*Edited by Juan Francisco Rodriguez-Landa and Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo*

Menopause is a natural state of development in women, but it is also a period of vulnerability to the development of several disorders, such as vasomotor symptoms, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis, cognitive deterioration, depression, and anxiety. Factors as diverse as culture, diet, exercise, maternity, age, and genetics can influence the severity of symptoms that are experienced during menopause and can modify the response to diverse therapies. Studying menopause from a multidisciplinary perspective will help elucidate the different factors that affect health during this specific stage of a woman's life. This book presents several aspects of menopause, including its evolutionary origins, novel nonhormonal therapies, and the neurobiology of related disorders.

ISBN 978-953-51-3405-3

A Multidisciplinary Look at Menopause

Photo by juicybits / iStock


*Article* **Optimal Scheduling of Large-Scale Wind-Hydro-Thermal Systems with Fixed-Head Short-Term Model**

### **Thang Trung Nguyen 1, Ly Huu Pham 1, Fazel Mohammadi 2,\* and Le Chi Kien 3**

Received: 27 March 2020; Accepted: 21 April 2020; Published: 24 April 2020

**Abstract:** In this paper, a Modified Adaptive Selection Cuckoo Search Algorithm (MASCSA) is proposed for solving the Optimal Scheduling of Wind-Hydro-Thermal (OSWHT) systems problem. The main objective of the problem is to minimize the total fuel cost for generating the electricity of thermal power plants, where energy from hydropower plants and wind turbines is exploited absolutely. The fixed-head short-term model is taken into account, by supposing that the water head is constant during the operation time, while reservoir volume and water balance are constrained over the scheduled time period. The proposed MASCSA is compared to other implemented cuckoo search algorithms, such as the conventional Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) and Snap-Drift Cuckoo Search Algorithm (SDCSA). Two large systems are used as study cases to test the real improvement of the proposed MASCSA over CSA and SDCSA. Among the two test systems, the wind-hydro-thermal system is a more complicated one, with two wind farms and four thermal power plants considering valve e ffects, and four hydropower plants scheduled in twenty-four one-hour intervals. The proposed MASCSA is more e ffective than CSA and SDCSA, since it can reach a higher success rate, better optimal solutions, and a faster convergence. The obtained results show that the proposed MASCSA is a very e ffective method for the hydrothermal system and wind-hydro-thermal systems.

**Keywords:** Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA); Fixed-Head Short-Term Model; Hydrothermal System; Optimal Scheduling of Wind-Hydro-Thermal System (OSWHTS)


**1. Introduction**

324 Advances in the Biology, Imaging and Therapies for Glioblastoma

Whittle, I.R., Midgley, S., Georges, H., Pringle, A.M. & Taylor, R. (2005) Patient perceptions

Wiedemayer, H., Sandalcioglu, I.E., Armbruster, W., Regel, J., Schaefer, H. & Stolke, D.

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Yaşargil, M.G. (1996) Neuropathology, In: *Microneurosurgery*, *Vol IVA*. Yaşargil MG (Ed), pp.

Yaşargil, M.G. (1996) Surgical approaches, In: *Microneurosurgery*, *Vol IVB*. Yaşargil MG (Ed),

Yaşargil, M.G. (1996) Strategies, tactics and Techniques, In: *Microneurosurgery*, *Vol IVB*.

Yaşargil, M.G., Kadri, P.A. & Yaşargil, D.C. (2004) Microsurgery for malignant gliomas.

Yoshii, Y., Tominaga, D., Sugimoto, K., Tsuchida, Y., Hyodo, A., Yonaha, H. & Kushi, S.

*Journal of Neuro-Oncology*, Vol.69, No.1, (August-Sptember 2004), pp. 67–81, ISSN

(2008) Cognitive function of patients with brain tumor in pre- and postoperative stage. *Surgical Neurology*, Vol.69, No.1, (January 2008) pp. 51-61, ISSN 0090-3019

(March 2005), pp. 275-277, ISSN 0001-6268

ISSN 0022-3050

0148-396X

0167-594X

115-188, Thieme, New York

pp. 29-68, Thieme, New York

Yaşargil MG (Ed), pp. 69-91, Thieme, New York

of ''awake'' brain tumour surgery. *Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien)*, Vol.147, No.3,

(2004) False negative findings in intraoperative SEP monitoring: analysis of 658 consecutive neurosurgical cases and review of published reports. *Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry*, Vol.75, No.2, (February 2004), pp. 280-286,

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> Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the nuclear capture and fission reactions that occur when non-radioactive boron-10 (10B) is irradiated with neutrons of the appropriate energy to yield high energy alpha particles (4He) and recoiling lithium-7 (7Li) nuclei. Since these particles have pathlengths of approximately one cell diameter, their lethality primarily is limited to boron containing cells. BNCT, therefore, can be regarded as both a biologically and a physically targeted type of radiation therapy (Fig. 1).  A wide variety of boron delivery agents have

Fig. 1. The principle of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).

Clinical Study on Modified Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma 327

accumulation prior to neutron irradiation (Imahori *et al.* 1998). Fifth, we filled the tumor removed cavity with air to obtain enough neutron flux, especially for the bottom of deepseated tumors (Sakurai *et al.* 2006). Sixth, we developed a central shielding method with a lithium plate at the center of the irradiation field to obtain uniform neutron distribution and increase the neutron flux relativey at the periphery in the radiation field (Ono 2006, Ono *et al.* 2000). With these modifications, even patients with deep-seated tumors can be treated by BNCT without craniotomy with a short hospital stay. In the present study, the revised

Fig. 2. 18F labeled BPA positron emmision tomography (18F - BPA PET) has been applied for the estimation of the boron compound accumulation prior to BNCT. The tracer is fluororide

accumulates well and distributes precisely in the tumor lesion and the infiltrating tumor

Twelve hours before the neutron irradiation, the patients were administered 100mg/kg of BSH intravenously for one hour. 700mg/kg of BPA was infused continuously to the patients for 6 hours before the irradiation, and they were positioned for neutron irradiation in the reactor (KURRI or JRR-4 (Japan Atomic Energy Agency Research Reactor 4)). Just after termination of continuous BPA infusion for 6hrs, neutrons were irradiated. We used the dose-planning workstation to calculate the radiation dose for tumors from the 18F-BPA-PET data and blood 10B concentrations obtained every 2 hours after BSH administration. We used an epithermal neutron beam. Following this, a 2 Gy daily fraction of XRT was applied, for a total of 20 to 30Gy. The total dose of XRT was decided based on the BNCT dose for the normal brain. In Protocol 1, we aimed to apply more than 30 gray-equivalent (Gy-Eq) for gross tumor volume (GTV) and less than 12 Gy-Eq for normal brain, as BNCT. In Protocol 2, we aimed to apply more than 40 Gy-Eq for GTV and less than 15 Gy-Eq for normal brain. No chemotherapy was applied for any of the patients until the tumor progression was

Survival time from histologically diagnosed as GB was compared with the survival time for the institutional historical controls who were treated by surgical removal followed by XRT and chemotherapy (mainly nitrosourea) from 1990 to 2006 in OMC. In this historical control

labelled boron compound. This PET ensures the effectiveness of BNCT. 18F-BPA

confirmed histologically or by 18F-BPA-PET (Miyashita *et al.* 2008).

protocol was used as a new protocol as follows.

zone.

been synthesized (Hiramatsu *et al.* 2011, Miyata *et al.* 2011, Wu *et al.* 2007, Yang *et al.* 2006), but only two of these currently are being used in clinically. The first, which has been used primarily in Japan, is sodium borocaptate or BSH, and the second is a dihydroxyboryl derivative of phenylalanine referred to as boronophenylalanine or BPA (Barth *et al.* 2005). The latter has been used in clinical trials in Japan, Europe and the United States, primarily for the treatment of high grade gliomas, and more recently for recurrent tumors of the head and neck region (Ariyoshi *et al.* 2007, Haginomori *et al.* 2009, Kimura *et al.* 2009). Following i.v. administration of either BPA or BSH by i.v. infusion, the tumor site is irradiated with neutrons, the source of which is a nuclear reactor.

Recently, BNCT studies carried out by us at Osaka Medical College (OMC) and Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI), in which BPA and BSH were administered in combination (Kawabata *et al.* 2003, Miyatake *et al.* 2005, Miyatake *et al.* 2009) for the patients with recurrent tumor after irradiation, or BNCT followed by an X-ray boost showed favorable responses in patients with newly-diagnosed glioblastoma (GB) and especially those in high risk groups (Kawabata *et al.* 2009a).


**Author details**

Der-Ching Yang1 \* and Tsu-Ming Chang2

1 Department of Education, National Chiayi University, Taiwan, ROC

2 Tainan Municipal Yanshuei Elementary School, Taiwan, ROC

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2023 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Number Sense Performance of Gifted and General Fourth Graders in Taiwan DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111752*


*2.2. Image Acquisition*

Image acquisition was described previously [33]. Briefly, all scans were acquired on the same GE DiscoveryTM MR750 3T scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The following sequences were acquired for each participant: Pre-contrast 3D highresolution T1-weighted image (0.7 mm isotropic) using fast spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) with magnetisation-prepared inversion recovery pulse (TE/TI/TR=2.8/450/7.1 ms, flip angle = 12); and axial diffusion-weighted imaging (2 mm isotropic, TE/TR = 85/8325 ms) with a uniform gradient loading (*b* = 1000 s/mm2) in 64 directions and 2 *b*0 s. An additional *b*0 image with reversed phase-encoding was also acquired for distortion correction [34].

## *2.3. Image Processing to Obtain Structural Connectomes*

The T1 images were processed using a modified version of Freesurfer's recon-all (v6.0) [35], alongside an in-house skull-stripping tool (Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre). Each subject was inspected, and minor segmentation errors were manually corrected. A 5 tissue-type (5TT) image [36] was generated using MRtrix3 [37]. The T1 image was registered to the mean *b*0 image; the warp was used to register the 5TT image, and the DK [32] parcellation image to the diffusion image.

Diffusion image processing was conducted using MRtrix3 [37]. The diffusion preprocessing included motion and distortion correction [34,38], bias correction using ANTs [39]. The dhollander algorithm [40] was used to estimate the response functions of the white matter, grey matter, and cerebral spinal fluid, from which constrained spherical deconvolution was used to estimate the fibre orientation distributions using MRtrix3Tissue [37]. The intensity of the white matter fibre orientation distributions was normalised [37], and used for anatomically constrained whole-brain tractography [41] (along with the registered 5TT image). The tractography specifications were as follows: 15 million tracks were generated, iFOD2 probabilistic fibre tracking [42], dynamic seeding [43], maximum length 300 mm, backtrack selected and crop at grey-matter-white-matter interface selected. For quantitative analysis, the corresponding weight for each streamline in the tractogram was derived using SIFT2 [43]. The streamlines and corresponding SIFT2 weights were used to create a weighted, undirected structural connectome ("SC") using the registered parcellation image. All image processing steps are shown in Figure 1 (Step 1, a).


**3. Result and analysis**

*<IP_ADDRESS>. Infrastructure*

20 Sustainable Urbanization

As seen from the development of urban areas, transport infrastructure will necessarily accelerate the expansion of urban land‐use and is one of the primary driving forces of urban expansion [70]. Chen and Xia [71] also reported that a cross‐regional high‐speed rail network had greatly advanced China's urban development. In this study, we therefore presented a qualitative analysis of the impact of railways in the Indochinese Peninsula on urbanization during the period from 2000 to 2015. **Figure 7** shows existing, under construction, and planned/ potential railways in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula in 2012. These data were obtained from the GMS Core Environment Program of ADB and were developed based on the Inter‐ national Vector Data and ADB maps [72]. These data provided the state of the railways in the

According to the econometric analysis by Huff and Angeles [73], in some Southeast Asian countries, the measures of globalization are more predictive of urbanization than domestic factors. Increasingly, the five countries in the Indochinese Peninsula are linked with the global economy through both trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) [74], and their increased outward orientation toward regional and global markets was regarded as a key contributing factor to the rapid growth during the 2000s [75]. To present a comprehensive analysis of the driving forces for urban expansion in this region, the FDI inward data and Total Merchandise Exports (TME) data were used in this chapter; they were designed to investigate the impact of foreign economic and trade relations on the region's urbanization. These two data sets were obtained from the GMS Statistics data set on the ADB Website [66], and the source of their data was the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) [76]. **Figure 8** shows the FDI

**Figure 8.** Map showing the FDI inward to Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos for the period from 2001

In addition, as a neighboring country, China has played an important role in the economic development for the five countries of the Indochinese Peninsula; in GMS, according to Poncet [77], there has been a high degree of trade linkage between China's Yunnan Province and its

Indochinese Peninsula around 2012 for academic research.

inward (a) and TME (b) for the five countries in the region.

to 2013 **(a)** and TME of the five countries for the period from 2001 to 2014 **(b)**.

*<IP_ADDRESS>. Foreign economic and trade relations*

#### **3.1. Analysis of urban expansion in the Indochinese Peninsula**

For clear information about urban expansion at the national level, the spatial data on built‐up areas for the East Asian region for the period from 2000 to 2010 developed by WB were used first (data source: Platform for Urban Management and Analysis (PUMA) of WB [4]). **Fig‐ ure 10** shows the built‐up area in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula in 2000 and 2010. Generally, as shown in the figure, regionwide from 2000 to 2010, the built‐up area increased approximately 1963.2 km2 , expanding from 11,022.21 to 12,985 km2 . In addition, Thailand and Vietnam had much larger urban land areas in both 2000 and 2010 than the other three countries. **Table 7** shows the expansion area, expansion rate, and annual change rate for urban sprawl of the five countries for the period from 2000 to 2010. The expansion rate shows a clear heterogeneity in the region and that Thailand and Vietnam's expansion rates were higher than those of the other countries.

**Figure 10.** Built‐up area (km2 ) in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula in 2000 and 2010.

**Table 7.** Expansion area, rate, and annual change rate for urban sprawl in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula for the period from 2000 to 2010.

**Table 8** shows the built‐up areas of Bangkok, Chonburi, Yangon, Naypyidaw, Hanoi, Bien Hoa, Phnom Penh, and Vientiane in 2000, 2010, and 2015 (Vientiane in 2000 and 2010), and **Table 9** shows the expansion rate and annual change rate for urban sprawl in those eight cities for the period from 2000 to 2015 (Vientiane for the period from 2000 to 2010). As shown in the tables, the built‐up area of the cities in the Indochinese Peninsula, except for Phnom Penh and Vientiane, increased quickly with increased urbanization from the period from 2000 to 2015. In 2015, the built‐up area of Bangkok reached 1211.55 km2 , increasing 397.19 km2 compared to the year 2000, which shows that Bangkok has experienced a rapid urban expansion in terms of space during the past 15 years. The high annual change rate also indicates Bangkok's rapid urbanization from 2000 to 2015, especially in the past 5 years. Chonburi, Thailand, also experienced rapid urban development in the past 15 years, and the built‐up area of Chonburi was approximately 94.51 km2 in 2000 but reached 466.56 km2 in 2015, which appears approx‐ imately five times larger than in 2000; moreover, Chonbur's annual change rate is 37.7%, the largest among the cities studied, from 2010 to 2015, which indicates a much more rapid urban development than Bangkok and the other cities in that period. In Myanmar, the built‐up areas of Yangon in 2000, 2010, and 2015 are all larger than those of Naypyidaw, which indicates a high urbanization level in Yangon. Nevertheless, the expansion rate and the annual change rate of Naypyidaw are much larger than those of Yangon during the period because Myanmar's capital was moved to Naypyidaw from Yangon in 2006, thus greatly promoted urban devel‐ opment in the latter city. Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, has the biggest built‐up areas among the eight cities. The built‐up areas of Hanoi expanded immensely in the past 15 years, increas‐ ing from 284.4 to 1164.1 km2 . The annual change rate in Hanoi from 2010 to 2015 is 36.6%, whereas it was 4.5% in the period from 2000 to 2010, which shows that Hanoi has experienced more rapid urban development in the past 5 years. Bien Hoa, as an industrial city in Vietnam, also rapidly expanded its built‐up area from 2000 to 2015, with its area increasing from 58.38 to 121.54 km2 . Bien Hoa's proximity to Ho Chi Minh City and its convenient transportation are considered two important contributions to its rapid urban development. Similar to the situation in the national level, the built‐up area in Phnom Penh and Vientiane are both small and the urban development levels of the two cities are relatively low. The lower expansion rate and the annual change rate also prove that the urbanization of Phnom Penh and Vientiane is slower than in other cities, and there is room for growth in their urban development.

**Table 8.** Built‐up area (km2 ) of the eight cities selected in this study for the years 2000, 2010, and 2015.

**Figure 10.** Built‐up area (km2

the period from 2000 to 2010.

was approximately 94.51 km2

ing from 284.4 to 1164.1 km2

Expansion area (km2

22 Sustainable Urbanization

Expansion rate (km2

) in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula in 2000 and 2010.

) 182.54 749.88 897.63 60.59 72.58

/year) 20.28 83.32 99.74 6.73 8.06

**Item Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Laos Cambodia**

**Table 7.** Expansion area, rate, and annual change rate for urban sprawl in countries of the Indochinese Peninsula for

**Table 8** shows the built‐up areas of Bangkok, Chonburi, Yangon, Naypyidaw, Hanoi, Bien Hoa, Phnom Penh, and Vientiane in 2000, 2010, and 2015 (Vientiane in 2000 and 2010), and **Table 9** shows the expansion rate and annual change rate for urban sprawl in those eight cities for the period from 2000 to 2015 (Vientiane for the period from 2000 to 2010). As shown in the tables, the built‐up area of the cities in the Indochinese Peninsula, except for Phnom Penh and Vientiane, increased quickly with increased urbanization from the period from 2000 to 2015.

the year 2000, which shows that Bangkok has experienced a rapid urban expansion in terms of space during the past 15 years. The high annual change rate also indicates Bangkok's rapid urbanization from 2000 to 2015, especially in the past 5 years. Chonburi, Thailand, also experienced rapid urban development in the past 15 years, and the built‐up area of Chonburi

in 2000 but reached 466.56 km2

imately five times larger than in 2000; moreover, Chonbur's annual change rate is 37.7%, the largest among the cities studied, from 2010 to 2015, which indicates a much more rapid urban development than Bangkok and the other cities in that period. In Myanmar, the built‐up areas of Yangon in 2000, 2010, and 2015 are all larger than those of Naypyidaw, which indicates a high urbanization level in Yangon. Nevertheless, the expansion rate and the annual change rate of Naypyidaw are much larger than those of Yangon during the period because Myanmar's capital was moved to Naypyidaw from Yangon in 2006, thus greatly promoted urban devel‐ opment in the latter city. Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, has the biggest built‐up areas among the eight cities. The built‐up areas of Hanoi expanded immensely in the past 15 years, increas‐

, increasing 397.19 km2

. The annual change rate in Hanoi from 2010 to 2015 is 36.6%,

in 2015, which appears approx‐

compared to

Annual change rate (%) 1.11 1.80 2.37 4.15 3.69

In 2015, the built‐up area of Bangkok reached 1211.55 km2

**Table 9.** Expansion rate and annual change rate for urban sprawl in the eight cities for the period from 2000 to 2015.

**Table 10** shows the increased and annual change rate of population growth in cities with populations of more than 300,000 in the Indochinese Peninsula. In general, the total increased population in Thailand is approximately 3,419,230 persons for the period from 2000 to 2010

**Table 10.** Increased (1000 persons) and annual change rate (%) for population growth in cities of the Indochinese Pen‐ insula with populations of more than 300,000.

and 2,408,580 persons from 2010 to 2015. The mean of the annual change rate is approximately 7.78% from 2000 to 2010 and approximately 3.12% from 2010 to 2015, which shows that the UP increased much more slowly in the past 5 years than in the past. It is particularly necessary to note that Samut Prakan, Rayong, and Lampang's UPs grew faster than in the other cities from 2000 to 2010, and this is also the case during the most recent 5 years. The high annual change rate indicates that the three cities have higher urbanization levels than other cities. For cities with populations of more than 300,000 in Vietnam, the UP is also increasing rapidly, with the number growing by 4,312,660 for the period from 2000 to 2010 and 2,844,730 from 2010 to 2015. The mean of the annual change rate is approximately 4.78% and 2.03% for the period from 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2015, respectively, and UP growth also slowed in recent years. In Thailand, no city showed an obvious population increase for the past 15 years, except for Can Tho. There are six cities with populations of more than 300,000 in Myanmar, and the increased population in those cities is 2,291,120 for the period from 2000 to 2010 and 904,590 for the period from 2010 to 2015. The mean of the annual change rate is 30.1% for the period from 2000 to 2010 but only 1.53% from 2010 to 2015. It should be noted that the annual change rate in Naypyidaw for the period from 2000 to 2010 is far greater than in other cities, which proves once again that moving the capital significantly contributed to population growth in Naypyidaw. Unlike the situation of urban expansion, the population of Vientiane, Laos, grew rapidly during the past 15 years; this growth was more obvious in the previous decade. Phnom Penh's population only increased by approximately 582,580 persons over the past 15 years and its population growth rate remains lower compared to other cities during that period.

#### **3.2. Analysis of driving forces for urban expansion in the Indochinese Peninsula**

## *3.2.1. Geographical elements*

Geographical location, including absolute and relative location, plays an important role in the formation and development of the city, and the correlation between urban growth and geographical location is primarily reflected in the interaction between urban and geographic elements. A city's location is the characteristic of the combination of the city, nature, politics, and economics in space, and a favorable geographic location will promote urban development. In addition, the urban area's geographical location can also decide the specificity of the city's function and size. The urban development in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula is generally affected by their relative geographical location, and cities with populations of more than 500,000 are primarily distributed around the coastal areas of the Peninsula (see **Fig‐ ure 1**). Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam, is one of the world's largest seaports, and its urban development is primarily credited to its favorable geographical location, which is close to the rivers. Haiphong, Vietnam's urban development is largely influenced by the international maritime services. In addition, a favorable geographical location is also consid‐ ered as one of the key factors in the urban development of Yangon, Myanmar. In any event, geographical location has determined the development of cities in the Indochinese Peninsula, at least to some extent.

#### *3.2.2. Transport infrastructure elements*

and 2,408,580 persons from 2010 to 2015. The mean of the annual change rate is approximately 7.78% from 2000 to 2010 and approximately 3.12% from 2010 to 2015, which shows that the UP increased much more slowly in the past 5 years than in the past. It is particularly necessary to

**Table 10.** Increased (1000 persons) and annual change rate (%) for population growth in cities of the Indochinese Pen‐

insula with populations of more than 300,000.

**Cities Country Population**

24 Sustainable Urbanization

**growth from 2000 to 2010**

Bangkok 1852.88 2.9 1056.46 1.3 Chonburi 184.14 9.9 147.49 4.0 Hat Yai 79.16 4.2 48.97 1.8 Lampang 131.20 8.7 100.55 3.6 Nakon Patchasima **Thailand** 98.40 4.8 62.90 2.1 Nonthaburi 74.57 2.5 41.40 1.1 Rayong 121.53 11.2 101.92 4.4 Samut Prakan 703.96 18.1 721.48 6.6 Udon Thani 173.39 7.7 127.41 3.2 Bien Hao 228.45 5.0 147.83 2.2 Can Tho 412.09 9.4 324.05 3.8 Da Nang 237.35 4.2 146.88 1.8 Hanoi 1151.28 6.9 818.47 2.9 Haiphong **Vietnam** 290.34 4.8 186.50 2.1 Hue 71.47 3.0 40.97 1.3 Nha Trang 32.09 1.2 15.61 0.5 Ho Chi Minh City 1800.00 4.1 1108.41 1.8 Vung Tau 89.59 4.4 56.01 1.9 Bago 136.10 4.7 90.13 2.1 Mandalay 222.81 2.7 133.67 1.3 Mawlamyine **Myanmar** 93.82 2.8 56.43 1.3 Monywa 140.95 5.9 98.89 2.6 Naypyidaw 908.04 162 65.68 0.7 Yangon 789.40 2.5 459.79 1.2 Vientiane **Laos** 318.99 7.2 235.45 3.1 Phnom Penh **Cambodia** 361.01 2.2 221.57 1.1

**Annual change rate from 2000 to 2010**

**Population growth from 2010 to 2015**

**Annual change rate from 2010 to 2015**

> There is a complicated relationship between urban development and the transport infrastruc‐ ture, and urban development creates many advanced vehicles to improve the urbanization

process. The influence of the transport infrastructure on urban development primarily emanates from two important aspects. First, we consider metropolitan transportation and exterior traffic conditions. Very convenient transportation conditions can optimize the industrial layout of the city, and its changes can directly affect the city's structure and industrial layout. Second, convenient transportation conditions also have a substantial impact on economic development, thus accelerating urbanization. Moreover, the direction of emigration is decided by the transport infrastructure, and convenient transportation conditions provide opportunities for labor‐force exchanges. In the cities of the Indochinese Peninsula, in addition to the influence of seaway transportation, regional railways' transportation conditions determine urban development. **Figure 7** shows that the big cities in the region all follow convenient railway transportation. This phenomenon can be better illustrated by the urban development differentials among the five countries. As mentioned above, the level of urban development in the five countries reveals heterogeneity, and the urbanization process for the period from 2000 to 2015 varies by country. Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar, which have more developed railway networks, show much stronger capabilities in their urban develop‐ ment than do Laos and Cambodia. To improve the railways, basic facilities construction is essential for urbanization in Laos and Cambodia. Furthermore, with the development of high‐ speed rail, the cities in the Indochinese Peninsula will obtain a new development opportunity.

### *3.2.3. Economic growth elements*

Most empirical studies report that economic growth promoted the increase of both the built‐ up areas and UP growth, and there is a strong correlation between economic growth and urbanization [81, 82]. **Table 11** shows the summary statistical results from the linear regression model examining the relationship between urbanization and GDP in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula during the period from 2001 to 2014. In general, we learn that there is an obvious correlation between UP (% of total) and GDP in each country, with an average value of 0.981. Additionally, there are no significant differences in the *R* values among the countries. Furthermore, the functions of the linear regression model indicate that UP grows with the increase of GDP, demonstrating the most direct influence on UP growth by economic growth in the cities.

a The functions were valid because they all passed the *F*‐test, and all of the regression coefficients passed the *t*‐test (at the level of 0.05).

**Table 11.** Relationship between urbanization in the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula and GDP during the period from 2001 to 2014 (*n* = 14).


Artificial Intelligence in E-Business

#### **Chapter 4**

## Natural Language Processing Applications in Business

*Mohammed Bahja*

#### **Abstract**

Increasing dependency of humans on computer-assisted systems has led to researchers focusing on more effective communication technologies that can mimic human interactions as well as understand natural languages and human emotions. The problem of information overload in every sector, including business, healthcare, education etc., has led to an increase in unstructured data, which is considered not to be useful. Natural language processing (NLP) in this context is one of the effective technologies that can be integrated with advanced technologies, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning, to improve the process of understanding and processing the natural language. This can enable humancomputer interaction in a more effective way as well as allow for the analysis and formatting of large volumes of unusable and unstructured data/text in various industries. This will deliver meaningful outcomes that can enhance decision-making and thus improve operational efficiency. Focusing on this aspect, this chapter explains the concept of NLP, its history and development, while also reviewing its application in various industrial sectors.

**Keywords:** NLP, ML, AI, deep learning, chatbots

#### **1. Introduction**

The aim of this chapter is to review the applications of NLP in business. Advancement in the application of technologies in daily lives has revolutionised communication and interaction between humans and computers. It has also had the same effect on humans throughout the world, for they can now use communicative applications (enabling translation and transliteration). Interaction/communication is an important factor in daily lives, as it is the basis for humans to become involved in activities such as business, education, commerce, healthcare management, politics and socialising. The way in which humans communicate can be referred to as natural language, which includes speech, text and emotions [1]. Humans are more involved in speaking as a means of communication than in writing (text). Text, rather than speech, is important for developing any AI application that facilitates the communication process, as machines, as yet, are not as effective in learning languages as humans, as a result of which, they have to depend on the text/data [2]. A child spends years learning any language, which involves emotions, fluency, grammar and speaking norms, among other things. Hence, it is not an easy task for a computer scientist to build applications that deal with natural language input/ output.

The study of language, with regard to its grammar, rules, semantics and phonetics, is referred to as linguistics. Devising rules of language, methods for syntax and semantics are included as part of linguistics study. The methods and rules proposed by theoretical linguists can be processed by computer systems, which generate natural language which cope with such matters as grammar, semantic norms etc. This approach has been referred to as computational linguistics [3], for which statistical approaches are utilised in the process of analysing text/data. However, the approaches for processing natural language may not be limited to statistics, for they could also involve the application of advanced inference methods, like machine learning (ML) and deep learning, which are popular artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Application of advanced techniques could address various challenges associated with the processing of natural language, such as breaking sentences, tagging the parts of speech (POS), generating dependency graphs, building an appropriate vocabulary, linking different components of vocabulary, setting the context, extracting semantic meanings or transforming unstructured data into a structured format [4–6].

With the development of technologies and applications of various methods for processing natural language, the understanding and definition of NLP has changed over time. Statistical NLP uses the data generated according to some probability distribution and then makes some inferences about this [7]. In a wider sense, NLP should be able to cover any kind of computer manipulation of natural language: it could be as simple as counting word frequencies to compare different writing styles; or as complex as understanding complete human utterances for delivering responses to an input [8]. Given the application of effective technologies, such as ML, in recent years, for NLP, the most appropriate definition is proposed as:

'NLP is a collective term referring to automatic computational processing of human languages. This includes both algorithms that take human-produced text as input and algorithms that produce natural looking text as outputs' [9].

Focusing on the brief background discussed, it can be identified that there is a growing demand and scope for larger application of NLP in various sectors. Therefore, reviewing the applications of NLP in different sectors contributes valuable knowledge to academicians, researchers and industry practitioners working in the areas of NLP applications. Accordingly, the purpose of this chapter is to review the applications of NLP in various business service sectors and provide future directions of NLP applications.

#### **2. Methods**

Review chapters could be an important sources of information for academicians and practitioners in guiding their decision-making and work practices [10]. Highquality reviews are cited more frequently [11]; and are found to be downloaded more often than any published article, as they offer a high-quality information from various articles in an effective way [12]. In addition, reviews enable one to have an overview, if not a detailed knowledge of the area in question, as well as references to the most useful primary sources [13].

Literature review, in this aspect, can be very useful in collecting information from various sources such as systematic reviews, theoretical reviews etc. Literature review may be the best methodological tool for gathering evidence in a certain area [14]. As this study focuses on gathering information related to application of NLP in business, it can be considered as explorative study. The approach in literature reviews can be narrow, such as investigating the effect of relationship, or it can be broader, such as exploring collective evidence in relation to a specific area or

*Natural Language Processing Applications in Business DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92203*

concept. Literature reviews are identified to be very useful, when the aim of the study is to provide an overview about certain issue. In addition, it can be useful for creating research agendas, identifying gaps in research or simply discussing a particular matter [15]. It can be very beneficial in mapping the development of a particular research field in different contexts over time [16]. Considering the nature of this study, which focuses on investigating the development of NLP and its applications in business, literature review methodology is considered as it is identified as an effective methodological tool. Therefore, this chapter adopted a literature review methodology by collecting the relevant information from various sources of information including academic journals, online articles, conferences, white papers and industry reports. A brief literature review about the development of NLP over time is presented in Section 3. In addition, the information collected regarding NLP applications is categorised into major areas/industries including commerce, E-Governance, healthcare, and education, and other relevant areas as explained in Section 4.

#### **3. Brief history of NLP**

The roots of NLP development can be traced back to 1950s, when the idea 'can machines think' was put forward and examined by Alan Turing, which is popularly known as the Turing Test for the creation of intelligence [17]. This study paved the way for research related to the understanding of natural languages and machine translation. However, there was not much progress, for after many experiments, as identified in a 1966 ALPAC report, no one had succeeded in meeting his specified criteria [18, 19]. Some promising NLP systems were developed in the 1960s, which have been updated since through various techniques and new conceptualisations. Some of the major applications in the 1960s included 'SHRDLU', a natural language understanding program that allowed user interaction in English terms [20]; and 'ELIZA', a NLP program that stimulated human-machine conversation using a pattern matching and substitution methodology [21].

The research during the 1970s was focused on formatting and structuring real-world data into computer understandable data, which was based on conceptual ontologies. Some of the major developed applications included MARGIE, which could read an English sentence, using Riesbeck's expectation-based parser as well as building a conceptual dependency form, which represented the meaning of the sentence [22]; and QUALM, which used semantic modelling for framing questions and associating them with different strategies to find answers [23]. In the 1980s, most of the applications relied on complex sets of hand-written rules for NLP. By the late 1980s and 1990s, the research was focused on the application of statistical models for making soft and probabilistic decisions based on the input data along with ML algorithms, such as decision-trees [18, 24]. Accordingly, various techniques of ML became popular approaches to NLP, as they could achieve effective results for various NLP tasks, such as modelling and parsing [25–28]. Other popular techniques utilised in recent years are text embedding to capture the semantic properties of words, deep learning, machine translation and neural machine translation [29] (**Figure 1**).

Deep learning has gained momentum in NLP over ML in recent years for various reasons, including the ability to handle larger amounts of training data, the availability of faster machines and multicore CPU/GPUs. Moreover, new models and algorithms with advanced capabilities that have improved performance have stimulated deep learning research [29]. The manually designed features in ML are often over-specified, incomplete and take a long time to design and validate,

#### *E-Business - Higher Education and Intelligence Applications*

#### **Figure 1.**

*Brief history of NLP evolution.*

whereas deep learning's underpinning parameters are quick to adapt and learn fast. Machine translation on various platforms is one of the classic representations of NLP implementation, the use of which is increasing in various industries and the market is projected to be \$56 billion by 2021 [30]. Applications, such as 'Google Translate', one of the widely used applications on online platforms; Facebook, using machine translation for translating texts in posts and comments; and eBay, similarly using machine translation for enabling cross-border trade by connecting the users across the world. Neural Machine Translation, which manages the entire process of NLP through an artificial neural network known as a Recurrent Neural Network, has been found to be very effective [31]. Another important breakthrough for NLP application is the delivery of dialogue and conversations through chatbots or virtual assistants, such as Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa and Microsoft Cortana. These are increasingly being used, being continuously updated through ML. In sum, the growth of NLP can be observed with the changing needs and increasing adoption of technologies, being transformed through various techniques, such as rules-based algorithms, statistical models, ML, deep learning and RRN.

#### **4. Applications of NLP in business**

Communication is an important factor that builds relationship among individuals, and also between organisations and individuals. Interactions among the people from different countries have been facilitated using translators. However, with the development of NLP, communications between such entities have become easier, with language no longer being a barrier to human and business interactions. Businesses can internationalise their operations, and trade relations can be improved, thereby enhancing global commerce. Application of NLP can be found in a range of business contexts, some of which are described in what follows.

#### **4.1 NLP in commerce**

Sentiment analysis is one NLP technique that is widely used in the finance market/trading. It is the process of understanding an opinion about a given subject

#### *Natural Language Processing Applications in Business DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92203*

through written or spoken language and accurate predictions are considered to be a game changer in achieving success on the stock market. Financial analysts, business analysts and trade analysts are employed in the organisations for this purpose, to monitor and analyse the impact of various happenings to stock prices. Their work can be simplified by using NLP with ML and AI techniques, are effective in analysing the data from internet, news, blogs and social networking sites (analysis of huge chunks of data across various channels). They can predict trade fluctuations, which enable investors to take the right decisions at the right time. For instance, when using sentiment analysis, words such as 'good', 'profit', 'benefit', 'positive' and 'growth' can be tagged with positive value, while those, such as 'risk', 'fall', 'bankruptcy', and 'loss' are tagged with negative values. Making meaning from the text identified using NLP and ML allows for accurate predictions to be made [32].

Similarly, NLP's application in business can be observed in other forms, such as: filtering emails and identifying spam (by analysing text); enhancing security through voice recognition; extracting information from large datasets; using online assistants/chatbots (questioning-answering) for providing customer service; promoting business intelligence; placing relevant ads online by using keyword matching and sense disambiguation; analysing competitors and the market using event extraction techniques, this list being inconclusive [33–37]. NLP can be applied in E-Commerce/S-Commerce applications for analysing the consumer behaviour based on the feedback, posts, reviews, ratings etc. (text analysis). It can also provide effective customer support through virtual assistants that can respond to customer queries in a range of formats, including: text, speech, audio or video [38].

#### **4.2 NLP in "E-Governance"**

NLP can enhance E-Governance, which is completely reliant on an information and communication technologies infrastructure [39]. It can facilitate interaction between the citizens and government using an E-Governance framework. For example, citizens who are illiterate can share their opinions and interact with government through audio/video conversation, which can be translated into text for documentation. Similarly, voice-enabled mobile applications can read the text and convey messages to the people. In addition, government can use NLP for monitoring various channels through which people interact to identify their concerns. Moreover, in this context, it can be used for enhanced security, by preventing any breaches of this.

Interactions between citizens and government involve enormous volumes of information exchange. Filtering and formatting such large amounts of data is a complex task, which can be effectively managed by the use of NLP with AI and ML techniques [40]. For instance, sentiment analysis can be used for mining opinions from huge datasets, including feedback, complaints and reviews about a particular policy, thereby ascertaining what the general consensus on it is [41]. That is, it can be used to gauge opinions from feedback, complaints and suggestions made by the residents of a city in relation to various urban issues, such as carbon emissions, lack of a solid waste management system and lack of sanitation [42]. This would help the relevant government agencies in selecting appropriate strategies to address the issues identified. In sum, as a result of adopting these approaches, the communication between government and citizens could be markedly improved, in particular, the former could use them to identify the concerns of the latter and thus, address these in a timely manner. In addition, it encourages E-Participation from both sides, thereby greatly contributing to the effective implementation of government policies.

#### **4.3 NLP in healthcare**

The healthcare industry is one of the fastest growing. It has been integrating technology applications with healthcare practices, such as diagnosis and treatment for delivering effective and efficient services, which can be accessed by the majority of people, thereby overcoming any regional disadvantages (access in rural areas through E-Health services). However, the amount of data being collected through this process, in the form of such as EHRs (Electronic Health Records), sensor information, diagnoses, monitoring data, healthcare operations and management data is vast. It has been ascertained that about 80% of the healthcare data is unstructured, of poor quality, and considering the current format, it is effectively unusable [40–68]. NLP, in this context, can be considered as one of the effective approaches for addressing these problems by using it to parse information and extract critical strings of data, thereby offering an opportunity to leverage unstructured data. It has been already in use in various healthcare operations across the world. The market for NLP in healthcare and life sciences is expected to reach \$2650.2 million by 2021 [44]. The major drivers of NLP applications in healthcare [40–69] include the following:

So far, the applications of NLP in healthcare have achieved remarkable results, as a result of which its deployment in healthcare technologies has been increasing in recent years. For instance, NLP techniques were used for reviewing more than 2 billion EHR documents for indications of PTSD, depression and potential selfharm in veteran patients, in 2013, by the Department of Veterans Affairs (USA) [45]. Similarly, in another study [46], an analytics algorithm that leverages NLP was able to predict the onset of psychosis in high-risk youths with 100% accuracy. Similarly, a study conducted by researchers from the University of Alabama found that by applying NLP techniques the reportable cancer cases identified was 22.6% more accurate than a manual review of medical records [47]. Further, various other studies have identified the potential benefits, including effective decision-making by physicians; reducing physician burnout (disillusionment among doctors tired of repetitive data entry tasks and administrative duties as well as excessive time spent combing through patient data); addressing accelerating demand for healthcare services; and dealing with increasing numbers of healthcare claims [48–51], through the application of NLP techniques in the healthcare context.

#### **4.4 NLP in education**

NLP can enhance education technology in various ways, in particular, being effective in analysing data and text, thereby delivering meaningful outcomes. For learning of language-related subjects, it can enhance teaching by focusing on reading, writing and speaking. In general, it can support the needs of students, teachers and researchers [40–42, 52–71]. Language assessment (formative and summative) is one of the upcoming major areas of NLP application, being used for assessing student's proficiency in reading, writing and speaking (e.g., automated scoring system for assessing/grading essays using NLP techniques). Syntactics analysis, for instance, can be used for correcting writing errors, which can provide instant feedback for correction and this process can be very useful for students, especially with the disabled, such as the deaf/ blind [41]. Other areas of application include proofreading, detecting errors of machine translation, assessing the meaning and content of student works, such as essays, short/long answers, training non-native speakers, and assessing reading and speaking [42, 52–55].

Moreover, NLP can be used in the teaching the use of language, that is, any subject using any language as a medium. One of its current uses pertains to the chatbot/virtual assistant applications that are used for various purposes, including teaching, training, tutoring and assessment in the education sector. Chatbots can also be integrated with gaming technologies, which promotes an active learner environment in the E-Learning context, with virtual characters or avatars [56–71]. The chatbot application, similar to E-Learning resources, also fosters students' engagement in learning activities by motivating them and gaining their attention by using innovative media features [57]. They can also be used in self-guided learning through learning modes, such as quizzes, which is one of the important principles of E-Learning [58]. However, many extant E-Learning approaches (online educational videos, online classes, portals) have been focused on one-way communication using rich and real-time media, thus failing to address pedagogical and social aspects. With the introduction of discussion forums and messaging applications, this issue was addressed to an extent, but increased the complexity and the amount of information to be processed, which can be a burden to the learner [59]. Chatbots in such instances can be very effective in providing the accurate information in real time, where the learners need not depend on different entities to seek answers. The personalisation and additivity features can be integrated into the chatbot applications, which can increase the accuracy of the learner model obtained by the student. He/she can negotiate jointly with the model using a natural conversational flow of interaction [59]. This aspect reflects the difference in designing educational chatbot applications and E-Learning resources. That is, for the former, voice user interface and conversational flow techniques need to be designed closely with the users of the system, this allows for the inclusion of culture and social issues in the stages of design, unlike E-Learning where the developers greatly influence the design process [70].

In addition to assessing students' linguistic inputs, through such matters as feedback, assessments/ coursework, essays, short/long answers and serving as a medium of instruction (tutoring, teaching, training), NLP can also be used in processing text and speech in other ways that can support teachers, students, system developers and researchers. As the amount of electronically available text in education is increasing rapidly, NLP can be effective in organising the relevant text for teaching. For, it can be a very onerous task for teachers to identify appropriate materials for effective input during lectures. That is, teaching with the most up to date course materials is beneficial for both students in learning and teachers in teaching the subjects more effectively and efficiently [41]. In addition, NLP can be effective in research, especially in formulating meaningful extractions from bodies of literature (systematic reviews, scoping reviews, meta-analyses etc.). In addition, NLP can be effective in processing qualitative data, such as those collected from interviews, in various formats including audio, video and text. Moreover, it can

be used for converting audio translations from one language to other or into text, thereby assisting with data analysis [60, 61].

#### **4.5 NLP in other sectors**

Sectors such as hospitality and travel, manufacturing and logistics, media and entertainment etc. can benefit from the application of NLP. For instance, the service engineers who repair electronics and other products at homes and offices need to provide the fault reports to the companies, which will be analysed and the identified issues would be resolved in products manufactured in future. However, compiling and interpreting information provided by the service engineers (age of devices, parts replaced, fault description etc.) could be a complex task for quality engineers as the text can be full of abbreviations, spelling mistakes and can range from verbose to abrupt in content length [72]. NLP can effectively refine such data and provide appropriate information for quality engineers. NLP can be implemented in all those areas where AI is applicable either by simplifying communication process or by refining and analysing information. Similarly, it is applied in hospitality and travel industry in providing excellent customer satisfaction through chatbots and virtual assistants in selecting hotels, booking flights, providing information about places to visit and experience etc., which is customised according to the travellers' preferences [73]. Similar applications of NLP can be identified across all the sectors where the services are provided to the customers, such as streamlining the programs according to the customers' viewing history on televisions (Media & entertainment) [74]; or communicating with travel chatbots about the travel routes while driving such as Google Maps(travel). Therefore, NLP can be applied across various sectors which are not only service oriented but also manufacturing sectors.

#### **5. Future directions**

NLP has made a major leap in the past few years, both in theory and practical integration into various industry solutions. Interacting with a virtual chatbot when booking a hotel or flight to extracting insights from call-centre interactions to analyse customer behaviour, such as their attitudes and satisfaction levels, has made NLP's presence felt in almost every industry-based solution. With deep learning being progressively developed, it has finally come into its own with RNN, outperforming the traditional ML methods in a wide range of NLP tasks. It can deliver better performance than humans in complex tasks such as questioning-answering and machine translation [62]. In addition, the recent advances in the technology and practices are promising for improving scalability and robustness. That is, they herald a shift in how business organisations consume computing resources and deploy NLP applications. From the technical perspective, various new approaches have been emerging for such learning (NLP and deep learning using training data), such as the Universal Language Model Fine-tuning (ULMFit); and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), developed by Google for contextual pre-training, which has now advanced to XLNet. This avoids the issues that BERT suffers from by using a technique called 'permutation language modelling' [63]. These methods have improved NLP tasks, outperforming state-of-the-art performance as well as obtaining high accuracy. For example, application of the ULMFit method on text classification tasks has reduced the error by 18–24% for the majority of datasets. In addition, with only 100 labelled examples, it matched the performance of training from scratch on a hundred times more data [62].

*Natural Language Processing Applications in Business DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92203*

The market for NLP in future is considered to be very promising, for various reports [30–64] have projected a rapid increase in its application. The NLP market, including hardware, applications and service is projected to reach \$22.3 billion by 2025, while the market for AI enabled NLP software has been forecast to reach \$5.4 billion by 2025 [64]. With the integration of deep learning techniques and NLP, with platforms like iDS Cloud, businesses in future will reap benefits in the areas of customer services, marketing, business intelligence and operational management. This will reduce the dependency on the data scientists, thereby reducing the costs and improving process efficiency [65]. Humanoids/robotics is one of the most promising advancements in technology, which can be experienced in near future in industrial sectors and also in social lives for managing various tasks. However, enabling humanoids to function like humans in every aspect and assisting them in performing most complex activities would need the ability to comprehend entirely accurately human speech. Given the versatile nature of robots, NLP will become more important than ever, because a single misinterpreted command by one could lead to it performing undesirable actions and may even cause harm to humans. Research on designing socially intelligent robots by using NLP [66, 67] has been increasing in recent years, which could result in the development of fully functional and safe humanoids in the near future.

#### **6. Conclusion**

The purpose of this paper is to review the applications of NLP in business. NLP potential lies in effectively learning and understanding the natural language. It can handle the issues associated with translation and transliteration by effectively improving the communication process between humans and machines across various formats. Based on the review, it can be concluded that its presence in various industry-based solutions has been increasing in the recent years. Complex processes in commerce, such as predictions and decision-making in stock-market trading; simplifying customer interactions using chatbots on commerce platforms, thus making the interaction more enjoyable; analysing citizens issues from large volumes of data in E-governance; effectively managing healthcare operations, such as diagnoses, service delivery and records management; and improving the learning and teaching approaches in education sector, are some of the benefits that NLP techniques can engender. In addition, NLP's integration with advanced technologies, such as ML, AI and deep learning, can deliver more accurate outcomes compared to the use of traditional methods. However, its application in the areas of AI, robotics, and other advanced systems is under-researched. In sum, given the efficiency of NLP techniques in improving the accuracy in data analysis and processing of natural language, it has immense scope for use in the areas of robotics and business intelligence in future.

*E-Business - Higher Education and Intelligence Applications*

#### **Author details**

Mohammed Bahja School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Natural Language Processing Applications in Business DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92203*

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#### **Chapter 5**

## Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders

*Chakir Aziza and Chergui Meriyem*

#### **Abstract**

Many organizations spread and integrate the practices of the Information Technology Governance, Risk and Compliance (IT GRC). The problem that arises is how to choose the best practice to satisfy a precise need. This chapter concerns the study and the conception of decision-making architecture with the multi-agent system (MAS). So, the objective of this research is to build a decision-making model to satisfy a precise IT need. The proposed approach rests on four main stages to set up the decision-making model, which takes as input the strategic needs. The realized work has as objective to minimize the incoherence between the decisions taken by the stakeholders of an organization compared with the defined strategic objectives. The decision-making would contribute to legitimize the taken decision. This work is based on modeling a MAS, which rests on the idea that it is possible to represent directly the behavior and the interactions of a set of autonomous individuals evolving in a common environment. Finally, the proposed solution is part of a global platform for IT Governance, Risk and IT Compliance (EAS-IT GRC) ("EAS is the name of our team").

**Keywords:** IT mapping, best IT framework, decision-making system, IT governance

#### **1. Introduction**

The development of a strategic vision of an organization is considered as a requirement for the information systems, direction, especially with regard to its contribution to the global performance of the organization. The smooth running of the information system of an organization, their evolution and their effective improvement of the quality of services of information technology, is reasoned by the multiplicity and the diversity of the best practice and of the different methods used [1, 2]. The main actors of an organization use a set of the IT directives which can be COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) [3], for the executive management, ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) [4, 5], for the management of information systems and the series of the standards ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27000 for the security of information systems [6].

Many companies are trying to integrate or implement an IT framework to meet a strategic need defined by stakeholders, with regard to the global conditions and options available. The challenge is how to select good practices given the diversity of IT GRC methods, frameworks, and best practices that exist in the IT market. The managers face a strategic difficulty of choosing the adequate IT framework, to meet the stakeholders' needs [7].

In this scientific work, we describe a correspondence between the strategic objectives of an organization and the processes of ITIL [8], PMBOK, ISO 27001, and ISO 27002 [9] by basing itself on a decision-making system to select the best framework by report a strategic objective. Furthermore, given the importance of interaction, coordination, and collaboration in information systems, we have to propose a solution that answers these essential requirements for the appropriate functioning of an organization.

### **2. Global architecture: EAS-IT GRC**

The global platform of the IT GRC (EAS-IT GRC) ensures the alignment of the objectives of the organization as regards the needs defined by the stakeholders. This is illustrated by the progress strategic to a given organization and also by the taken decisions. The proposed solution supplies a high-level model for the IT GRC, which will allow the implementation of the IT GRC in an intelligent way. We give a brief description of every layer of the platform EAS-IT GRC (**Figure 1**) for a good understanding of the global architecture.

The architecture consists of five layers:

**Figure 1.** *EAS-IT GRC architecture.*

*Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91440*

#### **3. Decision-making layer (DML)**

The IT GRC market has expanded from a tactical focus on statutory compliance to a strategic focus on enterprise risk management. Many companies are trying to integrate or implement best practices to address a strategic need identified by stakeholders.

The challenge is how to select good practices given the diversity of IT GRC methods, standards, frameworks, and best practices that exist in the IT market. So the diversity of best practices poses a strategic challenge for companies to choose the right IT GRC best practice. As a result, our approach aims at choosing a good IT practice in an effective way by estimating IT frameworks with regard to the IT objectives.

The model of decision-making, DML, receives as input the IT service prepared and sent by the communication layer; this layer makes a good treatment of the IT service in an intelligent way. It has two levels, the first level generates the choice of the best reference table according to the strategic need and the second level is going to allow us to ensure the satisfaction of the chosen solution by basing itself on performance indicators communicated after every treatment made.

The following plan illustrates the proposed model of decision (**Figure 2**):

**Figure 2.** *The model of decision-making DML.*

#### **3.1 Level 1: framework IT decision**

The first level set up two layers, every layer has a precise function to achieve.

The following plan schematizes the details of level 1 (**Figure 3**):

**Figure 3.** *Level 1 "Framework IT decision."*

#### *3.1.1 MAS sequencing*

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Algorithm: categorization Decision 1.1*

The first sub layer "Categorization Decision 1.1" has as objective to make the connection between the strategic needs expressed by COBIT and the IT matrix to produce a reduced matrix, which will be handled by the second sub layer of the model of decision-making (**Figure 4**).

The categorization was made according to a strategy of selection of IT framework. The following graph shows the sequence of the stages of the generation of the categorized IT request.

*Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91440*

**Figure 4.** *Graph of resolution of the algorithm "Categorization Decision 1.1."*

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Algorithm: categorization Decision 1.2*

The second sub layer "Categorization Decision 1.2" takes as input the matrix produced by the first one under layer, the type of activity of the organization, and the IT matrix we allocate a weight to every reference table which can answer a strategic need.

The second categorization was made according to a strategy of evaluation of the IT objectives with regard to every IT framework. The following graph shows the chain of the stages of the regeneration of the categorized IT request (**Figure 5**).

**Figure 5.** *Graph of resolution of the algorithm "Categorization Decision 1.2."*

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Algorithm: sequencing*

The strategic need expressed by the stakeholders is seen as a set of IT objectives, the selection of which is managed by a particular algorithm. This algorithm makes the sequencing of the IT objectives to be treated (**Figure 6**).

**Figure 6.** *Graph of resolution of the algorithm "Sequencing."*

**Figure 7.** *Both levels of DML.*

#### *3.1.2 MAS evaluation collective*

The second layer "MAS evaluation collective" takes as input the matrix produced by the first layer, that present the list of the IT objectives, after it treats each IT objective as an under IT problem. In an intelligent way, this layer generates the best choice of the IT GRC practice to treat the IT need expressed as input. It takes as input the IT matrix, the versions of reference tables, the certification of organization's employers, and the performance indicators based on the logging of treatments made by all the layer of the platform EAS-ITGRC.

#### **3.2 Level 2: decision-making treatment**

The second level ensures the satisfaction or the dissatisfaction of the choice by basing itself on a set of performance indicators, for example on the success rate thus, if the success rate is greater than a threshold, the choice is good and if it is not the case, we have to reformulate the strategic needs by the user, or send back the second choice to the communication layer.

The following plan illustrates both levels in detail (**Figure 7**).

### **4. Contribution: framework IT decision**

#### **4.1 Method proposed in version 1**

The IT GRC remains an emergent subject in the world of information technology (IT). However, to this day, there is a lack of research on a selective approach of IT framework with regard to the IT objectives.

#### *4.1.1 Principle of functioning*

The first version of our approach describes the correspondence between the processes IT of COBIT and the processes of ITIL, PMBOK, ISO27001, and ISO27002 to investigate into the coexistence of the links between the processes IT of COBIT and the processes IT by basing itself on the synthesis of the positioning of surrounding areas of the information technologies.

The following table illustrates the link between the IT objectives and the IT matrix (**Table 1**).

In this scientific work, we make the link between the IT processes of COBIT and the handled frameworks (ITIL, ISO 27001, ISO 27002 and PMBOK) by affecting

**Table 1.** *IT matrix.* two values (the first value corresponds to the key points that the IT framework will can treaties, and the second value corresponds to the classification of an IT framework by report the others) if there is a link between both and if it is not the case we affect the value "Null".

#### *4.1.2 Example*

For handling the objective "Define a strategic IT plan," we have two IT frameworks: ITIL and PMBOK.

The best framework is PMBOK.

#### *4.1.3 Limitations*

According to the proposed approach, the best IT framework for the IT objective "Define a strategic IT plan" is PMBOK and according to the IT expert the best reference table to handle the objective, thus we notice well that this approach does not present the best proposal.

#### **4.2 Method proposed in version 2**

To make the generated decision more efficient, we have to integrate the five pillars of IT governance in our decision-making model. The IT governance's pillars are the value creation, the strategic alignment, the measure of performance of the processes, the resource management and skills and the management of the IT risk.

This method generates the decision of the adequate IT framework IT on two levels.

#### *4.2.1 Principle of functioning*

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Stage 1: the IT objectives and the axes of the IT governance*

For each of the COBIT IT processes (the 34 processes), a description is provided, with objectives and key indicators in the form of a cascade [3, 10].

This scientific research is based on the coexistence of links between IT objectives (COBIT processes) and the axes of the IT governance [11] by indicating the type of relation as "primary" (P or 2) or "secondary" (S or 1) [12, 13].

We apply the same treatment for the set of the IT processes and obtain the matrix below (**Table 2**) [12].

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Stage 2: the IT objectives and the IT frameworks*

The second phase consists in estimating the link between the IT objectives (the processes of COBIT) and IT framework by basing itself on aspects approached by every IT framework (**Table 3**) [12].

#### *Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91440*

#### **Table 2.**

*The evaluation of IT objectives to IT axes.*

#### **Table 3.**

*The relation between the framework COBIT and the other IT framework.*

#### *4.2.2 Objective function*

In our research, we do not give a favorable opinion of one of the IT methods; we define an objective function of maximization based on five selection criteria, to select the best IT methods to treat the strategic need.

The proposed function is defined as follows:

• val (framework): It is the value of framework "frameworki" compared with the IT Objective.

#### *4.2.3 Example*

Let us suppose that an organization wishes to manage its third services and she wants to set up an IT framework to realize this IT objective.

To select the best IT framework, we apply the function f. The IT objective is "Manage third-party services" (DS5)

and

g(ITIL) = 3; g(PMBOK) = 2; g(ISO27001) = 2; g(ISO27002) = 3. Then, f(Manage third-party services) = Max (18, 12, 12, 18) = 18. Then the best reference table to realize this objective is ITIL or ISO 27002.

#### *4.2.4 Limitations*

According to the proposed approach, the best IT framework to handle the objective "Manage third-party services" can be ITIL or ISO 27002 so we have two generated decision. Thus we notice that the taken decision is not the best one.

#### **4.3 Method proposed in version 3**

The improvement of the taken decision requires the addition of performance indicators at the end to consider the environment of the organization that wishes to implement an objective IT.

This proposal is enriched by an expert system that is going to allow us to reproduce the reasoning and to deduce new knowledge, exploiting the performance of data warehousing.

#### *4.3.1 Principle of functioning*

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Data warehouse*

The basic function of using a decision-making system is to manage the journaling of data. So for our approach we integrate the datawarehousing as a decisionmaking system to evaluate the process of choosing the best practice by defining a set of performance indicators, which are [14]:

We proposed the following dimensions: Organization, Decision, IT Objective, IT service, Reference table, and Time.

*Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91440*

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Expert system*

For good exploitation of data stored in the multidimensional base, we have set up a system with knowledge, expert system. This system has as purpose the modeling of the knowledge and the reasoning of an expert in the field of IT GRC.

For that purpose, three main actors should present their contribution to the development of expert system, which are worth knowing: the end user, the IT expert, and the engineer of knowledge.

The interaction between these three actors is used to develop the expert system, which consists of a knowledge base, a facto base, and an interference engine.

The inference rules that we proposed are: Let "Ai" be the IT framework and "O" the IT Objective

#### • **Rule 1:**

R1: Weight (Ai) > Weight (Aj) → Ai

#### • **Rule 2:**

R2: Certification (organization, Ai) = true and Ai ∈ selected IT frameworks →Ai

• **Rule 3:**

R3: Estimated rate (Ai) < Estimated rate (Aj) → Ai

#### • **Rule 4:**

A4: Use rate (Ai) > Use rate (Aj) → Ai

#### • **Rule 5:**

R5: Resolution rate (Ai) > Resolution rate (Aj) → Ai

#### • **Rule 6:**

A6: Data warehouse (O) = true and IT Matrix (O) = Aj and Data warehouse (O) = Ai →Ai (Data warehouse (O) = true equivalent the objective (O) exists in the data warehouse)

• **Rule 7:**

R7: IT Matrix (O) = Aj and Data warehouse (O) = {Ai, Ak} and Version-Organization-IT framework (Ak) = V1 and Data warehouse-versioning (O, Ak) = V1 → Ak

#### • **Rule 8:**

R8: Data warehouse (O) = false and IT Matrix (O) = Ai →Ai.

The latest version of our architecture decision-making model is as follows (**Figure 8**).

**Figure 8.**

*The detailed model of decision-making DML.*

#### **4.4 Case study**

The following table shows a comparative study between the proposed approaches and the improvement of our model of decision-making, which is going to receive as input the following IT objectives (**Table 4**):

**Table 4.** *Comparative study.*

*Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91440*

The second line shows the opinion of an IT expert who gives the best IT framework by IT objective. For objective 1 (Define a strategic IT plan), the best IT framework is ITIL; for objective 2 (Ensure compliance with external obligations), the best IT framework is ISO 27001; and for objective 3 (Manage third-party services), the best IT framework is ISO 27002.

The third line shows the limitations of the first version of the proposed approach, taking the case of objective 1; it gave as results the IT framework PMBOK and it is not the best IT framework. The fourth line shows the limitations of the second version of the proposed approach, taking the case of objective 3; it gave as results the two IT frameworks ITIL and ISO27002 and they are not the best IT framework.

For the third version of our decision-making model, which corresponds to the fifth line, the results for the first objective give ITIL, for the second objective give ISO27001, and for the third objective give ISO27002.

We noticed that there is a correspondence between the results generated by our decision-making model and IT frameworks chosen by the IT expert.

#### **5. Conclusion**

The objective of our research is to build a model of decision-making to satisfy a precise IT need. The proposed approach integrates two disciplinary aspects, which are the data warehousing and the practices of the IT GRC to make the best decision.

We plan to add an extra layer that keeps the efficiency of the taken decisions by handling the factors influencing the quality of data [15, 16], or rather the moderating factors influencing the quality of basic data processed by a data warehouse [17].

We also plan to propose a generic approach that can integrate any IT methods and incorporate more performance indicators to make the appropriate choice for every organization.

#### **Author details**

Chakir Aziza1 \* and Chergui Meriyem<sup>2</sup>

1 Faculty of Law Economics and Social Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco

2 Higher National School of Electricity and Mechanics, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section 3