Subtracting [the longitude in signs and so forth of] the aspecting [planet] from [that of] the one it aspects, for the remainder of one and so forth the constant value in points is nil, forty, fifteen, fortyfive, nil, sixty, nil, forty-five, fifteen, ten, nil [and] sixty, [respectively]. Multiplying the difference between the previous and the following [value] by the remaining degrees and dividing by thirty, [one should] add to or subtract from the constant accordingly as the constant being approached is greater or less: that [result] is the exact [value of the] aspect in points.17

17 The constant values are simply the point values assigned to the aspects in Samarasiṃha's scheme. The modification introduced here, if taken literally, will sometimes result in a separating aspect (where the distance from the exact aspect angle is increasing) being considered stronger than an applying aspect (where the distance is decreasing), or in an applying aspect being considered stronger than an exact one, which contrasts sharply with Perso-Arabic practice.

athātra sugamopāyo matkṛtaḥ |

draṣṭrā vihīnadṛśyasya śeṣato dṛṣṭir ucyate | 15 ekaśeṣe vinā rāśim aṃśārdhaṃ dṛṣṭir ucyate || dvibhe pañcadaśopetaṃ bhāgārdhaṃ ca triśeṣake | bhāgārdhaṃ triṃśatā yuktaṃ caturbhe svārdhasaṃyutāḥ || bhogyāṃśāḥ pañcabhe dvighnā bhuktāṃśā dṛṣṭir ucyate | ṣaḍbhe dvighnā bhogyabhāgāḥ saptabhe svārdhasaṃyutāḥ || 20 bhuktabhāgā bhaved dṛṣṭiḥ kalādyā tājikoditā | aṣṭabhābhyadhikaṃ prohya rāśyādyaṃ bhavarāśitaḥ ||

1 draṣṭrā] scripsi; dṛṣṭā B; dṛṣṭa G; diṣṭā K T M ‖ śeṣa] śe B N; roṣa K T ‖ pātyāḥ] pāvā K T M 2 dṛśyaḥ] dṛśā K T; dṛśaḥ M ‖ guṇakāḥ] graḥāṃkā K; grahakāḥ T; grahāṃkāḥ M 11 sthānadvaye … dṛṣṭiḥ] om. K T M 13 101] scripsi; 6 B G; om. K T M ‖ 2] 1: K T M ‖ 6] scripsi; 1 B N; 3: K T M ‖ 102] scripsi; 60 B G; om. K T M 15 draṣṭrā] scripsi; dṛṣṭā B N G; dṛṣṭyā K T M 16 aṃśārdhaṃ] aṃśārdhā M 18 bhāgārdhaṃ] bhāgārddhāt M ‖ yuktaṃ] yuktaś M ‖ caturbhe] caturthe K T M ‖ saṃyutāḥ] saṃyutam K T M 19 dvighnā] pañcame K T M ‖ bhuktāṃśā] bhoktāṃśā K T 20 saptabhe] saptame K T M 22 aṣṭabhā-] aṣṭamā-K T M

Next, an easy method for this, devised by myself:

The [strength of an] aspect is said to be [derived] from the remainder when the aspecting [planet] has been subtracted from the aspected one. When the remainder [in signs] is one, the aspect [value] is said to be half the degrees, excluding the sign.When it is two signs, [the aspect value is] half the degrees with fifteen added. When the remainder is three [signs, the aspect value is] half the degrees added to thirty. When it is four signs, [the aspect value is] the degrees left [till the end of a thirty-degree increment] added to half of the same. When it is five signs, the aspect [value] is said to be twice the degrees elapsed [in the thirty-degree increment]; when it is six signs, twice the degrees left. When it is seven signs, the exceeding degrees added to half of the same become the aspect [value] in points and fractions proclaimed by the Tājikas. Above [and including] eight signs, [the values of] the signs and so forth should be counted conversely from the eleventh sign:18 the

18 This convoluted instruction means that the value of a remainder of 11, 10, 9 or 8 signs equals that of 1, 2, 3 and 4 signs, respectively; but the fractions are subtracted from the whole values rather than added to them.

śeṣam aṃśīkṛtaṃ dvābhyāṃ hṛtaṃ dṛṣṭis tu jāyate | navabhe daśabhe 'py evaṃ śivabhe bhuktabhāgakāḥ | dvinighnā śūnyabhe dvighnā bhogyāṃśā dṛṣṭir ucyate ||

athāsmin dṛṣṭigaṇite sthānadṛṣṭiṃ vināpi grahāṇāṃ dṛṣṭir āyāti | tad yathā | dṛśyo bhaumaḥ 5|15 draṣṭā candraḥ 0|5 | atrobhayor yady api ṣaṣṭhāṣṭame sthānadṛṣṭir nāsti tathāpi pūrvoktagaṇitenāgatā dṛṣṭikalāḥ 20 | tatra vakṣyamāṇetthaśālādiyoge varṣeśavicāre ca atha ca *yo bhāvaḥ svāmisaumyābhyāṃ dṛṣṭo yukto 'yam edhate*ityādibhāvavicāre ca sthānadṛṣṭeḥ prāmāṇyaṃ gaṇi- 20 tāgatadṛṣṭer vā | iti saṃśayanivāraṇārthaṃ yathobhayor aikyaṃ bhavati tathā dṛṣṭigaṇitam uktaṃ muktāvalyām |

2 navabhe] navame K T M ‖ daśabhe] daśame K T M 5 15 yuktam] bhuktam K T M 6 yutāḥ] yuktā G; yutāma K T 7 svārdhayutāḥ] tvā atāḥ K T; tvāgatāḥ M 8 bhuktāṃśā dviguṇāḥ] bhuktāṃśādiguṇa K T M 9 bhogyāṃśā dviguṇāḥ] bhogyāṃśādiguṇa K T M 10 svārdhayutāḥ] svāīgatā K T; svāīgata M 11 11] rā K T; om. M ‖ dvihṛtam] dvidane K T; dvidate M 14 bhuktāṃśā dviguṇāḥ] bhuktāṃśādirāṇā K; bhuktāṃśādiguṇa T M 15 bhogyāṃśā dviguṇāḥ] bhogyāṃśādiguṇa K T M 17 dṛśyo] ḍrśo B ‖ draṣṭā] dṛṣṭā B ‖ 52] 15 K T M 18 gaṇitenāgatā] gaṇitināgatā K ‖ 20] 2 B; om. N 19 varṣeśavicāre] varṣe śanicāre B ‖ svāmisaumyābhyāṃ] svāmisvāmyābhyāṃ N B a.c.

19–20 yo … edhate] VT 5.1; BPH 74.10

4 1] The following table is omitted by N. G adds in the margin: *rāśe dṛṣṭi kṛtāḥ*.

remainder in degrees, divided by two, become the aspect [value]; similarly when [the remainder] is nine or ten signs. When it is eleven signs, twice the exceeding degrees, and when nil signs, twice the degrees left, are said to be the aspect [value].

Now, in this calculation of aspects, even without an aspect by place, planets may achieve an aspect. For example, Mars is the aspected [planet at] 5 [signs] 15 [degrees] and the moon the aspecting [planet at] 0 [signs] 5 [degrees].19 Although there is no aspect by place here, [as the planets are] in the sixth and eighth from each other, still, according to the calculation just described, we get an aspect [strength] of 20 points. That being so, in the *itthaśāla* and other configurations described below, and in determining the ruler of the year, and also in judging the houses – according to [statements] such as [*Varṣatantra* 5.1:] 'The house that is aspected or joined by its ruler and a benefic prospers' – is it the aspect by place or the aspect derived by calculation that is valid? To remove that doubt so that unity prevails between the two [methods], the calculation of aspects is described thus in *[Tājika]muktāvali* [40–41]:

19 That is, Mars has completed the first 5 signs of the zodiac and is at 15° Virgo; the moon is at 5° Aries.

*draṣṭrūnadṛśye daśadṛgbhatulye bhāgādy adho netrahṛtaṃ tithibhyaḥ | tryaṅke kharāmebhya ibhābdhibhe tu trighnaṃ dvihṛtyāptam iṣuśrutibhyaḥ || khatarkarāśipramite dvinighnaṃ* 5 *viyadrasebhyo bhavatīha dṛṣṭiḥ | śrutīndunighnatrilavo dvidigbhe khābdhīrakebhyaḥ smarasiṃhaśāstrāt ||* iti |

atra tṛtīyaikādaśādyuktadṛṣṭisthāneṣv eva dṛṣṭigaṇitam uktaṃ nānyasthāneṣu | tatrāpi rāśyādāv uktadṛṣṭeḥ prārambhaḥ rāśyante ca kṣayaḥ | evaṃ 10 sthānadṛṣṭigaṇitāgatadṛṣṭyor aikyāt tukajyotirvidoktam eva dṛṣṭigaṇitaṃ yuktisaham ālocayāmaḥ | atha dṛkkhecarānayanam uktaṃ tājikālaṃkāre |

*kheṭādhiṣṭhitabhodayāvadhidhiyā nakrādilaṅkodayān saṃyojyāptam itaḥ phalaṃ khaśaśibhiḥ so 'ṃśādidṛkkhecaraḥ | yukto bhair navabhis tatheṣṭakhacaraṃ rekhāt svadeśodayān* 15 *ekīkṛtya punas tathaiva khacaraḥ sādhyo 'ṃśapūrvo budhaiḥ || yat syād yogadale tayoḥ sa bhavati spaṣṭo 'tha dṛṣṭigrahaḥ syus tadbhāgamitā lavā yadi tadā dṛṣṭiḥ sphuṭā socyate | jñeyaṃ dṛgjanitaṃ śubhāśubhaphalaṃ pūrṇaṃ tato dhīmatā keṣāṃcin matam īdṛśaṃ dṛśi mayā khecāriṇāṃ bhāṣitam ||* 20

#### yādavaḥ |

1 draṣṭrūna] scripsi; dṛṣṭyūna B G p.c.; draṣṭana N; dṛṣṭūna G a.c. K T; draṣṭṝna M 3 tryaṅke] aṃke G a.c. 8 rakebhyaḥ] khakebhyaḥ G p.c. T 11 sthānadṛṣṭi] dṛṣṭiḥ B N G ‖ aikyāt tuka] aikyādikaṃ M 12 saham] sahitam K T M ‖ dṛkkhecarānayanam] dṛkkhecarānam K 13 bhodayāvadhi] bhogyāvadhi B N G a.c. 15 rekhāt] reṣāt B G; meṣāt K T M 16 punas] tatas N 17 yat] yaḥ K T M ‖ yogadale] yāgadalaṃ K M; yogadalaṃ T ‖ bhavati] vabhati K T 18 lavā yadi] lavādi ye N 19 dhīmatā] dhīmatāṃ M

1–8 draṣṭrūna … śāstrāt] TM 40–41

3 tryaṅke] The reading of G is another instance of confusion of the characters *a* and *trya* in northern-style Devanāgarī.

20 Smarasiṃha: *sic*, presumably for purely metrical reasons. For this variation on Samarasiṃha's name, see Gansten 2019. The values produced by the method of calculation given here by Tuka agree with Balabhadra's own, except when the remainder is 8 signs (a trine); but both methods differ from the values given by Samarasiṃha and Nīlakaṇṭha with regard to the two sextiles, the two squares, and the dexter trine. Tuka's method includes an adjustment for the sextiles to agree with Samarasiṃha, but provides no such adjustment for the squares.

When the aspecting [planet] subtracted from the aspected one equals ten or two signs, the degrees and so forth divided by two and subtracted from fifteen; when three [or] nine [signs, subtracted] from thirty; when eight [or] four signs, tripled then halved [and subtracted] from fortyfive; when measuring nil or six signs, doubled [and subtracted] from sixty, is [the value of] the aspect here. When [the distance measures] two or ten signs, [the degrees should be] multiplied by four and one, [respectively], divided by three, [and subtracted] from forty and ten according to the treatise of Smarasiṃha.20

Here, the calculation of aspects is described only for the stated places of aspect, beginning with the third and eleventh, and not for other places. Moreover, the aspects described commence at the beginning of the sign and cease at the end of the sign. Because of the unity that thus prevails between aspects by place and aspects derived by calculation, we regard the calculation of aspects described by Tuka Jyotirvid as [the most] proper. Next, the calculation of planets of aspect is described in the *Tājikālaṃkāra*:

Adding together the right ascensions [in *palas*] beginning from Capricorn up to the end of the ascensions of the sign occupied by a planet, the resulting figure divided by ten is the planet of aspect in degrees and so on with nine signs added. Likewise, the wise should then find [the position of] the planet in degrees and so on by adding the planet sought to the [oblique] ascensions of its own place from the line [of the equator]. What is produced by half the sum of those two [figures] will then be the true planet of aspect. If the degrees [of the aspect] correspond to its degrees, then the aspect is called true. From that the wise should understand the full good and evil results arising from an aspect: this is the opinion of some on the aspects of the planets [as] related by me.21

Yādava [says in *Tājikayogasudhānidhi* 5.16]:

21 This procedure is clearly based on the concept of mixed ascensions discussed in section 4.4 below (see Chapter 4, note 37), although the present description appears even more corrupt. *Rekha* 'line' usually refers to the prime meridian, but must be understood here as the equator, as distance from the equator (terrestrial latitude) is what determines the ascensions 'of one's own place', i.e., oblique ascensions.

*evaṃ tayor antarabhāgakāś ca dīptāṃśatulyā yadi yogakārye | yogottham iṣṭaṃ yadi vā hy aniṣṭaṃ graho 'tra datte kila vakṣyamāṇam ||* iti |

atha dṛṣṭigaṇite viśeṣāntaro miśroktaḥ | 5

*dṛśyasya draṣṭrā rahitasya bhāgā gajendutaś ced adhikāḥ kharāmāt | śodhyāḥ punas te ravito viśodhyāḥ svadīptabhāgād athavā viśodhyāḥ || na ced viśudhyanti tadā na dṛk syād yathoktadṛksthānakalā vinighnāḥ | divākarair dīptalavaiḥ krameṇa bhaktāḥ sphuṭā dṛṣṭikalā bhavanti ||* iti |

grahadṛṣṭiprayojanam āha vāmanaḥ | 10

*phalaṃ dṛṣṭipramāṇena svayaṃ yacchanti khecarāḥ | tat phalaṃ balamānena jñātvādeśyaṃ śubhāśubham ||* iti |

atha dṛṣṭipradhānatvān maitrīcakrasya pūrvaṃ dṛṣṭayo 'bhihitās tatrāvasaraprāptaṃ maitrīcakram ucyate | tatra maitrīcakraṃ caturvidham | ekaṃ dṛṣṭivaśena mitrasamaśatrurūpaṃ | dvitīyaṃ dṛṣṭivaśenādhimitra- 15 mitrasamaśatrvadhiśatrurūpam | tṛtīyaṃ dṛṣṭivaśena mitraśatrurūpam | caturthaṃ dṛṣṭiṃ vinaiva niyatamitraśatrurūpam | tatra prathamaṃ tridhāmaitryādisahitaṃ maitrīcakram uktaṃ romakatājike |

1 antarabhāgakāś] abhāgakāś K; arambhakāś T; aṃśakabhāgakāś M 3 vā hy aniṣṭaṃ] vā svaniṣṭhaṃ B N G a.c.; bāhyaniṣṭhaṃ M 6 draṣṭrā] dṛṣṭā B G; draṣṭā N K T 7 bhāgād] bhād G 8 sthāna] tena K T M 12 jñātvādeśyaṃ] jñātvādeśaṃ B N G 16 mitra1] om. B G K T M ‖ tṛtīyaṃ … rūpam2] om. B N G a.c.

1–4 evaṃ … vakṣyamāṇam] TYS 5.16

And if the distance in degrees between the two is thus equal to [or less than] the orb of light as they form a configuration, the planet here gives [the result] described below as arising from the configuration, whether desirable or undesirable.

Then another special rule of calculating aspects is described by Miśra:

If the degrees [of longitude] of the aspected [planet] minus the aspecting one are more than eighteen, they should be subtracted from thirty, subtracted from twelve, or subtracted from their own orb of light. If they cannot be subtracted, then there is no aspect.22 The points as declared for the place of aspect, multiplied by twelve and divided by the respective orb of light, are the exact aspect [value] in points.

Vāmana describes the purpose of the aspects of the planets:

The planets themselves give results in proportion to their aspects. Understanding those results according to their measure of strength, one should predict the good and evil.

#### **2.4 Schemes of Friendship and Enmity**

Now, because the table of friendships is dependent on the aspects, the aspects have been set forth first; but now the proper time has come to describe the table of friendships. And the table of friendships is of four kinds. One takes the form of friends, neutrals and enemies on account of aspects. The second takes the form of great friends, friends, neutrals, enemies and great enemies on account of aspects. The third takes the form of friends and enemies on account of aspects. The fourth, without [considering] aspects, takes the form of constant friends and enemies. Of these, the first table of friendships, comprising a threefold [scheme of] friendship and so forth, is described in the *Romakatājika*:

22 The instructions as given make little sense, as a figure of 18 or above can never be subtracted from 12, nor from the orb of light of any planet (the greatest of which is 15°), while the distance remaining in the aspect can never exceed 30.

*mitraṃ tṛtīyapañcamanavamaikādaśagato 'pi yo yasya | dhanaripumṛtiriṣpheṣu ca samo grahaḥ syād iti jñeyam || śatrus tathaikaturye jāyāsthāne tathā daśame | tājikahillājamatenaitādṛk kathitam asmābhiḥ ||* iti |

dvitīyaṃ viśeṣabalopayuktaṃ pañcadhāmaitryādiyutaṃ maitrīcakram uk- 10 taṃ muktāvalyām |

*yaḥ pratyakṣamamatvadṛṣṭiphalado jñeyo 'dhimitrābhidho guptasnehadṛśātha paśyati ca yo yaṃ mitram asya smṛtaḥ | naivālokayatīha yaḥ sa tu samo yo guptadaurjanyadṛg draṣṭā śatrur athādhiśatrur api yaḥ pratyakṣadaurjanyadṛk ||* iti | 15

adhimitrādicakram

1 yasya] jasya K 10 maitryādiyutaṃ] om. K T 12 mamatva] samatva K T M ‖ dṛṣṭi] dṛṣṭiḥ B N G 13 smṛtaḥ] smṛtaṃ K T; smṛtam M 14 yaḥ] om. B N a.c. G 15 draṣṭā] dṛṣṭā B G; dṛṣṭyā K T M 16 adhimitrādicakram] om. N G K T M

12–15 yaḥ … dṛk] TM 46

5 mitram] The following table is omitted by G N K T M, while B uses abbreviations. 16 adhimitrādicakram] The following table is omitted by N K T M.

A planet occupying the third, fifth, ninth or eleventh from another is a friend; in the second, sixth, eighth or twelfth it should be understood to be neutral; an enemy likewise in the first or fourth, and also the tenth: in this manner have we explained [the friendship scheme] according to the school of the Tājika Hillāja.

The second table of friendships, employed for [ascertaining] particular strength and comprising a fivefold [scheme of] great friendship and so forth, is described in *[Tājika]muktāvali* [46]:

One who gives the result of an aspect of open friendship should be known by the name of great friend; one who aspects any [planet] with an aspect of secret friendship is called its friend; one who does not aspect at all is neutral; one aspecting with an aspect of secret enmity is an enemy; and a great enemy is one [who aspects] with an aspect of open enmity.

Table of great friends, etc.:

tṛtīyaṃ mitraśatrurūpaṃ maitrīcakram uktaṃ tatraiva |

*iṣṭāniṣṭekṣakau kheṭau nekṣakau ca śubhāśubhau | yad vā mitraripū jñeyau svadṛṅmānānumānataḥ ||* iti |

caturthaṃ niyatamitraśatrurūpaṃ dvividhaṃ maitrīcakram uktaṃ tājikasāre | 5

*mitrāṇy āraśaśāṅkaśakrasacivā bhaumārkadevārcitā jīvārkakṣaṇadādhipāḥ śanisitau candrārkabhūnandanāḥ | saumyādityabhavau śaśāṅkajasitau mandajñaśukrā ime sūryāt syū ripavas tu tājikamate śeṣā budhaiś coditāḥ ||* iti |

mitraśatrucakram 10

eṣāṃ sarveṣāṃ cakrāṇāṃ yathāsampradāyaṃ vyavasthā draṣṭavyeti | maitrīcakraprayojanaṃ vakṣyamāṇapañcavargībale jñeyam | tad agre sarvaṃ 20 prakaṭībhaviṣyati ||

1 śatrurūpaṃ] om. B N G a.c. 2 |] śubhāśubham K T M 3 jñeyau] jeyau K M 6 mitrāṇy āra] mitrārāyāra M 9 ripavas] ripuvas B N a.c. G ‖ śeṣā] jñeyā K T M ‖ budhaiś] vuthaidiś B 10 mitraśatrucakram] om. B; mitrāmitraṃ sūryādīnām K T M

2–3 niṣṭekṣakau … mānataḥ] TM 42 6–9 mitrāṇy … coditāḥ] TS 73

19 vyavasthā] With reference to this word, G adds in a different hand at the bottom of the page:*ekasthānekavidhaprāptasyaikatraikavidhakathanaṃ vyavasthā*.

The third table of friendships, taking the form of friends and enemies, is described there as well [*Tājikamuktāvali* 42]:

Planets of good or evil aspect, or not aspecting, should be known as benefic or malefic, or as friends and enemies, in accordance with the measure of their respective aspects.23

The fourth table of friendships, taking the twofold form of constant friends and enemies, is described in *Tājikasāra* [73]:

The friends [of the planets reckoned] from the sun are: [1] Mars, the moon and Jupiter; [2] Mars, the sun and Jupiter; [3] Jupiter, the sun and the moon; [4] Saturn and Venus; [5] the moon, the sun and Mars; [6] Mercury and Saturn; [7] Mercury and Venus; [8] Saturn, Mercury and Venus. According to the Tājika school, the others are assigned as [their] enemies by the learned.24

Table of friends and enemies:

The decision [on which] of all these tables [to use] should be made according to [one's own] tradition. The purpose of a table of friendships should be understood in [the context of] the five-dignity strength described below. This will all be made clear further on.

23 The verse is unclear about the status of planets that do not aspect. Perhaps they are meant to be grouped with those of evil aspect.

24 The sequence indicated by the numbers in square brackets refers to the planets in the order of rulers of the days of the week from the sun to Saturn, apparently with Rāhu added as the eighth.

atha pañcavargībalam | tatprayojanam āha yādavasūriḥ | *balaṃ viṃśopakajñānaṃ pañcavargībalaṃ vinā | na bhaved atha vakṣyāmi pañcavargīprasādhanam ||* iti | tājikālaṃkāre 'pi | *vīryājñāne varṣanāthaprasiddhiḥ* 5 *kartuṃ śakyā naiva yasmāt samāsu | jñātuṃ vīryaṃ sūryataḥ khecarāṇāṃ tasmād vakṣye pañcavargīvidhānam ||* iti | pañcavargān āha samarasiṃhaḥ | *svagṛhaṃ svoccaṃ haddā trairāśikam atha musallahaṃ ceti |* 10 *pañca grahādhikārā vinādhikāraṃ graho na balī ||* iti | tadarthaṃ gṛheśān āha vāmanaḥ | *bhaumaśukrajñacandrārkabudhaśukrāramantriṇaḥ | sauriḥ śanis tathā jīvo meṣādīnām adhīśvarāḥ ||* iti |

rāśisvāmicakram 15

1 āha] cāha K T M 5 vīryā-] vīryya- K T M ‖ nātha] nāthaḥ M ‖ prasiddhiḥ] prasiddhaḥ K T M 6 śakyā] śakyo M 9 vargān] vargīn B N G 12 gṛheśān] graheśān K 14 sauriḥ] scripsi; śauriḥ B N G K T M 15 rāśisvāmicakram] om. B N K T M

2–3 balaṃ … prasādhanam] TYS 4.14

15 rāśisvāmicakram] The following table is omitted by B N K T M.

#### **2.5 The Five Dignities**

Next, the five-dignity strength. Its purpose is stated by Yādavasūri [in *Tājikayogasudhānidhi* 4.14]:

The strength [consisting in] knowledge of the twenty-point [scheme] cannot come to be without the five-dignity strength. Therefore I shall describe the arrangement of the five dignities.

And in the *Tājikālaṃkāra* [it is said]:

Because it is not possible to establish the ruler of the year without a knowledge of strength, I shall describe the method of the five dignities for knowing the strength of the planets [starting] from the sun in [different] years.

Samarasiṃha states the five dignities [in the *Tājikaśāstra*]:

Domicile, exaltation, *haddā*, triplicity and *musallaha* are the five dignities of the planets. Without dignity, a planet is not strong.

The domicile rulers [to be used] for that purpose are stated by Vāmana:

Mars, Venus, Mercury, the moon, the sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars,Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter are the rulers of [the signs] beginning with Aries.

Table of sign rulerships:

atha grahāṇām uccanīcarāśīn tatparamoccān āha yādavaḥ |

*meṣo vṛṣo 'tha makaro mṛgadṛk kulīro mīnas tulā dinapapūrvakhagoccakāni | āśāgnipiṇḍatithivāyubhaviṃśatulyās tuṅgā lavāḥ svamadagās tu bhavanti nīcāḥ ||* iti | 5

rāśiṣu haddeśāḥ saṃjñātantre |

*meṣe 'ṅgatarkāṣṭaśareṣubhāgā jīvāsphujijjñāraśanaiścarāṇām |* 15 *vṛṣe 'ṣṭaṣaṇnāgaśarānalāṃśāḥ śukrajñajīvārkikujeśahaddāḥ || yugme ṣaḍaṅgeṣunagāṅgabhāgāḥ saumyāsphujijjīvakujārkihaddāḥ | karke 'dritarkāṅganagābdhibhāgāḥ kujāsphujijjñejyaśanaiścarāṇām || siṃhe 'ṅgabhūtādrirasāṅgabhāgā devejyaśukrārkibudhārahaddāḥ | striyāṃ nagāśābdhinagākṣibhāgāḥ saumyośanojīvakujārkināthāḥ ||* 20 *tule rasāṣṭādrinagadvibhāgāḥ koṇajñajīvāsphujidārahaddāḥ |*

3 dinapa] dinava M 4 āśāgni] aṃśāgni K T M 5 mada] naga K T M 16 vṛṣe 'ṣṭaṣaṇnāga] vṛṣaṣṭaṅnāga B 20 nagākṣi] nāgāgākṣa K; nagākṣa T M 21 haddāḥ] nāthāḥ G p.c.

2–5 meṣo … nīcāḥ] TYS 4.16 15–190.5 meṣe … carāṇām] ST 1.33–38

6 grahāḥ] The following table is omitted by N. G separates figues for signs and degrees; K T M omits the top row.

Next, the signs of exaltation and fall for the planets, [and] their [degrees of] highest exaltation, are stated by Yādava [in *Tājikayogasudhānidhi* 4.16]:

Aries, Taurus, Capricorn, Virgo, Cancer, Pisces and Libra are the exaltations of the planets beginning with the sun. Ten, three, twenty-eight, fifteen, five, twenty-seven and twenty, [respectively], are their highest degrees; [the signs] in the seventh from their respective [exaltations] are their [signs of] fall.25

The rulers of the *haddās* within the signs [are listed] in *Saṃjñātantra* [1.33– 38]:

In Aries, six, six, eight, five and five degrees belong to Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Mars and Saturn, [respectively]; in Taurus, eight, six, eight, five and three degrees are the *haddās* ruled by Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn and Mars; in Gemini, six, six, five, seven and six degrees are the *haddās* of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn; in Cancer, seven, six, six, seven and four degrees belong to Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn; in Leo, six, five, seven, six and six degrees are the *haddās* of Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury and Mars; in Virgo, seven, ten, four, seven and two degrees are ruled by Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn; in Libra, six, eight, seven, seven and two degrees are the *had*-

25 Again, the planets are counted in the standard Indian order of the days of the week. The highest exaltation of the sun at 10° Aries is the classical Indian figure, probably due to a corruption in the early transmission; the Hellenistic and Perso-Arabic traditions have 19° Aries. See Pingree 1978 II: 220f. with the additional remarks in Gansten 2018: 171; cf. also Heilen 2015: 713–717, Brennan 2017: 242–248.

*kīṭe nagābdhyaṣṭaśarāṅgabhāgā bhaumāsphujijjñejyaśanaiścarāṇām || cāpe ravīṣvambudhipañcavedā jīvāsphujijjñāraśanaiścarāṇām | mṛge nagādryaṣṭayugaśrutīnāṃ saumyejyaśukrārkikujeśahaddāḥ || kumbhe nagāṅgādriśareṣubhāgā jñaśukrajīvāraśanaiścarāṇām | mīne 'rkavedānalanandapakṣāḥ sitejyasaumyāraśanaiścarāṇām ||* 5

haddācakram

atha trairāśikeśā uktās tājikālaṃkāre |

*meṣe bhaumārkaśukrā budhavidhuśanayaḥ syur vṛṣe yugmarāśau* 20 *devejyakṣmājasūryāḥ sitabudhaśaśinaḥ karkaṭe sampradiṣṭāḥ | siṃhe mandejyabhaumā ravisitaśaśijāḥ syur yuvatyāṃ tulāyāṃ candrārkījyās tathālau kujaravikavayo jñendumandāś ca cāpe ||*

3 nagādry] nagāghry K T; nagāṃghry M ‖ saumyejya] somejya M 4 śukra] śu K 6 haddācakram] om. B N K T M 19 trairāśikeśā] trairāśikeṇa G p.c.

6 haddācakram] In the following table, all witnesses abbreviate the names of the zodiacal signs and planets. G has *gu* for *bṛ* throughout, with no difference in meaning. N lists not the extension of each division but rather its termination degree.

*dās* of Saturn, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Mars; in Scorpio, seven, four, eight, five and six degrees belong to Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn; in Sagittarius, twelve, five, four, five and four [degrees] belong to Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Mars and Saturn; in Capricorn, seven, seven, eight, four and four [degrees] hold the *haddās* of Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and Mars; in Aquarius, seven, six, seven, five and five degrees belong to Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn; in Pisces, twelve, four, three, nine and two [degrees] belong to Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars and Saturn.26

Table of *haddās*:

Next, the triplicity rulers are described in the *Tājikālaṃkāra*:

In Aries, Mars, the sun and Venus; in Taurus, they are Mercury, the moon and Saturn; in the sign of Gemini, Jupiter, Mars and the sun; in Cancer, Venus, Mercury and the moon are assigned; in Leo, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars; in Virgo, they are the sun, Venus and Mercury; in Libra, the moon, Saturn and Jupiter; then in Scorpio, Mars, the sun

26 With two exceptions, this list corresponds to the standard version of the so-called Egyptian terms; cf. Ptol. *Tetr*. I 21. The exceptions are the terms of Venus and Jupiter in Gemini, the order of which has been reversed, and likewise the terms of Mars and Saturn in Sagittarius. In neither case could the order be changed without intrusive emendation to the received text of Nīlakaṇṭha's work.

*makare gurubhaumapadminīśāḥ sitaviccandramaso ghaṭe niruktāḥ | śanivākpatibhūmijās tu mīne kathitāḥ sadgaṇakair dṛkāṇanāthāḥ ||* iti |

trairāśikeśvarā lāghavenoktāḥ saṃjñātantre |

*ādyāḥ kujādyā ravito 'pi madhyamāḥ sitāt tṛtīyāḥ kriyato dṛkāṇapāḥ |* iti |

atilāghavena trairāśikeśvarā uktā haribhaṭṭadaivajñaiḥ |

1 guru] kuru G 3 dreṣkāṇacakram] om. B N K T M 5 ra] sū B

18 ādyāḥ … dṛkāṇapāḥ] ST 1.30

3 dreṣkāṇacakram] In the following table, N K T M have *bṛ* for *gu* throughout; G K T M have *sū* for*ra* throughout. G adds a row with the headings*rā°*; *prathamadre°*; *dvi°dre°*; *tṛ°dre°* and designates the signs of the zodiac with abbreviated forms of their names instead of numbers.

and Venus; Mercury, the moon and Saturn in Sagittarius; in Capricorn, Jupiter, Mars and the sun; in Aquarius they are said to be Venus, Mercury and the moon; and in Pisces, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars are designated by true astrologers as rulers of the decans.27

#### Table of decans:

The triplicity rulers are concisely described in *Saṃjñātantra* [1.30]:

The first ones beginning with Mars, the middle ones [counted] from the sun, and the third ones from Venus: [these] are the rulers of the decans [counted] from Aries.28

Haribhaṭṭa Daivajña describes the triplicity rulers very concisely:29

27 For the confusion introduced here concerning triplicities, decans and ninth-parts, see the Introduction and Gansten 2018.

28 The meaning of this terse formula is that the rulers of the first decans (0°–10°) of the twelve zodiacal signs, beginning with Aries, follow in theIndian planetary order (based on the days of the week) counted from Mars. The rulers of the middle decans (10°–20°) of the same signs follow in the same order counted from the sun, and the rulers of the last decans (20°–30°), counted from Venus.

29 I have not been able to locate this stanza in available independent witnesses of the *Tājikasāra*.

*dviśūnyapañcayugrāśeḥ saptataṣṭe dṛkāṇapāḥ |*

atra rāśir vartamāno jñeyaḥ | vartamānarāśiḥ prathamadreṣkāṇe dviyuto dvitīyadreṣkāṇe śūnyayutas tṛtīyadreṣkāṇe pañcayuk kartavyaḥ | saptataṣṭe sūryād dreṣkāṇasvāmī bhavatīty arthaḥ ||

musallahā uktās tājikaratnamālāyām | 5

*muśallahāḥ syuḥ kriyanakrajūkakulīrapūrvāḥ kriyapūrvakāṇām* | iti |

etat spaṣṭam āha yādavasūriḥ |

*ajadhanurharayo 'jamukhāḥ smṛtās tv alikulīrajhaṣāś ca kulīrataḥ | dhaṭamukhā ghaṭayugmadhaṭā matā mṛgavṛṣaiṇadṛśo makarādayaḥ ||* iti |

atra tājikabhūṣaṇatājikālaṃkārādau musallaheśā anyathaivoktāḥ | 10

*ravījyamandāḥ sitacandrabhaumāḥ śanijñajīvāḥ kavibhaumacandrāḥ | muśallaheśā ajato mṛgendrād dhanurdharād ahni niśi dvayor vā ||* iti |

naitad ramyam | yataḥ samarasiṃhenaite varṣeśanirṇayārthaṃ trairāśikeśvarā uktā na tu musallaheśāḥ |

*meṣādicatustrairāśikeśvarā ravisitārkibhṛgavo 'hni |* 15 *guruśaśibudhabhaumā niśi śanikujagurvindavaḥ satatam ||* iti |

1 rāśeḥ] rāśis K T M 2 rāśir vartamāno] vartamāno rāśir K T M 2–4 vartamāna … arthaḥ] om. B N G 6 muśallahāḥ syuḥ] muśallahākhyāḥ B G p.c.; muśallakhyāḥ N G a.c. ‖ jūka] yūk B; yuk N G 7 spaṣṭam] spaṣṭaṇadṛśom K; spaṣṭena dṛśa M 8 mukhāḥ] mukhāt K T M ‖ jhaṣāś] ṛṣāś G a.c.; hayāś G p.c. 9 ghaṭa] dhaṭa G M ‖ dhaṭā] ghaṭā G T M ‖ vṛṣaiṇadṛśo] vṛṣa K M 11 ravījya] ravījyaḥ B ‖ jīvāḥ kavi] jīvārkavi N 12 ahni] enhi B G ‖ niśi] niśir B G ‖ dvayor vā || iti] dvayoś ceti N 13–14 trairāśikeśvarā uktā] trairāśikesva urāktā N 15 'hni] hi M

8–9 aja … -ādayaḥ] TYS 4.6 11–12 ravījya … vā] TBh 1.31 15–16 meṣādi … satatam] Cf. KP 1.21

7 spaṣṭam] K and M reproduce the same error, transposing most of the phrase *vṛṣaiṇadṛśo* from the following stanza here, possibly as the result of a common source witness having been damaged and imperfectly restored. 9 mṛga … -ādayaḥ] M prefaces its metrically deficient version with a question mark.

The rulers of the decans [are found] from the sign with two, nil or five added, when reduced by multiples of seven.

That is, here [the number of] the current sign should be known. The current sign should be added to two in the first decan, added to nil in the second decan, and added to five in the third decan. When reduced by multiples of seven, [the resulting number counted] from the sun becomes the ruler of the decan.30

The *musallahas* are described in the *Tājikaratnamālā*:

The *musallahas* of the [signs] beginning with Aries begin with Aries, Capricorn, Libra and Cancer, [repeating three times].

The same is clearly stated by Yādavasūri [in *Tājikayogasudhānidhi* 4.6]:

Aries, Sagittarius and Leo are said to begin with Aries; Scorpio, Cancer and Pisces [are counted] from Cancer; Aquarius, Gemini and Libra are considered to begin with Libra; Capricorn, Taurus and Virgo begin with Capricorn.

These rulers of the *musallahas* are described quite differently in the *Tājikabhūṣaṇa*, the *Tājikālaṃkāra* and so on, [as here in *Tājikabhūṣaṇa* 1.31]:

The sun, Jupiter and Saturn; Venus, the moon and Mars; Saturn, Mercury and Jupiter; Venus, Mars and the moon: [these are] the rulers of the *musallahas* from Aries, from Leo, [and] from Sagittarius, by day, by night, and at both [times].

[But] this is not agreeable, for those are the triplicity rulers described by Samarasiṃha [in the *Tājikaśāstra*]31 for determining the ruler of the year, not the rulers of the *musallahas*:

The triplicity rulers of the four [signs] beginning with Aries are the sun, Venus, Saturn and Venus by day; Jupiter, the moon, Mercury and Mars by night; and, Saturn, Mars, Jupiter and the moon at all times.

30 The order of the planets is once more that of the days of the week.

31 Although the stanza quoted here also occurs in Samarasiṃha's *Karmaprakāśa*, known to Balabhadra as the *Manuṣyajātaka*, it is quoted again below (5.7) as part of a longer passage not found in the *Karmaprakāśa*.

ete dinarātrivibhāgoktās trairāśikeśvarā varṣeśārtham evety uktaṃ saṃjñātantre ||

*varṣeśārthaṃ dinaniśāvibhāgoktās trirāśipāḥ |* iti |

tasmād atra pūrvoktā navāṃśeśā eva musallaheśāḥ | uktaṃ ca sudhānidhau | 5

*muśallahaṃ navāṃśaṃ ca kathitaṃ tājike mate |* iti |

```
tājikatilake 'pi |
```
*muśallaheśās tu navāṃśanāthāḥ proktāḥ sadā khindakaromakādyaiḥ |* iti |

```
tājikamuktāvalyām api |
```
*musallaheśān navamāṃśapān ye jagur mate khindakaśāstravijñāḥ |* iti | 10

atha pañcavargīphalam uktaṃ yādavena |

*svakīyagehādibhavā śubhā syāt pāpārijātā viparītabhāvā | mitrādijā madhyaphaleṣuvargī viśeṣavīryānayanaṃ bruve 'ham ||*

3 niśā] niśor K T M ‖ vibhāgoktās] bhoktās G 8 muśallaheśās tu] muśallaheśāś ca K T M 10 mate] na te K T M

3 varṣeśārthaṃ … trirāśipāḥ] ST 1.61 6 muśallahaṃ … mate] TYS 4.25 10 musallaheśān … vijñāḥ] TMṬ 1.15 12–13 svakīya … 'ham] TYS 4.26

10 mate] Although the correct reading of the original line is undoubtedly *na te*(supported by MS TMṬ1), this would contradict Balabhadra's argument, and we must therefore assume that the *mate* of the three earliest witnesses reflects the reading followed by Balabhadra.

That these triplicity rulers are described according to division by day and night only for the sake of [ascertaining] the ruler of the year is declared in *Saṃjñātantra* [1.61]:

The triplicity rulers are described according to division by day and night for the sake of [ascertaining] the ruler of the year.

Therefore, the *musallaha* rulers are only the rulers of the ninth-parts previously described here. And [*Tājikayoga*]*sudhānidhi* [4.25] says:

And the ninth-part is called *musallaha* in the Tājika school.

And in the *Tājikatilaka*:

The rulers of the ninth-parts are always called the rulers of the *musallahas* by Khindika, Romaka and so on.

And in *Tājikamuktāvali*[*ṭippaṇī* 1.15]:

[Those] who say that the rulers of the ninth-parts are rulers of the *musallahas* are versed in the doctrine of Khindika according to [his] school.32

Next, Yādava describes the results of the five dignities [in *Tājikayogasudhānidhi* 4.26]:

The fivefold position arising from one's own domicile and so on is good; that produced by malefics and enemies is evil; that produced by friends and so on gives middling results. I shall describe the calculation of exact strength.

32 This somewhat awkward translation reflects the reading of the earlier text witnesses of the *Hāyanaratna* (B N G), presumably that followed by Balabhadra. Other text witnesses, as well as independent MSS of the *Tājikamuktāvaliṭippaṇī*, support the more plausible and grammatical reading: 'Those who say that the rulers of the ninth-parts are rulers of the *musallahas* are *not* versed in the doctrine of Khindika.' This, however, contradicts Balabhadra's argument as well as the preceding quotation.

atha pūrvaṃ grahabalajñānārthaṃ sthānāny uktāni | idānīṃ kasmin sthāne kiyad balam ity uktaṃ grahajñābharaṇe |

*triṃśat svabhe viṃśatir uccage syāt tithiḥ svahadde daśakaṃ dṛkāṇe | navāṃśake pañca bhavanty aśītir evaṃ yugāptāś ca viśopakāḥ syuḥ ||* iti |

atha mitrasamaśatrurūpe maitrīcakre balavibhāga uktaḥ saṃjñātantre | 5

*svasvādhikāroktabalaṃ suhṛdbhe pādonam ardhaṃ samabhe 'ribhe 'ṅghriḥ | evaṃ samānīya balaṃ tadaikye vedoddhṛte hīnabalaḥ śaronaḥ ||* iti |

uccabalānayanam uktaṃ vāmanena | 10

*nīconito grahaḥ ṣaḍbhādhiko maṇḍalaśodhitaḥ | śeṣasyāṃśā nandabhaktā balam uccasya jāyate ||* iti |

athātra māmakaṃ padyam |

nīcagrahāntaraṃ kāryaṃ ṣaḍbhād alpaṃ yathā bhavet | tadaṃśāṅkalavaḥ svoccabalaṃ syāt tājike sphuṭam || iti | 15

nīce grahaḥ śodhyo nīcaṃ vā grahe śodhyaṃ śodhite sati yat ṣaḍbhād alpaṃ bhavet | tasyāṃśā navabhaktā uccabalaṃ syād iti ||

athādhimitramitrasamaśatrvadhiśatrurūpe maitrīcakre balavibhāga uktas tājikatilake |

1 pūrvaṃ] sarvaṃ B N; sarvaḥ G a.c. ‖ bala] la T 4 aśītir] aśīti B N G 5 rūpe] rūpa B N G 11 ṣaḍbhādhiko] ṣaḍbhād adhiko G p.c. 13–17 athātra … iti] om. B N G a.c. 15 tadaṃśāṅka] tadāṃśāṃka K T M 16 yat] yathā K T M 17 bhavet] bhavati tathā kāryaṃ K T; bhavati tathā kāryam M 18 mitramitra] mitrāmitra N

6–9 svasvādhi … śaronaḥ] ST 1.40

Thus the places [of the five dignities] for knowing the strength of a planet have been described first. Now, the *Grahajñābharaṇa* describes how much strength [a planet gains] in each place:

There will be thirty [points] in its domicile, twenty when it is exaltated, fifteen in its own *haddā*, ten in its decan, five in its ninth-part. [The points] thus are eighty; divided by four, they become the twenty-point strength.

Next, the division of strength in the table of friendships taking the form of friends, neutrals and enemies is described in *Saṃjñātantra* [1.40]:

The strength assigned to each dignity of [the planet] itself is less by a quarter in the sign of a friend, half in the sign of a neutral, a quarter in the sign of an enemy. Calculating the strength thus and dividing the sum by four, [a planet] with less than five [points is considered] weak.

The calculation of exaltation strength is described by Vāmana:

The [longitude of the] planet is subtracted from its [degree of] fall [and the result] subtracted from the circle [if it is] greater than six signs. The degrees of the remainder, divided by nine, becomes its strength of exaltation.

Here is a verse of my own on this matter:

The distance between the [degree of] fall and the planet should be measured so that it is less that six signs: a ninth of those degrees is the exact exaltation strength in the Tājika [school].

The planet should be subtracted from the [degree of] fall, or the [degree of] fall subtracted from the planet, so that less than six signs remain after subtraction. The degrees of that [distance], divided by nine, will be the exaltation strength.

Next, the division of strength in the table of friendships taking the form of great friends, friends, neutrals, enemies and great enemies is described in the *Tājikatilaka*:

*daśādhike bale balī śarālpake 'lpavīryakaḥ ||* iti |

1 vargaṃ] varge N G a.c. K T M 2 lava] taca B G a.c.; tatra N 3 samarkṣage] samerkṣage N 4 gate] gataṃ B N G 7 mitrāri] mitrādi G p.c. 8 dalaṃ] dale B N G ‖ tryaṃśo] tryaṃśe K T M ‖ 'ṃśe] ṃśa G 11 svakhāgni] khakhāgni G 12 mitraje] mitrabhe G p.c. K T M 13 daśa] dala K T M ‖ mitrage] mitrabhe K T 14 tv arigate] varigate B N G a.c. 15 arau] araus B N G 16 bhāgaka] bhāga K T M ‖ balonmitiḥ] balonmitaḥ K; balonmito M 17 bale] balo K T M

7–8 nija … rasāṃśakaḥ] PBh 30 10–15 triṃśāṃśā … taddalam] TS 74–75 16–17 tadaikya … vīryakaḥ] PBh 31

The points assigned when a planet occupies its own place in each dignity is less by one quarter in the place of a great friend, less by half when occupying the place of a friend, less by three quarters when occupying a neutral place; it measures one eighth when occupying the domicile of an enemy, and one sixteenth when occupying the place of a great enemy: this is the strength by dignity. The strength by dignity added to the exaltation strength as [previously] derived is thus the [total] strength.

The strength in the table of friendships taking the form of friends and enemies is described in *Paddhati*[*bhūṣaṇa* 30]:

In [a planet's] domicile, a friend's or an enemy's sign, [its] strength is thirty, fifteen and seven and a half, [respectively]. In [their respective] *haddā*, [the strength is] half of each; a third in the decan; and a sixth in the [ninth]-part.

'In the part' [means] in the ninth-part. This is described clearly in *Tājikasāra* [74–75]:

Thirty points in [the planet's] own domicile, fifteen points in the house of its own friend, seven and a half points in an enemy's sign; fifteen points in its own thirtieth-part, seven and a half points in the thirtiethpart of its own friend, four less by a quarter in the place of an enemy; ten points in its own third, five in that of a friend, but two and a half in the decan of an enemy; five in its own ninth-part, two and a half points in a ninth-part of one's own friend, but half of that in [the ninth-part of] an enemy.33

[Continuing from *Paddhatibhūṣaṇa* 31:]

The measure of strength comprises one fourth of the sum of these.34 When the strength exceeds ten, [the planet is] strong; when it is less than five, [the planet is] weak.

33 The Graeco-Arabic terms (Sanskritized as *haddā*) are here designated by the word *triṃśāṃśa* 'thirtieth-part', otherwise used for the pre-Islamic Indian version of the terms. As both types of terms are actually divisions of a sign into five unequal parts, the designation 'thirtieth-part' probably reflects the commonly used Greek synonym μοῖραι 'degrees', a degree being a thirtieth of a sign.

34 A play on words: *pramāṇikā* 'comprising' is also the name of the metre used.

pañcadhāmaitrīcakre balacakram idam

śatrumitrarūpamaitrīcakrabalaṃ ca

6 pañcadhāmaitrīcakre] pañcadhāmaitrīcakra G M; pañcadharmitrīcakra K T ‖ idam] om. G K T M 9 22 30] 22 31 K T M ‖ 11 15] 12 15 K T M ‖ 7 30] 7 3 K T M 11 3 45] 7 45 G a.c. ‖ 2 30] 2 10 B G a.c. 12 3 45] 0 15 K T M ‖ 1 52] 0 56 K T M ‖ 1 15] 0 37 K T M ‖ 0 37] 0 18 K T M 14 śatrumitra] mitraśatru K T M ‖ rūpa] rūpe B G ‖ cakrabalaṃ] om. K T M ‖ ca] om. G K T M 15 mitrasya] mitraṃ B; mitra T M 16 gṛha] 18 K T M 17 3 45] 3 40 T; 3 47 M

1 sva] The following table is omitted by N. The remaining text witnesses abbreviate some or all words. G adds in the top row: *gṛhā*. 6 pañcadhāmaitrīcakre] The following table is omitted by N. The remaining text witnesses abbreviate all words. K T M omit the row labelled *adhiśatru*. 14 śatrumitra] The following table is omitted by N. The remaining text witnesses abbreviate some or all words.

This is a table of strengths in the fivefold friendship scheme:

And tabular strengths in a friendship [scheme] in the form of friends and enemies:

atra vāmanena lagnasyāpi pañcavargī kāryety uktam |

*svoccaṃ navāṃśakaṃ haddā gṛhaṃ dreṣkāṇa eva ca | salagnakhecarāṇāṃ tu prokteyaṃ pañcavargikā ||* iti |

atha varṣeśadaśādhīśabalādinirṇayārthaṃ viṃśopakavibhāgena naṣṭabalādilakṣaṇam uktaṃ tājikasāre | 5

*vāṇair naṣṭabalo graho daśamitair madhyo viśopais tataḥ śreṣṭho ghasramitaiḥ sukhārthajanakaḥ proktaḥ khadasrair bhavet* | iti |

nanu viṃśativiṃśopakātmakaṃ balaṃ kasyāpi grahasya nāyāti | tathā hi meṣasthasūryasya uccabalādi yady api samāyāti tathāpi svagṛhatvābhāvān mitrasamaśatrugṛhādibhedakṛtabalatāratamyenāvaśyaṃ nyūnatā sārdha- 10 dvayaviṃśopakamitā bhavaty eva | evaṃ sati sārdhāḥ saptadaśaviṃśopakā balam | siṃhasthasūryasya svagṛhabalaṃ yady api samāyāti tathāpy uccarāśer abhāvād uccabalasya nyūnatāyāṃ ṣoḍaśaviṃśopakā balaṃ syān na tu viṃśativiṃśopakātmakam ||

atha budhasya kanyāyāṃ pañcadaśāṃśe svagṛhabalaṃ svoccabalaṃ ca 15 pūrṇaṃ yady api samāyāti tathāpi haddādreṣkāṇanavāṃśabalāni pūrṇāni na sambhavanti | yata ādimāḥ ṣaḍaṃśāḥ kanyāyāṃ budhahaddā | antimas tribhāgo budhadreṣkāṇaḥ | antimam aṃśatrayaṃ viṃśatikalādhikaṃ budhanavāṃśaḥ | yadi kanyāntimanavāṃśo gṛhyate tadā svagṛhadreṣkāṇasvanavāṃśabalāni sampūrṇāny āyānti paraṃ tv *ekaṃ saṃdhitsato 'paraṃ* 20 *pracyavate*iti nyāyād uccabalaṃ kiṃcid ūnaṃ haddādibalam api mitrādigehasattvān nyūnam | ataḥ paramaṃ balaṃ yathā kathaṃcid aṣṭādaśaviṃśo-

3 salagna] salama K; sahamaṃ M ‖ prokteyaṃ] proktoyaṃ K T 4 viṃśopaka] viṃśopakā-M 6 vāṇair] vāṇālpair K T; bāṇālpair M 7 sukhārtha] sukhāthe K 9 svagṛhatvābhāvān] svagṛhatvān K T M 11 viṃśopakamitā … eva] viṃśā N a.c.; viṃśopakānyūnabalā N p.c. ‖ bhavaty] bhavety B G 15 svoccabalaṃ] om. B N G a.c. 17 ādimāḥ] ādibhāt B N; ādimāt G 18 viṃśatikalādhikaṃ] om. B N G 19 gṛha] scripsi; gṛhe B N G K T M 20 sampūrṇāny āyānti] saṃpūrṇādy ayāṃti B G; saṃpūrṇā\*yāṃti N a.c. ‖ saṃdhitsato] sandhivatsato K T M 21 pracyavate] pratyavata B N a.c. G; pravavata N p.c. ‖ balaṃ] calaṃ N; bale T

6–7 vāṇair … bhavet] TS 76

Regarding this, Vāmana says that the five dignities should be applied to the ascendant as well:

Exaltation, ninth-part, *haddā*, domicile and decan: these are declared as the five dignities for the planets and the ascendant.

Now, for the sake of judging the strength of the ruler of the year, the ruler of the period and so on, the definitions of a powerless [planet] and so on by divisions of the twenty-point strength is stated in *Tājikasāra* [76]:

With [up to] five [out of] twenty points, a planet is declared to be powerless; with up to ten, middling; with up to fifteen, excellent; and with twenty, producing happiness and wealth.

Objection: no planet can attain a strength of twenty in the twenty-point scheme, [which may be proved] as follows: although the sun posited in Aries attains the strength of exaltation and so on, a deficiency amounting to two and a half points still necessarily results according to the proportions of strength based on the distinction between friendly, neutral and enemy signs and so on, because [the sun] is absent from its domicile. This being so, its strength is seventeen and a half points. [Likewise], although the sun posited in Leo attains the strength of domicile, still, by the deficiency in exaltation strength due to [the sun] being absent from its sign of exaltation, [its] strength will be sixteen points, not twenty points.

Moreover, although Mercury in the fifteenth degree of Virgo attains both full domicile strength and exaltation strength, yet thefull strengths of *haddā*, decan and ninth-part are not possible [to attain], because the *haddā* of Mercury is the first six degrees of Virgo; the decan of Mercury is the last third [of Virgo]; and the ninth-part of Mercury is the last three degrees and twenty minutes [of Virgo].35 If we take the last ninth-part of Virgo, then [Mercury] attains full strength of domicile, decan and own ninth-part; but according to the adage 'Seeking one thing, one loses another', the exaltation strength is somewhat reduced, and the strength of *haddā* and so on is likewise diminished, as [Mercury] will occupy the place of a friend and so on.36 Therefore,

35 All text witnesses agree on the reading 'six degrees', although it was established above (in agreement with most Greek and Arabic versions) that the terms of Mercury extend over the first 7° of Virgo. There are actually two *navāṃśas* or ninth-parts of Mercury in Virgo: 13°20′–16°40′ and 26°40′–30°00′.

36 Mercury would then be in the terms of Saturn rather than in its own terms.

pakātmakaṃ syān na viṃśativiṃśopakātmakam balam | anyeṣāṃ tu svagṛhoccayor bhedād viṃśativiṃśopakanyūnam eva balaṃ syāt ||

atra kecit pañcavargīdvādaśavargīharṣasthānabalānām aikyaṃ tribhaktaṃ yadi viṃśativiṃśopakamitaṃ syāt tadā pūrṇabalo graho jñeyaḥ | uktaṃ ca yādavena | 5

#### *śrīsūryavargīśaravargikāmutsthānotthavīryaikyam athāgnibhaktam | ced viṃśatiḥ pūrṇabalo grahaḥ syād balānumānena ca madhyamādiḥ ||* iti |

alam atiprasaṅgena | atha daśāphalajñānārthaṃ pañcaviṃśopakanyūnabalo naṣṭabalaḥ pañcaviṃśopakātmakabalaḥ svalpabalaḥ pañcādhikabalo madhyabalaḥ daśādhikabalaḥ pūrṇabalaḥ | varṣeśaphalajñānārthaṃ tu 10 ṣaḍviṃśopakātmakabalo hīnabalaḥ ṣaḍviṃśopakādhikabalo madhyabalaḥ dvādaśaviṃśopakādhikabalaḥ pūrṇabalaḥ | etat spaṣṭam uktaṃ hillājena |

*pañcaviṃśopakān nyūnabalo naṣṭabalo grahaḥ | pañcaviṃśopakabalo hīnavīryaḥ prakīrtitaḥ || pañcādhikabalo madhyabalaḥ sampūrṇavīryakaḥ |* 15 *daśādhikabalo 'bdeśaphalaṃ jñeyaṃ tribhāgataḥ ||*

iti sāmānyapañcavargībalasādhanam ||

6 vargikāmutsthānottha] vargikām utthānottha B N a.c. G; vargikāsu sthānottha K T M 7 madhyamādiḥ] madhyanāḥ dir N 12 hillājena] hillājanena G 16 daśādhika] daśodhika T ‖ balo 'bdeśa] baloddeśa N; balodbheśa? G

6–7 śrīsūrya … madhyamādiḥ] TYS 4.40

6 mutsthānottha] N adds the following gloss in a different hand at the bottom of the page: *mut prīti pramado harṣa iti kośāt harṣasthānotthabalam ity arthaḥ*.

[Mercury's] maximum strength by any calculation would amount to eighteen points; [there is] no strength amounting to twenty points. And for other [planets], because their domiciles and exaltations are different [signs], the strength would certainly be less than twenty points.

Concerning this, some [say that] a planet should be understood to have full strength if the total of the strengths [arising from] the five dignities, the twelve dignities, and the places of joy, divided by three, amounts to twenty points. And Yādava says [in *Tājikayogasudhānidhi* 4.40]:

If the total of the strengths produced by the twelve dignities, the five dignities, and the places of joy, divided by three, is twenty, the planet has full strength. Middling [strength] and so on [should be determined] by proportions of strength.

But enough of digression. For the purpose of knowing the results of periods, then, [a planet] with less than five points of strength is powerless; one whose strength amounts to [exactly] five points has little strength; one whose strength is greater than five [points] is of middling strength; and one whose strength is greater than ten [points] has full strength. But for the purpose of knowing the results of the ruler of the year, [a planet] whose strength amounts to six points has little strength; one whose strength is greater than six points is of middling strength; and one whose strength is greater than twelve points has full strength. This is clearly described by Hillāja:

A planet with less than five points has no strength; one with five points of strength is declared to be of little strength; one with more than five [points of] strength has middling strength; one with more than ten [points of] strength has full strength. The results of the ruler of the year should be known by a threefold division.

This concludes the general arrangement of the five dignities.

atha khattakhuttakhindakādisammataṃ sthānadikkālanisargaceṣṭādṛgbalaṃ nirūpyate | uktaṃ ca samarasiṃhena |

*sāmānyabalam ihoktaṃ viśeṣam avalokya phalam ūhyam |* iti |

tatrādau sthānabale saviśeṣapañcavargīcakrasūcanam uktaṃ kutthayoge samarasiṃhena | 5

*sabalī svagṛhatrirāśihaddoccamuśallaheṣu vā kheṭaḥ |* iti |

etat spaṣṭaṃ gaṇitapūrvakam uktaṃ tājikamuktāvalyām |

*svādhīṣṭādau tarkavedāgninetrarūpārdhāni syur gṛhe 'rkoddhṛtāni | tuṅge vedāgnyaśvinas tattadardhaṃ* 10 *hadde rāmā dvau tadardhāny ataḥ syuḥ || trairāśyutthe dvau tadardhārdhakāni trairāśyardhaṃ syān musallāhasaṃjñe | yad vā sveṣṭārātiṣu dvādaśāṃśā gehād aṅgābdhyagnayo 'bdhyagnidasrāḥ ||* 15 *rāmāśvyabjā netracandrārdhakāni candrārdhāṃśā rūpapūrvāḥ krameṇa | kheṭe śuddhe saptamāt svādigehāc cheṣe bhādye 'nyatra kalpyo 'nupātaḥ ||*

1 sammataṃ] sthānādisaṃmatam add.  N 13 ardhaṃ] ardhaḥ M 14 dvādaśāṃśā] dvādaśāṃśo K T M 19 bhādye] scripsi; bhārddhe B N G K T M

8–210.2 svādhīṣṭādau … bhavet] TM 50–53

6 sabalī … kheṭaḥ] The reading *trairāśika*, though supported by all text witnesses, has been emended to *trirāśi* for metrical reasons, with no change in meaning. 19 bhādye] The emendation is supported by MS TM1.

#### **2.6 The Sixfold Strength**

Next, the strength by position, direction, time, nature, motion and aspect, approved by Khattakhutta, Khindika and others, is set forth.37 And Samarasiṃha says [in the *Tājikaśāstra*]:

The general strength has been described here; [but] one should ascertain results after examining [the strength] in detail.

#### **2.6.1** *Strength by Position*

Beginning, then, with strength by position, Samarasiṃha in [treating of] the *kuttha* configuration [in the *Tājikaśāstra*] gives an indication of the detailed scheme of the five dignities:

A planet is strong in its domicile, triplicity, *haddā*, exaltation or *musallaha*.

This is described clearly, along with calculations, in *Tājikamuktāvali*[50–53]:

In [a division belonging to the planet] itself, a great friend, and so on, [the values] for domicile will be six, four, three, two, one, and a half, divided by twelve; for exaltation, four, three, two, and consecutive halves; then, for *haddā*, they will be three, two, and [consecutive] halves of that; for [the strength] produced by triplicities, two, and the halves and halves of that; for *musallaha*, it will be half of [the strength of] the triplicity. Or else, in [the scheme consisting only of the planet] itself, friends, and enemies, the twelfths of points [for these dignities, reckoned] in order from the domicile, are: six, four, three; four, three, two; three, two, one; two, one, and a half; one, a half, and a [quarter] fraction, if, when the planet has been subtracted from the seventh from its own domicile, the remainder falls in its domicile and so forth; [if it falls] elsewhere, proportions should be applied.

37 While these 'six strengths' (*ṣaḍbala*) play an important part in classical Indian astrology (see, e.g., *Jātakakarmapaddhati* 3), the classification is not used in the Greek or Perso-Arabic traditions.

#### *adhīṣṭādigrahādibhyo balaṃ yad iha sādhitam | tattaddṛṅmānanighnaṃ tat ṣaṣṭibhaktaṃ sphuṭaṃ bhavet ||* iti |

pañcadhāmaitryāṃ balavibhāgata etāny aṅkāni dvādaśoddhṛtāni balam

dvidhā maitryāṃ vā balacakram

atra tarkavedādyaṅkāni dvādaśoddhṛtāni rūpakalādikaṃ balaṃ bhavati | athātra svagṛhe pūrṇaṃ balam | *duraṣphe svagṛhanagabhagaḥ* ity ukteḥ

1 adhīṣṭādi] scripsi; abhīṣṭādi B N G K T M 3 vibhāgata] vibhāgaḥ K T M ‖ vibhāgata … balam] om. G 7 |] || B G 8 |] || B G ‖ || ] '||| B; '|| G 9 1] om. T ‖ ||] om. T ‖ |] om. T ‖ || ] '6 (?) || B; '|| G; om. T ‖ | ] '3 || B; 3 ||| G; om. K T M 10 || ] '||| B; '|| G ‖ | ] '3 || B; 3 || G ‖ '||] '1 ||| B; 1|51 G; ||| M 18 atra] atha M 19 duraṣphe] dutapphe K ‖ sva2] sve N G a.c. ‖ gṛha] graha B N G ‖ bhagaḥ] bhāga B G K T M

1 adhīṣṭādi] The emendation is supported by MS TM1. 3 pañcadhāmaitryāṃ] The following table is omitted by N. The remaining text witnesses abbreviate some words. Fractional values appear to be denoted by different systems in the text witnesses. In the majority system adopted here, a simple vertical line denotes a quarter; a horizontal line, a sixteenth-part; and a vertical line preceded by an apostrophe, a sixty-fourth-part. 11 dvidhā] The following table is omitted by N K T M, while B G abbreviate some words.

The strength thus established from planets [occupying the divisions of their] great friends and so on will be exact when multiplied by the respective measure of aspect [strength] and divided by sixty.

These numbers divided by twelve are the strength according to the distribution of strength in the fivefold friendship [scheme]:

Another table of strength by twofold friendship:

Here, the numbers six, four and so on, divided by twelve, is the strength in units and [sexagesimal] fractions. Now, [a planet's] strength here is full in its own domicile; [but as seen] from the statement 'In [the configuration] *duruḥpha*, occupying the seventh sign from its domicile', a planet is powsvagṛhāt saptame rāśau graho nirbalaḥ | antare trairāśikam uccabalavaj jñeyaṃ ||

tatrārkacandrayor ekam eva svagṛham ato na saṃdigdham | bhaumādīnāṃ tu svagṛhadvayasadbhāvāt tatsaptamasyāpi dvaividhyāt katham | atra balānayanopāya ucyate | bhaumādiṣu cāravaśāt nikaṭasthitam eva svagṛhaṃ 5 svagṛhaṃ na tu dūrasthitam iti sampradāyayuktir iti | atha gṛhaṃ svagṛhasaptamād viśodhya śeṣaṃ ṣaḍadhikaṃ cet dvādaśaśuddhaṃ no ced yathāsthitam eva sthāpyam | tatas tasyāṃśāḥ ṣaḍbhaktāḥ kalādi balaṃ syād iti ||

atropapattiḥ | svagṛhaprārambhe pūrṇaṃ triṃśatkalātmakaṃ balaṃ tatsaptamārambhe śūnyam antare 'nupātaḥ | yadi rāśiṣaṭkāṃśaiḥ 180 pūr- 10 ṇaṃ balaṃ 30 labhyate tadeṣṭena kim iti | atra guṇaharayos triṃśatāpavarte kṛte guṇasthāne rūpaṃ bhājakasthāne ṣaḍ ity upapannam | evam adhimitragrahasya gṛhe pūrṇaṃ balaṃ 20 adhimitragṛhāt saptame śūnyaṃ | tatrādhimitragṛhasthaṃ graham adhimitrasaptamagṛhād viśodhya śeṣaṃ ṣaḍadhikaṃ dvādaśaśuddhaṃ no ced yathāsthitam eva sthāpyaṃ tasyāṃśā 15 navabhaktāḥ kalādi svādhimitragṛhabalaṃ syāt ||

atropapattir anupātena | yadi rāśiṣaṭkāṃśaiḥ 180 pūrṇaṃ balaṃ 20 tadeṣṭena kim iti | atra guṇaharayor viṃśatibhir apavarte kṛte guṇasthāne rūpaṃ bhājake navety upapannam | evaṃ grahabale svasvaparamabalena svasvasaptamagṛhena ca pūrvavad anupātayuktyā sopapattikaṃ balaṃ sādhyam | 20 svoccabalaṃ tv anupātena prāg ānītam eva | adhimitrādyucce uktavad anupātena balaṃ sādhyam | uccarāśyabhāve svoccabalam eva kartavyam ||

3 eva] eka B N G a.c. 4 saptamasyāpi] samasyāpi B N G 6 svagṛhaṃ] om.  B N G 16 balaṃ] vahaṃ G 18 guṇaharayor] guhaṇarayor N 20 gṛhena] grahena B 21 adhimitrādy] adhitrādy N

38 The source of this quotation is not known. As given, it appears to form part of a line in the syllabic *sragdharā* metre. However, the orthography of Tājika technical terms is quite fluid, and a change from *duraṣphe* to *duraphe* (both variants being common) would make it qualify as the first or third quarter of a stanza in the moraic *āryā* metre favoured by Samarasiṃha in his *Tājikaśāstra*. The name (from Arabic *ḍuʿf* 'weakness') refers to the last of the 16 Tājika *yogas*; cf. section 3.16.

39 As each of the seven planets has only one sign of exaltation, five signs of the zodiac

erless in the seventh sign from its domicile.38 In the interval [the strength] should be understood [by] the rule of three, as with exaltation strength.

In that regard, the sun and the moon have only one domicile [each]; hence there is no ambiguity. But since the [planets] beginning with Mars have two domiciles [each], and the seventh from those are also twofold, how [should we proceed]? [In reply] to this, the method for calculating strength is stated [as follows]: the domicile that is close to Mars and so on in their motions is considered to be the [relevant] domicile, and not the one that is far away: this is the reasoning [approved by] tradition. Subtracting the sign [occupied] from the seventh from the [planet's] domicile, then, if the remainder exceeds six, it should be subtracted from twelve; if not, it should be taken as it is. Then, its points divided by six will be the strength in points and so on.

This is demonstrated [as follows]: at the beginning of [a planet's] own domicile, [its] strength is full, comprising thirty points; at the beginning of the seventh [sign] from it, it is nil; in the interval, [strength is calculated by] proportion. If by the 180 degrees of six signs a full strength of 30 is obtained, then how much [is obtained] by the [position] sought? Here, when the multiplier and divisor have been reduced by thirty, one unit is obtained in the place of the multiplier and six in the place of the divisor. Likewise, in the domicile of a great friend, the full strength is 20; in the seventh from the domicile of the greatfriend, [the strength is] nil. Then, subtracting the planet occupying a great friend's domicile from the seventh house from that of the great friend, the remainder, [if] exceeding six, is subtracted from twelve; if not, it should be taken as it is. Its points divided by nine will be the strength of a great friend's domicile in points and so on.

This is demonstrated by proportions: if by the 180 degrees of six signs a full strength of 20 [is obtained], then how much [is obtained] by the [figure] sought? Here, when the multiplier and divisor have been reduced by twenty, one unit is obtained in the place of the multiplier and nine in the place of the divisor. Thus in [the matter of] planetary strength, the correct strength is to be found by the rule of proportion from the respective maximum strength and the respective seventh house, as above. The exaltation strength has already been calculated by proportion; the strength in the exaltation of a great friend and so on should be found by proportion as described [above]. In the absence of an exaltation sign, the [planet's] own exaltation strength should be worked out.39

remain in which no planet is exalted. Balabhadra is addressing a scenario where the planet under consideration occupies one of these five signs.

atha haddādreṣkāṇanavāṃśānāṃ saptame nairbalyam iti vacanābhāvād aṃśair evānupātaḥ | tad yathā | grahasya vartamānahaddārambhe balārambhaḥ haddāmadhye paramaṃ balam 15 haddāsamāptau balaṃ śūnyam | tatra grahahaddābhuktabhogyayor alpahaddāṃśāḥ pañcadaśaguṇāḥ vartamānahaddārdhāṃśabhaktāḥ svahaddābalaṃ syāt | atropapattir anupātena 5 | yadi vartamānahaddārdhāṃśaiḥ pañcadaśa kalā labhyante tadā grahahaddābhuktabhogyayor alpāṃśaiḥ kim ity upapannam ||

atha svadreṣkāṇaprārambhe balopacayaḥ pañcamāṃśasamāptau pūrṇaṃ balaṃ 10 daśāṃśasamāptau śūnyaṃ balaṃ | tatra grahavidyamānadreṣkāṇabhuktabhogyayor alpam aṃśādi dviguṇaṃ kalādi svadreṣkāṇa- 10 balaṃ syāt | atropapattiḥ | yadi pañcabhir aṃśair daśakalāmitaṃ balaṃ tadeṣṭena kim | atra pañcabhir apavarte kṛte harasthāne rūpaṃ guṇasthāne dvayam ity upapannam ||

atha musallahārambhe balārambhaḥ madhye pūrṇaṃ balaṃ 5 ante śūnyaṃ | tatra grahavidyamānamusallahabhuktabhogyayor alpam aṃśādi 15 triguṇitaṃ svamusallahabalaṃ syāt | atropapattiḥ | yadi musallahārdhena catvāriṃśatkalādhikenaikāṃśamitena pañcakalāmitaṃ balaṃ tadeṣṭena kim iti | atra bhājakāt triguṇo guṇakaḥ ato 'ṃśādi triguṇīkṛtyam ity upapannam ||

2–8 grahasya … sva] om.   B N G 14–19 atha … upapannam] om. B N G a.c. 15 graha] gṛha G 16 triguṇitaṃ] caturguṇyaṃ G 17 catvāriṃśat] caśatvāriṃśat K 17–18 catvāriṃśat … kṛtyam] sapādāṃśamite ca 1|15 G 18 iti] om. G ‖ bhājakāt … kṛtyam] bhājakāc caturguṇo guṇaka a\*\*\*ṇakṛtam G ‖ kṛtyam] kṛtam M

2–8 grahasya … sva] From the context it seems likely, but not certain, that this passage is a later interpolation. G notes in a different hand in the margin: *truṭaḥ*. 10 svadreṣkāṇa] From the context it seems likely, but not certain, that this passage is a later interpolation. 14–19 atha … upapannam] From the context it seems likely, but not certain, that this passage is a later interpolation. In G it has been added to the bottom of the page, and damage to one corner has obliterated about seven *akṣaras*.

40 Over the next three paragraphs, several sentences and stray phrases have been enclosed between {curly brackets}. These represent text that is not present in the earliest text witnesses and which from the context seems likely not to have formed part of the original *Hāyanaratna* but to have begun as glosses on a difficult passage. I have nevertheless chosen to include rather than exclude these passages, as they do not contradict the reasoning of the surrounding text.

Now, as there is no statement to the effect that [a planet suffers] loss of power in the seventh from [its own] *haddā*, decan or ninth-part, the proportion is [calculated] by degrees only, as follows:40 {the strength begins with the beginning of the current *haddā* [occupied by] the planet; the maximum strength [of] 15 [points] is at the middle of the *haddā*; and the strength is nil at the end of the *haddā*. Therefore, of the parts elapsed and remaining to the planet in the *haddā*, the lesser degrees of the *haddā* multiplied by fifteen and divided by half the degrees of the current *haddā* will be the [planet's] own strength of *haddā*. This is demonstrated by proportions: if by half the degrees of the current *haddā* fifteen points are obtained, then how much is obtained by the lesser degrees out of the parts elapsed and remaining to the planet in the *haddā*?

Next,} the [decan] strength increases from the beginning of the [planet's] {own} decan; the full strength [of] 10 [points] is at the completion of the fifth degree; and the strength is nil at the completion of the tenth degree. Therefore, of the parts elapsed and remaining to the planet in its current decan, the lesser degrees and so on multiplied by two will be the [planet's] {own decan} strength in points and so on. This is demonstrated [as follows]: if by five degrees a strength of ten points [is obtained], then how much [is obtained] by the [position] sought? Here, when [the multiplier and divisor] have been reduced by five, one unit is obtained in the place of the divisor and two in the place of the multiplier.

{Next, the [*musallaha*] strength begins at the beginning of the *musallaha*; the full strength [of] 5 [points] is at the middle; [and the strength is] nil at the end [of the *musallaha*]. Therefore, of the parts elapsed and remaining to the planet in its current *musallaha*, the lesser degrees and so on multiplied by three will be the [planet's] own *musallaha* strength in points and so on. This is demonstrated [as follows]: if by half the*musallaha*, amounting to one degree and forty minutes, a strength of five points [is obtained], then how much [is obtained] by the [position] sought? Here, the multiplier is three times the divisor; therefore, [the answer] is obtained when the degrees and so on are multiplied by three.}41

41 Text witness G consistently uses a factor of 4 rather than 3 throughout this passage and explicitly states that half a *musallaha* extends over 1°15′ (rather than 1°40′). The *musallaha* would thus be equated not with the ninth-part or *navāṃśa* of 3°20′, but with the twelfth-part or *dvādaśāṃśa* of 2°30′. While such an identification is not currently known from any other Tājika work, the doctrine of twelfth-parts is an ancient one, going back to Babylonian times and present in both Greek and Arabic sources, and this identification could represent a deliberate attempt to incorporate it in the five-dignity scheme.

evam anupātenādhimitrādidreṣkāṇabalam | pūrvoktaparamabalena grahasya haddādreṣkāṇamusallahabalaṃ sādhyam | evaṃ svādinavāṃśe svādihaddāyāṃ tattadaṃśair anupātāt phalaṃ jñeyam | tatra haddāyāṃ paramaṃ balaṃ kalāḥ 15 musallahe paramaṃ balaṃ kalāḥ 5 | atha evaṃ sarvabalaikyaṃ grahopari anyeṣāṃ grahāṇāṃ yā dṛṣṭayaḥ samāgatās tadaikyena 5 guṇitaṃ ṣaṣṭibhaktaṃ sphuṭaṃ syāt ||

evaṃ saviśeṣapañcavargīcakranirūpaṇānantaram anyat sthānabalam uktaṃ tatraiva samarasiṃhena |

*yo lagne kendre vā tannikaṭe vātha vīkṣate lagnam | puruṣā gaganād yāvat tṛtīyabhavane striyo 'pi navamāntam ||* 10 *puṃkheṭāḥ puṃrāśau strīrāśau strīgrahā balinaḥ | sarveṣāṃ strīpuṃsāṃ sthirarāśau vā bhavanti te balinaḥ ||* iti |

etat spaṣṭaṃ gaṇitapūrvakam uktaṃ muktāvalyām |

*lagnakendratadupasthitagrahe rūpakārdhacaraṇonmitaṃ balam | strīṣu rūpam avaner navamāntaḥ puṃsu bhāvaphalatoparageṣu ||* 15 *sthirarāśau sarveṣāṃ puṃstrīrāśau pumaṅganākhyānām ||* iti |

atra lagne grahaḥ pūrṇavīryaḥ kendre 'rdhavīryaḥ paṇapharāpoklimayoś caraṇavīryaḥ | tatra pūrṇaṃ balaṃ ṣaṣṭikalātmakam ardhaṃ triṃśatkalāḥ caraṇaḥ pañcadaśakalāḥ ||

1–2 pūrvokta … balaṃ] om. B N G 2 sādhyam] bodhyaṃ B 3 tatra] tattad B; tata N G 4 balaṃ2] om. K T M ‖ atha] om. B N G 9 vā] om. B 11 kheṭāḥ] khecarāḥ G p.c. 12 sarveṣāṃ strīpuṃsāṃ] om. B N G K T ‖ te] om. B 14 lagna] gna N G a.c. 15 rūpam avaner] rūpabhavaner B N G 16 puṃ] om. B N G a.c. 18 caraṇa] ca pūrṇa N G a.c. ‖ triṃśat] tryaṃśat B; aṃśat N G

14–16 lagna … -ākhyānām] TM 47–48

18 triṃśat] The reading of N G is another instance of confusion of the characters *a* and *trya* (as seen in B) in northern-style Devanāgarī.

42 In the version supported by the three earliest text witnesses (B N G), the foregoing two sentences read as a single sentence: 'Thus the strength of [a planet in] the decan of a great friend and so on should be found by proportion.'

43 That is, a succedent house.

Thus the strength of [a planet in] the decan of a great friend and so on [is found] by proportion. A planet's strength of *haddā*, decan and *musallaha* should be found from the maximum strength described above.42 Thus one should understand the result [of a planet] in its own and other ninth-parts, and in its own or other *haddās*, by proportion from the respective degrees. As to that, the maximum strength in the *haddā* is 15 points, and the maximum strength in the *musallaha* is 5 points. Then, the total of all such strength, multiplied by the total [strength] of the aspects cast by other planets on the planet [under consideration] and divided by sixty, is the exact [strength].

Following this definition of the detailed scheme of the five dignities, a different strength by position is described by Samarasiṃha in the same [*Tājikaśāstra*]:

[The planet] that, [placed] in the ascendant or an angle, or in [a house] approaching them,43 aspects the ascendant; male [planets in the interval] from the tenth house to the third, and female [planets from the fourth house] up to the ninth; male planets in male signs, and female planets in female signs, are strong; or for all of them, male or female, they are strong in a fixed sign.

This is described clearly, along with calculations, in *[Tājika]muktāvali* [47– 48]:

A planet in the ascendant, an[other] angle, or [a house] approaching one has a strength of one, a half or a quarter unit, respectively. Female [planets] have one unit between [the angle of] the earth and the ninth [house]; male [planets] are fruitful in the following houses. All [planets get one unit] in a fixed sign, those called male and female in male and female signs, [respectively].

Here, a planet in the ascendant has full strength; in an[other] angle, half strength; in a succedent or cadent house, a quarter strength.44 Full strength, then, comprises sixty points; half, thirty points; a quarter, fifteen points.

44 Balabhadra interprets the words *nikaṭa* and *upasthita* (used in the foregoing quotations from Samarasiṃha and the *Tājikamuktāvali*, respectively) not in the dynamic sense of 'approaching' – that is, succedent – but in the static sense of 'near', which would apply equally to succedent and cadent houses. Such an interpretation is alien not only to Greek and Perso-Arabic astrology, but even to pre-Islamic Indian tradition, which distinguishes between the strength of these two types of houses (see, e.g., *Bṛhajjātaka* 1.17–18).

atha lagnasame grahe pūrṇaṃ balaṃ | dvādaśasaṃdhivirāmavikalāto lagnabhāvaprārambhaḥ | tatas tadvirāmaṃ yāvat phalopacayaḥ | prathamabhāvavirāmavikalātaḥ prathamasaṃdhivirāmaṃ yāvad bhāvaphalāpacayaḥ | antarasthe grahe 'nupātaḥ kāryaḥ | sa cānupātaḥ pūrvaṃ *grahasaṃdhyantaraṃ kāryam* ityādinā bhāvaphalānayanārthaṃ kṛta eva | ato lagnastha- 5 grahasya bhāvaphalam eva balaṃ | kendrasthagrahasya bhāvaphalārdham eva balaṃ | paṇapharāpoklimasthagrahasya bhāvaphalacaturthāṃśo balam iti ||

atha strīgrahāṇāṃ caturthādiṣaḍbhāveṣu balavattvokteḥ pūrvayuktyā caturthādiṣaḍbhāvasthānāṃ strīgrahāṇāṃ bhāvaphalam eva tatratyaṃ 10 balam | evaṃ puruṣagrahāṇām api daśamādiṣaḍbhāveṣu sthitānāṃ bhāvaphalam eva balam iti ||

atha sthirarāśisthagrahabalam | tatra rāśyārambhe balopacayaḥ pañcadaśāṃśaiḥ pūrṇaṃ balaṃ rāśyante śūnyam | ato grahasya rāśipūrvārdhe sthitasya bhuktāṃśāḥ rāśyuttarārdhe sthitasya grahasya bhogyāṃśāś 15 caturguṇā balam | atropapattiḥ | yadi pañcadaśāṃśaiḥ pūrṇaṃ balaṃ 60 labhyate tadā sthirarāśisthitagrahabhuktabhogyair aṃśaiḥ kim | atrobhayoḥ pañcadaśabhir apavarte kṛte aṃśāś caturguṇāḥ kāryā ity upapannam | evaṃ viṣamasamarāśigānāṃ puṃstrīgrahāṇāṃ sthirarāśisaṃsthagrahabalavad balaṃ jñeyaṃ | iti sthānabalam || 20

2–3 tatas … vikalātaḥ] om. B N G 3 phalāpacayaḥ] phalopacayaḥ M 4 kāryaḥ] om. K T M 5 kṛta] scripsi; kṛtam B N G K T M 6 balaṃ] phalaṃ N G a.c. 6–7 kendrastha … balaṃ] keṃdrasthagrahasya bhāvaphalārdham eva balaṃ add. B 13 rāśisthagrahabalam] rāśosthagrahacalaṃ N 14 śūnyam] balam add. K T M 15 sthitasya1] grahasya add. B N G p.c. ‖ grahasya] om. B N G 17 sthirarāśi] sthirarāśirarāśi G ‖ graha] om. K T 18 aṃśāś] tryaṃśāś K T M 19 sthira] strī K M; om. T 20 graha] guru B N G

4–5 graha … kāryam] Cf. TM 17

18 aṃśāś] The reading of K T M is another instance of confusion of the characters *a* and *trya* in northern-style Devanāgarī (this time in reverse).

Now, a planet exactly on the ascendant has full strength; [but] the ascendant house commences from the second of arc marked by the junction [following] the twelfth house. From that [junction] up to the [cusp] marking that [first house], results increase; and from the second of arc marked by [the cusp of] the first house up to that marking the junction [following] the first [house], results of the house decrease. When the planet occupies the interval, proportion should be applied; and that proportion has been set forth above in the context of calculating the results of a house, with the words 'The distance between the planet and the [house] junction should be found' and so on.45 Therefore, for a planet placed in the ascendant, its strength is the [numerical] house result itself; for a planet placed in an[other] angle, its strength is half its house result; for a planet placed a succedent or cadent [house], its strength is one fourth of its house result.46

Next, because female planets are said to be strong in the six houses beginning with the fourth, by the reasoning above, the [numerical] house result of female planets placed in the six houses beginning with the fourth is itself [their] strength arising from that placement. Similarly, for male planets placed in the six houses beginning with the tenth, the [numerical] house result itself is [their] strength.

Next, the strength of planets occupying a fixed sign. Concerning that, the strength increases from the beginning of the sign; after fifteen degrees, the strength is full; at the end of the sign, it is nil. Therefore, for a planet placed in the former half of the sign, the degrees traversed, and, for a planet placed in the latter half of the sign, the degrees remaining, multiplied by four, is the strength. This is demonstrated [as follows]: if by fifteen degrees the full strength [of] 60 [points] is obtained, then how much [is obtained] by the degrees traversed by or remaining for the planet occupying the fixed sign? Here, when both [multiplier and divisor] have been reduced by fifteen, the degrees should be multiplied by four: thus [the answer] is obtained. Similarly, the strength of male and female planets occupying odd and even signs, [respectively], should be understood in the manner of the strength of planets occupying a fixed sign. This concludes the strength by position.

45 Presumably Balabhadra has in mind the stanza from*Tājikamuktāvali* 17, quoted in section 1.9, in which case this is not an exact quotation.

46 Cf. note 44.

atha digbalam uktaṃ tatraiva |

*navamasahajaṣaṣṭhāṅgāyaputrāntyabhasthā dyumaṇita iha kheṭā digbalāḍhyā bhaveyuḥ |* iti |

atra sūryādīnāṃ navamādisthāne pūrvoktayuktyā bhāvaphalatulyam eva balaṃ jñeyam | idam eva prathamaṃ harṣabalaṃ samarasiṃhenoktam | iti 5 digbalam ||

atha kālabalam | tatra samarasiṃhaḥ |

*gurumandau yadi paścimarātrau śukrendubhūsutāḥ sāyam | udayanti tadā balino naragrahāś cāhni naktam apare ca ||*

atrārkāt saptamalagnodayaḥ kālaḥ sāyaṃśabdavācyaḥ | tatra candra- 10 bhaumau pūrṇabalau 60 | atrārkāc chukraḥ saptamaḥ kadāpi na sambhavaty ato 'tra saptamaśabdaḥ paramāntaravācī jñeyaḥ | ataḥ sūryaśukrayoḥ paramāntarāṃśaiḥ pañcāśatsaṃkhyair balaṃ sādhyam | uktaṃ ca muktāvalyām |

*raveḥ saptame candrabhaumau balāḍhyau* 15 *khapañcāṃśatulyāntare daityamantrī |* iti |

2 bhasthā] masthā B N G 3 balāḍhyā] balādyā B N G a.c. K T M 5 idam] ayam B N G K T 9 balino] calino N 12 paramāntara] maramāṃtara B 15 balāḍhyau] balādyau N G a.c. 16 tulyāntare] tūlāṃtare K M

2–3 navama … bhaveyuḥ] TM 58 15–16 raveḥ … mantrī] TM 57

#### **2.6.2** *Strength by Direction*

Next, the strength by direction is described in the same place [*Tājikamuktāvali* 58]:

Occupying the ninth, third, sixth, first, eleventh, fifth and twelfth place, [respectively], the planets [reckoned] from the sun become endowed with strength by direction.

Here, by the [same] reasoning [as] above, the strength of the sun and other [planets] in the ninth and other places should be understood to equal the [numerical] results of the house. This itself is the first strength of joy described by Samarasiṃha. This concludes the strength by direction.

#### **2.6.3** *Strength by Time*

Next, the strength by time. Regarding that, Samarasiṃha [says in the *Tājikaśāstra*]:

If Jupiter and Saturn rise [heliacally] at the end of night, and Venus, the moon and Mars in the evening, then they are strong; also [strong are] male planets in the day, and the others, at night.47

Here, the phrase 'in the evening' denotes the time when the seventh cusp from the sun rises.48 The moon and Mars then have full strength [of] 60 [points]. Concerning this, it is never possible for Venus to be [in] the seventh from the sun; therefore, the word 'seventh' should be understood here to denote maximum elongation. Thus, the strength should be established from the maximum elongation of Venus from the sun, amounting to fifty degrees. And it is said in *[Tājika]muktāvali* [57]:

The moon and Mars are strong in the seventh from the sun, Venus at a distance of fifty degrees.

47 This sentence, clearly based on Sahl's somewhat defective account, conflates three similar but separate ways of dividing the planets into two groups: diurnal and nocturnal sect, gender, and superior/inferior position relative to the sphere of the sun; see Gansten 2018. For Mars to rise heliacally in the evening is astronomically impossible.

48 That is, the ecliptical point opposite the sun. This is not correct: Balabhadra mistakes the *heliacal* rising intended by Samarasiṃha (following Sahl) for *acronychal* rising, when a planet appears opposite the sun and thus rises as the sun sets. As Venus can never rise acronychally, Balabhadra is forced to adopt a highly contrived interpretation of Samarasiṃha's statement.

sūryatulyatve sarve 'pi nirbalāḥ | atha balānayanam | sūryasya candrabhaumayoś cāntaraṃ ṣaḍūnaṃ sthāpyam | tadaṃśās tribhaktā balaṃ bhavet | atropapattir uccabalavat | sūryaśukrayoś cāntaraṃ pañcāśadaṃśamadhye sthāpyam | tadanantaram etadaṃśāḥ ṣaḍguṇāḥ pañcabhaktāḥ śukrabalaṃ syāt | atropapattiḥ | yadi pañcāśadaṃśaiḥ ṣaṣṭikalā labhyante 5 tadeṣṭena kim iti | ubhayor daśabhir apavarte kṛte guṇakaḥ ṣaḍ bhājakaḥ pañcety upapannam ||

atha jīvaśanyor ardharātrānantaraṃ balārambhaḥ | tṛtīyapraharānte balaṃ pūrṇaṃ | caturthapraharānte balaṃ śūnyaṃ | ataḥ sūryād rātrimānam ānīya yady ardharātrānantaram iṣṭakālas tadā tasminn ardharātraḥ 10 śodhyaḥ | yadi tṛtīyapraharottaram iṣṭakālaḥ sa rātrimānamadhye śodhyaḥ | śeṣaṃ ṣaṣṭiguṇaṃ praharamānena bhaktaṃ labdhaṃ guruśanibalam ||

atha divasādigrahabalam | tatra lagnamadhye raviṃ viśodhya yady avaśeṣaṃ tryūnaṃ tadā tadrāśyādikaṃ viṃśadguṇaṃ balam | adhikaṃ ṣaṭcyutaṃ vidheyaṃ śeṣaṃ rāśyādi viṃśadguṇaṃ puṃgrahāṇāṃ balaṃ bhavati | 15 puṃgrahāṇāṃ ravyūnalagne ṣaḍadhike tu na balam | evaṃ ravyūne lagne ṣaḍūne sati strīgraheṣu na balam | ṣaḍadhikaṃ ṣaḍūnaṃ navādhikaṃ dvādaśatyaktam avaśeṣaṃ viṃśatiguṇaṃ strīgrahavīryaṃ bhavati | yato dinaniśoḥ puṃstrīprābalyam uktaṃ saṃdhau tu virāmaḥ | etat spaṣṭam uktaṃ muktāvalyām | 20

4 etad] eva tad K T M 8–10 ardha … yady] om. B N G a.c. 9 ataḥ] atha K T M 10 ardharātrānantaram] ardharātryanaṃtaram B N G a.c. 12 balam] lavaṃ G 15 grahāṇāṃ] grahīṇāṃ N 16 adhike] adhikena G p.c. 17 graheṣu] scripsi; gṛheṣu B N G K T M ‖ balam] calaṃ N ‖ adhikaṃ] adhike K T M ‖ navādhikaṃ] vādhikaṃ M 18 graha] gṛha N G ‖ vīryaṃ] cīṇaryaṃ N

49 This statement conflicts with what will be said below in the context of strength by motion; cf. note 53.

50 A watch (*prahara*) is a quarter of the day or, as in this case, night, beginning at sunset. The third watch thus commences at midnight and lasts for half of the time between midnight and the following sunrise.

When [their longitude is] equal to [that of] the sun, all [planets] are powerless.49 Now, calculating the strength: the distance between the sun and the moon or Mars should be established [so that it is] less than six [signs]: those degrees, divided by three, will be the strength. This is demonstrated in the same way as exaltation strength. Then the distance between the sun and Venus, out of the fifty degrees [possible], should be established; thereafter, these degrees multiplied by six and divided by five will be the strength of Venus. This is demonstrated [as follows]: if by fifty degrees sixty points are obtained, then how much [is obtained] by the [elongation] sought? When both [places] have been reduced by ten, the multiplier is six and the divisor, five: thus [the answer] is obtained.

Next, the strength of Jupiter or Saturn begins immediately after midnight; at the end of the third watch, the strength is full; at the end of the fourth watch, the strength is nil. Therefore, after one has calculated the duration of night from [the position of] the sun, if the time sought closely follows midnight, then midnight should be subtracted from that [time; but] if the time sought falls after the third watch, that [time] should be subtracted from the duration of night. The remainder multiplied by sixty and divided by the duration of a watch gives the strength of Jupiter or Saturn.50

Next, planetary strength by day and so forth. Concerning this, if, after the sun has been subtracted from the ascendant, the remainder is less than three [signs], then those signs and so on multiplied by twenty is the strength.51 [If the remainder is] greater [than three signs], it should be subtracted from six. The remainder in signs and so on, multiplied by twenty, is the strength of the male planets. But if the sun subtracted from the ascendant yields more than six [signs], the male planets have no strength; similarly, if the sun subtracted from the ascendant yields less than six [signs], there is no strength for the female planets. [If the number of signs is] greater than six [it should be made] less by six; [if it is] greater than nine, [it should be] subtracted from twelve: the remainder multiplied by twenty is the strength of the female planets, because male and female planets have been said to be powerful by day or night, [respectively]; but [their strength] ceases at the junction [of day and night]. This is described clearly in *[Tājika]muktāvali* [54]:

51 In other words, the day strength would be considered full not at true midday (when the sun culminates), but when the point 90° ahead of the sun in the ecliptic rises, which may occur either before or after noon – a curiously counter-intuitive definition.

*arkonalagne cayatas trirāśiṃ yāvat paratrāpacayena rūpam | puṃstve 'nyakheṭeṣu cayān navāntaṃ ṣaḍbhāt paratrāpacayena vedyam ||*

ayam arthaḥ | arkonalagne trirāśiṃ yāvac cayato vṛddhito rūpam balam | trirāśito 'gre apacayena rūpaṃ puṃkheṭeṣu balam | anyakheṭeṣu strīgraheṣu saptamān navāntaṃ yāvad rūpaṃ balam | aparatra daśamāt dvādaśāntam 5 apacayena rūpaṃ balaṃ jñeyam ity arthaḥ | iti kālabalam ||

atha nisargabalam | tatra nisargabalam uktaṃ tājikapradīpe |

*rūpasya saptamāṃśo balaṃ bhavet sūryaputrasya | taddvyādiguṇaṃ bhaumajñagurusitendvarkajaṃ nisargaṃ syāt ||*

```
iti nisargabalam || 10
```
atha ceṣṭābalaṃ | samarasiṃhaḥ |

*mandagatir aśīghragatiś cāvakraḥ krūradṛgrahitaḥ | krūrāyukto balavān śubhayutadṛṣṭaḥ kṛtābhyudayaḥ || sūryasya caikabhāge |* iti |

1 cayatas] yatas B N G a.c.; cayates T ‖ paratrāpa] paracāpa B N 2 puṃstve 'nya] puṃstvanya B N G K T ‖ cayān navāntaṃ] cayān nacāṃtaṃ N; cayan navāntaṃ K T; ca yatnavāṃs taṃ M ‖ vedyam] vidyāt M 3 vṛddhito] vṛddhato B N G a.c. ‖ balam] om. B N G a.c.; jñeyaṃ add. G p.c. 4 puṃkheṭeṣu] puṃśceṭeṣu N ‖ graheṣu] gṛheṣu B N 5 dvādaśāntam] dvādaśāntaraṃ G p.c. 11 samarasiṃhaḥ] samasiṃhaḥ N G a.c. 13 yuta] śyuta N

1–2 arkona … vedyam] TM 54

52 In other words, the strength of Mars is 2⁄7 of a unit; that of Mercury, 3⁄7, etc., making the total strength of the seven planets 4 units. This idea seems to originate in pre-Islamic India rather than with any Arabic-language source; cf. *Jātakakarmapaddhati* 3.19. The sequence of the planets in increasing order of strength is the two malefics, the neutral Mecury, the two benefics, and the two luminaries.

The ascendant being made less by the sun, by increase up to three signs and by decrease on the other side, is one unit when [the planet] is male. For the other planets, it should be understood by increase from six signs up to nine and by decrease on the other side.

The meaning is as follows: the ascendant being made less by the sun, the strength up to three signs is one unit by increase, [that is], by increment. After three signs, the strength for male planets is one unit by decrease. For the other planets, [that is], the female planets, the strength is one unit from the seventh up to the end of nine [signs]. On the other side, [that is], from the tenth to the end of the twelfth, the strength should be understood to be one unit by decrease: that is meant. This concludes the strength by time.

#### **2.6.4** *Strength by Nature*

Next, strength by nature; and the strength by nature is described in the *Tājikapradīpa*:

One seventh of a unit is the strength of Saturn; that of Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, the moon and the sun is the same multiplied by two and so on, [respectively].52

This concludes the strength by nature.

#### **2.6.5** *Strength by Motion*

Next, strength by motion. Samarasiṃha [says in the *Tājikaśāstra*]:

[A planet] slow in motion, not swift in motion, not retrograde, free from malefic aspects, not joined to malefics, joined to [or] aspected by benefics, having risen [heliacally], is strong; also, in one degree with the sun …53

53 The quotation from Samarasiṃha ends a quarter into a stanza. Viśvanātha, quoting the same verse in his commentary on *Saṃjñātantra* 2.69, supplies the next quarter: 'or in a fixed sign: then, too, they are strong'. The doctrine that a planet is strong when slow in motion agrees with Indian tradition but not with Greek or Perso-Arabic ones, which consider swiftness a strength; possibly Samarasiṃha misunderstood his sources. Conversely, the doctrine that a planet is strong when conjunct the sun within one degree – known as being 'synodic' or, later, 'in the heart' of the sun – is in line with Greek and Perso-Arabic traditions but contrasts with pre-Islamic Indian astrology, where this exception to the general principle of combustion is unknown (as demonstrated by Viśvanātha; cf. note 55). See Gansten 2018.

etat spaṣṭam uktaṃ tājikamuktāvalyām |

*dviguṇāṃśā rūponā vīryam athārkāṃśagānāṃ ca | śubhasamaliptasya balaṃ krūrāsahitasya rūpaṃ syāt | mārgodayārdhabhāgasthitasya vāśīghragasya madhyagateḥ ||* iti |

atra sūryo yadrāśinavāṃśe tasminn eva navāṃśe sthitasya grahasya bhāgā- 5 dyaṃ dviguṇaṃ ṣaṣṭityaktam avaśeṣaṃ balaṃ bhavati ||

atha śubhagraheṇa samānaliptasya ṣaṣṭikalā balam | nyūnādhikatve tu dvayor antaraṃ triṃśadaṃśanyūnaṃ vidheyam | tadaṃśā dviguṇā balam | atra śubhasamalipto yadā krūragrahasahito bhavati tadā na balam ity api jñeyam || 10

atha grahasya mārgaprārambhadine udayadine ca balopacayaḥ | atha grahamārgadinam ārabhya vakraparyantaṃ tathodayadivasam ārabhyāstaparyantaṃ yā dinasaṃkhyā tadardhaṃ vidhāya tāvatsaṃkhye 'hni ṣaṣṭikalātmakaṃ balam | vakradine astadine ca balaṃ śūnyam antare 'nupātaḥ | yadi madhyadinaiḥ pūrṇaṃ śubhabalaṃ labhyate tadā mārgadinād gatair 15 gamyair vā divasais tathā grahodayadinād gatair gamyair vā divasaiḥ kim iti | athodayāstavakramārgadinānāṃ jñānaṃ sugamopāyena madgurucaraṇaiḥ siddhāntacintāmaṇāv uktam |

2 rūponā] rūpona K T M ‖ athārkāṃśa] athākaṃśi N G a.c. ‖ ca] cā T 3 śubhasamaliptasya] śubham aliptasya B ‖ krūrā-] krūra- T 4 -ārdhabhāga-] -ārdhaṃ bhāgo B N G ‖ vāśīghragasya] 'vāśīghragamya B G; 'vāśāghragamya N 6 tyaktam] śeṣam G p.c.; bhaktam K T M 8 triṃśadaṃśa] tiṃśa N a.c.; triṃśa N p.c. ‖ aṃśā] aṃśād M ‖ dviguṇā] dviguṇaṃ K T M 11–12 mārga … graha] om. K T M 16 vā1] yā N G 17 mad] śrīmad G p.c.

2–4 dviguṇāṃśā … gateḥ] TM 47–48

4 gateḥ] B inserts a character of uncertain meaning in the middle of this word.

54 'The middle part of its direct motion' means the midpoint between the time when a planet previously resumed direct motion and the time at which it will turn retrograde. 'The middle part of its [heliacal] rising' similarly means the midpoint between the time when the planet last became visible after leaving its conjunction with the sun and the time when it will last be visible before its next conjunction. For the superior planets, the latter position (here considered strong) will necessarily coincide with their retrograde motion (here considered weak), leading to contradiction. This is a partial and less sophisticated version of the Greek and Perso-Arabic doctrines of apparent planetary cycles in relation to the sun (see, e.g., Paul. Al. 14 and Abū Maʾshar *Abbr*. 2).

This is described clearly in *Tājikamuktāvali* [47–48]:

Their degrees [and minutes] doubled and subtracted from one unit yield the strength of [planets] placed in the degree of the sun. The strength of [a planet] in the same minute of arc as a benefic, not joined to a malefic, is one unit, or of [a planet] occupying the middle part of its direct motion [or heliacal] rising, not moving swiftly, of middling motion.54

Here, in whatever sign and ninth-part the sun is [placed], the degrees and so on of a planet occupying that same ninth-part [should be] doubled and subtracted from sixty: the remainder is the strength [of that planet].55

Next, the strength of [a planet] in the same minute of arc as a benefic planet is sixty points. But if [its longitude] is smaller or greater, the distance between the two should be subtracted from thirty. Those degrees doubled are the strength [of the planet]. Concerning this, it should also be understood that when [the planet] in the same minute of arc as a benefic is [also] joined to a malefic, then it has no strength.

Next, the strength of a planet increases from the day when it commences its direct motion and from the day when it rises [heliacally]. As many days as there are, then, from the day of the planet's [assuming] direct motion up to [the beginning of] retrogression, and likewise from the day of [heliacal] rising up to setting, dividing them by half, after that number of days the strength amounts to sixty points. On the day of retrogression or setting, the strength is nil; in the interval, [the strength is calculated by] proportion: if full benefic strength is obtained by the days [up to] the middle, then how much [is obtained] by the days elapsed from the day of [the beginning of] direct motion or remaining [before retrogression]; likewise, by the days elapsed from the day of the planet's [heliacal] rising or remaining [before setting]? Now, the knowledge of the days of [heliacal] rising, setting and [commencing] retrograde and direct motion by an easy method is described by my venerable teacher in the *Siddhāntacintāmaṇi*:

55 Balabhadra here adopts a forced interpretation of Samarasiṃha's word *bhāga* (lit. 'part, portion', typically used in the sense of 'degree' in astrological contexts) as 'ninth-part'. A different solution to the problem posed by Samarasiṃha's statement is proposed by Viśvanātha, who correctly notes that even a planet conjunct the sun within a ninthpart would be combust or invisible, and therefore suggests the (mistaken) emendation '*not* in one degree with the sun'.

*pūrvāstataḥ paścima udgamo 'smād vakraṃ tato 'staḥ para udgamaḥ prāk | mārgī purāstāt khalu dantadantair vedair nṛpair vedaradair budhaḥ syāt || bhṛgoḥ sārdhadvimāsāṣṭamāsais tryaśvidinaiḥ kramāt | navabhis tryaśvidivasair māsair aṣṭamitais tathā || bhaumāstād udayas tasmād vakraṃ tadanu mārgatā |* 5 *tato 'sta evaṃ kramato vedakāṣṭhādvipaṅktibhiḥ || māsair bhuvā sāṅghrivedair yugaiḥ sāṅghriyugair guroḥ | śaneḥ sāṅghribhuvā rāmair vedaiḥ sārdhaiś ca vahnibhiḥ ||*

ity udayāstādidinajñānam ||

1 'smād] stād B N; 'stād G 2 purāstāt] purostī B N G; purosto K T 3 māsāṣṭa] māsyaṣṭa B N G K T ‖ tryaśvi] tryasthi B N; trasthi G a.c.; traśvi G p.c. 5 bhaumāstād] māstād N G ‖ tadanu] datadanu N 6 kāṣṭhā] kāṣṭho K T M 7 bhuvā] bhurvā T 10 śukraḥ] bhṛgu G 11 pūrvāstāt paścimodayam] pūrvāstāścimedayaḥ K; pūrvāstāścimodayaḥ T; pūrvāstāt paścime° M ‖ 32] 22 B 13 paścimāstam] paścimo 'stam K T M ‖ 4] 3 B G 14 udayam] udayaḥ K T M 15 mārgam] mārgaḥ K T M ‖ 4] 3 B G 17 bṛhaspatiḥ] gu G 18 udayam] udayaḥ B K T K ‖ 1 7 30] 1 B; 1|8 G 19 4 7 30] 4 8 B G 21 astam] astaḥ M ‖ 4 7 30] 4 8 B G

10 budhaḥ] The following table is omitted by N. K T M abbreviate some words. 17 maṅgalaḥ] The following table is omitted by N. The remaining text witnesses abbreviate some words.

After setting in the east there is rising in the west; thereafter retrogression; then setting; next, rising in the east; [then] Mercury is direct until setting, for thirty-two, thirty-two, four, sixteen, four and thirty-two [days, respectively]. For Venus, [the same is true] for two and a half months, eight months, twenty-three days, nine [days], twenty-three days, and eight months, in order. After the setting of Mars there is rising; thereafter retrogression; after that, direct motion; then setting, in that order, for four, ten, two and ten [months, respectively]. For Jupiter, [the same is true] for one month, four and a quarter, four, and four and a quarter, [respectively]; for Saturn, for one and a quarter, three, four, and three and a half [months, respectively].

This concludes the knowledge of days of rising and setting and so forth.

atha grahagatibalam | tatra aśīghrasya ko 'rthaḥ | mandagater madhyagatinyūnaspaṣṭagater grahasya sabalatvam | tathā madhyamagater madhyamagatitulyaspaṣṭagater grahasya ca sabalatvam | madhyamagatito 'dhikaspaṣṭagater grahasya balābhāvo jñeyaḥ | atra bhaumasya gatitulyāḥ kalā dviguṇā balaṃ bhavati | budhasya gatikalāḥ ṣaḍguṇā ekonāśītihṛtā balaṃ bha- 5 vati | guror dvādaśaguṇāḥ śukrasya svatryaṃśarahitāḥ śanes triṃśadguṇā iti | mathitārtho gurusampradāyāj jñeyaḥ | iti ceṣṭābalam ||

atha dṛgbalaṃ tatraiva |

*lagnaṃ paśyati yāvat tāvat tasya grahasya vīryaṃ syāt | śubhadṛṣṭasya ca pāpagrahaturyadṛśonitasya pādonam ||* 10

atra yasya grahasya yāvatī lagnasyopari dṛṣṭiḥ tāvad eva tasya dṛgbalam | atha śubhadṛṣṭasya grahasya yāvatī śubhadṛṣṭiḥ sā pādonā balaṃ syāt | paraṃ tu krūraturyadṛṣṭirahito graho 'pekṣitaḥ | tatsambhave na balam iti *vīkṣate lagnaṃ sabalī* iti samarasiṃhaḥ | iti dṛgbalam ||

atha lagnādidvādaśabhāvasahamānāṃ balānayanam uktaṃ muktāvalyām | 15

3 spaṣṭagater] spagater N G 6 triṃśadguṇā] triṃśaṇāḥ T 9 tāvat] vat K ‖ syāt] syāt tā K 12 yāvatī] yāvatā B N G 13 tu] om.

Next, the planets' strength by [daily] motion. Concerning this, what does 'not swift' mean? A planet of slow motion, [that is], whose true motion is less than its mean motion, is strong; so also, a planet of middling motion, [that is], whose true motion equals its mean motion, is strong. [But] a planet whose true motion exceeds its mean motion should be understood to be bereft of strength. Here, twice the minutes of arc corresponding to the [daily] motion of Mars is its strength; the minutes of arc of Mercury's motion multiplied by six and divided by seventy-nine is its strength; for Jupiter, [the strength is the minutes of arc] multiplied by twelve; for Venus, [its minutes of arc] less by one third; for Saturn, [the minutes of arc] multiplied by thirty. The substance [of these calculations] should be learnt from the tradition of one's teacher. This concludes the strength by motion.

#### **2.6.6** *Strength by Aspect*

Next, strength by aspect [is described] in the same [work]:56

As much as a planet aspects the ascendant, that much strength does it have. And [the strength] of [a planet] aspected by benefics [and] free from the fourth-[sign] aspect of a malefic planet is a quarter less.

Here, whichever planet aspects the ascendant by any amount, that is the amount of its aspect strength. Further, the strength of a planet aspected by a benefic is a quarter less than the amount of the benefic aspect; however, [only] a planet free from the fourth-[sign] aspect of a malefic is intended, [for] if that [aspect] is present, there is no strength: hence Samarasiṃha says [in the *Tājikaśāstra*], 'A strong [planet] aspects the ascendant'.57 This concludes the strength by aspect.

#### **2.7 Other Calculations of Strength**

Next, the calculation of strength for the *sahamas* of the twelve houses beginning with the ascendant is described in *[Tājika]muktāvali* [61–62]:58

57 This exact phrase is not quoted elsewhere in the text.

58 Balabhadra's claim that these two stanzas refer to *sahamas* or lots is supported by colophons in MSS of the *Tājikamuktāvali*, though not by the stanzas themselves, which do not contain the word *sahama*. The word used is *sadman* 'dwelling, abode', which in a Tājika context is sometimes used as a synonym of *sahama*, but which might also refer to the twelve horoscopic houses themselves, giving a less tortuous reading of the Sanskrit. I have nevertheless translated *sadman* as 'lot' in the following quotation.

*tanvādikānām iha sadmanāṃ tu patyur balaṃ caiva balaṃ pradiṣṭam | svanāthajīvajñadṛśā sametaṃ nṛbheṣu rūpānvitam āpyabheṣu || catuṣpadākhyeṣv api cārdhayuktaṃ na kīṭabhe kiṃcana yojanīyam | śubhāśubhavyomagadṛgviyogayugāṃśayuktonam atisphuṭaṃ syāt ||* iti |

#### viśeṣam āha vāmanaḥ | 5

*svasvasvāmibalatvena jñeyo rāśir balādhikaḥ | jīvajñayukto dṛṣṭo vā svasvasvāmiyutekṣitaḥ || pṛṣṭhodayāḥ karkimṛgadhanurmeṣavṛṣā amī | śeṣā śīrṣodayā jñeyā mīnas tūbhayataḥ smṛtaḥ || śīrṣodayā dinabalāḥ śeṣā rātribalāḥ smṛtāḥ |* 10 *nṛrāśayo 'tha lagnasthā daśamasthāś catuṣpadāḥ || vṛścikaḥ saptamasthāne caturthe jalarāśayaḥ | saṃdhyāyāṃ vṛściko rāśir divase nararāśayaḥ || rātrau balāḍhyāḥ śeṣāḥ syur itthaṃ rāśibalaṃ smṛtam | iti rāśibalaṃ proktaṃ purāṇācāryasammatam ||* 15

atrāṣṭadhā grahāṇāṃ balaphalam uktaṃ padmanābhena | atra ekaikaṃ prati sārdhaṃ viṃśopakaṃ balaṃ jñeyam | sampūrṇaṃ balaṃ ṣaḍviṃśopakātmakam | madhyamaṃ balaṃ triviṃśopakātmakam | tryūnam adhamabalaṃ jñeyaṃ | tad yathā |

*śūnye hānis tathā kleśo ardhe śoko mahad bhayam |* 20 *vaimanasyaṃ tathodvego rūpe proktam idaṃ phalam || sārdharūpe tanoḥ pīḍā dvābhyāṃ duḥkhaṃ sukhaṃ samam |*

3 yuktaṃ] muktaṃ G p.c. 4 ati] iti K 11 lagna] la K ‖ -sthā] -sthād B N 16 atrāṣṭadhā] athāṣṭadhā K T M 17 sārdhaṃ] sāddhīṃ N ‖ balaṃ1] om. B N G a.c. 18–19 tryūnam adhama] scripsi; tryūnamadhyama B G p.c.; anamadhyama N G a.c.; tryūnaṃ madhyama K T M 20 kleśo] hy add. K T M ‖ ardhe] arghye N; ardhye G 21 vaimanasyaṃ] vainamasyaṃ G

1–4 tanvādikānām … syāt] TM 61–62

And the strength of the lots of the [houses] here beginning with the ascendant is declared to be the strength of the ruler.59 Joined to the aspect of its ruler, Jupiter or Mercury, in human signs, it gets one unit [of strength]; in watery and quadrupedal signs, it gets half; in Scorpio, it gets nothing. [This strength] becomes very exact when made greater or less by a quarter [of the strength] derived from the aspect [or] separation of benefic or malefic planets.

Vāmana states a special rule:

According to the strength of its own ruler, a sign should be understood to be strong [when] joined to or aspected by Jupiter or Mercury [or] joined to or aspected by its own ruler. Cancer, Capricorn, Sagittarius, Aries and Taurus: these rise with their backs. The rest rise with their heads; but Pisces is known both ways. [The signs] rising with their heads are strong by day; the rest are known as strong by night. And human signs [are strong] in the ascendant, quadrupedal [signs] in the tenth, Scorpio in the seventh place, and watery signs in the fourth. The sign of Scorpio is strong at twilight, human signs in the day, the rest at night: this is known as the strength of the signs. Thus the strength of the signs as approved by the ancient teachers has been described.

Concerning this, the eightfold result of the strength of the planets is described by Padmanābha. Here, for each [result], the strength should be understood to increase by half a point. The maximum strength comprises six points; middling strength comprises three points; less than three should be understood to be poor strength, as follows:

When [the strength] is nil, there is loss and suffering; when half [a point], grief and great danger; dejection and anxiety are said to result when it is one point; when a point and a half, bodily pain; when two, happiness and unhappiness in equal measure; when two and a half,

59 This half-stanza reads differently in independent witnesses of the *Tājikamuktāvali*: 'For the lots of [the houses] (*or:* For the places) here beginning with the ascendant, the strength is that arising from the aspect *kataya* of its ruler.' The non-Sanskrit word *kataya/katayā* (possibly an instrumental inflection of \**katā*) might conceivably be a variant of *kuttha* 'strength' (Arabic *quwwa*), which would fit the context. In any case, either Balabhadra or some intervening copyist appears to have smoothed out the troublesome phrase.

*sārdhadvābhyāṃ sukhāvāptis tribhir bhogaḥ sukhaṃ dhanam | sārdhatraye sarvasiddhiś caturbhiḥ sarvato yaśaḥ ||* iti |

nirbalagrahalakṣaṇaṃ tu viśeṣataś candrasya duruḥphayoge vakṣyamāṇe viśadībhaviṣyatīti | naṣṭabalānāṃ sūryādīnāṃ phalam uktaṃ tejaḥsiṃhena |

*tvagdṛṣṭirukparibhavādi ravau vinaṣṭe* 5 *'bje 'rthakṣayo 'ratirujo 'vanije laghutvam | jñe jñānahānir aṇuvṛttyapapuṇyatejye śukre tv abhogasukhatānugabhīḥ śanau ca ||* iti |

aṇuvṛttir alpavṛttir apapuṇyatā puṇyarāhityam anugabhīḥ svasevakād bhayam | atha balaprasaṅgād iṣṭakaṣṭavicāro likhyate | tatprayojanam uktaṃ 10 ratnāvalyām |

*tājikoktaphalādeśaḥ prakartuṃ śakyate yataḥ | iṣṭakaṣṭaphalajñānān nirṇayas tad athocyate || svocce mitroccago mārgī suhṛtsaumyāvalokitaḥ | uditaḥ saumyacārī ca tritrikoṇāyago 'thavā ||* 15 *vargottame mitravarge svagehe sūryabhāgagaḥ | mūsariḥpho muthaśilaḥ saumyaiḥ saumyāntago yutaḥ || evaṃ balayutaḥ kheṭo jñeyaḥ ṣoḍaśadhā budhaiḥ | nīce śatrūccago vakrī ripupāpāvalokitaḥ || astago yāmyabhāgastho lagnād riḥphāriṣu sthitaḥ |* 20

1 bhogaḥ] bhogo B N G; bhāgaḥ M 3–4 nirbala … bhaviṣyatīti] om. K T M 4 balānāṃ] calānāṃ M 6 'bje] jjve N 7 vṛttyapa] vṛtthaya B; vṛtyaya N G K; kṛtyaya T 9 vṛttir2] vṛtyaitir N G ‖ apapuṇyatā] ayapuṇyatā B K ‖ sevakād] śevaka T 10 bala] om. K T M 12 śakyate] kyaśete N

5–8 tvag … ca] DA 228

2 iti] From the context, one stanza appears to be missing. G notes in a different hand in the margin: *truṭa*.

attainment of happiness; when three, pleasure, happiness and riches; when three and a half, success in everything; when four, renown everywhere.60

The detailed definition of a powerless planet will become clear in the discussion of the moon's *duruḥpha* configuration below. The results of the sun and other planets being powerless are described by Tejaḥsiṃha [in *Daivajñālaṃkṛti* 228]:

Diseases of the skin and eyes, humiliation and so on [will result] when the sun is powerless; when it is the moon, loss of wealth, enmity and illnesses;61 when Mars, dishonour; when Mercury, loss of knowledge; when Jupiter, scant occupation and impiety; when Venus, want of happiness from pleasures; and when Saturn, peril from attendants.

'Scant occupation' [means] little occupation; 'impiety' [means] lack of piety; 'peril from attendants' [means] danger from one's servants. Next, as it is connected with strength, the judgement of [strength for] good and evil is written. Its purpose is described in the *Ratnāvali*:

Now the judgement according to the knowledge of good and evil results is described, by which it becomes possible to predict the results described by the Tājikas:

[1] In its own exaltation, [2] in the exaltation of a friend, [3] direct in motion, [4] aspected by a friend [5] or a benefic, [6] [heliacally] risen, [7] moving north [of the ecliptic] or [8] in the third, a trine,62 or the eleventh house, [9] in an optimal division,63 [10] in the division of a friend, [11] in its own domicile, [12] in the degree of the sun, [13] in a *mūsariḥpha* or [14] *mutthaśila* with benefics, [15] between benefics or [16] joined [by them]: such a planet should be understood by the wise to be strong in sixteen ways.

[1] In its fall, [2] in the exaltation of an enemy, [3] retrograde, [4] aspected by an enemy [5] or a malefic, [6] [heliacally] set, [7] occupy-

60 The results of 4½, 5, 5½ and 6 points appear to be missing.

61 Possibly the 'enmity and illnesses' should be read with Mars rather than the moon. Another possible reading is 'sexual illnesses'.

62 'A trine' in this context means the fifth or ninth house.

63 *Vargottama* is a part of a sign, particularly a ninth-part, corresponding to that same sign, e.g., the ninth-part of Aries in Aries.

*vargottamavihīno yaḥ śatruvarge gṛhe 'pi ca || sūryabhāgojjhitaḥ krūrai riḥpho muthaśilo 'pi ca | pāpayukto madhyagato jñeyaḥ kheṭo balojjhitaḥ ||* iti |

atra śubhasthānage grahe śubhaphalaṃ rūpamitaṃ sthāpyam | aśubhasthānage grahe aśubhaphalaṃ rūpamitaṃ sthāpyam | punaḥ śubhā- 5 śubhaphalayor antare kṛte sati yac chubham aśubhaṃ vā avaśiṣṭaṃ tad eva grahasya iṣṭaṃ kaṣṭaṃ vā phalaṃ daśāphalādiṣu jñeyam | etat spaṣṭam uktaṃ maṇitthena |

*sarvatra kalpyaṃ pṛthag eva rūpaṃ phalaṃ śubhākhyaṃ phalanirṇayāya | ihāpi rūpaṃ parikalpya sādhyaṃ phalaṃ ca kaṣṭābhidham atra tajjñaiḥ ||* 10 *pṛthaksthitasyāsya yad antarālaṃ phalaṃ tad evābhidham atra vedyam | daśādhike śreṣṭhaphale ca pūrṇaṃ phalaṃ daśone kathitaṃ ca madhyam || kaṣṭādhike pūrṇaśaśāṅkahīne śubhe ca kaṣṭe daśato variṣṭhe | kaṣṭāt tathā kaṣṭataraṃ niruktaṃ* 15 *phalaṃ daśāyāṃ yavanaiḥ purāṇaiḥ ||* iti |

atha pañcavargebhya iṣṭakaṣṭam uktaṃ tājikamuktāvalyām |

*dalaṃ dalārdhaṃ ca tadardhakaṃ ca svakīyamitrārigṛhe śubhaṃ syāt | tathaiva dṛkke 'ṅgalavas tadardhaṃ* 20 *tatkhaṇḍakaṃ nandalave 'rkabhāgaḥ || tadardhakaṃ taddalam eva triṃśe tithyaṃśakordhvaṃ ca dalaṃ tv athocce | nakhāṃśakordhvaṃ ca dalaṃ ca nīce śūnyaṃ khavedāṃśanakhāṃśakau ca ||* iti | 25

2 bhāgojjhitaḥ] bhāgo 'hitaḥ G p.c.; bhāgobhitaḥ M ‖ krūrai] krūro B N G 3 balojjhitaḥ] 'valokita G p.c.; balobhita M 5 mitaṃ] saṃmitaṃ G 7–8 spaṣṭam uktaṃ] spaṣṭaktam K 19 śubhaṃ] svabhe K T M 20 dṛkke 'ṅga] dṛkkendra M 22 taddalam] tadbalam M ‖ eva] eka B 23 athocce] athoccai B N G; atho\*aḥ T 25 nakhāṃśakau] nakhāṃśako B N

9–16 sarvatra … purāṇaiḥ] VPh 15–18; cf. HS 40–41 18–25 dalaṃ … ca] TM 64–65

9 nirṇayāya] G notes in a different hand in the margin of folio 37v: *truṭa 37 patre \**. Some text does appear to be lacking from the quotation as compared with independent witnesses of the VPh. 25 iti] Alone among the text witnesses, M (the latest) adds a table giving the preceding fractions in numerical format, numerators placed above denominators. That table has been omitted here as likely being a modern addition.

ing a southerly degree [of latitude], [8] placed in the twelfth or sixth house from the ascendant,64 [9] without an optimal division, [10] in an enemy's division [11] or domicile, [12] having left the degree of the sun, [13] in a *riḥpha* or [14] *mutthaśila* with malefics,65 [15] joined to benefics or [16] placed between [them], a planet should be understood to be bereft of strength.

Here, one unit of good results should be entered when a planet occupies a good position, and one unit of evil results should be entered when a planet occupies an evil position. Then, after finding the difference between the good and evil results, the [strength for] good or evil that remains is the good or evil result of the planet, to be understood in [judging] the result of periods and so forth. This is described clearly by Maṇittha [in *Varṣaphala* 15–18]:

One unit of the results called good should be given for each place in order to judge results. Having allotted these points, the wise should find the results called evil. The difference between these separate [figures] should be understood to be the [final] result. When the good result is greater than ten, [that] result is full; when it is less than ten, it is called middling; when the evil is greater [than the good] and the good is less than ten, or when the evil is more than ten, the result of the period is declared by the ancient Yavanas to be evil and very evil, [respectively].

Next, the [strength for] good and evil [arising] from the five dignities is described in *Tājikamuktāvali* [64–65]:

The [strength for] good in [a planet's] own domicile, that of a friend and that of an enemy is half [a point], half of one half, and half of that, [respectively].In a decan, likewise, it is one sixth of a point, half of that, and half of that; in a ninth-part, it is one twelfth, half of that, and half of that; in a thirtieth-[part], it is one fifteenth, half, and so on; in exaltation, it is one twentieth, half, and so on; in fall, it is nil, one fortieth, and one twentieth.

64 All text witnesses share this reading, although the compound is in the plural rather than the dual, which would properly suggest at least three compounded items. The eighth house is typically listed with the sixth and twelfth.

65 From the context it would seem that *riḥpha* is used here not in the standard sense, as a name for the twelfth house (from Greek ῥιφή), but rather as a truncated form of *mūsariḥpha* (from Arabic *munṣarif*; cf. next chapter).

etadūnaṃ *yad vā sveṣṭārātiṣu dvādaśāṃśā* ityādyuktabalavibhāgāṃśaṃ kaṣṭaphalaṃ sādhyam | itīṣṭakaṣṭavicāraḥ | atra kecana sāmānyenaiva aṣṭadhā balaṃ kalpayanti | uktaṃ ca hillāje |

*samagatir udito yaḥ saumyadṛṣṭo 'tha yuktaḥ sa śubhamuthaśilī syāt saumyabhāve 'rkabhāge |* 5 *vicarati śubhamadhye cātivīryaḥ pradiṣṭaḥ kathitabalavirodhī hīnavīryaḥ khagendraḥ | ubhayabalasamāse cāpy abhāve tayor vā vicarati yadi kheṭo madhyavīryo munīndraiḥ ||* iti |

atra samagativirodhaḥ śīghragatiḥ | uditavirodho 'stagaḥ | evaṃ sarvatrāpi 10 jñeyam | atra pratyekaṃ sārdhaviṃśopakadvayamitaṃ balaṃ jñeyam | athātra viśeṣaphalajijñāsunā pūrvoktaṃ ṣaḍvidham api balaṃ vicāryam | tadabhāve sāmānyapañcavargībalaṃ vicāryam | tadabhāve 'py aṣṭadhā balaṃ vicāryam iti siddhāntaḥ ||

atha dvādaśavargīcakram | tatra vāmanaḥ | 15

1–242.16 -rātiṣu … tanvā-] om. B N G a.c. 1 dvādaśāṃśā] dvādaśāṃkā G 3 hillāje] hillājena M 10 gatiḥ] scripsi; gati K T; gaty M 12 balaṃ] dhanaṃ G 14 siddhāntaḥ] rāddhāṃtaḥ G

1 yad … dvādaśāṃśā] TM 41

1–242.16 -rātiṣu … tanvā-] In G the preceding phrase *etadūnaṃ yad vā sveṣṭādi* has been crossed out, and a note in the margin reads *truṭaḥ 37|5*. The omitted passages are supplied on a separate folio in a different hand. 15 cakram] At this point G adds the following stanza, near-identical to the previous quotation from Vāmana:*sukhāvāptis tribhir bhogo yaśovṛddhiḥ sukhaṃ dhanaṃ || sārddhatraye sarvasiddhiś caturbhiḥ sarvato yaśa iti ||*

The evil result should be found by subtracting these [values] from the allotted points of strength stated in [the quotation from *Tājikamuktāvali* 51–52 above], beginning 'Or else, in [the scheme consisting only of the planet] itself, friends, and enemies, the twelfths of points'. This concludes the judgement of [strength for] good and evil. Concerning this, some consider the strength as an eightfold total; and Hillāja says:

The planet that is [1] of middling motion, [2] [heliacally] risen, [3] aspected or [4] joined to benefics, [5] in a benefic *mutthaśila*, [6] in a benefic house, [7] in the degree of the sun, and [8] placed between benefics is declared by the great sages to be exceedingly powerful; one that negates the strengths [just] described, to have little power; and, if the planet has a balance of both strengths [for good and evil], or in the absence of both, to be of middling power.

Here, the negation of middling motion is swift motion; the negation of [heliacally] risen is set: this is how all [the criteria] should be understood. On this matter, each [criterion of] strength should be understood to amount to two and a half points. The conclusion, then, is that anyone wishing to know the detailed results [of a planet] should consider the sixfold strength described above; failing that, one should consider the total strength of the five dignities; and failing even that, one should consider the eightfold strength.

#### **2.8 The Twelve Dignities**

Next, the scheme of twelve dignities. On that, Vāmana [says]:

*gṛhahorādreṣkāṇāḥ pādāṃśaḥ pañcāṃśaṣaṣṭhāṃśau | saptāṣṭanavadaśāṃśā rudrāṃśā dvādaśāṃśāś ca || bhaumaśukrajñacandrārkabudhaśukrāramantriṇaḥ | sauriḥ śanis tathā jīvo meṣādīnām adhīśvarāḥ || lagnārdhaṃ jāyate horā sarvalagneṣu sarvadā |* 5 *ojarāśibhavārkendvoḥ same candrārkajā matā || meṣādisarvarāśīnāṃ tribhāgeṣu yathākramam | ādyapañcanaveśānāṃ dreṣkāṇā bhaṇitā budhaiḥ || ekadvitricaturtheṣu lagnapādeṣu ca kramāt | svasvarāśyādikendreśāḥ pādāṃśanāyakā matāḥ ||* 10 *kujārkījyabudhāḥ śukraḥ pañcamāṃśeṣu nāyakāḥ | ojarāśiṣu yugmeṣu grahā vyatyayataḥ smṛtāḥ || meṣādyā viṣame rāśau samarāśau tulādikāḥ | vijñeyā vibudhair evaṃ rāśiṣaṣṭhāṃśanāyakāḥ || ojarāśau svarāśyādyāḥ same saptamarāśitaḥ |* 15 *saptāṃśanāyakāḥ sarve vijñeyā vibudhaiḥ sphuṭāḥ || meṣādyāś cararāśīnāṃ cāpādyāḥ sthirarāśiṣu | dvisvabhāveṣu siṃhādyā jñeyāś cāṣṭāṃśanāyakāḥ || meṣamṛgatulākarkamukhāḥ syur navamāṃśakāḥ | meṣakesaridhanvādirāśicakre vyavasthitāḥ ||* 20

13 samarāśau] om. K 15 saptama] sapta T 19 meṣamṛga] meṣo mṛgas G ‖ navamāṃśakāḥ] navabhāṃśakāḥ K

1 pādāṃśaḥ … ṣaṣṭhāṃśau] K T M agree on this unmetrical reading, one mora short.

66 Most of these divisions are either inherited from Hellenistic astrology or innovations of pre-Islamic Indian tradition. The *horā* (from Greek ὥρα 'hour', the average rising time of half a sign) represents a division by 2. The division by 5 is a 'streamlined' form of terms (*ḥadd/haddā*, *triṃśāṃśa*), while the division by 10 is found in classical Indian astrology but distributed among the planets by a different method. Only the divisions by 6, 8 and 11 are unknown to both, as well as to Perso-Arabic sources. See Gansten 2018.

67 While the divisions of a sign are not dependent on the ascendant as such, the ascendant is often defined in Indian astrology according to the divisions in which it falls.

68 This is the classical Indian scheme of decan rulership rather than the Greek and Perso-Arabic one discussed in sections 2.5 and 2.6 above.

69 The angles are the first, fourth, seventh and tenth sign, counting inclusively – in other words, the signs distant from each other by multiples of 90°.

Domicile, *horā*, decan, fourth-part, fifth-part, sixth-part, seventh- [part], eighth-[part], ninth-[part], tenth-part, eleventh-part and twelfth-part [are the twelve dignities].66

Mars, Venus, Mercury, the moon, the sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter are the [domicile] rulers of [the signs] beginning with Aries.

Half of the ascending sign is a *horā*. In all ascendants, always, they are considered to belong to the sun and moon, [respectively], in an odd sign; in an even sign, to the moon and sun.67

In all signs, beginning with Aries, the thirds are declared by the wise to be the decans of [the planets] ruling the first, fifth and ninth [signs from the current one], in order.68

In the first, second, third and fourth quarters from the ascendant [sign], the rulers of the fourth-parts are considered to be [the planets] ruling the angles from the sign in question.69

Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Mercury and Venus are considered to be the rulers of the fifth-parts in the odd signs; in the even [signs], the planets are in the reverse order.

The rulers of the sixth-parts of a sign should be understood by the wise to begin from [the ruler of] Aries in an odd sign and from [the ruler of] Libra in an even sign.70

The true rulers of the seventh-parts should all be understood by the wise to begin from the sign in question in an odd sign, and from the seventh sign [from it] in an even sign.

The rulers of the eighth-parts should be understood to begin with Aries in the movable signs, with Sagittarius in the fixed signs, and with Leo in [the signs] of dual nature.

The ninth-parts in the cycle of signs beginning with Aries, Leo and Sagittarius begin with Aries, Capricorn, Libra and Cancer.71

The wise know that the planets ruling the [first] tenth-parts in an ascendant [beginning with Aries] follow in the order [of the rulers of] Aries, Aquarius, Sagittarius, Libra, Leo and Gemini.

70 In other words, beginning from 0° Aries, the 72 sixth-parts in the zodiac form 6 continuous cycles corresponding to the 12 zodiacal signs. The newly invented eighth-, tenth-, and eleventh-part divisions below follow the same pattern, as do the older seventhand ninth-parts.

71 That is, in Aries, Leo and Sagittarius, the first ninth-part belongs to Aries; in the signs immediatelyfollowing these (namely, Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn), the first ninth-part belongs to Capricorn; etc.

*ajakumbhadhanustaulisiṃhayugmakrameṇa tu | daśāṃśanāyakā lagne grahān evaṃ vidur budhāḥ || meṣamīnaghaṭā nakracāpālitulakanyakāḥ | siṃhakarkaṭayugmokṣādikā rudrāṃśanāyakāḥ || svasvarāśyādikā jñeyā dvādaśāṃśakanāyakāḥ |* 5 *evaṃ lagne 'tra vijñeyā budhair dvādaśavargikā || sūryādīnāṃ tu kheṭānāṃ vīkṣyā dvādaśavargikā | śubhā svamitrasaumyoccā nindyā nīcāripāpajā || evaṃ phaladvayaṃ vīkṣya tad viśodhyaṃ parasparam | taccheṣaṃ tatphalaṃ jñeyaṃ grahe dvādaśavargajam ||* 10 *varge śubhādhike krūraḥ śubhaḥ saumyo 'tiśobhanaḥ | nindyādhike śubhaḥ krūraḥ krūro 'tikrūratāṃ vrajet || svagṛhād yad graho datte tanvādibhāvajaṃ phalam | nijavīryānumānena sthitaṃ rāśīśabhāvajam || ekaikarāśimadhyasthaṃ vijñeyaṃ rāśimaṇḍalam |* 15 *tanvādibhāvarūpeṇa svagṛhādikrameṇa ca || tena dvādaśavargasya sūkṣmasthūlaprabhedataḥ | sthūlaṃ sūkṣmaṃ phalaṃ jñeyaṃ grahāṇāṃ sarvabhāvajam ||* iti |

atraikaikarāśimadhyastham ity anena tanvādisarvabhāvānāṃ dvādaśavargikā vidheyāḥ | tasmād bhāvānāṃ sthūlasūkṣmaphalavicāraḥ kārya ity 20 arthaḥ | etat spaṣṭam uktaṃ saṃjñātantre |

#### *bhāveṣu sarveṣv api vargacakraṃ vilokya tattatphalam ūhanīyam |* iti |

dvādaśavargīcakre viṃśopakānayanam uktaṃ yogasudhānidhau |

4 yugmokṣādikā] scripsi; kāsokṣādikā G; kyamokṣādikā K; mokṣādikā T; kā mokṣādikā M 9 evaṃ pha-] om. T 10 vargajam] vargataḥ G 11 śubhādhike] śubhādikaḥ G ‖ śobhanaḥ] śobhanaṃ G 13 svagṛhād yad graho] svagṛhādyaṃ gṛho G 17 tena] te ca K T M ‖ sūkṣmasthūla] proktaṃ sthūla B N G a.c.; sthūlasūkṣma K T M 18 sarva] rvasa N

22 bhāveṣu … ūhanīyam] ST 1.48

The rulers of the eleventh-parts [in the signs reckoned from Aries] begin with [the rulers of] Aries, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, Sagittarius, Scorpio, Libra, Virgo, Leo, Cancer, Gemini and Taurus, [respectively].

The rulers of the twelfth-parts should be understood to begin with [the ruler of] the respective sign. Thus should the twelve dignities in an ascendant be understood by the wise.

The twelve dignities of the sun and other planets are to be examined. [The divisions] arising from [the planet's] domicile, [the sign of] a friend, a benefic, or its exaltation are good; those arising from [the sign of] fall, an enemy, or a malefic are evil. Examining both [kinds of] results thus and subtracting the one from the other, the remainder should be understood to be that planet's resulting [strength] from the twelve dignities. In predominantly good divisions, [even] a malefic is good, and a benefic, exceedingly beneficent. If the evil [divisions] predominate, [even] a benefic is evil, and a malefic becomes exceedingly maleficent; for in accordance with its own strength [derived] from its domicile [and so forth] a planet gives the results of the houses beginning with the ascendant, residing [there and] produced by the ruler of the sign.72

The [entire] circle of signs should be understood as residing within every single sign, in the form of the houses beginning with the ascendant and in the order of [a planet's] own domicile and so forth. Therefore, in all houses, [both] the general and the detailed results of the planets should be understood, according to the general and detailed divisions of the twelve dignities.

Here, by [the statement] 'residing within every single sign' it is meant that the twelve dignities should be applied to all the houses, beginning with the ascendant. Therefore, [both] general and detailed judgement of the results of the houses should be made. This is stated clearly in *Saṃjñātantra* [1.48]:

Having examined the scheme of dignities for all the houses, one should infer the results of each.

The calculation of points [of strength] from the scheme of twelve dignities is described in *[Tājika]yogasudhānidhi* [4.10]:

72 The last sentence is syntactically unclear and its meaning somewhat tentative.

*śataṃ kalāḥ sve bhavanādike ca maitre tadardhaṃ ca ripau tadardham | tadaikyam abhrāṅgahṛd arkavargyāṃ viṃśopakā vīryayutau bhavanti ||* iti |

atra kecana dvādaśavargīcakraṃ na kurvanti | paṭhanti ca |

*vāmanena grahāṇāṃ yā proktā dvādaśavargikā | purācāryair anuktatvāt kṛtrimā sā prakīrtyate ||* iti | 5

etan na ramaṇīyam | yato 'tiprācīnācāryeṇa maṇitthena *bhaumaḥ sito jñaḥ* ityādiślokadaśakena dvādaśavargīcakram abhihitam | ata eva saṃjñātantre śrīmannīlakaṇṭhadaivajñair dvādaśavargīcakram uktam iti | iti dvādaśavargīcakram ||

atha grahāṇāṃ harṣabalam | tatra catvāri harṣadāni sthānāny uktāni tejaḥ- 10 siṃhena |

*nidhihutāśaṣaḍekaśivātmajavyaya ināt prathamaṃ khalu harṣadam | svagṛham uccam atho dvitayaṃ smṛtaṃ nikhilakheṭagaṇeṣu tṛtīyakam || atha dine nṛkhagasya tu yoṣito bhavati rātriṣu harṣapadaṃ tathā | udayatas tritayaṃ tritayaṃ kramād yuvatinṛdyusadāṃ ca caturthakam ||* 15

4 yā] vā K T M 5 kṛtrimā] kṛttimā B G K; kṛtimā N ‖ iti] ti K; pi T 8 uktam] om. B N G a.c. 10 harṣa1] varṣa K M ‖ catvāri] om. B N G a.c. ‖ -dāni sthānāny] -dānāny B N G a.c.; sthānāny G p.c. 15 tritayaṃ2] tṛtayaṃ K T ‖ dyusadāṃ] dyuṣadāṃ K

1–2 śataṃ … bhavanti] TYS 4.10 4–5 vāmanena … prakīrtyate] TMṬ 1.2 6 bhaumaḥ … jñaḥ] VPh 51; HS 73 12–15 nidhi … caturthakam] DA 7.1–2

[A planet earns] a hundred points in its own domicile and so on; half in that of a friend; half again in [that of] an enemy. That sum divided by sixty makes up the total points of strength in the twelve dignities.

Concerning this, some do not use the scheme of twelve dignities, and they quote [*Tājikamuktāvaliṭippaṇī* 1.2]:

Because the twelve dignities of the planets set forth by Vāmana have not been described by the teachers of old, they are declared to be artificial.

[But] this is not agreeable, since the most ancient teacher Maṇittha sets forth the scheme of twelve dignities in the ten stanzas beginning 'Mars, Venus, Mercury' [*Varṣaphala* 51–60].73 That is why the illustrious Nīlakaṇṭha Daivajña has described the scheme of twelve dignities in the *Saṃjñātantra*. This concludes the scheme of the twelve dignities.

#### **2.9 The Joys of the Planets**

Next, the strength of joy of the planets. On that matter, the four places that give joy [to the planets] are described by Tejaḥsiṃha [in *Daivajñālaṃkṛti* 7.1–2]:

[House] nine, three, six, one, eleven, five or twelve is the first [place] giving joy [to each of the planets counted] from the sun; [its] domicile and exaltation is considered the second, among all the planets; next, the third place of joy is in the day for a male planet but at night for a female; and [the houses] by threes from the ascendant is the fourth for female and male planets in order.

73 Maṇittha or (Pseudo)-Manetho is indeed an ancient astrological authority mentioned by name by early Sanskrit authors (see, e.g., *Bṛhajjātaka* 7.1); for the actual ancient work on astrology ascribed to Manetho, see Lopilato 1998. The *Varṣaphala* ascribed to 'Maṇittha' is, however, probably no older than the fifteenth century; see Gansten 2018.

atra samarasiṃhena *dvitīyakaṃ harṣapadaṃ sarveṣāṃ nijagṛhaṃ bhavati* ity anena ślokārdhena svagṛham eva harṣasthānam uktaṃ na tu svoccam iti jñeyam | atra viṃśopakā uktāḥ paddhatibhūṣaṇe |

*harṣānvitā harṣapade pañca viṃśopakā matāḥ | harṣasthānacatuṣkasthaḥ kheṭaḥ syāt pūrṇaharṣitaḥ ||* iti | 5

atha samarasiṃhaṭīkāyāṃ tukajyotirvidbhir ekaikaharṣasthāne rūpamitaṃ balam uktam | tatrāpi navamādisthāneṣu lagnāt tritribheṣu ca pūrvoktayuktyā grahāṇāṃ bhāvaphalam eva balam | svagṛhoccabalaṃ tu

*rāśyante paramoccaṃ tu procur grahavido janāḥ | rāśyante pūrṇaphaladaṃ svagṛhaṃ ca tathā viduḥ ||* 10

iti jīrṇatājikavacanāt svagṛhasvoccasthagrahasyāṃśādikaṃ dviguṇaṃ svagṛhasvoccabalaṃ bhavati | dinarātribalaṃ tu pūrvoktaṃ grahadinabalam eva | punar grahāṇāṃ viśeṣabale prathamaharṣabalaṃ dinarātribalaṃ ca yojitam eva | ato harṣasthānadvayabalaṃ viśeṣabaleṣu yojyam iti tattvam | sarveṣāṃ balānām aikyaṃ sphuṭabalaṃ bhavati | sphuṭabalenaiva var- 15 ṣeśaphalaṃ daśāphalādikaṃ ca jñeyam iti vimalam | prathamaharṣabale 'dhikasthānāni keṣāṃcid grahāṇām uktāni praśnavaiṣṇave |

*karma bandhu dhanaṃ cendos turyaṃ jñasyodayaṃ raveḥ | dyūnaṃ bhaumasya dharmarkṣaṃ śaneḥ prāhuḥ svaharṣadam ||* iti |

yādavena tu pañca harṣasthānāny uktāni | 20

1 harṣapadaṃ … nijagṛhaṃ] scripsi; nijagṛhaṃ sarveṣāṃ harṣapadaṃ B N K T M; nijagrahaṃ sarveṣāṃ harṣapadaṃ G 4 pade] padaṃ N ‖ pañca] ca N 7–8 pūrvokta] pūrvocca B N G 8 balam] phalaṃ N G 12 gṛhasvocca] gṛhococca N; gṛhe cocca G 17 'dhika] harṣa add. K T M 18 bandhu] bandha B N ‖ cendos] cendvos B N G a.c. ‖ jñasyodayaṃ] jñasthodayaṃ B N G a.c.; tasyodayaṃ G p.c. 19 sva] sa K T M

4–5 harṣānvitā … harṣitaḥ] PBh 20 18–19 karma … harṣadam] PV 2.30

1 harṣapadaṃ … nijagṛhaṃ] The unmetrical word order supported by all text witnesses suggests an error early in the transmission of the text, possibly even originating with Balabhadra. Restoring the metre does not change the meaning but does make for a somewhat more natural word order.

Concerning this, it is to be understood from this half-stanza [in the *Tājikaśāstra*] by Samarasiṃha – 'The second place of joy for all [planets] is their own domicile' – that only [a planet's] domicile is a place of joy, and not its exaltation. The points for this are described in *Paddhatibhūṣaṇa* [20]:

In a place of joy, the points endowed with joy are considered to be five. A planet occupying [all] four places of joy rejoices fully.

Now, in his commentary on [the *Tājikaśāstra* by] Samarasiṃha, Tuka Jyotirvid assigns one unit of strength to each place of joy. Among them, in the ninth and other houses and in the places by threes from the ascendant, the [numerical] house result itself is the strength of the planets according to the reasoning described above. But [regarding] the strength from domicile and exaltation, when a planet occupies its domicile or its exaltation, its degrees and so on doubled yield its strength of domicile or exaltation, according to the statement of the *Jīrṇatājika*:

The knowers of the planets say that the maximum exaltation is at the end of the sign; and they likewise know the domicile to give full results at the end of the sign.