**Author details**

Christos Lemonakis1 \* and Antonios Zairis2,3

1 Management Science and Technology Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece

2 Neapolis University, Pafos, Cyprus

3 The Hellenic Retail Business Association (SELPE), Greece

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
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*Crisis Management and the Public Sector: Key Trends and Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90855*


*Supporting open minds since 2005*

Forensic Analysis - Scientific and Medical Techniques and Evidence under the Microscope http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92955 Edited by Ian Freckelton

#### Contributors

Roberto Scendoni, Vivek Sahajpal, Deepika Bhandari, Sudhanshu Mishra, Astha Pandey, Shalvi Agrawal, Sachil Kumar, Geetika Saxena, Archana Gautam, Anil Garg, Nisha Goyal, Geert-Jan Alexander Alexander Knoops, Hussein O. M. Al-Dahmoshi, Hayder J. Al-Nayili, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Olga Kravtsova, Elena Ioganson, Marat Timerzianov, Marina Perelman, Sanaa M. Aly, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Delphine Allorge, Ian Richard Freckelton

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**6. HAART-associated lipodystrophy**

Lipodystrophy is a syndrome that includes peripheral fat wasting and central obesity and is a well-documented side effect of HAART (Table 3) [16, 53, 81]. In addition to the decrease in the expression of LDL receptors, and a consequent increase in serum concentrations of LDL, the most obvious mechanism of HAART-associated lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia are the mitochondrial changes induced by HAART [13, 62-64]. The inhibition of mtDNA-polymerase γ, which leads to mitochondrial DNA depletion in respiratory chain dysfunction and a reduced energy production in cells, may promote metabolic disorders in adipocytes and promote increased lipodystrophy syndrome and plasma lipid levels [62-64, 82, 83]. Both therapies, PIsand NRTIs-based, are associated with the inhibition of mtDNA-polymerase γ [82-84]. The abnormalities observed in lipodystrophy syndrome include lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, and metabolic disturbances. Lipoatrophy is associated with the loss of subcutaneous fat, usually in the lower limbs, face and buttocks. The observation of lipoatrophy in HIV-1 patients has been demonstrated in therapy with both PIs- and NRTIs-based therapies. Several studies initially suggested that lipoatrophy in HIV-1 patients is primarily associated with the use of PI-based therapies; however, more recent reports show that the incidence of lipoatrophy was significantly higher in the efavirenz plus two NRTIs group than in the lopinavir or efavirenz plus two NRTIs plus lopinavir groups [85-87]. The association of lipoatrophy with efavirenz use was mainly in combination with either stavudine or zidovudine but not with tenofovir/ lamivudine. Lipohypertrophy consists of the accumulation of adipose tissue. The PI-based therapy has been associated with the development of lipohypertrophy, but several longitudi‐ nal studies have failed to demonstrate that this therapy is the main cause of lipohypertrophy in HIV-1 patients [86-89].

**Table 2.** Antiretroviral drugs: impact on lipid and glucose metabolism.

**Table 3.** Clinical diagnosis and treatment of to HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome.


**4. Antioxidant potential**

**Corn part**

Corn kernel **Extracting solvent**

Methanol acidified with citric acid

Methanol acidified with HCl

Ethanol acidified with citric acid

Aqueous alcohol

Methanol acidified with citric acid

Various polarity solvents

Various polarity solvents

Various polarity solvents

TAE, tannic acid equivalent.

 Phytochemical composition of extracts from various parts of corn.

 Antioxidants are the substances which have the ability to prevent the oxidation reactions in living and nonliving systems. They possess hydrogendonating ability due to which they reduce other species and are themselves oxidized. These substances perform their action by reducing the reactive oxygen or nitrogen species or metals in their oxidized forms. These substances have the ability to terminate the free radical chain reactions occurring in the living system. Owing to their antiradical and reducing properties, the antioxidant phytochemicals play a key role in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations against various diseases. The diversity in the phytochemical quality and high content of bioactive antioxidant phytochemicals make corn a valuable candidate for pharmaceutical application. Among various parts of corn, the corn silk is a rich source of antioxidant compounds and possesses strong antioxidant potential. The antioxidant properties of various parts of corn studied in terms of total antioxidant activity, ferric reducing, iron chelating, copperreducing properties, and free radical-scavenging capacities are presented in **Tables 3–5**. The corn extracts have been also reported to improve the antioxidant status of various organs by affecting the activity of antioxidant enzymes [38].

TAOA, total antioxidant activity; β-CABC, β-carotene-bleaching capacity; GAE, gallic acid equivalent; TE, Trolox equivalent; AAE, ascorbic acid equivalent; fw, fresh weight; dw, dry weight.

**Table 3.** Total antioxidant activity and β-carotene-bleaching capacity of extracts from various parts of corn.

FRAP, ferric-reducing antioxidant power; *CRC*, cupric-reducing capacity; EC50, effective concentration required for 50% inhibition; TE, Trolox equivalent.

**5. Biological activities**

**Extracting solvent**

Aqueous alcohol

Aqueous acetone

Corn silk powder

Various polarity solvents

Methanol acidified with

citric acid

Corn husk Methanol acidified with citric acid

Corn leaves

**Corn part**

Corn silk

Various polarity solvents

Various polarity solvents

Various polarity solvents

inhibition; ABTS, azino-bis-tetrazolium sulfate.

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of food with high quantities of phenolic compounds and a reduction in the risks of chronic and degenerative diseases, such as cancers and cardiovascular disease. Corn seed possesses antidiabetic,

**Activity Reference**

[43, 55, 59, 99, 100]

[19, 47, 49, 102,

[34, 38, 44, 46, 50, 76, 104]

[10, 37, 105–108]

[24, 87, 109]

103]

anti-hepatocarcinomic, antiadipogenic, antiobesitic, antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, lipid lowering, hematinic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic

Hot water Antioxidant activity and inhibition of IgE antibody formation in mice [48, 101]

peroxidation, immunomodulatory activity by enhancing the innate

cell surface, activation of human peroxisome proliferator activator receptors, induction of antioxidant enzymes, and reduction of oxidative stress, antioxidant and free radical-scavenging, urease inhibitory, anti-

Anti-fatigue, hepatoprotective, and renal protective activity in terms of

Antioxidant activity in terms of free radical-scavenging, metal-reducing and beta-carotene-bleaching capacities and antimicrobial activity

Antioxidant activity [20]

Antioxidant and immunostimulatory activity in fish [110]

DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging ability; IC50, inhibitory concentration required for 50%

**Corn part Extracting solvent DPPH ABTS References** Corn cob Methanol 4–22 μmol/g dw [67]

21.01% [91]

Phytochemical Composition: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Activities of Corn

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79648

57

IC50 (11.8–154.4 μg/ml) [97]

10.25% [91]

IC50 (34.1–170.9 μg/ml) [97]

IC50 (9–78 μg/ml) [97]

antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-cataractogenic activities [18, 39–41].

Water Diuretic and kaliuretic activity with reduced glomerular function,

Methanol Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperthyroidism, inhibition of lipid

Ethanol Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and adhesion of leukocytes to

hyperlipidemic, and diuretic activity

inhibition of lipid peroxidation

immunity, lipid lowering, and cardioprotective activity

**Table 5.** Free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from various parts of corn.

activity

**Table 4.** Metal-reducing capacity of extracts from various parts of corn.

DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging ability; IC50, inhibitory concentration required for 50% inhibition; ABTS, azino-bis-tetrazolium sulfate.

**Table 5.** Free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from various parts of corn.


**Author details**

Burçin Ütebay1 \*, Pinar Çelik2 and Ahmet Çay2

1 Üniteks R&D Center, İzmir, Turkey

2 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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*Textile Wastes: Status and Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92234*