**9. Orthotic gait training protocol**

The training approach announced different among the studies on SCI population [51]. Training protocol has been performed different for powered and mechanical orthoses. Based on the time of the training program, five studies had a shorter training period [26, 45, 52–55], while several weeks to months were reported in other studies [32, 51]. Training protocol was being done on the different surfaces including sidewalk, grass, or stairs [56–58]. Yong et al. used the training protocol with powered gait orthosis on the treadmill to increase confidence of SCI subjects and improvement of the walking speed on them [59]. While in using powered gait orthosis, Arazpour et al*.* [60] performed upper extremity strengthening and lower extremity stretching as the main section of the training during orthotic gait rehabilitation. Further study on how different training programs affected the walking ability outcomes in the SCI patients will be beneficial in this field.

Orthotic training in SCI subjects can be reduced fatigue and fear of falling and increased the stepping [61]. It was announced that after training program, SCI subjects had walking ability and performance of activity of daily living. The SCI subjects may have less energy demand during walking with orthoses compared to without orthotic gait training condition [32].


**4. Discussion**

The results of this project can contribute significantly to the knowledge about patients with SUD and DD both at a basic or theoretical level and for intervention and relapse prevention. All the results obtained from the two studies, but especially the relationships between the different variables evaluated (clinical characteristics, genetic polymorphisms, circadian rhythmicity, neurocognitive functioning and personality traits), will represent, in most cases, the first data obtained in the field both at national and international level. The adjuvant chronobiological therapy intervention will be the first study to be carried out with this type of patients and with an objective outpatient evaluation that provides us with information on patient compliance and changes in circadian rhythmicity. The consideration of sex in SUD and dual depression is a pending task due to the non-proportional prevalence of cases in the clinic, which we will carry out in a novel way both at the level of characterization and intervention.

Currently, both SUD and DD are disorders of high prevalence in drug dependence and mental health care worldwide, with difficulties in therapeutic management and with high relapse rates. The search for biomarkers or endophenotypes likely to improve adherence and response to treatment is a relevant pending issue. Furthermore, exploring the option of improving the approach by means of chronobiological strategies will be a pioneering contribution that can be transferred to the clinical setting, as well as being disseminated at a social and media level.

Likewise, our research can provide recommendations in relation to considering aspects that benefit the evaluation and diagnosis protocols and/or the convenience of incorporating some strategies in the therapeutic management of patients (i.e., cognitive rehabilitation), including the sex dimension. We also hope to delimit some cost-effective markers of adherence, prognosis and risk of relapse, as well as the existence of rhythmic characteristics in combination with modifiable genetic polymorphisms in case they are found to be altered. With all this, the present research will result in a contribution in line with the general objectives proposed by the WHO for mental illnesses [89] and specifically in the clinical management of patients with addiction and DD [90]. Finally, the proposed intervention, if it proves to be useful, will be the first work carried out worldwide with a potential clinical sample (SUD and dual depression) that could unquestionably benefit from it.

From a social-impact point of view, since the Nobel medicine/physiology award of 2017 (Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young) for research on the molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms, media interest in chronobiology has notably increased. DD is a health issue to which the media are beginning to be sensitive, especially promoted by the debate on the legal situation of cannabis and the coexistence of psychotic disorders among its consumers. The media have also recently echoed the impact that the coronavirus pandemic has generated on consumption patterns and increases in SUD. The dissemination of the results of study 1 will make visible the high presence of psychiatric comorbidity in SUD, as well as its personal and social impact, together with recommendations based on useful markers in clinical management. The data from the chronobiological intervention, if positive results are obtained, will undoubtedly be likely to be disseminated not only in our country but internationally.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.A.; methodology, A.A. and J.F.N.; funding acquisition, A.A.; writing—review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the grant PID2020-117767GB-I00 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the Generalitat of Catalunya (2017SGR-748) and by Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía, Spain (Group CTS-195).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study will be conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Ethics Committee of the University of Barcelona (IRB00003099).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent will be obtained from all subjects involved in the two studies.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.


*3.2. Improved Antimicrobial Properties*

Besides the previously mentioned CuO2, nAgs, metronidazole (MNA), doxycycline (Dox), chlorhexidine (CHX), and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been used to improve the antimicrobial properties of the membranes [32].

## 3.2.1. Silver Nanoparticles

Silver is well known to have broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and has been used in various forms due to its low cytotoxicity [99,100]. Many studies have demonstrated the important activity of Ag nanoparticles (nAgs) against bacterial biofilms [101–104]. There exist studies on the promotion of antimicrobial activity using nAg as a coating material for membranes in the oral cavity [30,36,42]. In 2018, Chen et al. reported nAgs-coated collagen membranes through sonication coating or the sputtering coating technique [42]. The nAgscoated membranes showed excellent antibacterial effects against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, and exhibited advanced anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines [42]. In 2020, Wang et al. reported that nAgs immobilized a PDA-coated PLLA membrane that showed advanced antibacterial effects against *S. aureus* and a good biocompatibility due to low cytotoxicity [30].


*4.4.5 Auditing and monitoring*

Systems and applications should create records for auditing and monitoring. Specifically, archives should be generated before and after critical functions take place. These logs are stored in the system/server backend for regulatory requirements, performance indicators and other analytics. Different components are typically checked during risk management.


**4. Psychological conditions of bariatric surgery patients**

According to a recent systematic review [5] about one-third of bariatric surgery candidates present a psychological disturbance, such as depression and anxiety and there is a high prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder [6]. Other mental health conditions related to bariatric candidates are psychosis, PTSD substance abuse and personality disorders.

Although the prevalence of mental health conditions among bariatric patients is higher than in the normative population, there is no clear evidence that preoperative mental health conditions are associated with poorer post-operative weight loss [7]. Nevertheless, prospective studies showed that pre-operative depression and anxiety predict poorer outcomes after surgery [6].

Unfortunately, long term successful weight loss could be less than optimal, and partially depends on the individual's ability to implement consistent lifestyle changes. For these reasons the psychological evaluation of bariatric surgery candidates is requested for monitoring and addressing psychological factors pre-and-post surgery.

In a recent review [8] aimed to explore the present practices adopted by clinics to assess bariatric candidates, it has been highlighted that, in many cases, the presence of uncontrolled symptoms of schizophrenia, drug and alcohol abuse, mental retardation and lack of knowledge about surgery are considered contraindications to surgical approval. Other factors that most frequently are considered limitations to surgery include the presence of symptoms of bipolar disorder and history of suicide attempts, lack of compliance to medical recommendations, unrealistic expectation to surgery outcome, while the age of patients as well as the lack of social support are often considered no-contraindication to surgery. Possible contraindications that could represent a limitation to surgery are past criminal behaviors, the presence of eating disorders, and the inability to follow a diet over time. Finally, according to the programs included in the study, binge eating disorder, depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder, tobacco use, and history of sexual abuse are considered definite or possible contraindication to surgery.


**2.3 Treatment**

Chlamydia can be cured easily with antibiotic medications. Although medical treatment will cure the infection, the disease will not repair any long-term damage alone.  In some cases, chlamydial infection recurs 3–6 weeks after treatment [19].


**Acknowledgements**

These materials show to be promising in energy storage applications such as Li‐ion batteries

2D materials have interesting properties for photonics and optoelectronics compared with other materials. 2D materials enables charge carrier generation by light absorption over a very wide energy spectrum including the ultraviolet, visible, short‐wave infrared (SWIR), near‐ infrared (NIR), mid‐infrared (MIR), far‐infrared (FIR), and terahertz (THz) spectral regimes [7]. Moreover, 2D materials have ultrafast carrier dynamics, wavelength‐independent absorption, tunable optical properties via electrostatic doping, low dissipation rates and high mobility, and ability to confine electromagnetic energy in small volumes [3]. Electrons in 2D crystals possess a valley degree of freedom (DOF) in addition to charge and spin [67]. 2D materials exhibit an anomalous Hall effect whose sign depends on the valley index effect (VHE). It implies that circularly polarized light excites electrons into a specific valley in the structure band, causing a finite anomalous Hall voltage whose sign is controlled by the helicity of the light [67]. The electronic structure changes at the edges of the 2D crystalline structure of MoS2 resulting in strong resonant nonlinear optical susceptibilities due to the translational symmetry breaking [68]. Graphene layers are used as electrodes with tunable work function, while TMDs are applied as photoactive material due to the strong light‐matter interaction and photon absorption. TMDs exhibit transparency, mechanical flexibility, and easy processing [7]. Also, they have the ability to tune the optical band gap by varying the number of monolayers to allow the detection and emission of light (electroluminescence) at different wavelengths. 2D materials present the photovoltaic effect, the photo‐thermoelectric effect, the bolometric effect, the photogating effect and the plasma‐wave‐assisted mechanism [3, 69]. Applications such as transparent electrodes in displays, photovoltaic modules, photodetectors, optical modulators, plasmonic devices, and ultrafast lasers have been developed [7]. 2D TMDs exploit their primary figure of merit and low room‐temperature photoluminescence quantum yield (QY) for applications such as light‐emitting diodes, lasers, and solar cells based on MoS2 [70].

2D materials represent the set of materials more prominent that will be exploited for electronic industry in the following three decades. The most representative 2D materials are graphene, graphane, graphone, graphyne, graphdiyne, silicene, silicane, germanene, germanane, stanene, phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, borophene, *h*BN, TMDs, and MXenes. The main strategy to change electrical properties of 2D materials containing single‐ and multilayer nanoribons consists in modifying its structure band leading to dielectric, semiconducting, or semimetallic behaviours. Their electrical properties can be modified either by doping (addition of chemical elements), chemical modification (for example, hydrogenation for changing the sp2 orbitals into a sp or sp3 type), electrical field, or by means of strains (compressive and/or

and supercapacitors [65–66].

**7. Conclusions**

**6. Optoelectronic applications**

114 Two-dimensional Materials - Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Applications

The author acknowledges funding from the CONACYT (contract no. 152524, basic science), Tecnológico Nacional de México (contract no. 284.15-PD), and Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato (ITESI).


*Article* **Scalability and Replicability for Smart Grid Innovation Projects and the Improvement of Renewable Energy Sources Exploitation: The FLEXITRANSTORE Case**

**Georgios Fotis 1, Christos Dikeakos 1, Elias Zafeiropoulos 2, Stylianos Pappas 2 and Vasiliki Vita 2,3,\***

**Abstract:** In this paper, detailed scalability and replicability plans have been developed to facilitate the adoption of innovation technologies in the pan-EU market. Smart grid development must enable both information and power exchange between suppliers and customers, thanks to the enormous innovation in intelligent communication, monitoring, and management systems. Implementing physical infrastructure alone is not enough, but a smart grid must include new business models and new regulations. In recent years, the number, participants, and scope of smart grid initiatives have increased, with different goals and results. FLEXITRANSTORE project integrates hardware and software solutions in all areas of the transmission system and wholesale markets, unleashing the potential for full flexibility of power systems and promoting the penetration of renewable energy sources and pan-EU markets. Full deployment of these demonstrated solutions requires a reasonable level of scalability and replicability to prevent project demonstrators from continuing local experimental exercises. Scalability and replicability are fundamental requirements for successful scaling-up and replication. Therefore, scalability and replicability enable or at least reduce barriers to the growth and reuse of project demonstrator results.

**Keywords:** smart grid; scalability; replicability; FLEXITRANSTORE

#### **1. Introduction**

*1.1. Smart Grids and Renewable Energy Sources*

Smart grid technology is enabling the effective distribution and management of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind, solar, and hydrogen. Renewable energy integration aims to improve the electric grid's system design, planning, and operation in order to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants by increasing the use of renewable energy, storage systems, and other clean distributed generation.

A great variety of distributed energy resource assets are connected to the power grid via the smart grids. Utilities can rapidly detect and manage service issues by leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect data on the smart grid [1–3]. This self-healing capability is critical to the smart grid because utilities no longer rely on customers to report problems. Wind farms, for example, rely on mechanical gears with several sensors in each connection. Every sensor can record current weather and ambient conditions. These data are then promptly routed through the grid to alert the utility of any problems, improving both service quality and safety.

Electric vehicles, storage systems, and distributed generation of RES are transforming distribution grid characteristics around the world [4,5]. Under certain operational settings,

**Citation:** Fotis, G.; Dikeakos, C.; Zafeiropoulos, E.; Pappas, S.; Vita, V. Scalability and Replicability for Smart Grid Innovation Projects and the Improvement of Renewable Energy Sources Exploitation: The FLEXITRANSTORE Case. *Energies* **2022**, *15*, 4519. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/en15134519

Academic Editor: George S. Stavrakakis

Received: 1 June 2022 Accepted: 20 June 2022 Published: 21 June 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

these novel components could create bidirectional energy flows. This has an impact on grid planning since they are optimized for one direction flows. In these conditions, even if the existing processes for organizing distribution networks on radial layouts are very straightforward and extensively verified, they cannot be implemented holistically.

FLEXITRANSTORE (An Integrated Platform forIncreased FLEXIbility in smart TRANSmission grids with STORage Entities and large penetration of Renewable Energy Sources) contributes to the development of a pan-European transmission grid with high flexibility and high interconnection [6]. This will accelerate the transformation of the current energy production mix by increasing the share of renewable energy sources. In order to bring flexibility to the European power system, new control and storage methods, smart grid technologies, and new market approaches will be developed, installed, and demonstrated.

#### *1.2. Smart Grids and FLEXITRANSTORE*

Currently, most smart grid projects are still in the phase of Research and Development (R&D) or demonstration. In [7], it is confirmed that regardless of how quickly various utilities embrace smart grid concepts, technologies, and systems, this massive transformation is inevitable, and at the same time, many researchers across the globe are working to make this transition by developing the next-generation technologies required to realize the smart grid easier. Working on this direction in March 2011, the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) issued the Smart Grid Mandate M/490 which requested CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI to develop a framework to enable ESOs to perform continuous standard enhancement and development in the smart grid field [8]. Research work in [9] analyses the state-of-the-art of smart grids, in their technical, management, security, and optimization aspects, providing also a brief overview of the regulatory aspects involved in the development of a smart grid, mainly from the viewpoint of the European Union.

In [10], the smart grid development in Brazil is performed, presenting the policy and regulation efforts beyond investments, taking into account a pattern for smart grid development, since the smart grid implementation is very high. Moreover, in [11] a review of the current research on smart grids is carried out, shedding light on the development of smart grids in China, which is then analyzed to identify the obstacles and barriers in the development process. Reference [12] presents a survey of smart grid projects in Europe bringing together input and feedback from a variety of stakeholders through a cooperative and transparent process. D. Novosel makes clear in [13] that smart grid technologies are required to manage grid complexity, addressing a holistic smart grid approach and experiences with deploying smart grid projects. Research work in [14] indicates that demand response services or vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle services will be offered in conjunction with the supply of RES.

The work in [15] deals with the assessment of the flexibility benefits coming from smart grid innovations, developed in the H2020 project FLEXITRANSTORE. The project includes pilots in various sites across the Europe, where appropriate technologies have been developed in an effort to enhance the flexibility of the systems examined in the context of the project. Research work in [16] demonstrates the trading and flexibility of services amongst TSOs, DSOs, and Prosumers in a transparent, secure, and cost-effective manner using Blockchain-based TSO-DSO flexibility marketplace. In [17] a flexibility adequacy assessment of the countries of South-East Europe is presented, and in [18,19] a novel technology integration is considered in order to provide more flexibility resources to the power system to absorb more renewable energy.

In [20] a flexibility-oriented day-ahead market model that accounts for renewable sources and storage units where no incentive is provided to the renewable sources is developed, and its results demonstrate how a system can cope with renewable sources with no incentive in the presence of storage. Moreover, in [21] a detailed survey conducted during FLEXITRANSTORE on identifying stakeholders' opinion on electricity networks' challenges is presented and commented and in [22] grid flexibility solutions for transmission networks with increased RES penetration are examined.

The operational flexibility potential of individual power system assets and their aggregation at the system level is examined in [23] and a similar work in [24] present a methodology to assess the flexibility of a power system while explicitly considering the limitations of the transmission network. Researchers in [25] evaluate the operational flexibility for power system with energy storage, while in [26] a framework to efficiently characterize the available operational flexibility in a multi-area power system is presented and in [27] the flexibility of a test system with increasing penetrations of variable generation is assessed.

Electricity, natural gas, water, and district heating/cooling systems are predominantly planned and operated independently. The work presented in [28] centers on residential city districts as source of flexible electrical energy demand and generation, while [29] presents an integrated optimization and control of such systems at multiple spatiotemporal scales that can bring significant socioeconomic, operational efficiency, and environmental benefits. In [30], an in-depth review of the modeling and implementation of flexible ramping products that have been proposed in the industry to improve the availability of ramp capacity is presented.

The European Commission in its effort to speed the clean energy transition supports the development of flexible energy efficiency and renewable financing platforms at national or regional level [31]. In [32], the Smart Grids Task Force reviews the value which demand side flexibility could be able to bring to the energy system and its possible impact to the future market development in Europe.

Due to a lack of practical experience, the outcome of implementing smart grids on a large scale remains questionable. Many projects have been launched around the world to evaluate various smart grid solutions in real-world systems [33–36]. These projects provide extremely significant information, but the findings obtained are dependent on the precise setting in which the tests are carried out. As a result, the testing conclusions may not be immediately applicable to the deployment of the same solutions on a bigger scale or in other regions. To understand the impact of the context on the outcomes of deploying a smart grid solution, a thorough investigation must be undertaken. It is required to assess the effects of various smart grid systems on existing networks in greater scale for various DEMOs, and this is the main goal of the current work.

FLEXITRANSTORE develops a next-generation Flexible Energy Grid (FEG) that will be integrated into the European Internal Energy Market (IEM) through the flexibility services [15–32]. The project includes pilots in various sites across Europe, where appropriate technologies have been developed in an effort to enhance the flexibility of the systems examined in the context of the project. The work presented here takes both national and regional approaches and recognizes the need to seamlessly integrate the national markets. Networks in Southeast Europe, in particular, do not yet have the high levels of interconnectivity that other European networks have. Full deployment of the tested solutions requires a reasonable level of scalability and replicability to prevent the project demonstrator from continuing local experimental exercises. This paper focuses on analyzing the scalability, replicability, and implementation conditions of the FLEXITRANSTORE concept.

This FEG supports the capabilities of power systems to maintain continuous operation in the face of rapid and large fluctuations in supply or demand. Therefore, as shown in Figure 1, within this integrated FEG, new business models and a wholesale market infrastructure must be upgraded to network players, providing incentives to new ones to participate. Moreover, it will demonstrate new energy trading and business perspectives for cross-border resources management.

**Figure 1.** How the European Power System will be transformed by FLEXITRANSTORE through interventions targeting the whole Energy Value Chain [6].

The ability of a process, network, or system to respond to the growth in demand by increasing respectively its scope range or size is called scalability [33–35,37,38]. For FLEX-ITRANSTORE scalability is crucial, since in different demonstration sites, with different technical requirements development, implementation and validation of several demos have been carried out. The first step to deploy the technological innovation on a largescale of the FLEXITRANSTORE project in order to meet growing volumes of demand is the scalability analysis. The ability of a process, network, or system to be duplicated in another time or location is called replicability [33–35,37,38]. The replication ability of the FLEXITRANSTORE technological innovations has been studied due to the application of different technologies and costs for different countries.

The focus of this work is to evaluate the experience and the demonstration results, gathered during the period of research, implementation, and testing in order to develop at EU level a detailed scalability and replicability plan. In order to find the practical problems and major benefits of the proposed actual field technical innovations, the results need to be evaluated. Moreover, it is extremely important to find how these innovations meet both the challenges of the variable integration of renewable energy sources and the interconnection of production capacity by increasing the awareness of the grid's flexibility. Two sets of questionnaires one for scalability and the other for replicability have been developed. The project partners are the responders of this survey, who have been involved as a team leader or contributors in the development of functionalities.

FLEXITRANSTORE provides technical innovations that are weighed against the EU energy targets and specific scalability and replicability factors. These factors affect the following four common areas of interest: regulatory, economic, technical, stakeholder acceptance. Replicability factors are: Network configuration, Standardization, Macroeconomics, Interoperability, Market design, Business model (economic factors), Regulation, and Acceptance. Scalability factors are: Modularity, Technology evolution, Software integration, Existing infrastructure (technical factors), Interface design, Economy of scale, Profitability (economic factors), Regulation, and Acceptance.

#### **2. The European Commission Bridge—Scalability and Replicability Analysis (SRA)**

BRIDGE is a European Commission initiative that integrates the Horizon 2020 Smart Grid and Energy Storage Projects to structure cross-cutting issues that arise in demonstration projects and can be barriers to innovation [39]. The BRIDGE process facilitates ongoing knowledge exchange between projects and draws conclusions and recommendations regarding future use of project results through four different Working Groups representing the main areas of interest: Business Models, Data Management, Consumer Engagement, and Regulations.

In BRIDGE, several Task Forces (TF) were created to address topics that could be horizontal to more than one of the above-mentioned working groups. A specific TF was created to investigate how different projects approached the Scalability and Replicability Analysis (SRA) of different project results.

The first objective of the TF was the development of common guidelines for performing SRAs, and the second one the development of ideas on the definition of the scope and implementation of a toolbox/repository of necessary data, best-practices, and past experiences. The steps to perform an SRA of a smart grid project are depicted in Figure 2 and have been followed in the analysis of this work and for each DEMO. The overall approach has five stages, with each stage having several steps. The definition of the SRA methodology and how to carry out the SRA are the most complex stages. These five stages are briefly described below.

**Figure 2.** SRA guidelines [39].

**Step 1 Definition scope of the SRA:** Selection of the SRA dimension or dimensions that will be assessed in the Smart Grid Architecture Models (SGAM) layers and within each SGAM layer.

**Step 2 Selection of the SRA dimensions:** After the definition of the methodology, SRA developers perform the corresponding qualitative/quantitative analyses for the previously defined scenarios and collect the required input data. During this stage progression it may be necessary to go back and re-assess some aspects of the methodology initial described.

**Step 3 Definition of the methodology for each SRA dimension selected:** this third stage requires the definition of the methodology for each of the dimensions previously selected. It is recommended to rely on best practices from previous projects, in order to make informed decisions at each one of these steps. SRA developers have to take this into consideration, during the development of quantitative analyses. The proper definition of the relevant Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and simulation scenarios focusing on the most critical parameters affecting the scalability and replicability is extremely important. In order to avoid delays in the execution of the SRA, an early definition of the input data is required.

**Step 4 Performance of the SRA for each dimension:** This stage consists of, first, analyzing the results obtained in the SRA for each dimension individually and, then, trying to correlate the results for the various dimensions if relevant.

**Step 5 Conclusions and SRA rules/roadmap:** The derivation of a set of SRA rules is allowed by this analysis. This can be defined as a conclusion on the most important aspects that affect the scalability and replicability of the technology or solution under investigation. SRA can also be used to provide an implementation roadmap. This can include timelines and milestones for the implementation and/or use of the technology or solution being evaluated.

It must be mentioned that H2020 projects, even if they all address new solutions related to smart grids and storage, are very diverse and consider a wide range of functionalities and technologies at different Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Consequently, in this work, the proposed common SRA methodology was applied ensuring that the proposed set of steps can support and speed up the delivery of a high-quality SRA. These steps were as a checklist to ensure that any aspect included or not in the SRA methodology selected by a project has been carefully considered. In any case, there is much room for those in charge of performing the SRA to implement and adapt the proposed guidelines as required by the characteristics of their project.

#### **3. Scalability and Replicability Analysis Approach**

Scalability of a system is understood as a set of elements interacting with each other, with similar boundary conditions. In a more restrictive formulation, scalability works to maintain system performance and function, retaining all its required properties when scaling up without correspondingly increasing system complexity [33,40].

Scalability analysis is extremely important for the FLEXITRANSTORE project to do the following:

Replicability refers to the ability of a system to be replicated at another point in time [30]. Due to the difference in proposed technology and cost, replicability of FLEX-ITRANSTORE (the ability to duplicate the technical innovations in another location) is investigated. Each demo has been implemented, installed, and tested in different locations in the Southeast European (SEE) region, and typically has different technical requirements related to national regulations.

Scalability and replicability are fundamental to successful scaling and replication. Therefore, scalability and replicability enable or at least reduce barriers to growth and reuse of R & D and demonstration project results. This is important for businesses and utilities because scaling and replication offer significant benefits such as cost-effective deployment to a larger customer base and cost-effective reuse of proven solutions.

By examining the scalability and replicability factors that affect the scalability and replicability of FLEXITRANSTORE, scalability and replicability are analyzed, and potential barriers to large-scale deployments are identified.

Specifically, the factors extracted from the literature review were categorized into four main categories.

According to [33,35], in Tables 1 and 2, the scalability and replicability factors are summarized, relating to the economic, technical, regulatory, and stakeholder acceptance categories. Each of these are further categorized in order to identify the remaining/potential issues and to capture specific project achievements that can limit scalability and replication. Moreover, the main limitations and barriers that have an impact on scalability and replicability are identified. The identified issues already describe necessary conditions for scaling-up and replication, and they represent somehow rules to be contemplated for scalability and replicability.

**Table 1.** Scalability factors.

**Table 2.** Replicability factors.

#### **4. Scalability Factors**

The different scalability factors are analyzed in the following subsections below [33–35,38–40].

#### *4.1. Technical Factors*

Modularity is a necessary requirement for scaling up. It refers to whether a configuration can be divided into forbidden components or not. A solid layout will be appropriate for larger-scale execution. On the other hand, well specified (and isolated) constituent elements provide the flexibility needed in ordering the setup to be transferred to a larger scale. Consequently, this factor investigates to what extent a solution is modular (e.g., how simple it is to include new components or whether there are limits on including components).

The number of interactions between components is addressed via interface design. If they grow more than linearly, the scaled-up solution may become overly complex and redundant at the target scale, limiting the scaled-up solution's performance. The extent to which interactions between components are managed locally or centrally is investigated through interface design.

Except for the solution's complexity, the software tools required to deploy it (such as simulation models, databases, and so on) must be able to handle the increased size. Note that a favorable technical progress can offset this impact. When the solution size grows, this factor influences how much the performance of software tools is affected.

The solution's compatibility with the technological environment in which it will be implemented, as well as the interaction between its components and the outside world, is taken into account during the compatibility analysis.

#### *4.2. Economic Factors*

A project can only be expanded up if it is viable at the required scale. This implies that both costs and income must be improved. This effectively means that the marginal cost and revenue functions of a solution will determine whether scaling-up is possible or not. The variation of the marginal cost curve according to the number of deployed units is particularly noteworthy in this situation, since the most obvious patterns influencing scalability are rise, drop, or stepwise development.

The percentage increase in costs equals at most the percentage increase of the project size. The significance of project size varies greatly depending on the undertaking (e.g., the number of meters, the amount of managed active power, the number of customers, the number of distributed generation units, etc.) This factor then specifies how much costs increase as the solution size grows.

Similarly, the rise in benefits should be proportional to the increase in project size. This is reflected in the profitability factor. This component asks and defines how much advantages grow as the solution size grows.

#### *4.3. Regulatory and Stakeholder*

Regulation establishes the framework for transmission, distribution, generation, and supply activities, outlining how the various agents involved (investors, consumers, etc.) behave and interact. The roles and responsibilities of agents, the rules, and requirements for providing services, the rules for remunerating regulated activities, and the rules for agent interaction are all defined by regulation. Regulation is understood in terms of its impact on the size and scope of the project when it comes to scalability. Scalability is usually influenced by the regulations and requirements for providing specific services. The factor regulation then evaluates whether there are any regulatory constraints to the solution's size and scope.

Acceptance refers to the willingness of stakeholders such as regulators, policymakers, and end users to accept an expanded project. It is vital to examine if the concerned stakeholders will accept the proposed changes. Although a project's solution may have overcome regulatory and legal constraints (for example, by changing the regulatory framework), it is critical that other stakeholders accept the solution. This element decides if stakeholder acceptance has been explored and if any challenges are anticipated.

#### **5. Replicability Factors**

The different replicability factors are analyzed in the following subsections below [33–35,38–40].

#### *5.1. Technical Factors*

The standardization process and the proper collection of standards by projects are complicated by the large number of players, the required speed, the numerous worldwide activities, and the constantly changing solutions. The standardization factor investigates and determines how standard-compliant the solution is and/or how readily it can be made standard-compliant.

Solutions must also be interoperable. Given the numerous standards available, it is theoretically feasible to have anything standardized that is incompatible with a specific system or environment (that operates according to a different standard). The ability of two or more networks, systems, devices, applications, or components to communicate, exchange, and use information to accomplish essential functions is referred to as interoperability. The factor interoperability determines how interoperable or plug-and-play solutions and their components/functions are.

Within the scope of a project, network configuration refers to aspects that are predetermined and cannot be changed (e.g., climate conditions such as temperature, wind, precipitation levels, terrain conditions, demographics, local generation mix, etc.) This component investigates how dependent the solution is on available resources and infrastructures.

#### *5.2. Economic Factors*

The project's solution must be tested in the context of a distinct business model. The original project's business model is unlikely to stand up in a new setting—at least not without modification. However, not all European countries have policies that promote loss reduction, thus a solution that is viable due to loss reduction in one host area may not be desirable in another. The factor business model determines how thoroughly the solution's viability has been investigated and/or whether the solution is viable in various scenarios (e.g., another EU member state).

In addition, a macroeconomic analysis is required to determine whether the proposed solution is (still) profitable in other European countries. This is usually accomplished by doing a brief scenario study on a few key target countries. Inflation carbon cost and interest rates all affect project costs and viability. The factor macroeconomics examines how dependent the answer is on specific macroeconomic factors (e.g., discount rate, inflation rate, etc.)

Additionally, another determining factor is the market design. The definition of products and services, bid or offer requirements, and pricing and financial settlement regulations are all part of market design. It also refers to the responsibilities and roles of various market actors, as well as the interactions among them. This includes questions about the market model utilized, the tariff structure in place, who the players are, how they interact, and whether there are any additional restraints such as taxes or subsidy schemes. The factor market design then indicates how dependent the solution is on a certain market design.

#### *5.3. Regulatory and Stakeholder*

It is critical for successful replication that regulation in the intended host area allows the project's deployment to be replicated. Regulation is defined broadly in terms of agent roles, rules for providing services, rules for remunerating regulated agents, and rules for agent interaction. Because the project demonstrator works under various regulatory frameworks, the definition is intentionally kept generic and does not focus on a specific regulatory framework. The factor regulation investigates how much the solution depends on current national or local regulation to be feasible and viable, and whether barriers arise because of this dependency.

Furthermore, the solution must be accepted by key stakeholders. This could imply a more fundamental agreement than is required for scalability. After all, stakeholders must be willing to accept something completely new, which may be more challenging than accepting a larger version of what already exists. The factor acceptance inquires and investigates the extent to which acceptance issues are to be expected when exporting solutions to other countries.

#### **6. Scalability and Replicability Analysis**

In the following subsections, the key points from each demonstration's scalability and replicability analysis are highlighted. The various factors were quantified into numbers ranging from zero to three in order to conclude how scalable or replicable each solution is, with zero representing the lowest score and three representing the highest [33–35,38–40].

#### *6.1. DEMO 1: Active Substation Controller—Demand/Response and Storage Integration (ADN-BESS)*

The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) unit power rating (1 MW) meets the requirements for a simple grid connection. However, the increase in BESS unitary size is limited in order to avoid large power cable sizes that would make grid connection difficult. To achieve larger plant sizes, several BESS units can be combined to achieve the desired plant size. On the other hand, technological conditions may lead to smaller rack sizes, but system redesign may be required due to technological advances in the short to medium term [41,42].

The standard sizes of the containers that house the batteries limit the size of the BESS. Furthermore, as the total BESS plant size increases, so does the external plant substation, requiring more layout space. To add a new utility, modifications will be required; therefore, some architecture simplification is recommended to facilitate integration in the substations and systems of the Distribution System Operators (DSO) and Transmission System Operators (TSO).

In terms of the cost-benefit ratio, it is expected that short to medium-term changes will be beneficial. However, in order to accommodate the development of BESS, additional mandatory standard compliance should be completed. Adaptation to specific standards in each country must be considered, and BESS grid services must specifically meet the requirements of the country's Grid Code.

In recent years, the Energy Storage market has accelerated along with a significant increase in the production of electric vehicles, potentially affecting the availability of batteries for BESS applications. It is recommended to encourage agreements between BESS developers and battery suppliers, as well as battery recycling policies, to reduce the risk of shortages and reliance on imports. Finally, there are regulatory barriers to replicability that could affect the solution, specifically compliance with country grid code in each project.

The following Figure 3 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 3 and 4, the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 1 are presented in detail.

**Figure 3.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 1: Active Substation Controller.

It can be concluded that DEMO 1: "Active Substation Controller" receives a medium overall score, with strong points for stakeholder acceptance as a key technology for future power grids, as well as the positive impact of technology evolution. The regulatory barriers and market design that do not adequately remunerate the services provided by the Active Substation Controller appear to be the weakest points at this stage.

*Energies* **2022**, *15*, 4519

110

*Energies* **2022**, *15*, 4519

#### *6.2. DEMO 2: Wind Power Plant Connected to Active Substation*

The regulatory and institutional environments have a significant impact on the estimation of BESS's potential replicability and scalability. Some countries that have not developed the network codes for the regulation of the integration of BESS systems in their networks are now starting to adapt their regulatory frameworks to the new system needs and generation paradigm.

If the BESS is small in comparison to the size of the grid into which it discharges, detailed power system and production cost models are not required. Large-scale systems, on the other hand, have more data to consider, and the control processes and algorithms include more variables, making the control systems more complex. The task of preparing a BESS economic analysis for appraisal faces two major challenges: (a) the scale of the investment project under consideration influences this; (b) it is necessary to have a sufficient understanding of the unique technical aspects of BESS (technical aspects of battery design, sizing, performance etc.) Overall, there is still a lack of economic experience.

Concerning interoperability, the European Commission (EC) is enabled to develop interoperability standards for communication and control, between different distributed resources. This is in accordance with the delegated act on interoperability published by the EC, in application of the provisions of Directive (EU) 2019/944 [43].

BESS are typically capital-intensive projects, and their viability may necessitate additional assistance. As a result, the existence of financing instruments, both at the European and national levels, aimed entirely or partially at promoting the development of projects and technologies, will play a critical role in scalability.

The following Figure 4 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 5 and 6 the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 2 are presented in detail.

**Figure 4.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 2: Wind Power Plant connected to Active Substation.

**Table 5.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 2.

As with DEMO 1, DEMO 2: "Wind Power Plant Connected to Active Substation" receives a medium score, with strong points for stakeholder acceptance as a key technology for future power grids, as well as the positive impact of technology evolution. The regulatory barriers and market design that do not adequately remunerate the services provided by the BESS connected to active substation with wind power plant appear to be the weakest points at this stage.

#### *6.3. DEMO 3: Increase Resilience of the Cross-Border Lines with Sensors for De-Icing Solutions*

The Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) [44,45] expert system has several subsystems, including line rating calculation, ice forecasting, sag simulation, and conductor temperature tracking. With model fine-tuning, fractional implementation of the various subsystems is possible. Each subsystem has its own display tab, and each power line necessitates new expert system implementation and adaptation. Furthermore, the incorporation of new sensors into the system increases the number of data records, resulting in increased computational capacity.

**Table 6.** Replicability factors analysis for DEMO 2.

The cost–benefit ratio is determined by the number of integrated sensors and the extra transmission capacity gained. Furthermore, the achieved surplus transmission capacity is dependent on the technical parameters of the line, substation elements, and weather conditions along the line. The demo demonstrated the viability of each subsystem, and the system could be more profitable if used on more power lines.

The technology is widely accepted, and there are no regulatory barriers to scalability or replicability that could jeopardize the solution. However, the TSO's internal regulatory regarding capacity management should be adjusted to the system's dynamic output. The expert system promotes the implementation of the EU's internal electricity market on a market basis.

Finally, sensor communications are standardized, and sensor manufacturers provide standard compliant Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) integration solutions. The interface and overall system communication, however, are dependent on the customers' requests and the system's adaptation to the given TSO's IT security requests for each demonstration.

The following Figure 5 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 7 and 8 the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 3 are presented in detail.

**Figure 5.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 3: Increase resilience of the cross-border lines with sensors for de-icing solutions.

DEMO 3: "Increase resilience of the cross-border lines with sensors for de-icing solutions" achieves a good score in most of the scalability and replicability factors. There are no significant regulatory barriers, and the expert system can be adapted to any transmission line by knowing its technical parameters, which are both positive aspects of this technology. On the other hand, standardization could be improved further, particularly in terms of TSO security standards.

#### *6.4. DEMO 4: Improve Transfer Capacities and Clean Electricity Flows through Power Flow Control Solutions*

The solution can be scaled up or down in response to future changes in system needs. When need is driven by new generation, the solution can be scaled up as more generation connects to the network. As a result, if more generation applies to connect than was originally intended, it is still possible to use the assets and simply increase the impedance as needed. The modularity of this technology is a strong point, with individual units per phase and the ability to scale up and down the number of devices to meet the needs of the network. The ability to control the number of devices connected while in operation is also advantageous because it allows the TSO to scale up and down the functioning deployment as real-time demands change.

**Table 7.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 3.

If the original need is reduced or eliminated, the Power Flow Control (PFC) devices can be easily redeployed to another part of the grid. Because the solution is not tied to the original location, this flexibility allows for a no-regrets investment decision. Because these devices are voltage agnostic, they can be redeployed onto different voltage lines without requiring any changes to the device hardware.

By moving the devices and redeploying them onto the Bulgarian network, the demo demonstrated the replicability of the project deployed in Greece. This could be redeployed to another network with a different voltage level without requiring any changes to the PFC devices. This also demonstrated the deployment's communication interface's ability to integrate into different countries' systems.

The following Figure 6 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 9 and 10, the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 4 are presented in detail.

**Table 8.** Replicability factors analysis for DEMO 3.

It is clear that the highest score is obtained in terms of modularity. Technology evolution ranked high as well, as Smart Wires has evolved this technology further with higher capacity devices with greater controllability, being able to push and pull power from the line by increasing or decreasing the effective impedance rather than simply increasing as was the case with this demo. Because the solution design is determined by the type of transmission lines and towers, compatibility receives a lower score. The business model is viable, but it will vary by network, so individual cases must be investigated. Finally, acceptance could be improved by raising awareness of the devices and their benefit to the network.

#### *6.5. DEMO 5: New Wholesale Market Approach with Flexibility Services*

The delivered solution is a new market structure that makes it easier to integrate new flexibility providers. Although the rules of the platform are strict, as is typical of European intraday market platforms, it does not impose any restrictions on national markets to follow other models. The matching algorithm developed for the demonstration has a significant impact on scalability. These algorithms were tested on two markets (Bulgaria and Cyprus) with varying levels of maturity, but not on several coupled markets.

In terms of scaling up the proposed approach, because the matching algorithm is solving a mathematical problem continuously, the required computational capacity grows linearly with the size of the problem. The demonstration, on the other hand, can be replicated in other countries if the necessary data are shared by the relevant market operators. Only the interfaces should be changed; the main components can remain unchanged. It should also be noted that this market is separate from the system operators. Finally, inte-

grating the new order types necessitates a change in the matching algorithm used across Europe, but the solution fits within the overall European market structure.

**Figure 6.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 4: Improve transfer capacities and clean electricity flows through Power Flow Control Solutions.

Concerning the delivered solution's business aspect, the economic impact should be evaluated by taking into account number of trades, market participants, and number of participating flexibility providers.

The following Figure 7 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 11 and 12, the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 5 are presented in detail.

DEMO 5 receives high marks in both scalability and replicability. However, developments on the European markets have taken a turn since the project's inception, and other solutions appear to be emerging. This severely limits the rationale for considering adapting the developed solution to other markets; however, the solution is scalable and replicable.

#### *6.6. DEMO 6: Flexible Substations Advanced Control and Services Demonstration*

Demo 6 "Flexible substations advanced control and services demonstration" includes clearly defined independent functional units. However, some modifications would be required to add components to the solution in order to increase its size. Technological conditions permit increasing the size of the solution, but system redesign may be required due to short to medium term technological advance. Finally, the design of software allows for the incorporation of more elements, and there are no physical size constraints.

On the economic side, no economic barriers to scalability and replicability have been identified, and no regulatory barriers that could affect the solution are currently in place. The solution is partially standard compliant, but more standardization is required. Finally, stakeholder acceptance is unimportant in terms of the developed solution's scalability and replicability.

The following Figure 8 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 13 and 14, the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 6 are presented in detail.

**Table 9.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 4.

**Figure 7.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 5: New wholesale market approach with flexibility services.

**Table 10.** Replicability factors analysis for DEMO 4.

**Table 11.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 5.

**Figure 8.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 6: Flexible substations advanced control and services demonstration.

**Table 13.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 6.

**Table 14.** Replicability factors analysis for DEMO 6.

Overall, Demo 6 "Flexible substations advanced control and services demonstration" receives high marks in the various scalability and replicability factors, indicating that

there is no specific barrier to scaling up and replicating the developed technology. Further standardization is recommended, as is the smooth integration of changes brought about by technological evolution.

#### *6.7. DEMO 7: Large Scale Storage System for Combined Cycle Plant*

The standard container sizes that include the batteries limit the size of the BESS. Furthermore, an increase in total BESS plant size implies an increase in external space in the power plant. This is usually not a problem because power plants are located in more isolated areas with plenty of open space. To add a new utility, modifications will be required; therefore, some architecture simplification is recommended to facilitate integration in the power plant.

In terms of the cost-benefit analysis, it has yet to be demonstrated that the benefit outweighs the additional cost. Additionally, mandatory standard compliance is recommended. Adaptation to specific standards in each country must be considered, and power plant grid services must specifically meet the requirements of the country grid code.

The following Figure 9 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 15 and 16, the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 7 are presented in detail.

**Figure 9.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 7: Large Scale Storage System for Combined Cycle Plant.

Even though the developed technology appears to have the potential to be scalable and replicable, GEF has received very few bids for this product/service in the last two years, none of which have been converted into reality. Furthermore, the increased benefits are not currently visible or significant. As a result, one could conclude that this technology is still in its early stages and does not have the potential to be scaled up and replicated.

#### *6.8. DEMO 8: Advanced Control for Flexible Synchronous Generation*

The developed system could be used for installations with several generators or larger generators, without increasing computational requirements. However, new computational resources would be required for large plants or when the system is deployed in new plants. Furthermore, adding new controllers to the system and modelling new generators in the algorithms would be required to scale up the system in other plants.

It would be necessary to analyze the new system to be operated, model it, and appropriately train the control algorithms in order to replicate the demonstration activities. The controller would also have to work with the new Power System Stabilizers (PSS) and area of influence measurements.

PSS technology is well-established and has been in use for many years. The approach to installing a new PSS should be same across all TSOs (PSS is meaningless for DSOs since the plant's capacity must be high to have an influence, and such facilities are normally only found at the TSO level). Beyond what has been indicated, adding the solution to the PSS has no influence on replicability and scalability. Finally, there is currently no compensation available for providing damping.

The following Figure 10 shows the overall scalability and replicability assessment. Moreover, in Tables 17 and 18 the main remarks regarding the scalability and replicability analysis, respectively, for DEMO 8 are presented in detail.

**Table 15.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 7.

**Table 16.** Replicability factors analysis for DEMO 7.

**Figure 10.** Scalability and replicability assessment DEMO 8: Advanced Control for flexible synchronous generation.

**Table 17.** Scalability factors analysis for DEMO 8.

**Table 18.** Replicability factors analysis for DEMO 8.

Overall DEMO 8: "Advanced Control for flexible synchronous generation" in the different scalability and replicability factors achieves good score. However, there are significant barriers such as market design and profitability, since currently there is not compensation for providing damping.

#### **7. Results Discussion**

The scalability and replicability of FLEXITRANSTORE technology improvements were investigated in this study. Factors that influence the project's scalability and replicability have been researched and identified for this purpose. These criteria include characteristics of technical, economic, regulatory, and stakeholder approval.

The following are the main conclusions for each demonstration:

DEMO 1: "Active Substation Controller" receives a medium overall score, with strong points being the acceptance of stakeholders as a crucial technology for future power grids and the positive impact of technology evolution. The regulatory barriers and the market design that do not satisfactory remunerate the services provided by the Active Substation Controller appear to be the weakest points at this time.

DEMO 2: "Wind Power Plant Connected to Active Substation" receives a medium score, with strong points being the acceptance of stakeholders as a crucial technology for future power grids and the positive impact of technology evolution. Regulatory barriers and market design that do not satisfactory remunerate the services offered by the BESS connected to an active substation with wind power plant appear to be the weakest points at this moment.

DEMO 3: "Increase resilience of the cross-border lines with sensors for de-icing solutions" in most of the scalability and replicability factors achieves a good score. Positive characteristics of this technology include the lack of significant regulatory barriers and the fact that the expert system can be customized to any transmission line by knowing its technical parameters. Standardization, on the other hand, could be further improved, particularly in terms of TSO security standards.

DEMO 4: "Improve transfer capacities and clean electricity flows through Power Flow Control Solutions" in terms of modularity achieves the highest score. Smart Wires has advanced this technology further with higher capacity devices with more controllability, allowing them to push and pull power from the line by increasing or decreasing the effective impedance rather than just increasing it, as was the case with this demo. Compatibility receives a lower grade since the solution design is dependent on the type of transmission lines and towers. The business model is viable, but it will differ from network to network, necessitating further investigation in individual cases. Finally, increasing awareness of the devices and their benefits to the network could help to improve acceptability.

DEMO 5: "New wholesale market approach with flexibility services" achieves high scores in both scalability and replicability. However, since the start of the project, developments on the European markets have taken a turn, and other options appear to be emerging. This severely limits the rationale for considering adapting the developed solution to other markets, yet the approach itself is scalable and reproducible.

DEMO 6: "Flexible substations advanced control and services demonstration" gets high scores on all the scalability and replicability factors, leading to the conclusion that there is no special obstacle to scaling up and replicating the developed technology. Further standardization, as well as the smooth integration of technological developments, would be beneficial.

DEMO 7: "Large Scale Storage System for Combined Cycle Plant" appears to have the potential to be scalable and reproducible; however, GEF has received relatively few bids for this product/service in the last two years, and none have been realized. Furthermore, the increased benefits are not observable or significant now. As a result, one could conclude that this technology is immature and does not have the potential to be scaled up and replicated at this time.

DEMO 8: "Advanced Control for flexible synchronous generation" in the different scalability and replicability factors achieves a good score. However, market design and profitability seem to be significant barriers because there is not compensation for providing damping currently.

#### **8. Conclusions**

The scalability and replicability of FLEXITRANSTORE technology innovations were investigated in this study. Factors that influence the project's scalability and replicability have been explored and identified for this purpose. These parameters were chosen based on a thorough literature assessment and include technological, economic, regulatory, and stakeholder acceptance considerations. In a nutshell, technical variables assess if a project's solution is naturally scalable and/or reproducible, whereas economic factors decide whether scaling up or replication is economically viable. Regulation and stakeholder acceptability factors indicate if the current environment is ready to accept a scaled-up version of a project or whether a new environment is appropriate for receiving a project.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.F., C.D., E.Z., S.P. and V.V.; methodology, G.F., C.D., S.P. and V.V.; validation, G.F., V.V. and E.Z.; formal analysis, C.D. and E.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, G.F. and C.D.; writing—review and editing, V.V. and G.F.; visualization, C.D., E.Z., S.P. and G.F.; supervision, V.V. and E.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 824330. The authors acknowledge financial support for the publication of this work from the Special Account for Research of ASPETE.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


**3.1 Vitamin B12**

Vitamin B12 is absent from plant foods; bacteria in the lower part of the small intestine are its only source in subjects with exclusive consumption of plant foods, therefore vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the risk factors for alternative diets [28]. Vitamin deficiency can have many adverse health consequences: folate "flap" in the methylation cycle, deterioration of DNA biosynthesis, pernicious anemia, increased atherogenic homocysteine in the blood, and neural tube defects [29]. Consumption of dairy products and eggs in lacto-ovo-vegetarians and, in addition, intake of white meat in semi-vegetarians provides a better ability to meet the body's vitamin B12 needs [28, 30]. In the monitored groups of volunteers, we found significantly reduced concentrations of vitamin B12 in the group of vegans (VV) and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (V-LO) and insignificantly lower serum concentration in semivegetarians (VS) compared to the traditional diet of the general population (NV). Deficiency values occurred in 67% V-V, 32% V-LO, 7% V-S, but no nonvegetarian. From a global perspective, vitamin B12 deficiency prevention requires monitoring of serum vitamin B12 levels and strict vitamin B12 fortified food or vitamin B12 supplements, especially in strict vegetarians but also in V-LO. One of the many functions of vitamin B12 is its involvement in the metabolism of homocysteine (HCy), which has atherogenic properties. HCy is a sulfur amino acid that is metabolized in two ways by B-group vitamins - remethylation (requires vitamin B9 and B12), which converts HCy back to methionine, and transsulfurization (requires vitamin B6), which converts HCy to cysteine and taurine [31]. The first of the pathways dominates with lower methionine intake, which occurs in V-LO and V-V diets,

because plant proteins contain less of this amino acid. The results shows a higher incidence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans, in which remethylation predominates, but in vitamin B12 deficiency the remethylation cycle is inhibited and HCy is not degraded to methionine.

## **3.2 Vitamin D**

Subjects with limited animal food intake may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency compared to non-vegetarians because the food that provides the highest amounts of vitamin D is of all animal origin [32]. The authors of Crowe et al. [33] reported that plasma concentrations of 25 (OH) vitamin D reflect the rate of elimination of consumption of animal products. Meat consumers had the highest average vitamin D intake (3.1 μg / day) and a mean plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D (77.0 nmol / l), vegans had the lowest average intake and plasma concentration (0.7 μg /day) and 55.8 nmol/l). Our results show that under conditions of the same and low intensity of sunlight (spring - April) a significantly reduced plasma concentration of vitamin D was found in V-LO, while in V-S (white meat consumers) this concentration was balanced with non-vegetarians. A higher incidence of deficit values was found in V-LO versus NV and V-S (67% versus 46% and 50%). It should be noted that vitamin D concentrations are low in all three groups examined (the lower limit of recommended values is 30 ng/ml), suggesting the need for supplementation or pharmaceuticals in the winter and early spring months.

#### **3.3 Iron**

Decreased utilization of minerals and trace elements from food has been observed in people with a dominant consumption of plant foods due to the high content of phytic acid in plant food (whole grains, legumes) as well as fiber (whole grains, legumes, seeds, nuts) [34]. Phytic acid and fiber form undesirable insoluble complexes with some minerals and trace elements, which cannot be used by the organism. These food commodities are significantly more consumed by vegetarians versus non-vegetarians. We observed significantly reduced serum iron concentrations in the V-LO group, hyposiderinemia occurred in 44% versus 20% in NV and 30% in V-S).

In addition to known iron deficiency disorders and diseases, the latest and lesser-known finding is that iron deficiency adversely affects the biosynthesis of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.

### **3.4 Iodine**

The iodine content of food of plant origin is lower compared to food of animal origin due to the low iodine content of the soil. On the other hand, regular consumption of animal products (eggs, cheese, milk, meat, fish and poultry) can make a significant contribution to overall income. The literature review indicates that in vegans and vegetarians not consuming iodine supplements and seafood, iodine consumption is inadequate [35]. A wide range of mental, psychomotor and growth abnormalities cause iodine deficiency [36]. Determination of iodine is a more exact criterion than iodine intake, and urinary iodine excretion expresses the degree of saturation in the body. In group V-V we measured urinary iodine excretion 78 μg /l, in V-LO 172 μg /l and in group NV 216 μg /l. A clinically significant deficit (less than 50 μg /l) was reported in 27% V-V, 10% V-LO, but no non-vegetarian. The authors Leung et al. (14) measured median urinary iodine concentrations of 78.5 μg /l in vegans and 147 μg/l in vegetarians.

**47**

(Nε

**3.6 Amino acids**

*Health Effects of Plant Foods and the Possibility of Reducing Health Risk*

These products (AGEs - advanced glycation endproducts) are formed by the non-enzymatic reaction of an aldehyde or keto group of reducing sugars with a free amino group of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids and other macromolecules; the reaction is called the Maillard reaction or glycation [37]. AGEs negatively affect the functional properties of proteins, lipids and DNA [38]. These chemical modifications accumulate in the body with age and may contribute to the pathophysiological processes associated with aging and to the complications of diabetes, atherosclerosis and chronic renal failure [39, 40]. AGEs are produced from monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), but also from dicarbonyl intermediates of the Maillard reaction, sugar autoxidation, and other metabolic pathways [41, 42]. The reactivity of monosaccharides in AGE formation is given by the ratio between the occurrence of the acyclic and cyclic forms. Only open chain sugar can enter the glycation [43]. Fructose is more reactive because it has a higher proportion of the acyclic form [44]. The mentioned processes of the Maillard reaction in the organism and exogenous AGE from food (especially culinary and technologically modified) are the main sources of intracellular and plasma AGEs [45]. CML

The body needs to take in all the essential amino acids and in the optimal amount. Only under these conditions can amino acids from food be adequately used for protein synthesis [48]. The limiting amino acid in the protein mixture consumed (which is the lowest) is crucial for the productive utilization of all essential amino acids for anabolic processes by initiating peptide chain synthesis. Additional amino acids are incorporated into the peptide chain depending on the availability of an amount of limiting amino acid. The major limiting amino acids in plant proteins are methionine, lysine and tryptophan. The content of tryptophan is approximately the same in plant and animal proteins. Significantly reduced methionine and lysine intake in subjects with dominant or exclusive consumption of plant proteins may indicate a reduced rate of proteosynthesis, which is expressed by deficient plasma protein concentrations. Hypoproteinemia has been reported in 20% of adult vegans. The incidence of hypoproteinemia in children was higher - 33% in vegans and 11% in vegetarians. In our earlier experimental study using labeled amino acids, we found that protein synthesis was significantly reduced in young animals during the period of growth fed with plant protein (wheat gluten) compared to animal protein (milk casein). Caso et al. [49] also used the isotope technique and two diets with the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94096*

**3.5 AGEs - advanced glycation endproducts**

more reactive acyclic form of fructose versus glucose.


*4.2. Abrupt Disturbances: Case Study 2*

Figure 18 shows the total power of the proposed PV-BES system (designed in previous section) in response to the real solar intensity measured at Lowry Range Solar Station on 18 March 2013 [31] for different power ramp settings (0.5%/minute, 1%/minute, 5%/minute). It demonstrates that the BES reduces the impact of the abrupt PV disturbances and smooths the power profile with the desired ramp rate.

**Figure 18.** Output power of the proposed PV-BES system for different ramp settings in response to the real solar irradiance data.