ) can be deduced from which apparent dissociation activation energies for neutral and resting immune complexes in the gas phase (∆**G**# **mOg**) can be calculated. As suitable electrospray mass spectrometry equipment has become amply available, our ITEM-TWO method should be easily adaptable by mass spectrometry laboratories all around the world.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online, Equations and theoretical explanations. Figure S1: Course of normalized ion intensities of holo-myoglobin ions (*norm* (*educts*)) as a function of collision cell voltage differences (∆CV), Figure S2: Arrhenius plot for the course of myoglobin dissociation in the gas phase, Figure S3: Course of normalized ion intensities of RNAse S ions (*norm* (*educts*)) as a function of collision cell voltage differences (∆CV), Figure S4: Arrhenius plot for the course of RNAse S dissociation in the gas phase, Figure S5: Course of normalized ion intensities of FLAG-peptide—antiFLAG antibody ions (*norm* (*educts*)) as a function of collision cell voltage differences (∆CV), Figure S6: Arrhenius plot for the course of FLAG-peptide—antiFLAG antibody complex dissociation in the gas phase, Figure S7: Course of normalized ion intensities of Troponin I peptide—antiTroponin I antibody complex (*norm* (*educts*)) as a function of collision cell voltage differences (∆CV), Figure S8: Arrhenius plot for the course of Troponin I peptide—antiTroponin I antibody complex dissociation in the gas phase, Table S1: Ion intensities, charge states, and m/z values for myoglobin at various collision cell voltage difference settings, Table S2: Apex heights and mean charge states of educt and product ion signals upon gas phase dissociation of myoglobin, Table S3: Ion intensities, charge states, and m/z values for RNAse S at various collision cell voltage difference settings, Table S4: Apex heights and mean charge states of educt and product ion signals upon gas phase dissociation of RNAse S, Table S5: Ion intensities, charge states, and m/z values for FLAG-peptide—antiFLAG antibody complex at various collision cell voltage difference settings, Table S6: Apex heights and mean charge states of educt and product ion signals upon gas phase dissociation of FLAG-peptide—antiFLAG antibody complex, Table S7: Ion intensities, charge states, and m/z values for TroponinI peptide—antiTroponinI at various collision cell voltage difference settings, Table S8: Apex heights and mean charge states of educt and product ion signals upon gas phase dissociation of TroponinI immune complex.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: B.D.D. and M.O.G.; methodology: B.D.D., K.F.M.O., and M.O.G.; validation: K.F.M.O., C.R., and C.K.; formal analysis: B.D.D., C.R., and C.K.; investigation: B.D.D. and M.O.G.; resources: M.O.G.; data curation: B.D.D.; writing—original draft preparation: B.D.D. and M.O.G.; writing—review and editing: B.D.D., K.F.M.O., C.R., C.K., and M.O.G.; visualization: B.D.D. and M.O.G.; supervision: M.O.G.; funding acquisition: B.D.D., K.F.M.O., and M.O.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The authors thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for providing a postdoctoral fellowship (Re-invitation Programme for Former Scholarship Holders) for KO (91548123) and a doctoral scholarship for BD (No. 91566064). The WATERS Synapt G2S mass spectrometer has been bought through an EU grant [EFRE-UHROM 9] made available to MOG.

**Acknowledgments:** We express our thanks to Michael Kreutzer for providing his expertise on bioinformatics and to Peter Lorenz and Hans-Juergen Thiesen for providing the FLAG peptide.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


**2. COX and the gastric mucosal barrier**

In 1971, Vane and colleagues first demonstrated that aspirin and other NSAIDs inhibited the synthesis of PGs by blocking COX activity [4]. COX plays pivotal roles in the gastric mucosal barrier [5, 6]. COX catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to the common precursor prostanoids, prostaglandin (PG) H2 , and PGG2 . The major PGs produced by the human and rodent gastric mucosa are PGE2 and PGI2 , with lesser amounts of PGF2 and PGD2 . Each of these metabolites binds to a specific G protein-coupled receptor to trigger intracellular responses. PGs have been shown to accelerate ulcer healing in experimental models and humans [7]. COX exists in two isoforms commonly referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in various tissues. In the stomach, prostanoids synthesized via the COX-1 pathway are responsible for cytoprotection of the gastric mucosa and the production of thromboxane by platelets. Although COX-2 is generally expressed at very low levels in healthy tissues, including in the stomach, it is expressed at particularly high levels at sites of inflammation.

It was originally thought that only COX-1 was involved in the gastric mucosal defense system; however, several clinical trials have suggested that a COX-2 selective inhibitor produces lesser, but some, gastrointestinal toxicity compared to traditional NSAIDs [8, 9]. In accordance with this finding, animal studies have suggested that both COX-1 and COX-2 are necessary for gastric mucosal healing, and COX-1 inhibition alone, which can be induced pharmacologically by specific inhibitors or genetically by gene targeting [10], does not cause gastric mucosal injury. It has been shown that a combination of selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors is required to cause hemorrhagic erosion of the gastric mucosa, which is comparable to that observed with indomethacin [11]. Prostanoids produced by COX-2, especially PGE2 , enhance cell proliferation. The beneficial effects of PGE2 on gastric ulcer healing in rodents appear to be mediated via the EP4 receptor [12]. In addition, COX-2-derived PG stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from gastric fibroblasts, which is an important contributor to ulcer healing [13, 14], likely via stimulation of new blood vessel growth. The increase in COX-2 immunoreactivity that is observed in monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells at the ulcer margin is closely correlated, both temporally and spatially, with the increase in cell proliferation [15]. COX-2 appears to represent a second line of defense that is activated during ulcer healing to compensate for the temporary loss of COX-1 in the mucosa adjacent to the ulcer and assists COX-1 in protecting gastric mucosal integrity. The healing-impairment effect of NSAIDs is also observed with selective COX-2 inhibitors [16].


**1. Introduction**

Globally, journalism education has changed significantly over the past decade to keep abreast with the profession which has been through huge upheaval. The profession is transforming itself to keep relevant with the technological, audience and business model changes. It has also to deal in many countries with declining public trust in journalists and increased threats to both journalists' safety and media freedom. The challenge for educators and the profession is only just beginning given unrelenting pace of change. This research used the UK journalism profession as a case study of a profession in a state of change. It asked what were the changes in the profession since 2012. The implications of these changes for future professional UK journalism education were then analyzed.

Educators must plan for this ever-changing profession's future, and prepare teachers and students to cope with even greater turbulence throughout their careers. Frost [1], one of the world's longest serving journalism educators, does not underestimate the challenge. He said that the education bodies face the future where the boundary between the digital and human world become increasing blurred and the technical future may be something not even the most far-fetched sci-fi films could have predicted. Frost [1], postulated that a key future challenge will be teaching those in the profession to learn: "Journalism education also needs to take more seriously the need to not just train journalism students but to give them the tools to deal with a fast-moving world where things can change almost month by month". Across the globe journalism education is becoming professionalized mainly in courses at private universities. While country specific journalism culture dominates, the curriculum generally is moving to more uniformity globally. There are now over 30 national journalism education associations linked with the World Journalism Education Council (WJEC), the main global journalism education body. There is a strong exchange of information between them on the curriculum.

But the need for greater technical knowledge and agility has, in many countries, re-ignited the long-running debate at the center of global journalism education. This is the tension between the practical on the job training versus intellectual education. For this reason, in many universities' journalism education has been on the fringe of their activities as it lies across professional training and the liberal arts.  This debate still rages today around the globe with no international uniform system for journalism education".

Hirst [3] concurs that the same debate is happening on the other side of the globe: "In Australia and New Zealand a key area of discussion is around attitudes towards the concept of professionalism in the practice, training and scholarship of journalism". It has also fueled the debate on how much attention should be given to teaching ever-changing technical skills and traditional news gathering skills. Research conducted amongst veteran American employers indicated disquiet that training of online journalists, in particular, has become too skewed towards technical skills and away from the key tradition skills of information gathering, verification, writing and publication. Ferrucci [4] said: "This study finds that, while veterans said educators are doing a good job teaching technology, there is too much focus on it to the detriment of traditional journalism skills". But the bigger question facing educating the next generation for the profession is how you teach the skill of learning to learn on top of the already packed curriculum of traditional journalism skills. Frost [1] said: "Training simply for today's world is no longer good enough and lets our students down—students need skills for a future".

The added complication is journalism is a profession usually serving several often competing masters-the public's right to information, holding those in authority to account and the business interests of the employer. Given these triple requirements, education within the profession has become even more important. Particularly in a world where there is an increasingly contested information environment via censorship, propaganda or fake news. Richardson [5] argued that journalism is being constantly undermined by a determined counter-offensive that purports to show that 'truth' and 'accuracy' are pliable concepts in the hands of the mainstream media. Journalism educators, Richardson argued [5], have to confront this dilemma and affirm within the classroom the priority of the basic tenets of the job. "Not just reporting accurately and capturing balance, but committing to a process of verification that shows the rigor behind the best kind of journalism". The former editor of The Guardian Peter Preston [6] took it further: "Journalism may put you or your family at risk. Journalism offers no proper career structure. But journalism is also fundamental and necessary. Without it, there is no proper freedom". The Irish Times [7] editorialized too in 2018 about the importance of particularly investigative journalism: "The fundamental fact is that investigations-a basic rationale of journalism itself - are one of the ingredients of democracy". Thus, the importance of a robust professional education system as the profession has a strong ethical and public interest requirement in addition to technical skills. The aforementioned gives the background about what are the key debates around professional journalism education internationally.

## **2. Materials and Methods**

The primary data used in this paper are the Journalists at Work 2018 survey of 885 working journalists across the United Kingdom from a population of 73,000 journalists. The survey was sent to all major employers who were asked to forward it to employees as well as to industry bodies such as the National Union of Journalists and the Society of Editors. Journalists self-selected whether to complete it. The questionnaire was overseen by the board of the National Council for the Training of Journalists (NCTJ), the largest journalism education accrediting body in the UK. It was processed by Spilsbury Research and BMG Research, England. The response rate and results to the questionnaire were comparable to that of similar Journalism at Work studies in 2002 and 2012. These are also used in this paper for comparison purposes. The response rate for them was slightly higher than in 2018 at 1238 and 1067 respectively. But the 2018 response sample size, given it was random, was sufficient to provide reliable findings. The questionnaire was supplemented with other data from several sources including the UK Office for National Statistics' household survey, the annual Labour Force Survey and UK Higher Education Statistics Agency data. Documentation from the NCTJ relating to curriculum change, diversity and changes in the profession, was also reviewed. So too, surveys by YouGov on the reputation of various professions. This was supplemented with 11 formal and informal interviews with key stakeholders and educational providers. A review of the British and international literature on journalism education and changes in the profession was also conducted to put the UK changes into an international perspective.


Preface

Rising concerns about global warming, supply security, and depleting fossil fuel reserves have spurred a revival of interest in nuclear power generation, giving birth to a "nuclear power renaissance" in countries the world over. As humankind seeks abundant and environmentally responsible energy in the coming decades, the renaissance of nuclear power will undoubtedly become reality as it is a proven technology and has the potential to generate virtually limitless energy with no greenhouse gas emissions during operations. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency the number of nuclear power reactors in operation worldwide in 2011 is 433 units, and 65 under construction. A large-scale period of nuclear power plants construction would allow nuclear energy to contribute substantially to the decarbonisation of electricity generation. In addition, basic research and nuclear technology applications in chemistry, physics, biology, agriculture, health and engineering have been showing their importance in the innovation of nuclear technology applications with sustainability.

The renaissance of nuclear power has been threatened by the catastrophe in Japan and the atomic industry faces the challenge of assuring a skeptical public that new reactors are safer than the old ones and nearly disaster-proof. The disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan demonstrates that older nuclear reactor technology requires strict adherence to quality assurance practices and procedures. Newer nuclear reactor designs promote the use of passive cooling systems that would not fail after power outages, as well as other innovative approaches to managing reactor heat. New reactors use the same principle of power generation as in older water reactors such as the ones at Fukushima: nuclear reactors heat water to create steam that turns turbines to generate electricity. However, technological advances have improved efficiency and stricter safety precautions have made the third-generation reactors more secure. The new generation of pressurized water reactor plants has diesel-powered backup systems that are housed in separate buildings to protect them from any accident that might occur in the main reactor building. The plant must also have access to other sources of electricity if the diesel generators fail.

This book is targeted at nuclear regulatory authorities, environmental and energy scientists, students, researchers, engineers, seismologists and consultants. It presents a comprehensive review of studies in nuclear reactors technology from authors across

#### X Preface

the globe. Topics discussed in this compilation include: thermal hydraulic investigation of TRIGA type research reactor, materials testing reactor and high temperature gas-cooled reactor; the use of radiogenic lead recovered from ores as a coolant for fast reactors; decay heat in reactors and spent-fuel pools; present status of two-phase flow studies in reactor components; thermal aspects of conventional and alternative fuels in supercritical water‒cooled reactor; two-phase flow coolant behavior in boiling water reactors under earthquake condition; simulation of nuclear reactors core; fuel life control in light-water reactors; methods for monitoring and controlling power in nuclear reactors; structural materials modeling for the next generation of nuclear reactors; application of the results of finite group theory in reactor physics; and the usability of vermiculite as a shield for nuclear reactor. Concluding the book is presented a review of the use of neutron flux in the radioisotopes production for medicine.

> **Amir Zacarias Mesquita, ScD**. Researcher of Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN) Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) Belo Horizonte - Brazil

X Preface

radioisotopes production for medicine.

the globe. Topics discussed in this compilation include: thermal hydraulic investigation of TRIGA type research reactor, materials testing reactor and high temperature gas-cooled reactor; the use of radiogenic lead recovered from ores as a coolant for fast reactors; decay heat in reactors and spent-fuel pools; present status of two-phase flow studies in reactor components; thermal aspects of conventional and alternative fuels in supercritical water‒cooled reactor; two-phase flow coolant behavior in boiling water reactors under earthquake condition; simulation of nuclear reactors core; fuel life control in light-water reactors; methods for monitoring and controlling power in nuclear reactors; structural materials modeling for the next generation of nuclear reactors; application of the results of finite group theory in reactor physics; and the usability of vermiculite as a shield for nuclear reactor. Concluding the book is presented a review of the use of neutron flux in the

**Amir Zacarias Mesquita, ScD**.

Belo Horizonte - Brazil

Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN) Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN)

Researcher of

**1**

*Brazil*

**Experimental Investigation of**

Amir Zacarias Mesquita1, Daniel Artur P. Palma2, Antonella Lombardi Costa3, Cláubia Pereira3,

Maria Auxiliadora F. Veloso3 and Patrícia Amélia L. Reis3

*3Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear –Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais*

*1Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear*

Rising concerns about global warming and energy security have spurred a revival of interest in nuclear energy, leading to a "nuclear power renaissance" in countries the world over. In Brazil, the nuclear renaissance can be seen in the completion of construction of its third nuclear power plant and in the government's decision to design and build the Brazilian Multipurpose research Reactor (RMB). The role of nuclear energy in Brazil is complementary to others sources. Presently two Nuclear Power Plants are in operation (Angra 1 and 2) with a total of 2000 MWe that accounts for the generation of approximately 3% of electric power consumed in Brazil. A third unity (Angra 3) is under construction. Even though with such relatively small nuclear park, Brazil has one of the biggest world nuclear resources, being the sixth natural uranium resource in the world and has a fuel cycle industry capable to provide fuel elements. Brazil has four research reactors in operation: the MB-01, a 0.1 kW critical facility; the IEA-R1, a 5 MW pool type reactor; the Argonauta, a 500 W Argonaut type reactor and the IPR-R1, a 100 kW TRIGA Mark I type reactor. They were constructed mainly for using in education, radioisotope production and nuclear research. Understanding the behavior of the operational parameters of nuclear reactors allow the development of improved analytical models to predict the fuel temperature, and contributing to their safety. The recent natural disaster that caused damage in four reactors at the Fukushima nuclear power plant shows the importance of studies and experiments on natural convection to remove heat from the residual remaining after the shutdown. Experiments, developments and innovations used for research reactors can be later applied to larger power reactors. Their relatively low cost allows research reactors to provide an

The IPR-R1 TRIGA Mark-I research reactor is located at the Nuclear Technology Development Centre - CDTN (Belo Horizonte/Brazil*)*, a research institute of the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission - CNEN. The IPR-R1 reached its first criticality on November

**1. Introduction**

excellent testing ground for the reactors of tomorrow.

**Nuclear Reactor**

*2Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear*

**Thermal Hydraulics in the IPR-R1 TRIGA**


*3.2.1. Study area: Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico*

Mexico, within its ecological and climatic conditions, offers an excellent site for experimenta‐ tion and application of this methodology. Although the method can be implemented in any part of the country, it has been decided to use a region from the southeast of Mexico, in the Yucatan Peninsula as the experimental site.

The methodological framework for land degradation assessment in drylands [21] is used to support methods to evaluate degradation within a tropical dry forest area located in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Landsat imagery was used as the main source to estimate indica‐ tors such as canopy cover (CC) and net primary productivity (NPP). Use of Landsat imagery enables to see changes over time [68] within a pixel 30 m resolution over 28 years (1986–2014). The methods enabled selection of priority areas and spatial patterns. The MENDA‐1 water‐ shed [73] in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, was selected as experimental area (**Figure 1**).

**Figure 1.** Study area.

The integration of the methodology is described as follows:

Selection of the indicators to monitor and assess degradation was the first step. Each one of the indicators selected was estimated using remote sensing as the primary source of data input. Because of the characteristics and free availability of Landsat archive [13], Landsat imagery is suggested as the major contribution. The indicators were estimated for the period of time required according to particular needs. Although in many tropical regions cloud cover is a significant issue, the probability of acquiring at least one cloud‐free or reasonably cloud‐free Landsat image per season is relatively high [74]. At least one Landsat image per season ensures continuity in historical estimations of the forest landscape dynamics based on Landsat archive.

Very high‐resolution satellite imagery or LiDAR data is recommended as auxiliary data to validate calculations. Another data set crucial for the implementation of this framework was forest inventory databases. Many developing countries (e.g. Mexico) carried out periodical forest inventories on a regional scale. Forest inventory data were the base for knowing the actual state of the forest and natural resources.

Once each one of the indicators has been calculated, the selection of a strategy for monitoring changes has to be made. As described before, the methods for change detection can be a time series approach (in the case of high frequency of data) or a bi‐temporal change detection approach (in the case of low frequency of data). The implementation of this step allows identifying spatial and temporal patterns of the indicators used.

The establishment of a baseline and the definition of the threshold for comparisons was the next step toward the final integration. This was done using field data or high‐resolution auxiliary imagery available (e.g. Google Earth™). The comparison of the spatial and temporal trends in the baseline scenario allowed identification of degraded areas regarding the indica‐ tors used.