**Han-Yan Wu \*, Ling-Hwei Chen and Yu-Tai Ching**

Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(L.-H.C<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(Y.-T.C.) **\*** Correspondence<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Received: 11 October 2020; Accepted: 2 November 2020; Published: 4 November 2020

**Abstract:** The primary goal of steganographic methods is to develop statically undetectable methods with high steganographic capacity. The embedding efficiency is one kind of measure for undetectability. Block-based steganography methods have been proposed for achieving higher embedding efficiency under limited embedding capacity. However, in these methods, some blocks with larger embedding distortions are skipped, and a location map is usually incorporated into these methods to record the embedding status of each block. This reduces the embedding capacity for secret messages. In this study, we proposed a block-based steganography method without a location map for palette images. In this method, multiple secret bits can be embedded in a block by modifying at most one pixel with minimal embedding distortion; this enables each block to be used for data embedding; thus, our method provides higher embedding capacity. Furthermore, under the same capacity, the estimated and experimental embedding efficiencies of the proposed method are compared with those of Imaizumi et al. and Aryal et al.'s methods; the comparisons indicate that the proposed method has higher embedding efficiency than Imaizumi et al. and Aryal et al.'s methods.

**Keywords:** block embedding; embedding capacity; embedding efficiency; optimal selection; parity assignment


*Article* **When Bodies Speak Differently: Putting Judith Butler in Conversation with Mahatma Gandhi on Nonviolent Resistance**

**Louise Du Toit 1,2,\* and Jana Vosloo 1**

**Abstract:** This article puts political philosopher Judith Butler in conversation with Gandhi, on the topic of nonviolent resistance. More particularly, we compare them on a systematic philosophical level. Although we focus on Gandhi's more activist side, by delving into the ontological presuppositions that Butler and Gandhi share, we can do some justice to how his activism is firmly rooted in a faith-based understanding of the world. We discuss four themes in each of which they complement each other: namely, the ontological roots of the nonviolent imperative; their rejection of an instrumental view of violence; nonviolent resistance seen as communicative action; and nonviolence viewed as a way of life. This discussion shows that while they have very different starting points and vocabularies, and while some tensions remain, there is much scope for cooperation, solidarity and alliance between religious and nonreligious practitioners of nonviolent resistance.

**Keywords:** nonviolent resistance; Butler; Gandhi; performativity; relational ontology

*Dedicated to the memory of Christof Heyns (10.01.1959–28.03.2021)*