Resuscitation Endpoints in Traumatic Shock: A Focused Review with Emphasis on Point-of-Care Approaches

*Kathryn C. Kelley, Kyle Dammann, Alex Alers, Thomas B. Zanders, Charles Bendas and Stanislaw P. Stawicki*


**2. Materials and Methods**

The main objective of this research is to explore the influence of learning space in mathematics and art performance in Primary Education schools in Galicia (Spain), and to explore learning space relationship with academic courses. For this, a quantitative research was designed, which relates the measurement of the perception of observable variables of the physical learning environment by students through a questionnaire with their performance in mathematics and arts.

First, the design of the questionnaire was adapted to the cognitive level of primary school students based on the *Indoor Physical Environment Perception* scale (iPEP scale) [25,37] (focused on university students), previously based on the holistic model of Barret, Davies, Zhang and Barret [38]. Next, public elementary schools are randomly chosen from the regions of A Coruña and Lugo (Galicia, Spain). Communication is established with the centers to request the possibility of conducting the questionnaires. Subsequently, the visits take place and the test data analyzed.

The psychometric properties of the instrument will be assessed through the corresponding reliability and validity analyzes to ensure that the use of the data. Then, the classrooms are described through the means and standard deviations of the variables of the scale to know in which values the data are grouped. Finally, a multiple linear regression analysis is applied to know if the space variables are predictors of mathematical performance and art education.


*3.4. Comparison of Spatial Dispersion Suppression Effect*

As the shear wave has the characteristics of low propagation speed, a one-dimensional low-speed homogeneous medium is constructed below. The velocity of the homogeneous medium model is 1000 m/s, the excitation position is located in the center of the model, and the source is a 10 Hz Rayleigh wavelet. Different space steps are set with a time step of 1 ms, the seismic records of 6 s are recorded, and the results are shown in Figures 3–5. As shown in Figure 3, the traditional CFD scheme has numerical dispersion when the gird size is 9 m, and the dispersion increased substantially when the step increases to 10 m (Figure 5). In contrast, as shown in Figure 4, the corresponding seismic record calculated with the

CCD scheme shows no numerical dispersion, and there is still no numerical dispersion when the gird size increases by 10 m (Figure 5).

**Figure 3.** (**a**) CFD is used to simulate the numerical simulation of seismic records in the 1D homogeneous medium model, Δx = 9 m; (**b**) CCD is used to simulate the numerical simulation of seismic records in the 1D homogeneous medium model, Δx = 9 m.

**Figure 4.** *Cont*.

**Figure 4.** (**a**) CFD is used to simulate the numerical simulation of seismic records in the 1D homogeneous medium model, Δx = 10 m; (**b**) CCD is used to simulate the numerical simulation of seismic records in the 1D homogeneous medium model, Δx = 10 m.

**Figure 5.** (**a**) CCD is used to simulate the numerical simulation of seismic records in the 1D homogeneous medium model, Δx = 15 m; (**b**) CSCD is used to simulate the numerical simulation of seismic records in the 1D homogeneous medium model, Δx = 15 m.

Figure 5a,b compare the numerical dispersion between the CCD and CSCD schemes when the step increases to 15 m. As shown in Figure 5a, at the speed of 1000 m/s, when the gird size continues to increase to 15 m, the CCD scheme shows dispersion, while the CSCD scheme shows no numerical dispersion at the same step. This confirms that the CSCD scheme improves the compactness of the CCD scheme and can better suppress the numerical dispersion so that a coarser grid may be used in the numerical simulation.


Preface

Plasma science and technology (PST) is a discipline investigating fundamental transport behaviors, interaction physics, and reaction chemistry of plasma, which is the fourth fundamental state of matter, and its applications in different technologies and fields. Plasma has uses in refrigeration, biotechnology, health care, microelectronics and semiconductors, nanotechnology, and space and environmental sciences, and more. Modern semiconductor devices and thin film solar cell technologies can be fabricated through plasma processes and PST to be economically viable. Plasma technology is a key advancement in modern medicine and health care. It can be used to manufacture bioengineering devices that depend on plasma processes to harden artificial joints and plan biocompatible surfaces on tissue scaffolding. In addition, PST can be used to create systems that expel plasma as a propellant for spacecraft.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of PST, including information on different types of plasma, basic interactions of plasma with organic materials, plasma-based energy devices, low-temperature plasma for complex systems, and more.

Chapter 1 introduces the exciting field of cold atmospheric pressure (CAP) plasma and its applications in the biomedical field. Chapter 2 discusses the thermal effects induced by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuation to suppress dynamic ice accretion over the surface of an airfoil/wing model for aircraft icing mitigation. Chapter 3 focuses on synthesizing nanomaterials using an emerging technology called in-liquid plasma. In Chapter 4, the authors investigate the effects of polarization on thermal conductivity for a wide range of plasma parameters using a homogeneous non-equilibrium molecular dynamics method. In Chapter 5, the authors employ a molecular dynamics simulation method to investigate threedimensional electrorheological complex (dusty) plasmas. Chapter 6 examines the impact of porosity, rotation, and finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) corrections on thermal instability of immeasurable homogeneous plasma and the corresponding effects of radiative heat-loss function and thermal conductivity. Chapter 7 analyzes a non-linear parametric interaction between very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) waves in the ionosphere. Chapter 8 discusses the basic theory and latest developments of terahertz radiation schemes using a free-electron beam to interact with periodic electromagnetic structures. Chapter 9 introduces new types of dissipative streaming instabilities. Chapter 10 reports the shortcomings of Hall thrusters and their erosion problems of the channel walls, figures of merit, and a comparison with chemical propulsion. This chapter also discusses the various waves and electromagnetic instabilities propagating in a Hall thruster magnetized plasma. Chapter 11 discusses the Hall-type accelerator with

closed electron drift and open walls both theoretically and experimentally. Finally, Chapter 12 discusses gyro devices as the most suitable millimeter-wave sources for heating plasma in tokamaks.

**Dr. Aamir Shahzad**

Professor (Associate), Modeling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Section 1


*Article* **Reference Equation of a New Incremental Step Test to Assess Exercise Capacity in the Portuguese Adult Population**

**Rui Vilarinho 1,2,3,\*, Ana Toledo 2, Carla Silva 2, Fábio Melo 2, Leila Tomaz 2, Luana Martins 2, Tânia Gonçalves 2, Cristina Melo 2, Cátia Caneiras 3,4,5,6 and António Mesquita Montes 2,7**

**Abstract:** Step tests are important in community- and home-based rehabilitation programs to assess patients' exercise capacity. A new incremental step test was developed for this purpose, but its clinical interpretability is currently limited. This study aimed to establish a reference equation for this new incremental step test (IST) for the Portuguese adult population. A cross-sectional study was conducted on people without disabilities. Sociodemographic (age and sex), anthropometric (weight, height, and body mass index), smoking status, and physical activity (using the brief physical activity assessment tool) data were collected. Participants performed two repetitions of the IST and the best test was used to establish the reference equation with a forward stepwise multiple regression. An analysis comparing the results from the reference equation with the actual values was conducted with the Wilcoxon test. A total of 155 adult volunteers were recruited (60.6% female, 47.8 ± 19.7 years), and the reference equation was as follows: steps in IST = 475.52 − (4.68 × age years) + (30.5 × sex), where male = 1 and female = 0, and r2 = 60%. No significant differences were observed between the values performed and those obtained by the equation (*p* = 0.984). The established equation demonstrated that age and sex were the determinant variables for the variability of the results.

**Keywords:** exercise tests; exercise tolerance; step mode testing; interpretability


# **The 5th International Congress of CiiEM Reducing inequalities in Health and Society**

Edited by Helena Barroso and Cidália Castro

Printed Edition of the Conference Proceedings Published in *Medical Sciences Forum*

www.mdpi.com/journal/msf


*Article* **Identification of Genetic Variations and Candidate Genes Responsible for Stalk Sugar Content and Agronomic Traits in Fresh Corn via GWAS across Multiple Environments**

**Jianjian Chen 1 , Jinming Cao 2 , Yunlong Bian 2 , Hui Zhang 3 , Xiangnan Li 1 , Zhenxing Wu 1 , Guojin Guo 1 and Guihua Lv 1,\***

**Abstract:** The stem and leaves of fresh corn plants can be used as green silage or can be converted to biofuels, and the stalk sugar content and yield directly determine the application value of fresh corn. To identify the genetic variations and candidate genes responsible for the related traits in fresh corn, the genome-wide scan and genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) were performed. A total of 32 selective regions containing 172 genes were detected between sweet and waxy corns. Using the stalk sugar content and seven other agronomic traits measured in four seasons over two years, the GWAS identified ninety-two significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Most importantly, seven SNPs associated with the stalk sugar content were detected across multiple environments, which could explain 13.68–17.82% of the phenotypic variation. Accessions differing in genotype for certain significant SNPs showed significant variation in the stalk sugar content and other agronomic traits, and the expression levels of six important candidate genes were significantly different between two materials with different stalk sugar content. The genetic variations and candidate genes provide valuable resources for future studies of the molecular mechanism of the stalk sugar content and establish the foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of fresh corn.

**Keywords:** fresh corn; stalk sugar content; agronomic traits; genome-wide association analysis; selective sweep; single nucleotide polymorphisms