*2.3.  Their task in each trial was to identify the red letter (T1) and the ensuing blue digit (T2).

Each trial started with onset of the fixation cross. The two simultaneous letter streams started 800 ms later. Each stimulus pair was presented for 110 ms, immediately followed by the next frame. Background pairs either consisted of two standard stimuli or, in lure trials, of a standard stimulus and a lure (in three background pairs preceding T1). The three lures were presented in the same stream, which was either on the same side as the subsequent T2 or on the other side. There were five conditions: Same-side (as T2) color lures, other-side color lures, same-side digit lures, other-side digit lures, and no lures; 150 trials of each condition were presented in random order. Standard stimuli were randomly selected with replacement from the letter set (with a restriction against immediate repetition). T1 and T2 were randomly selected from the target sets. One of the three digit lures, randomly selected, was identical to the forthcoming T2 digit (resembling the feature of color lures whose color was always identical to T2) and the other two digit lures were randomly selected from the T2 set. T1 and T2 each were presented on the left or right side together with a standard stimulus on the other side.

In order to avoid fixed temporal expectancies [28] time-points of lures, T1, and T2 were varied across trials. T1 was, on average, at position 12.0 (±1.4 SD; range 10–14). Lures (both color lures and digit lures) occurred between positions 3 and T1 − 2, on average at positions 4.2 (±1.3 SD), 6.5 (±1.7), 8.8 (±1.7), i.e., in temporal intervals of 2.3 frames on average = 250 ms, ending on average 3.2 frames (350 ms) before T1. T2 followed T1 with lags of 110 ms (Lag 1) or 330 ms (Lag 3). Five standard-letter pairs followed T2. Therefore, trial length varied between 16 frames (when T1 came at the 10th position and T1–T2 lag was 1) and 22 frames (when T1 came at 14th position and T1–T2 lag was 3). Out of the four possible side × lag relations of T1 and T2 (same side / other side × lag 1 / lag 3) the same-side lag-1 relation was omitted altogether, in order not to overly lengthen the task, because T2 identification rates are relatively uninformative in this condition, being always close to 100%, due to

"lag 1 sparing" [15,29,30]. Thus, of the 150 trials within each of the five lure-T2 relations (same-side color lures, other-side color lures, same-side digit lures, other-side digit lures, no lures) 50 trials each, in random order, applied one of the three T1-T2 relations, half of them with T2 on the left and half with T2 on the right: Same side with lag 3 (in shorthand notation *L3L* and *R3R*, denoting T1 side, lag, T2 side), side change with lag 1 (*R1L* and *L1R*), side change with lag 3 (*R3L* and *L3R*).

 At the end of each trial, 2.5 s after onset of the first stimulus-frame, participants were prompted by a message on the screen to enter their responses on the keyboard, first the T1 letter on the middle row and then the T2 digit on the number pad. When not knowing the answer, they had to guess. The next trial started immediately after the T2 response.

The five (lure conditions) × three (T1-T2 relations) × two (T2 sides) × 25 trials (=750 trials) were presented in random sequence, with a break after 375 trials. Before the task proper, some trials were presented in slow motion for practice, with 500 ms rather than 110 ms presentation rate.

#### *2.4. Analysis of T1 and T2 Identification Rates*

Separately for T1 and T2, percentages of trials with correct responses were computed in each of those five × three × two = 30 cells of the design. In order to avoid having an ill-defined three-level factor that would combine variation of lag (1 vs. 3) and of T1-T2 relation (same side vs. other side) we decided to focus analysis on the variation of same vs. other side in lag 3 data. To handle the five levels of the factor Lure Condition, analysis proceeded in two steps. First, no-lure data will be described, with respect to e ffects of target side (left, right) and of other-target side (same as target, other than target), with "target" and "other target" denoting T1 or T2 depending on analysis. Second, the e ffects of the lures were tested by subtracting the no-lure data from data of each of the four conditions with the lures, thereby extracting the net e ffects of lures in each of these conditions, and entering these di fferences to ANOVAs with the repeated-measurement factors Lure Type (digit, color) and Lure Side (same as target, other than target), additionally to Target Side and Other-Target Side. In additional analyses, the e ffects of Lag (1 vs. 3) were tested by comparing the other-target-on-other-side data between lag 3 and lag 1. These analyses had the factors Target Side and Lag for no-lure data, and Lure Type, Lure Side, Target Side, and Lag for lure e ffects. Only e ffects of the Lag factor will be reported from these analyses.

#### *2.5. EEG Recording and Pre-Processing*

EEG was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes (Easycap, www.easycap.de) from 60 scalp sites, which were 8 midline positions from AFz to Oz and 26 pairs of symmetric left and right sites. Further electrodes were placed at the nose-tip for o ff-line reference and at Fpz as connection to ground. On-line reference was Fz. For artifact control, the electrooculogram (EOG) was recorded, vertically (vEOG) from above vs. below the right eye and horizontally (hEOG) from positions next to the outer tails of the eyes. Voltages were amplified from DC to 250 Hz by a BrainAmp MR plus, A–D converted, and stored with 500 samples/s per channel. O ff-line processing was done with Brain-Vision Analyzer software (version 2.03). Data were re-referenced to the nose-tip and low-pass filtered at 20 Hz (Butterworth zero phase filters, attenuation of 12 dB / octave). Then 600 ms epochs, starting 100 ms before the respective event, were cut out of the EEG for analyzing the potentials evoked by each of the three lures, by T1, and by T2. These epochs were edited for artifacts, rejecting trials with voltage di fferences at any recording site that exceeded 150 μV or exceeded 40 μV between successive data points. Mean values of 100 ms pre-stimulus epochs were subtracted, and data were averaged over trials separately by conditions.

For lures, separate averages were formed for left and right 1st, 2nd, and 3rd digit and color lures. Control averages were formed from equivalent positions in no-lure trials and subtracted from the lure epochs. (Lure positions had been assigned by the sequence-generating program also in no-lure trials).

Analysis of T1 and T2 EEG epochs was restricted to trials where T2 followed with a lag of three frames because potentials evoked by T1 and T2 were inextricably mixed when T1 was followed by the other-stream T2 with lag 1. For T1, trials with correct response to T1 were selected, and separate averages were formed over trials for left and right T1 in the five lure conditions (no lures, digit lures in the same stream as T1 and in the other stream than T1, color lures in the same stream as T1 and in the other stream than T1). For T2, trials with correct responses to both T1 and T2 were selected, and separate averages were formed over trials for left and right T2 in the five lure conditions (no lures, digit lures in the same stream as T2 and in the other stream than T2, color lures in the same stream as T2 and in the other stream than T2). Unlike for T1 analysis, this was done separately for trials with T1 and T2 on same sides and T1 and T2 on different sides.

To obtain contralateral–ipsilateral (con–ips) differences of each symmetric left-right pair of recording sites, the left-site average was subtracted from the right-site average when the event (lure, T1, or T2) was left (e.g., PO8 − PO7), vice versa when the event was right (e.g., PO7 − PO8) and the mean of these two con–ips differences was formed. Grand means over participants were calculated for illustrating the results. Con–ips differences were also formed for hEOG and these hEOG difference waveforms were inspected for systematic deviations from baseline within 500 ms after lure onsets, indicating eye movements toward the lures. It was found that only two of the 14 participants had notable deviations after the first color lure. These deviations amounted to about 5 μV only, corresponding to an average eye movement of about 0.3◦ towards the lure stream, which we considered small enough to keep these participants in the sample. Including those two participants, the grand average waveforms of hEOG deviations toward lures reached a maximum of about 1 μV at 400 ms after onsets of 1st and 2nd lures, and much smaller values after 3rd lures, with 1 μV corresponding to average eye movements of about 0.07◦ towards the lure stream, which still appeared to be an acceptable level.

As will be detailed in the Results section, parameters were determined in the |PO7 − PO8| con–ips difference waveforms evoked by lures (minus no-lures), by T1, and by T2, as well as in current source densities evoked by lures (minus no-lures) recorded at FCz. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA with repeated measurements. *P* values of effects of the three-level factors Lure Position and Epoch (as defined in the Results section) will be reported after Greenhouse–Geisser correction.


Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Theories and Applications

*Edited by Sandro Misciagna*

Published in London, United Kingdom

### *Supporting open minds since 2005*

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Theories and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78446 Edited by Sandro Misciagna

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Oleg Evgenevich Backsanskiy, Rosmawati Mohamad Rasit, Norzihan Ayub, Patricia Joseph Kimong, Guan Teik Ee, Michael L. Commons, Mansi Shah, Mark H. Keffer, Prisla Ücker Calvetti, Gabriel Gauer, Fernanda de Vargas, Sandro Misciagna, Siti Zuhrah Che Ab Razab

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