**3. Results**

The results are organized into sections to introduce the current situation: base year situation in 2019 in 3.1, renewable energy scenario (RENES) in 3.2, 100% renewable energy scenario with (MAXRES) in 3.3 and a comparison of results in 3.4. The authors used the data of the historical economic growth rates of Isla de la Juventud [25,26]. The inputs introduced in the model consider the country's policies to achieve a 30% penetration (of installed capacity, 24% of electricity generation) of renewable sources by 2030 [6] and a total growth of user defined GDP growth of 11.7% until 2030. For the different scenarios we have assumed that the installed capacities for RES increase in a renewable scenario (RENES) for solar PV up to 19 MW (34% of the total installed capacity) with biomass remaining the same (1% of the total installed capacity) and in the maximum use of renewable sources (MAXRES) scenario solar PV is increased up to 19 MW (31% of the total installed capacity), wind to 6.65 MW (11% of the total installed capacity) combined with a fuel switch from diesel and heavy-fuel oil to biofuels up to 35.94 MW (58% of the total installed capacity). Furthermore, in both scenarios, 10 MW in batteries are installed to store excess energy.

## *3.1. Base Year (2019)*

The LINDA model utilizes the information provided by the national statistics office in its annual summary of the development of each province and its historical rates of economic growth. [26] The historical data from 2012 to 2019 is used for each sector of the economy.

Figures 7 and 8 show the economic growth and historical energy use for the different sectors for the period from 2012 to 2019. The gradual growth can be seen in both the value added and electricity consumption. The analysis indicates that the residential sector is historically the largest consumer in the system under study [26].

**Figure 7.** Historical data for Value added (GDP) in Isla de la Juventud (2011–2019) Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

**Figure 8.** Electricity consumption by sector in Isla de Juventud in 2012–2019. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

This is due to the low activity in the service, industry and agriculture sectors, similar to the structural behavior on the main island of Cuba. As electricity production is dominated by generators fueled by petroleum products as primary energy sources (Figure 9) in 2019, the base year, total CO2 emissions were 82 Mt.

**Figure 9.** Electricity production in Isla de Juventud in 2012–2019. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

Figure 10 shows the behavior of a typical winter day versus a summer day, showing that the system is predominantly residential with similar characteristics to the Cuban electro-energetic system. The main characteristics of the system under study reveal the following details:

• Residential sector electricity consumption defines the overall load profile of the total demand with maximum peak taking place in the evening from 18:00–22:00 during both winter and summer season.

**Figure 10.** Demand behavior curves for a typical winter/summer day in 2019. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

Figure 11 shows total monthly energy consumption in Isla de la Juventud in 2019. [27]. It can be seen that summer months, mainly July and August, are the months with the highest energy consumption, with over 10,000 MWh. In the winter months, this consumption decreases considerably, with just over 7000 MWh consumed in February. In February, electricity consumption is 36% less than in July. The annual demand of the system under study in 2019 was 114,548 MWh [27].

**Figure 11.** Total electricity demand on Isla de la Juventud in different month of 2019 Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

In Isla de la Juventud, by the end of 2019, there was around 10–13% of penetration of renewable energy into the electrical system. Figure 12 shows the contribution to electricity generation by different renewable energy sources, mainly wind and solar (biomass use for electricity production is minimal) and the total penetration in 2019. The results show a maximum penetration of just under 14% in total for all the RES. During the months from February to April RES provide a larger share of the energy of the total demand because of more solar production. February has the highest RES penetration rate, covering more than 13% of electricity demand. Solar energy has the highest penetration in the months from February to April with more than 8%, and at least 6% in all months of the year.

**Figure 12.** Renewable energy penetration rate (%) in 2019. Source: own elaboration with the model [27–29].

The share of wind energy does not exceed 5% of monthly consumption. During the months from August to October, wind power production has the lowest share and from December to February, the penetration is higher.

An important aspect for the analysis is to compare the penetration of renewable energy sources and hourly demand with the residual load curve. The behavior of the system has been analyzed against the influence of variable renewable sources. From the point of view of operation, it is necessary to observe the part of consumption to be covered by conventional generation each hour of the year. Figure 13 illustrates the demand versus residual load on a typical summer day. A further analysis shows that the greatest influence of renewable sources occurs during 9:00–16:00, mainly due to solar energy production. The biggest difference between the load curve and the residual load curve is at midday due to the peak of solar production. The difference is smaller at night and at dawn, because solar energy production reaches zero and only wind energy contributes to the generation and is proportionally reflected on the residual load curve. The difference between the load curve and the residual load curve is around 6 MW at maximum.

#### *3.2. Modeling Renewable Scenario Analysis (RENES) in 2030*

This scenario is based on the historical growth rates of previous years and the assumed future growth rates. The installed capacity in solar energy increases to 19.2 MW (34% of total installed capacity), wind power capacity remains at 1.65 MW (3% of total installed capacity), as well as 0.5 MW (1% of total installed capacity) of biomass. The renewable share reaches 38% of the total installed capacity by the year 2030. The assumptions in increase of solar and wind reflect the government plans and user defined inputs. With the assumed GDP growth of 11.7% in the different sectors the final energy consumption of the residential sector is expected growth by 10.5%, and industry and commerce, by 8% and 7.5% respectively.

**Figure 13.** Residual load curve vs. load curve in 2019 for an example day. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

The growth behavior is shown in Figure 14 with the residential sector clearly dominating. Similarly, in Figure 15 we can see the dominance of residential sector in the electricity consumption. Figure 16 shows that despite the increase in the installed capacities of RES into the system under study, fossil fuel consumption dominates the electricity production for the period from 2015 to 2030. These results show that the electric power system remains highly dependent on fossil fuels in the scenario with RES production at covering around 25% of the total electricity generated in a year as can be seen in Figure 17. The greatest contribution from renewable energy sources can be observed from February to April, as solar power capacity increases, its contribution grows considerably, with monthly penetration values of over 30%, and an annual average penetration of 28.5%. These values are in line with the Cuban energy sector targets 24% by 2030.

**Figure 14.** Final energy consumption in Isla de la Juventud for RENES scenario by sector. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

**Figure 15.** Electricity consumption of Isla de la Juventud in 2030 in the RENES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

**Figure 16.** RENES scenario for electricity production until 2030. Source: own elaboration with the model [27].

Figure 18 shows coverage of demand by different energy sources for one day in April and Figure 19 one week in April 2030. The contribution from solar is highest during the day hours while in the early mornings and night time the most contribution is from diesel. Solar energy reaches a maximum of about 12 MW during the midday hours and wind energy with a maximum occurring mainly at night and early in the morning.

**Figure 17.** Renewable energy penetration rate (%) in different months in the RENES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model [27–29].

**Figure 18.** Electricity production for a day (19 April 2030) for the RENES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model.

**Figure 19.** Residual load curve for a typical winter week versus summer week in 2030 for the RENES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model.

As shown in Figure 17 the winter months have the highest contribution of RES to the system; during the winter months there is an excess of solar production which could be stored in battery systems. On the contrary, in the summer months the consumption is higher and the contribution of the RES cannot cover the demand. In Figure 19 we can observe the residual load during a winter and summer week in 2030, showing the residual load to be less in the winter and more in the summer. The residual load shows that the batteries would be an alternative to take advantage of the hours of maximum solar production by storing the energy to give the electrical power system a backup during the hours of maximum generation

The introduction of batteries as shown in Figure 20 would increase the installed capacity in the system under study by 10 MW and therefore the penetration of the RES in this simulation would reach over 40% giving the system more independence. As solar energy generation capacity increases, it is noticeable that the demand for fuels (oil and its derivatives) decreases by 5% in the period from 2020 to 2030. Figure 21 shows the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from 2020 to 2030. Firstly, an increase in emissions is observed, due to the increase in demand and the use of diesel and fuel generators to cover this increase. However, after installing the 19 MW of solar energy according to the plan, a decrease in emissions is observed, reaching 78.2 Mtons in 2030.

**Figure 20.** Capacity of power plants in Isla de la Juventud for the RENES scenario with storage batteries. Source: own elaboration with the model.

#### *3.3. Modeling Scenario for Maximizing the Use of Renewable Energy Sources (MAXRES) by 2030*

In this scenario we maintain the growth rates of RENES and increase the solar capacity to 19.2 MW, wind capacity up to 6.2 MW and 10 MW in energy storage. In addition, fuel switch from fuel oil and diesel to biofuels is realized with a total of 35.94 MW of biofuel generators. This significantly increases the penetration of renewable energy sources gradually up to 100% in electricity generation on Isla de la Juventud with the fuel switch from a non-renewable to renewable fuels (Figures 22 and 23).

**Figure 21.** Total CO2 emissions in the RENES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model.

**Figure 22.** Power plant capacity on Isla de la Juventud for the MAXRES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model.

In this scenario, the newly installed wind energy capacity results in an increase of 50 GWh annually more than in the RENES scenario. This extra energy, added to that of solar energy, is stored in the batteries to be used as a backup in case of emergency or during peak demand hours, thus avoiding generation losses in the system.

With the transformation of the energy matrix to 100% RES based for 2030, the amounts of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere in this period gradually achieve a 100% reduction of emissions as shown in Figure 24.

**Figure 23.** Electricity production on the MAXRES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model.

**Figure 24.** CO2 emissions in the MAXRES scenario. Source: own elaboration with the model.

#### *3.4. Comparison of the Scenarios*

The results show that both the RENES and MAXRES scenario comply with the country's energy policy targets for 2030, reaching a minimum of 30% of renewable sources in the total installed capacity. The residual load shows that in RENES scenario, photovoltaic solar energy makes the greatest contribution during the midday hours with the possibility to be used as a backup with the battery storage. Moreover, in the case of MAXRES scenario wind complements the demand requirements with biofuels and provides additional potential for storage especially during the night time. In terms of CO2 emission from electricity generation, we see the gradual decrease from RENES and a reduction to 13.9 in the MAXRES scenario compared to base year.

The comparison of results in different scenarios is shown in Table 1 based on:


**12.3 Insufficiency fractures**

122 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine

can require urgent treatment is Lisfranc fracture. This fracture presents a characteristic appearance on bone scan with a band of increased uptake extending across multiple tarsometatarsal joints, typically involving the first through fifth or the second through fifth

Stress fracture occurs when a bone breaks after being subjected to repeated tensile or compressive stresses, none of which would be large enough to cause individually the bone to fail, in a person who is not known to have an underlying disease that would be expected to cause abnormal bone fragility (De Weber, 2011). The incidence of stress fractures is less than 1 % in the general population. The reported incidence in athletic populations varies with the type of athlete. Among military recruits the incidence ranges from 1 to 31 %, among runners 13 to 52 %, and among participants in collegiate team sports 1 to 8 % (De Weber, 2011; as cited in Bennel, 1997). In most instances, the individuals who suffer stress fractures have been engaging in vigorous activity to which they have not yet become conditioned. The failure to recognize the characteristic clinical and imaging findings of a stress fracture and the continued excessive exercise by the athlete will occasionally lead to a complete fracture (Collier et al, 1993). Imaging is needed when high risk stress fractures are suspected or a definitive diagnosis is necessary. The sites at high risk complications are the pars interarticularis of the lumbar spine, femoral head, superior side of the femoral neck, patella, anterior cortex of the tibia, medial malleolus, talus, tarsal navicular, proximal fifth metatarsal, great toe sesamoids, and

tarsometatarsal joints (Collier et al., 1993; as cited in Fogelman & Collier, 1989).

Fig. 8. Scintigraphy: localized uptake in tibial metaphysis and both internal femoral

Three-phase bone scan has traditionally been used for diagnosis of stress fractures because it can show evidence of stress fracture within 2 to 3 days of injury and has high sensitivity. Acute stress fractures appear as discrete, localized, sometimes linear areas of increased uptake on all three phases (angiographic, soft tissue, and delayed phases) of a Tc-99m-MDP bone scan (**Fig. 8**). However, the specificity of bone scan is low. Approximately 40 % of positive findings occur at asymptomatic sites (De Weber, 2011; as cited in Bennell et al., 1999). Bone scan can

the base of the second metatarsal bone (De Weber, 2011).

**12.2 Stress fractures**

condyles.

Insufficiency fracture occurs when the mechanical strength of a bone is reduced to the point that a stress which would not fracture a healthy bone breaks the weak one (De Weber, 2011). Most commonly postmenopausal osteoporosis is the cause for insufficiency fractures. Additional conditions affecting bone turnover include osteomalacia, chronic renal failure, and high-dose corticosteroid therapy (Krestan et al., 2011). Insufficiency fractures occur most commonly in the pelvis, including the sacrum, followed by the proximal femur and the vertebral bodies, in particular in the lower thoracic and the lumbar spine. Other sites frequently affected by insufficiency fractures are the tibia, fibula, and calcaneus (Krestan & Hojreh, 2009; as cited in Soubrier, 2003). Radiographs are the basic modality used for screening of insufficiency fractures, but depending on the location of the fractures, sensitivity is limited. Thus, MRI and CT are both standard techniques when insufficiency fracture is suspected and initial radiological studies are negative. MRI is a very sensitive tool to visualize bone marrow abnormalities associated with insufficiency fractures and allows differentiation of benign versus malignant fractures. Multidetector CT depicts subtle fracture lines allowing direct visualization of cortical and trabecular bone (Krestan et al., 2011). Bone scintigraphy is also highly sensitive and specific when typical pattern of abnormality is present. One of those typical patterns of uptake is the classical H ('Honda' sign) or butterfly-shaped appearance in sacral insufficiency fracture in the elderly osteoporotic patient without definite trauma history. The vertical limbs of the H lie within the sacral ala, parallel to the sacroiliac joints, while the transverse limb of the H extends across the sacral body. Other sacral variant uptake patterns occur frequently and include the unilateral ala, incomplete H and horizontal linear dot patterns. Iliac fractures are seen as linear areas of increased radionuclide uptake. Pubic and supra-acetabular fractures produce areas of linear or focal uptake. Concomitant findings of two or more areas of increased uptake in the sacrum and at another pelvic site are considered diagnostic of insufficiency fractures of the pelvis. If a typical pattern of abnormality is not present, the radionuclide bone scan is much less specific. If abnormal or incomplete patterns of uptake are observed, findings may be mistaken for malignancy and other etiologies. PET–CT with hybridscanners has been the upcoming modality for the differentiation of benign from malignant fractures (Krestan et al., 2011).

### **12.4 Pathologic fractures**

º

This type of fractures is due to a localized loss of strength secondary to an underlying disease process. Examples of pathologic fractures include those that occur at sites of bone tumors (primary or metastatic), bone cysts, and infections (De Weber, 2011). About 10% of patients with known bone metastases will sustain a fracture. Most patients with high-risk conditions for bone metastasis are followed serially with bone scan to detect occult

Nuclear Medicine in Musculoskeletal Disorders: Clinical Approach 125

fracture site can also be a cause of persistent pain and contribute to the non-union (Csongradi & Maloney, 1989). Gallium scan is indicative of infection if 67Ga uptake exceeds 99mTc uptake on the bone scan. The most specific tracers for infection however are

Technical considerations concerning care of the child, immobilization, dosing of radiopharmaceuticals, and instrumentation are of major importance in pediatric nuclear medicine. It is routine in many dedicated pediatric nuclear medicine departments to allow parents or siblings to remain in the imaging room to provide a sense of security and safety for the child. Similarly, the patient is allowed to hold a favorite toy or a prized possession and parents are instructed to bring such items with them for the test. Children are often most worried about the needle required for the injection. Many nuclear medicine departments now routinely use the application of topical anesthetic creams as part of the preparation for the examination (Nadel & Stilwell, 2001). Immobilization techniques to gain patient support in pediatric studies can vary from wrapping the patient to the use of sedation and general anesthesia. For neonates to age 2, it may suffice to hold the patient in place, deprive sleep, and feed the child while on the imaging table. Papoose techniques for bundling and entertainment including television, movies, music, or stories can be used to immobilize children older than 4 to 5 years of age. The cooperation of an older child can often be obtained if the procedure is carefully explained to them and their parents. Children between the ages of 2 and 5, or who are mentally retarded, or have severe attention deficit problems, are more likely to require sedation (Nadel & Stilwell, 2001). Guidelines from the American College of Radiology and the American Academy of Pediatrics can help in developing an appropriate institutional sedation protocol (Shammas, 2009; as cited in

The correct dosing for administration of radiopharmaceuticals to children is available in standard pediatric nuclear medicine texts and can be based on either body surface area or the weight of the child relative to adult dosage (Nadel & Stilwell, 2001; as cited in Miller & Gelfand, 1994; Treves, 1995). 99mTc- MDP is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for bone scintigraphy. Scanning is usually performed as a three-phase bone scan with immediate blood flow and blood pool imaging of the site of symptoms obtained after injection, followed by delayed imaging 1.5 to 2 hours later. It is important that the children are well hydrated to have optimum visualization. Other radiopharmaceuticals are also useful in the evaluation of musculoskeletal disease, such as 67Ga citrate or labelled leukocytes using indium-111 or 99mTc for musculoskeletal infection or a bone marrow scan using a 99mTc-sulfur colloid for bone marrow infarction, particularly in sickle cell disease (Shammas, 2009; as cited in Connolly et al., 2007; Gilday, 2003; Nadel & Stilwell, 2001). 18F-FDG is the most common radiopharmaceutical used for PET or PET/CT. 18F-FDG accumulation occurs in inflammation and infection (Shammas, 2009; as cited in Love et al., 2005; Zhuang & Alavi, 2002). Imaging of inflammation with 18F-FDG PET relies on the fact that infiltrated granulocytes and tissue macrophages use glucose as an energy source. When they are activated in inflammation, metabolism and thus FDG uptake increases (Shammas,

**13. Technical aspects and applications of bone scintigraphy in pediatric**

leukocytes labelled with indium-111 or 99mTc (Schelstraete et al., 1992).

**13.1 Technical aspects of bone scintigraphy in pediatric populations**

**populations**

Gilday, 2003).

2009; as cited in Kubota et al., 1992).

metastasis. In general, lytic lesions are considered more prone to fracture than blastic ones. In the spine, CT or MRI are both indicated to quantify the extent of tumor infiltration, including any extension into the spinal cord and are useful in distinguishing osteoporotic vertebral collapse from pathologic fracture.

#### **12.5 Non-union fractures**

In the setting of impaired fracture healing we can distinguish three complications: the delayed union, non-union and pseudoartrhosis. Delayed union describes the situation where there are distinct clinical and radiological signs of prolonged fracture healing time (Panagiotis, 2005). Scintigrams demonstrate intense tracer concentration at the fracture site, as does a fracture undergoing normal or non-union. Therefore, differentiation of a normal or delayed union from nonunited fracture may not be possible by scintigram alone. Clinical findings along with roentgenograms are usually adequate to distinguish delayed healing from nonhealing (Desai et al., 1980). Non-union fracture is defined as the cessation of all reparative processes of healing without bone union 6 to 8 months following the fracture or by the absence of progressive repair that has not been observed radiographically between the third to sixth months following a fracture (Panagiotis, 2005). Two main types of nonunion fractures are differentiated according to the viability of the ends of the fragments (Frölke& Patka, 2007; as cited in Weber & Cech, 1976): Avascular non-union and hypervascular non-union. In the first type the ends of the fragments are avascular or atrophic, inert and incapable of biologic reaction, and therefore bone scintigraphies indicate a poor blood supply at the edges of the fragments (Frölke& Patka, 2007). On delayed images atrophic non-union rim is seen as a photon deficient band between fracture ends (Holder, 1993). The main problem in this type is the poor quality of the bone ends and the significantly diminished potential for repair (Gelalis et al., 2011). In the second type the rims of the fragment are hypervascular or hypertrophic and are capable of biological reaction. Bone scintigraphy in the latter indicates a rich blood supply in the ends of the fragments (Frölke& Patka, 2007). The main problem in this type is inadequate fracture stability or reduction. The third complication, pseudoarthrosis, is a non-union fracture which may take years to develop and may occur without clinical symptoms. It is characterised by the formation of a false joint where a fibrocartilaginous cavity is lined with synovium producing synovial fluid (Panagiotis, 2005; as cited in McKee, 2000). Scans using Tc-99m-MDP show the presence of a synovial pseudoarthrosis (Csongradi & Maloney, 1989; as cited in Esterhai et al., 1984). Two types can be distinguished as in the non-union fractures: atrophic and hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis. The first one is characterized in the scintigraphy by the absence of peripheral accumulation in contrast with the intense uptake surrounding a hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis. Those finding in the bone scan are highly suspect for pseudoartrhosis after 12 months. The use of SPECT with bone scanning enhances the sensitivity and specificity, especially in the pseudoarthrosis of the spine after a lumbar spinal fusion (Collier et al., 1993; Lee & Worsley, 2006). SPECT identifies a more focal area of intense activity within the area of increased accumulation at the fusion site (Murray, 1998). Some authors have used radionuclide scans to determine whether the fracture has the biologic ability to respond to a specific therapy such as electrical stimulation. With mature nonunions, radionuclide scans can identify large hypovascular areas that have no potential for healing. In such cases, operative intervention is needed. In a case of nonunion, the possibility of infection must be considered. An increase in activity at the fracture site on the radionuclide scan is consistent with both bony healing and infection. Infection at the

metastasis. In general, lytic lesions are considered more prone to fracture than blastic ones. In the spine, CT or MRI are both indicated to quantify the extent of tumor infiltration, including any extension into the spinal cord and are useful in distinguishing osteoporotic

In the setting of impaired fracture healing we can distinguish three complications: the delayed union, non-union and pseudoartrhosis. Delayed union describes the situation where there are distinct clinical and radiological signs of prolonged fracture healing time (Panagiotis, 2005). Scintigrams demonstrate intense tracer concentration at the fracture site, as does a fracture undergoing normal or non-union. Therefore, differentiation of a normal or delayed union from nonunited fracture may not be possible by scintigram alone. Clinical findings along with roentgenograms are usually adequate to distinguish delayed healing from nonhealing (Desai et al., 1980). Non-union fracture is defined as the cessation of all reparative processes of healing without bone union 6 to 8 months following the fracture or by the absence of progressive repair that has not been observed radiographically between the third to sixth months following a fracture (Panagiotis, 2005). Two main types of nonunion fractures are differentiated according to the viability of the ends of the fragments (Frölke& Patka, 2007; as cited in Weber & Cech, 1976): Avascular non-union and hypervascular non-union. In the first type the ends of the fragments are avascular or atrophic, inert and incapable of biologic reaction, and therefore bone scintigraphies indicate a poor blood supply at the edges of the fragments (Frölke& Patka, 2007). On delayed images atrophic non-union rim is seen as a photon deficient band between fracture ends (Holder, 1993). The main problem in this type is the poor quality of the bone ends and the significantly diminished potential for repair (Gelalis et al., 2011). In the second type the rims of the fragment are hypervascular or hypertrophic and are capable of biological reaction. Bone scintigraphy in the latter indicates a rich blood supply in the ends of the fragments (Frölke& Patka, 2007). The main problem in this type is inadequate fracture stability or reduction. The third complication, pseudoarthrosis, is a non-union fracture which may take years to develop and may occur without clinical symptoms. It is characterised by the formation of a false joint where a fibrocartilaginous cavity is lined with synovium producing synovial fluid (Panagiotis, 2005; as cited in McKee, 2000). Scans using Tc-99m-MDP show the presence of a synovial pseudoarthrosis (Csongradi & Maloney, 1989; as cited in Esterhai et al., 1984). Two types can be distinguished as in the non-union fractures: atrophic and hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis. The first one is characterized in the scintigraphy by the absence of peripheral accumulation in contrast with the intense uptake surrounding a hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis. Those finding in the bone scan are highly suspect for pseudoartrhosis after 12 months. The use of SPECT with bone scanning enhances the sensitivity and specificity, especially in the pseudoarthrosis of the spine after a lumbar spinal fusion (Collier et al., 1993; Lee & Worsley, 2006). SPECT identifies a more focal area of intense activity within the area of increased accumulation at the fusion site (Murray, 1998). Some authors have used radionuclide scans to determine whether the fracture has the biologic ability to respond to a specific therapy such as electrical stimulation. With mature nonunions, radionuclide scans can identify large hypovascular areas that have no potential for healing. In such cases, operative intervention is needed. In a case of nonunion, the possibility of infection must be considered. An increase in activity at the fracture site on the radionuclide scan is consistent with both bony healing and infection. Infection at the

vertebral collapse from pathologic fracture.

**12.5 Non-union fractures**

fracture site can also be a cause of persistent pain and contribute to the non-union (Csongradi & Maloney, 1989). Gallium scan is indicative of infection if 67Ga uptake exceeds 99mTc uptake on the bone scan. The most specific tracers for infection however are leukocytes labelled with indium-111 or 99mTc (Schelstraete et al., 1992).


*3.1. Establishment of SSC Detection Model for Fresh Jujubes in Open-Field Cultivation*

3.1.1. SSC Detection Models Using Full Wavelengths

Open-field cultivation is the main mode in the planting of jujube. The spectral information of the open-field cultivation samples was pre-processed using baseline and SG. Based on the spectrum with no-pretreatment and pretreatment, LS-SVM models of the SSC were established, and fresh jujubes from two cultivation modes were predicted. The prediction results are shown in Table 3.

**Table 3.** Prediction results of SSC using different pre-processing methods.

In Table 3, when built models with the samples cultivated in the open field were used to predict the samples of the same cultivation methods, results of no-pretreatment and SG pretreatment were similar (Rp2 = 0.80, RMSEP = 1.14%, RPD = 2.25) and better than the results of baseline. The prediction ability of the three methods for rain-shelter samples was not ideal (Rp2 = 0.47~0.59, RMSEP = 2.54~2.77%, RPD = 1.03~1.12), which indicated that the sharing ability of the model needs to be improved. On the whole, compared with the results of baseline and SG, the prediction ability of the constructed model with no-pretreatment was better. Therefore, spectral data without preprocessing were used for analysis in the following study.