**Author details**

Ashok Kumar, Kaman Singh\* and Rayees Ahamad Bhat Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, U.P., India

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© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Application of Titanium Dioxide in the Synthesis of Mesoporous Activated Carbon Derived… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98395*


**3. Results**

The documented squamate fauna from LABS includes at least 26 species of lizards and 60 species of snakes (Appendix A: Table A1), an increase of 19 species relative to the most recently-published list for the site [16]. Several additional snake and lizard species are known from the Los Amigos Conservation Concession and are shown in Table A1 (LABS-R). Finally, the expected Los Amigos (LABS-X) list includes taxa that are known from geographically-nearby and climatically-similar sites in southern Peru and includes a total of 36 lizard and 68 snake taxa (Table A1: LABS-X). For the LABS-X list, we did not include taxa known only from foothill sites in the region (e.g., *Dipsas pavonina*; [16]). We also did not include taxa whose nearest documented occurrences are in adjacent regions of Brazil (e.g., *Bothrocophias hyoprora*; [29]). Table A1 provides, where available, representative catalog numbers for several reference specimens deposited in the herpetological collections at the UMMZ and MUSM. For the 2016–2018 survey period, mean numbers of captures per day ranged from 0–12 (snakes) and 0–19 (lizards), with resulting in averages of 2.9 (snakes) and 3.6 (lizards) species per day. The number of species detected per day throughout this survey period is shown in Figure 3. Overall, capture rates fluctuate through time and show considerable temporal autocorrelation, as expected if capture rates are responding to temporally-correlated drivers (e.g., weather; lunar cycle). The empirical species accumulation curve for our 2016–2018 work is shown in Figure 4. Expected richness as a function of the number of survey-days is shown in Figure 5. The fitted hyperbolic function provided a good fit to the overall tempo of species accumulation as a function of sampling (Figure 5), and the predicted maximum richness is 58 and 28 species of snakes and lizards, respectively. For lizards, the total reported species richness from LABS is similar to the predicted richness as extrapolated from the species accumulation curve (N = 26 versus N = 27 species; Figure 4). For snakes, the observed total is slightly higher than the predicted total, but somewhat lower than the number recorded during the 2016–2018 sampling period (N = 49 species). Using the fitted accumulation curve (Figure 5) and assuming a homogeneous sampling process, we estimate that an additional 260 days of sampling (e.g., more than twice the sampling e ffort already expended) would be needed to record 95% of the predicted snake richness in this system.

**Figure 3.** Numbers of species of snakes and lizards detected per sampling day during 2016–2018 fieldwork. Sampling periods: S1, March–April 2016; S2, November–December 2016; S3, November–December 2017; S4, November–December 2018.

**Figure 4.** Cumulative numbers of species of snakes (red) and lizards (blue) during 2016–2018 fieldwork at Los Amigos Biological Station (LABS). Sampling periods: S1, March–April 2016; S2, November–December 2016; S3, November–December 2017; S4, November–December 2018.

**Figure 5.** Expected species accumulation curves as a function of survey days for snakes (**left**) and lizards (**right**), using survey data from 2016–2018. Points show mean species richness as a function of survey days obtained from resampling the observed data; underlying blue line corresponds to fitted hyperbolic function [30]. Observed maximum (solid horizontal line) is the total number of species documented from LABS (N = 60), and predicted max (blue dashed line) is the expectation from the resampled survey data.