**Wenxu Wang 1, Damián Marelli 1,2,\* and Minyue Fu 1,3**

Received: 7 April 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 18 May 2020

**Abstract:** Indoor positioning using Wi-Fi signals is an economic technique. Its drawback is that multipath propagation distorts these signals, leading to an inaccurate localization. An approach to improve the positioning accuracy consists of using fingerprints based on channel state information (CSI). Following this line, we propose a new positioning method which consists of three stages. In the first stage, which is run during initialization, we build a model for the fingerprints of the environment in which we do localization. This model permits obtaining a precise interpolation of fingerprints at positions where a fingerprint measurement is not available. In the second stage, we use this model to obtain a preliminary position estimate based only on the fingerprint measured at the receiver's location. Finally, in the third stage, we combine this preliminary estimation with the dynamical model of the receiver's motion to obtain the final estimation. We compare the localization accuracy of the proposed method with other rival methods in two scenarios, namely, when fingerprints used for localization are similar to those used for initialization, and when they differ due to alterations in the environment. Our experiments show that the proposed method outperforms its rivals in both scenarios.

**Keywords:** indoor localization; CSI; fingerprinting; Bayesian tracking


*Edited by Sílvio Manuel Brito*

What is super creativity? From the simple creation of a meal to the most sophisticated artificial intelligence system, the human brain is capable of responding to the most diverse challenges and problems in increasingly creative and innovative ways. This book is an attempt to define super creativity by examining creativity in humans, machines, and human–machine interactions. Organized into three sections, the volume covers such topics as increasing personal creativity, the impact of artificial intelligence and digital devices, and the interaction of humans and machines in fields such as healthcare and economics.

ISBN 978-1-78985-909-6

Toward Super-Creativity - Improving Creativity in Humans, Machines, and Human - Machine Collaborations

Published in London, UK © 2020 IntechOpen

© StationaryTraveller / iStock

## Toward Super-Creativity Improving Creativity in Humans, Machines, and Human - Machine Collaborations

*Edited by Sílvio Manuel Brito*


*3.3. Depletion of Atrazine and Its Metabolites with Time in Eastern Nebraska Counties*

In Figure 4a, a time-dependent groundwater atrazine decline was observed despite continuous atrazine usage during the same period. This corresponded to a decrease in groundwater D.E.A. and D.I.A. (Figure 4b,c).

**Figure 4.** *Cont*.

**Figure 4.** Linear relationship of atrazine and its metabolites over time (1995–2014). (**a**) Time series plot of atrazine (ppb). (**b**). Time series plot of D.E.A. (ppb). (**c**) Time series plot of D.I.A. (ppb).

#### *3.4. Precipitation and Temperature trend in Eastern Nebraska Counties*

Precipitation and temperature trends between 1995 and 2014 were characterized in Figure 5a,b, respectively. The observed counties seem to record lower precipitation in 1995, 2000, and 2012, Figure 5a.

**Figure 5.** Climatic changes with time, PRISM (1995–2014). (**a**) Precipitation. (**b**) Temperature.

*3.5. Seasonal Variation of Atrazine and Its Metabolites in Eastern Nebraska Counites*

Figure 6a–c shows that the average groundwater atrazine, D.E.A., and D.I.A. concentration by month was consistently higher during Nebraska's winter and early springs (December-March). Moreover, the highest precipitation was recorded in May-June (Figure 6d), and the highest mean daily temperature was reported in July-August (Figure 6e).

**Figure 6.** Seasonal variation in groundwater atrazine and its metabolites (**a**) Average atrazine concentration by month. (**b**) Average D.E.A. concentration by month. (**c**) Average D.I.A. concentration by month (**d**). Average annual precipitation by month. (**e**) Mean daily temperature by month.


**Abstract**

BRAF mutation is seen in nearly one in ten patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Despite major improvements in survival for advanced colorectal cancer overall, patients with BRAF mutation continue to have a very poor prognosis often with median survival of less than 12 months. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this subgroup as the treatment approach should be different. Treatment options beyond standard chemotherapy are crucial to achieve better outcomes and the role of anti-EGFR therapy alone remains controversial. Current trials assessing combinations of molecular targeted agents have seen some promise. This chapter explores the background of BRAF mutation and current treatment strategies.

**Keywords:** BRAF, colorectal cancer, V600E mutation


*2.1. BEV Energy Model*

The study utilized the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based EV Energy Consumption Model (i.e., VT-CPEM), to estimate BEV energy consumption [4]. The VT-CPEM model is a microscopic, power-based EV energy model developed to estimate BEVs' instantaneous energy consumption using vehicle operational variables, including instantaneous speed, acceleration, and grade information. The model estimates the instantaneous energy consumed (kWh), the instantaneous energy regenerated (kWh), and the final SOC of the electric battery (%). The VT-CPEM has a simple structure that allows it to be implemented in other modeling tools, including in-vehicle/smartphone applications and microscopic traffic simulation models. One of the major advantages of using VT-CPEM is that it can

capture instantaneous braking energy regeneration, which is not available in most BEV energy models. Most other BEV energy models instead use an average regenerative braking energy efficiency [15] or a regenerative braking factor that depends on the vehicle's speed [16]. However, these models cannot accurately capture the instantaneous regenerative braking energy required in this study.

Using VT-CPEM, the power at the electric motor was computed from the power at the wheels, assuming a driveline efficiency of 92% and an electric motor with an efficiency of 91%. The model also considered the power consumed by the auxiliary systems (700 W) [17]. The VT-CPEM was validated against independent data, producing an average error of 5.9% [18]. A detailed description of VT-CPEM is found in Reference [4].


*4.3. Cross-Case Analysis*

In the cross-case analysis, the results of the case studies were analyzed in comparison to the relative maturity of the data science capability as reported by the interviewees, the perceived success of the data science outcomes from the perspective of the project team, and whether or not the outcomes were accepted and adopted within the primary business processes. Table 2 below compares the two case studies based on data governance maturity, data science outcomes, and the adoption status of the data governance outcomes.

### **Table 2.** Comparison of the case studies.

Table 2 above shows that Project A has an established data governance capability and that the outcomes of the project were accepted by the business. In Project B, the organization does not have an established data governance capability, and the data science outcomes were not adopted by the business.

4.3.1. The Role of Data Governance with Regards to Data Science as a Product of Human Agency

In Table 3 below, the role of data governance with regards to the successful implementation of data science as an organizational capability is compared between the cases.

In Table 3 above, we notice that although Project A required more data sets than Project B, data access was not considered an issue, and the project was able to be completed with a minimum of extra effort. In contrast, project B team members were required to set up the data infrastructure, find the data, and manage access and data quality themselves.

4.3.2. The Role of Data Governance with Regards to Data Science as a Medium of Human Agency

In Table 4 below, the role of data governance with regards to the acceptance, coordination, and control of data science outcomes is compared between the cases.

**Table 4.** Comparison of the cases with regards to the role of data governance in data science as a medium of human agency.

From Table 4 it becomes clear that in project A, data owners were involved from the start of the project until delivery. In addition, data owners were accorded ownership of the outcomes. As a result, the outcomes were accepted by the data owners. This is in contrast to Project B, in which data owners were not available, and business owners did not accept the data science results.

4.3.3. The Role of Data Governance with Regards to Organizational Conditions of Data Science

In Table 5 below, the role of data governance with regards to the coordination and control of organizational conditions of data science is compared between the cases.

**Table 5.** Comparison of the cases with regards to the role of data governance in coordinating and controlling the organizational conditions of data science.

From Table 5 we can conclude that Project A has a strict regime of coordination and control following a yearly review as well as well-defined roles and responsibilities. In contrast, team members of Project B were given little direction and no ownership was displayed by business leaders.

4.3.4. The Role of Data Governance with Regards to Organizational Consequences of Data Science

In Table 6 below, the role of data governance with regards to the coordination and control of organizational consequences of data science is compared between the cases.

**Table 6.** Comparison of the cases with regards to the role of data governance in coordinating and controlling organizational consequences of data science.

From Table 6 it can be derived that in Project A, the implementation of the data science outcomes was managed by a dedicated project manager in conjunction with the data owners. This was in contrast to Project B, in which no data owners were involved and a rival COTS application which had previously been acquired by business leaders created an insurmountable conflict for the project team.


**2. Active-alert hypnosis: a path to our goals**

In her 1973 doctoral dissertation, Eva Banyai explained her study about the effects of hypnosis in verbal learning that involved 24 patients. She stated that the majority of subjects achieved a classic hypnotic state (a relaxed, passive state), but four of them exhibited a different state:

*… four subjects exhibited a different behavior: They were in an even "more active" state than the waking ones. They followed the instructions of the experimenter immediately, while their fast movements, lively facial expressions, loud voices, and their fast speech were in sharp contrast with the passive behavior of the average subjects. It was as if they had been released from some kind of pressure, their behavior reflected childlike playfulness [6].*

That unexpected finding suggested that hypnosis is not only a relaxed state, but is also a wide spectrum of "altered" conscious states that can be subjectiveley experienced in many different forms by each individual with different behavioral and physiological outcomes.

Banyai called this kind of hypnotic state "active-alert hypnosis." She also stated that the sleep-like outcomes in traditional hypnosis occur due to suggestions from the facilitator rather than from the hypnosis itself. This modality of hypnosis has been applied to high-performing athletes with significantly positive results [1], but also with people who prefer an eyes-open trance, or a more active one. In our experience, this type of induction can also be used for visualization and reaching one's own personal and professional goals.

The original active alert-hypnosis approaches were performed while pedaling a stationary bicycle, receiving hypnotic suggestions of activation and alertness, paying attention to the feelings in their legs, to automatic movement, to their energy, and to their inner peace [7, 8].

**121**

*Active-Alert Hypnosis to Achieve Personal, Professional, and Therapeutic Goals*

• Children who do not tolerate the stillness of traditional hypnosis

• Enhancement of physical and mental performance in healthy people

Since these original approaches were performed, several methods of achieving an active-alert hypnotic state have been developed. For example, Etzel Cardeña [9] elaborated a gentle active-alert hypnotic technique consisting of simply waving one hand up and down, producing results similar to those of Banyai's study. Even though active-alert hypnotic approaches are used primarily in therapeutic contexts, you can also notice "altered" consciousness states and active-alert hypnotic states in other contexts, such as religious ceremonies, highly competitive sports (while practicing or watching), dancing, teaching, writing, playing a musical instrument, and many other activities that require highly focused attention. This kind of hypnosis has been called in different ways: hyper-alert hypnosis, active hypnosis, waking

I (AV) would like to share an experience I had some time ago. A friend of mine

Get inside the shop, with all those different kinds of shoes, selecting just one pair of them was a difficult task. But my mind was clear: "buy a pair of shoes." I bought a brown pair of shoes, and they were going to be worn next Monday. That day, I put them on and walked a little, and after a few blocks my ankle started to hurt. It was a weak but annoying pain. After a few more blocks, the skin of my Achilles tendon started to peel and I felt an even more annoying pain, and I remembered thinking,

Now when we make plans, we not only use our conscious mind, but we also use

According to some research [11, 12], our brain makes decisions even before we think we made them. Let us explain this statement. Imagine that we suggest that you move your lips to the right when you see something beautiful and to your left when you see something that you think is not.   That takes no more than a few microseconds, but it is a complex process, all happening without you realizing it. Now that you have decided

asked me to slightly change my way of dressing to become a more presentable professional, to give a different image to others and to myself. I have to admit that a part of me was reluctant to make that change, while the other one was just a little curious about what could change for the better if I follow his advice. That curiosity led me to a little inspection of my closet, with some dirty and old clothes hanging there along with some clothes that I did not really use, but there they were, and I came to realize that I needed to go get new clothes, and a new pair of shoes, because my old ones, although comfy, were starting to rip apart, and we all need a good pair of formal and comfortable shoes for formal occasions. After making the decision to go and buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes, the instruction "buy a pair of

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92197*

(including competitive athletes)

hypnosis, awake-alert hypnosis, and alert hypnosis.

shoes" was imprinted in my mind, nothing else.

"But these shoes are new. Why is this happening?"

our unconscious one [10]. The question here is: how?

**3. Goals and motivation**

• Eating disorders (bulimia and obesity)

According to Banyai [6], active-alert hypnosis has been a useful tool in the following cases:

*Active-Alert Hypnosis to Achieve Personal, Professional, and Therapeutic Goals DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92197*

• Eating disorders (bulimia and obesity)

*Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis*

**2. Active-alert hypnosis: a path to our goals**

*behavior reflected childlike playfulness [6].*

one's own personal and professional goals.

four of them exhibited a different state:

and physiological outcomes.

and to their inner peace [7, 8].

• General inhibition

• Anxiety disorders

• Depression

• Lack of initiative and energy

• Excessively withdrawn personality

• Inhibited identity development

following cases:

that hypnosis is a natural state that tends to occur periodically several times a day, approximately every 90 min in human beings, as one of many psychobiological ultradian rhythms [4] during which the person is in total control of his/her will [5]. According to our definition of hypnosis, we can say that this state is not limited to a relaxed state but any state of focused attention that switches our mind to a more creative mode, helping us to find solutions for specific problems or seeing things from a different perspective, enhancing the capacity to access unconscious memories and perceptions and to reframe them, and facilitating processes of dissociation.

In her 1973 doctoral dissertation, Eva Banyai explained her study about the effects of hypnosis in verbal learning that involved 24 patients. She stated that the majority of subjects achieved a classic hypnotic state (a relaxed, passive state), but

*… four subjects exhibited a different behavior: They were in an even "more active" state than the waking ones. They followed the instructions of the experimenter immediately, while their fast movements, lively facial expressions, loud voices, and their fast speech were in sharp contrast with the passive behavior of the average subjects. It was as if they had been released from some kind of pressure, their*

That unexpected finding suggested that hypnosis is not only a relaxed state, but is also a wide spectrum of "altered" conscious states that can be subjectiveley experienced in many different forms by each individual with different behavioral

Banyai called this kind of hypnotic state "active-alert hypnosis." She also stated that the sleep-like outcomes in traditional hypnosis occur due to suggestions from the facilitator rather than from the hypnosis itself. This modality of hypnosis has been applied to high-performing athletes with significantly positive results [1], but also with people who prefer an eyes-open trance, or a more active one. In our experience, this type of induction can also be used for visualization and reaching

The original active alert-hypnosis approaches were performed while pedaling a stationary bicycle, receiving hypnotic suggestions of activation and alertness, paying attention to the feelings in their legs, to automatic movement, to their energy,

According to Banyai [6], active-alert hypnosis has been a useful tool in the

**120**

Since these original approaches were performed, several methods of achieving an active-alert hypnotic state have been developed. For example, Etzel Cardeña [9] elaborated a gentle active-alert hypnotic technique consisting of simply waving one hand up and down, producing results similar to those of Banyai's study. Even though active-alert hypnotic approaches are used primarily in therapeutic contexts, you can also notice "altered" consciousness states and active-alert hypnotic states in other contexts, such as religious ceremonies, highly competitive sports (while practicing or watching), dancing, teaching, writing, playing a musical instrument, and many other activities that require highly focused attention. This kind of hypnosis has been called in different ways: hyper-alert hypnosis, active hypnosis, waking hypnosis, awake-alert hypnosis, and alert hypnosis.