Temperament in the Early Elementary Classroom: Implications for Practice

*Martinique Ann Sealy, Kathleen Moritz Rudasill, Jentry S. Barrett, Jungwon Eum, Nicole Adams, Angela Hinrichs and Sandee McClowry*


*2.4. Hypothesis Development*

Figure 2 shows the theoretical model on which this work is based, as well as the hypotheses that seek to demonstrate the purpose of this investigation. These are divided into two groups: The direct effects of three model factors and moderator effects.

**Figure 2.** Model hypotheses.


**Chapter 2**

*Tourism*

of Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 227: 158-166. DOI:

[42] DEH – Australian Government. Department of the Environment and Energy. Australian national guidelines for whale and dolphin watching 2005 [Internet]. 2005. Available from: http:// www.environment.gov.au/marine/ publications/australian-nationalguidelines-whale-and-dolphin-

watching-2005 [Accessed: 2017-02-02].

10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.164

**18**


**6. Conclusions**

A micro-tidal, sea-breeze-dominated beach's morphological responses to both impermeable and permeable low-crested detached breakwaters was analyzed based on high-resolution field observations. The following conclusions were found:

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.T.-F., G.M., E.T.M., and E.O.; Original Draft Preparation, A.T.-F., G.M., E.T.M., and E.O.; Review and Editing of Manuscript, A.T.-F., G.M., E.T.M., E.O., and P.S.; Field Work, A.T.-F., G.M., E.T.M., and E.O.; Field Data Analysis, G.M., E.T.M., E.O., and A.T.-F.; and Funding Acquisition, P.S. and A.T.-F.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Yucatán State Environmental Ministry of Yucatán and the Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (Project LN 293354). Additional financial support was provided by PAPIIT DGAPA UNAM (IN101218) and Investigación Científica Básica CONACYT (CB-2016-01-284819).

**Acknowledgments:** We are thankful for the use of Pix4D mapper Edu. NOAA is acknowledged for making Wave Watch III hindcast data available. The authors would like to thank Gonzalo Martín for IT support and José López Gonzalez and Juan Alberto Gómez for field support. Furthermore, a special thanks to the homeowners of the houses in San Miguel, El Teresiano, and El Faro for allowing the installation of the GPS base station. Anonymous reviewers provided fruitful comments that improved the manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


*Review* **Chromogranin A and Its Fragments in the Critically Ill: An Expanding Domain of Interest for Better Care**

**Francis Schneider 1,2,\*, Raphaël Clère-Jehl 1, Francesco Scavello 2,3, Thierry Lavigne 1,2,4, Angelo Corti 5, Tommaso Angelone 6, Youssef Haïkel 2,7 and Philippe Lavalle 2**

**Abstract:** Life-threatening diseases challenge immunity with a release of chromogranins. This report focuses on Chromogranin A (CGA) and some of its derived peptides in critically ill patients, with attention paid to their potential to become biomarkers of severity and actors of defense. First, we studied whether circulating CGA may be a biomarker of outcome in non-selected critically ill patients: CGA concentrations were reliably associated with short-term death, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. Additionally, when studying Vasostatin-I, the major N-terminal fragment of CGA, we noted its reliable prognostic value as early as admission if associated with age and lactate. In trauma patients, CGA concentrations heralded the occurrence of care-related infections. This was associated with an in vitro inhibitor impact of Chromofungin on both NFkappa B- and API-transcriptional activities. Secondly, in life-threatening disease-induced oxidative stress, the multimerization of Vasostatin-I occurs with the loss of its anti-microbial properties ex vivo. In vivo, a 4%-concentration of non-oxidized albumin infusion reversed multimerization with a decrease in care-related infections. Finally, in vitro Catestatin impacted the polymorphonuclear cells-Ca++-dependent, calmodulin–regulated iPLA2 pathway by releasing immunity-related proteins. Furthermore, human Cateslytin, the active domain of Catestatin, helped destroy S. aureus: this prompted the creation of synthetic D-stereoisomer of CGA-derived peptides against superbugs for the protection of implanted devices. In conclusion, CGA consideration in the critically ill is only starting, but it offers interesting perspectives for improved outcomes.

**Keywords:** albumin; biomaterials; Catestatin; Chromogranin A; Chromofungin; critically ill; outcome; prognosis; superbugs; Vasostatin-I


**Author details**

Vani Rajashekaraiah\*, Masannagari Pallavi, Aastha Choudhary, Chaitra Bhat, Prerana Banerjee, Ranjithvishal, Shruthi Laavanyaa and Sudharshan Nithindran Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Interactions in Erythrocytes DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107544*


*2.4. Genetic Diversity of the Mitochondrial and Plastid Genome in Common Buckwheat*

The assembled sequence of the buckwheat mitogenome allowed us to estimate the diversity among cultivars. We found that it is unexpectedly low (Table S2). Only three-four substitutions differ Dasha from most other Russian cultivars. The most divergent are the cultivars Koto and Shinanonatsusoba, which have six substitutions. All variants are located in the non-coding regions. Interestingly, three out of six substitutions in Koto are shared with Russian cultivars and two more are shared with Shinanonatsusoba, the Japanese cultivar. This may indicate that Koto and Shinanonatsusoba have a recent common maternal ancestor. Shinanonatsusoba is a Japanese cultivar that originated in 1984 (Nishimaki Et al., 1984). Koto is a cultivar produced by the Canadian breeding company Kade Research in 2002. According to Ikeda [37], Canadian buckwheat breeders (not excepting Kade Research) specialized in the breeding of buckwheat for Japanese market, even the names of many Canadian cultivars (including Koto) are derived from Japanese. Thus, it is highly likely that Japanese cultivars, in particular Shinanonatsusoba, might contribute to the Koto genome. In contrast to the low divergence between cultivars, *F. esculentum* ssp. *ancestrale* differs from Dasha in 220 positions. The prevalent type of the variant is single nucleotide variation (SNV), followed by deletions and insertions (Table S2). All variants are located in the non-coding regions or in the synonymous positions of the codon and do not affect the amino acid sequence.

In an earlier study [5], we characterized the plastid genome of *F. esculentum* ssp. *ancestrale*. However, we found that it contains a number of inaccuracies, mostly indels associated with the homopolymer and low-complexity regions, which are error-prone for Sanger sequencing. Since indels in the reference genome may result in mapping and variant calling errors, we decided not to use this sequence as a reference. Taking advantage of the long reads, we assembled and annotated the plastid genome of the Dasha cultivar and used it as a backbone for the analysis of the plastid genome diversity. The diversity among cultivars is also extremely low; as well as for the mitochondrial genome, this concerns not only Russian cultivars but also Koto and Shinanonatsusoba. For Dasha and Dizajn, we found no differences at all. Dasha and other cultivars differ in one position: T to G substitution in the intron of the trnG-UCC gene. Shinanonatsusoba carries an additional change, the substitution in the trnG-trnM spacer. As well as for the mitochondrial genome, the number of SNPs with *F. esculentum* ssp. *ancestrale* is much higher: 159 (Table S4) (148 if SNPs located in the IR counted once). The SNP density is the highest in the small single copy region and the lowest in the inverted repeat (IR), as expected. In total, 81 SNPs are located in the spacers, 20 in the introns, and 58 in the coding regions. What is surprising is that 32 substitutions are non-synonymous (Table 2). While several types of mutations (C-to-T substitutions) can potentially be silenced by RNA editing (see, for example, [38]), only three substitutions out of 32 are C-to-T. Most substitutions affect highly variable genes, such as *matK*, *ycf1*, and *rpoC2*; however, there are also ones that change the amino acid sequence of highly conserved genes encoding photosystem components (*psbA*, *psbH*, *psbC*). While missenses in photosynthesis-related genes usually adversely affect photosynthesis, there are several examples of a positive effect compared to the wild type [39]. We hypothesize that this mutation(s) increases the photosynthesis efficiency and their fixation in buckwheat cultivars is the result of artificial selection. The increase of the photosynthesis efficiency has indeed been an important trend in buckwheat breeding since the middle of the 20th

century. The survey of photosynthesis efficiency in different cultivars and landraces showed that in modern cultivars (developed in 1990–2010, including three sampled in our study: Demetra, Dizajn, and Devyatka), it is higher than in old cultivars and local landraces up to approximately 20% [40]. At the same time, modern cultivars have a low adaptive potential, and they are less resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions (in particular, drought) [41].

**Table 2.** Non-synonymous substitutions that differentiate Dasha and *F. esculentum* ssp. *ancestrale* plastid genes (substitutions located in the IR are counted once).

Taken together, the analysis of the extranuclear genome diversity shows that buckwheat cultivars sampled in this study share a very recent common maternal ancestor. This would not be surprising for Russian cultivars, but our study also included Japanese and Canadian (presumably of Japanese origin) cultivars. This might indicate the loss of genetic diversity as a side effect of the intensification of buckwheat breeding in the last several decades. A similar situation is observed for sunflower: While a high diversity exists in wild populations, most cultivated varieties arise from a limited pool of germplasm [42,43]. This calls for better characterization of the buckwheat germplasm in order to understand the patterns and limits of its diversity (including that of extranuclear genomes). We expect that the availability of reference sequences for plastid and mitochondrial genomes will facilitate this research program.


**Abstract**

Anticonvulsant drug (AED) treatment in epileptic children should be optimized through the anticipation of AED effectiveness at the beginning of the treatment. Researchers thought that the complex EEG analysis should identify the AED treatment's output in children with epilepsy. The research purpose is to study the different EEG pattern bases on AED treatment. A total of 43 patients with ages of 3–9 years were studied. Three EEGs' registration took place: before valproic acid-depakin (Dep) treatment, second (3 months), and third (6 months) after treatment. The background EEG pattern was investigated as a quantitative [absolute power spectra (APs)] and brain mapping. In addition, epileptiform EEG and the clinical characteristics of patients were evaluated. Valproic acid reduces Aps in high-amplitude slow waves and spontaneous epileptic patterns decrease and spike-wave complex (3/s) reduces; spikes-polyspikes, sharp waves, and generalized paroxysms during functional tests decreased. The rhythmic monomorphic theta waves (RMT) of tempo-parietal region were studied using brain mapping. The RMT correlated with the recurrence of seizures if Dep was withdrawn. The AED treatment effectiveness had been shown by decreases of slow waves and suppression of epileptiform EEG pattern and clinical improvement. The effective AED therapy should consider the analysis of the base EEG pattern, power spectra, and EEG mapping.

**Keywords:** EEG pattern, epileptic children, therapy


**Asymmetry Indexes, Behavioural Instability and the Characterization of Behavioural Patterns**

Special Issue Editor **Cino Pertoldi**

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This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal *Symmetry* (ISSN 2073-8994) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry/special issues/Asymmetry Indexes Behavioural Instability Characterization Behavioural Patterns).

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