239William Thomson (1824–1907, 2W and winner of the frst Smith's Prize 1845), mathematical physicist better known as Lord Kelvin. Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow (1846), for 53 years, and President of the Royal Society between 1890 and 1895.

240Helensburgh, a town northwest of Glasgow. Smith and Thomson, both of Scottish descent, were close friends. Whether the purpose of their visit was leisurely or scientifc is unclear.

241 John Herschel's proof of the law of least squares appeared in John F.W. Herschel, "Quetelet on probabilities," *Edinburgh Review* 92 (July 1850): 1–57. See Stigler's chapter in this volume for a discussion of Ellis's criticism of Herschel's proof.

242Mary Somerville [née Fairfax] (1780–1872), Scottish science writer, mathematics expositor and self-taught polymath. Perhaps best known for her *On the Connection of the Physical Sciences* (1834). 243See diary entry for 12 October 1839.

244Alphonse de Lamartine (1790–1869), French author, poet and statesman.

245Felicia Hemans (1793–1835), poet popular in her day but now often criticised for her sentimentality. Her most famous line is 'The boy stood on the burning deck'.

246A two-year outbreak of cholera began in England and Wales in 1848, claiming 52,000 lives.

were impossible that life could be so utter a cheat. Surely I shall go softly said Hezekiah247 all the days of my life in the bitterness of my soul.248 I cannot got at all except metaphorically, but there is bitterness enough in my heart. Of course *thneta peponthamen* [We have suffered the lot of mortals]249 – a refexion which always consoles one's friends & consoles oneself in their misfortunes.

I have no plan for leaving this place, so write to me here; it is useless to say how glad I should be to see you – if you take a run anywhere after your illness let it be here.

Say everything for me to Mrs Walton & the Vicarage.

Yours ever R.L. Ellis

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/80 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 13 December (probably from 1850/1) Bath]

Brock St Bath Dec 13

My dear Walton

You are so goodnatured about my commissions that I am ashamed of myself. But to say the truth the portfolio with a lock which arrived safely today along with the chair is no more the box I was thinking of than my old silver friend is my father's chronometer. However it will answer the purpose of giving me some refuge from female or rather feminine curiosity, though it would do better if it were not already half full of odds & ends, & if it were of presentable appearance. So that the dispatch box which I would have you to know is a red leather box with a bramah250 lock may slumber on at Metcalfe's. I am glad the watch is safe: if you look at it's [sic] back you will see my cipher in the centre; engraved once while I was away in college & not shown me until long afterwards. Eheu [Alas] it is just ten years since I returned to Bath after leaving Trinity – the last time of my being here for more than a few days, & as I go moving about the country & through the streets, ten thousand recollections & contrasts occur to me. On the whole it consoles one to think how many sources of pain have in that interval been fnally closed up: how many hearth burnings how much anxiety death has quieted. Jovi liberatori libemus251 said, as you remember, Thrasea just before his death: I should be apt to say 'morti liberatori'

247Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, 13th successor of David as king of Judah.

248 'I shall go softly all my years in the bitterness of my soul': Isaiah, 38 ('Hezekiah's song of thanksgiving').

249From the Euripidean fragment quoted in Ellis's letter to Walton of Good Friday 1850.

250 In 1784, Joseph Bramah designed a round lock mechanism operated by a tubular key; it was patented a few years later.

251Tacitus, *Annals* 16.35. The dying words of Thrasea, accused of treason by Nero, said as he committed suicide.

['death the liberator'] solitude is not too great a price to pay for tranquility, it being surely better to have one's heart empty than aching. The worst is one cannot help condemning oneself: 'if I had done this or that'. On the other hand I seem to have paid the penalty for all my mistakes.

If you are going to have a new edition of the Solid Geometry & Mechanical Problems252 there is at least one suggestion I could make about each. Gregory seemed to regret not having known a way I showed him of fnding the linear generations of the hyperboloid of one sheet (not a way of my own); & in the chapter on impact the question of the rolling sphere really does not deserve the space you give it: it may be solved as I showed Thomson & Mathison253 some years ago without any equations at all. There was too a very pretty impact question254 when Stokes255 was moderator in 1847. I have a solution of it somewhere.

Ever yours

R.L.E.

Remember me to yr circle

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/87 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** Undated, but probably from the early-1850s]

My dear Walton

Not knowing ether when the vacation begins or at what time you propose to be absent from Cambridge, I write now to thank you for the kindness of your proposal visit, & to say that I shall be delighted to have everything ready for your reception whenever you come, if you will let me know beforehand – Munro256 will tell you of the magnifcent way I entertained him.

252Walton concluded *A Treatise on the Application of Analysis to Solid Geometry*, commenced by Duncan F. Gregory. The frst edition appeared in 1845, the second in 1852. The 'Mechanical Problems' mentioned here refers to Walton's *A Collection of Problems in Illustration of the Principles of Theoretical Mechanics* of which the frst edition appeared in 1842 and a second edition in 1855.

253William Collings Mathison (Trinity 1834, SW 1839) was Moderator in the 1846 Mathematical Tripos, together with Stokes, and Examiner in 1847.

254See George Gabriel Stokes, "Appendix (Mathematical Tripos and Smith's Prize questions)," in Joseph Larmor, ed. *Mathematical and Physical Papers*. Volume V (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905), 296–368, problem either on p. 305 or p. 307.

255George Gabriel Stokes (1819–1903, SW 1841 and First Smith's Prizeman), elected Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1841, and appointed to the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge in 1849.

256H.A.J. Munro (1819–1885, Second in First Class of the Classical Tripos 1842), elected Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1843 and appointed to the newly-founded Chair of Latin at Cambridge in 1869.

Though I am not much in the habit of buying books yet I bought the Makamat,257 chiefy because in the last summer of my live life, Preston258 & I used to lounge about the bowling green, he quoting his translation and I listening & applauding. I liked it better in MS than now it is printed. So I will not ask you to bring me it, but if Klaproth's Tableau Historiques de l'Asie259 is in the library, I should be very glad to see it. A very few days looking at it would be enough so it would not interfere with your getting books out of the library. Grote was to bring me months ago at Brighton two books; he is now talking of coming to Bath – but this plan is a distant one. I will ask him to trouble you with [*illegible*] certain MSS. Also if you will not think me unreasonable, I should be very glad to have the chronometer: the best way of bringing it would be to wear it; & then the box can go any where.

I am just getting over the third feverish attack I have had in the last two months – they are not much in themselves but tend to weaken me. To say the truth I doubt if I can go on much longer keeping as near the habits of health as I have been doing. I mean dressing regularly, & going out of my bed room. Yet giving up things so much connected with the propriety of life would be almost a greater grief than any thing I have yet had to give up – to be fed & dressed – to be dirty & neglected. Bah. *Alla me tethneiwta chute kata gaia kaluptoi prin ge ti*260. My meaning about the relation of soul of body or rather of man to his corporeal outside; was something different from what you apprehend & that I [thought?]– as it seems to me – mental causes act on the health sometimes manifestly at others only so as to produce a dimly felt drooping & fagging, & that griefs thus perpetuate themselves, because the bodily elasticity which carries men on & wittingly or unwittingly consoles them for everything is impaired. So that the permanent effect of sorrow or anxiety is not measured by its present intensity, but by the degree in which it has power permanently to derange the bodily functions. People say 'the sword wears out the scabbard'261 which is true – but it is also true that the scabbard saves the sword the multiplicity of obscure genial sensations which the body during health continually is the cause of is really the main part of the consolation which is commonly & stupidly ascribed to time – as if time were a cause of anything. But then all this varies with better or worse health, & no question health is more or less worsened by grief.

Certainly looking back is dreary – all the right feelings that were choked – all the wrong ones indulged – & now all comparatively a blank – as if, which is not an elegant illustration, one's destiny had been playing at thimblerig with you & you had now found out there was nothing under any of the thimbles.

257*Makamat: Or, Rhetorical Anecdotes of Al Hariri of Basra*. Translated from the Arabic, with Annotations by Thomas Preston (London, 1850).

258Theodore Preston, admitted to Trinity College 1836; B.A. 1841 (25W); M.A. 1844; Fellow of Trinity 1842–82; Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic (Cambridge) 1855–71.

259 Julius Heinrich Klaproth, *Tableaux historiques de l'Asie* (Paris, 1826).

260 'But may I lie dead, and may the heaped-up earth cover me': *Iliad* 6, 464–5: In other words, 'Over my dead body'. Hector's last words to Andromache.

261This phrase appears in a letter from Lord Byron to Thomas Moore, dated 28 February 1817, explaining the genesis of the poem 'So, we'll go no more a rovin'.

Touching Hume262 – I say with Johnson 'for there is here much of what is called poetry'263 – & further that as it seems to me there is more of the reality than in our copies of verses. However that is not saying very much. Every yrs R.L. Ellis

Remember me to everybody with you

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.23 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** Undated, but from the late-1850s Trumpington]

#### My dear Walton

I have been very feverish all the week and Paget264 has noticed a dimness in the eye though the sight does not seem worse than a week ago. With some straining I was able to read your kind letter. I was never much affected by geology in the way you mention: partly because I was only a child when it interested me most, partly because the feeling of one's own nothingness has been so familiar to me that all the sands & shells in the world would hardly do more than an hour's walk through crowded streets. But I know that many people are affected by the contemplation of countless eyes & of the infnite number of forms of life which have now past away. Did I ever tell you that Gregory said he should have known a Cycloid by only looking at it? I remember long after saying to Cayley265 I should not have known it from an ellipse. He duly agreed with and added 'I do not even know which would be outside the other.' I never considered the matter until three or four days ago and was struck to see how very nearly equal the two curves are. The area of the half ellipse exceeds that of the other by a less ratio than that of 22 to 23. Gregory's perceptions always seemed fne and possibly he inherited from Reed [sic]266 the habit of attaching importance to their evidence, for I remember one or two things of the same kind, but I believe Cayley was nearer the truth in this case. With our kind regards to you & Mrs Walton.

Ever yrs

R.L. Ellis

Anstey Hall Monday

262See the diary entry for 31 October 1839.

263Samuel Johnson to William Tasker, discussing Tasker's *Ode to the Warlike Genius of Britain* (1778). See James Boswell, ed. *The Life of Samuel Johnson. Volume 3* (London, 1816), 405. 264Ellis's doctor.

265Arthur Cayley (1821–1895, SW 1842 and winner of the frst Smith's Prize), elected Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1842, was the Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge from 1863 until his death.

266Thomas Reid (1710–1796), Scottish philosopher and founded of the 'Common Sense School', emphasizing man's innate ability to perceive ideas. Gregory's views on mathematics are linked to this school in George Elder Davie, *The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and Her Universities in the Nineteenth Century* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003 [1961]) and Lukas M. Verburgt, "Duncan F. Gregory and Robert Leslie Ellis: second-generation reformers of British mathematics," *Intellectual History Review* 28:3 (2018): 369–397.

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/28 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 24 September 1857 Trumpington]

#### My dear Walton

I was grieved to send you away yesterday especially as my future is so uncertain. Although for six weeks my diet has been much improved in quality & perhaps in quantity yet the tendency to fainting has almost uniformly increased.

For the last fortnight scarcely a day has been free from it but yesterday was the worst of all.

If I faint I cannot but think that my heart will not recover itself and even setting this aside the tendency to faint is I suppose good evidence the drain on the constitution, which you know of, is beginning to tell.

So let it be but that sudden tendency to syncope is with the conviction I have with regard to its issue enough to try better courage than eight years of suffering have left me.

If you never come into this room again, or even if you do, you may like to be told again what I have told you before, that your kindness has been in all my troubles, a real comfort, of these troubles you know many. There are others which I shall probably carry the secret of out of the world with me – griefs of conscience and so forth.

De Morgan has given up the point on which we differed. So that what I told you, as to the amount of small shot which can be put into a given span, you may take as settled. If I can I will enclose his letter. I do not want it, and send it chiefy because it shows what a good fellow he is. I am sure he wd be glad to see you.

With kindest remembrance to Mrs Walton

Ever yours

R.L. Ellis

If you see De Morgan, I am not sure he wd like to hear of our bushel controversy.267

24 Sept 1857 Anstey H.

267The 'bushel controversy' probably relates to the discussion on the practicability of adopting a simple and uniform system of weights and measures in Britain, where De Morgan advocated the adoption of the metric system

#### [TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/30 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 18 November (1857/8?)]

Nov 28th

My dear Walton

I write to ask you not to come to-morrow. I do it with the more regret as I cannot but think it doubtful whether I shall ever see you again. The end must come at last and now seems very near. There is no use in despising symptoms and you need not be told to remember me if we do not meet again. May God have you in His Holy keeping, now, and ever. I may be mistaken in thinking my end so very near but I feel completely worn out.

Ever yours

R.L.E.

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/35 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 29 November (1857/58?)]

Nov 29th

My dear Walton

I wish to tell you that on Thursday Paget auscultated and reported there was a great change in the state of the heart the rheumatism having now reached it. This is the secret of the intolerable pulse which has made the last two months the most miserable of my suffering life. He said the danger is not great not immediate. Since then, there has been an acute ft of rheumatism and I have eaten hardly anything. This world must soon pass away. I did not expect to get through yesterday but he seemed to think less of it than I did. Although what Paget told me is no more than what I have often thought myself, yet it shocked me both because it took away the chance of lasting and because it greatly lessened the hope of even temporary ease.

Ever yours

RLE

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/39 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 24 December 1858 Trumpington]

Anstey Hall December 24th 1858

My dear Walton,

I asked you not to come to-day and I was right but it made me very sad. I saw Lady Affeck for the frst time since Monday week. Last Monday was the best day I have had. I am now entering again I fear on a paroxysm [outbreak] of infammatory rheumatism of the heart though as yet the attack may perhaps be averted. I cannot conceive how I survived the struggle I went through last week. I did not mean to say so much of myself, but only to send you good wishes. It will be ten years to-morrow since I dined anywhere on Christmas day. Poor Penelope and I were then together and dined with Mr. Trench268 father of the dean of Westminster269 at a pretty place he has near Southampton one of the three houses which in the course of my life I have coveted.270 Another was at Tunbridge Wells and the third as you know, the one I was carried into nearly seven years ago and out of which I shall be shortly carried.

When ten or eleven years ago I fancied I should like to live here I did not know what was coming. 'Is not this man Coniah a despised and broken vessel?';271 words which with their content have rung in my ears ever since I frst learnt before I left Cambridge to apply them to myself. With kindest regards to Mrs Walton.

Ever yours

R.L.E.

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/45 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 22 February 1859 Trumpington]

Anstey Hall Feb 22, 1859

My dear Walton

It went to my heart to ask you not to come, especially as I shall probably have, if I live to make a similar request in a day or two. I have not seen Lady Affeck since Saturday. Let me suggest another little experiment. It seems to have been tried by Lord Bacon.272 It is to sow the seeds of oranges and lemons after the chance of frosts is past. They come up according to him suffciently to supply a good salad without any artifcial heat which in his time was hardly known. A more ambitious attempt would be to sow date stones but I doubt whether they would even germinate without help though perhaps a melon-bed would be enough. As the cabbage of the datapalm is good it is probable that the early leaves would be so too. I would have tried these things in past years but when one cannot do them oneself, it is diffcult to overcome the vis inertiae of servants and it is nearly six years since I have looked

268Richard Trench (1774–1860), barrister-at-law.

269Richard Trench's son Richard Chenevix Trench (1807–1886), Trinity, B.A. 1829, became Dean of Westminster Abbey in 1856.

270Name of house unknown.

271 *Jeremiah* 22:28: 'Is this man Coniah [Jeconiah or Jehoiaching] a despised and broken vessel?'. (The King James Study Bible has: 'Is this man Coniah a despised broken idol? Is he a vessel wherein is no pleasure?').

272 *Sylva Sylvarum*, 'Experiments in consort touching burials or infusions of divers bodies in earth' (no. 379).

forward to six weeks life. The curse of Moses 'Thy life shall hang in doubt before thee and thou shall fear day and night and have none assurance of thy life'273 has been fulflled here if ever anywhere.

Affectionately yours

R.L.E.

Kindest regards to Mrs Walton.

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/47 **Robert Leslie Ellis to William Walton** 31 March 1859 Trumpington]

Anstey Hall March 31st 1859

My dear Walton

I shall not be able to see you to-morrow. To my feelings the heart is getting worse rapidly, and the lungs are now involved in the mischief. I am under no false hope but will ask you not to write so as to lead Paget to speak precisely on the subject. Answer a simple question. How many tangents can be drawn to a curve of the nth order through a given point. At the frst blush the answer seems n (n–1) but may it not be shown that a certain number of the tangents must in all cases be imaginary. I have in my head, but only half-framed what would I believe amount to a geometrical proof of Abel's theorem274 but I do not expect ever to fnish it. I expect nothing indeed but in a very little while a short struggle and then darkness. You remember my dear Walton, the one possible answer to Shelley's question,275 God's mercy, He will do what is right, whatever that may be.

Ever yours

R.L.E.

273*Deuteronomy* 28:63.

274Mathematical theorem(s) named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829). What should be understood by the term 'Abel's theorem' is contested. Steven L. Kleiman, 'What is Abel's theorem anyway?,' in O.A. Laudal and R. Piene, eds. *The Legacy of Niels Henrik Abel* (Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer, 2004), 395–440, discusses the history and meaning of four theorems that have been accepted as Abel's theorem.

275Possibly Percy Bysshe Shelley's question in 'Queen Mab' (1813): 'God omnipotent, / Is there no mercy? must our punishment / Be endless?'.

Letters

#### **'MRS WALTON'** (?-?), wife of William Walton.

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.67/90 **Robert Leslie Ellis to Mrs Walton** (?) 1851 Tunbridge Wells]

Calverley Hotel No 7 Tunbridge Wells 1851

My dear Mrs Walton,

It is very long since I have had the pleasure of hearing from you: my own fault perhaps, & yet I am sure I have left no letter of you unanswered, little inclined as I ever am now to writing.

I heard from Trumpington that you had been at the [Sanatorium?] & that Walton was still using crutches. I hope he has long laid them aside, but he was lucky in being able to use them when he wanted them. I have two pair of different constructions in the room but am too helpless even to try to use them, & have given up any other kind of motion than wheeling in my chair & shifting from it to other seats. Crutches as the Vicar of Trumpington276 would tell you, & I dare say his colleague of Chesterton277 will confrm it, are crosses or rather cruxes – so called from their form. So that I may not without meaning be said to have taken up my crutch. To confrm the etymology it may be noticed that the crutched friars were friars who worse a cross on their vestments.

You have heard of my taking Anstey Hall.278 But I am very doubtful of being able to get there: the last fortnight having been the most suffering I think I have gone through since I left S. Remo, or since the early part of my second stay at Nice. No only so – but the most threatening for I cannot disguise from myself how near I am to another outbreak of rheumatic fever: the nights especially are terrible with spasmodic pain in the chest & back & with feverishness. The character of the pain is so much changed that there must be a corresponding change in the inward condition.

I have been six weeks & more in this hotel: kindly people keep it, & have done everything to make me comfortable. But, to quote Cowper with a slight change, 'How ill the chairs which offer rest. And bones that cannot rest, agree!'.279

Well adieu. I wish I could say more defnitely au revoir. At any rate, let me hear how all that interests you goes on.

With best regards to Walton. Your faithful sevt [servant] R.L. Ellis

276 John Grote was the vicar of Trumpington from 1846 until his death in 1866.

277Edward Arthur Smedley was the Vicar of Chesterton from 1836 until 1873.

278Anstey Hall, Trumpington, two miles from Cambridge. This is the house where Ellis would spend his last years, from 1853 to 1859.

279 'How ill the scene that offers rest, And heart that cannot rest, agree!': 'The Shrubbery' by William Cowper, in *Poems, by William Cowper*. Volume 1. Sixth Edition (London: 1794), 344.

## **Correspondence relating to Ellis's death**

**HARVEY GOODWIN** (1818–1891), mathematician and Anglican bishop, educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, which he entered in 1836, graduating Second Wrangler and Second Smith's Prizeman in 1840, just behind Ellis of whom he would write a highly appreciative 'Biographical memoir' for Walton's *The Mathematical and Other Writings of Robert Leslie Ellis* (1863). Goodwin frst met Ellis while the two were pupils of the private tutor William Hopkins. They became friends after having worked together as Moderator and Examiner in the Mathematical Tripos of 1844 and 1845.

[TCL, Add.Ms.a.68/31 **Harvey Goodwin to William Whewell** 16/7 May 1859]

Deanery Ely 1[6/7?] May 1859

My dear Master of Trinity,

I thank you very much for your note concerning dear Leslie Ellis's funeral.280 It will be a melancholy satisfaction to be present, and to be permitted to pay the last tribute of respect to the most remarkable man with whom it has been my lot to be on terms of friendship & intimacy. I will take care to be at Trumpington in good time.

Believe me

Yours sincerely

H. Goodwin

**LADY EVERINE FRANCES (née ELLIS)** (1807–1865). Born in Bath, the eldest of the six children of Francis and Mary Ellis. Known in the family as 'Fanny'. In 1834 she married Sir Gilbert Affeck; he died in 1854, and in 1858 she married William Whewell, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. After her brother Robert Leslie Ellis's death in 1859, she censored and annotated his diaries.

[TCL, Add.Ms.a.68/149 **William Hopkins to Lady Affeck** 10 April 1861]

22 Grand Parade Brighton, April 10, 1861

My dear Lady Affeck,

I have been for some time aware that many of my young friends in Cambridge and elsewhere have most kindly been interesting themselves about a testimonial281

280Leslie, a family name, was in effect part of Ellis's surname.

281A testimonial fund for Hopkins was set up in 1860 to mark his retirement from tutoring at the age of sixty-seven. See A.D.D. Craik, *Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century* (London: Springer, 2008), 105.

to be presented to me as a mark of their esteem. My communications with them on the subject have hitherto been of the most general kind, and entirely restricted to suggestions respecting the form of the testimonial, but I have just received a note from Mr Ferrers282 in which he tells me that, with a most liberal subscription, you have requested that the words 'in memoriam' may be attached to your name in the subscription list, under the conviction that I shall only esteem the subscription the more highly as being in any way associated with the recollection of your excellent brother. There is much, as you may suppose, which is deeply gratifying to me in the proposed testimonial, but I can most sincerely assure you that no circumstance connected with it can be more grateful to me than your own subscription with the request which accompanies it. There is perhaps no one of my former pupils (and nearly all have become my friends) whom I prized so highly in all respects, as your brother, and while I would acknowledge your very liberal subscription, I would also express how gratifed I feel by the touching manner in which you have associated it with his memory.

I am happy to say that I am better as respects my lameness though still under constant surgical treatment. Perhaps I may be allowed to give a not inappropriate proof of the improvement of my pedestrian powers. A few years before your poor brother's death, but after he had resigned all hopes of ever walking again, he gave me his walking cane, which had long been known to some of his Cambridge friends as his constant out-of-doors companion. It has ever since been mine also, till the period of my accident since which I have been obliged to have recourse to stronger aids to my locomotive powers. Crutches however have been superseded by a strong [batch?] and, in its turn the batch is beginning to give way to my invaluable cane, which I trust will soon resume its position of y constant walking companion for the rest of my days.

Pray accept our united expressions of regard, & believe me, my dear Lady Affeck, yours very sincerely

W. Hopkins

[TCL, Add.Ms.a.68/160 **William Walton to Lady Affeck** 8 August 1863 Chesterton, Cambridge]

Augustus 8, 1863 The Vicarage Chesterton, Cambridge

Dear Lady Affeck

The Memoir283 is not yet sent to Press. I thought it better not to send it until I have quite made up my mind as to the propriety of printing the letter to Mr. Power on the

282Norman Macleod Ferrers (1829–1903), B.A. 1851 (SW and First Smith's Prizeman), mathematical lecturer and later Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

283Goodwin, "Biographical memoir."

Chinese Dictionary.284 The Dean285 has suggested a slight change to the allusion to this Letter in his memoir on the supposition that I shall print it. So that, whether it is printed or not, I shall have the right allusion to it in the Memoir. This delay however will postpone printing of the Memoir for some time. The engraving will be taken from the picture, if Professor Grote will kindly allow it. I hope to see him about it shortly. The copy of the verses I sent to the Dean: he has returned them to me, leaving the matter entirely in my hands, and giving me instructions how he would like me to modify the Memoir, if I decide upon inserting the verses. They are very affecting and full of thought, poetical & holy.

I am very glad to learn that your wanderings are prosperous, and that you are not, like our orator, going to Poland, a place infested by Cossacks who would not scruple to slaughter an Orator in the midst of a Latin speech.286

At the end of August we hope to go to the sea side for two or three weeks. I shall be glad of the rest, as I have been working nearly all the summer, either with my pupils, or reading mathematics in a wash-house which I share alternately with a company of laundresses. I am always glad when my turn comes: it is so very quiet.

My wife & Miss Smedley287 desire to unite with me in hoping that you and the Master may return home all the better from your long tour.

Your faithful servant William Walton

**JAMES SPEDDING** (1808–1881), English author and Cambridge Apostle, chiefy known as co-editor of *The Works of Francis Bacon* (1857–1859) and *The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon* (1861–1874). Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; B.A. 1831 (Second Class Classical Tripos and JO in the Mathematical Tripos).

284Robert Leslie Ellis, "Some thoughts on the formation of a Chinese dictionary, and on the best mode of printing Chinese. In a letter to the Rev. J. Power, M.A., Fellow of Clare Hall, and University Librarian," in *The Mathematical and Other Writings of Robert Leslie Ellis*. William Walton, ed. (Cambridge: Deighton, Bell & Co., 1863), 400–414. Before being published in 1863, this letter was printed for private circulation, in 1854.

285Harvey Goodwin, author of the 'Biographical memoir' of Ellis, became Dean of Ely in 1858, and eventually Bishop of Carlisle.

286Reference is to Rev. W.G. Clark, Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, and Public Orator of the University of Cambridge, who in 1864 published *Poland* in the Macmillan series, edited by Francis Galton, 'Vacation Tourists, and Notes of Travel in 1862–3'. In that same year, another Cambridge man, William Henry Hall, published *Polish Experiences During the Insurrection of 1863–4* (London & Cambridge: Macmillan and Co., 1864).

287Most likely the wife of Edward Arthur Smedley (1804–90), Vicar of Chesterton, Cambridge.

#### [TCL, Add.Ms.c.90/125 **James Spedding to William Whewell** 16 May 1859]

#### My dear Master

It is very kind of you to think of me; not if I may judge of other people's feelings by my own, the relatives will not be sorry to be spared the attendance of a stranger. From my youth up I have had much experience – more than my fare share – in family funerals, and I have always felt that they cannot be too private. I am very sure my absence will not be imputed to any want of sympathy. A deeper admiration and more tender regard I never felt for any man, nor ever more impatient grief for anything than for the ten years sufferings which are now at an end. There is hardly any body left now whose loss I can feel more strongly. But – how far I am singular in it I do not know – but so it has always been with me in such cases, that the stronger my personal feelings are the more indisposed I feel for public solemnizations.

Your letter would have been my frst intelligence, if I had not happened to open [John] Grote's, which came at the same time, before it.

Yours very truly

J. Spedding

[TCL, Add.Ms.c.90] **James Spedding to Harvey Goodwin** 7 December 1863]

7th Dec 1863 60 Lincolns Inn Fields

#### Dear Sir

I am very much obliged to you for the copy of your biographical memoir of Ellis,288 which reached me two days ago and very glad to fnd that the writings he has left are suffcient to make a volume.289 Whatever he wrote, dictated or said, had an original value; and any collection of his remains will help to give some notion of the wonderful powers that dwelt in him, to those who can follow and understand. I have been a good deal disappointed to fnd the nature the value and the amount of his labours upon Bacon290 so imperfectly appreciated by the popular critics, and so much less preeminence given to his name than was due to it. I could not attempt to do justice to it in my own preface,291 because what I said about him had to receive his own sanction, and anything which implied a recognition of his peculiar

288Goodwin, "Biographical memoir."

289William Walton, ed. *The Mathematical and Other Writings of Robert Leslie Ellis* (Cambridge: Deighton, Bell & Co.)

290Ellis was responsible for the editing of the Philosophical Works, which appeared as the frst three volumes of *The Works of Francis Bacon*.

291 James Spedding, "History and plan of this edition," *SEH* 1 (London: Longman and Co., 1857), iii-xxi.

qualifcations for the work, was peremptorily struck out. Last year however I did make an attempt to get a passing acknowledgment of them introduced into a popular magazine and though the paper292 which contained it was found inadmissible on other grounds, it may be interesting to you to know in what terms I had recorded my own impressions of his character, before I was aware of yours. Having made an occasion to describe the new edition of Bacon (with security of the anonymous plural) I proceeded to speak of Ellis' part in these words: 'The philosophical writings, which formed the largest and most important of these divisions and which, though often reprinted, could hardly be said to have edited at all, were to be undertaken by a gentleman who though young was well known to everybody at Cambridge as uniting a greater variety of qualifcations for the task than perhaps ever before met in one man: an intellect of the very highest order,–subtle, exact, capacious, swift, discursive, sublime; well trained and perfectly tested by the severe discipline of the highest course of Cambridge scientifc study; stimulated by an insatiable appetite for knowledge of all kinds, aided by an extraordinary sagacity in seeking, facility in apprehending, judgement in assimilating and digesting, tenacity in retaining and rapidity in recollecting; a learned acquaintance with the condition of science as well before Bacon's time as since, and with languages and literature ancient and modern; industry the most unwearied; fdelity the most scrupulous; a fne taste; a lively, playful and graceful fancy; and a standard of moral judgment the loftiest, the most delicate, the most uncompromising.'293 This I intended to be not a vague panegyric, but a judicial estimate so far as I could attempt to form an estimate of a mind which seemed to me to belong to an order of intelligence different to my own, not in degree only, but in kind. The consciousness of which difference, combined with the extreme and almost morbid delicacy of his feelings, made it diffcult for me to feel quite at ease with him, and to a certain degree prevented intimacy. I had an uneasy feeling that the one thing he could not understand was stupidity and therefore that there was always danger of his misunderstanding me.

With many thanks.

Yours truly

J. Spedding

60 L.I.F. 16 May / 59

292Spedding wrote two papers in which he criticized the publishing business for the way in which they had published *The Works of Francis Bacon* and the *Letters and Life of Francis Bacon*. The papers were turned down by the periodicals. In 1867, Spedding would publish, at his own expense, *Authors and Publishers*, containing the two papers. The paper referred to here is titled 'Publishers and book-buyers'.

293Spedding, "Publishers and book-buyers," in *Authors and Publishers* (London: John Russell Smith, printed for the author, 1867), 57–91, on p. 76–77.

# **Appendices**

## **Appendix 1: Bibliography of Ellis's Writings**

The following bibliography contains all Ellis's writings, divided into three categories: mathematics, philosophy and miscellaneous. The mathematical list has been kindly compiled by Tony Crilly.

CMJ = Cambridge Mathematical Journal CDMJ = Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal SEH = Spedding-Ellis-Heath edition of *The Works of Francis Bacon* TCL = Trinity College Library, Cambridge TCPS = Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

#### **Mathematics**

Pagination appearing without square brackets refers to the frst edition of *CMJ*, published by E. Johnson, Trinity Street, Cambridge. Pagination in square brackets refers to *CMJ* [Second Edition] published in 1846 with a new publisher, Macmillan, Barclay and Macmillan, Cambridge. Apart from the frst volume, subsequent volumes ran over a two-year period with numbers brought out in November, February, and May in agreement with the academic year.

Reference is made to *The Mathematical and Other Writings of Robert Leslie Ellis, M.A.* William Walton, ed. (Cambridge: Deighton, Bell & Co., 1863) as *Coll. Works*.

#### *As an undergraduate*

Ellis, Robert Leslie. 1839a. On some properties of the parabola – Circumscribing hexagon and triangle, *CMJ* 1:5 (February 1839): 204–208, [224–228]. = *Coll. Works*: 63–67.

© The Author(s) 2022 409 L. M. Verburgt (ed.), *A Prodigy of Universal Genius: Robert Leslie Ellis, 1817-1859*, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 55, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85258-0

#### *After graduation*

#### *Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge*

$$\int\_0^1 \frac{\log\left(1+x\right)}{1+x^2} dx \text{ J', } CMJ \text{ 4-21 (May 1844): 143... = Call. Works: 191-192...}$$

#### *Post-Fellowship*

– 1850a. Remarks on an alleged proof of the method of least squares, contained in the late number of the *Edinburgh Review*. In a letter addressed to Professor J.D. Forbes, *Philosophical Magazine* 37:251 (November 1850): 321–328. = *Coll. Works*: 53–61.

#### **Philosophy**

*The Works of Francis Bacon*, eds. James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis and Douglas Denon Heath (London: Longman and Co., 1857–1859) is abbreviated as *SEH*, followed by the volume number. Ellis's prefaces appeared in the frst three volumes, containing Bacon's philosophical works, which were published in 1857.

All prefaces, except the 'Preface to the *Novum Organum*', on which Ellis worked while visiting France and Italy in 1849 but which he left unfnished, were written during Ellis's Fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge. Ellis handed over his Bacon papers to James Spedding early in 1853.

#### **Miscellaneous**

The following chronological list gives all the mathematical books Ellis read before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1836.

#### Appendices

First date in

Ellis

Add

416

Appendix 2

(continued)

#### Appendices

First date in

Ellis

Add

418

#### Appendices

#### Appendices

First date in

Ellis

Add

aThis column identifes whether a book was published in Cambridge, as these would be the most likely ones to be used by students there

420

Appendix

2

(continued)

## **Appendix 3: Chronological List of Ellis's Diaries**

Ellis's diaries are found in the Whewell Papers at Trinity College Library, Cambridge. The surviving series begins in 1827 and ends in 1845; the several gaps being mostly of Ellis's own making.

Add.Ms.a.82/3: 27 May 1827–25 June 1827 Add.Ms.a.82/4: 10–25 September 1827; 23–30 April 1829 Add.Ms.a.82/5: 1 March–25 July, 27 February–9 March 1829 Add.Ms.a.82/6: 12 March–21 April 1829 Add.Ms.a.82/7: 3 June–9 July 1829, 21 April – 12 May 1830 Add.Ms.a.82/8: 17 May–24 June 1830 Add.Ms.a.82/9: 24 June–31 July 1830 Add.Ms.a.82/10: 30 July–24 August 1830, 19–20 January 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/11: 24 August–19 December 1830 Add.Ms.a.82/12: 19 December 1830–27 January 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/13: 28 January–9 March 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/14: 28 March–18 April 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/15: 24 May–2 June 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/16: 19 June–12 July 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/17: 11–18 August 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/18: 6 September–2 October 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/19: 4–17 October; 26 October–12 November 1831 Add.Ms.a.82/20: 25 November 1831–2 January 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/21: 3 January–14 February 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/22: 16 February–29 March 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/23: 30 March–12 May 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/24: 15 May–24 June 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/25: 9 July–14 August 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/26: 15 August–21 September 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/27: 30 October–14 December 1832 Add.Ms.a.82/28: 16 December 1832–29 January 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/29: 7 January–9 April 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/30: 29 January–9 March 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/31: 10 March–21 April 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/32: 22 April–4 June 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/33: 5 June–23 July 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/34: 24 June–2 July 1833, 10 April – 2 May 1834, 1 July 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/35: 23 July–23 August 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/36: 25 August–18 October 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/37: 17 October–15 November 1833 Add.Ms.a.82/38: 16 November 1833–6 January 1834 Add.Ms.a.82/39: 3 May–4 June 1834 Add.Ms.a.82/40: 5 June–15 July 1834 Add.Ms.a.82/41: 16 July–18 August 1834

# **General Bibliography1**

Anthony, Quinton. 1973. *Utilitarian Ethics*. London: Macmillan.

———. 1832. *On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures*. London: Charles Knight.

———. 1994. In *Passages from the Life of a Philosopher*, ed. Martin Campbell-Kelly. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

1For Ellis's works, see Appendix 1 ('Bibliography of Ellis's Writings'). Primary works mentioned only briefy in the footnotes to Part I and Part II but not quoted or discussed are not included in the general bibliography; their complete bibliographic information is provided in the notes themselves.

L. M. Verburgt (ed.), *A Prodigy of Universal Genius: Robert Leslie Ellis, 1817-1859*, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 55, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85258-0

Bacon, Francis. 2002. *The Major Works*. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Brian Vickers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bain, Alexander. 1882. *J.S. Mill: A Criticism with Personal Recollections*. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

———. 1904. *Autobiography*. London: Longmans, Green & Co.

Barker, Nicolas. 1974. *Portrait of an Obsession: The Life of Sir Thomas Phillipps, the World's Greatest Book Collector*. London.

Barrow, Rev. S. 1827. [Sir Richard Phillips]. *A Popular Dictionary of Facts and Knowledge*. London.

Barrow-Green, June. 1999. 'A corrective to the spirit of too exclusively pure mathematics': Robert Smith (1689–1768) and his prizes at Cambridge University. *Annals of Science* 56 (3): 271–316.

———. 2013. Merely a Speculation of the Mind? In *William Fox Talbot: Beyond Photography*, ed. Mirjam Brisius, Katrina Dean, and Chitra Ramalingam, 67–94. New Haven/London: Yale Center for British Art.

———. 2020. Stokes's mathematical education. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A* 378: 2174. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0506.

Becher, Harvey W. 1980a. Woodhouse, Babbage, Peacock and modern algebra. *Historia Mathematica* 7 (4): 389–400.

———. 1980b. William Whewell and Cambridge mathematics. *Historical Studies in Physical Sciences* 11: 1–48.

———. 1995. Radicals, Whigs and Conservatives: The middle and lower classes in the Analytical Revolution at Cambridge in the Age of Aristocracy. *The British Society for the History of Science* 28: 405–426.

———. 1857. On the application of the theory of probabilities to the question of the combination of testimonies or judgments. *Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh* 21 (4): 597–653. Born, Max. 1978. My life. *Recollections of a Nobel Laureate*.

Bos, Henk J.M. 1974. Differentials, Higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian calculus. *Archive for the History of the Exact Sciences* 14: 1–90.

———. 1993. *Lectures in the History of Mathematics*. London: American Mathematical Society & London Mathematical Society.

Boswell, James, ed. 1816. *The Life of Samuel Johnson*. Vol. 3. London.

Bristed, Charles A. 1852. *Five Years in an English University*. New York.

Buchdahl, Gerd. "Inductivist *versus* deductivist approaches in the philosophy of science as illustrated by some controversies between Whewell and Mill," *The Monist*, 55 (3): 343–367.

Burke, Peter. 2020. *The Polymath: A Cultural History from Leonardo da Vinci to Susan Sontag*. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.

Burkhardt, F., and S. Smith, eds. 1991. *The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Volume 7: 1858–1859. Supplement 1821–1857*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1964c. The role of the Cambridge movement in early nineteenth century science. *Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of the History of Science*, 317–330. Ithaca.

Cayley, Arthur. 1889–1897. *The Collected Mathematical Papers of Arthur Cayley*, 13 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cockle, J.O., and J. Cockle. 1851. The late Professor Davies. *Mechanics' Magazine* 55: 432–433.

———. 2011. Cambridge. The rise and fall of the Mathematical Tripos. In *Mathematics in Victorian Britain*, ed. Raymond Flood, Adrian Rice, and Robin Wilson, 17–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dale, Andrew I. 1999. *A History of Inverse Probability*. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.

———. 1871. Thought versus learning. *Good Words* 12: 818–823.

Hare, Julius C., and Augustus W. Hare. 1847. *Guesses at Truth*, First Series. 3rd ed. London.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1977. *The Phenomenology of Mind*. London: George, Allen & Unwin.

Merriman, Mansfeld. 1877. A list of writings related to the method of least squares, with historical and critical notes. *Transactions for the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences* 4: 151–232.

Monkland, George. 1855. *Supplement to* The Literature and Literati of Bath. Bath.

———. 1965b. Professor Sedgwick's discourses on the studies of the University of Cambridge. *London Review* (April 1835), included in Jerome B. Schneewind, ed. *Mill's Ethical Writings*, 78–104. London: Collier-Macmillan.

Murray, Alexander, ed. 1998. *Sir William Jones, 1746–1794*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Munby, N.L. 1955–1961. *Phillipps Studies*, 5 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1833. Report on the recent progress and present state of certain branches of analysis. *Report of the Third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science*: 185–352.

Sidgwick, Henry. 1876. Philosophy in Cambridge. *Mind* 1 (2): 235–246.

	- University". Exeter: University of Exeter Press.

Whately, Richard. 1826. *Elements of Logic*. London.

# **Index**

#### **A**

Abel/Jacobi revolution, 102, 107 Abel, Niels, 101, 103 Abel's Theorem, 102, 402 Addams, Robert, 31 Adrain, Robert, 117 Aeschylus, 8, 134, 174 Affeck, Charlotte, 241 Affeck, Sir Gilbert, 171, 381, 382 Affeck, Lady (sister), xv, 56, 59, 61–62, 171–173, 175, 179, 222, 321, 361, 381, 382, 400–401 letter from William Hopkins, 404–405 (*see also* Ellis, Everina Frances) Affeck, Robert (son of Affeck, Sir Robert), 261, 265–266, 301 Affeck, Sir Robert, 198, 223, 227 Agassiz, Louis, 335, 338 *bandes bleues*, 337–338 Airy, George Biddell, 24, 39, 68, 70, 88, 93, 277, 331 Albert, Prince, 376 Algebra, 35, 44, 85, 87, 106, 131, 150, 154, 156–159, 311, 372 arithmetical, 32–33, 89 negative numbers, 155 symbolic, x, 32, 89 Allen, John, 206, 372 Ampère, André-Marie, 336 Analytical Society, 153–155, 158–159 Angers Bridge, 387 Anglicanism, 127 Anthropology 67–68 Aquinas, Thomas, 130, 144 Aristotle, 131, 133, 142, 144, 161, 284

Armitage, James, 56, 371, 379 Arnold and Dent, 93, 226 Arnold, John, 226 Ashtown, Lord, 10 Astronomical Society of London, 22–24 Austen, Jane, 238–241

#### **B**

Babbage, Charles, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 46, 67, 68, 70, 74, 90, 127, 153–154, 296, 335 Bacon, Francis, vii, xiii, xiv, xv, 10, 66, 70, 72–73, 100, 121–124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137–138, 141, 143, 145, 177, 221, 224, 235, 269, 334, 362–363, 366, 368, 370, 373, 389, 407–408 Baconian idealism, 130 Baconianism, 125, 128, 136 as "British Plato", 139, 141 on death, 388 as fawed, 141–142, 144 inductive method, 126, 132, 140, 144 logical fallacy, 330 as misunderstood, 139 Bailey, Francis, 24 Baillie, Joanna, 221, 222 Bain, Alexander, 71 Ball, John, 42 Barber and Bircham, 306, 309–313 Barrett, Samuel, 35, 223, 275, 276 Barrow, Jacob, 292 Barrow, Lousada, 7, 299 Barrow, Sam, 7, 209, 260, 267, 281, 292 Barrow, Simon, 7 Barstow, Thomas, 297

© The Author(s) 2022 435 L. M. Verburgt (ed.), *A Prodigy of Universal Genius: Robert Leslie Ellis, 1817-1859*, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 55, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85258-0

Bath (England), 3–4, 10–12, 21, 56 Bath Literary and Scientifc Institution (BLS), xi, 3–4, 10–12, 18, 23, 26, 31, 35, 56, 77, 79, 132, 286–288, 291 Bayes, Thomas, 118 Bayes' theorem, 115 Bentham, Jeremy, 71, 132 Bentley, Richard, 149 Berkeley, George, 130, 134, 137, 143 Bernoulli, Jacob, 93, 101, 114–115, 118, 140–141, 193 Blake, Edgar, 281 Blakesley, Joseph W., 56, 133, 175, 310, 313, 372 Bodleian Library, 176 Bonnycastle, John, 35 Boole, George, xv, 70, 91–95, 105–107, 115–116, 132, 342, 347, 382 Booth, James, 300, 302, 303 Born, Max, 45 Boswell, James, 59 Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Duc de, 318 Bouvard, M. Eugène, 330 Bramah, Joseph, 395 Breakfast Club, 67–70 Brewster, David, 26–27, 124 Brianchon, C.J., 87–88 Bridge, Bewick, 27 Brighton (England), 56 Bristed, Charles, 14, 43–44, 51–52, 58–59, 178–179, 316 Britain, 32, 68 *See also* England, Scotland, Wales British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), 23–24, 70, 96, 98, 329, 332, 345 British empiricism, 132 Broad, Charles Dunbar, 73 Broad Church theology, 69–70 Bronwin, Rev. Brice, 99, 342 Browne, Caroline, 288 Browne, Robert Dillon, 237 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 148 Bunsen, Baron von, 70, 376 Burcham, Thomas, 46, 47, 230, 259, 280 Burke, Peter, ix Burton, Alfred, 29–30 Byron, Lord, 397

#### **C**

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 371 Calculus, xi, xii, 29, 31, 34, 44, 106, 153–154, 157–158, 161, 177

and Creator, 152 differential, 28, 35, 85, 156 of fnite differences, 85 of functions, 35 integral, 35, 39, 53, 93, 98, 159 of operations, 90–91 as science of motion, 151 of variations, 37 Cambridge Analytical Society, 84 Cambridge Apostles, 72, 133, 268 *Cambridge (and Dublin) Mathematical Journal*, vii, xiii, xiv, xv, 16, 43, 48, 84–85, 87, 94–98, 106, 142–143, 156, 208, 321, 342, 344 motto, 350 name change, 345–348, 350 pseudonyms, use of, 86, 95 Cambridge (England), 16–17, 44–45, 56 Cambridge Movement, 70 Cambridge Network, 51, 65, 67, 69–73, 127 Cambridge Philosophical Society, 84, 95, 114, 140, 143, 155 Cambridge Union, 56 Cambridge University, 19, 51, 106, 159, 163 Adams Prize, 356 analogical methods of, 39 Classical Tripos, 36, 43 curriculum, x, 150, 158 dy/dx notation, 153–154, 158 examiners and moderators, 43 Mathematical Tripos, 21, 36, 42, 43, 45, 78, 159 mathematics, as core study, 36–37, 151 Moderators, 43 Smith's Prize, 341 system of, 36 Tripos examination, dy/dx, as standard on, 158 Tripos examination, preparation for, as punishing experience, 43–44 tuition, 37 wranglers, 21, 40 Cambridge University Library, 176 Camperdown, Lord, 10, 289, 290, 292, 301 Cannon, Walter F. (after 1976, Susan Faye), 67, 68, 173, 178 Cantor, Moritz, 28 Capefgue, Jean-Baptiste, 318 Carlyle, Thomas, 26–27 Carnot, Lazare, 29 Carus, William, 138, 280, 327 Cauchy, Augustin-Louis, 112, 158–160, 265 Cayley, Arthur, 56, 74, 82, 89, 93–94, 96, 99–100, 104, 106–108, 137, 342, 355,

360, 374, 398

Index

Cecil, Lady Mildred, 304 Ceres (asteroid), 111 Cervantes, Miguel de, 55 Challis, James, xii, 16, 18, 21, 34–35, 38, 42, 47, 78–79, 87, 96–99, 175, 198, 199, 268, 314, 329, 341 air pump experiments, 215 Neptune, failing to identify, 34 Champfort, Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas, 276 Charlotte, Queen, 41 Chartist movement, 217 Chasles, Michel, 25 Cheyne, George, 278 Cholera, 394 Cicero, 134–135, 142 Clairaut, Alexis, 91 Clark, Mary, 306 Clark, William, 306 Cockburn, Walter, 206, 247, 269, 271, 297, 300 Colenso, John, 305, 315 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 63–64, 70, 127, 129–131, 133, 135, 138–139, 141, 169, 224, 307, 312 Collins, Randall, 74 Comparative studies, 67–68 Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 140 Condorcet, Marquis de, 139 Connor, James, 305, 310 Constant, Benjamin, 318 Cookson, Henry Wilkinson, 43 Cope, Edward Meredith, 14, 56, 393, 394 Copsey, Sarah, 270 Corbaux, Fanny, 284 *Cours d'Analyse* (Course of Analysis) (Cauchy), 158–160 Cresswell, Daniel, 31 *Critique of Pure Reason* (Kant), 129, 137 Crossman, Henry, 6 Crowfoot, John, 35, 297, 308 Cuvier, Georges, 6

#### **D**

d'Alembert, Jean le Rond, 91 Dance, George, 56 Dandelin, G.P., 87 Dante, 375–376 Darwin, Charles, 11, 62 Davies, Thomas Stephens, 4, 10, 18, 21–30, 32, 34–36, 39, 48, 78, 79, 87, 89, 90, 105, 127, 137, 231 as boorish, accusations of, 26 porisms, 31

del Piombo, Sebastiano, 274 De Moivre, Abraham, 112 De Morgan, Augustus, xv, 66, 70, 74, 91, 95, 111–116, 132, 139, 141, 148, 150–151, 159–160, 164, 166–167, 176, 178, 208, 278, 305–306, 332–334, 338 bushel controversy, 399 four color problem, 360–361 letter to Ellis, 360–361 and logic, 161 mathematical understanding, transcendent view of, 161 subjective v. objective, 161–163 Whewell, collaboration with, 161 De Morgan, Sophia, 147–148, 150–151, 166–167 Demosthenes, 8 Dent, Edward, 226, 261, 277 De Quincey, Thomas, 63–64 Descartes, René, 58 Desor, Édouard, 338 De Ville, James, 14, 15 *Differential and Integral Calculus* (De Morgan), 159–160 Dirichlet, Johann, 358 Dirichlet, Peter Gustav Lejeune, 93–94 Dobson, William, 142 Donaldson, William, 280 Dryden, John, 58–59 Duncan, John, 295–296 Dupin's theorem, 89, 95 Dyce, William, 61

#### **E**

Earnshaw, Samuel, 341 East India Company, 299 *École Polytechnique*, 152, 159 Edleston, Joseph, 365 Eisenstein, Gotthold, 104 *Elements* (Euclid), 26–27, 37–38, 44 *Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry* (Legendre), 26–27 *Elements of Logic* (Whately), 131–132 Ellis, Alexander J., 90 Ellis, Robert Leslie (b. 1817), 3, 11, 23–27, 35, 42, 43, 45–47, 56, 67, 78, 98, 109, 119, 121–125, 127, 129–130, 133, 155, 159–160, 162, 340, 341, 407–408 abandonment, theme of, 14 algebra and calculus, preference for, 35 algebraic equations, 88–89 as analytical, 62 asyllogistic inferences, 372

Ellis, Robert Leslie (b. 1817) (*cont.*) Babbage, and calculus of functions, 90 background of, xi–xiii Bacon, attitude toward, 144 Bacon, infuence on, 135–136 Baconian idealism, 126–127, 131 Baconian theory, modernizing of, 139–41, 362–363 bar, call to, 83 Bath, as "garden of faded fowers", 295 Bath, return to, 395 Bath Literary and Scientifc Institution, as second home to, 10, 18, 21–22, 35, 79, 286, 291 bees' cells, model of, xv, 31 bookish life, x bushel controversy, 399 at Cambridge, vii, ix–x, 21, 38–42, 51, 67, 74, 80–83, 299 Cambridge, dislike of, 16–17, 202–203, 310, 385 Cambridge, preparation for, xii, 32, 35–36 Cambridge Mathematical Journal (CMJ), vii, xiii–xiv, 84–88, 94–97, 106, 342, 344–348, 350 Cambridge, necessity of orders, 270 Cambridge Network, contribution to, 70, 72–73 Cambridge system, detesting of, 40 Cave, reading in, 5, 7 Challis, tutoring with, 34–35, 38 character of, 51, 59, 61, 74–75 chronometers, 93 Clairaut's theorem, 91 conversation, as primary source, 54 correspondence of, 173, 175–176 Davies, opinion toward, 26, 34–35 Davies, tutoring with, 34 Davies, uneasy relationship with, 105 death, thoughts of, 298, 388–389 death of, xv, 53, 105, 321, 404 declamation, preparation for, 138, 145, 214, 326 delicate eyesight of, xii, 38, 148, 278 as devout believer and conservative thinker, xvi as diarist, 12–15, 282–83 diaries of, xvii, 4–6, 14, 18–19, 54–55, 165, 173–75, 178, 181–320 differential calculus, studying of, 28 disinvoltura, 157 doubts of, 79 "elderly sobriety of", 147 elliptical orbit of Mars, debate over, 364

empathy of, 58 error of, 117–118 examination technique, coaching in, 40 as exceptional student, 42 failure, feelings of, 216–217 fellowship, 46, 48, 83, 259 female household, growing up in, 7 "fgure of the earth", 91, 92 frst attempt at publication, 29–31 as forgotten fgure, vii–viii, x "Four Colour Problem", 360, 361 fragile health of, viii, x, xii, xiv, xvii, 54, 57, 148–49, 165–167, 176, 237–239, 253, 317, 329, 368–374, 376–379, 384–388, 390–394, 397–403 funeral of, 404 future, thoughts on, 266–267, 299 as genius, viii, 53, 59, 74 as Greek lecturer, 363 hat incident, 255 home schooled, 4, 7 Hooper Prize, 138, 214 horses, love of, 7 ideas, as basis of inductive knowledge, 144 inductive logic, reformulation of, 72 inductive philosophy, torchbearer of, ix infuences on, 127 Inner Temple, called to, 261 as intellectual snob, 147–148 juvenilia, 87–88 on Laplace, and Jupiter's moons, 262, 264 law, encouragement to enter, 104, 289 least squares, 110–114, 118, 306, 338, 354, 357 legacy of, xv as living "under the radar", 108 on marriage, 253 mathematical thinking, development of, 33 Mathematical Tripos, 17, 65–66, 161 as mathematician, xiii–xiv, 19, 77 mathematics, aptitude for, 26–29, 31 maturity of, 82 as melancholic, 36, 58, 61–62, 79, 238, 246, 287–288, 309, 367–368 money, attitude toward, 310 mottoes, love of, 108 in Nice, xiv, 385–387, 389, 391–392 opiates, use of, 63–64, 378 opinions, expressing of, 249 papers of, 171–173 Peacock's vision of algebra, embracing of, 156–158 philosophical infuences on, 134, 137 philosophical outlook, 130–131

Plato, admiration of, 133–134 as polymath, vii–viii, xvi, ix–x, 19, 55, 81 power of attorney, 307 pre-Cambridge education, 8–9 as precocious, 7, 18 probability theory, ix, xiii, 114–116, 118, 142–143, 161, 164, 178, 277–279, 283, 308–9, 337–338, 353, 355, 357, 359–360, 382–384 reclusiveness, 52, 275 regret and retrospection, dwelling on, 234 religion, attitude toward, 64–65, 316 as Renaissance man, 77 repentance, and morality, 318 Report on Analysis, on elliptic functions, 99–105, 107 reputation of, 178 rheumatic fever, x, xiv, 175, 370–371, 384–385, 390, 392, 397, 399–401, 403 rheumatism, complaints of, 393, 400 in San Remo, x, xiv, 388, 390 "science of symbols" debate, 89 self-confdence, lack of, 175 as Senior Examiner, 318 as Senior Wrangler, vii, xii, 17–18, 46, 48, 175, 259–260, 327 shame, 64 sketch of, 273, 286, 308 sobriety of manner, 7 on solitude, 312 on Stoics, 318 Sturm's Theorem, 88 tautochronous curve, work on, 268 temper of, 57, 221 three-dimensional geometrical problems, 89 on time, passage of, 279 transcendent truth, 166–167 at Trinity College, xii–xiii, 14, 16, 18, 34, 37, 51, 65, 138, 299 Tripos examinations, xii, 42–45, 148–150, 257 Tripos system, despising of, 106 tutoring of, xii, 10, 15–16, 18, 21–22, 26–27, 32, 34, 41, 54, 156 Union debate, and closing on Sundays, 270 on volcanic explosions, 351–352 walking and riding, love of, 7 (*see also*  Ellis letters) Ellis, Fanny (Everina Frances) (sister), 5–7, 171, 261, 265, 282–283, 288, 404 *See also* Affeck, Lady

Ellis, Francis (1772–1842) (father), 3–6, 18, 22–24, 26–27, 54, 77, 172, 218, 229, 240, 296, 306, 326 death of, xi, xiii, 83, 95, 339, 352, 380 Ellis, Francis (Frank) (brother), 6, 18, 22, 241, 242, 306 death of, 95 Ellis, Henry (great-uncle), 3, 172 Ellis, Henry William (brother), 6–7, 18, 282, 387 death of, 95 Ellis letters, xvii, 322 to Affeck, Lady, 321 to Cayley, Arthur, 356 to Ellis, Francis, 326–327 to Forbes, James, 328–340 to Gregory, Duncan Farquharson, 356–358 to Grote, John, xvii, 367–380 to Smith, Archibald, 359 to Spedding, James, 321 to Thomson, James, 349 to Thomson, William, xvii, 321, 341–355 to Walton, Mrs. William, 403 to Walton, William, xvii, 380–402 to Whewell, William, 321, 362–366 Ellis, Mary (mother) (née Kilbee), xi, 3, 54, 283, 285 death of, 380 Ellis, Mary Jane "Minnie" (sister), 6–7, 9, 13 Ellis notebooks and miscellaneous notes, 173, 176, 178 mathematical notebooks, 177 Ellis papers, 178–179 Ellis, Penelope (sister), 6, 282, 287–288, 293, 310, 326, 401 Empiricus, Sextus, 144 *Encyclopaedia Metropolitana* project, 139 Enlightenment, 159 England, 93, 129, 162, 165, 167 cholera outbreak, 394 Epicureanism, 134 Epicurus, 137 *Essai philosophique sur les probabilités* (Laplace), 163 *Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An* (Locke), 132, 195 *Essay on Man, An* (Pope), 136–137 Ethics, 69, 71, 142 jural, 60–61 Roman, 66 Euclid, 23, 26–29, 31, 35, 37–38, 44, 151, 159, 333 Euclidean geometry, 151, 154

Euler, Leonard, 91, 112 Euripides, 8 Europe, 152, 155, 165 Everett, Adela, 277 Exley, Thomas, 335

#### **F**

Fagnano, Count Giulio, 102 Falconer, Alexander P., 261, 262, 287, 303 Falconer, William, 303 Faraday, Michael, 32, 335, 336 Fellowship of the Royal Society, 108 Ferrers, Norman Macleod, 405 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 137 Fitzgerald, Pamela, 289 *Five Years in an English University* (Bristed), 178–179 Fontaine, Alexis, 93 Forbes, James David, vii, viii, xv, xvi, 53, 56, 104, 133, 297, 301, 303, 327, 329, 330, 338 *bandes bleues*, 337–338 glacier theories, 339 Gothic pendant, 333 Jungfrau, scaling of, 335 letters to Ellis, 331–332 meteorology, 330 radiant heat, 331, 335–336 Fourier, Joseph, 35–36, 86, 93–94, 336, 358 Fourier transforms, 112 France, 68, 93, 107, 152, 228 France, Francis, 266 Franklin, Benjamin, 31–32 French Revolution, 152 Frend, William, 166 Frere, Temple, 279, 326 *From Matter to Spirit* (S. De Morgan), 166 *Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum* (Jacobi): as landmark, 103

#### **G**

Gaius, 60–61, 66 Galton, Francis, 104 Gaskin, Thomas, 43, 90–92, 277, 281 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 45, 98, 111–113, 118 Gaussian distribution, 110 Gauss-Markov Theorem, 111 Gehrig, Lou, 165 Geldart, James, 177 Geological Society, 11 Geometry, 31, 35, 37–38, 87, 99, 106, 129, 131, 333–334, 346

analytical, 27, 39, 85 classical, 23–24 Euclidean, 151, 154, 159 Greek, 25 plane, 85 spherical, 24, 111 three-dimensional, 89 George III, 41 Germany, 28, 68, 107 Gibbes, George Smith, 41 Gibbon, Edward, 369 Glacier theories, 339, 340 Glaisher, J.W.L., 104, 107, 113 Glenie, James, 89 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 127 Gooden, Alexander Chisholm, 7, 9, 14, 17, 46, 133, 138, 175, 178–79, 206, 221, 251, 254, 271, 274–275, 283, 285–286, 326 Goodeve, T.M. 44 Goodwin, Harvey, xi, xv, xvi, 7, 17, 37, 42, 45–48, 52–53, 57–59, 61–62, 79, 81, 95, 96, 108, 125, 130, 147–149, 157, 165, 298, 311, 315, 318–319, 341 letter from Spedding, James, 407–408 letter to Whewell, William, 404 *Gorgias* (Plato), 142, 301–302 Graves, Charles, 97, 346, 347 Graves, John T., 346 Greatheed, Samuel Stephenson, 81, 85–86, 90 Green, George, 42, 93, 343 Greenhill, George, 25 Gregory, Duncan Farquharson, xv, xvi, 16, 42, 56, 58–59, 62, 64, 75, 81, 84–86, 90, 94, 96, 142–143, 156–157, 173, 175–176, 208, 246, 248–249, 269, 277, 279, 284, 297–298, 303, 307–308, 343–344, 346, 348, 356–357, 396, 398 death of, 95 Gregory, Olinthus, 25 Grote Club, 67, 70–71 Grote, John, xiv–xv, 14, 51–54, 56–63, 65, 67, 68, 70–74, 127, 131, 172, 308, 367, 378, 394, 397, 403, 406–407 Guthrie, Francis, 360 Guthrie, Frederick, 360

#### **H**

Hare, Julius Charles, 60–61, 68, 70, 121, 127–29, 131, 133, 137, 140, 204, 270 Haughton, Samuel, 97 Hawking, Stephen, 165 Hayes, Henry, 15–16 Hazlitt, William, 239 Heath, Douglas Denon, vii, xiii, 65, 72, 121, 335 Heeren, Arnold, 8, 9, 19 Hemans, Felicia, 394 Hemery, James, 313 Hermite, Charles, 104 Herodotus, 8, 176 Herschel, John F.W., 34, 39, 55, 62, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 98, 109, 115–118, 128–129, 132–133, 153–154, 353, 354, 359–360, 394 Hesiod, 16, 350 Hildyard, James, 307 Hirsch, Meier, 28 *History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences* (Whewell), 126 Hobbes, Thomas, 275 Hodson, George, 266 Hoene-Wronski, Jozéf Maria, 137 Homer, 16, 134 Hooper, Francis, 138 Hopkins, William, xii, 39–42, 45–46, 81–83, 106, 175, 205, 235, 244, 259, 339, 362, 386 glacier theories, 339, 340 letters to Lady Affeck, 404–406 testimonial fund, 404, 405 Horace, 108, 283 Houlton, Catherine, 282 Houlton, Flora, 282 Howell, Alfred, 285 Hume, Ella, 303 Hume, Joseph, 46, 47, 259–260, 278, 281, 283, 286, 297, 303, 313 Hunter, Charles, 25 Hunter, Joseph, 23, 273, 281 Hustler, James, 27 Hutton, Charles, 25, 27 Hymers, John, 31, 38–39, 89 "Figure of the Earth", 91

#### **I**

Impey, Edward, 299 Inductive method, 124–125, 131–132, 139, 366 Baconian, 126, 140 Inductive philosophy, ix, 128, 330

Baconian, 132 Ireland, 56, 68, 313–114 Ivory, James, 111, 113, 230

#### **J**

Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob, 10, 30, 100, 102–103 Jellett, John H., 97 Jenkins, Robert C., 7, 14, 56, 222, 228, 248–249, 271, 275–276, 278, 285, 301–302 Johnson, Elijah, 97, 344, 346, 348 Johnson, Penelope, 221, 224, 229–231, 236, 239, 241, 272, 282 Johnson, Samuel, 59, 197 Johnston, Hiram A. S., 4, 7–9, 14–15, 18, 134–135, 137, 311 Jones, Richard, 67, 70, 127–128, 132 Jones, Willoughby, 272, 300 *Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées* (journal), 106 Joyce, Arthur, 297–298 Joyce, Frederick, 288 Joyce, Thomas, 11, 271, 276–277, 280, 283, 285–290, 293–295, 298, 305 Justinian, 60

#### **K**

Kant, Immanuel, 54, 69, 129–130, 137, 141, 143, 162, 303 Kaploth, Julius Heinrich, 397 Keats, John, 148 Kelland, Philip, 42, 86, 335, 338 Kemble, John Mitchell, 55, 73 Kepler, Johannes, 124, 330, 364, 365 Keynes, John Maynard, 178 Kingdon, George, 269 King, Joshua, xiv, 37–38, 47 Knox, Alexander, 244, 248, 254, 305, 317, 394 spectral apparition, experience of, 304 Knowledge network, 74

#### **L**

La Bruyère, Jean de, 58–59 Lacroix, Sylvestre-François, 34, 35, 39, 78, 80, 152, 154, 158 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 88, 90–91, 250 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 394 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, xii, 39, 110–113, 115, 118, 140–141, 151, 208, 262, 267, 332, 357, 358

Laplace, Pierre-Simon (*cont.*) decision-making, view of, 163 "Figure of the Earth", 91, 92 Jupiter's moons, 262, 264 probability theory, 164–165 theorem, 266 Lardner, Dionysius, 6, 28 La Rochefoucauld, François de, 55, 58 Legendre, Adrien-Marie, 26–27, 31, 55, 80, 102, 110–111, 189 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 130, 144, 152, 363 differentials, 151–152 dy/dx notation, 152–154, 158 Leroy, C.F.A., 89 *Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon*, The (Spedding), 122 Lewes, George, 161–162 *Leybourn's Mathematical Repository* (journal), 30 Leybourn, Thomas, 24, 26 Liberal Anglicanism, 69 *Life of Francis Bacon* (Montagu, Basil), 136, 138 Lightfoot, J.B., 127 Lindemann, Ferdinand, 30 Lingham, John, 215, 245, 248–50, 252–53, 268, 270–271 Linkwood, Ellen, 292 Liouville, Joseph, 93 Livingstone, Sir Richard, 15 Livy, 8 Locke, John, 129, 131–132, 139, 195 Logan, Henry F.C., 24–25, 137, 303, 376 *Logic of Chance* (Venn), 71, 115 London (England), 56 Lonsdale, William, 10–11 Lousada, John, 263 Lowther, Blanche, 281, 299 Luard, Henry, 53 Lubbock, John, 48, 87, 208, 332 Lucretius, 58, 117 Lully, Raymond: codifcation, notion of, 363 *Lyrical Ballads* (Coleridge), 135 Lyte, Anna Maria, 287 Lyte, Henry, 287

#### **M**

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 123–124, 136, 138–139, 278, 378 Mackintosh, Sir James, 272–275 Maclaurin, Colin, 80, 87, 89

Macmillan (publishing frm), 97–98 Maine, Henry Sumner, 17, 73, 104 Maitland, John, 315 Manchester Academy, 284 Manners, Lord John, 16–17 Mansel, Henry Longueville, xv *Manuel of Ancient History* (Heeren), 8 Markov, Andrej, 111 Marlay, Charles Brinsley, 56, 176 Marshall, Alfred, 71 Marsh, Henry, 204, 309 Martineau, Alfred, 307–308 Martineau, Harriet, 391 Mate, Richard, 14, 46, 56, 58, 175, 206, 276, 283, 285, 296, 304–305, 309, 313–314 Materialism, ix *Mathematical and Other Writing* (Ellis), 171–172 *Mathematical Tracts* (Airy), 39 Mathematics, 153, 156, 158–160, 166 changing nature of, 167 mind of God, rooted in, 154 solving problems, focus on, 152 Mathison, William Collings, 396 Maurice, Frederick Denison, 70, 73, 127, 140–141 Maxwell, James Clerk, 70, 116, 149, 337, 341, 343 Mayor, Joseph B., 71 McTaggart, Ellis, 73 Melloni, Macedonio, 328 *Memoir of Augustus De Morgan* (S. De Morgan), 147, 167 Merriman, Mansfeld, 113 Miller, William, 47 Mill, John Stuart, 56, 60, 66, 69, 71–73, 115–116, 130, 132, 362–364, 368 Whewell, debate between, 67, 362, 364 Milton, John, 392 Monge, Gaspard, 31, 80 Montagu, Basil, 123, 136, 138 Montaigne, Michel de, 55, 58 Montesquieu, 263 Montucla, Jean, 275 Mossotti, Ottaviano-Fabrizio, 335, 337 theory of molecular action, 338 Mozley, John R., 71 Munro, H.A.J., 14, 56, 396 Murchison, Sir Robert, 62 Murphy, Elizabeth, 261 Murphy, Robert, 90 Murray, Tom, 304 Myers, Frederic, 369

#### **N**

Napier, Caroline, 287, 290, 303 Napier, Lord Francis, 138 Napier, Louisa, 287, 290 Napier, Pamela, 286–287, 314 Napier, Sarah, 290 Napier, Sir William, xiii, 11–12, 58, 66, 176, 221, 273, 280–281, 283, 287–293, 298–299, 304 National Gallery of Practical Science, 31, 32 Naturalism, ix Natural law, 60, 365 Newton, Isaac, 29, 38, 44, 66, 91, 124, 126, 135–137, 139–140, 143, 149–151, 173, 315, 365 dot notation, 152 evanescent quantities, 158 mathematical thinking, as rooted in mind of God, 154 natural theology, 162 Nice (France), 385–392, 403 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 60–61, 70, 127 Nightingale, W.H., 250, 253 Norris, John Pilkington, xv, xvi, 52–53, 58–59, 61–62, 64 Nottingham University Library, 176 *Novum Organon Renovatum* (Whewell), 124, 366 *Novum organum* (Bacon), viii, 73, 121–122, 124–125, 137, 139, 141, 144, 389

#### **O**

Oakeshott, Michael, 73 O'Brien, Matthew, xiii–xiv, 42, 95, 309, 311, 313, 315, 317–319 "Of Empire" (Bacon), 135 "On Death" (Bacon), 388 *Organon* (Aristotle), 131 Ovid, 134 Oxford and Cambridge Club, 56, 381 Oxford University, 19

#### **P**

Paley, William, 177 Paracelsus, 144 Parker, John, 280 Parmenides, 117 Pascal, Blaise, 58, 64, 367–368 hexagon theorem, 87 wager, 65 Pattison, Mark, 63

Paxton, John, 300 Peacock, George, xii, 15–16, 24, 32–34, 37–39, 41, 42, 45–48, 65, 70, 74, 79–81, 96, 98–99, 104, 129, 150, 153–154, 159–160, 166, 175, 203, 244, 259, 269–270, 327, 341, 360 algebra, view of, 155–158 Lowndean Lectures, 38 negative numbers, 155 Peacock's Report, 102–103 "Principle of Equivalent Forms", 155–157 "science of symbols" debate, 89 Pearson, John B., 71, 285 Perceval, John, 97 Perceval, Robert, 97 Perkins, Jacob, 32 Petrarch, 375 Phelps, Robert, 41–42 Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 12 philology, 67–68, 131, 177 Philosophical Radicals, 68–69, 71 *Philosophy and History of the Inductive Sciences* (Whewell), 133, 143, 366 Phrenological examinations, 14 Physics, 31, 129 mathematical, 90, 149, 331 Pindar, 16, 350 Pirie, William, 85 Plato, 16, 127, 133–137, 141–142, 144, 224, 276 as misunderstood, 139 Platonism, 127, 134 Playfair, John, 89 Poinsot, Louis, 264, 265 Poisson, Siméon Denis, 336, 358 Political economy, 67–68 Pope, Alexander, 136–137 Porson, Richard, 9 Potts, Robert, 305, 316 Powell, Baden, 328 Pratt, John Henry, 38, 90–91, 280, 290, 292, 352 *Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy* (Herschel), 132–133 Preston, Theodore, 397 Preyer, Robert O., 67, 68 *Principia Mathematica* (Newton), 29, 37–38, 44, 91, 149, 315, 365 *Principles of Analytic Calculation, The* (Woodhouse), 153–154 Probability theory, vii, ix, xiii, xvi, 73, 126, 131, 142–143, 151, 161, 163–165, 332 Psychology, 67–68

# 444

**Q**

Quetelet, Adolphe, 116

#### **R**

Reform Bill, 290 Reichel, Samuel, 6, 130 Reid, Thomas, 276, 398 Reyner, George, 313, 315 Riccati's equation, 91 Richelot, Friedrich, 104 Riemann, Bernhard, 104 Robinson, Abraham, 152 Robson, Richard, 67 Rochard, Simon Jacques, 273, 274, 286, 296 Roebuck, John, 11, 290, 299, 304 Roget, Peter Mark, 335 Roman Law, 53, 66, 177 Rose, Hugh James, 127, 139 Rosenhain, Johann, 104 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 375 Ross, John, 27–28 Rothblatt, Sheldon, 67 Rothery, John, 295 Royal Astronomical Society, 22 Royal Institution, 32 Royal Military Academy, 25 Royal Society, 23, 24, 48, 78, 92, 103, 108 Royal Society of Edinburgh, 23–24

#### **S**

Salmon, Wesley C., 116 San Remo (Italy), 175–176, 387, 391, 403 Schaffer, Simon, 69 Schiller, Friedrich, 127 Schlegel, Friedrich, 8, 127 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 142, 272, 302 Scholastics, 130–131 Scotland, 68 *Second Alcibiades*, The, 134 Sedgwick, Adam, 62, 68, 70, 127, 304 Seeley, John, 73 Seneca the Younger, 136–137 Seppings, Sir Richard, 15 Shakespeare, William, 8 Shaw-Lefevre, J.G., 380 Sheehan, John, 208, 296 Shelley, Mary, 304 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 402 Shilleto, Richard, 378 Sidgwick, Henry, 67, 69, 71 Simpson, C.T., 43–44

Simson, Robert, 23, 89 Skrine, Julian, 41–42 Skrine, Mary Loraine, 15, 41–42 Smedley, Edward Arthur, 403 Smith, Archibald, 42–43, 46, 56, 81–82, 84–86, 97, 117–18, 264, 327, 345, 347, 348, 353–354, 357, 359, 394 Smith, H.J.S., 104 Smith, John, 252 Smollett, Tobias George, 385 Snyder, Laura, 67 Somerville, Mary, 24, 25, 39, 394 Somerville, William, 24 Sophocles, 8 Sorley, William, 73 Spedding, James, vii, xiii, xv, 56, 121–126, 141, 143–144, 175, 373, 406, 408 Goodwin, Harvey, letter to, 407–408 letter to Whewell, William, 407 Spedding, Thomas, 369 Spinoza, Baruch, 277 Stallbaum, Johann Gottfried, 142, 275 St Andrews University Library, 176 Stearne, Laurence, 205 Stephen, Leslie, 69 Sterling Club, 372 Sterling, John, 372 Stewart, Dugald, 89, 130, 177, 273–277, 283 Stewart, Matthew, 26, 89, 90 Stoicism, 58, 134, 318 Stokes, Charles, 326 Stokes, George Gabriel, 41, 48, 91, 93, 98–99, 396 Stokes, J.E., 319, 320 Strachey, Lytton, 78 Sykes, John, 319, 320 Sylvester, James Joseph, 25 *System of Logic* (Mill), 71–72, 130, 368

#### **T**

Tacitus, 176, 396 Talbot, William Henry Fox, 103 Talbot's curve, 103 Tate Gallery, 61 Taylor, Richard, 335, 337 Taylor, Tom, 14, 46, 133, 137, 204, 246, 258, 268, 271, 273–276, 311, 313–314 as amateur artist, 307, 308, 312 Taylor's theorem, 28 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 62, 141 *Theaetetus* (Plato), 16 Thirlwall, Connop, 60–61, 127

Thompson, William Hepworth, 56, 80, 122 Thomson, James, 95, 341, 349, 352 Thomson, John, 356 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), xv, 16, 83, 86, 93–98, 105–106, 108, 149, 176, 181, 314, 341–347, 349, 350, 394 natural philosophy, 341 Thorp, Thomas, 80–81, 259 Thurtell, Alexander, 43, 56, 304, 306, 312, 315 Todhunter, Isaac, 73, 172, 174, 178 Townsend, Richard, 97, 346 Trail, William, 23 *Transactions of the British Association* (journal), 104 *Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society* (journal), 84, 106, 140 *Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (TRSE)* (journal), 24 Transcendent truth, 159, 161, 166–167 Travers, Benjamin, 278 *Treatise on Algebra*, A (Peacock), 155 Trench, Richard Chenevix, 73 Trinity College, 51 classical reading, prominence of, 16, 18 "Englishing" of, 138 frst-year curriculum, 16, 18 Scottish Society, 250 second-year curriculum, 16, 18 Trinity College Library, 175–176, 179 Robert Leslie Ellis papers, 171 Tea Chests, 172–173 Tin Box, 172–173 Trinity Circle, 127–131 Trinity Foundation, 99 Trinity Network, 139 Trisecting the triangle, 30 Tytler, James, 346, 348

#### **U**

University College London (London University), 161, 346 Utilitarianism, ix, 58, 128, 132

#### **V**

Venn, John, 71, 74, 109, 115–116, 178 Victoria, Queen, 265, 298, 302 Vince, Samuel, 27, 93 Virgil, 134 Voltaire, 136–137 Vossius, 144

#### **W**

Wales: cholera outbreak, 394 Wallace, William, 85 Walton, William, xv, 19, 56, 62, 73, 94–95, 142–43, 171–173, 175–176, 179, 246–247, 255, 274, 276, 278–279, 296, 303, 307–309, 343, 345, 348, 365, 368, 396, 403 "Old Father Time," nickname of, 380 Wantzel, Pierre, 30 Ward, James, 71, 73 Waring, Edward, 88 Warwick, Andrew, 148, 150 Watson, Sanders, 289–290, 294, 374, 379 Watt, James, 228 Watts, Isaac, 132 Waud, Samuel W., 85 Weber, Wilhelm E., 98 Weierstrass, Karl, 104, 107 Whately, Richard, 6, 131–132, 139 Wheatstone, Charles, 46 Whewell, Cordelia, 172 Whewell, William, vii–viii, xiii–xv, 6, 24, 31, 36–37, 39, 54, 56, 61, 65–66, 68–74, 80–81, 90, 123–133, 143–144, 150–51, 153, 160, 162–64, 166, 176–178, 244, 246, 259, 269, 278, 302, 314, 335, 339, 341, 360, 394 De Morgan, collaboration with, 161 glacier theory, 340 inductive philosophy, ix, 279, 300, 330 latent axioms, 361 laws of motion, 303 letter to Ellis, 366–367 letter from James Spedding, 407 limit, conception of, 158–159 mathematical understanding, transcendent view of, 161 Mill, debate between 67, 362, 364 papers of, 171–173 as polymath, ix–x White, Henry, 270 Wilbraham, Henry, 382, 384 Williams, Perry, 69 Williamson, William, 339 glacier theories, 340 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 60, 73, 126 Woodhouse, Robert, 37, 153–154 Wood, James, 382 Woolley, Joseph, 48 Wordsworth, Christopher (Master of Trinity College, Cambridge), 81

Wordsworth, John, 257 Wordsworth, William, 127 *Works of Francis Bacon, The* (Spedding, Heath, and Ellis), ix, xiii–xv, 105, 121–126, 129, 136, 139, 143, 321, 407, 408 Wren Library, 173 Wright, Aldis, 73

Wright, Georg Henrik von, 126, 178 Wright, John, 28

#### **Y**

Yeo, Richard, 69 Young, John, 27 Young, Thomas, 394


**5. Conclusions**

Traditional and novel omics research indicates the potential to manipulate fresh meat composition and therefore enhance its nutritional value. Enhancing the nutritional value of meat could be maximized by combining nutritional strategies and genetic selection, opening opportunities to develop added-value products. Certain limitations need to be considered due to complex metabolic processes and the influence of genetics on certain nutrients. Furthermore, to achieve sustainable animal production, holistic consideration of dietary and genetic strategies and its effect on animal welfare, environmental impact, product quality, and consumer perception must be considered. Traditional red meat will continue to serve as a nutrient dense food which is widely consumed due to the co-evolution of positive human sensory perceptions and thus will continue to provide health benefits to a large percentage of the world population.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.J.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, M.J., S.L., M.E.R.D., P.V., A.J., O.L.-C., N.P. and J.S.; Writing—Review and Editing, M.J., B.M.B., J.A., and S.L.; and Funding Acquisition, M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** This study did not report any data.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors acknowledge financial support from the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.