**Abstract**

A new scientific hypothesis states that biosurfactants from cloud microorganism origin could change the surface tension of aerosols and thus the mode of precipitations. In order to check this hypothesis, our team has screened a collection of 480 microbial strains isolated from cloud waters for the production of biosurfactants and showed that 42% of these strains were producing such molecules. In the present work, we isolated and identified by LC-MS-MS lipopeptides produced from three strains issued from this screening. Viscosin and massetolide E (cyclic lipopeptides) were produced by *Pseudomonas* sp. PDD-14b-2, and syringafactins (linear lipopeptides) were produced *by Xanthomonas campestris* PDD-32b-52 and *Pseudomonas syringae* PDD-32b-74. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these biosurfactants was determined using the pendant drop method. Finally, two approaches of molecular dynamics were used to model the conformation of viscosin and syringafactin A at the water-air interface: one is based on all-atoms simulation (CHARMM force field), while the other one on coarse-grain (CG) simulation (MARTINI force field). To conclude, this work shows how the biodiversity of the cloud microbiota can be explored to search and produce biosurfactants of interest both for atmospheric sciences and also for biotechnological applications.

**Keywords:** cloud, mass spectrometry, biosurfactants, lipopeptides, *Pseudomonas*, *Xanthomonas*, modeling


**8. Diagnostic challenges of coagulopathy in sepsis**

There are some totally different reasons for coagulation changes in septic patients. The reduced thrombocyte count is perpetually present in patients with serious sepsis; however, thrombocytopenia could likewise occur as a result of alternative conditions, for instance, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), thrombotic microangiopathies, or drug-evoked bone marrow distress [59]. It is critical to satisfactory pinpoint these different reasons for thrombocytopenia, as they may require specific administration projections [20]. Laboratory researches can be valuable in distinctive coagulopathy in sepsis from completely different alternative hemostatic conditions, such as vitamin K (vit K) bleeding or hepatic impairment. As these troubles might be observed simultaneously with sepsis-associated coagulopathy, dispersing is not in every case simple [60, 61].

demonstrated a high analytic precision of the scoring system [77, 78]. As a decision made a decision by this composite score is firmly connected with survival rates in climatically sick patients [79]. Joining predictive intensive care estimation systems, for example, Acute Physiology and chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II), with the DIC score is seemingly an intense technique to anticipate the prognosis in septic patients. Comparable composite scores are structured and examined in Japan [80]. The most applicable paradoxes between the ISTH and Japanese scores are a higher sensitivity and a higher extent of patients with hemato-oncological diseases that

Hemostatic Aspect of Sepsis

61

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90800

This work was basic elucidation of the idea that coagulation and its inhibitors are of major importance in coagulation-inflammation noise, similarly as in survival from sepsis. Further studies are warranted to explore the groundwork for the outcome of diagnostic rule victimization, many markers of inflammation and infection, and DIC score as parameters in assess-

Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan

[1] Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. The New England Journal of

[2] Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;**348**(16):

[3] Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and

[4] van der Poll T, van de Veerdonk FL, Scicluna BP, Netea MG.The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Nature Reviews. Immunology. 2017;**17**(7):407-420

[5] Levi M, van der Poll T. Coagulation and sepsis. Thrombosis Research. 2017;**149**:38-44

[6] Levi M. The coagulant response in sepsis. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2008;**29**(4):627-642

associated costs of care. Critical Care Medicine. 2001;**29**(7):1303-1310

are determined to possess DIC by the Japanese systems [81, 82].

ing the severity of sepsis-associated coagulopathy in a clinical setting.

Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
**9. Conclusion**

**Author details**

**References**

1546-1554

Bashir Abdrhman Bashir Mohammed

Medicine. 2013;**369**(9):840-851

As indicated by the contemporary pondering sepsis-associated coagulopathy, the evaluation of soluble fibrin in plasma has the mark of being significant [62]. Commonly, the affectability of measuring soluble fibrin for sepsis-associated coagulopathy is more optimal than the specificity. Some clinical assays have noted that at specific concentrations of soluble fibrin, sepsis-associated coagulopathy is highly tolerable [22]. Fibrin split products (FSPs) could be examined by specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) or by latex agglutination, enabling speed and bedside placement in very critical cases. None of the most accessible experiences for FDPs recognizes fragmentation products of cross-linked fibrin or fibrinogen degradation, which may contribute to faultily unusual results [53]. The specificity of elevated plasma levels of fibrin split products (FSPs) is subsequently unobtrusive, and a progression of other clinical circumstances, for example, trauma or injury, recent surgery, inflammation, or venous thromboembolism, may cause raised FDPs. More sophisticated tests specifically focus on the measurement of neo-antigens on fragmented cross-linked fibrin. Commonly, these measures respond with an epitope attached to plasmin-degraded cross-linked γ-chain, bringing about fragment D-dimer. These tests preferably identify the fragmentation of fibrin from fibrinogen (factor I) or fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) [63]. Continuous coagulation activation brings exhaustion of coagulation factors in septic patients. Additionally, diminished synthesis, for example, brought by deranged hepatic function or vitamin K deficiency, and lack of coagulation factors, because of massive hemorrhage, might be significant. Estimation of plasma fibrinogen levels has been generally advanced as an accommodating tool for pinpointing coagulation anomalies in sepsis; yet in reality, this is not very supportive much of the time [10, 64]. Fibrinogen acts as an acute phase reactant, and regardless of impressive turnover, plasma concentrations can be well within normal values.

Thrombelastography is progressively utilized in critically sick patients with a hypercoagulable state, incorporating those with DIC [65, 66]. Procoagulant just as anticoagulant states in DIC as shown with thrombelastography was illustrated to have a better correlation with clinically significant organ dysfunction and survival despite the fact that its preference over usual coagulation tests has not yet been affirmed [67–72]. The precise utilization of thrombelastography for the conclusion of DIC has not been thoroughly assessed, despite the fact that supporters accept that the examiner might find it useful for evaluating the condition of coagulation in patients with critical sickness [73, 74]. In light of review investigations of databases from fundamentally sick patients, composite scores for the conclusion of sepsis-associated coagulopathy have been conceived by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) [75]. The system is in view of promptly accessible laboratory tests, that is, thrombocyte function, PT, D-dimer, and plasma fibrinogen levels. An analysis of DIC is perfect with a score of five or more excess points. PT manifested in seconds in the scoring order may be substituted by the INR, making symmetry among focuses and standardization simpler [76]. Approval investigations have demonstrated a high analytic precision of the scoring system [77, 78]. As a decision made a decision by this composite score is firmly connected with survival rates in climatically sick patients [79]. Joining predictive intensive care estimation systems, for example, Acute Physiology and chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II), with the DIC score is seemingly an intense technique to anticipate the prognosis in septic patients. Comparable composite scores are structured and examined in Japan [80]. The most applicable paradoxes between the ISTH and Japanese scores are a higher sensitivity and a higher extent of patients with hemato-oncological diseases that are determined to possess DIC by the Japanese systems [81, 82].


**5. Conclusions**

The present study is one of the few investigations on the meiofaunal community structure, composition, and diversity conducted in transitional waters (TWs) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The high environmental variability and habitat heterogeneity of the Cabras Lagoon, the largest TW in Sardinia, was reflected in significant di fferences in meiofauna among the study sites. Spatial di fferences in several faunal parameters (i.e., community structure, richness, Pielou-evenness, and Ne/co ratio) were stronger than temporal variation, suggesting that meiofaunal organisms are good indicators of the physical-chemical variation in TWs. Furthermore, the Cabras Lagoon showed high values of meiofaunal species richness further supporting the idea that TWs may be biodiversity hotspots and meiofauna is an important biotic component to understand their functioning.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.; methodology, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.; formal analysis, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.; data curation, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.; writing-original draft preparation, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.; writing-review and editing, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.; visualization, F.S., M.F.G. and P.M.

**Funding:** We would like to thank Marcello Giorgi, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", for technical support in data analysis procedures.

**Acknowledgments:** We gratefully acknowledge the two reviewers whose comments greatly contributed to an improved version of the original manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.