*3.3. Effects of SPE on Serum Biochemical Parameters*

Tables 7 and 8 show the effects of SPE on the serum biochemical parameters glucose, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium, uric acid, creatine kinase, ketones, free fatty acids, IL-6, and TNF-α in male and female SAMP8 mice, respectively. For mice of both sexes, we found no significant changes between the treatment groups after SPE administration for 13 weeks.

**Table 7.** Effects of SPE on serum biochemical parameters of male SAP8 mice.

Group A—control group, Group B—low-dose SPE (61.5 mg/kg BW/day), Group C—medium-dose SPE (123 mg/kg BW/day), and Group D—high-dose SPE (184.5 mg/kg BW/day). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

**Table 8.** Effects of SPE on serum biochemical parameters of female SAP8 mice.

Group A—control group, Group B—low-dose SPE (61.5 mg/kg BW/day), Group C—medium-dose SPE (123 mg/kg BW/day), and Group D—high-dose SPE (184.5 mg/kg BW/day). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

## *3.4. Effects of SPE on SOD Activities, Catalase Activities, and Lipid Peroxidation in Aging Mice*

We quantified lipid peroxidation, SOD activities, and catalase activities in the brain tissues of male and female SAMP8 mice, as shown in Figure 1. For aging mice of both sexes, SPE treatment significantly reduced TBARS content (*p* < 0.05). At the same time, the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes SOD and catalase significantly (*p* < 0.05) increased after SPE treatment in both male and female aging mice.

**Figure 1.** Effects of SPE treatment on SOD activities, catalase activities, and LPO in brain tissues of SAMP8 mice. (**A**) Male SAMP8 mice. (**B**) Female SAMP8 mice. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Groups with different letters indicate significant differences among each group (*p* < 0.05).

#### *3.5. Effects of SPE on Histology of Vital Organs in Aging Mice*

Figures 2 and 3 show the effects of SPE treatment on changes in the histology of vital organs such as the brain, heart, kidney, liver, and lung in male and female mice, respectively. We found that a higher dose of SPE (184.5 mg/kg BW) administration to aging mice of either sex did not result in any significant structural changes in these vital organs. All organs displayed normal morphological architecture in the SPE-treated groups.

**Figure 2.** Effects of SPE treatment on histology of the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung of male SAMP8 mice (100×). Group (**A**)—control group, Group (**B**)—low-dose SPE (61.5 mg/kg BW/day), Group (**C**)—mediumdose SPE (123 mg/kg BW/day), and Group (**D**)—high-dose SPE (184.5 mg/kg BW/day).

**Figure 3.** Effects of SPE treatment on histology of the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung of female SAMP8 mice (100×). Group (**A**)—control group, Group (**B**)—low-dose SPE (61.5 mg/kg BW/day), Group (**C**)—mediumdose SPE (123 mg/kg BW/day), and Group (**D**)—high-dose SPE (184.5 mg/kg BW/day).


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**4.1 Dose and time dependent response**

Studies have been made to understand the relation between the dose response and effect of ACR in rats. ACR has shown remarkable toxic effects with acute doses from the very beginning [31]. The response has been found to vary with the dose of exposure. The different doses of ACR to which the rat model has been exposed to be

*Acrylamide: A Neurotoxin and a Hazardous Waste DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102607*

**Table 1.**

*Dose and time dependent exposure of acrylamide in rats.*

discussed to understand the dose-effect of ACR includes 0.5–50 mg/kg [1, 7, 31–36] (**Table 1**). In rats, the NOAEL for ACR induced neurotoxicity was 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day and the LOAEL was 2 mg/kg-day in F344 male rats for the most sensitive effect (microscopic nerve alterations).