**Cardiac Surgery**

**Chapter 9**

**The Basis of Management of Congenital Heart Disease**

By the 3rd week of development the heart has developed from the cardiogenic region, a horseshoe-shaped structure, at the cranial end of the embryo, when it is about the size of a raisin. By day 21 the primitive heart tube has moved below the head region and by day 22 it fuses and moves into the future thoracic cavity and it is from this time that it begins to beat. The tube now starts to bend and twist and over the next 8 days, various chamber of the heart begin to develop and by the end of 2 months it bears a superficial resemblance to the fetal

The tube is anchored at one end by the arterial trunks and at the other end, by the various venous channels draining into it. Being fixed at both ends, the cardiac tube grows rapidly in length and begins to twist and bend. The embryonic ventricle is bent in to a loop to the right of the midline and the ventricle grows rapidly to cover the atrium and the great veins (figure 1). The sacculations projecting laterally will become the right atrium and the left atrium. The future left ventricle lies to the left of interventricular groove and the right ventricle or the bulboconus region communicates with the truncus arteriosus. A four chambered structure is formed from this convoluted tube by development of 3 septa which partitions the atria,

The septae develop simultaneously at about the same time between the 28 to 42nd day. The atria and ventricle are separated by a deep groove, the atrio-ventricular groove which appears like an invagination from inside.This forms the atrio-ventricular canal, which becomes divided

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Krishnan Ganapathy Subramaniam and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**1.1. Cardiac embryology — The development of the heart**

*1.1.1. Early heart development and the folding of the primitive tube*

Neville Solomon

**1. Introduction**

heart. [1]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53654

ventricle and the truncus arteriosus. [2]

properly cited.


**Appendix A**

**Table A1.** Fifty-eight statements about national goals in six domains and their corresponding sustainable development (SD) criteria.

**Table A1.** *Cont.*

### **Table A1.** *Cont.*


**5. Conclusions**

Recently proposed techniques can detect one single induction motor fault with an adequate certainty; however, most of them rely on the combination of complex mathematical operations that require specific hardware and software for their implementation. Furthermore, they involve the monitoring and processing of different signals as electric current supply and multi-axis vibration signals to obtain time, frequency, and even time– frequency features that allow them to attain high certainty on the induction motor diagnosis. Therefore, in this work, a straightforward technique for multiple IM fault detection, which just requires the computation of homogeneity and kurtosis from a single phase of the supplied electrical current signal during the SCIM startup transient, was introduced. The obtained results from experimental studies demonstrated that the proposed methodology provides highly reliable results on detecting and classifying distinct induction motor faults by computing the homogeneity and kurtosis on the time domain, allowing the identification of five different operational conditions, a motor in healthy state (HLT), a motor with one broken bar (1BRB), a motor with two broken rotor bars (2BRB), a motor with outer-race damage on its bearing (BRN), and a motor with an unbalanced mechanical load (UNB), with remarkable certainty. A thorough comparison against the state of the art in the subject of induction motor fault detection showed that the proposed method outperformed previous approaches in the reviewed literature, which usually just detect one single type of fault, by implementing a low-cost computational technique suitable for online applications.

Future work will focus on assessing the proposed technique for multiple IM fault detection under different scenarios. It will contemplate incorporating additional faulty conditions and signal examination techniques to recover other signal characteristics, as well as assessing distinct kinds of classifications to carry out the fault identification and sorting with high precision.

**Author Contributions:** A.L.M.-H. and E.R.F.-A. performed the methodology implementation and helped during experimentation for data acquisition. L.M.L.-C. helped during data analysis and result interpretation. R.I.M.-C. helped during the manuscript writing—review and editing. M.L.-R. helped during experimentation and data acquisition. E.C.-Y. supervised the project and the experimentation implementation, assessed the obtained results, and helped in the document preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported in part by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT), Mexico, under Grants 443689 and 710888, and in part by DAIP—U. de Gto. under the Convocatoria Institucional de Inves-tigacion Cientifica 2022.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


*5.2. Energy Reserve Marketplace*

Again, as indicated in the previous subsection, the market time unit is assumed to be 15 min—that is, VRE producers submit bids for periods of 15 min. Specifically, WPPs offer their energy (MWh) at a near-zero price—that is, bids involve energy, instead of power—and the other market participants typically submit bids at higher prices. All bids are ranked with increasing price (merit-order). The transmission system operator, a non-commercial organization, independent of commercial players, constitutes the demand side. In case this agent is procuring up regulation, the up-regulation bids with lowest prices are activated until the procured quantity is reached. The price of the last up-regulated quantity sets the up-regulation price. The bids with prices below the up-regulation price have a profit, equal to the difference between the final regulation price and the offered price. A similar procedure is used to find the down-regulation price. Players are allowed to submit bids till 15 min prior to real-time operation. They are remunerated by the market-clearing price (tertiary reserve price). Table 3 presents some important features of this marketplace.

**Table 3.** Important features of the energy reserve marketplace.

Overall, VRE producers submit their deviations (MWh) to this marketplace and inform TSOs of the magnitude of the errors, thus avoiding to some extent the payment of large penalties (but see Section 8). It is worth noting that to increase competition in the market VRE producers may submit bids including a higher price (i.e., a price higher than a near-zero price). Specifically, for up-regulation, the price may be equal to the price of the first ranked offer (minimal price). For down-regulation, the price could be defined in a similar way (i.e., the price of the first ranked offer, or maximal price).


**Conflict of interest**

I have no conflict of interest to declare and have followed ethical procedurtees in conducting this research.

**163**

**Author details**

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Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa

*Black Students' Rich Mathematical Experiences: Mathematics Concepts and Xhosa Cultural…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81039*

*Black Students' Rich Mathematical Experiences: Mathematics Concepts and Xhosa Cultural… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81039*


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**3. Comparison with mammography**

Most common methods used for cancer screening today is clinical examination, mammog‐ raphy and ultrasound. Among them, mammography is considered as a gold standard for breast cancer screening. It uses X‐rays to screen the breast region and digitizes the density difference in image format. Typically, cancerous tumor has high density compared to sur‐ rounding region and can be easily distinguished from other regions. Studies [5–7] show that it gives a sensitivity of 68% to 88% (or as low as 48% for extremely dense breasts) and specifici‐ ties ranging from 82% to 98%. In addition, it has the following disadvantages:

Thermography overcomes the above issues and enables more people to go for screening. It can work on women of all age groups. It is a non‐contact, non‐invasive modality with passive infrared measurement, which does not involve any radiation, hence a safe screening method. Since the thermal images can essentially be captured from a laptop connected to the thermal camera, it is also extremely privacy aware.

Among other modalities, clinical breast exam can detect tumors only once they are large enough to be palpable and result in many false positives. Effective use of sono‐mammography (ultra‐ sound) for cancer detection requires location of the lump. Hence, ultrasound is best used as a correlation modality. Once a lump is detected either through mammography or thermography or clinical breast examination, ultrasound will be very useful to reconfirm malignancy or not.