*4.1. Methodology*

This study adopts the ASEAN integrated electricity grid model developed by Chang and Li [6] and modifies wind energy-related information. The objective of the integrated power trade model is to minimise the cost of meeting demand for electricity in the ASEAN region from 2018 to 2040. Costs have four components: capital cost, operation cost, transmission cost, and carbon cost. As it has an integrated electricity market and grid, power trade (i.e., the import of electricity) is allowed for up to 30 percent of domestic demand. Detailed description of the model is presented in Appendix A.


4.5.3. Epidote

Epidote was previously reported by Hicken [17], Nowak [26], and Hicken et al. [31] in bedrock PTS and till HMC. Nowak [26] and Hicken [17] identified epidote grains in bedrock. Nowak [26] divided bedrock into domains based on the degree of hydrothermal alteration of the protolith, and epidote was reported in metamorphosed bedrock corresponding to least- and weakly altered protolith, with coarser-grained epidote being found in the weakly altered (0.2–0.7 mm) assemblages than in the least-altered (0.1–0.3 mm) assemblages.

Hicken [17] reported epidote grains in four bedrock PTS samples. Two samples (diabase dyke and iron formation) were collected to the west of Iznogoudh Lake (>5 km down ice of the Izok Lake deposit), and two samples (schist and gneiss) were collected from metamorphic rocks <1.5 km from the Izok Lake deposit. Epidote in the two proximal bedrock samples was coarser-grained than in the two more distal samples. Green epidote abundance was estimated by ODM for the 0.250–0.500 mm fraction of till HMC for the four samples examined by this study (Geological Survey of Canada, unpublished data). The counts were only accurate to 10–100 grains, depending on the total number of epidote grains present, but indicate an increase in abundance overlying mineralization, peaking 3 km down ice at sample site 09-MPB-075 and diminishing at sample site 12-MPB-902, 8 km down ice (Table 4).

Epidote identified by this study increases in abundance in the most proximal till sample down ice of mineralization (09-MPB-058), and till samples 09-MPB-060 (1 km up ice) and 09-MPB-075 (3 km down ice) have relatively equal epidote abundance in all size fractions. Till sample 12-MPB-902, 8 km down ice of mineralization, has the lowest abundance of epidote in all size fractions examined. This suggests that till sample 09-MPB-060 is within the hydrothermal alteration halo of the Izok Lake deposit, which is supported by the extent of hydrothermal alteration described in Morrison [22], who describes a late-stage, widespread zone of calcic alteration containing epidote surrounding the deposit. Epidote has been previously identified as an important indicator in porphyry terranes [8], where epidote abundance and trace element composition can be used in tandem to identify hydrothermal carbonate and propylitic alteration halos and assess ore fertility in porphyry systems. However, the chemical changes associated with carbonate and propylitic alteration lead to bulk-rock compositions similar to those of calc-silicate rocks of sedimentary or metasomatic origin [59] and, therefore, epidote abundance will need to be identified along with other indicator minerals to serve as a vector to VMS mineralization. Future work is needed to investigate the utility of epidote as an indicator mineral for VMS deposits, with careful attention paid to collecting true regional background samples outside the potentially wide zone of propylitic alteration.


*2.7. Molecular Mechanism of GH on Muscle Function by RNAseq Analysis*

We previously performed transcriptomic profiling of muscle wasting in CKD by RNAseq analysis and identified 12 differentially expressed genes in muscle [23]. Perturbations of these 12 muscle genes are correlated with impaired muscle and neuron regeneration, enhanced muscle thermogenesis, and fibrosis. Hence, we studied the effects of GH on expression of these 12 muscle genes in CKD mice. Notably, GH normalized or attenuated 7 out of those 12 differentially expressed muscle genes identified in CKD mice, while the expression of 5 muscle genes remained different in GH-treated CKD mice (Figure 6A–L).

**Figure 6.** GH reduces the expression of differentially expressed genes in the muscles of CKD mice. CKD mice were fed ad libitum, whereas other mouse groups received an energy intake amount equal to that of CKD + Vehicle mice. The expression of relevant genes in the mouse gastrocnemius muscle was assessed using qPCR (**A**–**L**). Results are analyzed and expressed as in Figure 2. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. For comparison of the means between two groups, data were analyzed by Student's 2-tailed *t*-test. Posthoc analysis was performed with Tukey's test. Specific *p*-values are shown above the bar. ns signifies not significant, \* *p* < 0.05, \*\* *p* < 0.01.