**5. Conclusions**

*Innovation in the Food Sector Through the Valorization of Food and Agro-Food By-Products*

has promising applications as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-enterovirus and hepatoprotective [132]. Despite its potential biochemical and therapeutic benefits, there are some challenges in its downstream processing including difficulty in primary extraction and purification, containing lower proportion of phycobiliprotein rather than phycocyanin and the resistance of cell membrane to disruption cause extraction of 50–60% of A-PC by conventional methods. Moreover, the main objective of pigment extraction form *spirulina* is C-PC, consequently, remaining high content of A-PC (about 40–50%) in biomass

Algae protein waste is a by-product derived from water-extraction process of microalgae, during algae essence manufacturing. The underutilized algae wastes, containing above 50% protein, have low economical value to be used as animal feed. The pepsin hydrolysate from algae protein waste exhibited antioxidative activity in preliminary experiments, indicating that algae waste might become a new protein

Furthermore, protein hydrolysates from marine sources such as algae by-products, have generally been used to produce seafood flavorings. A high flavor quality is difficult to ensure for seafood flavoring that is produced from marine animal sources because of their high susceptibility to lipid oxidation and the high cost of removing excess fat. Seaweed by-products after agar extraction are good sources of plant protein and contain taste-active amino acids, such as aspartic acid, glutamic

A seaweed protein hydrolysate using 10% bromelain for 3 h, resulted in high level of arginine, lysine, and leucine as free amino acids. These amino acids exhib-

Most microalgae contain high level of protein which discarded or damaged during biofuels production, while are good candidate for protein extraction and consequently, obtain lipid-rich product as by-product as feedstock for biofuels production. Even though proteins are major algae biomass component, usually they are undervalued compared to minor components such as omega fatty acids, pigments

For instance, Garcia-Moscoso et al. [136] extracted more than 60 wt% of nitrogen content of *Scenedesmus* sp. by subcritical water medium then the lipid-rich

Moreover, protein isolation, as valuable by-product, from defatted

*Nannochloropsis*, can be obtained after lipid extraction during biofuel production. Defatted and non-defatted *Nannochloropsis* contained 56.9% and 40.5% protein respectively. The protein yields by alkaline (pH 11 and 60 C) extraction method were 16% and 30% respectively. These isolated proteins had a high molecular

There are numerous investigations about algae protein waste and extraction of peptides or amino acids with functional properties. For instance, the antioxidative peptide of VECYGPNRPQF was isolated by pepsin from *Chlorella vulgaris*. This peptide had some bioactivity such as DNA protective effect against hydroxyl radicals, gastrointestinal enzyme-resistance, and strong antioxidant properties. Fractionation of proteins exhibited the high level of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and lysine [134]. This amino acid sequence (VECYGPNRPQF) can act as cheap and natural anticancer peptide because had antiproliferation and induced a post-G1 cell cycle arrest in AGS cells with no cytotoxicity effect in WI-38 lung

source for selection of novel antioxidative peptides [134].

acid, arginine, and lysine, in addition to a low fat content [135].

ited an umami taste and a seaweed odor [135].

or other possible valuable buy-products [136].

residue used as suitable feedstock for biofuel production.

after C-PC extraction [133].

**4.3 Proteins**

**126**

fibroblasts cells [137].

weight approximately 250 kDa [138].

This chapter indicated that seafood by-products are one of the most important sources of value added products that can play an important role in the global market due to the increasing growth of demands for health beneficiary products. Through this opportunity and based on our research background for many years, we decided to provide important information about some value-added products obtained from seafood by-products. Proteins and peptides are a major part of the seafood by-products composition that can easily provide essential amino acids and bioactive peptides with health beneficent. Fish oil is another valuable product that could be extracted from seafood by-products. This source is rich in LCPUFA and decreases the risks of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular issues, thereby directly related to our health. Marine algae are a versatile, abundant, and valuable source of many compounds that have been widely used for many industries. The presence of bioactive compounds such as sulfated polysaccharide, carotenoid, and protein makes them a suitable candidate in biomedical applications. It seems, they will play an important role in human life because of their broad applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.


Applications of Calorimetry in a Wide Context

Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Microcalorimetry

*Edited by Amal Ali Elkordy*

**APPLICATIONS**

**WIDE CONTEXT –**

**CALORIMETRY,**

Edited by **Amal Ali Elkordy**

**OF CALORIMETRY IN A**

**DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING**

**ISOTHERMAL TITRATION**

**CALORIMETRY AND**

**MICROCALORIMETRY**


Meet the editor

Fausto (https://blog.uclm.es/faustopedrogarcia/) works at UCLM as a Full Professor (accredited as Full Professor from 2013), Spain, Honorary Senior Research Fellow at Birmingham University, UK, Lecturer at the Postgraduate European Institute, and he has been a Senior Manager in Accenture (2013-2014). He obtained his European PhD with a maximum distinction. He has been awarded: Advancement Prize for Management Sci-ence and

Engineering Management Nominated Prize (2018), First International Business Ideas Competition 2017 Award (2017); Runner (2015), Advancement (2013) and Silver (2012) by the International Society of Management Science and Engineering Management (ICMSEM); Best Paper Award in the international journal of Renewable Energy (Impact Factor 3.5) (2015). He has published more than 150 papers (65 % ISI, 30% JCR and 92% internationals), some recognized as: "Renewable Energy" (as "Best Paper 2014"); "ICMSEM" (as "excellent"), "Int. J. of Automation and Computing" and "IMechE Part F: J. of Rail and Rapid Transit" (most downloaded), etc. He is the author and editor of 25 books (Elsevier, Springer, Pearson, Mc-GrawHill, IntechOpen, IGI, Marcombo, AlfaOmega, etc), and 5 patents. He is the editor of 5 international journals and a committee member of more than 40 international conferences. He has been Principal Investigator in 4 European projects, 5 National projects, and more than 150 projects for universities, companies, etc. His main interest are: maintenance management, renewable energy, transport, advanced analytics, data science. He is the Director of www.ingeniumgroup.eu.

Contents

by Shaoqiong Zhao

and Hani Mahdi

and Festus O. Oderanti

and Bilal Eneizan

Type of Input Data

The Role of Reviews in Decision-Making

Decision-Making in Fuzzy Environment: A Survey by Hossam Kamal El-Din, Hossam E. Abd El Munim

by Sulaiman Abdulaziz Alfadhel, Shaofeng Liu

Business and Information System Alignment Theories Built on eGovernment Service Practice: An Holistic Literature Review

How Does Socio-Technical Approach Influence Sustainability? Considering the Roles of Decision Making Environment by Hadi AL-Abrrow, Alhamzah Alnoor, Hasan Abdullah

Decision-Making Method Taking into Account the Characteristics of Third-Party Logistics, the Requirements of Managers, and the

Inventory Policies for Deteriorating Items with Maximum Lifetime under Downstream Partial Trade Credits to Credit-Risk Customers

by Nirmal Kumar Duari, Sorforaj Nowaj and Jobin George Varghese

A Framework for Detecting the Proper Multi-Criteria

Decision Rule Induction Based on the Graph Theory

by Patricija Bajec and Danijela Tuljak-Suban

by Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz

by Discounted Cash Flow Analysis

Preface III

Chapter 1 1

Chapter 2 15

Chapter 3 33

Chapter 4 55

Chapter 5 75

Chapter 6 91

Chapter 7 107


**Author details**

Anita Mann\*, Ashwani Kumar, Satish Kumar Sanwal and Parbodh Chander Sharma ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
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