**12. Management of motor neuron disease (MND)**

#### **12.1 Investigations**

There are no specific investigations for MND. Till now there are no specific biochemical or pathological markers of MND. The aim of Elctrophysiological, Imaging and laboratory investigations is to exclude MND mimics and/ or to support clinical signs presented by the patients.

Allum and Shaw (2010) clarified that investigations are important adjuncts to the clinical diagnosis of MND. Properly used they can provide supportive evidence of the clinical findings and help delineate the extent of disease. Investigations are also important to identify benign or treatable MND mimics.

#### **12.2 Treatment plan of motor neuron disease**

Although MND is still incurable disease up till now, in the last two decades MND management has evolved rapidly. Symptomatic treatment of MND still had the upper hand of management plan, especially for respiratory and bulbar complications. A team of work including neurologist, highly qualified nurses, ICU specialist in respiratory complications, psychologist, dietition, physiotherapy and speech therapist must be involved for management plan and follow up of MND patients, table (5).

Thus treatment strategy of MND was aimed towards;

Motor Neuron Disease 213

management, initation of respiratory and nutritional interventions, unbiased information regarding research

practical advice regarding accessing support services, patient

safety awareness, adaptive and splinting devices, activity modification, driving, energy conservation, home modification

management of dysphagia, management of enteral feeding

Evaluation and management of cognitive impairment/dementia,

Evaluation and monitoring of dysphagia and aspiration, speech therapy and counseling regarding communication devices

**Neurologist** Diagnosis, disclosure of diagnosis, treatment and symptom

**Family Doctor** Symptom control, drug monitoring, liaison with other teams **ALS Specialist Nurse** Liaison with medical team and coordination of care, home visits,

**Occupational Therapist** Optimization of the patient's environment. Advice regarding

**Dietitian/Nutritionist** Evaluation of nutritional status and the need for tube feeding,

**Physiotherapist** Evaluation of muscle strength and function, advice regarding

life, preservation of dignity

walking aids and orthoses, safety awareness **Social Worker** Advice and control, pain management, maintenance of quality of

adjustment disorders, anxiety and depression **Respiratory Physician** Assessment of respiratory dysfunction, initiation of non-invasive

Riluzole (2-amino-6-(trifluoromethoxy) benzothiazole, RP 54274) is the only drug licensed to treat ALS. Although the drug reduces glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, its précis mechanism in ALS is unknown. A Cochrane Library meta-analysis (including three doubleblind randomized placebo controlled trials by (Miller, 2002) suggests that riluzole provides a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year and adds approximately 2 months to

Ability to interfere with intracellular events that follow transmitter binding at excitatory

developments

advocacy

ventilation

Table 6. Roles of the multidisciplinary team\* with permission

**Riluzole, exerts the following pharmacologic effects:**

Inactivation of Voltage – dependent sodium channels.

amino acid receptor (Riluzole monograph 2011).

An inhibitory effect on glutamate release.

**Speech & Language**

**Therapist**

**Psychiatry and Neuropsychology**

\* (phukan and Hardiman, 2009)

1. pharmacological 2. symptomatic and

patient survival.

**12.3 Different types of treatment**

3. treatment of complications

**12.3.1 Pharmacological treatment**

Table 5. Investigatory Tools for MND

 Active denervation (positive sharp waves, fibrillation potentials, Fasciculation

evidenced by large motor unit potentials (Allum and Shaw

Abnormal Jitter and blocking of neuromuscular trans -mission (Leig Ray – chaudhuri 1994)

 Normal in early stages of ALS. In advanced disease the

> compound muscle action potential amplitude

 Abnormal SCV should raise suspicion of an alternative diagnosis (Eisen. 2001)

Typically normal

According to diagnosed neurological disorders

Normal

Normal

becomes reduced, indicating denervation (Daube. 2000)

Potentials)

2010)

Chronic denervation

help in diagnosis of ALS by establishing the Presence of

involvement (Eisen and

Reflect early reinnervation and collateral sprouting and may provide evidence of A.H.C. damage in normal muscles (Leigh Ray

subclinical LMN

– chaudhuri 1994)

mimic ALS

demyelinating

compression

2009)

neuropathies (Eisen. 2001)

To exclude cord and root

To exclude infiltrative lesion of tongue and pharynx (Turner, et al,

To exclude MND minics as

Swash. 2001)

**Types of investigatory Tools Aim Findings**

Electromyography Identification of LMN loss

**Motor conduction Velocity** To exclude disorders that

**Sensory conduction velocity** Differentiating ALS From

**I- Electrophysiology**

 Single fibre EMG, macro EMG and central motor conduction using magnatic stimulation

**Nerve conduction studies**

 MRI spine for Limb onset ALS without bulbar manifestation

> presented by bulbar manifestation

 Routine investigations (complete blood count, liver, kidney and thyroid function tests, Blood sugar curve electrolyte, calcium,

Table 5. Investigatory Tools for MND

MRI brain for ALS

**III- laboratory investigations**

CK----- etc

**II-Imaging**

\* (phukan and Hardiman, 2009)

Table 6. Roles of the multidisciplinary team\* with permission

#### **12.3 Different types of treatment**

#### **12.3.1 Pharmacological treatment**

Riluzole (2-amino-6-(trifluoromethoxy) benzothiazole, RP 54274) is the only drug licensed to treat ALS. Although the drug reduces glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, its précis mechanism in ALS is unknown. A Cochrane Library meta-analysis (including three doubleblind randomized placebo controlled trials by (Miller, 2002) suggests that riluzole provides a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year and adds approximately 2 months to patient survival.

#### **Riluzole, exerts the following pharmacologic effects:**

Motor Neuron Disease 215

Tricyclic antidepressant Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (Iannaccone and Ferini, 1996) Levodopa Dextrometorphan and quinidien (Brooks, et al, 2004)

Lorazepam Reassurance

Comfort (seating, sleeping, day and night care)

Speaking techniques (Murphy, 2004) Voice amplifiers Brain-computer interfaces (Kübler et

Hydration Increased

Comfort, analgesia

Psychological support, counseling

al 2001)

Modafinil (Bradly et

al, 2005)

Amitriptyline Citalopram Psychological support

fiber intake

counseling

Baclofen

drugs - Opioids

Lactulose Senna

Amitriptyline Zolpidem

Table 7. Symptomatic treatment of Motor Neuron Disease. Modified From Radunovic et al

Corticospinal tract

damage (pseudobulbar syndrome)

sensitivity

stiffness

Pseudobulbar syndrome

**Laryngospasm** Pharyngeal

**Pain** Immobility,

**Constipation** Immobility;

**Depression** - Hopelessness;

**Insomnia** Discomfort, pain,

**Fatigue** - Muscle weakness

2007 and leigh et al 2003

opiates, Dehydration

frustration

depression; (consider respiratory insufficiency)

**Anxiety** Many Factors - Lorazepam

**Excessive or violent yawning**

**Emotional lability**

**Communication difficulties**

	- Elevation in liver transaminases. Regular monitoring of liver function is advised (every month for 3 months, every 3 months for a further nine months then annually thereafter).
	- Rare cases of neutropenia have been reported. White cell count must be checked in the case of febrile illness

**Contraindications-**Renal and hepatic impairment Pregnancy and breast-feeding (Brockington and Shaw, 2003)

#### **12.3.2 Symptomatic treatment**

**Side Effects** Nausea and vomiting, Asthenia, somnolence Headache, dizziness, and

 Elevation in liver transaminases. Regular monitoring of liver function is advised (every month for 3 months, every 3 months for a further nine months then annually

Rare cases of neutropenia have been reported. White cell count must be checked in

Carbamazepine Phenytion Magnesium (Miller, et al, 1999;

Physiotherapy Physical exercise

Hydrotherapy (Miller, et al, 1999; Andersen,

Physiotherapy (Millul

Home suction device

(Andersen, et al, 2005)

botulinum toxin into parotid glands (Giess

Home suction device hydrobromide (Miller, et al,

1999/Andersen, et al, 2005) Reduced intake of diary products, alcohol, and caffeine.

Massage

et al, 2005)

et al, 2005) Hydrotherapy Cryotherapy

Nebulisation

injections of

et al, 2000/ Winterholler et al, 2001) irradiation of the salivary glands (Iannaccone et al, 1996; Stalpers and Moser, 2002)

Andersen, et al, 2005)

Baclofen Tizanidine

Restivo et al, 2002)

Bulbar weakness Atropine Hyoscine

2001)

1996)

Dantrolene Botulinum toxin type A (Wnterholler et al,2002 ;

hydrobromide (Miller, et al, 1999; Andersen, et al, 2005) Amitriptyline (Bradley et al,

Carbocisteine Propranolol Metoprolol (Newall, et al,

**Contraindications-**Renal and hepatic impairment Pregnancy and breast-feeding

**Symptom Cause Drugs Other treatment**

**Dosage** 50mg twice daily

Serious Adverse Effects

thereafter).

(Brockington and Shaw, 2003)

**12.3.2 Symptomatic treatment**

**Cramps** Changes in motor

**Spasticity** Corticospinal tract damage

**Exessive watery**

**Persistent saliva and bronchial secretions**

**Saliva**

function

the case of febrile illness

vertigo

Table 7. Symptomatic treatment of Motor Neuron Disease. Modified From Radunovic et al 2007 and leigh et al 2003

Motor Neuron Disease 217

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**14. References**


**Author details**

Moses Z. Sithole\* and Isaac A. Agholor Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Delineation and Dimension of Deforestation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98290*


*Article* **Integrated Geophysical Prediction of Goaf and Water Accumulation in Pingshuo Dong Open-Cut Mine with Ultrashallow and High Drops**

**Sheng Zhang 1,2,\*, Wenyuan Guan 1, Suoliang Chang 1, Qinggang Meng 3, Yinping Dong 4 and Qiang Chen 1**

**Abstract:** To address safety problems caused by goaf and water accumulation in open-pit mines, the shallow three-dimensional seismic method and transient electromagnetic method were integrated and applied to detect the mining goaf distribution scope and the water accumulation conditions. In view of the special topographic conditions of an ultrashallow layer and high drop in an open-pit mine, we proposed utilizing bin homogenization and multidomain joint denoising to improve the reliability of seismic data. By using seismic-sensitive attributes to predict the goaf, the transient electromagnetic method was employed to further predict the water accumulation in the goaf. The results show that the shallow seismic method could clearly reflect the reflected-wave variation features of the goaf. The features of a junction between a normal seam and goaf vary obviously, and the prediction effect of the goaf boundary with high resolution is in line with the actual situation. Furthermore, taking the goaf scope prediction with the shallow three-dimensional seismic method as a base, targeted transient electromagnetic detection was deployed, with a detailed analysis of the survey-line repeated areas of the shallow seismic and transient electromagnetic methods. Making full use of the advantages of the shallow seismic and transient electromagnetic methods, we propose a reasonable data interpretation method in combination with the special topographic conditions of open-pit mines, which greatly improves the prediction effect of goaf and water accumulation conditions.

**Keywords:** integrated geophysical prospecting; goaf prediction; water accumulation; open-cut mine


**7. Proof-of-concept**

To demonstrate the functionality of the Swarm Broker implementation, we have developed a use case applying the Swarm to a surveillance application, specifically the scenario described in the introduction of this article. To implement the scenario, we use the following services, also shown in **Figure 4**:

*Swarm Computing: The Emergence of a Collective Artificial Intelligence at the Edge… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110907*

**Figure 4.**

*Finding Penny implementation using the Swarm.*

It is important to highlight that, Since the Swarm uses a service-oriented approach, the physical location of devices is not important, except for limiting the scope of the interactions. In our implementation, each service is implemented in a different device to exercise the decentralization principle of the Swarm. Thus, each device has exactly one application service, and one Swarm Broker, that supports the service interactions. The communication flow of this example is described below:


*2.5. Classification*

Accurate classification of gait patterns is the ultimate goal of the user intent recognition (UIR) system. For this purpose, we assess various well-known linear and nonlinear classification techniques, including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifiers.

LDA and QDA classifiers do not require time-consuming iterations for training. In fact, the parameters of these classifiers are directly obtained from the training data. Although these classifiers are fast in terms of training, they are not as flexible as nonlinear classifiers such as SVM, DT, and MLP. These classifiers solve an optimization problem that minimize the classification error. In most cases, it is difficult to find optimization solutions in closed form, so we use either gradient-based optimization algorithms such as steepest descent, or evolutionary algorithms (EAs).

We use one-against-one approach to implement multi-class SVM, and we also evaluate the performance of different kernels, such as linear and RBF. We tune the parameters of the SVM kernels to achieve the best classification performance. To increase the accuracy of the MLP network, we perform a grid search of the number of hidden nodes *p* from the set {3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20}, and we measure the mean classification error using five-fold cross validation (CV). Then, we choose *p* to obtain a trade-off between classification accuracy and classifier complexity. An MLP with small *p* may not result in the desired accuracy, but an MLP with large *p* may tend to memorize the noise in the training set and lead to overfitting and poor generalization. In addition, we use Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to statistically compare the classification methods.


**1. Introduction**

256 Sociological Landscape – Theories, Realities and Trends

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Perhaps labour relations and social movements are today – more than ever before – two fields of decisive importance in contemporary sociology. In spite of being issues that can be treated autonomously, in a context of intense and ever-worsening austerity measures in many societies it makes sense, in fact, to think of them as interconnected. Besides, it is difficult to talk of a global crisis in capitalism, of an unemployment crisis, of a crisis in models of collective bargaining, and so on, without talking of the response strategies of society's citizens. So, for this purpose, we need to consider the "old" trade union organisations as well as the "new" ones, and to pay attention to the social networks which are emerging worldwide in the struggle for the right to employment and a dignified future. New groups, languages, proposals and rebels are emerging and, in many countries of the West, the overall society seems to be moving and asking for new agendas and political repertoires. The panorama of a deep economic crisis which in the last few decades has hit Europe and its Welfare state in particular has had an unprecedented impact on employment and social policies. The neoliberal model and the effects of deregulated and global finance not only question the "European social model" but push sectors of the labour force – with the youngest and well-qualified being prominent – into unemployment or precarious jobs.

This text aims to point out the main trends that have taken place in the labour field whilst simultaneously trying to understand what type of responses or ways ahead can be considered, namely of a socio-occupational nature, using the social movements as a starting point. The first part of the chapter centres on the transforming trends and processes associated with the labour market, the types of work and models of organisation of production. In the second part we focus on the most recent waves of protests and social movements, making reference to the experience and new forms of collective action. Our aim is to show the sociological and potential socio-political significance of these actions, particularly as a result of the interconnections that such movements express, both in the sphere of the workplace and industrial system or whether with broader social structures, with special emphasis on the middle classes and the threats of 'proletarianization' that presently hang over them.

Our argument is therefore the following: labour relations of our time are crossed by precariousness and by a new and growing "precariat" which also gave rise to new social movements and new forms of activism and protest. Thus labour relations and social

Labour Relations and Social Movements in the 21st Century 259

As an activity conceived of by man, based on the production of material goods, the provision of services or on the exercise of functions with a view to obtaining results that have social utility and economic value (Freire, 1998: 27), work naturally involves different types of meanings associated with different types of relations: with nature, with production (of goods and merchandise for consumption), with services (provision of services between people), with the idea of transaction (exchange of material goods), with the notion of creation (work is invention and discovery), with spaces/institutions (organisations), etc. On the other hand, labour can also be distinguished from work. For Guy Standing, whilst labour "is about maximizing efficiency and competitiveness" and some of its characteristics are stress, burnout and the loss of control over time, "work captures the activities of necessity, surviving and reproducing, *and* personal development". From this perspective, "in performing work a person has agency, a sense of self-determination" (Standing, 2009: 7). The transformations of the world of work throughout the 20th Century, particularly in Europe, evidence a process of profound social change that calls into question the centrality of labour, and has brought about a new political lexicon: globalization, decentralization, flexibilization (Antunes, 1997; Costa, 2008). In the wake of the Second World War, the dominant model of labour relations, especially in the north of Europe, was based on trade unions and strong and centralised employers' associations that coordinated their performance capacity with that of the governments. The triumph of this model is inseparable from the role of the state because it meant changing from a competitive and purely commercial labour relation to a legally regulated model, giving rise to the idea that: "the guarantee of employment and the notion of employment – the indefinite contract – and social protection led to the so-called social citizenship in post-war Western Europe" (Oliveira and Carvalho, 2010: 27; Costa, 2008: 23-38). In this "golden age", trade union movement acquired notable recognition and became an integral part of the national processes for the promotion of well-being, and, in truth, saw its status move from that of "movement" to one of social "partner". In addition, norms of labour citizenship were defined in the place of work, and governments developed macroeconomic policies that were favourable to full employment (Ross and Martin, 1999a:7). Fordism was confirmed, therefore, as a dominant wage relation model, based on three levels: firstly, as a general principle of work organisation (or *industrial paradigm*), it was an extension of Taylorism through mechanisation and mass consumption; secondly, as a macroeconomic structure (or *regime of accumulation*), it implied that the productivity profits resulting from its organisational principles benefited from the growth of investment financed by the profits, and the growth of the purchasing power of the wage-earning workers; thirdly, as a *form of regulation*, Fordism implied long-term contracting of the wage relation, with strict limitations in relation to dismissals, as well as a programme of growth in salaries indexed to inflation and productivity (Lipietz, 1992; 1996). To these three aspects, Bob Jessop adds a fourth that sees Fordism as a pattern of institutional integration and social cohesion, and considers "the consumption of standardized mass commodities in nuclear family households and the provision of standardized collective goods and services by the

With the oil crisis in the 1970s there began a gradual decline in working conditions and an increase in unemployment that steadily worsened the state fiscal crises. At the same time the

**3. Labour metamorphoses: Fordism and its decline**

bureaucratic state " (Jessop, 1994: 254).

movements (the title of our article) have been pushed toward new ways and new discourses. In fact, the new socio-labour movements are movements of society, of a younger generation (largely of qualified young people connected to the university system) legitimately protesting against the lack of career opportunities, against the lack of jobs, against the irrationalities of nowadays economic austerity policies. The rapprochement between cultural criticism and social criticism ("critique artistique" vis-àvis "la critique social", quoting Boltanski and Chiapello, 2001) is therefore a logical consequence of contemporary voices and forms of protest.


*4.5. FSP Model*

An existing 3D model of the LED growth chamber [54] in the modelling platform GroIMP [55] was used. The virtual LED chamber can be adjusted in its dimensions and the placement of the LED modules and proved to simulate the spectral light distribution with a high accuracy [54]. The single LED types are defined by their spectral and physical light distribution and total emitted power. Then, individual LEDs can be placed according to their position within the LED module. The simulations of the spectral light distribution were performed with the integrated spectral Monte-Carlo ray tracer GPUFlux [56] set to a spectral resolution of 5 nm within the 400–800 nm range. The optical properties (reflection, absorption and transmittance) of the sidewalls were zero transmission and an absorption of 0.02 within the 400–600 and 700–800 range and 0.04 within the 600–700 range.

The optical properties of the chamber were not changed from the setting in the original model [54] as the side wall material was the same. The optical properties of the soybean leaf and the substrate were set in a 5 nm resolution according to measurements from a typical soybean leaf ([57], Supplementary Materials, Figure S3) and peat [58]. The adjustments of the original model of the virtual LED chamber were location and intensity of the individual LEDs and the location of the LED modules. The intensity of the virtual LEDs were parameterized to emit the same intensity of red and blue light at 80 cm distance

as in the experimental treatments (Supplementary Materials, Figure S4) using virtual sensors [54]. The virtual LEDs were set to emit 25 million rays with a maximum of 50 reflections, ensuring that all rays were absorbed by an object or reflected outside of the virtual chamber before reaching the maximum number of reflections.

Within the virtual LED chamber, an FSP model of soybean was constructed based on the generic model FSPM-P [27]. Internodes and petioles of the virtual plants were constructed as simple cylinder objects, while the shape of the leaf lamina was triangulated, based on a picture of a soybean leaflet and was composed of 42 triangles (Supplementary Materials, Figure S5).

Each leaflet was constructed from two half leaflets enabling unfolding of the leaflet from the midrib according to measurements (Supplementary Materials, Figure S5A,B). Simultaneously with the unfolding of the two leaflet halves, the leaflet moved from a vertical position with the leaflet tip pointing upwards towards a final inclination according to the measurements from leaflet base to tip and rotation around the midrib according to measurements from one side of the leaflet to the other (Supplementary Materials, Table S2; Figure S5C). The leaflet unfolded with 0.7◦ /hour.

The virtual plants grew according to the found growth parameters of the beta-function to simulate the plant structure according to the experimental observations. Additional inputs taken from the experiment were final organ length, petiole angles and length to diameter ratio of internodes for each treatment and ratio between length of side leaflets and center leaflet of the trifoliate leaf, leaflet length to leaflet area ratio and length to diameter ratio of petioles as an average of all treatments (Supplementary Materials, Table S2).

According to the experimental design, twelve virtual plants were simulated at the beginning, and then during the simulation two of them were randomly chosen within the two blocks to be taken out of the virtual scene on day 9, 13, 16, and 20, respectively.