**7.1 Selection of studies**

The aim of the present study was to determine intensive animal farming practices employed in Pakistan and investigate the effect of different factors on livestock production. Different international databases, including Google Scholar and Google, were searched (from 2015 to 2023) to identify studies that addressed the intensive animal farming activities in Pakistan.

For this meta-analysis, a total of 310 articles were identified in the initial search. Out of 310 searches, 254 articles were excluded because of their irrelevance and not being reported from Pakistan. Case reports, conference abstracts, and review articles were also excluded. 50 articles were also excluded for reasons of being duplicates, titles and not having full text. Six relevant articles were selected because they met the inclusion criteria, and their full texts were reviewed. The flow diagram of the selection process of the included studies is shown in **Figure 2**.

The characteristic of the included study is shown in **Table 3** given below:

**Figure 2.** *Flow diagram showing selection criteria of the selected studies.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Traits of the studies included in the meta-analysis.*

*Global Perspectives of Intensive Animal Farming and Its Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112271*


**Author details**

Cristina Brito

218 New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals

**Figure 5.** Geographical migration of Basque and Portuguese early modern whaling through the Atlantic (map) and temporal migration (graph) showing the years of the beginning and end of the activity in each area. Data compiled from Aguilar (1986), Reeves & Smith (2006) and Brito (2011).

**5. A future glimpse into the environmental history of marine mammals**

Many centuries ago, the Atlantic experienced a (near) pristine situation regarding ocean environmental equilibrium. Levels of the populations of predators and prey were relatively stable and fluctuated naturally. Natural disasters happened with much more localized effects and the impacts of climatic shifts were gradual and predictable. Marine resources were historically exploited, however, until the advent of industrialization, rapid depletion and ecological tipping effects were hindered by lack of technological advances. Industrial *CHAM (Centre for Overseas History), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Universidade dos Açores, Lisbon, Portugal Escola de Mar, Edifício ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal*