**4.2 Sensitivity to initial condition**

As mentioned before, the chaos system has a sensitivity to the slightest change on initial conditions. This characteristic provides the security aspect of watermarking. For example, the receiver used *μ* = 0.4900 (before was 0.48999), initial conditions *x*0 = 0.5006840 (before was 0.5006841), and *y*0 = 0.538167585 (before was 0.5381675865) to extract the watermark. **Figure 8** shows the extracted watermarks from two frames. The extracted watermarks are wrong! Compared to the original watermark, this extracted watermarks look like the random images. This happens because CCBG produces random bits that are very different from previous bits.

### **4.3 Tamper detection test**

In most cases, a digital video is often edited or manipulated using the video editor. If a video has been manipulated, the video is no longer original. Main goal of fragile watermarking is to determine if the video has been manipulated or not. If the video has been manipulated, the algorithm should able to locate where the alteration made on the video frames. In these experiments, we performed some typical attacks to the watermarked video. The attacks are (1) adding a text to the watermarked video, (2) copy-paste attack, (3) adding some noises, (4) modifying video contrast, and (5) cropping the frames. The following are the attacks.

### **5. Detection test against text addition**

We attack the watermarked video by writing a text "GLASS and WATER" at the left top of the frames (**Figure 9a**). To prove the authentication of the video, we extracted the watermarks from the video frames to get the extracted watermarks. The extracted watermarks contain the text (**Figure 9b**). Therefore, we conclude that the watermarked video has been manipulated. **Figure 9c** shows detection of

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**Figure 10.**

**Figure 9.**

*Application of Chaos-Based Fragile Watermarking to Authenticate Digital Video*

pixels that have been manipulated by adding a text "GLASS and WATER." **Figure 9d**

*(a) Watermarked frame after adding a text; (b) extracted watermark; (c) and (d) detected tampering region.*

In the second attack, we copied an object "coca-cola bottle" and then pasted it into the watermarked video (**Figure 10a**). When we extracted the watermarks from the

*(a) Watermarked frame after copy-paste attack; (b) extracted watermark; (c) and (d) detected tampering region.*

shows the tampered pixels in the correspondence frame.

**6. Detection test against copy-paste attack**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93151*

*Application of Chaos-Based Fragile Watermarking to Authenticate Digital Video DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93151*

**Figure 9.**

*Digital Forensic Science*

**4.2 Sensitivity to initial condition**

*The watermarked frames and the extracted (wrong) watermarks.*

previous bits.

**Figure 8.**

**4.3 Tamper detection test**

**5. Detection test against text addition**

As mentioned before, the chaos system has a sensitivity to the slightest change on initial conditions. This characteristic provides the security aspect of watermarking. For example, the receiver used *μ* = 0.4900 (before was 0.48999), initial conditions *x*0 = 0.5006840 (before was 0.5006841), and *y*0 = 0.538167585 (before was 0.5381675865) to extract the watermark. **Figure 8** shows the extracted watermarks from two frames. The extracted watermarks are wrong! Compared to the original watermark, this extracted watermarks look like the random images. This happens because CCBG produces random bits that are very different from

In most cases, a digital video is often edited or manipulated using the video editor. If a video has been manipulated, the video is no longer original. Main goal of fragile watermarking is to determine if the video has been manipulated or not. If the video has been manipulated, the algorithm should able to locate where the alteration made on the video frames. In these experiments, we performed some typical attacks to the watermarked video. The attacks are (1) adding a text to the watermarked video, (2) copy-paste attack, (3) adding some noises, (4) modifying

video contrast, and (5) cropping the frames. The following are the attacks.

We attack the watermarked video by writing a text "GLASS and WATER" at the left top of the frames (**Figure 9a**). To prove the authentication of the video, we extracted the watermarks from the video frames to get the extracted watermarks. The extracted watermarks contain the text (**Figure 9b**). Therefore, we conclude that the watermarked video has been manipulated. **Figure 9c** shows detection of

**46**

*(a) Watermarked frame after adding a text; (b) extracted watermark; (c) and (d) detected tampering region.*

pixels that have been manipulated by adding a text "GLASS and WATER." **Figure 9d** shows the tampered pixels in the correspondence frame.


**Abstract**

Groundwater pollution is a major issue in many tropical countries. Governments at all levels are doing little or nothing to supply inhabitants with clean and accessible water, particularly in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. This study compares differences in water quality parameters in the study area (determine the level of pollutions in the different sites). The investigation made use of standard analytical methodologies. All sampling, conservation, transportation as well as analysis followed the usual APHA procedures (2012). To prevent degradation of the organic substances, all obtained samples were transferred to the laboratory, while keeping in an icebox. Result shows that during wet season, the mean values obtained for water quality parameters were significantly lower in site 9 compared with that obtained in other sites (p < 0.05) with the exemptions of temperature, DO, BOD, COD, acidity, TH, TDS, K, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, NH3, NO2, NO3, Ni though slightly lower in most cases in site 9 were not significantly different (p > 0.05) and both alkalinity and SO4 which were significantly higher in site **9** than site 1 (p < 0.05). Result obtained during dry season reveals that there is no remarkable difference in pH, acidity, Pb and Ni between the nine sites (p > 0.05) while other water quality parameters were significantly lower in site 9 than other sites excluding Cl and Mg which were both significantly higher in site 9 than site 8 (p < 0.05). Extra efforts must be made to completely understand the hydrogeochemical properties and appropriateness of groundwater in Nigeria's core Niger Delta region in order to ensure quality groundwater supply for varied applications. As a result, this research will contribute to the establishment of a quantitative understanding of the effects of many causes on groundwater level changes in every aquifer worldwide. This analysis also reinforces a useful resource for scholars, activists, and public officials looking to improve community awareness, planning, and performance. The verdicts will serve as a valuable guideline for policymakers, the Ministry of Water Resources,

and development practitioners, as they highlight the need for appropriate approaches to mitigating toxic elements of water resource contamination in the core Niger Delta in order to protect public health from carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.

**Keywords:** reproductive health, human health risk, toxicants, community awareness, extractive industry, Core Niger Delta, Nigeria