**Abstract**

The purpose of this chapter is to study the interactions that are established between inorganic auxiliaries and the by-products of contaminants present in effluents coming from dyeing operations during oxidation treatment processes using ozone, and the influence of auxiliaries and by-products on the behavior of dyes in subsequent dyeing processes using the treated water. Carrying the treatment until the complete elimination of the contaminants present in it is a very expensive operation. Because of this, it is chosen to discolor and reuse the spent dyebaths treated as many times as possible to take advantage of the water and the inorganic salts contained therein. The variable composition of the dyebaths involves kinetic aspects during the treatment, which is important to take into account in the design of the process. Various by-products are already generated from the beginning of the treatment, which will have an influence on the following stages of the same treatment process, as well as on the kinetics of the dyeing processes carried out using the treated water and on the results obtained in such dyeing processes. All this will depend on the chemical and dyeing class to which the dyes used during the subsequent dyeing processes belong.

**Keywords:** water reuse, oxidation, ozone, textile, dyes


**3.3 Two-dimensional nanostructures**

Two-dimensional nanostructures have two dimensions outside of the nanometric size range. In recent years, a synthesis of two-dimensional nanostructures with certain geometries exhibits unique shape-dependent characteristics and their subsequent utilization as building blocks for the key components of nano-devices. In **Figure 3c**, two-dimensional nanostructures, such as junctions (continuous islands), branched structures, nano-prisms, nano-plates, nano-sheets, nano-walls, nanodisks, etc., are confirmed in the literature. Round disks, hexagonal/triangular/ quadrangular plates or sheets, belts, mesoporous hollow nanospheres, hollow rings, etc. are also forms of two-dimensional nanostructures [20].


**11. Future directions and implications**

Understanding DNA damage tolerance and repair will have a significant impact on elucidating the mechanisms by which DNA adducts cause mutations and genome instability. While DNA damage tolerance has been well-studied for particular types of DNA damage, such as that caused by UV and MMS, the mechanisms for DNA damage tolerance of more complex lesions is still in its infancy. The importance of studying DNA damage tolerance mechanisms for complex agents is underscored by the importance of cross-linking agents, such as cisplatin, in cancer chemotherapy. In addition, understanding how DNA damage is tolerated may have important impacts in assessing the efficacy of antifungal agents. Elucidating DNA damage tolerance mechanisms will also be important in understanding how mutations and genetic instabilities arise when cells are exposed to low doses of the DNA damaging agent. These studies should elucidate mechanisms on how cellular aging, ploidy, and cell type may affect DNA damage tolerance pathways.


*7.2.3 Definition*

Apache Spark is an open source processing framework, it is built around speed, ease of use and the ability to handle large data sets, which are of diverse nature (text data, graph data, etc.), Spark extends the MapReduce model to efficiently support multiple types of computations, including iterative processing, interactive queries, and flow processing (**Figure 5**) [32].2


**5. Conclusions**

Effective management of drinking water resources benefits when water utilities can adapt and be flexible amid changing environmental conditions. Such resilient management can be bolstered by positive relationships between water managers and the communities they serve [12]. In this study, we examined how community perceptions that can strengthen these relationships relate to drinking water behavior. We specifically examined the role of trust, risk perceptions, salience of drinking water, and water quality evaluations in their choice of in-home drinking water sources. We were particularly interested in the role of trust, a concept often studied in natural resource management because of its positive relationship with resilient management support, effective communication, and technology acceptance [13,14,16]. We allowed for the fact that people may vary in their in-home drinking water behaviors, enabling us to examine further differences that characterize behavioral patterns.

While other studies have demonstrated relationships between demographic variables such as income, educational level, and gender with water source consumption [41,61,62], it was not part of our research question. However, when we examine our data, we do not find a relationship between income, education level, or gender, and cluster membership.

Our results show that those who drink tap water often have more favorable tap water quality evaluations, have lower perceptions of its risk, pay more attention to tap water changes, and have higher trust in their water managers, especially compared to those who drink bottled water exclusively or from a sink filter. Managers may be able to use the link between high trust and tap water choice as an indicator of public trust. This can help them determine their need to promote this trust through efforts to increase communication between utilities and the public. As utilities shift to employing more resilience-based management strategies, it is increasingly important to understand the ties between the public perceptions that define community relationships with their utilities and the drinking water behavior those communities engage in.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2306-533 8/8/1/49/s1: Table S1: Calinski/Harabasz test and Duda/Hart test for K means cluster analysis on water source choice; Table S2: One-way ANOVA results comparing drinking water behavior cluster means for each independent variable; Table S3: Post hoc pairwise comparisons of mean differences between pairs of clusters for each independent variable.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.A.G. and M.G.S.; methodology, M.A.G., M.G.S., and M.E.S.; validation, M.A.G. and M.G.S.; formal analysis, M.A.G. and M.G.S.; investigation, M.A.G.; resources, M.A.G., M.G.S., and M.E.S.; data curation, M.A.G. and M.G.S.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.G.; writing—review and editing, M.A.G., M.G.S., and M.E.S.; visualization, M.A.G., and M.G.S.; supervision, M.A.G., and M.G.S., M.E.S.; project administration, M.A.G., M.G.S.; funding acquisition, M.G.S., and M.E.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation grant CNS-1737424.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available because of confidentiality restrictions with human subjects research. Ethical approval for this research study was granted by the Virginia Tech Institutional Review Board (IRB #19-023).

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank the Western Virginia Water Authority for their cooperation and help with our efforts. We also thank the students who distributed our survey and assisted with data entry: E. Bowlin, B. Wilson, A. Alls, A. Donnelly, A. Bosley, and Q. Hair.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.


**2.1 The canonical pathway**

The canonical pathway is provoked by the pro-inflammatory cytokines, ligands of varied immune receptors and involves the rapid and transient activation of IκB kinase [22]. NF-κB activity at sites of inflammation is associated with activation of the canonical pathway and RelA- or cRel-containing complexes [23]. In the pathway, NF-κB/Rel proteins are tethered which are inhibited by IκB proteins. Pro inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccrahaide, growth factors and antigen receptors activate the IKK complex (IKKβ, IKKα and NEMO) [24]. The complex then phosphorylates IκB proteins which lead to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, freeing NF-κB/Rel complex. Active NF-κB/Rel complex is further activated by post transcriptional modifications and translocate to the nucleus, where either alone or in combination with other transcription factors including AP-1, Ets and STAT and induce target gene expression [25].