**5. Categories of enterprise CBIS**

The literature discusses several different categories of enterprise CBISs. An independent enterprise CBIS is typically a B2B online platform purposed by a third party, which is open to sellers in a specific industry. The B2B enterprise CBIS involves a wide range of communications between businesses, including sales as well as the purchase of services, business resources, IT, manufactured parts and mechanisms and capital equipment. In order to set up an efficient purchasing environment, an association of buyers may choose to run a buyer-oriented enterprise CBIS. If buyers are looking to purchase or participate in enterprise CBISs' activities, this type of enterprise CBIS can help lower administrative costs and assist them to obtain the best price from suppliers. A supplier-oriented enterprise CBIS is set up and operated by a number of suppliers who are seeking to create an efficient sales waterway via the Internet to a large number of buyers. A vertical enterprise CBIS provides online access/contact to businesses vertically up and down each segment of an industry sector, for example, automotive, chemical, textiles or construction. A horizontal enterprise CBIS is a set of assorted business and government entities assembled according to a universal need for selected goods and services. **Table 1** presents a summary of these categories of enterprise CBISs [10, 41, 44–62].

**Table 1.** Categories of enterprise CBISs.

are needed. Of major concern is the disclosing of credit card details. Another study found that the majority of online customers believed that current advancements in security features, including encryption and other techniques, are not sufficient to lower their security concerns [3, 9]. Furthermore, potential enterprise CBIS customers might be worried that vendors can gather sensitive information without their knowledge that could be used in the future to

Uncertainty regarding the reliability of enterprise CBISs was also found to be a disadvantage for customers. With a lack of human contact (such as feeling and touching the products being offered), reliability in this sense means the dependability of enterprise CBISs, where customers believe that information about the product being offered is accurate and precise. Gommans et al. [43] added that such uncertainties could prevent prospective enterprise CBIS customers from engaging in and transacting with the enterprise CBIS. Therefore, it is important to consider such concerns in order to gain customers' confidence and meet their

The literature discusses several different categories of enterprise CBISs. An independent enterprise CBIS is typically a B2B online platform purposed by a third party, which is open to sellers in a specific industry. The B2B enterprise CBIS involves a wide range of communications between businesses, including sales as well as the purchase of services, business resources, IT, manufactured parts and mechanisms and capital equipment. In order to set up an efficient purchasing environment, an association of buyers may choose to run a buyer-oriented enterprise CBIS. If buyers are looking to purchase or participate in enterprise CBISs' activities, this type of enterprise CBIS can help lower administrative costs and assist them to obtain the best price from suppliers. A supplier-oriented enterprise CBIS is set up and operated by a number of suppliers who are seeking to create an efficient sales waterway via the Internet to a large number of buyers. A vertical enterprise CBIS provides online access/contact to businesses vertically up and down each segment of an industry sector, for example, automotive, chemical, textiles or construction. A horizontal enterprise CBIS is a set of assorted business and government entities assembled according to a universal need for selected goods and services. **Table 1**

presents a summary of these categories of enterprise CBISs [10, 41, 44–62].

**Focus**

Nepal et al. (2011) Independent By registering on an independent enterprise CBIS, companies

industry.

Independent B2B transactions eliminate those involving homes, such as trade sales, inter customer exchange, and service.

Independent The authors categorized B2B enterprise CBISs according to their ownership arrangement and their industry focus.

can access top-secret requests for quotes or bids in the business

**enterprise CBIS**

cause discomfort and frustration.

84 Management of Information Systems

**5. Categories of enterprise CBIS**

**Authors Category of**

Laudon and Traver (2007), Lucking-Reiley and Spulber (2001)

Popovic (2002), Bakos and Bailey (1997), Yoo et al.

(2013)

expectations.

Due to the dynamic business environments, enterprise CBISs are not strictly categorized according to **Table 1**. For instance, hybrid enterprise CBISs that combines both the vertical enterprise CBISs and horizontal enterprise CBISs can add further value to businesses.


**The Intricate Relationship between Diabetes, Diet and the Gut Microbiota the Gut Microbiota**

**The Intricate Relationship between Diabetes, Diet and**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70602

Gratiela G. Pircalabioru, Ariana Picu, Laura Petcu, Marcela Popa and Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc Laura Petcu, Marcela Popa and Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70602

Gratiela G. Pircalabioru, Ariana Picu,

#### **Abstract**

The most recent World Health Organization report revealed that the number of adults suffering from diabetes has almost quadrupled since 1980 to 422 million, thus drawing attention to the urgent need to step up prevention and treatment of this disease. This chronic ailment is often associated with serious complications such as increased risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. In 2012 alone, diabetes lead to 1.5 million deaths. This dramatic rise is mainly due to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes and factors driving it include overweight and obesity. Novel studies in this area have advanced our understanding regarding the complex relationship between diet, gut microbiota and diabetes. Despite no clear microbiota signature is associated with diabetes, patients harbour a reduction of butyrate-producing species (*Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis)* as well as an increase in opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the functions of the gut microbiome (i.e., vitamin metabolism, transport of sugars, carbohydrate metabolism, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, etc.) are also different in patients with type 2 diabetes, a fact that may significantly alter the course of disease. Diet is one of the most decisive factors that have an impact on the gut microbiome. Nutritional interventions using prebiotics (i.e., inulin-type fructans), polyphenols and arabinoxylans have been employed for the treatment of diabetes. Besides the shifts produced by these dietary components in the microbiome composition, it is worth mentioning their impact on host physiology through modulation of gut peptide production and glucose metabolism. The information presented within this chapter summarizes the most recent advances in the study of the microbiome-diet-diabetes interplay and analyses how these novel findings can be used in order to establish new therapeutic approaches for those with diabetes.

**Keywords:** diabetes, obesity, microbiota, diet, prebiotics, gut physiology

Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons


2.2.5. Abrasive Wear Tests

Wear tests were conducted to determine the abrasion resistance of the material. Following the recommendations of the NBR 12042 standard [42], 70 mm × 70 mm × 30 mm samples were compressed with a constant and standard force against a circular-shaped track covered with sand, which ran at a specific speed. After a 500 and a 1000 m run the dimension difference was observed on the original 70 mm × 70 mm × 30 mm samples and the resistance was determined by the amount of material lost per distance.