*Article* **A Data-Driven Fine-Management and Control Method of Gas-Extraction Boreholes**

**Xiaoyang Cheng 1,2,3 and Haitao Sun 1,2,3,\***

**Abstract:** In order to improve the efficiency of gas extraction in coal mines, a data-driven finemanagement and control method for gas extraction is proposed. Firstly, the accurate prediction of coal seam thickness and gas content was used to evaluate the gas reserves. Based on the time relationship between mining activities and gas extraction, the calculation model of borehole distance in different extraction units is established, and the differential borehole design is realized. Then, a drilling video-surveillance system and drilling trajectory measurement device are used to control the drilling process and the construction effect. Finally, the model of extraction data-correction and the identification of failed boreholes is established, then the failed boreholes are repaired. The technology method provided in the paper has realized the fine control of gas-extraction borehole design, construction, measurement, and repair, and formed a more scientific gas-extraction borehole control technology system, which provides new thought for efficient gas extraction.

**Keywords:** gas extraction; borehole design; borehole repair; refined management


**2. Brain ACh pathways and their significance**

An extensive local interneuron network in brain areas involved in motor, cognitive and reward activities such as the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and neocortex utilize ACh as a neurotransmitter. In addition, cholinergic pathways connecting the basal forebrain, a complex of 4 cholinergic nuclei that project to: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and the olfactory bulb, are critical in regulating cognition, motivation, hedonic state and reinforcement. Cholinergic input to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), thalamus and hypothalamus, areas critical in regulating motor, reward and endocrine systems are provided by the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN) [1]. Moreover, lateral habenula (LatH), part of a complex nucleus which connects the midbrain to the limbic forebrain and uses ACh, has received considerable attention because of its potential role in cognition and in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders. The medial habenula (MedH), which can be further subdivided into a dorsal region containing non-cholinergic excitatory neurons such as tachykinin and substance P and a ventral region containing dense cholinergic neurons, has recently been investigated more thoroughly. It is now believed that cholinergic projections of MedH is involved in mood regulation as well as drug addiction and that manipulation of this system may be therapeutically exploited [2].


**6. Conclusions**

Soybean cultivated globally can be an important strategic crop that can help the resolution of the food shortage issue due to the increasing population based on its high protein content and nutritional value in the near future.


*2.2. Collection of Clinical Information*

Data including age, sex, height, weight, and smoking history were obtained from a chart review. Medication use and health care utilization, including emergency visits and admissions in the year, were obtained from medical records. The control status of asthma and disease-specific quality of life were determined using Chinese version of the Asthma Control Test (ACT).


1.MEG experiments for control state

Control state was measured under no smelling "Zuko" and no putting the hand together.

2.For the next mode, cognitive testing mode using "auditory oddball paradigm" without smelling "Zuko" incense rubbing into the hands, regardless of whether the subject did or did not have the habit of putting his or her hands together or praying in daily life.

During this cognitive testing mode using "auditory oddball paradigm" without smelling "Zuko" incense rubbing into the hands, the subject held the optical sensor by a hand and pushed the button with the right thumb quickly when he/she caught a rare tone. The averaged MEG response was measured by adding the raw MEG data collected about 100 times by pushing the optical sensor button. By using the above mode, we tried to measure the subject's cognitive ability on the peak of the so-called P300m of cognitive MEG response and own singular characteristic active area for cognition, and we have examined to compare how the brain activity is different for the habit and no habit behavior of putting the hand together in daily life.

MEG experiment, when the subject smelled "Zuko" incense with putting both hands, he/she pushed the optical sensor button by his/her thumb with holding the optical fiber among both hands, and also we have examined to compare how the brain activity is different for the habit and no habit behavior of putting the hand together in daily life.

waves from overview. The red vertical line shows the starting time. We can find no

**Figure 1b** shows the contour mapping of real-time MEG response at a control state. We could not almost obtain a constricted dipole completely, and then we

From this result of a control state with no smelling and no putting hands together, we can find no remarkable wave peaks in all around brain regions and no

*3.1.1 The result of the previous MEG and MRI experiment for one subject N1 to smelling*

Only one in the previous 11 subjects was classified in neither the A- nor B-group, and this only one subject (N1) was used by "Zuko" incense into the hand-coating smell method [23]. He had the left priority brain type. His estimated current dipole in his brain was drawn in MRI map coordinates. The X-axis is the horizontal line of the right to left ear, the Y-axis is the line from nasion to inion, and the Z-axis is the upper to lower line of the vertical line of the brain. In this case, we found a vector at

In our system, MEG data were superimposed to the MRI system on the head data which was obtained from the same subject, and the estimated source was drawn into the brain of MRI imaging as a vector (showed as green vector in MRI

**Figure 2a** shows a vector of single current dipole estimated in the brain using a

In four panels in **Figure 2b**, the upper left panel shows the plane imaging in the coronal plane section, the upper right panel shows the plane imaging in the sagittal plane section, the left lower panel shows the plane imaging in the horizontal plane section, and the right lower panel shows the mapping method by 3-D axis in the

The red line shows a vector of single current dipole estimated in the brain by

**P300m MEG peak of the cognitive response for a rare auditory stimulation without smelling.** In this experimental task on an "auditory oddball paradigm," a subject concentrates his attention to the rare auditory pulse stimulation which was given without smelling. The subject must push he optic fiber button quickly when he caught the rare auditory tone. In this "auditory oddball paradigm," two kinds of auditory pulse stimuli were used (1ch, rare stimulation, 1 kHz tone burst, 2ch, frequent stimulation, 2 kHz tone burst). Two auditory pulse stimuli were given to the subject in the duration of 300 millisecond pulse tone burst at random intervals which were controlled at the rates of 1:3 for rare stimuli (1 kHz tone): frequent stimuli (2 kHz tone). We obtained P300 peak response of the subject's type as an individual variation for the priority of brain laterality regarding for "auditory odd-

**Figure 3** shows an example of P300m MEG response to an "auditory oddball paradigm" for subject B2 without smelling "Zuko" incense into the hands. The active area in the brain was obtained with the single current dipole tracing method for this MEG experimental condition. We analyzed the estimated active areas

*<IP_ADDRESS> P300m mode of MEG response for an "auditory oddball paradigm"*

**Figure 2b** shows MRI images and an estimated dipole (red line) in the brain

remarkable wave peaks in over all around the brain regions.

active brain areas in this control state.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88987*

the right OFC in the brain.

brain in the MRI imaging system.

ball paradigm" without smelling.

3-D model.

mapping,

MRI imaging.

**179**

could not find out the active brain area generally in this control state.

*Smelling "Zuko": Incense Rubbing into the Hands and Smelling the Hands Activates…*

*"Zuko" incense into the hand and putting the hands together*

**Figure 2b**) of the estimated current dipole(ECD) [34, 35].

5.This cognitive testing mode is "auditory oddball paradigm" with smelling "Zuko" incense rubbing into the hands.

During this cognitive testing mode using "auditory oddball paradigm" with smelling.

"Zuko" incense rubbing into the hands, the subject smelled "Zuko" incense into one hand and held the optical sensor by another hand and pushed the button with the right thumb quickly when he/she caught a rare tone. The averaged MEG response was measured by adding the raw MEG data collected about 100 times by pushing the optical sensor button. By using the above mode, we tried to measure the subject's cognitive ability on the peak of the so-called P300m of cognitive MEG response at the state of smelling "Zuko" incense into the hand and own singular characteristic active area for the cognition with smelling "Zuko" incense, and we have examined to compare how the brain activity is different for the habit and no habit behavior of putting the hand together in daily life.


**Novel Formulation of Environmentally Friendly Oil Based Drilling Mud**

Adesina Fadairo, Olugbenga Falode,

Churchill Ako, Abiodun Adeyemi and Anthony Ameloko

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51236


**1. Introduction**

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in the aerospace industry. In this sector, the prevalent machining process performed on CFRP components is drilling, as mechanical joining by means of rivets or bolts represents the most common joining technique for aircraft components. However, the drilling of CFRP is very challenging in comparison with the drilling of metals, as the phenomena underlying the material removal for composite materials are substantially different from those characteristic of metal machining [1]. The different properties of the reinforcement and matrix phases make the material removal mechanism highly complex, because of the heterogeneity and anisotropic behaviour of composites [1–3]. König [4] highlighted how the machining of composite materials depends on the specific properties and relative content of the reinforcement and matrix. Moreover, when machining fibre reinforced composite materials, fibre orientation plays a fundamental role, affecting the mechanism of chip formation and the cut surface quality. During the drilling process, because of the heterogeneous and anisotropic behaviour of the fibre reinforced composites, different kinds of damage can be generated in the workpiece, such as delamination, fibre pull-out, fibre breakage, matrix cracking, and thermal damage [5,6], which can affect the drilled component service life. The most relevant damage induced during CFRP drilling is delamination [7,8], which has been considered as the principal cause of notable reduction in the fatigue strength of

composite components, cutting down the long-term performance of the CFRP parts. In particular, delamination onset at the hole exit, also known as push-out delamination, is generated if the axial load exerted on the workpiece during drilling exceeds a threshold value [9]. As demonstrated by Davim and Reis [10], the delamination damage grows with increasing cutting speed and feed values. As a matter of fact, a feed rate increase raises the thrust force, with consequent delamination damage enlargement at the hole exit [11].

Moreover, tool geometry significantly affects the drilling induced damage [10,12]. Designing new tools with a better performance in terms of cost, damage reduction, and hole quality is a key factor for drilling process optimisation [12]. Piquet et al. [13] analysed the effects of drilling tool geometry, comparing the results obtained with a traditional tool and a specially designed cutting tool. Feito et al. [14] and Gaitonde et al. [15] demonstrated how the delamination increases with increasing the point angle of the twist drill bit for high speed drilling of CFRP laminates. Saoudi et al. [16] developed a model to predict the critical thrust force responsible for exit-ply delamination during the drilling of multi-directional carbon fibre-reinforced plastic laminates with core drills made of diamond grits. Cadorin et al. [17] studied the mechanisms of damage and tool wear in the drilling of three-dimensional (3D) woven composite materials using diamond-coated carbide three lips twist drills. Zitoune et al. [18] investigated the influence of the tool coating on temperature and tool wear when drilling 3D woven composite materials using three types of cutting tools, one coated with a diamond layer and the other two coated with different nano-composite multi-layers, showing that the nature of the coating is a key factor affecting the temperature of machining.

To reduce the delamination and thermal damage defects generated when drilling composites, a new process called orbital drilling (OD) has been proposed in the literature. This process is more versatile than traditional drilling, as it allows for obtaining holes with different diameters without replacing the tool. OD is a circular ramp machining process, consisting of milling with a discontinuous peripheral cut and drilling with a continuous cut along the cutting-edge axis at the same time. Hence, this technology involves the simultaneous movement along a circular path (*X*, *Y*) and an axial advancement (*Z*) with a pre-determined step [19].

In OD, the orthogonal thrust exerted on the surface is very low, resulting in a superior hole quality, especially in the case of the composite materials subject to delamination damage. This type of machining process is particularly suitable for applications in the aeronautical field, as it allows for a decrease of cutting forces and temperatures, which results in a reduction of polymer matrix damage [20]. On the other hand, the main drawbacks related to OD concern the difficulties in selecting the proper process parameters and the need to employ a three-axis machining centre to avoid vibration problems. OD operations are carried out by portable and highly flexible machines, which tend to exhibit severe chatter and forced vibrations that lead to a poor hole quality. Moreover, the thrust force responsible for delamination is reduced but still not eliminated with OD [21]. As a matter of fact, while in traditional drilling, the axial loading consists of a concentrated load at the centre of the last ply of the laminate, in orbital drilling, the axial loading is determined by an eccentric distributed load, which acts along the cutting-edge of the mill [20].

As an alternative to both traditional drilling and orbital drilling processes, this research work proposes an innovative hole making process for CFRP components, where the hole is realised by a combination of drilling and peripheral milling, carried out using the same cutting tool. The objective is to further reduce the process-induced delamination damage in comparison with traditional and orbital drilling. To perform the new combined drill-milling process, an innovative drill-milling tool was developed. The main results of the experimental drill-milling tests on the CFRP composite laminates are reported in this paper, showing encouraging results in terms of the hole surface finish. The new drill-milling process is performed under dry conditions in a green technology perspective, offering advantages because of the absence of cutting fluids and a lower environmental impact.

#### **2. Proposed Drill-Milling Process**

In conventional drilling of fibre reinforced composite materials, in accordance with the model of linear elastic fracture mechanics, the delamination onset at the hole exit, also known as push-out, occurs if the axial load acting on the workpiece exceeds a threshold value [9,22]. The axial load performs a work equal to the sum of the energy necessary to deform the last ply of the laminate and the energy required to generate a new fracture surface [23].

For traditional drilling, the axial load evaluation generally refers to a concentrated load at the centre of the last ply of the laminate, as studied in the delamination analysis by Hocheng et al. [9,24]. Instead, for orbital drilling, an energy criterion characterized by the application of an eccentric distributed load, which acts along the cutting-edge of the mill, is adopted. This means that the thrust force causing delamination is reduced but not eliminated, as reported in Figure 1a,b [20].

To fully eliminate the drilling-induced delamination, a different original technique for CFRP hole making is proposed in this work, where the hole is realised by means of a combination of drilling and peripheral milling processes. In Figure 1c, the two phases of the process are illustrated, namely: in the first phase traditional drilling is employed to produce a hole with a smaller diameter than the final hole, and then, in the second phase, the material around the first hole is removed by peripheral milling until the final diameter is achieved. These two phases are sequentially combined in a single process carried out using the same cutting tool.

**Figure 1.** Representation of (**a**) traditional drilling; (**b**) orbital drilling [20] and (**c**) drill-milling processes. The red arrows indicate the load.

To develop this technique, an innovative drill-milling tool was designed and realized, and experimental cutting tests on CFRP laminates were performed to characterize the process. During the machining tests, the thrust force and radial force signals were detected through a sensor system to allow for the analysis of the cutting forces occurring during the process. Moreover, the produced holes were characterised via metrological and roughness measurement procedures to evaluate the hole quality in terms of size, roundness, and internal surface finish.

#### **3. Materials and Methods**

#### *3.1. Preparation of the Specimen*

The work-material employed for the drill-milling tests consisted of CFRP laminates composed of 26 prepreg plies, made of CYCOM 977-2, Cytec Industries Inc., Woodland Park, NJ, USA epoxy matrix, and Toray T300 unidirectional carbon fibres (Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), with stacking sequence [±45/0/±45/90/±45/0/−45/90/45/90]s. The main mechanical properties of the single unidirectional plies are reported in Table 1.

**Table 1.** Main mechanical properties of the unidirectional plies.

The nominal thickness of each CFRP laminate was 5 mm, and a thin fiberglass/epoxy ply reinforced with 0◦/90◦ fabric was laid on the laminate front and back surfaces. In the aeronautical sector, it is common practice to apply one or more lightweight fiberglass fabric plies on the front and back surfaces of the laminate in order to limit the corrosion occurring as a result of the connection of materials of a different nature. The laminates were fabricated according to the procedure employed in the aeronautical industry, consisting of hand lay-up of prepreg plies, vacuum bag moulding, and curing cycle in autoclave. The curing cycle was controlled through the use of sensors within the autoclave, and it was performed according to the cycle suggested by the CYCOM 977–2 resin matrix producer. Heating was carried out up to 177 ◦C with speed equal to 2 ◦C/min, then, the laminate was held at 177 ◦C for 2 h, and eventually, a natural cooling in autoclave was accomplished.

Because of the fabrication process, the bag side laminate surface was irregular compared to the smooth mould side surface. To perform the drill-milling tests, specimens of 30 mm × 400 mm were cut from the original CFRP laminates.

#### *3.2. Equipment*

The drill-milling tests were performed under dry conditions on a five-axis Cosmec Conquest 3200 NC machining centre (Poggibonsi, Siena, Italy), equipped with a sensor system to detect the cutting force signals generated during the process (Figure 2). The signals of the thrust force, Fz, and radial force, Fx, were detected by a Kistler (Kistler Group, Winterthur, Switzerland) three-axis stationary dynamometer model 9257A, positioned under the workpiece fixture. The sensor system included a Kistler charge amplifier model 5007, and a National Instruments data acquisition board model 9239 (Austin, TX, USA) that digitized the Fx and Fz signals at 10 kS/s.

**Figure 2.** Equipment employed for the experimental drill-milling tests.

The radial force can be resolved into two components acting along the *X* and *Y* dynamometer directions, respectively. As the process is symmetrical in the CFRP laminate plane, the values of the radial forces were similar, so that it was decided to report only the values recorded along the *X* direction.

All of the tests were carried out using ISO CNC programming. According to the new drill-milling process, the first operation is the drilling of a pilot hole with a nominal diameter of 6 mm, followed by a peripheral milling operation. Specifically, once the pilot hole is realised, the tool follows a spiral milling path to increase the hole diameter by 0.10 mm per revolution, up to a hole diameter of 6.9 mm. Finally, three boring revolutions at constant diameter are executed. The process phases are shown in Figure 3.

In the experimental tests, the parameters selected for the drilling phase were chosen so as to limit the drilling-induced delamination damage to an extent that is lower than the radius of the material to be removed by the peripheral milling. In particular, the drilling speed was set to 10,000 rpm and the axial feed to 375 mm/min, while the milling speed was set to 14,000 rpm and the axial feed to 375 mm/min.

The drill-milling tests were conducted on 60 consecutive holes to analyse the process behaviour with a tool wear increase.

**Figure 3.** Representation of the following (**a**) tool parts and process phases; (**b**) drilling and (**c**) milling.


*Article* **Do Environmental Stringency Policies and Human Development Reduce CO2 Emissions? Evidence from G7 and BRICS Economies**

**Funda Hatice Sezgin 1,\*, Yilmaz Bayar 2, Laura Herta 3 and Marius Dan Gavriletea 4**

**Abstract:** This study explores the impact of environmental policies and human development on the CO2 emissions for the period of 1995–2015 in the Group of Seven and BRICS economies in the long run through panel cointegration and causality tests. The causality analysis revealed a bilateral causality between environmental stringency policies and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and a unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to the environmental stringency policies for Canada, China, and France. On the other hand, the analysis showed a bilateral causality between human development and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to human development in Brazil, Canada, China, and France. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis indicated that both environmental stringency policies and human development had a decreasing impact on the CO2 emissions.

**Keywords:** environmental stringency policies; human development; CO2 emissions; panel cointegration and causality analyses