*Edited by Rudolf Chlup*

Type 1 diabetes is a complex and challenging health condition that affects up to 2% percent of the global population. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this chronic clinical entity, focusing on causes, development, and management. It includes nine chapters that address such topics as managing diabetes using insulin and medical devices such as pens and pumps, how lifestyle affects diabetes, biomarkers for the disease, and much more.

Published in London, UK © 2023 IntechOpen © selvanegra / iStock

Type 1 Diabetes in 2023 - From Real Practice to Open Questions

Type 1 Diabetes in 2023

From Real Practice to Open Questions

*Edited by Rudolf Chlup*


**Meet the editor**

Dr Volkov is a senior lecturer in thermofluids at the Kingston University (London, UK). He holds a PhD degree in fluid mechanics. After completion of his PhD degree, Dr Volkov worked at the Baltic State Technical University (Russia), University of Central Lancashire (UK), and University of Surrey (UK). His areas of expertise cover multidisciplinary areas: from design and

optimization of energy systems to fundamental problems focused on modelling and simulation of turbulent multi-phase flows. He is the Chartered Engineer and a member of Institute of Physics, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and Combustion Institute. He is the author of more than 120 scientific papers and a member of the editorial board and scientific committee of a number of journals and conferences.

## Contents

## **Preface XI**

## Chapter 8 **Testing Physical and Mathematical Criteria in a New Meandering Autocorrelation Function 205**

Charles R.P. Szinvelski, Lidiane Buligon, Michel Baptistella Stefanello, Silvana Maldaner, Debora R. Roberti and Gervásio Annes Degrazia

## Chapter 9 **Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Systems: A Concise Review 219**

Lydia K. Gkoura, George D. Roumelas, Hector E. Nistazakis, Harilaos G. Sandalidis, Alexander Vavoulas, Andreas D. Tsigopoulos and George S. Tombras


**4. Staging**

Ovarian cancer staging is surgical, being performed according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria [22]. CT or magnetic resonance imaging scans, although of limited impact for OC early diagnosis, allow to establish a surgery plan and to determine tumor irresectability criteria for 70–90% of all patients. The ability to detect peritoneal implants in both exams depends upon their location, size, and the presence of ascites. However, CT is the imaging modality of choice for OC staging, since it is indispensable for the preoperative evaluation to optimize maximal cytoreduction surgery or to help in the decision of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Ovarian cancer dissemination can occur through all known propagation routes, i.e., lymphatic, hematogenic, transcavitary, and contiguous. The transcavitary course is undoubtedly the most clinically relevant and, in the vast majority of cases, has an impact on the patient prognosis [23, 24]. The dissemination to the peritoneal cavity is an early phenomenon in the natural history of the disease, since the malignant cells follow the peritoneal fluid, flow concerning intra-abdominal pressure variations. Ovarian cells are characterized as anchoragedependent cells, meaning that they could only survive when adherent to the extracellular matrix or in contact with neighbor cells. However, when OC cells exfoliate into the peritoneal cavity, they can avoid anoikis (apoptosis process triggered by the loss of binding to the extracellular matrix) and survive even when isolated. Cancer cells in this state can survive and disseminate into the peritoneum, depositing accordingly to the passive flow distribution of peritoneal fluid, predominantly into the paracolic gutters, diaphragmatic surfaces, liver capsule, intestine surface, and omentum. The adhesion of malignant cells to the peritoneum precedes the local invasion and the secondary metastasis, namely to the pleural cavity by the transdiaphragmatic pores (Stage IV) [25]. The transcavitary route seems to be related to the OC cells predilection for the abdominal cavity (homing) rather than the deposition in other organs such as liver, lungs, brain, or bone (rarely in these latter two locations). The dissemination by contiguity is also important and of particular interest for organs like fallopian tubes, uterus, contralateral appendix and bladder, rectum, and pouch of Douglas. The iatrogenic route by contiguity, for example, to the abdominal wall is less frequent. Lymphatic dissemination is frequently observed when the disease is confined to the ovary, being found in almost 15% of FIGO I–II cases [26]. In fact, for a proper FIGO staging, lymphadenectomy is required, and the removal of bulky lymph nodes should be performed to achieve complete macroscopic resection. Although the systematic lymphadenectomy in advanced OC surgical management is still discussed, it has an impact in early disease stages not only to define FIGO staging but also to establish the need for adjuvant treatment, with a significant impact in survival [27, 28]. Blood dissemination is less frequent and usually occurs in advanced disease stages [23, 24].


**5. Conclusion**

Although semen fertility was difficult to measure due to the various parameters that inter‐ vene causing variations in the results, this preliminary study enabled us to demonstrate for the first time that bull semen that has been frozen then thawed in the LDL extender retains a good level of fertility since gestations were obtained following artificial insemination. The continuation of this study in a larger population would make it possible to specify the im‐ pact of the LDL extender on the success of artificial insemination.


**5.2 Heart diseases and cardiovascular diseases**

Macrophages are main cause in the onset of progressive plaque lesions in atherosclerosis. Residential M2 macrophages incorporate oxidised LDL in the cells and become form cells which clogging blood vessels. In addition, both M1 and M2 macrophages participate in the progression of atherosclerosis. M1 macrophages enhance atherosclerosis through inflammation induction. M2 macrophages eliminate cholesterol, but incorporated oxidised cholesterol induces apoptotic form cells from macrophages [14].

On the other hand, macrophages are recruited to the place where tissue regeneration is required after acute myocardial infraction, removing apoptotic cells and debris.


*2.2. Satellite-based Precipitation Data*

ST-CORAbico was used to correct storm events detected by the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (GPM-IMERG). GPM-IMERG is a high-resolution global precipitation product produced by [17] from the NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The product combines information from multiple infrared, passive-microwave, and satellite-radar sensors to provide rainfall estimations at 0.1-degree spatial resolution every half-hour. GPM-IMERG computes Early, Late, and Final runs. The first two runs are near real-time versions of IMERG and are available at six hours and 18 hours latency, respectively. In the Early version, rainfall estimations are propagated forward while the Late has both forward and backward propagation allowing the incorporation of climatological gauge data. The final version is obtained three months after the measurements. In this run GPM-IMERG ingests the monthly rainfall analysis from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC; Schneider et al. [46]). This version is used for scientific

purposes, as it is considered to be the most reliable version [17]. In this study, we evaluated the early run of GPM-IMERG at a half-hourly temporal resolution. This version was selected, given it is the lowest latency data product available, a crucial aspect for operational applications.