**Meet the editors**

Haikel Jelassi is a professor of physics and Head of the Research Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development, National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Tunisia. His research focuses on nuclear and atomic physics. Prof. Jelassi is interested in many research fields in fundamental

as well as applied physics such as: cold atoms, calculations of atomic processes for plasma diagnostic, as well as the study of irradiated dyes by gamma radiation. He has a special interest for the use of relativistic codes to calculate extended and accurate useful atomic data for plasma diagnostics and modeling (radiative and collisional properties of ions).

Djamel Benredjem is a professor in the Department of Physics at Université Paris-Sud (Orsay) and the director of the Laboratoire Aimé Cotton.

His research focuses on atomic physics in hot plasmas, with a special interest in radiative properties (radiative power losses, opacity, etc.). As a theoretician he models

radiative properties and develops non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) codes.

Contents

**Preface VII**

Mikhail Tokar

**Fusion Devices 47**

**Plasma Sources 89** Shu-Xia Zhao

**Dusty Plasmas 131**

Feng

**Section 1 Fundamentals of Plasma Physics 1**

**Atoms in Fusion Plasmas 3**

Chapter 2 **The Behavior of Streaming Instabilities in Dissipative Plasma 21** Eduard V. Rostomyan

Jean Paul Allain and David N. Ruzic

**Collision Formulation 67**

Chapter 6 **Numerical Modeling of Partial Discharge Development Process 109**

Cheng Pan, Ju Tang and Fuping Zeng

Chapter 7 **Numerical Approach to Dynamical Structure Factor of**

Chapter 1 **Noise-Free Rapid Approach to Solve Kinetic Equations for Hot**

Chapter 3 **Fundamentals of Plasma-Material Interactions in Magnetic**

Chapter 4 **Stopping Power of Ions in a Magnetized Plasma: Binary**

Chapter 5 **Mode Transition and Hysteresis in Inductively Coupled**

Hrachya B. Nersisyan, Günter Zwicknagel and Claude Deutsch

Aamir Shahzad, Muhammad Asif Shakoori, Mao-Gang HE and Yan


**1. Introduction**

The challenge of feeding the growing world population and the necessity to provide a nutritionally balanced diet while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as a transition to a diet higher in plant- rather than animal-derived proteins, require relevant increases in vegetables production. In this context, the fortification of foods and beverages has been identified as an effective, sustainable, and promising intervention capable of modulating the diet toward healthier choices, addressing environmental concerns, and meeting nutritional deficiencies and recommendations. To date, several studies investigated the nutritional value of

additional ingredients to be used as wheat alternatives in cereal-based products, such as bread and pasta.

Legumes are considered as good source of high biological value proteins and dietary fibers. Moreover, they are rich in phenols, minerals, vitamins, and oligosaccharides. The optimal technological properties of the legume flours (e.g., high water-binding capacity and solubility) make them suitable ingredients for glutenfree foods.

Nevertheless, legumes contain part of their nutritional compounds under a nonbioavailable form and several antinutritional factors (ANFs) that may decrease digestibility of other nutrients or cause physiological discomfort or conditions. Furthermore, legumes have poor technological, rheology, and sensory attributes if compared with gluten-containing cereals. Hence, the full exploitation of such food matrices goes through the most suitable bioprocessing.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the group of microorganisms most largely used at food industrial level, having the status of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). Used as natural (e.g., sourdough and spontaneous fermentation) or selected starters, LAB have the capability to conjugate desired functional activities, sensory properties, and microbiological safety.

Overall, bioprocessing including LAB fermentation is considered a safe, sustainable, and effective tool for improving the functional and nutritional features of many plant-derived matrices and to obtain suitable technological, sensory, and shelf-life characteristics of fermented foods and beverages (**Figure 1**). The positive effects of LAB fermentation are in part related to the acidification, although further effects can be observed, such as those related to the synthesis of metabolites and the activation of the flour endogenous enzymes. The properties of the fermented matrix are often profoundly different from the unfermented ingredients. Among the main nutritional advantages of the LAB fermentation, the increase of the protein digestibility and the decrease of the glycemic index have

**Figure 1.**

*Main nutritional, functional, and safety properties deriving from LAB fermentation.*

*Fermentation as Strategy for Improving Nutritional, Functional, Technological, and Sensory… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102523*

been largely investigated. More recently, also the degradation of the antinutritional compounds (e.g., trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins, condensed tannins, and α-galactosides) and the synthesis of bioactive compounds have been described. Starting from the conventional application of the sourdough-inspired procedures, innovative biotechnological protocols, based on the use of selected starters, automatized bioreactors, and semiliquid formulations have been recently proposed to extend to a large-scale application the use of legumes in food industry.

Indeed, fermentation (both spontaneous or guided by selected LAB) has been recognized as the most suitable and sustainable process to exploit the potential of legumes to fortify staple foods such as baked goods, pasta, extruded snacks, and plant-based fermented beverages.

In this chapter, the scientific evidence confirming the nutritional, functional, rheology, sensory, and shelf-life improvements of fermented legumes and derived food products is described.