*Editorial* **Editorial for the Special Issue on Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Systems**

**Youqiang Xing 1,\*, Xiuqing Hao 2,\* and Duanzhi Duan 3,\***

Advanced manufacturing technology and systems (AMTSs) combine the principles of mechanical engineering with design innovation to create products and processes that are better, faster and more precise [1]. The core of AMTS is the design, fabrication and application of original and effective solutions related to manufacturing machines, process integration and systems to keep up with the dynamic needs of today's ever-evolving industries [2].

Advanced manufacturing technology and systems cover a broad scope, involving manufacturing processes, machine tool design, system optimization, smart and flexible manufacturing, theoretical study and metrology [3,4]. From a fabrication point of view, AMTSs include physical, chemical, micro-/nanofabrication, machining and forming technology, additive manufacturing, non-traditional manufacturing processes, etc. From a system point of view, AMTSs include intelligent control, energy conversion for systems, optimization algorithms, smart sensors, etc. To improve the yield for mass productions, some effective testing and optimization methods are widely used.

This Special Issue comprises 19 original papers concerning recent advances in the research and development of AMTSs. Specifically, many research fields are covered as follows: machining processes (six papers), micro-/nano precision fabrication (four papers), system optimization (eight papers) and a review (one paper). These typical studies reveal the recent advances in advanced manufacturing, which are briefly summarized as follows.

Zhang et al. [5] studied the laser machining of SiC ceramics by ablation and polishing through the use of an infrared femtosecond laser, the laser ablation threshold of SiC ceramics was calculated, and the influence of pulse energy and the defocus amount of the femtosecond laser polishing of SiC ceramics were investigated. The optimal machining process parameters were obtained. Cheng et al. [6] analyzed the interfacial interaction mechanisms between a 4H-SiC wafer surface and diamond indenter during nanoscale scratching using distilled water without using an acid–base etching solution. They reported that the reaction between water and SiC on the wafer surface could be controlled. Microcracks can be avoided, and damage-free thinning of SiC wafers can be achieved by controlling the SiC–water reaction. In order to reduce the grinding force and enhance the removal rate when grinding zirconia ceramics, a nanosecond laser is used to ablate and grind the surface of a zirconia ceramic in a study conducted by Pang et al. [7]. Compared to the grinding surface without a laser-structure, a damage-free grinding surface was obtained through laser assistance. Wang et al. [8] established an ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) finite element simulation model and UEVC cutting trajectory. A mechanism for the micro removal of materials in the UEVC process was obtained. Wang et al. [9] developed a water-dissolution polishing method to obtain near-damage-free KDP surfaces. They proved that the wetting characteristics of the polishing fluid should be improved during the optimization process of polishing fluid composition when using oil-based polishing

**Citation:** Xing, Y.; Hao, X.; Duan, D. Editorial for the Special Issue on Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Systems. *Micromachines* **2023**, *14*, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ mi14030495

Received: 15 February 2023 Accepted: 17 February 2023 Published: 21 February 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

fluids. Gao et al. [10] reviewed the current state of research that characterizes, estimated the effects of the process parameters on the mechanical properties, and summarized existing works on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Zhang et al. [11] used atomic layer deposition (ALD) to regulate the line width of the one-dimensional grating standards with a pitch of 1000 nm, fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL). They proved that the width of a single grating line in the standard could be regulated with great uniformity by precisely utilizing ALD. Meng et al. [12] proposed a side ohmic contact mode for the double-channel GaN/AlGaN epitaxial layer. Rectangle transmission line model (TLM) electrodes are prepared, and the specific contact resistance is tested at annealing temperatures ranging from 700 ◦C to 850 ◦C. Two sandwiched ZnO/Metal/ZnO transparent conductive thin films were deposited using magnetron sputtering technology by Lin et al. [13]. They revealed that the introduction of the Ti layer is beneficial to the overall properties of a ZnO (Ti/Cu) thin film compared to a ZnO (Cu) thin film with the same metal layer thickness, and annealing can improve the performance of the film systems. Xu et al. [14] proposed a novel chemically enhanced shear dilatancy polishing method (C-SDP). They revealed that C-SDP technology was a novel ultra-precision machining method that could achieve great surface qualities and polishing efficiency for tungsten. Du et al. [15] proposed two methods for predicting milling stability based on the composite Cotes and Simpson's 3/8 formulas. Yu et al. [16] proposed an efficient algorithm using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-accelerated You Only Look Once (YOLO) v3 based on an attention mechanism. Xie et al. [17] proposed a prognostic method based on a back-propagation neural network for corroded pipeline systems. The rationality and effectiveness of the proposed prediction models were verified. Zhou et al. [18] introduced a methodology to model, design, fabricate and optimize an air-coupled ultrasonic transducers matching system. They indicated that the self-developed air-coupled ultrasonic transducer has a 20% higher amplitude than the product available on the market. Liu et al. [19] presented an integrated piezoresistive normal force sensor. The surface micromachined normal force sensor was transferred to the readout circuit chip with a temporary stiction effect handling process. Li et al. [20] established a Multiphysics-field-coupled simulation model of electric, flow and temperature fields during the electrochemical machining (ECM) of the miniature bearing outer ring based on the gas–liquid two-phase turbulent flow model, which was important in improving the machining accuracy of the outer ring of the ECM miniature bearing. Zhao et al. [21] proposed and manufactured an all-optical fiber sensor system based on the parallel structure of gold-plated Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and quartz FBG, which could simultaneously measure temperature and pressure. Additionally, they designed and fabricated a high-sensitivity optical fiber Mach–Zehnder refractive index sensor and an all-fiber temperature and refractive dual-parameter-sensing Michelson interferometer based on a waist-enlarged bitaper [22,23].

**Author Contributions:** Writing—original draft preparation, Y.X.; writing—review and editing, X.H. and D.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52205454, 51875285, 52005397), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province in China (BK20190066, BK20211562), the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (Grant No. BX20180250), the College Young Teachers Fund of the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation<PHONE_NUMBER>0002, 171045), and the Zhishan Young Scholar Fund of Southeast University in China.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the authors for submitting their papers to this Special Issue, all the reviewers for dedicating their time and helping to improve the quality of the submitted papers, and our assistant editors Ailsa Yang and Georgina Lv for their contributions to improving these submissions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.


Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of the Respiratory Tract: From the Proof of Principles to Clinical Application

*Natalia M. Inada, Lucas D. Dias, Kate C. Blanco, Giulia Kassab, Hilde H. Buzzá and Vanderlei S. Bagnato*


**7. Conclusion**

Beyond oil spills, this chapter has demonstrated a variety of other concepts. It has looked into the effects of oil exploration and extraction on the environment, the economy, and politics, as well as the effects of spill-related harm on a region. As a result, the chapter also offers some fundamental knowledge about tracking oil spills from space. This is shown with the help of optical and microwave remote sensing technology.

The primary issue with using radar and microwave data to monitor an oil spill is the possibility of false alarms from look-alikes. As a consequence, there are a variety of issues that must be resolved regarding the detection of oil spills from space. Combining these technologies with other strategies, such as *in-situ* measurements and ground-based observations, is essential.


*4.3.1 Physical changes*

Suspended solids (SS) comprise of a fine particulate matter having a diameter of less than 62 mm. They can cause physical damage to fish gills [40]. Blockage of filter-feeding apparatus of zooplankton, gills of the most sensitive benthic invertebrates like epibenthos, living on or above the sediment can be clogged by sediment particles.


*Article* **Managerial Decision Making in Indicating a Disruption of Critical Infrastructure Element Resilience**

### **Alena Splichalova 1,\*, David Patrman 1,\*, Nikol Kotalova 1 and Martin Hromada 2**

Received: 13 August 2020; Accepted: 11 September 2020; Published: 16 September 2020

**Abstract:** Managerial decision making is an integral process used in public and private organizations. Critical infrastructure entities are a strategically significant group dependent on the quality of decision-making processes. They aim to provide services necessary to ensure state security and to satisfy basic human needs. The quality of decision making is an important factor in the management of these entities. The quality level is determined by many factors, the key of which is risk management. For this reason, it is necessary for the operators to minimize risks a ffecting the elements of the critical infrastructure through which these services are provided. Risk management is commonly used for this purpose, making it possible to assess and manage these risks. However, there is a specific group of threats that a ffects the resilience of these elements. The indication of these threats is not possible through common risk management. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specific scenarios of negative impacts and procedures for assessing their impact on the resilience of elements of the critical infrastructure. To this end, this conceptual article introduces an entirely new managerial decision-making process for indicating the resilience of critical infrastructure elements.

**Keywords:** managerial process; decision making; critical infrastructure elements; resilience; disruption; indication


**5. Conclusions**

An analysis of the unsteady stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated stretching/shrinking sheet incorporating the velocity slip impact on heat transfer was verified in this study. The results were generated by employing the bvp4c features in the MATLAB programming platform. The effect of diverse controlling parameters—namely, the nanoparticle volume fraction, the velocity slip, the Biot number, and the unsteadiness parameter—were reviewed. Our discoveries happen to determine that the presence of non-uniqueness solutions (first and second solutions) is verifiable within the hybrid Al2O3-Cu/H2O nanofluid for a specific range of control parameters, and the stability analysis authorizes the reliability of our first solution. The nanoparticle volume fraction increment improved both the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number in the hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu/H2O). From this, it is proven that the heat transfer rate improves when the ordinary Al2O3-H2O nanofluid becomes the hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu/H2O) by expanding the nanoparticles concentration. The recent addition of the velocity slip parameter at the boundary had encouraged a reduction in the skin friction coefficient and velocity profile. However, it increased the rate of heat transfer significantly. The temperature profiles escalate as the magnitude of velocity slip upsurge because of such slip may prevent from exchange of total heat in the hybrid nanofluid. An increase in the unsteadiness parameter consequently raises the velocity gradient on the convectively heated stretching/shrinking sheet, thus improving the skin friction coefficient. Besides, an upsurge in the Biot number intensity boosts the heat transfer rate since the Biot number is directly associated with the heat transfer rate coefficient. Thus, it is conversely interrelated to the thermal resistance of the designated problem. Apart from that, the critical values of the different practices of the Biot number imply no significant outcome towards the magnitude of the heat transfer coefficient.

**Author Contributions:** Research design, N.A.Z., R.N., K.N., and I.P.; Formulation and methodology, N.A.Z.; Result analysis, N.A.Z.; Validation, R.N. and K.N.; Article preparation, N.A.Z.; Review and editing, N.A.Z., R.N., K.N., and I.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The present work is endorsed by the research award (DIP-2017-009) from UKM.

**Acknowledgments:** All authors value the productive feedbacks by the competent reviewers. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.