4. Conclusions

The basic thermodynamic properties of lanthanum, neodymium, and uranium in liquid Ga-In and Ga-Al alloys between 723 and 823 K were determined. Low values of the activity coefficients showed strong interaction between lanthanides and the liquid alloys. The values of uranium and lanthanide separation factors showed that the alloys investigated here have considerable advantage compared to liquid cadmium. Analysis of the data obtained showed that Ga-In and Ga-Al alloys are the prospective media for application in partitioning technologies of spent nuclear fuels and nuclear waste treatment.

## Acknowledgements

The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 17-03-00694.


Zebrafish in Biomedical Research

*Edited by Yusuf Bozkurt*

Published in London, United Kingdom

### *Supporting open minds since 2005*

Zebrafish in Biomedical Research http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82977 Edited by Yusuf Bozkurt

#### Contributors

Mónica Roxo-Rosa, Susana S. Lopes, José Carlos Tavares Carvalho, Luis David Solis Murgas, Ruchi Jakhmola-Mani, Deepshikha Pande Katare, Khyati Mittal, Yusuf Bozkurt

#### © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2020

The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECHOPEN LIMITED. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECHOPEN LIMITED's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECHOPEN LIMITED rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

#### Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in London, United Kingdom, 2020 by IntechOpen IntechOpen is the global imprint of INTECHOPEN LIMITED, registered in England and Wales, registration number: 11086078, 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, United Kingdom Printed in Croatia

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**1. Introduction**

Emerging contaminants (ECs), including drugs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, pesticides, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and microplastics (MPs), resulting from the rise of industrial production and anthropogenic activities around lagoon ecosystems are transported toward the water column and adsorbed on sediments particles [1]. Coastal lagoons are considered to be distinct systems

rather than adjoining ones [2]. As interfaces between land and sea, they exhibit high primary and secondary productions that promote the development of extensive fisheries and aquaculture [3]. As semi-enclosed systems, coastal lagoons are strongly influenced by freshwater input [4] and are usually impacted by agricultural, industrial, and tourism activities [5]. These unique features allow lagoon waters to acquire significantly different characteristics compared to the nearby seawater, which leads to greater diversity in the biological communities in these ecosystems. In Tunisia, the Bizerte and Ghar El Melh lagoons are exposed to several contaminants resulting from different activities, such as agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization [6].

Free-living marine nematodes sheltering the marine sediment matrices can accumulate these chemicals and then transfer them to higher trophic levels through the food chain causing widespread contamination of the trophic chain [7]. These species constitute the dominant meiobenthic group in marine areas. They are characterized by their high abundance (up to 20 million individuals per m2 ) [8] and species richness (approx. 8000 species) [9], their ubiquity and holobenthic lifestyle [10], and their small size (1–5 mm in average length), which make them easily manipulated in laboratory studies [11]. Nematodes have also high fecundity and metabolic rates and their short generation time, less than a year [12], which allow fast experimental outcomes (e.g., a month) laboratory assays based on the rapid responses to pollutants [13–17].

The objective of this chapter is to describe previous studies and to show the ecological risks of emerging contaminants in two different Tunisian lagoon ecosystems " Bizerte and Ghar El Melh lagoons" by focusing on the responses of benthic meiofauna more particularly marine nematodes to experimental various environmental pollutants exposure.


3.3.2. Zeta Potential

The Zeta potential (ZP) was primarily affected by the presence of SDS, while the non-ionic surfactants resulted in a near neutral ZP. The rapid adsorption of negatively charged alkyl chains of SDS onto the surfaces of NCC, results in a negative charge at the surface [62]. The low ZP for the SDS stabilized nano-suspension follows the DLVO model [63]. The SO4−2 anionic head group of SDS is adsorbed onto the surface of the NCC, resulting in a negative charge at the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP). As adsorption continues, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm potential of IHP is increased and eventually leads to a lower ZP in the original dispersion medium, when compared to that in water [63]. The non-ionic surfactants offer no electrostatic stabilization and therefore the resultant ZP is close to neutral. It is therefore, expected that the nano co-crystals stabilized with SDS would exhibit better stability in solution when compared to NCC stabilized with non-ionic surfactants [64,65]. The impact of surfactant type and concentration used, on the ZP is shown in Figure 7.

**Figure 7.** ZP of nano co-crystals using different surfactants at concentrations of 0.5% *w*/*v* (red), 1% *w*/*v* (green) and 2% *w*/*v* (blue).


**Author details**

Sreeram Sudhir1 and Amritha Pozhaiparambil Sasikumar2 \*

1 Department of Botany, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, TN, India

2 Department of Zoology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, TN, India

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*A Scientific Ethnomedical Study Using Microbes on Gaucher Disease: An* In-Silico *Analysis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107545*


*2.1.3 Welding speed*

Welding speed is the linear speed at which the arc moves with respect to the plate, along with the weld joint. The heat input and cooling rate increase with decreasing welding speed. Welding speed is calculated by Eq. (2) [13]:

$$\text{Welding Speed} \left( \text{mm}/\text{min} \right) = \text{Electrode Travel}/\text{Arc Time} \tag{2}$$

Moreover, optimization of AISI 316 weld sample characteristics was studied [14] by Taguchi method (ANOVA). Besides, the effect of welding variables as welding speed and current, filler metal and root gap on UTS and bend strength was studied. Travel speed (46.51% contribution) has a greater influence on toughness (bend

#### **Figure 7.**

*Comparison between FN of welding procedures using shielding gas pure and 2% N/98%Ar.*

**Figure 8.**

*Comparison between ductility of welding procedures using shielding gas pure Ar and 2%N/98%Ar.*

#### **Figure 9.**

*Hardness values for PNo.1 (0.395 Kj/mm), PNo.2 (0.79 Kj/mm) and PNo.3 (0.998 Kj/mm) all with using shielding gas of pure argon.*

*Effect of Welding Variables on the Quality of Weldments DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103175*

#### **Figure 10.**

*Hardness values for PNo.4 (0.411 Kj/mm), PNo.5 (0.822 Kj/mm) and PNo.6 (1.053 Kj/mm) all with using shielding gas of (2%N/98% Ar).*

**Figure 11.**

*Comparison between impact toughness of PNo.3 versus PNo.4.*

strength) and welding current (96.75%) has maximum influences on UTS. The root gap has some effect on both tensile and bend strengths.

#### *2.1.4 Effect of heat input*

Heat input is a relative measure of the energy transferred per unit length of weld. It is an important characteristic because, like preheat and interpass temperature, it influences the cooling rate, which may affect the mechanical properties and metallurgical structure of weld region and HAZ [15]. It is calculated by Eq. (3).

$$\text{HI} \, (\text{K} \text{/mm}) = \eta \ast (\text{V} \ast \text{I} \ast \text{60}) / (\text{S} \ast \text{1000}) \tag{3}$$

where HI is the heat input (in KJ/mm*)*, η is welding efficiency (ηTIG = 70%), V is arc voltage (in volt), I is welding current (in Amp) and S is welding speed (in mm/min)*.*

The effect of heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties have been extensively investigated. For example, Movahedi and Ozlati [16] studied the influence of heat input on mechanical properties of dissimilar welds AISI 410 MSS and 2209 DSS rods. The heat input, UTS and %EL increase with increasing welding current. Best results of *UTS* and %EL are obtained at a welding current of 3.5 kA. Whereas the lowest results of UTS and %EL are obtained at a welding current of 2 kA (**Figure 12**). Moreover, Sergei Yu et al. [17] analyzed the influence of *Hnet* on residual strain and phase content in AISI 304 stainless steel welds using different heat input values. The ferrite content increased with increasing heat input from 0.225 to 0.247 kJ/mm, while the austenite content decreased.

Singh and Kumar [18] investigated the characteristics of 304 stainless steel joints using SMAW-GTAW hybrid welding and different filler metals. The joint with 90A

#### **Figure 12.**

*(a) Hardness profile across the weld interface. (b) Stress-strain curves and (c) values of tensile strength and elongation for all samples [16].*

## *Effect of Welding Variables on the Quality of Weldments DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103175*

has the highest hardness value and lowest toughness value. The toughness value of weld metal and HAZ increases with increasing heat input. Welding width and depth (penetration) increase with increasing heat input. It can be seen that root reinforcement deposited at 0.93 kJ/mm is wider than that deposited at 0.68 kJ/mm. Whereas, D. Bahar [19] studied the effect of welding parameters as; welding current, gas flow rate and welding speed on bending strength and weld geometry of dissimilar welds of SS 304 and mild steel 1018. The welding width, depth of penetration and bending strength increased with increasing welding current, gas flow rate and welding speed. Additionally, Bodude and Momohjimoh [20] explained the influence of welding variables on mechanical properties of low carbon steel welded by SMAW. Highest ultimate tensile strength and hardness were realized for samples welded at low current. Moreover, best results of weld toughness were obtained at welding current of 150A. HV and UTS increased with decreasing heat input, while the impact toughness increased with increasing heat input. Gupta et al. [21] studied the influence of *Hnet* on the mechanical behavior of FSS 409 plate using two different filler metals (ER304L and ER308 L). Best *UTS* result, yield strength, hardness value and grain size is obtained using medium heat input '4 kj/mm', irrespective of the used filler metal. The mechanical behavior is also infl uenced by grain size of weld metal and heat input. Generally, the joints welded using 304 filler metal showed better results than using 308 filler wire. Moreover, the effect of heat input on the mechanical properties and fatigue life of AA6061 alloy welded by MIG welding was reported [22]. The weld penetration increased linearly with increasing the weld current and arc voltage, but with decreasing the welding speed. On the other hand, the fatigue life decreased with increasing the welding current and arc voltage, whereas, the fatigue life increased with increasing the welding speed. The impact toughness increased slightly with increasing heat input (**Table 1**). Swami et al. [23] studied the influence of MIG welding current, gas flow rate and shielding gas on UTS of 12 mm thick mild steel plates. MIG welding process variables affect UTS value of the weld metal. Best *UTS* result was recorded at 190 A, 15 (L/min) and 50% CO2. Bansod et al. [24] investigated the change of mechanical properties of low-nickel ASS 304 welds using SMAW technique at various heat input values. Highest UTS and HV were obtained using low heat input values (**Table 2**). Hardness of the weld zone was lower than that of the heat affected zone and base metal (**Figures 13**–**15**). The ferrite number of weld region increased with decreasing the heat input (**Table 3**). Furthermore, Bansod et al. [25] studied the influence of heat input on physical metallurgy, mechanical behavior and corrosion rate of Cr-Mn ASS and low nickel ASS specimens. The width of HAZ increased with increasing heat input, while the FN and volume fraction of delta ferrite in weld region decreased. On the other hand, the hardness and tensile strength increased with decreasing heat input. Besides, the pitting resistance was improved with increasing delta ferrite. Ahmed et al. [26] studied the change of weld strength of ASS 316 welds using GTAW technique at various heat input values and filler metals. Using ERNiCrMo-3 as filler rod produced weldments with higher ultimate tensile strength and yield stress than using ER309L or ER316 L. The ultimate tensile strength, yield stress and elongation percent decrease with increasing heat input. Highest values are obtained using ERNiCrMo-3 filler rod at comparatively low welding current (80 A). The hardness is lower in weld zone than that of in heat affected zone and base metal. In general, it decreases with increasing heat input (welding current). Highest values are obtained using ERNiCrMo-3 filler with low heat input (80 A) (**Figures 16**–**18**).

 298.98 296 90.55 2.932 256.26 408 77.21 2.802 405.6 101 63.25 2.941 337.98 264 94.32 2.970 289.68 372 84.62 2.872 360 136 77.84 2.983 300 272 91.01 3.020 257.1 390 78.68 2.911 414 98 61.17 3.078 345 258 85.65 3.101 295.68 366 88.61 3.001 468 85 58.64 3.150 390 246 71.91 3.202

334.26 353 93.65 3.120

358.8 157 81.41 2.860

**Table 1.**

*Life, impact energy and penetration of weld with respect to the weld parameters [22].*


**SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR - CONCEPT, CONTROL AND APPLICATIONS**

Edited by **Ahmed Tahour** and **Abdel Ghani Aissaoui**

## **Switched Reluctance Motor - Concept, Control and Applications**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66849 Edited by Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaoui

## **Contributors**

Christopher H. T. Lee, Ebrahim Amiri, Mohammad Mahdi Bouiabady, Aliakbar Damaki Aliabad, Sandeep Narla, Erdal Sehirli, Meral Altınay, Mircea Ruba, Petre Dorel Teodosescu, Srinivas Pratapgiri

## **© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2017**

The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted.

All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECH. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECH's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECH rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be foundat http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

## **Notice**

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in Croatia, 2017 by INTECH d.o.o. eBook (PDF) Published by IN TECH d.o.o. Place and year of publication of eBook (PDF): Rijeka, 2019. IntechOpen is the global imprint of IN TECH d.o.o. Printed in Croatia

Legal deposit, Croatia: National and University Library in Zagreb

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Switched Reluctance Motor - Concept, Control and Applications Edited by Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaoui p. cm. Print ISBN 978-953-51-3267-7

Online ISBN 978-953-51-3268-4 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-4784-8


**2. The production of sugarcane bagasse globally (producing countries)**

Sugarcane bagasse originates from Asia and can be found mostly in tropical and subtropical climates [1]. For instance, *Saccharum spontaneum* is endemic in the wild from eastern and northern Africa, through the Middle East, to India, China, Taiwan and Malaysia through the pacific to the New Guinea. Globally (mostly in Latin America and Asia), the production of sugarcane bagasse was approximately 1900 million metric in the past 5 years. Brazil is by far the world's largest sugarcane producer with around 740 million ton cane crushed in the 2010/2011 harvest season, which is about 43% of the global production. **Table 1** summarizes the sugarcane crop production in selective countries between years 2009 and 2013. Brazil is also the largest exporter of ethanol, and it is widely expected that Brazil has a large potential for growth in the next decades. At the sugar mills, bagasse has been used to fuel the boilers that supply the thermal and electrical power needed for the internal processes of the sugar mills.

Columbia has been producing sugarcane and palm oil since the early 1900s. Most of Colombia sugarcane bagasse plantations are situated around the Cauca River Valley, and grow the whole with the potential to produce 950,000 ld−1 of ethanol from sugarcane juice. There are approximately more than 20,000 registered sugarcane growers regions in South Africa which include the province of KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape. The majority of sugarcane

**Table 1.** Sugarcane production from different countries between 2009 and 2013 [1, 8–10].

crop is grown in the highest latitude in the country which is in KwaZulu-Natal. India is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world and is the world's second largest producer next to Brazil of sugarcane. Its cane is normally planted throughout 3 seasons in the northwest region of the country. Previously Cuba used to be one of the largest sugar exporters in the world until it was hit by commercial trade blockage 4 decades ago [1, 8–10].