**Base of Tongue Lesion:**

**Airway Pathology:** large midline tumors of base of the tongue can certainly present real difficulty for airway management. All of these patients should have preoperative fiberoptic nasal pharyngoscopy and CT scan. A CT scan shows the depth of tumor infiltration and involvement of epiglottis and pharynx.

**Airway Management:** Rigid tissue fixation and/or bleeding from the tumor often preclude successful oral laryngoscopy and intubation. Intubation with standard laryngoscopy in this situation is predictably difficult. A wake

**139**

**Figure 11.** *Large goiter removal.*

**Figure 10.**

is the most appropriate technique.

determine the extent of the damage.

**Vocal cord tumors for LASER cordectomy:**

involved vocal cord with sufficient margin (**Figure 15**).

spontaneous breathing with nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflations.

*Airway Management in Head and Neck Pathology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94498*

*Large thyroid goiter with tracheal compression and deviation.*

fiberoptic-trachesoscopy and intubation with the patient spontaneously ventilating

Symptoms range from mild dysphonia to marked stridor and severe respiratory distress. For T1 and T2 glottic cancers, **LASER** cordectomy is the standard treatment option. Inserting a laryngoscope and using **LASER** beam to resects the

**Airway management:** Endoscopic excision of laryngeal vocal cord tumors requires adequate surgical exposure and thus special airway management, many options exist: Intubation with a special **LASER** tube, jet ventilation catheter, or

**LASER** use mandates that no combustible materials come in the field to avoid airway fires. *If fire occur*s*, the following urgent steps should be done immediately: stop ventilation, stop oxygen, remove the hot endotracheal tube, and wash with sterile saline to extinguish the fire.* Bronchoscopy should be next done to remove any debris and to *Airway Management in Head and Neck Pathology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94498*

*Special Considerations in Human Airway Management*

**Airway Management:** Large extra-tracheal lesions should engender caution concerning airway management. In these cases, with a suspected difficult airway, a wake intubation is the most appropriate. The possible options: blind nasal, awake

• *A wake* oral *laryngoscopy* is unlikely to be successful in the presence of big

• *Blind nasal intubation* could be performed, but with the mass causing some compression and distortion of the airway, it may be unsuccessful (**Figures 10** and **11**).

**Airway Pathology:** The oropharynx extends from the level of the hard palate superiorly to the level of the hyoid bone inferiorly. Laterally it houses the tonsils and

**Airway Pathology:** large midline tumors of base of the tongue can certainly

present real difficulty for airway management. All of these patients should have preoperative fiberoptic nasal pharyngoscopy and CT scan. A CT scan shows the depth of tumor infiltration and involvement of epiglottis and

**Airway Management:** Rigid tissue fixation and/or bleeding from the tumor often preclude successful oral laryngoscopy and intubation. Intubation with standard laryngoscopy in this situation is predictably difficult. A wake

**Airway Management:** The main concern is the conversion of a partially obstructed airway (by the tumor) to a completely obstructed (by swelling and/or bleeding) with upper airway or tumor manipulation. In cases of big oropharyngeal tumors, secure airway management requires the need to guarantee the airway before trying a definitive airway and avoidance of any instrumentation or manipulation of the pathology. Trans-tracheal puncture and block techniques are secure means to ventilate and oxygenate patients while more definitive maneuvers are

oral laryngoscopy, fiberoptic intubation or a wake tracheotomy.

• *Fiberoptic tracheoscopy provide perhaps the highest reliability*

goiter and significant airway distortion.

**Oropharyngeal cancers:**

*Obstructive cancer of the hypopharynx.*

performed (**Figures 12**–**14**). **Base of Tongue Lesion:**

faucial pillars.

**Figure 9.**

**138**

pharynx.

**Figure 10.** *Large thyroid goiter with tracheal compression and deviation.*

**Figure 11.** *Large goiter removal.*

fiberoptic-trachesoscopy and intubation with the patient spontaneously ventilating is the most appropriate technique.

## **Vocal cord tumors for LASER cordectomy:**

Symptoms range from mild dysphonia to marked stridor and severe respiratory distress. For T1 and T2 glottic cancers, **LASER** cordectomy is the standard treatment option. Inserting a laryngoscope and using **LASER** beam to resects the involved vocal cord with sufficient margin (**Figure 15**).

**Airway management:** Endoscopic excision of laryngeal vocal cord tumors requires adequate surgical exposure and thus special airway management, many options exist: Intubation with a special **LASER** tube, jet ventilation catheter, or spontaneous breathing with nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflations.

**LASER** use mandates that no combustible materials come in the field to avoid airway fires. *If fire occur*s*, the following urgent steps should be done immediately: stop ventilation, stop oxygen, remove the hot endotracheal tube, and wash with sterile saline to extinguish the fire.* Bronchoscopy should be next done to remove any debris and to determine the extent of the damage.

**Figure 13.** *Another example of a large oropharyngeal tumor arising from the right tonsil.*


**3. Neurotropic virus infection in mice is employed as an experimental model system to understand the underlying mechanisms of encephalitis, poliomyelitis, neuroinflammation, and demyelination concurrent with axonal loss**

Neuroinflammation is responsible for initiating direct neuroglial dystrophy, which in turn can activate CNS resident microglia to release immune modulators. Microglia, the major resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are considered as the key cellular mediators of neuroinflammatory processes. Microglial research has become a central focus in cellular neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation in the past few years. Chronic/remitting neurological disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered an inflammatory autoimmune disease with the infiltration of peripheral myelin-specific T cells into the CNS. With the rapid advancement in the field of microglia and astrocytic neurobiology, the term neuroinflammation progressively started to denote chronic CNS cell-specific inflammation in MS. The direct glial responses in MS are different from conventional peripheral immune responses. This book chapter attempts to summarize current findings of neuroinflammatory responses within the CNS by direct infection of neural cells by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and the mechanisms by which glial cell responses ultimately contribute to the meningioencephalomyelitis and demyelination concurrent with axonal loss (**Figure 1**). Microglia can be persistently infected by MHV. Microglial activation and phagocytosis are recognized to be critically important in the pathogenesis of

#### **Figure 1.**

*Disease kinetics and pathological manifestations of murine β-CoV, MHV-A59 intracranial inoculation in C57BL/6 mice, a model to understand viral induced meningioencephalomyelitis and demyelination concurrent with axonal loss. (A) Shows the timeline of infection namely acute stage and its corresponding neuropathologies: meningitis denoting inflammation in the meningeal layers, encephalitis,an acute diffuse inflammation of the brain, and inflammation in the spinal cord denoted as myelitis and chronic progressive demyelination characterized by myelin loss concurrent with axonal loss. (B) Kinetics of MHV-A59 replication and viral clearance represented by viral RNA and infectious viral particles respectively and occurrence of demyelination [20].*

demyelination. Emerging evidence for the pathogenic role of microglia and the activation of inflammatory pathways in these cells in MHV infection supports the concept that microglia-induced neuroinflammation is an amplifier of virus-induced neuropathology. Conventional understanding was that the peripheral immune cells are the major players for mounting CNS inflammatory responses. But the current studies revealed that if microglial activation and its immune modulators can check the infection, then the peripheral immune system need not be involved in mounting host immunity, and meningioencephalomyelitis may not shadow. In most cases, CNS resident microglial activation sets the stage for innate immune inflammation that results in the proinflammatory milieu of cytokines and chemokines, known as cytokine storm, which, while trying to combat pathogens, also causes damage to the CNS tissues. Amelioration of the proinflammatory condition requires anti-inflammatory cytokines where the peripheral immune system plays a major role. A series of recent studies on neurotropic murine β-coronavirus demonstrated acute-innate neuroinflammation mediated by CNS resident microglial interplay with peripheral leucocytes comprising monocytes and neutrophils NKT cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to eradicate the pathogen and protect host tissue against aberrant tissue damage (**Figure 2**). In the below-mentioned sections of this book chapter, we are discussing in detail MHV infection as a prototype of β-coronavirus infection and its pathogenesis to understand the underpinning mechanism of meningioencephalomyelitis, demyelination and axonal loss.

#### *Neurotropic Virus-Induced Meningoencephalomyelitis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102674*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Temporal kinetics of CNS resident glial cell activation associated with peripheral cell migration in response to RSA59 infection in the mouse CNS is key to cause meningioencephalomyeltits. Intracranial inoculation of RSA59 directly infects CNS resident neuroglial cells that in-turn activates CNS resident immune-glial cells like astrocytes and microglia. Activated CNS resident cells secrete a large number of inflammatory mediators like pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Microglial activation and its pro-inflammatory mileu in the inflamed CNS make a chemoattractant gradient to help the migration of peripheral leukocytes in the CNS. A differential infiltration of total myeloid (neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, and microglia) and lymphoid (CD4, CD8, and NKT) cell populations observed at different time post infection is critical for orchestration of the clearance of the viral particle mounting host immunity by balancing the pro-inflammatory condition with the anti-inflammatory condition and restoring the CNS homeostasis.*

#### **3.1 MHV**

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a β-CoV of the family Coronaviridae. It poses no threat to humans but shows similarities with other human viruses of the same family, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 though they are evolutionarily distinct. MHV can infect the CNS and cause white matter lesions, which makes it an excellent viral model of neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease. Depending on the inoculation route and the strain of MHV-CoV, different outcomes are expected [21].

For example, a highly neurovirulent strain of MHV, JHM, J2.2-V-1, upon intracranial inoculation, induces a monophasic disease course, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltrates in the CNS with subsequent demyelination and clinical symptoms of hind limb weakness, ataxia, and paralysis [22, 23]. No auto-reactive T cells have ever been found in the CNS of J2.2-V-1-infected mice, and the disease is the resultant of virus-specific T cells, which indicated that virus alone can cause myelin destruction. Earlier it was believed that demyelination in JHM infection may be solely due to the lytic oligodendrocyte infection [24], but with the application of immune-deficient animal models, it became clear that immune-mediated mechanisms may be more important [25].

MHV-A59, a hepatotropic and neurotropic MHV strain, caused demyelination in C57BL/6 mice even in the absence of B and T cells [20]. The disease upon MHV-A59 intracranial administration also follows a biphasic course, where encephalomyelitis is characteristic of an acute phase peaking during days 5/6 post infection (p.i.) and chronic stage where demyelination and axonal degeneration peak on day 30 p.i. [26–29]. Thus, it can be said that different, but related MHV strains may induce demyelination via distinct mechanisms. MHV-A59 induced neuroinflammation and neuroimmune modulation mediated neuroglial dystrophy is triggered by the activation of cellular censors like Toll-like receptor (TLRs)/Rig-I-like receptor (RLRs)/synthase for the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP and the cyclic GMP-AMP receptor stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) which can further activate the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and downstream type I interferon (IFN) genes. Acute-innate neuroinflammation is rather dependent on the CNS resident immune cell activation in association with peripheral derived myeloid cells, which in turn involve lymphoid cells in ameliorating proinflammatory condition and bring the anti-inflammatory condition in order to restore the homeostasis of the CNS compartment [30].

Studies are focused on understanding mechanisms from cellular sensing to the disease outcome comprising the MHV-A59 induced neuroinflammation encompassing encephalitis and microglial nodule formation and its progressive myelin pathology concurrent with axonal pathology. We have used and compared spike gene recombinant strains of MHV, a demyelinating strain (DM) RSA59, and non-demyelinating strain (NDM) RSMHV2 to understand the genomic control of encephalitic properties. A plethora of studies from the eminent scientists in this field, along with ours, have contributed to understanding the pathogenesis of MHV infection. Strains of MHV can cause direct CNS cell infection or access the CNS via retrograde axonal transport, but irrespective of the route, they cause encephalitis [31–33].


**5. FT/TFL1 gene family**

**Figure 7.** Activities of chimeric *FT* genes in Arabidopsis. (A) ALSV vectors used in this analysis. CnFT, chimeric *FT* genes. (B) Amino acid sequences of AtFT and MdFT1, and the three fragments (f1, f2 and f3) defined in this analysis. (C) Combinations of FT fragments in chimeric FT proteins. The fragments derived from AtFT are grey, and the fragments derived from MdFT1 are white. (D) Arabidopsis plants infected by ALSV vectors. NI, non-inoculated plant. Juvenile plants with three true leaves were inoculated by particle bombardment of viral RNA. Viral infection was confirmed by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) analysis. Photographs were taken 30 days after inoculation.

80 Plant Engineering

*FT* is a member of the FT/TFL1 gene family (also called PEBP, Phosphatidylethanolaminebinding protein). This gene family consists of five subgroups in plants: FT (Flowering locus T), TFL1 (Terminal flower 1), CEN (Centroradialis), BFT (Brother of FT) and MFT (Mother of FT). All Arabidopsis genes (*AtFT*, *AtTFL1*, *AtATC*, *AtBFT* and *AtMFT*) and apple genes belonging to FT/TFL1 family are displayed in a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences, together with some representative genes from other plant species (**Figure 8**). Names of apple genes and their Genbank/the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) accessions are as follows: MdFT1 (BAD08340.1), MdFT2 (NP\_001280810.1), MdTFL1-1 (NP\_001280887.1), MdTFL1-2 (NP\_001280794.1), MdCENa (NP\_001280813.1), MdCENb (NP\_001280940.1), MdBFTa (XP\_008376539.1), MdBFTb (NP\_001280770.1), MdMFTa (XP\_008374830.1) and MdMFTb (NP\_001281044.1).

Among the five subgroups of FT/TFL1 gene family, FT and TFL1 regulates initiation (induction) of floral organ development and then regulates the time of flowering. FT protein is produced before the time of flowering and carried to shoot apices. As already described, FT positively regulates (increases) the expression of genes such as *SOC1* (*SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPESSION OF CO 1*) and *AP1* (*APETALA1*) to induce flowering. In contrast, TFL1 is expressed at shoot apices and negatively regulates (decreases) gene expression to suppress

**Figure 8.** Phylogenetic tree of FT/TFL1 family genes. Five subfamilies are indicated by sectors.

flowering [37]. Thus, the balance between FT and TFL1 expressions have important roles in determining the time of flowering, and determining the parts of plant shoots where the flowers are generated. For example, the mutant of strawberry *FvKSN* gene and the mutant of rose *RoKSN* gene (the TFL1 family genes) can both flower in any growing season (continuous flowering), whereas ordinary strawberry and rose plants generate flowers only at one specific season of the year (seasonal flowering) [38]. The subgroup CEN is represented by the snapdragon *AmCEN* gene. This subgroup does not regulate flowering time, but does regulate the architecture of inflorescence (flower clusters at shoot apices). Snapdragon usually generates 'indeterminate' inflorescence, where many flowers are repeatedly generated on the side of the inflorescence, and the inflorescence continues to elongate without generating a flower at the very apex of the inflorescence. On the other hand, a snapdragon mutant in the *AmCEN* gene has 'determinate' inflorescence, where a limited number of flowers are generated on the side of the inflorescence, and the inflorescence stops elongating with a flower generated at the very apex of the inflorescence (called terminal flower). Thus, CEN negatively regulates flowering at the apex of the inflorescence to generate indeterminate inflorescence [39].

As apparent in the phylogenetic tree (**Figure 8**), apple has two copies of each five FT/TFL1 subgroup genes. The functions of these apple genes are not completely clear, but there are several reports on their activities and expression patterns. *MdFT1* and *MdFT2* are both expressed in apple plants. *MdFT1* is suggested to regulate the flowering time of apple plants [35], but direct evidence has not yet been found. Expression levels of *MdCENa* are much greater than those of *MdCENb* [40]. Considering its classification into the CEN subgroup and high expression levels, *MdCENa* may regulate the inflorescence architecture of apple plants. Thus, apple plants generate clustered flowers at the apices of newly developing branches. The size of the flower clusters may be smaller in the apple mutants of the *MdCENa* gene. *MdTFL1-1* and *MdTFL1-2* share similar expression patterns. Their expression is reduced when floral buds are initiated in July [40]. According to the observations explained in the next section, *MdTFL1-1* regulates the flowering time of apple plants.


**1. Introduction**

Cesarean section (CS), defined as the birth of fetus through a surgical incision on the abdomen and uterine wall to effect delivery of fetus and product of conceptus, and it is one of the commonest obstetrical surgical procedures worldwide [1].

Cesarean section rate has been on the rise. It is commonly perceived as a simple and safe alternative to difficult vaginal birth. However, there are situations during C section where delivery of fetus may be difficult. There are multiple reasons for a cesarean section to be difficult such as poorly accessible lower segment, difficult fetal extraction, abnormal placentation, and visceral injuries [2].

If the difficult cesarean section is not handled properly, it is high likely that the procedure will end up in catastrophic maternal and neonatal outcome. To avoid such disaster, it is imperative to have sufficient knowledge on anticipation, planning, and appropriate conduct of the procedure [3].

Thus, this chapter aims at guiding practitioners on the management of common causes of difficult cesarean section.

To avoid such mishaps, anticipation of potential difficulties and planning in advance can be fruitful.

Before prepping and drapping the patient:


**7.5 Role of media**

COVID-19 news, as previously discussed, has a positive linkage with depression, anxiety, and stress levels. It can be caused by erroneous statistics data and rumors that circulate through the internet. To avoid misleading information and public health statistics, the government and health authorities must offer accurate and up-to-date information. In this context, the research found that having access to current and accurate health information is linked to less stress. Up-to-date and exact data on the number of new and improved cases, available treatment methods, and transmission routes must be used to reduce the illness's psychological and mental health effects. The psychological impact of misinformation/rumor on the mental health of HCWs and the general public might be greatly reduced if a public health information system that is accurate and updated is widely disseminated.


**7.4 Vertical planning of the road**

Vertical road planning consists of a series of longitudinal tendencies connected to each other by vertical curves (note **Figure 2**). Vertical planning is governed by a number of factors: safety, terrain, road speed, design speed, horizontal planning, construction cost, vehicle characteristics, and rain drainage. Visibility in all parts of the longitudinal sector must be met with the minimum distance required to stop (not overtaking), according to the design speed corresponding to the roadway. There are general considerations in the vertical planning of the road, which can be summarized as follows [19, 20]:

**129**

**Table 6.**

*Building an Integrated Database of Road Design Elements*

5.K values can be used to compute the length of vertical curve for the crest and sag vertical curves. And vertical curve should have minimum length equal to

6.SSD in most cases will be used for the length of vertical design, but for trucks it is not necessary because the driver of the truck is able to see farther than the

passenger car. So, the SSD for trucks and passenger cars is balance.

**Table 6** can illustrate the relationship between design control for SSD with respect to the K value for the vertical curve, while **Table 7** shows design controls for

**Design speed (km/h) Stopping sight distance (m) Rate of vertical curvature (K)**

20 20 0.6 1 30 35 1.9 2 40 50 3.8 4 50 65 6.4 7 60 85 11 11 70 105 16.8 17 80 130 25.7 26 90 160 38.9 39 100 185 52 52 110 220 73.6 74 120 250 95 95 130 285 123.4 124

*Design control for stopping sight distance with respect to the K value for vertical curve [20].*

**Calculated Design**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88678*

three times the design speed.

**Figure 2.**

*Type of vertical curve [19].*

vertical curve based on PSD [21].

*Building an Integrated Database of Road Design Elements DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88678*

**Figure 2.** *Type of vertical curve [19].*

*Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence*

**7.4 Vertical planning of the road**

**Figure 1.**

*Types of horizontal curves.*

summarized as follows [19, 20]:

Vertical road planning consists of a series of longitudinal tendencies connected to each other by vertical curves (note **Figure 2**). Vertical planning is governed by a number of factors: safety, terrain, road speed, design speed, horizontal planning, construction cost, vehicle characteristics, and rain drainage. Visibility in all parts of the longitudinal sector must be met with the minimum distance required to stop (not overtaking), according to the design speed corresponding to the roadway. There are general considerations in the vertical planning of the road, which can be

1.The goal should be to obtain an easy linear elevation design with gradual changes in line with the type of road or its degree and the nature of the land.

of slopes at light rates, possibly by increasing cutting and filling.

This is especially relevant for low-design speed road conditions.

2.Avoid wavy vertical planning or vertical planning with hidden dips, because it is bad-looking and dangerous. Hidden dips cause accidents in overtaking, fooling the overtaking driver beyond the low, and thinking the road is free of anti-cars. But in the low-depth depressions, such as a longitudinal ripple, there is a lack of reassurance in the driver because it cannot determine the presence or absence of a vehicle likely to be hidden behind the high part. This type of longitudinal layout can be avoided by horizontal curvature or gradual change

3.The longitudinal refraction bending planning should be avoided (two vertical curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent), especially in concave curves where the complete view of the two curves is not acceptable.

4.It is preferable for long slopes to have steep slopes at the bottom, and then the slope falls close to the top, or the continuous gradient is reduced by the introducing short distances where the slope is less than that of a regular full slope.

**128**

**Table 6** can illustrate the relationship between design control for SSD with respect to the K value for the vertical curve, while **Table 7** shows design controls for vertical curve based on PSD [21].

#### **Table 6.**

*Design control for stopping sight distance with respect to the K value for vertical curve [20].*

*Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence*

#### **Table 7.**

*Design controls for vertical curve based on passing sight distance [21].*

#### **7.5 Super elevation**

Super elevation allows the car to travel across a curve safely and at a higher speed than is possible with the natural crown section. The overall super elevation rate increases with speed and a sharper curvature (note **Figure 3**). **Table 8** can illustrate the maximum lateral lifting value of super elevation [22].

where Rv is the vehicle's traveled path radius, Ff is the force of side frictional, FC is the centripetal force, Wp is the weight of vehicle parallel to the road path surface, W is the vehicle weight, Wn is the vehicle weight normal to the road path surface, Fcn is the gravitational force that works naturally on the road surface, e is the number of vertical of rise per one horizontal station (100 m), and α is the incline angle [23].

#### **7.6 Side slope of cut and fill**

Side slopes are designed to ensure the stability of the road and to provide the opportunity to secure cars out of control. **Table 9** shows the relationship between

**131**

on soil analysis [24, 25].

*Building an Integrated Database of Road Design Elements*

**desirable (m/m)**

*Maximum lateral lifting value according to AASHTO [22].*

**Maximum side lifting value of the road is**

Highway 0.08 0.10 Arterial road 0.08 0.10 Collector road 0.08 0.12 Local road 0.10 0.12

**Maximum lateral lifting value is**

**absolute (m/m)**

**Desired Max slop Desired Max slop Desired Max slop**

Fill 1:6 1:6 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:4

Fill 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:3 1:3

Fill 1:4 1:3 1:4 1:3 1:3 1:1.5

Fill 1:3 1:2 1:3 1:2 1:2 1:1.5

the topography type and the height of the cutting or the filling, and the maximum side slope desired in the roads for the filling slope less than or equal to (2:1) depends

**Height (m) Earth work Plan Wavy Mountainous**

0–1 Cut 1:6 1:4 1:6 1:3 1:6 1:3

1–3 Cut 1:4 1:3 1:3 1:2 1:3 1:2

5–3 Cut 1:3 1:2 1:3 1:2 1:3 1:2

5 Cut 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2

For the purpose of designing the proposed road elements of the study area between Mosul and Makhmour, the spatial data of the study area were obtained

The spatial data is the field survey data of the route of the road, completed by a team of engineers from the Ministry of Municipalities. The survey data was conducted in the form of a strip width 900 m around the proposed route. A 900-m width was selected to cover all the places that the road path might pass, because the path was selected roughly, not accurately. The length of the strip survey is 20 km to connect the two urban areas. The survey data contains a set of point coordinates (3626 points) observed with a high-precision equipment (Leica viva GS15). The coordinates' projection was WGS84-UTM-Zone38N. These data is an unprocessed raw data, unrelated to each other, and contains many coordinates that may not be connected to the pathway. For the purpose of processing these data and linking it together, adjusting the system of coordinates, adjusting the elevations, and creating a digital elevation model for the region, the Civil 3D Land Desktop program will be used to process this data

Spatial analysis will be used in the GIS program to select the optimal path that connects the two study areas based on spatial data. The optimal path for the proposed road will be chosen according to planning and design criteria. This path will be exported to the Civil 3D program again to identify the rest of the design elements of the road.

**8. Spatial data of study area and method of processing**

*Side slope (horizontal to vertical) for the type of terrain except rocks [25].*

from the Ministry of Municipalities of Mosul City.

and then export it to the GIS program.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88678*

**Degree of the road**

**Table 8.**

**Table 9.**

**Figure 3.** *Super elevation [22].*

**Table 8.**

*Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence*

Super elevation allows the car to travel across a curve safely and at a higher speed

**Design speed (km/h) Passing sight distance (m) Rate of vertical curvature (K) design**

20 200 46 30 270 84 40 345 138 50 410 195 60 485 272 70 540 338 80 615 438 90 670 520 100 730 617 110 775 695 120 775 695 130 815 769

where Rv is the vehicle's traveled path radius, Ff is the force of side frictional, FC is the centripetal force, Wp is the weight of vehicle parallel to the road path surface, W is the vehicle weight, Wn is the vehicle weight normal to the road path surface, Fcn is the gravitational force that works naturally on the road surface, e is the number of vertical of rise per one horizontal station (100 m), and α is the incline angle [23].

Side slopes are designed to ensure the stability of the road and to provide the opportunity to secure cars out of control. **Table 9** shows the relationship between

than is possible with the natural crown section. The overall super elevation rate increases with speed and a sharper curvature (note **Figure 3**). **Table 8** can illustrate

the maximum lateral lifting value of super elevation [22].

*Design controls for vertical curve based on passing sight distance [21].*

**130**

**Figure 3.**

*Super elevation [22].*

**7.5 Super elevation**

**Table 7.**

**7.6 Side slope of cut and fill**

*Maximum lateral lifting value according to AASHTO [22].*

**Table 9.**

*Side slope (horizontal to vertical) for the type of terrain except rocks [25].*

the topography type and the height of the cutting or the filling, and the maximum side slope desired in the roads for the filling slope less than or equal to (2:1) depends on soil analysis [24, 25].


**Marta Bottero 1, Chiara D'Alpaos 2,\* and Alessia Marello 1**

Received: 20 December 2019; Accepted: 24 January 2020; Published: 3 February 2020

**Abstract:** In recent years, governments, public institutions, and local communities have devoted growing attention to the identification of promising strategies for the preservation and valorization of cultural heritage assets. Decisions on the management of cultural heritage assets based on multiple, often conflicting, criteria and on the stakes of various, and potentially non-consensual actors and stakeholders. In this context, in which the trade-offs between the preservation of assets historical symbolic values and the adaptation to alternative and economically profitable uses play a key role in investment decisions, multi-criteria analyses provide robust theoretical and methodological frameworks to support decision-makers in the design and implementation of adaptive reuse strategies for cultural heritage and public real estate assets. In this paper, we provide a multi-criteria decision aiding approach for ranking valorization strategies of cultural heritage assets aimed at promoting their restoration and conservation, as well as at creating cultural and economic benefits. In detail, we present a novel application of the A'WOT analysis to support the design and implementation of alternative management strategies of abandoned cultural heritage assets. The paper focuses on the potential reuse and management of four historical farmhouses (Cascina Mandria, Cascina Lavanderia, Cascina Gozzani, and Cascina Ortovalle) located in the Agliè Castle estate, one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy, currently listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

**Keywords:** cultural heritage; A'WOT analysis; multicriteria decision aid; valorization; management strategy