**3.1.3. X-ray fluorescence analysis and total-reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis**

X-ray fluorescent analysis (XRF) is a method for the determination of sample composition [29], [30]. The origin of characteristic X-ray spectra can be described as follows. When sufficient energy is introduced into the atom, the electrons may be knocked out of one the inner shells. The atom is then in an excited (ionized) state and returns to the ground state within 10−8 s. The place of the missing electron is filled by an electron from a neighboring other shell, the place of which, in turn, is filled by an electron from more outer shell. The atom then returns to the ground state in steps. In every step, i.e. in every electron jump, the electron from a higher energy level goes into a lower energy level emitting excess energy in the form of an X-ray quantum. The energy of emitted radiation is characteristic for the atomic number of emitting element as well as for particular electron transition taking place within the electron shell of the atom. By measuring the energy or the wavelength of emitted radiation, the particle element can be identified unambiguously [31].

The energy that is necessary for the atom to get to excited state can be introduced either by the collision with a high-energy electron (sample is bombarded by electrons which are accelerated by high-voltage) or by the absorption of an energy-rich photon, i.e. the X-ray quantum (sample is irradiated by X-ray or gamma rays). In modern X-ray fluorescence analysis, the sample is irradiated by polychromatic radiation from an X-ray tube. In analogy to the optical case, this technique is referred to as fluorescence, which is responsible for the name X-ray fluorescence analysis as the technique of spectrochemical analysis with X-rays [31].

There are two types of instruments (**Fig. 1**) used for X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [32],[33]:

**Fig. 1.** Schematic representation of X-ray fluorescence analyzer: (a) wavelength-dispersive (XRF) and (b) energy dispersive (XRF).

Simultaneous determination for all elements, the atomic number of which is greater than Mg is possible.

The resolution and sensitivity of EDXRF is typically an order of magnitude worse than that for WDXRF.

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) microprobe, a promising technique, is a nondestructive and qualitative to semiquantitative analysis of minerals and single fluid inclusions [34]. Synchrotron radiation (SR) is a powerful advanced light source (synchrotron radiation source, SRS) compared to conventional X-ray tube radiation and has many unique properties, such as high intensity, natural collimations, well-defined polarization, wide spectral range and energy tenability [35]. SRXRF is a widely applied technique for microscop‐ ic analysis of chemical elements. High-resolution requirements can be achieved using microbeam synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (*μ*-SRXRF). Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence can also provide the information about the oxidation state and coordination environment of metals using techniques known as X-ray absorption of near-edge structure (XANEX) or by micro-XANEX spectroscopy [37]. The unique tool for studying, the local structure around selected elements is X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) [38].

X-ray fluorescence is usually used to investigate the composition of apatite rocks and minerals for the purpose of their characterization [36],[39],[40], estimation of naturally occurring radionuclides in fertilizers [41] and analysis of phosphate ore at various stage of processing [42], e.g. flotation [43],[44].


**Notes**

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