*3.4. Soxhlet Extraction*

Bitter melon powder (4.8 kg) was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using various solvents in a sequential manner with increasing polarities [18]. All the extracts were concentrated under vacuum separately and lyophilized to obtain dried powder as follows: *n*-hexane (57.6 g; 0.71%), ethyl acetate (91.8 g; 1.13%); acetone (161.9 g; 2.0%); methanol (131.5 g; 1.62%; methanol: water (1:1; *v*/*v*) (143.7 g; 1.77%) and methanol: water (1:3; *v*/*v*) (197.7 g; 2.44%). The extraction yields were expressed in the weight percentage of fresh fruit.


**7. Particular Cases: Univariate and Bivariate Cauchy Distribution**

*7.1. Case of p* = 1

This case corresponds to the univariate Cauchy distribution. The KLD is given by

$$\text{KL}(X^1||X^2) = -\frac{1}{2}\log\lambda - \frac{\partial}{\partial a}\left\{ \,\_2F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}; a+1; 1-\lambda) \right\}\Big|\_{a=0} \tag{119}$$

where 2*F*1 is the Gauss's hypergeometric function. The expression of the derivative of 2*F*1 is given as follows (see Appendix C.1 for details of computation)

$$\begin{split} \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \left\{ \,\_2F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}; a+1; 1-\lambda) \right\} \Big|\_{a=0} &= \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)\_n \frac{1}{n} \frac{(1-\lambda)^n}{n!} \\ &= -2 \ln \left( \frac{1+\lambda^{1/2}}{2} \right). \end{split} \tag{120}$$

Accordingly, the KLD is then expressed as

$$\text{KL}(X^1||X^2) = \log \frac{(1+\lambda^{\frac{1}{2}})^2}{4\lambda^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tag{121}$$

$$\hat{\lambda} = \log \frac{(1 + \lambda^{-\frac{1}{2}})^2}{4\lambda^{-\frac{1}{2}}} = \text{KL}(X^2 || X^1). \tag{122}$$

We conclude that KLD between Cauchy densities is always symmetric. Interestingly, this is consistent with the result presented in [31].

*7.2. Case of p* = 2

This case corresponds to the Bivariate Cauchy distribution. The KLD is then given by

$$\text{KL}(\mathbf{X}^1||\mathbf{X}^2) = -\frac{1}{2}\log\lambda\_1\lambda\_2 - \frac{3}{2}\frac{\partial}{\partial a}\left\{F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}; a + \frac{3}{2}; 1 - \lambda\_1, 1 - \lambda\_2)\right\}\Big|\_{a=0} \tag{123}$$

where *F*1 is the Appell's hypergeometric function (see Appendix A). The expression of the derivative of *F*1 can be further developed

$$\begin{split} & \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \left\{ F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}; a + \frac{3}{2}; 1 - \lambda\_1, 1 - \lambda\_2) \right\} \bigg|\_{a=0} \\ &= \sum\_{n,m=0}^{+\infty} \frac{(1)\_{m+n} (\frac{1}{2})\_n (\frac{1}{2})\_m}{(\frac{3}{2})\_{m+n}} \frac{1}{m+n} \frac{(1 - \lambda\_1)^n}{n!} \frac{(1 - \lambda\_2)^m}{m!} . \end{split} \tag{124}$$

In addition, when the eigenvalue *λi* for *i* = 1, 2 takes some particular values, the expression of the KLD becomes very simple. In the following, we show some cases:

$$(\lambda\_1 = 1, \lambda\_2 \neq 1) \text{ or } (\lambda\_2 = 1, \lambda\_1 \neq 1)$$

For this particular case, we have

$$\left. \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \left\{ F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}; a + \frac{3}{2}; 1 - \lambda\_i, 0) \right\} \right|\_{a=0} = \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \left\{ \,\_2F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}; a + \frac{3}{2}; 1 - \lambda\_i) \right\} \Big|\_{a=0} \tag{125}$$

$$=-\ln\lambda\_i + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\lambda\_i}}\ln\left(\frac{1-\sqrt{1-\lambda\_i}}{1+\sqrt{1-\lambda\_i}}\right) + 2.\tag{126}$$

The demonstration of the derivation is shown in Appendix C.2. Then, KLD becomes equal to

$$\text{KL}(\mathbf{X}^1||\mathbf{X}^2) = \ln \lambda\_i - \frac{3}{2} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\lambda\_i}} \ln \left(\frac{1-\sqrt{1-\lambda\_i}}{1+\sqrt{1-\lambda\_i}}\right) - 3. \tag{127}$$

*λ*1 = *λ*2 = *λ*

For this particular case, we have

$$\left. \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \left\{ F\_1(a, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}; a + \frac{3}{2}; 1 - \lambda, 1 - \lambda) \right\} \right|\_{a = 0} = \left. \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \left\{ \,\_2F\_1(a, 1; a + \frac{3}{2}; 1 - \lambda) \right\} \right|\_{a = 0} \tag{128}$$

$$=-\frac{2}{\sqrt{1-\lambda^{-1}}}\ln(\sqrt{\lambda}+\sqrt{\lambda-1})+2.\tag{129}$$

For more details about the demonstration see Appendix C.3. The KLD becomes equal to

$$\text{KL}(\mathbf{X}^1||\mathbf{X}^2) = -\ln \lambda + \frac{3}{\sqrt{1-\lambda^{-1}}} \ln(\sqrt{\lambda} + \sqrt{\lambda - 1}) - 3. \tag{130}$$

It is easy to deduce that

$$\text{KL}(\mathbf{X}^2||\mathbf{X}^1) = \ln \lambda + \frac{3}{\sqrt{1-\lambda}} \ln(\sqrt{\lambda^{-1}} + \sqrt{\lambda^{-1}-1}) - 3. \tag{131}$$

This result can be demonstrated using the same process as KL(**X**1||**X**2). It is worth to notice that KL(**X**1||**X**2) = KL(**X**2||**X**1) which leads us to conclude that the property of symmetry observed for the univariate case is no longer valid in the multivariate case. Nielsen et al. in [32] gave the same conclusion.

#### **8. Implementation and Comparison with Monte Carlo Technique**

In this section, we show how we practically compute the numerical values of the KLD, especially when we have several equivalent expressions which differ in the region of convergence. To reach this goal, the eigenvalues of **Σ**1**Σ**−1 2 are rearranged in a descending order *λp* > *λp*−1 > ... > *λ*1 > 0. This operation is justified by Equation (53) where it can be seen that the permutation of the eigenvalues does not affect the expectation result. Three cases can be identified from the expressions of KLD.

*8.1. Case* 1 > *λp* > *λp*−1 > ... > *λ*1 > 0

The expression of KL(**X**1||**X**2) is given by Equation (109) and KL(**X**2||**X**1) is given by (115).

$$\begin{aligned} \text{8.2. Case } \lambda\_p > \lambda\_{p-1} > \dots > \lambda\_1 > 1\\ \text{KL}(\mathbf{X}^1||\mathbf{X}^2) \text{ is given by the Equation (110) and KL}(\mathbf{X}^2||\mathbf{X}^1) \text{ is given by (114).} \end{aligned}$$


*Edited by Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin*

This book provides the fundamental understanding of the functioning of solar cellsand the materials for the effective utilization of energy resources. The main objective of writing this book is to create a comprehensive and easy-to-understand source of information on the advances in the rapidly growing research on solar cells.

*Emerging Solar Energy Materials* comprises 12 chapters written by the experts in the solar cell field and is organized with the intention to provide a big picture of the latest progress in the solar cell field and at the same time give an in-depth discussion on fundamentals of solar cells for interested audiences. In this book, each part opens with a new author's essay highlighting their work for contribution toward solar energy.

> Critical, cutting-edge subjects are addressed, including: Photovoltaic device technology and energy applications Functional solar energy materials New concept in solar energy Perovskite solar cells Dye-sensitized solar cells Organic solar cells Thin-film solar cells

The book is written for a large and broad readership including researchers and university graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, physics, materials science, and photovoltaic device technology. The book includes enough information on the basics to be used as a textbook undergraduate coursework in engineering and the sciences.

Published in London, UK © 2018 IntechOpen © kokoroyuki / iStock

Emerging Solar Energy Materials

Emerging Solar Energy

Materials

*Edited by Sadia Ameen,*

*M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin*


3.2.2. The Effect of the Exposure Time

Subsequent studies were focused on the measurement of the zeta potential of red blood cell and platelet membranes as a function of pH depending on the exposure time of the membranes to different polymers. Experimental research was performed immediately after suspending the blood components in a 0.155 M NaCl solution containing the polymer at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL (at which changes in relation to the control sample were observed) and after 1 h and 3 h exposure of erythrocytes and thrombocytes to the polymer.

The dependence of the zeta potential as a function of pH for RBCs is shown in Figure 5. Statistically significant changes were observed at the lowest and the highest pH values. Moreover, changes were observed in the case of (1) PS-100 at pH 4–5 (Figure 5a), (2) PS-NH2-100 in a pH range from 4 to 6 (Figure 5c), and (3) PS-NH2-200 at pH = 4 (Figure 5d). *Membranes* **2022**, *12*, x 13 of 17

**Figure 5.** Zeta potential of the erythrocytes' cell membranes as a function of the pH of the electrolyte solution. The parameter was measured immediately (●), after 1 h (♦), and 3 h (■) of exposing the sample to the polymer: (**a**) PS–100, (**b**) PS–200, (**c**) PS–NH2–100, and (**d**) PS–NH2–200. **Figure 5.** Zeta potential of the erythrocytes' cell membranes as a function of the pH of the electrolyte solution. The parameter was measured immediately (•), after 1 h (), and 3 h () of exposing the sample to the polymer: (**a**) PS–100, (**b**) PS–200, (**c**) PS–NH2–100, and (**d**) PS–NH2–200.

All particles used in this study were associated with erythrocytes—attached to or internalized by cells, depending on the size and surface chemistry. From the data shown in Figure 5, it can be seen that both processes occurred quickly and efficiently within one hour of the cells and particles coming into contact. Any coincidental discrepancies between the zeta values obtained for different durations of cell exposure to the polymer are likely due to the possibility of particles detaching from erythrocytes, as a result of shear forces, cell–cell interactions, and cell–vessel wall interactions [49]. *Membranes* **2022**, *12*, x 14 of 17

> In the case of studies on thrombocyte membranes (Figure 6), significant changes in the *ζ* potential were observed while exposing these cells to PS-100 and PS-NH2-200. In the case of studies on thrombocyte membranes (Figure 6), significant changes in the *ζ* potential were observed while exposing these cells to PS-100 and PS-NH2-200.

**Figure 6.** Zeta potential of the platelets' cell membranes as a function of the pH of the electrolyte solution. The parameter was measured immediately (•), after 1 h (), and 3 h () of exposing the sample to the polymer: (**a**) PS–100, (**b**) PS–200, (**c**) PS–NH2–100, and (**d**) PS–NH2–200.

From the data depicted in Figure 6, it can be noted that PS-200 and PS-NH2-100 quickly and efficiently attached to platelet membranes within an hour. For PS-100 and PS-NH2-200 particles, the association of polystyrene with cells was slower. This can be seen in the obtained dependencies, in which the zeta potential values measured after 3 h of thrombocyte exposure to the polymer are more similar to those measured directly than to those determined after 1 h of cell exposure. In the subject literature, studies have been presented in which internalization was noticeable as early as 1 min after incubation [46], and in which, as the duration of cell exposure to polystyrene increased, a greater probability of polystyrene association with cells was reported [37].


**1. Introduction**

Let (Ω, -, *P*) be a fixed probability space, where Ω is a sample space, is a *σ*-algebra and *P* is a probability measure.

The aim of this article is to extend the results of A.M.A. El-Sayed [1,2] on the stochastic fractional calculus operators defined on *C*([0, *T*], *L*2(Ω)) and the solution of stochastic differential equations subject to nonlocal integral conditions which have been considered in [3,4].

Moreover, we motivate the coupled system of integral equations in reflexive Banach space by A.M.A. El-Sayed and H.H.G.Hashem [5] to the coupled systems with random memory on the space of all second order stochastic process.

The continuous dependence of a unique solution has been studied on the random initial data and the random function which ensures the stability of the solution.

Nonlocal problem of differential equation have been studied by many authors (see for example [6–8]).

Let *Z*(*t*; *ω*) = *Z*(*t*), *t* ∈ [0, *T*], *ω* ∈ Ω be a second order stochastic process, i.e., *E*(*Z*2(*t*)) < ∞, *t* ∈ [0, *T*].

Let *C* = *C*([0, *T*], *L*2(Ω)) be the space of all second order stochastic processes which is mean square (m.s) continuous on [0, *T*]. The norm of *Z* ∈ *C*([0, *T*], *L*2(Ω)) is given by

$$\|Z\|\_{\mathbb{C}} = \sup\_{t \in [0,T]} \|Z(t)\|\_{2\prime} \qquad\qquad \qquad \|Z(t)\|\_{2} = \sqrt{E(Z^2(t))}.$$

Let *T* ≥ 1. In this paper we study the existence of solutions (*x*, *y*) ∈ *C*([0, *T*], *L*2(Ω)) of the problem of the coupled system of random and stochastic differential equations

**Citation:** El-Sayed, A.M.A.; Fouad, H.A. On a Coupled System of Random and Stochastic Nonlinear Differential Equations with Coupled Nonlocal Random and Stochastic Nonlinear Integral Conditions. *Mathematics* **2021**, *9*, 2111. https:// doi.org/10.3390/math9172111

Academic Editor: Alexandra Kashchenko

Received: 3 July 2021 Accepted: 27 August 2021 Published: 1 September 2021

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

1

Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt

$$\frac{dx(t)}{dt} \quad = \quad f\_1(t, y(\phi\_1(t))), \qquad t \in (0, T]. \tag{1}$$

$$dy(t) \quad = \quad f\_2(t, x(\phi\_2(t)))dW(t), \quad t \in (0, T] \tag{2}$$

subject to each one of the two nonlinear nonlocal stochastic integral conditions

$$\mathbf{x}(0) + \int\_0^\tau h\_1(s, \mathbf{y}(s)) \, dW(s) = \mathbf{x}\_{0\prime} \qquad \mathbf{y}(0) + \int\_0^\eta h\_2(s, \mathbf{x}(s)) \, ds = \mathbf{y}\_0 \tag{3}$$

and

$$\mathbf{x}(0) + \int\_0^\tau h\_1(\mathbf{s}, \mathbf{x}(\mathbf{s})) d\mathcal{W}(\mathbf{s}) = \mathbf{x}\_0, \qquad \mathbf{y}(0) + \int\_0^\eta h\_2(\mathbf{s}, \mathbf{y}(\mathbf{s})) d\mathbf{s} = \mathbf{y}\_0 \tag{4}$$

where *x*0 and *y*0 are two second order random variables.

Let *X* = *C*([0, *T*], *L*2(Ω)) × *C*([0, *T*], *L*2(Ω)) be the class of all ordered pairs (*x*, *y*), *x*, *y* ∈ *C* with the norm

$$\|\|(\mathbf{x}, y)\|\|\_{X} = \max\{\|\mathbf{x}\|\_{\mathbb{C}^\prime} \|y\|\_{\mathbb{C}}\} = \max\{\sup\_{t \in [0, T]} \|\mathbf{x}(t)\|\_{2\prime} \sup\_{t \in [0, T]} \|y(t)\|\_{2}\}.\tag{5}$$

Let *φi* : [0, *T*] → [0, *T*] be continuous functions such that *φi*(*t*) ≤ *t* and consider the following assumptions

**Assumption 1.** *fi* : [0, *T*] × *L*2(Ω) → *L*2(Ω), *i* = 1, 2 *are measurable in t* ∈ [0, *T*] *for all x* ∈ *L*2(Ω) *and continuous in x* ∈ *L*2(Ω) *for all t* ∈ [0, *T*]. *There exist two bounded measurable functions mi* : [0, *T*] → *R and two positive constants bi such that*

$$\|f\_i(t, \mathbf{x})\|\_2 \le |m\_i(t)| + b\_i \|\mathbf{x}(t)\|\_2, \quad i = 1, 2. \tag{6}$$

**Assumption 2.** *hi* : [0, *T*] × *L*2(Ω) → *L*2(Ω), *i* = 1, 2 *are measurable in t* ∈ [0, *T*] *for all x* ∈ *L*2(Ω) *and continuous in x* ∈ *L*2(Ω) *for all t* ∈ [0, *T*]. *There exist two bounded measurable functions ki* : [0, *T*] → *R and two positive constants ci such that*

$$||h\_i(t, \mathbf{x})||\_2 \le |k\_i(t)| + c\_i ||\mathbf{x}(t)||\_{2\prime} \quad i = 1, 2. \tag{7}$$

**Assumption 3.** *M* = max{sup*t*∈[0,*T*] |*m*1(*t*)|, sup*t*∈[0,*T*] |*m*2(*t*)|}, *b* = max{*b*1, *b*2}.

**Assumption 4.** *K* = max{sup*t*∈[0,*T*] |*k*1(*t*)|, sup*t*∈[0,*T*] |*k*2(*t*)|}, *c* = max{*c*1, *c*2}.

**Assumption 5.** (*b* + *c*)*T* < 1.

Now, integrating the two random and stochastic differential Equations (1) and (2) (see [1,2,9–14]) and using the nonlocal conditions (3) and (4) the following Lemma can be proven.

**Lemma 1.** *The integral representations of the solutions of the nonlocal problems (1) and (2) with conditions (3) and (1) and (2) with conditions (4) are given by*

$$\mathbf{x}(t) \quad = \quad \mathbf{x}\_0 - \int\_0^\tau h\_1(s, \mathbf{y}(s)) d\mathcal{W}(s) + \int\_0^t f\_1(s, \mathbf{y}(\phi\_1(s))) ds,\tag{8}$$

$$y(t) = -y\_0 - \int\_0^{\eta} h\_2(s, \mathbf{x}(s)) ds + \int\_0^t f\_2(s, \mathbf{x}(\phi\_2(s))) dW(s). \tag{9}$$

*and*

$$\mathbf{x}(t) = \mathbf{x}\_0 - \int\_0^\tau h\_1(s, \mathbf{x}(s)) d\mathcal{W}(s) + \int\_0^t f\_1(s, y(\phi\_1(s))) ds,\tag{10}$$

$$y(t) = -y\_0 - \int\_0^{\eta} h\_2(s, y(s)) ds + \int\_0^t f\_2(s, \mathfrak{x}(\phi\_2(s))) dW(s). \tag{11}$$

*respectively.*


**3.2.2 Local residents' attitudes toward tourism**

Among the participants whose source of income is tourism, 15% are engaged in running guesthouses, 9% in handicrafts (wood engraving, filigree, etc.), and 8% are restaurateurs (Table 4).

Table 4. Occupation of local residents whose source of income is tourism.

Amongst the primary problems faced by the participants whose source of income is tourism, the first was lack of training in tourism (13%), followed by lack of standards in the tourism sector and lack of awareness among the public about tourism (both 6%) (Figure 2).

48% of the participants are from Amasra. 54% of the parricipants have been living in Amasra for more than 20 years. In terms of source of income, 37% of the participants are

Animal

Among the participants whose source of income is tourism, 15% are engaged in running guesthouses, 9% in handicrafts (wood engraving, filigree, etc.), and 8% are restaurateurs

> Guesthouse management

Table 4. Occupation of local residents whose source of income is tourism.

Handicrafts (wood

Amongst the primary problems faced by the participants whose source of income is tourism, the first was lack of training in tourism (13%), followed by lack of standards in the tourism sector and lack of awareness among the public about tourism (both 6%) (Figure 2).

 Yes 48 No 52 1 year 7

1-3 year 12 3-5 year 6 5-10 year 10 10-15 year 6 15-20 year 5 20+ year 54

No response 2 Agriculture 1

husbandry 1 Commerce 7 Tourism 37 Handicrafts 1 Other 51

No response 62

engraving, filigree, etc.) 9 Restaurateurs 8 Hotel management 2 Other 4

**Percent (%)**

**Percent (%)**

15

engaged in tourism, and 51% in other sectors (Table 3).

**Being from Amasra**

**For how long they live in Amasra**

**Source of income of the**

**3.2.2 Local residents' attitudes toward tourism**

**Occupation of local residents whose source of income is tourism**

**family**

Table 3. Participant demographics.

(Table 4).

Fig. 2. Primary problems faced by participants with tourism as source of income (A. Financial difficulties; B. Lack of education in tourism; C. Limitations due to Amasra's status as a protection site; D. Lack of attention from local administrations; E. Lack of standards in the tourism sector; F. Lack of branding; G. Lack of local residents' awareness regarding tourism; H. Other).

The participants indicated that the busiest months of tourism activities in Amasra are July (74%), August (61%), and June (43%).

According to the participants, the tourist demand for Amasra is due to its coastal location (31%), the historical and cultural values (30%) and natural beauty of the town and its surroundings (20%). In addition, the analysis of the ranking of the first, second and third preferences belonging to the same option revealed that the choice ''seafood restaurants'' is of prominence with values close to each other in all the three preferences of the participants (Figure 3).

86% of the participants stated that the tourism potential of Amasra is not sufficiently utilized, in constrast with 13% of the participants who thought it was sufficiently used. 1% of the participants did not answer this question.

In terms of peripheral services developing thanks to tourism, 63% of the participants ranked guesthouses as the first choice, 28% handicrafts and 19% seafood restaurants (Figure 4).

54% of the participants stated that the impact of tourism in Amasra are positive, while 7% considered the impact negative and 39% both positive and negative. Among the participants who indicated that the impact is positive, 44% thought that it is effective in the promotion of the town. According to the participants, the negative impact of tourism is due to, first, the degradation of traditional houses because of unplanned development; second, the number of visitors exceeding the carrying capacity, and third, degradation of natural and cultural areas, and visual pollution (Table 5).

Local Residents' Perceptions of and Attitudes

Creating comfortable environments with landscape design

Protection of cultural

Economic contribution to

Ensuring the continuity of

Change in local culture and

Degradation of traditional houses due to unplanned

Degradation of natural and cultural areas due to the number of visitors exceeding the carrying

Table 5. Local residents' perspective on the impact of tourism in Amasra.

(23%), and unplanned and dense urbanization (13%) (Figure 5).

The negative environmental factors that hinder the development of tourism activities were listed as some buildings with historical features in a state of neglect (32%), parking problems

development

capacity

vegetation

Degradation of the peninsula landscape and

**Positive impact of tourism in Amasra**

**Negative impact of tourism in Amasra**

Toward Sustainable Tourism Planning and Management in Amasra (Turkey) 187

No response 7 43 67

Promotion of Amasra 44 15 5

heritage 2 16 9

Amasra 40 18 9

handicrafts - 4 6 Other - - -

No response 52 69 73

traditional social structure 8 1 1

Air pollution - 1 - Coast and sea pollution 8 8 4 Soil pollution - - 2 Visual pollution 4 3 8 Noise pollution 2 - 5 Other 4 - -

**I. Preference II. Preference III. Preference**

**Percent (%)**

7 4 4

15 5 4

4 9 1

3 4 2

Fig. 3. The aspects of Amasra attractive for tourists (A. Historical and cultural values; B. Coastal location; C. Handicrafts (wood engraving, filigree, etc.); D. Natural beauty of Amasra and its surroundings; E. Seafood restaurants, F. Proximity to Ankara and Safranbolu; G. Being on the routes of tourism agencies).

Fig. 4. Peripheral services developing thanks to tourism in Amasra (A. Guesthouses; B. Handicrafts (wood engraving, filigree, etc.); C. Sales of regional organic products; D. Seafood restaurants; E. Hotel-hostel management; F. Tourist ships).

Furthermore, 83% of the participants stated that there are negative environmental factors that could hinder the development of tourism activities in Amasra.

Fig. 3. The aspects of Amasra attractive for tourists (A. Historical and cultural values; B. Coastal location; C. Handicrafts (wood engraving, filigree, etc.); D. Natural beauty of Amasra and its surroundings; E. Seafood restaurants, F. Proximity to Ankara and

Fig. 4. Peripheral services developing thanks to tourism in Amasra (A. Guesthouses; B. Handicrafts (wood engraving, filigree, etc.); C. Sales of regional organic products; D.

Furthermore, 83% of the participants stated that there are negative environmental factors

Seafood restaurants; E. Hotel-hostel management; F. Tourist ships).

that could hinder the development of tourism activities in Amasra.

Safranbolu; G. Being on the routes of tourism agencies).

Table 5. Local residents' perspective on the impact of tourism in Amasra.

The negative environmental factors that hinder the development of tourism activities were listed as some buildings with historical features in a state of neglect (32%), parking problems (23%), and unplanned and dense urbanization (13%) (Figure 5).

Local Residents' Perceptions of and Attitudes

Toward Sustainable Tourism Planning and Management in Amasra (Turkey) 189

The majority of the participants stated that urban development is incompatible with the natural and historical pattern of the city and that city walls, historic buildings and artifacts discovered in archaeological excavations are significant contributions to the historical and cultural values of the city. In addition, the state of neglect of the historical buildings of the city was as a prominent opinion. 90% of the participants stated that the natural and cultural

> **Percent (%)**

> > 12

73

 No response 1 Yes 20 No 79

No response 2

and building height 12

Other 1

Yes 90

No 10

Yes 7 No 93

They limit land use

They are obstacles

They are important historical and cultural values contributing to Amasra

to urban development in

Amasra

**3.2.3 Local residents' perspectives on the natural and cultural values in Amasra**

values should be protected for sustainable tourism in Amasra (Table 7).

**Whether new urban development is compatible with the natural and historical pattern of Amasra**

**Perspectives on the city walls, historical buildings and historical artifacts discovered by**

**the archeological excavations in Amasra**

**Whether it is necessary to protect the natural and cultural values of Amasra for sustainable**

**Whether the historical buildings and spaces are**

Table 7. Local residents' perspectives on the natural and cultural values of Amasra.

The participants who indicated that the historical buildings and spaces in Amasra are in a state of neglect stated the reason as lack of local residents' awareness regarding protection (43%), lack of interest by the authorities (23%), and insufficient financial resources (20%)

**in a state of neglect in Amasra**

**tourism**

(Table 8).

Fig. 5. Negative environmental factors that hinder the development of tourism activities in Amasra. (A. Some buildings with historical features in a state of neglect; B. Unplanned and dense urbanization; C. Parking problems; D. Sewerage; E. Visual pollution; F. Coastal and marine pollution; G. Air pollution; H. Overcrowding and noise; I. Degradation of the nature due to summer houses; J. Degradation of the nature due to road construction works; K. Difficulties in transport; L. Soil pollution; M. Problems due to physical planning and practice; N. Environmental problems caused by Turkish Hard Coal Authority; O. Other).

According to the participants, the forms of tourism that could be developed in Amasta are cultural tourism (61%), sea tourism (17%), and ecotourism (12%) (Table 6).

Table 6. Local residents' perspectives on the forms of tourism that could be developed in Amasra.

Fig. 5. Negative environmental factors that hinder the development of tourism activities in Amasra. (A. Some buildings with historical features in a state of neglect; B. Unplanned and dense urbanization; C. Parking problems; D. Sewerage; E. Visual pollution; F. Coastal and marine pollution; G. Air pollution; H. Overcrowding and noise; I. Degradation of the nature due to summer houses; J. Degradation of the nature due to road construction works; K. Difficulties in transport; L. Soil pollution; M. Problems due to physical planning and practice; N. Environmental problems caused by Turkish Hard Coal Authority; O. Other).

According to the participants, the forms of tourism that could be developed in Amasta are

**I. Preference**

Table 6. Local residents' perspectives on the forms of tourism that could be developed in

No response 3 29 56 Cultural tourism 61 7 - Culinary tourism 4 4 2 Rural tourism 3 5 5 Sea tourism 17 23 9 Nature tourism 12 31 27 Other - 1 1

**II. Preference**

**Percent (%)**

**III. Preference**

cultural tourism (61%), sea tourism (17%), and ecotourism (12%) (Table 6).

**Forms of tourism that could be developed in Amasra**

Amasra.


**3.1 Equivalent circuit model**

**Figure 7** depicts the equivalent lumped equivalent circuit for **Figure 6**. CSRRs etched in the center are excited by the electric field induced by the SIW. Therefore, this coupling can be labeled by connecting the SIW capacitance to the CSRR. In these models, L is the inductance of SIW vias, and C is the coupling capacitance between the CSRR and SIW. The resonator is represented by a parallel LC tank, where Lc and Cc represent the reactive elements, and R accounts for losses.

#### **Figure 6.**

*(a) Top and (b) bottom view of basic unit cell [11] [reproduced courtesy of the electromagnetics academy].*

**Figure 7.** *The equivalent circuit model.*

*Analysis and Design of Miniaturized Substrate Integrated Waveguide CSRR Bandpass Filters… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104733*

#### **Figure 8.**

*(a) Dimensional layout of BPF and (b) fabricated BPF [11] [reproduced courtesy of the electromagnetics academy].*

**Figure 8a** shows the dimensional geometry of the proposed SIW-CSSRs bandpass filter [11], and **Figure 8b** shows the photograph of the fabricated design. The substrate used in the filter is RT/Duroid 5880, with a permittivity of 2.2 and a height of 0.254 mm.

**Figure 9** compares the simulated and measured results of the filter. The measured insertion and return losses are about 2.16 dB and 11.6 dB, respectively. The filter shows a wide bandwidth ranging from 6.2 to 8.6 GHz (FBW of 32.4%).


**2.3 Oasis evapotranspiration (ETo)**

Oasis ET is the amount of water consumed by a small irrigated vegetation which is encircled by a widespread dry-area, at which dynamism of water to vapor is come from high temperature in combination with drought [16, 18]. **Figure 2** shows the border area necessary for minimizing the lateral transport of energy from the dry to the wet area (irrigated). At such an area, the ET that will take place is the oasis ET.


**4.2 Auditor's professional profile**

Overall, all participants agreed that there would be a shift in the skillset required of the auditor. In summary, audit teams will consist of cross-skilled individuals that are tech-savvy to complement their existing audit skillset and understanding of risks and controls in the financial services market. All auditors would not need to be IT experts but should understand what capability emerging technologies provide and how these technologies can be used in the automation process.

The lived and anticipated changes were described by participants based on where they are on their individual digitalization journeys, with Participant 1 describing the anticipated changes as *"[…] updated tech-savvy skillset and an inquisitive mind would define the auditor of the future oppose to the traditional box ticker or a cookie-cutter mindset*." Participant 9, which had the least exposure to automated auditing, shared her upskilling journey. She specifically highlighted the need to analyze large data sets, including trends analysis and pattern identification. These skills were obtained through completing online Udemy courses, specifically focusing on data analytics. She emphasized the need for all new auditors joining their firm "[…] *to have a basic understanding of data analytics and data visualization*."

Participants that have made the most progress on their respective audit digitalization journey are provided insight into their current recruitment practices. Such as Participant 4, who responded:

*"Being in a digital organization, the auditors we have recruited over the last two years all have an IT background or moderate to strong IT knowledge and understanding of the capabilities and use of emerging technologies."*

Follow-up questions revealed that the ask is not for all new hires to be IT specialists, but a moderate understanding, use and applying emerging technologies (specifically data analytics) in the audit process have become a standard requirement. These skills were described in the context of auditors still having their

#### **Table 5.**

*Skillset required of the auditor—summary.*

specialized audit knowledge and experience. **Table 5** provides a summarized breakdown of responses received per participant.

All participants expect a shift in the skillset required of an auditor with 10 participants highlighting the need for data analytical skills as a key requirement. Although the participants were asked their expectations for the future, six participants indicated that data analytics is already a required skill for all new joiners in their respective audit teams. In terms of adoption of emerging technologies, most participants are expecting an impact on the balance within audit teams with the ongoing adoption of emerging technologies. Eight participants expect the balance in audit teams to shift leaning towards more IT auditors than financial auditors. However, follow-up questions led to diverse views from some participants.

Participant 1 does not expect a change in the balance in audit teams, as the skills required from both financial auditors and IT auditors will remain. He describes the expected change as "[…] *the forming of more rounded auditors with a balanced skillset between auditing and IT skills*." He highlighted that in his view, "[…] *auditors with stronger business acumen to provide correct contextual judgements based on automated audit activities* […]" will be required. The increase of data points consumed by automated auditing will provide "[…] *much greater insights to the control estates and the risks to the business*," which will require auditors with institutional knowledge of the organization to understand and correctly interpret the outputs for opinion-forming and judgments.

Participant 8 agreed with the views of Participant 1 that the existing members of audit teams will need to upskill and obtain a more balanced skill set and that the need for the original team compositions will remain. He, however, describes the required shift in team composition as:

*"[…] current audit teams are made up of financial auditors and IT auditors, where the latter is focused on the auditing of IT. The need for these skills will remain and should be supplemented/supported by data analytical skills. The introduction of a new capability is required, audit with IT. This is a team that focuses on digitalization and automation of audit procedures."*

This is a team of emerging technology specialists focused on "[…] *codifying existing audit procedures and institutional knowledge* […]" and driving the digitalization journey. He describes this as the key contributor to all the progress they have made to date. Therefore, the team balance in his organization has seen a dramatic

#### **Table 6.**

*Auditor skills profile—summary.*

shift with the restructure. **Table 6** provides a summarized breakdown of responses received per participant.

The collective response from other participants highlights the increased need for data analytics skills in the teams to support their respective initiatives. Adding these specialized skills will impact the team balances leaning towards the IT auditor being more dominant in the composition of the audit team.

The consensus among participants is that the professional profile of the audit profession will be more attractive for young professionals. The audit profession will become "[…] *funky and sexy* […]" as described by Participant 2 and "[…] *glamorous and exciting* […]" as described by Participant 9. All participants agreed that the impact would be positive and that the audit profession would be more attractive for young professionals. Participants 8 and 12 believed the profile has started to change and will continue to change as the adoption of emerging technologies in auditing matures in South Africa.

The discussions that flowed from this question varied between participants. The researcher allowed for the flexibility to gain insights covering topics, such as what the updated auditor profile will mean for the audit profession, the type of individual that the profession will attract, and the additional skills these potential new auditors will require.

Participant 2 suggested that the title of the auditor will change to better reflect the changing audit environment. He explains that "[…] *the title auditor suggests that you, as the person, is the process, and you go in and audit by looking at transactions or working through files* […]" however, this will not be the case. The role of an auditor will be to focus on the output provided by an automated procedure or work through exceptions noted. Therefore, as the expectation of an auditor will change to focus on "[…] *root cause identification, risk assessment, reporting, client engagements* […]," the title of the profession should change. He suggested a "[…] *Strategic Assurance Analyst* […]" would be a better fit which will lead to an improved and more attractive profile in the job market.

Participants 6, 9, 10 and 11 all noted their concerns around the slow rate of change in university auditing degrees and diplomas to include more comprehensive coverage of technology principles and emerging technologies in current curriculums. Exposure to and using data analytics in the audit process was raised by all four participants as a shortcoming they have noted in newly graduated professionals. Participants 6 and 9 indicated that organizational training paths had been defined, focusing on data analytics short courses, for the upskilling of new graduates joining their organizations. **Table 7** provides a summarized breakdown of responses received per participant.

#### **Table 7.**

*Auditor's professional profile—summary.*

All participants agreed that the adoption of emerging technologies would make the professional profile of an auditor more attractive in the job market. The field of auditing will require individuals skilled in technology principles, a general understanding of emerging technologies and using data analytics. This raised the question of whether the current curriculums at the university level have changed at the same pace with the changes experienced in the audit industry.

#### **4.3 Audit user perceptions**

All participants agree that audit users will trust automated audit procedures more than manual procedures; however, trust comes over time (all participants). Most participants indicated that the initial trust levels were low. Participants 2, 4 and 7 shared that the first audits supported by automated audit procedures took significantly longer than similar audits supported by manual audit procedures. This was due to the lack of trust in the automation capability within the audit team, the automated testing procedure itself, and, as noted by Participant 2, "[…] *the lack of human interaction with the audit client made them feel left out of the process and not involved in the execution* […]."

Participant 3 noted that "[…] *population testing by means of automated auditing* […]" rather than "[…] *sample testing during manual audit procedures* […]" eliminated sample risk. This was noted as one of the key contributors to increasing the trust levels in automated auditing and "[…] *realization of value* […]" by the audit clients. Like Participant 2, Participant 3 highlighted the need for client engagement as:

*"There is still the need for an auditor to play the role of a trusted adviser to interpret results and maintain the auditor-client relationship. Maintaining the relationship is a key ingredient to build and maintain trust during these engagements."*

Participant 7 added that automated audit procedures remove the subjectivity from the audit procedure and audit bias during the audit procedure execution. The removal of the human element during audit execution improves the overall quality of the audit deliverable. This improved quality and value provided are the ingredients for building trust. **Table 8** provides a summarized breakdown of responses received per participant.

All participants believe that more trust will be placed in automated audit procedures. At first, trust levels will be low, but as the audit department progress on their digitalization journeys, trust levels improve. It was noted that the inclusion of the

#### **Table 8.**

*Audit user perceptions—summary.*

audit client in the audit automation journey promote trust levels and assist audit teams in reaching a state of digital maturity quicker.

All participants indicated that the impact would be the ability to form better audit opinions and judgments. This was mainly supported by the "[…] *move from sample testing to full population testing during audit execution* […]" (all participants) also, "[…] *the fact that more data points are consumed by automated audit procedures, specifically in case where principals of big data analytics are applied and used* […]" (Participants 1, 4 and 8). Therefore, the coverage of multiple full population datasets provides the opportunity for the forming of better audit opinions and judgments.

Sample risk (Participant 3), subjectivity and auditor bias during audit execution (Participant 7), human error and oversight during manual testing (Participant 9) are all factors that affect the quality of the testing outcome, which audit judgments are based on. The removal of these factors improves the testing outcomes and better informs the audit opinion and judgment. This was best described by Participant 4 as:

*"[…] the major change is how the opinion or judgement gets informed. In our current environment, most of the fieldwork in the audit process is a data-enabled body of evidence. Gone are the days to manually understand controls and sampling. The auditor needs to understand the digital process and step back and interpret the output and ask, "what does that mean?" Therefore, audit judgement and opinion will be better-informed."*

**Table 9** provides a summarized breakdown of responses received per participant. The adoption of emerging technologies supporting audit automation projects and programmes will enhance auditors' ability to provide better, informed audit opinions and judgments. This is supported by the increased coverage of automated audit procedures. This is not limited to the automated audit procedure that can test the full population but also the fact that multiple datasets are included in the design of these tests. This allows for exception and theme identification that is not possible with sample testing. Furthermore, with using automated audit techniques, human errors and oversight during audit execution are removed, and sample risk, audit subjectivity and auditor bias.

#### **Table 9.**

*Audit user perceptions of automation—summary.*

#### **4.4 Auditor-client relationship**

In general, most participants agreed that continued adoption of emerging technologies in the digitalization of auditing would have an impact on the current pricing models but not necessarily the cost of the audit opinion and judgment.

Participant 11 started his response by highlighting the sensitivity around "[…] *pricing of assurance services* […]" and highlighted the "[…] *legal liability that comes with audit opinions* […]." He pointed out that the "[…] *legal liability on both the auditor and audit firm* […]," and the "[…] *auditor responsibility towards the director, shareholders and stakeholders* […]" remain unchanged. Therefore, the cost of the audit opinion or judgment should remain the same "[…] *irrespective of the approach followed to conclude* […]." He indicated that "[…] *the current pricing requires a revamp as it based on hourly charge-out rates, which will not be as relevant going forward due to the reduction in audit execution time* […]." Similar views were shared by Participants 4, 6, 8 and 9, with Participant 4 explaining:

*"The cost will not change; the quality of the assurance will improve. This is evident with the automation we have already implemented move from sample to population testing. So, the quality of your view, opinion and judgement is exponentially better. Therefore, for the same price, a client will get a much better quality of audit."*

Participant 2 shared similar views and agreed that the current pricing models should be adjusted to consider the quality of assurance. However, he suggested that a hybrid model should be considered. He suggested that audit departments should "[…] *start with calculating the cost of automation of a single audit test. This should be extrapolated across all data-driven audit procedures that can be automated to get a view of the total future investment. This should consider all costs such as research and development, licencing cost, procedure maintenance, staff upskilling* […]." These are the elements that should make up the calculation for the cost of quality. **Table 10** provides a summarized breakdown of responses received per participant.

The consensus is that pricing models must be adjusted in time, but there will not be an immediate cost saving for the audit client and audit user. Clients will receive better assurance deliverables, better quality audit reports, better-informed audit opinions and judgments on a more frequent basis at a similar or higher cost. The expectation from some participants is that there might be reduced costs in the future

#### **Table 10.**

*Auditor-client relationship—summary.*

after the initial investment costs have been depreciated. However, as the technology and risk land space change there will be a need for different assurance that will introduce new costs.

During the interview introductory questions, it was established that none were currently using or are planning to use blockchain technology as part of their audit digitalization journeys. Participants 4, 6, 9, 11 and 12 indicated that they know little about the technology other than the relationship with cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. They chose not to provide an opinion. Both Participants 2 and 3 indicated that they know little of the technology itself and the different applications thereof, but they both shared the view *"[…] as with the introduction and use of all new technologies, there will be a shift in the risk landscape or the introduction of new risks, therefore, the impact on audit and the audit process will be the need for assurance over this risk resulting in a higher demand for audits […]."* Participants 7 and 10 agreed that the need for audit would increase, and at no point will audit not be necessary. The expected change is only a shift in focus of the auditor.

Participants 5 and 8 shared their understanding of triple-entry accounting made possible by blockchain technology. They noted the advantages and efficiencies this approach has over the double entry accounting principles currently in use as "[…] *it will fundamentally improve accounting and address the current transparency and trust issues that exist*." Both participants concluded by stating that if accounting is enabled by blockchain technology, the need for audit will just increase, and it will focus on different controls and risks. Five of the participants chose not to share a view or opinion due to their limited knowledge of blockchain technology. The other eight participants highlighted that using new technology such as blockchain will change the risk landscape and introduce a new set of risks and controls, therefore, different focus areas for audit. Two participants indicated that the need for audit might even increase. None of the participants aim to use blockchain technology as part of the audit digitalization journey.


**5. Infection**

102 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine

The immunoscintigraphy has proven to be more sensitive than clinical examination for identifying synovitis and have a high positive predictive value for the onset of RA in patients with nonspecific arthropathy, and its usefulness for monitoring and assessing treatment response (Colamussi et al., 2004; as cited in De Bois et al., 1995a, 1995b, 1996). It can also be used to detect infection, although the preferred technique in these cases is labelled leukocyte scintigraphy, in which two tracers are often used: 99mTc-HMPAO or 111In-oxine (De Gersem & Jamar, 2010). Labelled leukocyte scintigraphy is also useful in assessing therapeutic response in RA patients and it has been correlated with other indices of activity in this disease (Collamussi et al., 2004; as cited in Al-Janabi et al., 1988). However, immunoscintigraphy seems to be more accurate than labelled leukocyte scintigraphy for the identification of synovitis in RA (Collamussi et al., 2004; as cited in Liberatore et al., 1992). Other molecules and receptors (e.g. 64Cu-labelled anti-GPI, 68Ga-labelled annexin V or 123I-antileukoproteinase) are being identified as therapeutic targets and used to develop new radiopharmaceuticals which accumulate in areas of inflammation where they can be located and quantified. Their study and description will allow improving the understanding of the complex pathophysiology of RA and detecting changes in very early stages of this disease and will give us the possibility of a pre-therapy scintigraphic approach with radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies that will let us evaluate the presence of target molecules in the inflammatory lesion, thus helping in the selection of the most efficient therapy and predicting therapy response (Glaudemans et al., 2010; Malviya et al., 2010). But currently, these techniques are not used in clinical practice and remain like a research tool inside selected laboratories. Bioluminescence and fluorescence reflectance imaging are other approaches that allow imaging, and potentially the delivery of therapeutic agents at a

Sacroiliac joint involvement is a common finding in the spondyloarthropathies (SpA) group and it is an important parameter included in the diagnostic criteria. Conventional radiology is essential in the evaluation of the sacroiliac joints, but it does not detect early abnormalities and, therefore, the use of other complementary techniques currently available, such as CT,

Until only a few years ago, bone scintigraphy was the gold standard technique for early diagnosis of inflammatory processes at this joint. The assessment of sacroilitis by scintigraphy is based on the quantification of radiotracer uptake in the sacrum and sacroiliac joints. This technique can help to differentiate between degenerative and inflammatory disorders in patients with nonespecific radiological changes. Both conventional bone scintigraphy and SPECT mode are sensitive techniques for early detection of SpA in patients with low back pain and who still do not have typical radiological changes, because the uptake of radiopharmaceutical at sacroiliac joints is produced before structural damage happens. However, in the sclerotic phase of evolved SpA, scintigraphy frequently does not detect any abnormalities. MRI, more sensitive in detecting early changes and more specific, has shifted to the bone scan. In this regard, a published review (Schneider, 2006; Song et al., 2008) realized with the aim to assess the diagnostic value of scintigraphy for detecting sacroilitis in patients with established and/or probable ankylosing spondylitis, has proven limited value of scintigraphy both in the early detection of sacroilitis and in patients with established ankylosing spondylitis. In patients with SpA and gastrointestinal symptoms but

MRI, US, and bone scintigraphy, is necessary to avoid delaying the diagnosis.

molecular level (McQueen & Ostergaard, 2007).

**4. Sacroilitis**

In the setting of infection four entities can be established: osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, soft tissues infections and joint replacement infection.


**3. Advantages of CABG**

Over the last 4 decades, surgical coronary artery revascularization techniques and technology have advanced significantly. As a result, despite an increasingly older and sicker patient population, CABG outcomes continue to improve. For example, the predicted mortality of CABG patients has increased steadily over the past decade, yet observed operative mortality rates have decreased, [4]. This is partly because advances in preoperative evaluation, including more precise coronary artery and myocardial imaging and diagnostic techniques, have allowed more appropriate patient selection and surgical planning. In addition, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative monitoring and therapeutic interventions have made CABG safer, even for critically ill and high-risk patients. Improvements in cardiopulmonary perfu‐ sion and careful myocardial protection, as well as the use of off-pump and on-pump beatingheart techniques in selected patients, have also decreased perioperative morbidity and mortality rates. [5,6].

**4. Percutaneous coronary intervention using drug eluted stents**

with triple vessel disease, who are unsuitable for CABG, [10].

**Figure 2.** Cypher Stent- Siroliums eluted stent

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) involves dilatation of an obstructed or narrowed coronary artery, using a balloon catheter to dilate the artery from within. After balloon dilatation, a stainless steel stent is usually placed in the coronary artery. Antiplatelet agents like aspirin or clopidogrel are mandatory to be used after stenting. Stents may be either bare metal (BMS) or drug-eluting stents (DES). Indications for PCI might be elective or emergency according to the clinical presentations of the patients. Primary PCI in the setting of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): When the catheterization lab including the team and facility is available, angioplasty with stenting is the optimal method of reperfusion for STEMI. The target "door to balloon time" is 90 minutes, [8]. Rescue PCI is considered as a treatment in patients with thrombolysis - if there is failure to reperfuse, further ischaemia with persistant chest pain, or continuous ST elevation. PCI is considered also as an early invasive strategy in Acute coronary syndrome, Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina: [9]., or conservative strategy for patients who are at medium-to-high risk of subsequent cardiac events. Elective PCI for patient with Stable angina or positive stress test: with single or double vessel disease, where optimal medical therapy fails to control symptoms. Patients

Artery Bypass Versus PCI Using New Generation DES

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54029

355

Use of the bilateral IMAs offers the possibility of constructing various configurations, making to‐ tal arterial myocardial revascularisation possible with a minimum number of arterial conduits. Use of the skeletonised RIMA through the transverse sinus and eventually retrocavally can reach most branches of the circumflex system and is associated with an excellent patency rate. Patients who received bilateral IMA grafts for left coronary system revascularisation had improved ear‐ ly and late outcomes and decreased risk of death, reoperation, and angioplasty. [7].

**Figure 1.** CT coronary angiogram, showing a CABG done 5 years ago with LIMA to LAD artery and SVG to OM and RCA.


2.4.3. Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), in order to validate the square model regression. It included the following parameters: coefficient of determination *R 2* Student test (*t*); Fisher test (*F*); and *p*-value. In our study, the statistical significance test level was set at 5% (probability (*p*) < 0.05).


*Edited by Ashim Dutta and Hafiz Muhamad Ali*

In modern times, rheology has emerged as a powerful tool for materials scientists to explore the properties of soft matter or complex fluids, including such diverse materials as food, cosmetics, polymers, lubricants, drilling fluids and biological systems. Rheology parameters such as shear modulus (G'), storage modulus (G") and viscosity (η), together with microscopic imaging, provide considerable insight into the structure-property relationship in these materials. This in turn helps design materials with properties tailored to multiple applications. This book is a compilation of works by experts in their respective areas of specialization and covers a wide range of applications. The book will be useful both to experts in this area of research and to newcomers from a range of specializations.

Published in London, UK © 2023 IntechOpen © STRINGERimage / iStock

Advances in Rheology of Materials

Advances in Rheology

of Materials

*Edited by Ashim Dutta and Hafiz Muhamad Ali*


*Edited by Sid-Ali Ouadfeul*

The aim of this book is to show some applications of fractal analysis in the fields of sciences. The first chapter introduces the readers to the book, while the second chapter shows the methods and challenges of fractal analysis of time-series data sets. The third chapter demonstrates fractal geometry as an attractive choice for miniaturized planar microwave filter design. The fourth chapter presents fractal antennas for wearable applications. The objective of the fifth chapter is to show some Parrondian games in discrete dynamic systems, while the last chapter reveals fractal structures of carbon nanotube system arrays.

ISBN 978-1-78985-433-6

Fractal Analysis

Published in London, UK © 2019 IntechOpen © dianaarturovna / iStock


*2.1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD/HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS)*

For HPLC-DAD analyses, a HPLC system 2089 quaternary gradient with a diode array spectrophotometric detector MD-2010 was used, equipped with an AS-950 autosampler (Jasco International Co., Tokyo, Japan). Injection volume was 20 μL. ChromNav software was used to carry out data acquisition and data analysis. The chromatographic separation was performed on an analytical reversed-phase column TC-C18 (2) (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm for samples S#27 and S#9 and 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm for samples S#11 and S#5) with a TC-C18 (2) pre-column (12.5 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), both from Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The eluents were A, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA 0.1% *v*/*v*) in bidistilled water, and B, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA 0.1% *v*/*v*) in HPLC-grade acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the program was 15% B for 5 min, then to 50% B in 25 min, then to 70% B in 10 min, to 100% B in 1 min and then hold for 5 min; re-equilibration took 13 min. The separation took place at room temperature (25 ◦C). The detector operated with spectra acquisition in the range of 200–650 nm every 0.8 s with 4 nm resolution.

For HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF analyses, a HPLC 1200 Infinity coupled to a Jet Stream ESI-Q-ToF 6530 Infinity detector was used, equipped with an Agilent Infinity autosampler (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Injection volume was 4 μL for S#27 and 10 μL for S#9 and S#5. MassHunter® Workstation Software (B.04.00) was used to carry out mass spectrometer control, data acquisition and data analysis. The chromatographic separation was performed on an analytical reversed-phase column Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (3.0 mm × 75 mm, 2.7 μm particle size) with a Zorbax Eclipse plus C-18 guard column (4.6 mm × 12.5 mm, 5 μm particle size), both from Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The eluents were A, formic acid (FA 1% *v*/*v*) in LC-MS-grade water, and B, formic acid (FA 1% *v*/*v*) in LC-MS-grade acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min and the program was 15% B for 2.6 min, then to 50% B in 13 min, to 70% B in 5.2 min, to 100% B in 0.5 min and then hold for 1 min; re-equilibration took 10 min. During the separation, the column was thermostated at 30 ◦C. The mass spectrometer operated in ESI ionization in negative mode and the working conditions were: drying gas (N2, purity > 98%) temperature 350 ◦C and 10 L/min flow; capillary voltage 4.5 KV; nebulizer gas pressure 35 psig; sheath gas temperature 375 ◦C and 11 L/min flow; and fragmentor voltage 175 V. High-resolution MS and MS/MS spectra (CID voltage 30 V) were acquired

in negative mode in the range 100–1000 m/z at a scan rate of 1.04 spectra/sec (N2, purity 99.999%). Auto-calibration was performed daily using Agilent tuning mix HP0321 (Agilent Technologies) prepared in acetonitrile.

All samples were treated with 200 μL of 0.1% Na2EDTAaq/DMF (1:1, *v*/*v*) and extracted at 60 ◦C for 60 min in an ultrasonic bath; the extract was filtered on PTFE (0.45 μm) prior to injection.

#### *2.2. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy*

SERS measurements were carried out utilizing modified Lee and Meisel citratereduced silver colloids by the reduction of silver nitrate (Aldrich silver nitrate 99.9%) with sodium citrate (Aldrich sodium citrate dehydrate 99%) [20]. The colloid has a characteristic absorption maximum at 426 nm and FWHM of 110 nm, as measured with a Hewlett Packard 8453 photodiode array UV–Vis spectrometer (following a 1:9 dilution with ultrapure water to observe maximum absorbance within the instrumental range). SERS measurements were firstly carried out by adding a 5 μL drop of colloid aggregated with magnesium sulphate directly onto micro-samples. On drying, the same micro-samples were subsequently exposed to hydrofluoric acid vapors for 5 min in a closed Eppendorf, then dried and examined again with a 5 μL drop of aggregated colloid [18]. Spectra were recorded using a laboratory Jasco NRS#3100 spectrophotometer with an argon laser emitting at 514 nm (grating 1200 lines/mm), and spectra could be obtained between 2 and 10 min after addition of the colloid and remained constant in quality until the evaporation of the liquid. Data were collected over the range 150–1800 cm−1 with exposure times from 1–7 s and 3–10 accumulations. Laser power was maintained between 0.6 and 2 mW with an overall spectral resolution of ~4 cm−1. Polystyrene was used for instrument calibration. Raw data are shown, free from any manipulation other than being overlaid in graphs for reasons of clarity.


**10. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in CD**

Lane-Hamilton syndrome, the co-existence of CD and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, is not an uncommon entity in CD patients, although the exact prevalence is not known [75]. It is a rare lung disease characterized by alveolar capillary bleeding and accumulation of hemosiderin in the lungs. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is characterized by hemoptysis, dyspnea, alveolar opacities on chest X-ray and anemia. It may lead to iron loss through swallowing of iron-laden alveolar or bronchial epithelial cells. This may lead to functional iron deficiency [76].


**Acknowledgements**

The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering at Lagos State University (LASU) and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at University of Lagos (UNILAG) for permission to use some of the academic resources consulted for the production of this work.


*3.8. Natural History*

The disease's effects were reversible by stopping CM consumption. In fact, signs and symptoms could last within a time range of 5 to 21 days after the CM withdrawal. Before CM reintroduction, some children showed spontaneous tolerance to pasteurized or boiled CM [4]. Reoccurrence of clinical manifestations was reported with CM reintroduction [3,5,6,10,11,14]. However, it is believed that patients usually definitively outgrow this hypersensitivity, and they can tolerate CM within a few years [11,24,25].