Progress in Microalgae Research - A Path for Shaping Sustainable Futures

*Edited by Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Mariany Costa Deprá*

Published in London, United Kingdom

Progress in Microalgae Research - A Path for Shaping Sustainable Futures http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98164 Edited by Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Mariany Costa Deprá

#### Contributors

Leila Zarandi Miandoab, Gerardo Eloy Suárez Álvarez, Teresita de Jesús Romero López, Yan Li, Ethan Wood, Gergely Kosa, Bushra Muzamil, Christian Vogelsang, Rune Holmstad, Gulshan Kumar Sharma, Shakeel Ahmad Khan, Amit Kumar, Ittyamkandath Rashmi, Fayaz Ahmad Malla, Gopal Lal Meena, Maria Concepción Lora Vilchis, Ramsenthil Ramadoss, Dhanasekaran Subramaniam, Durai Gunasekaran, Nasreen Alddin Mohi Abdulrahman, Ishita Bhattacharya, David de la Lama-Calvente, Juan Cubero, María José Fernández-Rodríguez, Antonia Jiménez-Rodríguez, Rafael Borja, Abhishek Saxena, Archana Tiwari, Aditi Raj, Umme Tamanna Ferdous, Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof, Nagashree Nagaraj Rao, Kausthubh Sumanth, Sanjana Subramanya, Sourav Umashankar, Supriya Gummalam, Rajeswari Mallikarjunaiah, Ashwani Sharma, María Guadalupe Figueroa-Torres, Saúl Almanza Encarnación, María Jesús Ferrara Guerrero, Aída del Rosario Malpica Sánchez, José Roberto Angeles Vázquez, Ahmed Aidan Al Hussieny Aidan Al-Hussieny, Leila Queiroz Zepka, Mariany Costa Deprá, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Sana Gammoudi, Neila Annabi-Trabelsi, Mariem Bidhi, Nouha Diwani, Amira Rekik, Hajer Khmekhem, Habib Ayadi, Wassim Guermazi, Jannet Elloumi, Juan C. Castro, Marianela Cobos, Carlos G. Castro, Corayma L. Cabezudo, Miguel A. Grandez, Alvaro B. Tresierra, Segundo L. Estela, Santiago Galindo, Sheyla L. Pérez, Jhon A. Vargas, Roger Ruiz, Jorge L. Marapara, Angélica V. Rios, Pedro M. Adrianzen

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Progress in Microalgae Research - A Path for Shaping Sustainable Futures Edited by Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Mariany Costa Deprá p. cm. Print ISBN 978-1-80356-023-6 Online ISBN 978-1-80356-024-3 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-80356-025-0


**Author details**

Yao Du†, Shuxiao Miao†, Zitian Tong†, Victoria Lemieux and Zehua Wang\* Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
† These authors contributed equally.

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Acknowledgements

adjusted by the referent voltage (9) and the voltage divider (10) to operating frequency of 2.2 GHz. The signal from the oscillator is divided into measurement and referent signals using commercially available quadrature coupler circuit HY22-73 (2). The phase-shifter module allows control of the phase shift and enables fine-tuning of the difference in the phase between the measurement and referent signals. The phase shift can be achieved by varying the control voltage (11) that affects the capacitance of the varactor diodes (12 and 13). The change in capacitance affects the signals (14) and (15) which superimpose with the input referent signal (3) through the quadrature coupler (16) and in this way changes the phase of the resultant signal at the output of the module (17). The measurement of the phase shift between the measurement and referent signal is done using a phase detector module implemented with the integrated circuit AD8302 Analogue Devices (18). The phase detector circuit is set to the phase difference measurement mode according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Integrated circuit AD8302 on its output (21) gives a voltage signal that is proportional to the phase difference of the

The accuracy of the designed phase-shift measurement device was experimentally verified by comparing the results of the measurement of the phase shift of the signal, induced by phase-shift circuit (functional block (7), Figure 18c), in the range from 0 to 90° with the results of the measurement obtained using vector network analyzer (VNA). The results of the comparison are shown in Figure 19. It can be seen that the results agree well and the relative error in respect of the full-scale output is 5.56%

Additional module for different sensor topologies can be designed to provide a conversion of the measured voltage to the corresponding value of the dielectric

In this chapter dielectric characterization technique based on the phase-shift method has been presented. It has been shown that both the real and imaginary part of a complex permittivity can be calculated solely by using the phase shift

To enhance sensitivity of sensors that operate on phase-shift principle, various techniques for increasing the phase-shift range have been presented. The first technique uses space-filling property of Hilbert fractal curve to increase the phase-shift range and yet preserve the compactness of the structure. The technique that increases sensitivity of the sensor by introducing an aperture in the ground layer has been presented on the example of the soil moisture sensor. The third technique based on EBG effect has been illustrated on the example of 3Dprinted microfluidic sensor for detection of toluene concentration in toluenemethanol mixture. Metamaterial and CRLH transmission line approach is used as the technique in the realization of microfluidic sensor with a maximum extent of

In the end a simple in-field detection circuit for determination of permittivity based on the phase-shift measurement on single operating frequency has been described. With the help of described concepts, a complete set of tools has been introduced which enables the design and optimization of the phase-shift-based

of the transmitted signal. The exact formulas for the calculation of the unknown dielectric properties in the microstrip and multilayered substrate configurations such as bilayered, tri-layered, and embedded configurations

which confirms performance of the designed phase-shift circuit.

signal on its inputs (19) and (20).

Electromagnetic Materials and Devices

constant.

6. Conclusions

were presented.

the phase-shift range.

sensors.

86

This result is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 664387.