**Abstract**

Despite the reported increase in the prevalence of mental disorders, including substance abuse disorders, required services in South Africa have not been improved to meet the demands for these challenges. Although South Africa has invested in a process to conduct a re-engineering of primary health care services to address a range of common health challenges in communities, this process has not demonstrated adequate policy and practice changes toaddress emerging challenges in providing services for mental health disorders at primary health care level. In particular, primary health care services do not include routine screening for common mental disorders, which include depression, anxiety, postnatal depression and substance abuse, although there are easy to use tools for such screening. This has resulted in a failure for early detection of these mental health challenges by the health system. The chapter argues that making moderate changes to the current offerings of primary health care can result in major achievements in offering mental health services, which in turn will benefit the patients and assist health services to address the increasing scourge of mental disorders, which include substance abuse.

**Keywords:** Primary health care re-engineering, South Africa, mental health, substance abuse, screening


*Review* **A Literature Review of Concrete Ability to Sustain Strength after Fire Exposure Based on the Heat Accumulation Factor**

**Michał Pasztetnik and Roman Wróblewski \***

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
**\*** Correspondence<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
**Abstract:** Concrete is susceptible to damage during and after high-temperature exposure (most frequently in fire). The concrete partial strength re-gain after a high-temperature exposure obtained by the rehydration process is undoubtedly an advantage of this construction material. However, to use fire-damaged concrete, one has to know why the strength deteriorates and what makes the partial re-gain. Within this framework, the paper aims to find what factors influence the strength re-gain. Moreover, an attempt is made to introduce a measure collecting various influences such as the modified heat accumulation factor—accounting only for that which is important for the process, the temperature decomposing cement paste (i.e., above 400 ◦C). Several factors, i.e., peak temperature, heating time and rate, cooling regime, post-fire re-curing, concrete composition, age of concrete at exposure, porosity, load level at exposure, and heat accumulation are presented by their influence on the relative residual compressive strength, i.e., a portion of initial strength that is obtained after temperature exposure and strength re-gain. Since the relative strength unifies various concretes, a more general assessment and discussion are presented based on the experimental results and correlation factors. As fundamental influences determining the residual strength, the heating time, peak temperature, cooling, or post-heating re-curing regimes are found with the load level at exposure being inadequately examined. This paper also shows the superiority of the modified heat accumulation factor, but the results obtained are not satisfactory, and additional experimental data are necessary to develop a theoretical model of the residual strength.

**Keywords:** concrete; compressive strength; high temperature; fire temperature; residual strength; heat accumulation factor