**4. Conclusions**

The gene-specific oligonucleotides corresponding to the coding DNA sequences for the enzymes responsible for the vital bacterial cell functions, such as EEP-like and DNA/RNA nonspecific nucleases, alkaline phosphatases PhoA and PhoD, proteases Cpl and Do/DeqQ family, and phospholipase A1, may be used for rapid molecular differentiation of the closely related species of the marine bacteria *Cobetia* in addition to the traditional 16S rRNA assay. Furthermore, the highly active alkaline phosphatase CmAP of the structural family PhoA is a highly specific marker for the species *C. amphilecti*, probably indicating the adaptability to the host–microbe relationships. However, the genus needs further study, including verification of the suggested molecular markers with the use of a higher number of isolates to develop the MLST-based method of identification. Primarily, comparative genomics of the type strains of *Cobetia* should be carried out to a final decision about the valid interspecies phylogeny of the genus, particularly towards the closely related species (*C. amphilecti* and *C. litoralis*; *C. marina* and *C. pacifica*), as well as about their genetic drivers and causes of such divergent evolution within the genus.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online, Table S1: Similarity calculation of 16S rRNA gene sequences of *Cobetia* isolates by EzBioCloud 16S database, Table S2: Similarity calculation of 16S RNA gene sequence of the type strain *Cobetia marina* LMG 2217T, Table S3: Similarity calculation of 16S RNA gene sequence of the strain *Cobetia amphilecti* KMM 296, Table S4: Comparative analysis of coding DNA sequences of *Cobetia* sp. 2AS1 (KMM 7005) and *C. amphilecti* KMM 296.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.B.; methodology, L.B. and O.N.; software, L.B.; validation, L.B. and O.N.; investigation, Y.N., A.S. and L.S.; resources, L.T., O.N., L.S.; data curation, L.B.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.N., A.S. and O.N.; writing—review and editing, L.B.; visualization, Y.N., A.S.; supervision, O.S.; project administration, O.S.; funding acquisition, L.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Sample Availability:** Samples of the isolates and DNA are available from the authors.


*3.1.3. Brucella suis*

The etiologic agent of brucellosis in pigs is the *Brucella suis*. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and reproductive disorders such as abortion, endometritis and placentitis in females and orchitis, changes of accessory glands, libido loss and infertility in male [34]. Abortion has been observed at 17 days after female cover with males which are positive for B. suis in semen. Infertility in animals is mainly due to the involvement of testicular struc‐ tures and lack of libido in the infected animals. The cases of contamination of the accessory glands are even more critical, since the animals remain fertile and can disseminate high loads of B. suis in semen during prolonged periods.

It is an extremely important disease for countries of the South America, Asia and Africa, where it is totally widespread. In the countries of North America and European Union, the prevalence is low or the disease has been eradicated [19]. The main route for elimination of brucellosis in farms is the genital arising from a positive male which eliminates the microor‐ ganism in the semen. Bacteria reach the reproductive organs after invasion of the lymph no‐ des followed by bacteremia [35]. In male, the infection may persist throughout life. Thus, it is necessary to eliminate the positive animals to prevent the dissemination of the disease.

In the case of positive farms, the control procedures should be performed. Among them, the sanitary break after the elimination of the positive animals and the monitoring of the repro‐ ducers' serological profile has proved to be effective for elimination of the agent of the herd. Although, nowadays, the sanitary conditions in commercial farms and the agility of the de‐ finitive diagnosis have evolved considerably, some pathogens have generated insignificant infection levels, such as the case of *B. suis*.

*3.2.1. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)*

the viremia and in presence of the neutralizing antibodies [43].

pathologies being an indication for infection with PRRSV.

ly through transit of the infected animals.

virus is detected [46-48].

in ADV-positive animals.

*3.2.2. Aujeszky diseases virus (ADV)*

and nervous and serious reproductive disorders [50].

antigenic markers from those ones infected with the field virus [53].

The PRRS is a disease characterized by reproductive failures and respiratory diseases caused by PRRS virus. After infection, the virus elimination period can last up to three months [12] which enables the virus to disseminate regionally, nationally and international‐

The Potential for Infectious Disease Contamination During the Artificial Insemination Procedure in Swine

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52337

125

During this period, the discharge can occur by several routes, as the semen being among the principal ones, what results into infection of the female and reproduction failures. In the body, the virus multiplies in macrophages and establishes the first viremia and can reach various organs and systems, as including the reproductive tract. In female, it crosses the pla‐ cental barrier and results into miscarriages and birth of weak piglets, which will be dissemi‐ nators of the virus in herd [42]. The virus can be eliminated in the semen even in absence of

The changes in the semen contaminated with PRRSV present individual characteristics, with substantial quality loss through reduced motility, increased percentage of abnormal acro‐ somes and increase of the spermatozoids with altered morphology [44] as those spermatic

Complementing the clinical signs and spermatic changes, the serological techniques are ef‐ fective for definitive diagnosis. However, those techniques indicate exposure to the agent without the guarantee of the presence of infection and the vaccinated animals have higher levels of antibodies, what may lead to false-positive results [45]. The viral isolation, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques are employed for the diagnosis of PRRS in which the

To control the disease, the commercial vaccines are effective in reducing the viral load from the infected animals [49]. In countries where there are no reports of the disease, the monitor‐

The ADV is the target of numerous control and eradication programs, and many of those programs have already achieved success and the aujeszky-free status. The ADV is the causa‐ tive agent of the Aujeszky disease (AD), that is characterized by clinical respiratory signs

The ADV had been isolated from prepuce and detected in the semen of the reproducers [51]. In 1984, [52] carried out a study with experimental infections. They observed that testicular degeneration and decreased semen quality due to fever of the infected animals are frequent

The DA suspicion is raised by symptoms, but laboratory tests are necessary for the defini‐ tive diagnosis, since the virus can be detected in tissues or secretions of the animals through virological diagnosis. Serologic tests can be used, and ELISA is the most indicated because it can differentiate the antibodies proceeding from the immune response of the vaccines with

ing programs of the entry of animals and semen should be well established and rigid.

The definitive diagnosis is accomplished through isolation of the agent. Although very spe‐ cific, it is complex and expensive, as requiring efficient and alternative methods. Serology can be used but must be associated with confirmatory tests such as rivanol, 2-mercaptoetha‐ nol and complement fixation. Another possibility is the molecular diagnosis by PCR [36].


Purinergic System

*Edited by Margarete Dulce Bagatini*

## Purinergic System *Edited by Margarete Dulce Bagatini*

Published in London, United Kingdom

Purinergic System http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94827 Edited by Margarete Dulce Bagatini

#### Contributors

Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador, Lucianne Fragel Madeira, Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi, Richa Rai, Juan Pedro Lapuente, Shin Mukai, Arinzechukwu Ude, Kelechi Okeke, Hailian Shen, Margarete Dulce Bagatini, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno, Gilnei Bruno da Silva

#### © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2022

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**Components of Natural Photosynthetic Apparatus in Solar Cells**

Roman A. Voloshin, Margarita V. Rodionova, Sergey K. Zharmukhamedov, Harvey J.M. Hou, Jian-Ren Shen and Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62238

#### **Abstract**

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Oxygenic photosynthesis is a process of light energy conversion into the chemical energy using water and carbon dioxide. The efficiency of energy conversion in the primary processes of photosynthesis is close to 100%. Therefore, for many years, photosynthesis has attracted the attention of researchers as the most efficient and ecofriendly pathway of solar energy conversion for alternative energy systems. The recent advances in the design of optimal solar cells include the creation of converters, in which thylakoid membranes, photosystems and whole cells of cyanobacteria immobilized on nanostructured electrode are used. As the mechanism of solar energy conversion in photosynthesis is sustainable and environmentally safe, it has a great potential as an example of renewable energy device. Application of pigments such as Chl *f* and Chl *d* will extend the spectral diapason of light transforming systems allow to absorb the farred and near infra-red photons of the spectrum (in the range 700-750 nm). This article presents the recent achievements and challenges in the area of solar cells based on photosynthetic systems.

**Keywords:** Solar cell, Thylakoids, Photosystem I, Photosystem II, Sensibilizator

#### **1. Introduction**

The energy crisis and environmental problems are among the most important challenges for humanity to solve in the twenty-first century. Many of the actual investigations are focused on the development of renewable, sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources [1].

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Nowadays, the available sources of renewable energy, including solar, wind, rain energy, energy of waves and geothermal heat, could generate only approximately 16% of the energy used [2]. Global energy consumption is about 17 TW according to the information of the year 2014 [3]. The flux density of sunlight emission near the ground surface is about 100 PW, which exceeds 5000 times our current needs [4]. Even though the solar period and the presence of clouds are taken into account, the sun is the extremely attractive source of energy, given we know how to extract it. Thus, sunlight is the most accessible and reliable source among the other renewable energy sources.

Photosynthesis is one of the main pathways of solar energy conversion, performed by higher plants, microalgae and some bacteria. Over 2.5 billion years, plant photosynthesis has evolved to convert solar energy into the chemical energy using only water as electron donor and proton source. This photosynthesis realises oxygen and is called oxygenic. Water, carbon dioxide and light are necessary for oxygenic phototrophic organisms to produce carbohydrates. The lightdependent reaction of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membrane of photosynthetic organisms. The thylakoid membrane involves two photosystems (PSI and PSII), cytochrome b6f complex and other protein complexes embedded in a lipid bilayer. PSI and PSII can capture sunlight and create an electron-hole pair [5, 6]. The latter process operates with a quantum yield closer to 100%. Water, one of the most abundant substances on Earth, is the donor of electron for PSII [2].

For several decades, photovoltaic semiconductor devices have also been developed to generate electric power by converting sunlight directly into the electricity. The coefficient of efficiency of the light energy conversion into the electric current produced by commercial silicon photovoltaic cells is typically less than 20% [7]. Unfortunately, exhaustible materials and components used in photovoltaic systems cannot be fully recycled. Considering that the efficiency of energy conversion in the primary processes of photosynthesis is close to 100%, it is reasonable to use this natural process for energy conversion applications.

Recently, after critical analysis of the photosynthetic and photovoltaic energy conversion mechanisms, experts in the area of artificial photosynthesis concluded that it is difficult to compare the conversion efficiency of the current photovoltaic cells with that of the living photosynthesizing cells, as they are completely different systems [7]. The efficiency of photovoltaic cells can be calculated by dividing the cell's output power by the total solar radiation spectrum. However, the storage and energy transfer are not considered by this approach. Photovoltaic batteries, in which energy is stored, have high production cost and the expenses required for the maintenance of such systems. Photosynthesis stores solar energy in the form of chemical energy, which can further be converted into electrical energy [2].


*Article* **AOC-OPTICS: Automatic Online Classification for Condition Monitoring of Rolling Bearing**

**Hassane Hotait 1, Xavier Chiementin 1,\* and Lanto Rasolofondraibe 2,\***

 CReSTIC, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 2<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(X.C.);lanto.rasolofondraibe@univ-reims.fr(L.R.)

Received:3April2020;Accepted:15May 2020;Published:20May2020

**Abstract:** Bearings are essential components in rotating machines. They ensure the rotation and power transmission. So, these components are essential elements for industrial machines. Thus, real-time monitoring is required to detect a possible anomaly, diagnose the failure of rolling bearing and follow its evolution. This paper presents a methodology for automatic online implementation of fault diagnosis of rolling bearings, by AOC-OPTICS (automatic online classification monitoring based on ordering points to identify clustering structure, OPTICS). The algorithm consists of three phases namely: initialization, detection and follow-up. These phases use the combination of features extraction methods, smart ranking, features weighting and classification by the OPTICS method. Two methods have been integrated in the dimension reduction step to improve the efficiency of detection and the followed of the defect (relief method and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding method). Thus, the determination of the internal parameters of the OPTICS method is improved. A regression model and exponential model are used to track the fault. The analytical simulations discuss the influence of parameters automation. Experimental validation shows detection with 100% accuracy and regression models of monitoring reaching *R*2 = 0.992.

**Keywords:** rolling bearing; condition monitoring; classification; OPTICS