**Author details**

Nilton Oliveira Junior1 \*, Valter Padulla1 , Vinnicius Ferraço2 and Giovana Ferronato2

1 Condor Non-Lethal Technology S/A, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2 Instituto Senai de Inovação em Química Verde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**169**

*Use of Capsaicin for Nonlethal Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92357*

[1] Sutherland RG. Chemical and biochemical non-lethal weapons: Political and technical aspects. SIPRI o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, and 2-chloroacetophenone. Regulatory

[9] Watson WA, Stremel KR, Westdorp EJ. Oleoresin capsicum (CAP-STUN) toxicity

Toxicology and Pharmacology.

from aerosol exposure. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996;**30**:733-735

[10] Granfield J, Onnen J, Petty CS. Pepper spray and in-custody deaths. RCMP Gazette. 1994;**56**(11):12-17

[11] Broadstock M. What Is the Safety of "Pepper Spray". Vol. 1. Christchurch:

NZHTA Tech Brief Series; 2002

[12] Reilly CA, Crouch DJ, Yost GS, Fatah AA. Determination of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nonivamide in self-defense weapons by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of

Chromatography A. 2001;**912**:256-267

[13] Lalanne GM, Álvarez AJH, Fernández MJ, Azuara E. Oleoresins from *Capsicum* spp.: Extraction methods and bioactivity. Food and Bioprocess

[14] Junior NO, Padulla V, Flores I, Annunciação D, Neiva M, Brant V. Evaluation of natural capsaicin (N.Cap) in pepper spray by GC-MS/FID, NMR and HPLC as an alternative to the use of oleoresin capsicum (OC). Human Factors and Mechanical Engineering for Defense and Safety. 2019;**3**. Article

[15] Govindarajan VS, Salzer UJ. Capsicum—Production, technology,

Part II. Processed products, standards, world production and trade. C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and

chemistry, and quality—

Nutrition. 1986;**23**:207-288

Technology. 2017;**76**:51-76

number 8

2002;**36**(1):1-11

[2] NATO. NATO Policy on Non-Lethal Weapons [Online]. 2008. Available: https://www.nato.int/ cps/en/natohq/official\_texts\_27417. htm?selectedLocale=en [Accessed:

[3] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials [Online]. 1990. Available: https://www.ohchr. org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ useofforceandfirearms.aspx [Accessed:

[4] Olajos EJ, Stopford W. Riot Control Agents: Issues in Toxicology, Safety, and Health. USA: CRC Press; 2004. ISBN:

[5] Brown L, Takeuchi D, Challoner K. Corneal abrasions associated with pepper spray exposures. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine.

[6] Haar RJ, Iacopino V, Ranadive N, Weiser SD, Dandu M. Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: A systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas. BMC Public Health. 2017;**17**:831

[7] Kearney T, Hiatt P, Birdsall E, Smollin C. Pepper spray injury severity: Ten-year case experience of a poison control system. Prehospital Emergency

Policy Paper. 2008;**23**:1-40

**References**

19 March 2020]

19 March 2020]

9780415299022

2000;**18**(3):271-272

Care. 2014;**18**:1-6

[8] Recer GM, Johnson TB, Gleason AK. An evaluation of the relative potential public health concern

for the self-defense spray active ingredients oleoresin capsicum, *Use of Capsaicin for Nonlethal Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92357*