**3.6 Tear film lipid layer (TFLL) quality by TFLL interferometry**

Noninvasive TFLL quality assessment was performed with DR-1 (Kowa, Nagoya, Japan). Yokoi DE severity grading system was performed. Grade 1: somewhat gray color, uniform distribution; grade 2: rather gray color, nonuniform distribution; grade 3: a few colors, nonuniform distribution; grade 4: many colors, nonuniform distribution; and grade 5: corneal surface partially. 24 of refractive, refractive.


**9. Nomenclature**

Waste Tire Pyrolysis Recycling with Steaming:

U.S. Patent 5 705 035 (1998).

U.S. Patent 5 720 232 (1998).

Heat-Mass Balances & Engineering Solutions for By-Products Quality 235

[7] Avetisian V. et al. Tire Liquefying Process Reactor Discharge System & Method*.*

[8] Meador W.R. Tire Liquefying Process Reactor Discharge System & Method*.*

[13] Denison G.W. Method & System For Recovering Marketable & Products From Waste

[14] Takegawa T. et al. Method For Recovering Carbon Black from Waste Rubber Such As

[15] Faulkner et al. Pyrolysis Process For Reclaiming Desirable Materials From Vehicle Tires*.*

[16] Bullok B.P. Hydrocarbon Conversion Apparatus & Method. U.S. Patent 6653517 (2003). [17] Holden H.H. & Holden H.S. Continuous Temperature Variance Pyrolysis for Extracting

[18] Massemore B. & Zarrizski R. Process for Pyrolizing Tire Shreds & Tire Pyrolysis

[19] Platz G.M. et al. Resource Recovery of Waste Organic Chemicals By Thermal Catalytic

[20] Nichols R.E. Low Energy Method of Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbon Materials Such As

[21] Day M. et al. Pyrolysis of Automobile Shredder Residue: Analysis of the Products of

[22] Simon C.M., Kaminsky W. & Schlesselmann B. Pyrolysis of Polyolefins With Steam To Yield Olefins. *Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis.* 1996. Vol. 38, pp. 75-87. [23] Cunliffe A.M. et al. Composition of Oils Derived From The Batch Pyrolysis of Tires.

[24] El-harfi K., Mokhlisse A. & Ben-Chanaa M. Yield & Composition of Oil Obtained By

[26] Kaminsky W. & Mennerich C. Pyrolysis of Synthetic Tire Rubber in Fluidized Bed

[27] Zabaniotou A.A. & Stavropoulos. Pyrolysis of Used Automobile Tires & Residual Char Utilization. *Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis.* 2003. Vol. 70, pp. 711-722. [28] Williams P.T., Brindle A.J. Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis & Catalytic Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.

[29] Barbooti M.M. et al. Optimization of Pyrolysis Conditions of Scrap Tires Under Inert

Gas. *Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis.* 2000. Vol. 56, pp. 207-218. [25] Teng H., Lin Yu-Chuan & Hsu Li-Yeh. Production of Activated Carbon From Pyrolysis

*Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis.* 1998. Vol. 44, pp. 131-152.

*Management Association.* 2000. Vol.50, No.11, pp. 1940-1946.

*Environmental Technologies.* 2003. Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 921-929.

*Applied Pyrolysis.* 2001. Vol. 58-59, pp. 803-811.

 *Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis.* 1996. Vol.

Isothermal Pyrolysis of the Moroccan Oil Shale With Steam Or Nitrogen as Carrier

of Waste Tires Impregnated With Potassium Hydroxide. *Journal of the Air & Waste*

Reactor To Yield Butadiene-Styrene Oil & Carbon Black. *Journal of Analytical &*

Gas Atmosphere. *Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis.* 2004. Vol. 72, pp. 165-170.

[9] Zhuravsky G.I. et al. Method of Treating Plastic Waste. U.S. Patent 5 771 821 (1998). [10] Mulyarchik V.M. et al. Processing Waste Rubber by Steam. U.S. Patent 5 780 518 (1998). [11] Chang Y. Cha et al. Process for Co-Recycling Tires & Oils. U.S. Patent 5 735 948 (1998).

[12] Bouziane R. Pyrolyzing Apparatus. U.S. Patent 5 820 736 (1998).

Tires & Apparatus Therefore. U.S. Patent 5 961 946 (1999).

Products From Tire Chips. U.S. Patent 6 657 095 B1 (2003).

Rubber*.* U.S. Patent 5 894 012 (1999).

System. U.S. Patent 6 736 940 B2 (2004).

Conversion. U.S. Patent 6 683 227 (2004).

Rubber.U.S. Patent 6 833 485 (2004).

37, pp. 49-67.

U.S. Patent 6 221 329 B1 (2001).

#### **10. References**

[1] Solbakken A. et al. Process for Recovering Carbon Black & Hydrocarbons from Used

[2] Solbakken A. et al. Process for Recovering Carbon Black & Hydro-carbons from Used

[3] Cha Chang Y. et al. Pyrolysis Method with Product Oil Recycling. U.S. Patent 4 983 278

[4] Ledford C.D. Process For Conveying Old Rubber Tires Into Oil & Useful Residue.

[5] Wu Arthur C. & Chen Sabrina C. Thermal Conversion Pyrolysis Reactor System.

[6] Kanis D.R. Pyrolysis System and Method of Pyrolyzing. U.S. Patent 5 636 580 (1997).

*Tg*3 – furnace gas temp for boiler heating inlet, °C; *Tp* – pyrolysis reactor operating temp inside, °C;

*Gs*1 – steam feeding rate into pyrolysis reactor, kg/hr; *Gs*2 – steam injecting rate into Venturi condenser, kg/hr; *Gg* – furnace (combusted) gas mass flow rate, kg/hr; *W* – spraying water rate for Venturi condenser, kg/hr;

*Ta* – ambient air temperature outside, °C; *G* – mass flow rate of components, kg/hr; *Gt* – tire pyrolysis mass flow rate, kg/hr;

*i d* – spraying water droplet diameter, m; *GAS* – off-gas flow rate relatively to tire, %; *OIL* – oil condensing rate relatively to tire, %; *AIR* – air mass flow rate relatively to tire, %; *STEAM* – steam mass flow rate relatively to tire, %; *SLU* – oil slurry mass rate relatively to tire, %; *Q* – heat flow capacity of components, MW *Qoil* – condensed oil fuel heat value, MJ/kg; *Qgas* – incondensable off-gas heat value, MJ/m3; *Qf* – combustion furnace heat capacity, MW. *Qt* – heat capacity for tire pyrolysis, MW; *Qs* – heat capacity for steam generation, MW; *Qss* – capacity for steam super-heating, MW; *Qr* – pyrolysis reactor total heat capacity, MW; *q* – specific heat per 1 kg components, MW/kg *t h* = 640 – tire pyrolysis specific heat, kJ/kg; *s h* = 2260 – steam specific heat value, kJ/kg; *R* = 8314 – ideal gas constant value, J/kg·K

Tires. U.S. Patent 4 250 158 (1981).

Tires. U.S. Patent 4 284 616 (1981).

U.S. Patent 5 095 040 (1992).

U.S. Patent 5 411 714 (1995).

**10. References**

(1991).

**10**

*Italy*

**Study on the Feasibility**

Vincenzo Gente1 and Floriana La Marca2

*2Environmental Engineer, Rome*

*2DICMA, Sapienza University of Rome*

**of Hazardous Waste Recycling:**

**The Case of Pharmaceutical Packaging**

Hazardous waste management should fulfil the following three main goals: (i) to protect human health and the environment, (ii) to reduce waste while conserving energy and natural resources and (iii) to reduce or eliminate the volume of waste to dispose of. The last two of these goals may derive from recycling, which aims at reducing raw materials and energy consumption and decreasing the volume of waste materials that must be treated and

However, recycling must be conducted in a safe way, ensuring human health and environment protection. Recycling activities should be regulated at a different degree on the basis of the risk they cause to human health and the environment. A hazardous waste destined for recycling must be identified by type and recycling process in order to

Pharmaceutical packaging represents a very small percentage of hazardous waste, but its management can cause problems for the environment, depending on the type of packaging

• uncontaminated waste (assimilated to domestic waste: paper, cardboard, glass, plastic); • contaminated waste (paper, cardboard, glass, plastic), e.g. waste that has been in contact with cytotoxic products, blood, blood-derived products or radioactive

Waste is created at all stages of the supply-chain: production, distribution and use of a pharmaceutical product. At each step, care therefore needs to be taken, either by the manufacturer or the end-user, to protect the environment (Biniecka et al., 2005; Dillon &

In several European countries, pharmaceutical manufacturers must dispose of their waste, or by themselves or by external specialized companies, and are encouraged to recover packaging waste. In both cases, waste management represents a considerable cost for the

determine its level of regulation (Linninger & Chakraborty, 2001).

waste is concerned (Sacha et al., 2010). Such waste may include:

**1. Introduction**

disposed of.

products.

Rubinstein, 2005).

manufacurers.