**3. The Time-Frequency Based Procedure for Evaluation of Easy Magnetization Axis**

Figure 3 presents the successive stages of the procedure for evaluation of magnetic anisotropy based on the *TF* representation of the measured MBN signals along with exemplary MBN signals received for three different transducer's orientations. The early step is to perform the initial signal processing and determine the *TF* representation.

First, in order to minimize low-frequency instrumentation disturbances, the digital signal filtration was performed by the Butterworth high pass filter (with a cutoff frequency *f* C of 2 kHz). Then the measurements obtained were divided into half periods of magnetization, each corresponding to the individual MBN burst. In the next step, for each individual burst, transformation of the *U*BN (time representation) to the *TF* domain was performed. For this purpose, the STFT transformation was used, which enables a homogeneous division of the computational grid in the *TF* space to be obtained and, in consequence, the dynamics of the Barkhausen phenomenon to be observed in detail [24]. The Kaiser type of the computational window having a length of 512 samples along with the overlapping technique with a rate of 0.75 was used during the STFT transformation. The given above parameters of the window resulted in a computational time step Δ*T* of 512 μs and frequency step Δ*F* of 488 Hz, what allowed to precisely observe the changes in dynamics of the MBN activity for various measurement angles. A more detailed analysis of the impact of the window width and the value of the filter's cutoff frequency *f* C on the quality of the acquired angular characteristics and the possibility of assessing the examined dependence is presented in the following sections of this paper. Finally, as a result, the complex *TF* representations *S*BN(*t*, *f*) of *U*BN voltage signals were obtained. In next step, the spectrograms expressed as |*S*BN(*t*, *f*)| 2 were calculated.

Multiple measurements for a single angular orientation enabled implementation of a smoothing procedure of the results obtained. Its purpose was to average all the spectrograms achieved for a single angular orientation of the transducer. Selected averaged spectrograms *BN*STFT\_S calculated for the measurements acquired within the half range of the transducer rotation (with respect to the TD from 0◦ to 180◦) are shown in Figure 4. There is a noticeable difference between spectrograms for subsequent angles in the activity of the measured MBN. The highest activity was obtained for orientation of the transducer in accordance with the rolling direction of steel and along its easy magnetization axis (Figure 4, α = 90◦ i.e., RD). In this case, the highest energy level is visible practically throughout the entire MBN period, excluding the time span in which the magnetizing field changes its direction (around a time of 25 ms, see Figure 3b). At the same time, the frequency band occupied by the highest activity level of MBN is also the widest. Moreover, it can be seen that along with the gradual rotation of the transducer into the transverse direction to the RD (TD direction: α = 0◦ and α = 180◦), a gradual delay of the beginning of the MBN activity area (arises more slowly) as well as the general decrease in its area can be seen. The bandwidth of the MBN activity is also noticeably reduced. On all the distributions presented, regardless of the angle of measurement, one can notice two distinct areas of MBN activity, one at the beginning of the period around 15 ms and the other at its end around 40 ms. In addition, a third area of activity is strongly visible at the RD angle. This follows the observations presented by other researchers. Considering this, those activity regions could be associated with the aforementioned (three) processes of nucleation of reverse domains, 180◦ and 90◦ DWs motion and the growth of the MBN activity for RD could be explained in reference to the large quantity of 180◦ DWs [2,25,28,30,31,33]. Despite clearly visible variation of the MBN activity in spectrograms, for proper assessment it is necessary to carry out a detailed quantitative analysis enabling the quantification of observed relationships.

**Figure 3.** Time-frequency (TF) calculation procedure: (**a**) diagram of the procedure, (**b**) exemplary UBN signals for orientation α = 0◦ (transverse direction, TD), α = 45◦, and α = 90◦ (rolling direction, RD) vs. time (left column) and magnetic field (right column—presented in accordance to descending half of magnetizing period).

**Figure 4.** View of spectrogram activity in angle range between 0–180 degrees.

The magnetic anisotropy of the material ends up with differences in the magnetic properties occurring for different test angles. Based on the spectrograms, it can be noticed that these changes in properties are then reflected in the course and the intensity of the observed Barkhausen phenomenon. In consequence, the dynamics of the energy distribution, concentration, centroid shift in time and frequency, and the degree of order/disorder or scope of changes of the MBN *TF* representation may be affected. Therefore, in order to quantify information expressing the angular variations of magnetic characteristics, a multi-parameter extraction was used to define vectors of *TF* features for each test angle. As a result, the set of several parameters carried by the *TF* representation were calculated from the *BN*STFT\_S. The first group refers to some statistical properties, including various forms of mean values (i.e., arithmetic, geometric, etc.), centroid, variance or standard deviation, skewness or kurtosis. The next subset are the features describing of the shape of the *TF* spectrogram and its energy distribution or entropy, thus allowing the dynamics of variance, uniformity of distribution or the degree of disorder of the MBN spectral content to be assessed. The last, but no less important part of the *TF* features vector is parameters that indicate different characteristics values of the *BN*TF\_S, such as: symmetry, center shift in the *t* or *f* axis, flatness, homogeneity or monotonicity, etc. The definition and properties of all proposed *TF* features and the used calculation procedure have been introduced earlier and discussed in detail in [32]. The results of the angular distributions of selected features will be presented in the following chapter.


*Editorial* **Special Issue: Silicon Nanodevices**

**Henry H. Radamson 1,\* and Guilei Wang 1,2,\***

In recent years, nanodevices have attracted a large amount of attention due to their low power consumption and fast operation in electronics and photonics, as well as their high sensitivity in sensor applications. For example, following Moore's law and the technology roadmap, the structure of transistors has been scaled down by a constant factor in order to obtain lower power consumption. Today, the scaling down of CMOS technology is focusing more on low voltages and cost-effective processes to match the requirements of mobile phone chips [1].

As a result of CMOS evolution, a lot of integration difficulties have been overcome, enabling the architecture of CMOS technology to change from planar or 2D to 3D. During this technology development, many issues, e.g., contact resistance, defects and reliability, have arisen and have been solved, which could affect device performance [2,3]. As an approach at the end of the technology roadmap (3 nm node), Si channel material is being changed to SiGe or Ge material, and even III-V materials could be integrated in the future. This is due to their material properties, as they have significantly higher carrier mobilities of −40,000 cm2 V −1 s −1 for InGaAs (for electrons) and 1900 cm2 V −1 s −1 for Ge (for holes) compared to silicon, which has 1400 cm2 V −1 s −1 for electrons and 450 cm2 V −1 s −1 for holes [1]. In many cases, these are processed to be fin-like or nanowire transistors on insulator substrates. Special attention is paid to All Gate Around (GAA) transistors in vertical or horizontal directions. In such cases, GeSi/Ge multilayers are grown, and later, GeSi can be selectively etched to reach a nano-scale channel [4]. What is interesting is the choice of our transistor design beyond Moore's era. Meanwhile, as a future type of computation that could be used when Moore's Law ends, quantum computing is gaining considerable attention from academic and industrial communities. Group IV material devices will be an important aspect of quantum computing.

Currently, photonic and sensor devices have also attracted a large amount of interest. For example, materials are required for emissions in the infrared and terahertz range with high responsivity and low dark currents [5–7]. Therefore, many studies are seeking methods to decrease the defect density, in particular in device processing. The main goal is to find a monolithic solution where a material can be used for both photonic and electronic components on the chip. Ge and GeSn are materials that are recognized as excellent candidates as optoelectronic materials [8–12].

In this field, nanodevices are manufactured in 3D, and the emergence of electronics and photonics is inevitable. It is obvious that the complexity of our society requires technology to become more complicated in its design. In the future, electronic–photonic designs will be our ultimate goal in nanotechnology.

This Special Issue presents the fabrication and characterization of group IV nanostructures, nanodevices and nanosensors and their integration with photonics. The issue also covers optoelectronic materials and defect engineering as well as characterization.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.

**Citation:** Radamson, H.H.; Wang, G. Special Issue: Silicon Nanodevices. *Nanomaterials* **2022**, *12*, 1980. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nano12121980

Received: 26 May 2022 Accepted: 30 May 2022 Published: 9 June 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

### **References**


**4. Determination of elastic moduli for laminates**

In order to diminish the formation of the residual stress and strains, which can arise during cure we use only 8-layers symmetric balanced laminates in our investigation. All used schemes of lamina stacking are shown in **Figure 4** with their designations.

For each lay-up scheme the elastic moduli were determined independently by two methods: by the finite element method and on the base of the classical laminates theory. The last one proposes the following relationships for the elastic moduli of laminate.

$$\begin{aligned} \overline{E}\_{\times} &= \frac{A\_{11}A\_{22} - A\_{12}^2}{A\_{22}H} \; ; \quad \overline{E}\_{\times} = \frac{A\_{11}A\_{22} - A\_{12}^2}{A\_{11}H} \; ; \\\overline{G}\_{\times y} &= \frac{A\_{66}}{H} \; ; \quad \qquad \overline{v}\_{\times y} = \frac{A\_{12}}{A\_{22}} .\end{aligned} \tag{3}$$

where indices *x*, *y* correspond to the longitudinal and transversal directions of laminate, respectively, and the elements of {*A*} matrix are calculated by the formula [22, 23].

$$A\_{ij} = \sum\_{k=1}^{N} \overline{Q}\_{ijk} (\mathbf{z}\_k - \mathbf{z}\_{k-1}) \tag{4}$$

accurate identification of the modules described in [24]. All modules to be determined in the numerical experiments are averaged by integration along the lines where the pure tensile or

Optimization of Lay-Up Stacking for a Loaded-Carrying Slender Composite Beam

Geometry of the FE models consists of eight separated layers, each of which is characterized by its orientation of lamina. Numerical calculation of elastic modules has been

**Figure 6.** Some examples of longitudinal, transverse elastic moduli and Poisson ratios dependencies on the lay-up angles

for the laminate stacking I, II, III, IV (see **Figure 4**).

of lamina orientation.

43

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76566

implemented for all lay-ups (see **Figure 4**) with the step Δ*φ* = 100

shear occurs (see **Figure 5**).

Where, *Q*¯*ijk* are the *i*, *j*-th elements of the reduced stiffness matrix *Q*¯ for the *k*-th layer, *zk*−1 , *zk* are the bounds of the *k*-th layer and *H* is the laminate thickness.

The FE model for determining of elastic moduli simulated the experimental tests according to the standards ASTM D 3039–95 and ASTM D 5379–93 with the numerical methods for the

**Figure 4.** Used schemes of lamina stacking.

**Figure 5.** Geometry (a, c) and postprocessing results (b, d) of models simulating the mechanical tests ASTM D 3039–95 "Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials" (a, b) and ASTM D 5379–93 "Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Beam Method" (c, d).

accurate identification of the modules described in [24]. All modules to be determined in the numerical experiments are averaged by integration along the lines where the pure tensile or shear occurs (see **Figure 5**).

42 Optimum Composite Structures

*E*¯*x* = *A*11 *A*22 − *A*12

*G*¯*xy* = \_\_\_ *A*66

the bounds of the *k*-th layer and *H* is the laminate thickness.

*Aij* = ∑

**Figure 4.** Used schemes of lamina stacking.

2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

*H* ; *ν*

respectively, and the elements of {*A*} matrix are calculated by the formula [22, 23].

*k*=1 *N*

Where, *Q*¯*ijk* are the *i*, *j*-th elements of the reduced stiffness matrix *Q*¯ for the *k*-th layer, *zk*−1

The FE model for determining of elastic moduli simulated the experimental tests according to the standards ASTM D 3039–95 and ASTM D 5379–93 with the numerical methods for the

**Figure 5.** Geometry (a, c) and postprocessing results (b, d) of models simulating the mechanical tests ASTM D 3039–95 "Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials" (a, b) and ASTM D 5379–93 "Test Method

for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Beam Method" (c, d).

*A*22 *H* ; *E*¯*y* = *A*11 *A*22 − *A*12

where indices *x*, *y* correspond to the longitudinal and transversal directions of laminate,

¯*xy* = \_\_\_ *A*12 *A*22 .

2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ *A*11 *H* ;

*Q*¯*ijk*(*zk* − *zk*−1) (4)

(3)

, *zk* are Geometry of the FE models consists of eight separated layers, each of which is characterized by its orientation of lamina. Numerical calculation of elastic modules has been implemented for all lay-ups (see **Figure 4**) with the step Δ*φ* = 100 of lamina orientation.

**Figure 6.** Some examples of longitudinal, transverse elastic moduli and Poisson ratios dependencies on the lay-up angles for the laminate stacking I, II, III, IV (see **Figure 4**).

Both moduli calculation methods have demonstrated a good correspondence, but FE method provides higher accuracy at the calculation of the Poisson ratios and in-plane shear module *Gxy*. Some examples of obtained results are shown in **Figures 6** and **7**. Each point on these plots at the chosen angle *φ* (or *φ* and *ψ* for the scheme V) represents the

**Figure 7.** The in-plane shear module dependencies on the lay-up angles for the laminate stacking I, II, III, IV and V (see **Figure 4**).

**Figure 8.** Angular dependencies of the longitudinal, shear modules and in-plane Poisson ratio for the lay-ups II (left)

Optimization of Lay-Up Stacking for a Loaded-Carrying Slender Composite Beam

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76566

45

and IV (right) (see **Figure 4**).

Optimization of Lay-Up Stacking for a Loaded-Carrying Slender Composite Beam http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76566 45

Both moduli calculation methods have demonstrated a good correspondence, but FE method provides higher accuracy at the calculation of the Poisson ratios and in-plane shear module *Gxy*. Some examples of obtained results are shown in **Figures 6** and **7**. Each point on these plots at the chosen angle *φ* (or *φ* and *ψ* for the scheme V) represents the

**Figure 7.** The in-plane shear module dependencies on the lay-up angles for the laminate stacking I, II, III, IV and V (see

**Figure 4**).

44 Optimum Composite Structures

**Figure 8.** Angular dependencies of the longitudinal, shear modules and in-plane Poisson ratio for the lay-ups II (left) and IV (right) (see **Figure 4**).

values of effective elastic moduli for the laminate with given lay-up. Note that according to the homogenization hypothesis this laminate is considered as the solid body with uniform structure.

In the next stage of investigation, the angular dependencies of the effective moduli were investigated. In order to avoid the significant reduction of the structural rigidity in some directions, these dependencies should not have sharp drops, corresponding to these directions. Some examples of such angular dependencies are shown in **Figure 8**. These dependencies have been used for the preliminary selections of the "candidates" lay-ups, which have been further used to test them in mechanical testing of the optimized slender structure.


A common clinical practice among physical therapists is the use of ultrasound prior to capsular and soft tissue stretching techniques based upon its thermal and mechanical effects. Ultrasound is used to manage several soft-tissue conditions, such as tendinitis, bursitis, and muscle spasm; reabsorb calcium deposits in soft tissue; and

reduce joint contractures, pain, and scar tissue. Used in conjunction with hot packs, muscle spasms and muscle guarding may be reduced [44]. The effect of ultrasound therapy at a frequency of 1 MHz, unlike the hot pack that produces surface heating, is a heating in the deeper tissues due to the increase in blood flow resulting in an analgesic muscle relaxant effect and wash out of pain mediators. Ultrasound therapy is used in association with the electric current that produces a modulation of muscle tone or further modulates pain. Robertson et al. [45] reported the usage of ultrasound therapy (UST) clinically in the rehabilitation of patients with frozen shoulders. Direct contact is the most common method that therapist applies ultrasound. It consists in the application of a transducer that is pressed gently into conductive gel and against the skin.

It is recommended that ultrasound be applied in a pulsed mode at low intensity (0.5–1.0 W/cm2 ) during the acute phase of inflammation to minimize the risk of aggravating the condition and to accelerate recovery, and that continuous ultrasound at high enough intensity to increase tissue temperature be applied in combination with stretching to assist in the resolution of chronic phase, only if the problem is accompanied by soft tissue shortening [46–48]. In a guideline it is reported that therapeutic ultrasound (US) was effective in the treatment of calcific tendonitis of the shoulder, there was no evidence that it was beneficial for other forms of shoulder pain (e.g., capsulitis, bursitis, tendonitis) [49].

The use of ultrasound therapy is indicated as a treatment for the painful phase of adhesive capsulitis and is indicated in the literature alone or in therapy with other therapies (stretching, mobilization, transcutaneous electrotherapy, and laser therapy) with a type B degree of evidence (there is research-based evidence to support the recommendation) [50]. Other studies have shown efficacy not superior to other therapies [51].

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)*

TENS consists of low-frequency electrical pulses (generated by a small, portable unit) transmitted to the tissues through electrodes on the skin. The pulses stimulate peripheral nerves in such a way as to suppress the perception of pain. TENS therapy determines analgesia by different mechanisms—by causing interactions between types of nerve fibers, resulting in a "block" on the transmission of pain signals to the brain; or by releasing hormones that block pain receptors in the central nervous system. The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis seem to be superior in comparison to stretching exercise [52].

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Electromagnetic therapy*

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) provide a noninvasive, safe, and easy method to treat pain with respect to musculoskeletal diseases. Magnetic field therapy was applied to promote bone healing, treat osteoarthritis and inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system, alleviate pain, enhance healing of ulcers, and reduce spasticity [53, 54]. This mechanism could promote the resolution of pain by accelerating the removal of inflammatory substances. PEMF stimulates chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis through the release of anabolic morphogens, such as bone morphogenetic proteins and anti-inflammatory cytokines [55].

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has been reported to produce antiinflammatory and bone-healing effects, but it is unclear whether—it is more or less effective than placebo, or whether other electrotherapy modalities are an effective adjunct to exercise for the treatment of frozen shoulder.

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT)*

ESWT has been recently receiving attention for the treatment of the frozen shoulder. Extracorporeal shock waves therapy (ESWT) represents a valid tool for a wide range of disorders, both in orthopedics and rehabilitative medicine (tendon pathologies, bone healing disturbances, vascular bone diseases), but also in dermatology and vulnology (wound healing disturbances, ulcers, painful scars), neurology (spastic hypertonia and related disturbances), some andrologic disturbances (induratio penis plastica and erectyle disfunctions), and cardiology (in relation to ischemic heart diseases) [56]. ESWT is a treatment method that applies extracorporeal shock waves to lesions to aid revascularization and stimulate or reactivate the healing of bones and connective tissues such as tendons, thereby relieving pain and improving functions. Data suggest that in the field of tendinopathies ESWT can be considered not only as a symptomatologic therapy but rather a real curative treatment, able to relieve pain and inflammation in the short-medium term but also to positively interfere with tendon structure in a regenerative way [57]. In doing this, it causes changes in cells' metabolism and the permeability of endothelial cell tissues, leading to pain relief and having positive effects on soft tissues [58]. A recent systematic review demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of ESWT for frozen shoulder; ESWT determines the reduction of pain intensity, and it improves shoulder function, quality of life without adverse events [59].

#### **6.2 Physiotherapy**

Several studies have examined the effect of joint mobilization in patients with adhesive capsulitis, and although there is evidence that it may be beneficial, there is little evidence to support superior efficacy over other interventions [60–62].

Joint mobilization procedures are primarily directed to the glenohumeral joint to reduce pain and increase motion and function in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Mobilization techniques improve the normal extensibility of the shoulder capsule and stretch the tightened soft tissues to induce beneficial effects. Mulligan's mobilizationwith-movement (MWM) treatment techniques, could be used. The most important points of the Mulligan Concept include the active participation of the patient and the elimination of pain during therapy [63]. A recent review of the literature analyzed 16 controlled clinical trial (CCT) or randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies that used MWMs demonstrating efficacy on pain and disability [64].

Also, stretching exercises appear to influence pain and improve ROM. The Harvard Special Health Report offers some stretching exercises that are effective in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis—pendulum stretch, towel stretch finger walk, cross-body reach, armpit stretch, starting to strengthen, outward rotation, inward rotation. These exercises can be performed with the physiotherapist or carried out as a home program [65].

No evidence exists to guide the optimal frequency, number of repetitions, or duration of stretching exercises. Stretching beyond painful limits may result in poorer outcomes. Therefore, stretching intensity that matches the given level of tissue irritability is indicated.

#### **6.3 Manual myofascial therapy**

Manual therapy may include myofascial work to release abnormal tension and restore mobility and function and identify fascial restrictions using motion testing and palpation.

In the myofascial treatment could be used simple techniques for muscle treatment and joint manipulations, such as:

#### **6.4 Minimally invasive treatments**

#### *6.4.1 Acupuncture*

Acupuncture can be used to treat the pain of the frozen shoulder. It involves inserting needles into the skin at sites that vary from case to case and also depend on the practitioners'school of thought. Traditional Chinese medicine regarded acupuncture as an effective measure in aborting the signs and symptoms of frozen shoulder and in preventing future recurrence.

In the treatment of frozen shoulder, as in many other diseases, one in long, 30 gauge, disposable, sterilized, filiform needles are usually used. The sides of the application are defined as local points and distal points [67].

An integration approach can be ear acupuncture in the treatment of the frozen shoulder. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the sensitive spots on the auricle are anatomically and pathologically related to the affected shoulder joint [68] (**Figure 2**).

#### *<IP_ADDRESS> Kinesio taping (KT)*

Kinesio taping is a complementary therapy based on the application of an elastic membrane that allows relieving pain. The effect on pain is pain modulation through pain gate control theory. The epidermis is equipped with a series of nerve receptors that, if subjected to a series of external stimuli, communicate with the underlying muscles. As a result, depending on how they are placed, the tapes can inhibit a contracted muscle or facilitate lymphatic flow, decreasing pain and inflammation [69]. The application KT

**Figure 2.** *Ear acupuncture in the treatment of frozen shoulder.*

can produce local physiological changes that resulted in therapeutic effects, such as the relief of pain (pain gate mechanism, reducing muscle spasm) and improvement in ROM (tissue extensibility) [70, 71].

#### **6.5 Operative treatments**

#### *6.5.1 Arthroscopic capsular release and manipulation under anesthetic (MUA)*

Arthroscopic treatment is usually indicated in patients who do not respond to drug and/or rehabilitation therapy. Usually, during this procedure, a manipulation under anesthetic (MUA) is carried out as in this way, it is possible to reduce the potential damage by allowing it to be performed with less force. In addition to a general anesthetic, it is normal for a regional nerve block to be given. This causes postoperative numbness and enables the patient to get moving at the earliest possible stage. Intensive physiotherapy is regarded as essential to a good outcome.

#### **6.6 Postural educational program**

After a period of unconditioning typical of the acute phase of pain and contracture, it is necessary to learn again the correct body schema and achieve the complete recovery of postural control. It is possible through a progressive recovery of good motor control, thanks to the muscular selective reinforcement with the increasing development of strength in different patterns of movement, both the proprioceptive recovery. In the last rehabilitation phase it is necessary to restore the sensorimotor skills including proprioception static and dynamic balance either with aquatic rehabilitation therapy or through platform swing walkway, which is a common way to improve gait pattern through activation of sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, vestibular, and somatosensory) [72, 73].

#### **Table 3.** *Summary of therapeutic strategies.*

#### *6.6.1 Summary of therapeutic strategies*

See **Table 3**.

#### **7. Conclusion**

Often a rehabilitative success is defined by the return of normal motion rather than pain-free functional motion, but adhesive capsulitis is a challenging condition for both the physical therapist and patient. In fact, the healing process takes months to restore full mobility without pain, considering the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and the months of collagen remodeling required to recover soft tissue length. The rehabilitation of frozen shoulder is frequently prolonged despite multiple therapeutic methods because of the difficulty of acting on the degenerative process of the cartilage matrix and the progress of adhesive capsulitis. It is important to the diagnosis process and assessment to choose the best intervention or a combination of strategies for each patient. Although in scientific literature, a definition of the best rehabilitation approach is still needed, following an integrated, multifaceted, and combination of evidence-based approaches, therapeutic success can be achieved!

#### **Disclosure**

The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.

#### **Author details**

Simona Maria Carmignano1,2

1 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Salernitan Medical School", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy

2 C.T.R. Rehabilitation Therapeutic Center, Basilicata, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section 2