**4. Creating communities of practice**

Communities of practice are groups of people informally bound by shared expertise and passion for the same practice and these communities can be workrelated or oriented to other parts of our lives [33]. Building a community of practice requires members to negotiate a balance between disagreement and agreement. The participants need to have enough areas of agreement to see it as important for them to commit to the community. At the same time, there has to be sufficient disagreement within the community so that the practices they share do not stagnate. The tensions between different perspectives within a community push the participants to negotiate, and through the negotiation lies the potential for new discoveries and the development of new practices. Communities of practice can be a useful concept to understand the collective learning processes that can emerge in Open Kindergartens. Communities of practice can be formed by professionals or parents and when these communities overlap, they create boundary communities [34] where professionals and parents develop practices together drawing on their collective experience and different perspectives.

#### **4.1 Community of professionals**

The professionals working in, and connected to, the Open Kindergartens participate in their own communities of practice. These communities are informal; the members communicate over cups of coffee in the kitchen and interact in hallways on their way to work tasks. However, the ideas that are developed through these conversations are brought to formal settings, including staff meetings, interdisciplinary team meetings, and management meetings. The communities of practice are not the same as formal interdisciplinary teams, rather they are the product of informal alliances entered into by professionals that find low threshold settings interesting and want to develop practices in these settings.

The professional's role in the Open Kindergarten is different from the professional's role in traditional services. Their work is more about facilitating interaction between families than answering questions or providing advice. This requires a different way of working, and professionals visiting from other services often find this practice challenging. When observing the professionals connected to the Open Kindergarten, some were insiders and knew the code while others did not and remained outsiders. This might be explained by Wenger's concept of communities of practice. In communities of practice, the negotiation of what it means to be competent is a collective activity [20]. The participants engage in developing ways to solve issues, as well as considering how they think about issues and approach their practice. The professionals that did not participate in the conversations about the setting, the parent's situation and the professional role did not act as insiders; professionals within the community of practice in the Open Kindergarten. Their professional identity was instead dominantly shaped by a different context, for instance, the children's health care service [19]. Such professionals become outsiders in the meeting place, as they belonged to a different community of practice and they enacted a different professional identity [35].

Working in settings like the Open Kindergarten meant taking on a different role as a professional. Instead of working with one family at a time, there might be six parents around a table taking part in a conversation. It was a challenge to work with a group of families at the same time, and it was the families that set the agenda for such conversations. This meant that if one of the parents asked a question there were often a group of parents that heard the answer. Most of the time parents started talking and thereby set the topic of conversation. This meant that professionals could not prepare for the topics that would be discussed and instead had to

#### *Creating Communities of Parents DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101754*

draw on their existing knowledge and admit their shortcomings for topics they did not feel they were competent to discuss or provide advice about. Working in the Open Kindergarten required flexibility and a feel for when to let the parents talk among themselves and when to take an active part in the conversation [19].

Communities of practice are established, developed, and driven by the engagement of the participants. However, how managers tend to them is also important. "Like gardens, they respond to attention that respect their nature" [33]. The communities of practice connected to the Open Kindergarten were affected by management priorities. When the spotlight [36] was focused on the Open Kindergarten the communities grew and the opposite was also true. In the family centers, where the Open Kindergartens were under constant risk of being shut down due to budget cuts the communities of practice shrunk; professionals re-prioritized where they invested their energy. All three family centers had staff that were interested in contributing to developing new ways to support families. Moreover, they believed that there was significant potential in creating spaces where families could meet and interact with professionals in ways that were not predetermined by protocols and manuals. However, when the Open Kindergartens were under constant danger of being closed, the communities of practice connected to these spaces lost members. In such contexts, it was not prudent for professionals to invest their energy in the development and instead they sought the opportunity to make a difference somewhere else, where the spotlight was directed; a context where they were more likely to get the resources they needed to put ideas into practice.

### **4.2 Community of parents**

Some of the families that attended an Open Kindergarten had several characteristics that within a deficit model could be defined as risk factors [37, 38]: young single parents, low income, poor living conditions, mental health issues, unemployment, or limited Norwegian language skills. Professionals often struggle to build a relationship with families that fall into these categories [39]. Parents' prior experience with the service system may undermine their trust in professionals and be a reason for the difficulty in negotiating a relationship that can help [40]. Making a formal request for support can be seen as risky by parents who may be concerned about how the "system" will use such information. The Open Kindergartens represented a totally different way of creating a space where parents could tell their stories, share their experiences, and seek advice. Talking with other parents over a cup of coffee while their children were playing on the floor provided a social setting that enabled many of the parents to talk about both the joys and challenges of parenthood; it provided a holistic experience not explicitly focusing on the most difficult aspects of parenting. However, the conversations in the Open Kindergartens were surprisingly revealing and honest. People from different parts of the community shared experiences and listened with interest to the stories that were shared. The conversations about parenting occurred in the middle of enacting parenting; the children shared the space with the parents.

A group of parents can also be understood as a *community of practice* [20, 35]. They engaged in negotiations about what it meant to be competent in the practice they shared, parenting. Wenger emphasizes that participants in a community of practice are not necessarily in agreement. Rather, Wenger suggests, the tensions between different ways of solving an issue drive the development of new practices and shape the learning process. The parents coming to the Open Kindergarten practice parenting in different ways. Through participating in the setting, children and adults together, the practices of parenting changed from being individual to becoming connected practices that adjusted and changed in relation to each other.

Participating in everyday activities shifted the dynamics of power in the group. The familiarity of the activities ensured that all the parents had some competence they could demonstrate. Even when aspects of parenting within the Open Kindergarten were challenging it was not always predictable who would cope best with the situation. For instance, parents with higher socioeconomic status did not necessarily cope better with a child's tantrum [19]. When faced with real situations parents started to discuss alternative strategies and acknowledge each other's resources as well as identify new approaches that none of them had previously considered. The Open Kindergartens were not normative settings that sought to promote one right answer, rather the parents negotiated a set of different practices and ways to parent. This created the opportunity to change their parenting approach or to gain confidence that their existing practice was acceptable.

#### **4.3 Boundary communities**

According to Mørck [19, 34], different communities of practice overlap and in the intersections, boundary communities are created. The boundary communities connect two or more communities of practice and create the possibility of interaction and the re-negotiation of positions and practices [34]. In the space shared by two communities of practice, the participants can negotiate their position from a different perspective than when standing alone. The membership in a community provides them with a sense of competence and established practice that is not dependent on them individually but rather on a collective sense of how things should be done. This does not mean that the practices are fixed, but on the contrary, that collective experience frames an understanding and provides a starting point; a position from where it is possible to negotiate and alter practices if it is appropriate.

Over kitchen tables and on play mats in the Open Kindergartens, communities of parents and professionals overlapped. In the boundary communities, the participants negotiated knowledge and positions. People that would not normally interact connected in the Open Kindergartens. In these boundary communities, parenting practices were negotiated through a collaborative learning process [20] where everyone brought relevant competence to the table. In such conversations, the experience was highly valued and both professionals and parents shared their own stories. Instead of positioning themselves as experts, the professionals exposed aspects of their own experience, revealed shortcomings, and identified strong points.

If we understand both the group of parents and the set of professionals in the Open Kindergartens as communities of practice then both communities are created around the participant's common competence and their commitment to negotiate what it means to be competent. By defining them as communities, we can also describe their boundaries and where the communities overlap. Through the conversations about everyday life, as parents and professionals, the two fields of competence overlapped. The actors shared a common interest in how parenting was practiced and through conversations mapped alternative strategies to meet the identified challenges. Professional competence and the competence produced by experience met in these boundary communities and provided the parents with the opportunity to renegotiate the ways that they thought about parenting. In the boundary communities, cultural practices and different ways of practicing parenting were presented and negotiated in a way that enabled the participants to renegotiate marginalized positions [34] and to create new ways of perceiving themselves and each other. The boundary communities validated both existing practices and acknowledged their expertise, making parents more confident, but also provided opportunities for reflection and the development of new thinking and new ways to enact parenting.


**4. Conclusion**

From this study on optimization of alkaline delignification and enzyme hydrolysis on steam exploded oil palm trunk followed by yeast fermentation to produce ethanol, an encouraging results were obtained. We concluded that delignification of steam explode pulp with NaOH was more influenced than delignification with KOH on term of less alkaline concentration consuming and lower reaction temperature. The comparison enzyme hydrolysis condition for both delignified pulp showed that NaOH delignified pulp gave higher the percentage of glucose yield than KOH delignified pulp. After optimizing the both delignification (NaOH and KOH) and both enzyme hydrolysis parameter by RSM, the highest ethanol yield of 65% were obtained from both fermentations with 50 g/l of glucose raw material.

The empirical quadratic models successfully predicted the percentage of glucose in pulp after delignification and the percentage of glucose in hydrolyzed solution after enzyme hydrolysis and they used in the development of better estimation tools. In addition, response surface plot in three-dimension obtained from the empirical quadratic models can show the interaction effect of two variables on the studied response and the optimum values of the selected variables are obtained from response surface plot, too.


**4. Food traceability and dynamic pricing**

#### **4.1 Inadequacies of existing traceability technologies**

Traceability and real time analysis of food products that can help minimize waste will require new tools for quality assurance, authentication and digital supply chain management that can track products from harvest to market. Such tools must be objective, verifiable, provide data on quality, provenance, and freshness, and easy to incorporate at multiple nodes in the supply chain. Current technologies are inadequate to address most of these challenges and address only some components of the most difficult problems.

State of the art seafood traceability platforms provide tools for establishing chain of custody but lack dynamic pricing features or the verifiable and trusted freshness and authenticity data. These current platforms rely on estimates of shelf life based on catch date and storage conditions. These inputs are insufficiently verifiable and quantifiable for digital tools based on them to be broadly trusted and accepted for dynamic pricing, and they do not address authentication and quality metrics or capabilities at all.

As of 2021, dynamic pricing software solutions also lack higher quality verifiable and trusted freshness and authenticity data and are primarily designed for final retail discounting, often integrated only into broader retailer systems. This makes them less effective for application to upstream supply chain node tasks and adding value for each node in the supply chain.

Products for quantitative measurement of fish freshness rely primarily on destructive laboratory-based methods that are not capable of accurate spot checks of individual fish or fish portions or cannot be realistically and easily repeated at low cost at multiple points along the supply chain. Tools are available that measure tissue conductivity through fish skin, primarily to assess moisture, but they are not designed to address broader nutrient content, species, and traceability.

#### **4.2 SafetySpect's quality, adulteration, and traceability (QAT) technology**

One approach to addressing the problem of traceability and rapid detection of spoilage is SafetySpect's newly developed handheld QAT scanner that optically detects previously established chemical signatures of seafood freshness, quality, and species ID. This device integrates several types of spectroscopic data through its fusion-AI algorithm into simple, human readable reports. The handheld scanner will enable spot-checks of quality, species ID, and freshness all along the supply chain. Integration with a mobile device and app can couple the QAT output to blockchain-enabled, cloud-based, supply chain management platforms for tracking product quality, freshness, and species ID from harvest to market. When integrated with a digital platform using blockchain and dynamic pricing technology, these tools will support the modernization of the global fishing and seafood processing industries, supply chains and retail outlets, as well as provide accurate information to consumers about the sustainability, freshness, and quality of their seafood purchases. Specially designed apps can also integrate smallholder producers in developing economies into the broader, emerging digital supply chain platforms in these markets.

By providing trusted product and pricing data at any node of the supply chain, QAT fundamentally changes the business models of seafood processors, wholesalers and retailers, making it practical to (a) identify mislabeled product, and (b) dynamically price perishable seafood at multiple purchase decision points – beyond traditional final-discounting by retailers. The quantitative underlying data provides high confidence and additional visibility and trust in the freshness of such a highly perishable good, and makes intelligent pricing based on quality/freshness practical at all nodes along the supply chain before final retail sale.

With this capability, QAT will spur innovation in the execution of seafood supply chains by providing accountability at each node for maintaining quality. This will drive improvements in purchase decision making, traceability, authentication, and inventory planning. Retailers can use dynamic pricing in both their purchase and final sale decision making. Given the high proportion of seafood sales attributable to the largest retailers in both developed and developing markets, retailers can have significant economic incentive to adopt such technologies, and the power to encourage its adoption by upstream suppliers.

Technologies like SafetySpect QAT will have four major impacts on the global seafood industry: (1) Reduce waste by tracking fish freshness, thus enabling vastly improved freshness-based dynamic pricing tools at multiple supply chain nodes; (2) Increased visibility and trusted information; (3) Increased value of seafood across markets and positive impact on public health by providing assurance of quality, species, and freshness; (4) Positive impact on a number of sustainability goals including better management of at-risk wild fisheries, combatting illegal poaching of fish and wild animal species, improving food security, and providing better economic engagement and access for marginalized smallholder producers to broader digital supply chain systems and platforms, reducing resource consumption and combatting climate change.


**3. Experimentation Setup**

Two buildings with a continental Mediterranean climate were selected for testing. These buildings have a lighting and air conditioning control system, as well as an energy monitoring system to provide a balance between the comfort of the occupants and the consumption of electrical energy. The first building corresponds to the Faculty of Science of the University of Valladolid located at coordinates 41.663411◦, −4.705539◦, which is dedicated to administrative offices, while the second building corresponds to the Faculty of Economics located at coordinates 41.658586◦, −4.710667◦, which is dedicated to teaching activities. These buildings were selected due to their different behavior in electricity consumption during the selected years. In case of Building 1, it has had changes in consumption only in specific periods, while Building 2 has had a decrease in energy consumption gradually each year because energy efficiency improvements were made, and solar panels were integrated into the building (see Figure 4). The energy source used for Building 1 comes from the electrical grid, while for Building 2, the energy source comes from the electrical grid and photovoltaic panels.

**Figure 4.** (**a**) View of Building 1. (**b**) Hourly electricity consumption for Building 1. (**c**) View of Building 2. (**d**) Hourly electricity consumption for Building 2.

The records of the electrical consumption that were used to test the proposed method were from 2016 to 2019. For the training stage, the years 2016 to 2018 were used, while for the test stage the year 2019 was used. To evaluate the learning algorithms with the DDM, two Python scripts were developed, one for the decision tree algorithms and the other for the deep learning algorithms. Two functions were created in the scripts, the first for updating the algorithms with a passive method and the second for updating with the active methods. In the passive method, the algorithms were retrained every 24 h over a period of one year, while in the active methods, the algorithms were retrained every time a change in the data distribution was detected for the same period. It should be noted that to apply the ADWIN and KSWIN methods to the models, the scikit-multiflow library was used.

For this study, the active methods take the first three years of the dataset as a reference and compare it with the new data. If a change is detected, the model is retrained. The way the model is retrained depends on the type. For decision trees, the model is built from scratch while for deep learning, transfer learning was used, to reduce training time. The transfer learning was carried out by freezing the layers except for the last two, which were updated every time the detection method indicated that it was required to retrain the model.


**IQoro as a possible treatment**

In 2018, Natalie attended the Association of Speech and Language Therapists in Independent Practice (ASLTIP) conference in London and came across IQoro neuromuscular training device that exercises and strengthens the muscles needed for feeding and swallowing by activating the nervous system to and from the brain. The manufacturers suggest that while traditional oral-motor therapy can target.

The musculature that can be voluntarily trained to improve muscle strength, tonicity, and coordination, it does not target the two-thirds of the swallowing

process that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. IQoro claimed to trigger the sensory-motoric reflex arc which enables messages to be sent to musculature beyond the reach of voluntary control. The sensory-motoric reflex arc [5, 25], (**Figure 14**) effectively has a "leveraging" effect on direct muscular training and can improve the entire swallowing process.

IQoro could point to an impressive amount of research that had been conducted on adults with acquired swallowing difficulties, but no evidence to support its use with children. The question that interested Natalie was: "*Does IQoro improve saliva control in CYP with CP*?" Over a 20-week period, she collected ground-breaking practice-based evidence to answer this question.

#### **Study method and design**

The programme used a case series design: 10 participants aged between 6 and 22 years old all had a primary diagnosis of CP. A single case study design was applied to each individual and in addition to individual outcomes, inferences were drawn from the collective data.

Several measures were taken to establish baselines, and these were compared to the measurements taken after the treatment phase.

She and her team used a mixed-method strategy, producing quantitative data regarding oral motor and swallowing ability as well as collecting qualitative data about how the patients/carers / MDT members perceived the value of the tool.


*<IP_ADDRESS>. Activated carbon*

Cyanide packed‐bed systems can be used to adsorbed cyanide in dilute solutions [30, 66, 67]. Activated carbon has a relatively high affinity for many metal‐cyanide complexes, including the soluble cyanide complexes of copper, iron, nickel and zinc [41, 68, 69]. Cyanide is adsorbed at various sites through chelation, ion exchange, solvation and coulombic interactions. This adsorption technique suffers a major drawback of being technically complex and expensive regeneration of activated carbon [70].


**5.1 Mucus rheological properties**

Mucus rheology plays a critical role in maintaining respiratory health. Mucins are large, highly glycosylated proteins. The polyanionic nature of mucin stems primarily from sialic acid, sulfate, and carboxyl groups present in these linked oligosaccharides. Beside physical entanglement, cationic calcium ions can act as crosslinkers that condense the mucin matrices inside mucin granules before exocytosis. Upon release, phase transition mainly driven by the Donnan effect triggers the massive decondensation of mucin networks. Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions have also been proposed to contribute to the gel properties of mucin The gel characteristics and rheological properties of mucin are critical for the maintainance the integrity of epithelia by trapping bacteria and viruses and for mucociliary clearance (Bansil & Stanley, 1995; Verdugo, 1990).

Mucus is mainly composed of large and heavily glycosylated glycoproteins called mucins. The gel-forming mucins rapidly hydrate after exocytosis and, due to their tangle network properties, anneal with other mucins to form a protective barrier at the airway-surface liquid layer. The mucin gel layer lines the epithelial surface of various organs such as the vaginal tract, eyes, gastric wall and pulmonary lumen. Mucus in the airway of lungs serves as an innate immune defense against inhaled particulates, bacteria and viruses. Maintenance of the airway protection mechanism stems from the delicate balance between normal mucus production, transport and clearance. The mucin polymer network of mucus has a characteristic tangled topology. Since the rheological properties of mucus are governed mainly by the tangle density of mucin polymers, which decreases with the square of the volume of the mucin matrix, the mucin network hydration (degree of swelling) is the most critical factor in determining the rheological properties of mucus. The diffusivity of mucin matrices, which is closely related to mucin viscosity, can be calculated from polymer swelling kinetics. Based on the polymer network theory, polymer diffusivity is inversely proportional to its viscosity (Lodge, 1999). Thus, lower rate of mucin diffusivity is associated with higher viscosity, less dispersed and less transportable mucins that appear to characterize the clinical symptoms of thick mucus accumulation and obstruction commonly found in asthma, COPD and CF 44. (Rogers, 2007).

The clinical manifestation of major respiratory diseases (Rogers & Barnes, 2006; Quinton, 2008) are related to thick mucus.

The relationship between mucin dehydration and defective mucus clearance has been well established (Mall et al., 2004). As a result, the poorly hydrated, highly viscous and less transportable mucus appears to accumulate within airway passages (Randell et al., 2006). Obstruction of airway lumen with viscous mucus is usually accompanied by chronic bacterial infection, inflammation and impaired mucociliary transport.


On the Path to Developing a High-Quality Inclusive Preschool System in the Irish Context: Outcomes from a Systemic Focus on Structural and Process Quality Dimensions

*Lisha O'Sullivan and Emer Ring*