**6. Conclusions**

Geophysical surveys, including 40-MHz and 70-MHz GPR profiling and single-station passive seismic measurements, were acquired at the Belvedere Glacier with the aim of ice thickness reconstruction. The surveys were intended to fill a knowledge gap on the glacier bottom morphology, since the existing bottom information was only retrieved from sparse and local past geophysical measurements. Despite a dense GPR survey distribution, the ice bottom surface was detected only in radargrams acquired on the frontal lobes, while noisy and uninterpretable results were obtained upstream. The globally observed low data quality was attributed to the presence of a widespread debris cover, the absence of direct coupling between antenna and glacier surface and the probable widespread presence of debris and/or small-scale water bodies within the ice column. The concurrence of all these features probably caused the observed significant scattering and attenuation of the transmitted EM pulses. The lower frequency 40-MHz survey generally showed clearer results. Ice thickness estimations based on these results were interpolated to reconstruct a detailed ice thickness map that was compared with the previous study of De Visintini [35]. Some discrepancies between the two estimations arose, mainly due to different data coverage and acceleration in the glacier retreat over the last decades. A better fitting with the results of the radar measurements of VAW-ETH [36] was obtained. Also in this case, continuous GPR profiling provided denser data coverage with respect to previous local measurements, enabling for a better definition of the ice bottom morphology. Significant ice thickness variations were detected in the upper part of the N lobe, with a transition from convex to concave glacier topography. Below the ice bottom, low-amplitude reflectors having steeper dip were identified only in the frontal portion of the N lobe. These elements may indicate the bedrock presence at a depth of around 80 m from the glacier surface close to the northern terminus and rapidly deepening upstream. Consequently, a thick layer (more than 40 m) of subglacial deposits may be present between ice and bedrock.

Single-station passive seismic measurements were processed following the HVSR method. The results showed the absence of a clear contrast in acoustic impedance (i.e., ice on bedrock) at depth, providing at least a general confirmation of the hypothesized subsurface conditions. However, without the reference GPR profiles, no information on the ice bottom could have been retrieved from HVSR curves. These tests highlighted the limitations of passive seismic measurements for glacier characterization, i.e., 1D approximation of the investigated subsurface, need to simultaneously have a dense grid of measurements but avoiding 2D effects, time-consuming acquisitions with respect to continuous GPR profiling, poor results in absence of a bottom ice-bedrock interface. Differently from GPR investigations, for which the denser data coverage of continuous profiling revealed the key point to improve the past knowledge about bottom morphology, due to the peculiar investigated conditions passive seismic methods did not succeed in improving past active seismic results, despite the lighter instrumentation, logistically easier acquisition and no need of active sources.

Future perspectives of the method may be addressed to glacier monitoring. Multi-station long-term passive seismic measurements can potentially be used for the investigation of the ongoing glacial processes (hydrogeological modifications, meltwater flow, seepage and accumulation) and of the glacier movements and stability conditions (e.g., icequakes, opening of crevasses, basal movements, serac falls and stability of the frontal compartments).

Further glaciological analyses are planned to understand the influence of the glacier subsurface conditions on the measured geophysical data. Future geophysical campaigns on site should be addressed to reach satisfactory imaging of the glacier bottom in the upstream sectors, and to monitor ice thickness variations over the investigated frontal areas. Alternative survey configurations, including the test of parallel-polarized antennas for data collection, will be tested to map the ice bottom, reducing the effect of clutter on GPR data quality.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, C.C. (Chiara Colombero), C.C. (Cesare Comina), E.D.T., D.F. and A.G.; Data processing, C.C. (Chiara Colombero) and E.D.T.; Funding acquisition, A.G.; Investigation, D.F.; Methodology, C.C. (Chiara Colombero), C.C. (Cesare Comina) and A.G.; Supervision, C.C. (Cesare Comina) and A.G.; Validation, C.C. (Chiara Colombero); Visualization, C.C. (Chiara Colombero); Writing—original draft, C.C. (Chiara Colombero); Writing—review and editing, C.C. (Chiara Colombero), C.C. (Cesare Comina), E.D.T., D.F. and A.G.

**Funding:** This research was partially supported by educational funds from Alta Scuola Politecnica Milano-Torino (ASP project DREAM, DRone tEchnology for wAter resources Monitoring).

**Acknowledgments:** The geophysical campaigns described in this study were carried out in the framework of the Climate Change Glacier Lab of the Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering of Politecnico di Torino. The authors are grateful to the Alpine guides that supervised and helped the field operations.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


*Article* **Increasing Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Samples by Direct Metal Laser Sintering Using Heat Treatment Process**

**Jozef Živˇcák 1, Ema Nováková-Marcinˇcínová 1,\*, L'udmila Nováková-Marcinˇcínová 2, Tomáš Balint 1 and Michal Puškár 1**

**Abstract:** The paper deals with the evaluation of mechanical properties of 3D-printed samples based on high-strength steel powder system maraging steel using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), which is currently being put into technical practice. The novelty of this article is that it analyzes mechanical properties of samples both printed and age hardened as well as examining the fracture surfaces. When comparing the manufacturer's range with our recorded values, samples from Set 1 demonstrated strength ranging from 1110 to ultimate 1140 MPa. Samples from Set 2 showed tensile strength values that were just below average. Our recorded range was from 1920 to ultimate 2000 MPa while the manufacturer reported a range from 1950 to 2150 MPa. The tensile strength was in the range from 841 to ultimate 852 MPa in Set 1, and from 1110 to ultimate 1130 MPa in Set 2.

**Keywords:** mechanical properties; tensile strength; laser sintering; fracture; additive technology; rapid prototyping

#### **1. Introduction**

The idea of transforming the innovative production processes from a prototype into serial production has recently become increasingly popular for many manufacturers. EOS GmbH (Electro-Optical Systems) is the global technology and quality leader for high-end solutions in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) and a global player in the field of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Direct metal laser sintering was developed jointly by Rapid Product Innovations (RPI) and EOS GmbH, (Electro-Optical Systems) starting in 1994 as the first commercial rapid prototyping method to produce metal parts in a single process. In addition to functional prototypes, components made by DMLS are often used for rapid tool making, medical implants, aerospace parts, and components for high-temperature environments. Additive manufacturing allows more cost-effective production for single part production, rather than batch production.

In DMLS technology, metal powder of 20 microns, free of binder or fluxing agent, is completely melted by scanning using a high-performance laser beam to form a part with original material properties. Elimination of the polymeric binder avoids the burn-off and infiltration steps and produces 95% dense steel compared to about 70% density with selective laser sintering (SLS) [1–10].

An additional benefit of the DMLS process compared to SLS is higher detail resolution due to the use of thinner layers, enabled by a smaller powder diameter. This capability allows for more intricate part shapes [1–8,11]. Material options that are currently offered include alloy steel, stainless steel, tool steel, aluminum, bronze, cobalt–chrome, and titanium [3–11]. The complexity of these parts has almost no effect on production time and costs with this technology. Complex lightweight constructions can often reduce weight and save material costs. The EOS process has proven itself in practice and can benefit from

**Citation:** Živˇcák, J.;

Nováková-Marcinˇcínová, E.; Nováková-Marcinˇcínová, L'.; Balint, T.; Puškár, M. Increasing Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Samples by Direct Metal Laser Sintering Using Heat Treatment Process. *J. Mar. Sci. Eng.* **2021**, *9*, 821. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jmse9080821

Academic Editor: María Isabel Lamas Galdo

Received: 5 July 2021 Accepted: 27 July 2021 Published: 30 July 2021

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

faster and more cost-effective production: 43% shorter cooling time, 31% shorter cycle time, 43% shorter injection molding time, and functionality [4,12].

Several authors have observed mechanical properties of powder additive technologies. Recently, heat treatment methods have been used to improve these properties, where hardness and strength values have increased by more than twice [13–15], and several reports have been published on investigating the characteristics of Ti6Al4V materials produced by AM layering. The work of Brandl et al. evaluates the fatigue strength of Ti6Al4V material prepared by the laser melting process [16]. The force deformation characteristics of Ti6Al4V produced by DMLS and SLS were measured according to Facchini et al. [17]. Fatigue stress of Ti6Al4V samples produced by SLM was investigated by Van Hooreweder [18]. Liu et al. presented fatigue in Ti6Al4V samples produced by SLM, attributing weak fatigue behavior to defects [19]. Comparison of fatigue strength of samples prepared from Ti6Al4V by DMLS using the EOSINT M270 machine compared to the e-beam system was presented by Chan et al. [20]. Rafi et al. measured tensile and fatigue properties of both Ti6Al4V samples manufactured by EOS M270. Published reports on mechanical properties of highstrength steels manufactured by AM techniques are much more limited. Rafi et al. [21] and Edwards et al. [22] included DMLS materials and stainless steel in their research. The aim of the work was to evaluate mechanical properties of the newly used system of highstrength steel, to analyze the fracture surface after a static tensile test as well as to point out the redistribution of particles influenced by diversity of the chemical composition of the material used. The tests dealt with research of mechanical properties of the 3D-printed samples based on high-strength steel powder system Ti6Al4V maraging steel using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), which is currently being put into technical practice. This research was developed based on cooperation with 1.Prešovská nástrojáre ˇn as necessary for technical practice in order to verify and improve the properties of the mentioned material for the possibilities of better production of prototypes as well as products using the DMLS method.

#### **2. Materials and Methods**

#### *2.1. Research Materials*

The powder material from which the samples were prepared was MS1 Maraging Steel, a trademark of EOS GmBH Company. EOS Maraging Steel MS1 is a steel powder that has been specially optimized for processing on the 200W EOSINT M 280. The material composition of MS1 is listed in Table 1.

**Table 1.** Material composition.

Parts made of EOS Maraging Steel MS1 have chemical composition corresponding to the US classification of 18% Ni Maraging 300, European Norm 1.2709 and German X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5. This type of steel is characterized by very good mechanical properties and is easily heat treatable using a simple hardening process to achieve excellent hardness and strength. Parts manufactured from EOS Maraging Steel MS1 are easily machined after the building process and can be easily hardened to more than 50 HRC at 490 ◦C (914 ◦F) for 6 h. In both as-built and age-hardened states, the parts can be further machined using chipping, electrical discharge machining, welding, sanding, polishing and coating, if necessary. As a result of the layer-forming method, these parts have some anisotropy, which can be reduced or eliminated by suitable heat treatment. Its mechanical properties with EOS production are listed in Tables 2 and 3.

**Table 2.** Mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V: (**a**) as built, only printed, (**b**) printed and age-hardened [9].

\* Tensile testing according to ISO 6892-1:2009. (B) Annex D, proportional test pieces, diameter of the neck area 5 mm (0.2 inch), original gauge length 25 mm (1 inch). \*\* Rockwell C (HRC) hardness measurement according to EN ISO 6508-1 on polished surface. Note that measured hardness can vary significantly depending on how the specimen has been prepared.

**Table 3.** Thermal properties of parts—Ti6Al4V [9].

\*\*\* Ageing temperature 490 ◦C (914 ◦F), 6 h, air cooling.

The surface roughness of the material Ti6Al4V is approximately Ra = 5 μm and Rz = 28 μm with the MS1 performance method (40 μm) at MS1 surface (20 μm) Ra = 4 μm and Rz = 28 μm. Due to the layerwise building, the surface structure depends on the orientation of the surface; for example, sloping and curved surfaces are shown as a stair-step effect. These values also depend on the measurement method used. The above values indicate the difference for the horizontal orientation of the sample (upward—XY) or vertical (Z) orientation. The method used was MS1 surface and the layering was in the XY plane. Samples were prepared according to the ASTM standard for powder metallurgy technology research. Subsequently, the fracture surface of the samples was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope.

#### *2.2. Methods of Research*

The methodology of investigating the properties of printed materials determines and evaluates the type of high-strength steel described in the previous chapter. Tested samples were obtained by direct metal laser sintering with 3D printing in additive technologies. Two series were prepared, each with 20 samples: only printed—as-built (Set 1), and printed and age-hardened (Set 2). We followed the EOS printer manufacturer's recommendations for the hardening process (Figure 1). Powder was also produced by the same manufacturer. The hardening process was carried out in a hardening furnace at 490 ◦C for 6 h; cooling was carried out in an operating room with room temperature within one day.

Strength and elongation tests were performed on samples according to ASTM standard [11] at the Technical University of Košice.

Samples were made in tool shop 1, Presovska Nastrojaren LTD, Prešov, Slovak Republic. Dimensions and shapes of the test samples are shown in Figure 2 and Table 4.

**Figure 1.** A schematic diagram [15] of the EOS Machine (**a**). The final sintering process in the production of samples on a DMLS 3D printer (**b**).

**Figure 2.** Flat unmachined tension test specimen [11] (**a**) and real view of samples (**b**) after sintering process.

Study of the fracture surface morphology was performed on the scanning electron microscope TESCAN MIRA 3 (IMR SAS, Košice, Slovakia).

#### **3. Results and Discussion**

Based on the static tensile test, mechanical properties of the two series of samples of five pieces each, which are summarized in Table 5, were examined. According to ISO 6892-1 [13], the Tinius Olsen hydraulic machine was used for the tensile test. Figure 3 illustrates graphs of a portion of the tests of (a) as-built samples (Set 1) and (b) printed and age-hardened samples (Set 2). Samples from (b) Set 2 showed a significant increase in strength values.

**Table 5.** Summarized mechanical properties from tensile tests.

Force sensor: 300 kN, speed of deformation: 0.0001 s−1.

(**b**) Samples of Set 2, age-hardened, samples 01–05 Ms1 HT1.

**Figure 3.** Strength tests report.

If we compare the range given by the EOS printer manufacturer with our recorded values, the samples from Set 1 demonstrated ultimate strength ranging from 1110 to 1140 MPa.With the samples from the Set 2, the tensile strength values were only slightly below the average. Our recorded range was from 1920 to 2000 MPa, as opposed to the recommended range given by EOS of 1950–2150 MPa.

The tensile strength range was from 841 to 852 MPa in Set 1, and 1110–1130 MPa in Set 2. We can state that elongation values were within this range. The only exception was the samples from the Set 1, where the values slightly exceeded 14%. Although the hardening process is ideal for increasing hardness, as it is presented in [13,14], where hardness increased from 33 HRC to 54 HRC, elongation and tensile strength values are significantly reduced.

Fracture surface morphology was also evaluated after static tensile testing of the samples. They were observed by a scanning electron microscope and surfaces are shown in the Figures 4–6. The cross section showed a neck variation that is only visible on the printed sample (Set 1). The samples that were printed and then hardened (Set 2) demonstrated a less significant area compared to the Set 1 samples. The samples from Set 2 showed more fragile sites during surface morphology examination while the observed refractive surface of the samples from Set 1 were more plastic. In both cases, the different morphology of the whole surface was observed.

**Figure 4.** Surface of fracture samples: (**a**) Set 1, (**b**) Set 2 (×70). Scale bar: 1 mm.

**Figure 5.** Surface of fracture samples: (**a**) Set 1, (**b**) Set 2 (×500). Scale bar: 100 μm.

(**a**) (**b**)

**Figure 6.** Surface of fracture samples: (**a**) Set 1, (**b**) Set 2 (×1500). Scale bar: 50 μm.

Table 6 presents the measured results of the chemical composition of the material Ti6Al4V of both series of samples, which were examined by EDS analysis on the evaluated fracture surfaces.

**Table 6.** Measured values of EDS analysis of the chemical composition of the material Ti6Al4V.

**Table 6.** *Cont.*

We have recorded the summary range mass percentage in the following range: Ti 0.69–1.27, Co 6.65–8.91, Ni 10.09–12.11, Mo 1.29–1.86. The observed Ni was below the manufacturer's reported average. The manufacturer reports 19% by weight. We have recorded that it is not exceeding 12.11% by weight. In contrast, Ti exceeded its range; it was above average. The recorded value was up to 1.27% by weight M4, while the manufacturer gives a range of up to 0.8% by weight. The difference found is fundamental for the mechanical properties of products made of this material. These different limits may cause different values of the reported mechanical properties specified by the manufacturer.

#### **4. Conclusions**

The following important research results have been identified:

However, despite experimentally measured values showing lower output values than the results of measurements from the material manufacturer for EOS 3D printers, it is known that these findings do not seriously affect quality of production. The strength of Ti6Al4V products can be further increased by furnace curing, like samples from the Set 2 series in our experiment. This allows unique production of form complexity and even stronger metal components than production using conformal cooling or repair of broken parts using metal powder.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.Ž., E.N.-M. and L'.N.-M.; methodology, J.Ž. and E.N.-M.; investigation, M.P., L'.N.-M. and T.B.; data analysis, E.N.-M. and L'.N.-M.; writing—original draft preparation, E.N.-M. and L'.N.-M. and T.B.; writing—review and editing, M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract no. APVV-19-0290. The article was written in the framework of Grant Projects KEGA 041TUKE-4/2019, KEGA 006TUKE-4/2020 and the project Stimuls for research and development no. 2018/14432:1-26CO supported by the Ministry of Education of Science of Research.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


**2.2.1 Surface digitisation technology**

Surface digitisation is a procedure by which digital data is acquired from a surface of interest in order to obtain more knowledge of the shape and dimensions of the object. This is achieved through a series of interactions between the measurement equipment and the surface being assessed. Digitisation usually provides a string of 3-D co-ordinates in ASCII format.

Fig. 2. A classification of data acquisition methods.

There are many different methods for acquiring co-ordinate data, as shown in Figure 2. Essentially, each method uses some mechanism or phenomenon for interacting with the surface of the object of interest.

been advanced in the fields of medicine and dentistry (Chadwick, 1989; Seymour *et al*. 1996; Kabban, *et al.* 2001; Zou, *et al.* 2001, 2009; Cherukara GP *et al.* 2002; Theocharopoulos *et al.*,

The interface between the CMM and the measurement object or surface is a probe. The probe plays a very important role in obtaining the co-ordinates of a surface, and there are several kinds of probes commercially available at the present time. **Touch trigger probes** are by far the most commonly used with CMMs due to their simplicity and low cost. One of the problems with touch probes is that even under well-controlled conditions and at a generally accepted measuring speed and force, damage to the surface being scanned can occur because of the inertia effects of some probe parts (Win *et al.*, 1998). Win also indicated that initial plastic yielding of a surface can easily occur when probing with a sphere, and at higher probing speeds, multiple bouncing of the probe may occur, which reduces the accuracy for all mechanical probe systems. **The optical probe** has the great advantage of non-contact with the surface being measured. By the late 1980's, non-contact laser probes were widely accepted for surface measurement, especially in free form surface digitisation techniques due to its fast speed in the digitisation. However the accuracy in measurement when using optical probes is affected by the reflectivity of the surface, for example, a rough or dark coloured surface which is often encountered, results in empty or distorted data

Surface digitisation is a procedure by which digital data is acquired from a surface of interest in order to obtain more knowledge of the shape and dimensions of the object. This is achieved through a series of interactions between the measurement equipment and the surface being assessed. Digitisation usually provides a string of 3-D co-ordinates in ASCII

Interferometry

There are many different methods for acquiring co-ordinate data, as shown in Figure 2. Essentially, each method uses some mechanism or phenomenon for interacting with the

DATA ACQUISITION METHODS

Contact methods

Scanning probe

Touch Trigger

probe

2010**;** Morris *et al.* 2011 ).

readings at areas due to the surface low reflectivity.

Non-contact methods

Structured Lighting

Fig. 2. A classification of data acquisition methods.

surface of the object of interest.

**2.2.1 Surface digitisation technology**

format.

Optical Triangulation Contact methods use mechanical contact through a trigger or scanning probe at the end of an arm or the column of a CMM (Jarvis, 1983) to obtain surface geometrical information. Development of this method was driven by reverse engineering (Milroy *et al.*, 1996; Dalton, 1998; Chow, 1997). In each case, an appropriate sensor determines a precise position on the object's surface.

Non-contact methods use scanning–type CMMs to capture larger numbers of sampling points, and have been used successfully for measuring surface form (Bradley and Vickers, 1992; Lee *et al.*, 2001; Chang and Lin, 1999). A recent study comprising questionnaire respondents from research institutions and companies engaged in surface topography in the European Community, revealed that non-contact optical techniques are more popular and widely used than previously thought (Dong *et al.*, 1994). Three dimensional non-contact measurement methods started to be used in the 1980's (Bosch, 1995; Stout, 1994).

The result of data acquisition is a discrete 'point cloud', through a 3-D analysis software it is interpolated into a 3-D surface and can be visualised as a 3-D object, furthermore to be analysed in its shape and dimensions.

With regard to the previously mentioned taper or convergence angle of prepared teeth; an angle measurement is taken at the middle of the mesial-distal plane where the central fissure runs through. The taper is the angle between the two lines along the two walls in this plane that passed the most outer points A and B which are located at the mesial and distal aspects as shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3. The angle measurement between mesial and distal walls