**Meet the editor**

Dr. Takashiro Akitsu now is a professor of Chemistry, at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science. He got his BSc degree in Chemistry, MSc degree in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, and PhD degree in Chemistry at Osaka University in 2000. He became a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Protein Research at Osaka University

in 2000, and he was appointed as an assistant professor at Keio University in 2002 (he stayed at Stanford University in 2007–2008). He moved to Tokyo University of Science as a junior associate professor in 2008 and was promoted to the present position in 2012. His research field is coordination chemistry, physical inorganic chemistry, and crystallography (organic/inorganic hybrid materials composed of chiral metal complexes).


*4.1. Distribution Transformer Basic Parameters*

According to Table 2, there are 13 key state quantities of distribution transformers, including four quantitative indicators and nine qualitative indicators. To reduce data redundancy and clearly show the accuracy of the algorithm, Table 6 shows the rating of the five major factor sets of the distribution transformer, including a quantitative indicator: winding DC resistance; and four qualitative indicators: sealing performance μ1, insulation performance μ2, grounding situation μ6 and marking situation μ8.

### *4.2. Status Assessment of Distribution Transformers*

According to the basic principle of the compromised fuzzy decision, the qualitative indicators (excellent, good, qualified, unqualified) are firstly analyzed according to the quantitative indicators. The quantitative criteria are shown in Table 7.

**Table 6.** The original data of distribution transformer.

**Table 7.** Quantitative standard for qualitative index of distribution transformers.

The initial triangle weight value is:

$$\mathcal{W} = \begin{bmatrix} (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) \\ (0.2, 0.2, 0.2) \\ (0.15, 0.15, 0.15) \\ (0.1, 0.1, 0.1) \\ (0.05, 0.05, 0.05) \end{bmatrix}^T$$

The index information and the weight information are transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers, and the fuzzy index matrix *F* is obtained as follows.

The data in *F* is normalized to obtain the fuzzy decision matrix *D*. According to Equation (10), the fuzzy positive ideal *M*+ and the fuzzy negative ideal *M*− are obtained as:

$$\boldsymbol{M}^{+} = \begin{bmatrix} (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) \\ (0.17, 0.20, 0.20) \\ (0.1275, 0.15, 0.15) \\ (0.085, 0.1, 0.1) \\ (0.0425, 0.05, 0.05) \end{bmatrix}^{T} \boldsymbol{M}^{-} = \begin{bmatrix} (0.4531, 0.4531, 0.4531) \\ (0.1, 0.1222, 0.1412) \\ (0.0750, 0.0917, 0.1059) \\ (0.05, 0.0611, 0.0706) \\ (0.03, 0.0389, 0.0441) \end{bmatrix}^{T} \boldsymbol{M}^{-}$$

The fuzzy double peak value and the membership percentage value obtained by the fuzzy optimization decision after multiple times of the cycle are shown in Table 8, and finally, the state evaluation value of the distribution transformer is obtained.

**Table 8.** Results of distribution transformer status assessment.

The fuzzy positive ideal and the fuzzy negative ideal are determined by analyzing a large number of transformers of the same type. This paper adopts a combination of eclectic fuzzy decision-making and multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and the weights of quantitative indicators and qualitative indicators can be obtained by performing repeated fuzzy iterations. The weight ratio of the evaluation set is constantly updated through the weight inverse operation, reducing the influence of subjective factors brought by the expert review opinions and avoiding errors caused by data redundancy or errors or omissions, which improving the reliability of data analysis and promoting the establishment of the weight expert database, finally. The distances between the evaluated object and the fuzzy positive and negative ideals are determined, and the membership degree belonging to the fuzzy positive ideal is calculated. The greater the membership degree, the better the state of the transformer. The smaller the membership degree, the worse the state of the transformer, so it is necessary for the operation and maintenance personnel to pay attention to it and arrange the maintenance work in good time. The comparison and analysis of the relevant data in Tables 6 and 8 show that the final score of each transformer in Table 8 can truly reflect the actual operation status of the transformer in Table 6, which provides quantitative parameters for the evaluation of distribution equipment, and which is beneficial to the further focus and field evaluation of the equipment, providing help for maintenance and operation.

The analysis of practical examples shows that the evaluation method is concise and intuitionistic, and the evaluation conclusion not only reflects the state of a single transformer, but also facilitates the ranking of the overall state of the transformer, which provides reasonable suggestions for orderly arrangement of transformer maintenance.


2.4.1. Cross-Section Preparation

Samples for cross-section analysis were embedded in Bio-Plastic liquid polyester casting resin (Ward's Natural Science). Sections were ground to exposure using a Buehler Handimet 2 roll grinder with Carbimet abrasive paper rolls ranging in grit from 240–600. Samples were then polished using a Buehler Metaserv 2000 polisher with 6 μm and 1 μm Buehler MetaDi Monocrystalline Diamond Suspension.


*3.5. EGb Treatment Down-Regulates Inflammatory-Associated Genes Expression*

To detect and respond to viral infection host cell activates multiple cellular signaling networks. Viral proteins and nucleic acids ultimately drive an antiviral response and activating transcription factors. Therefore, to study the influence of EGb on innate immune mechanisms (PBLs resistance to VSV infection/level of innate immunity and cytokine production), we investigated the expression of *IRFs-3* and -*7* (interferon regulatory factors) mRNA as well as ISGs (IFN-stimulated genes)—*tetherin* (encoding bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2) and *MxA* (encoding myxovirus resistance protein 1). *NF-κB* transcription factors and *SOCS* (suppressor of the cytokine signaling proteins) were also examined.

As was suspected, VSV infection resulted in upregulation in all investigated genes in AD patients and controls. However, this effect was more pronounced in AD patients. From Table 6, we can see that *MxA* was the most highly expressed gene with over 40 relative fold change in AD, while in controls, it was over 16 relative fold change. Similarly, after VSV infection in AD, a marked induction (3–8.5 relative fold change) of *IRF-7*, *tetherin,* and *SOCS1* was demonstrated. As presented in Figure 4 and Table 6, in both groups (AD and controls), EGb treatment decreased expression of all investigated genes (average effect < 0) in uninfected and VSV-infected PBLs. In uninfected PBLs from AD patients, average reduction in all investigated genes expression after EGb treatment was about *EGb ef f ectPBLs all genes*;*AD* ≈ −0.4; i.e., the average level of expression was

1 *e*−0.4 = 1.5 times lower compared to the expression before EGb treatment. In the case of controls, it was *EGb ef f ectPBLs all genes*;*Controls* ≈ −1.1; i.e., average reduction in genes expression in controls after EGb treatment was 1 *e*−1.1 = 3 times lower compared to the expression before EGb treatment. Interestingly, in VSV-infected PBLs the effect of EGb treatment was stronger in AD group for all genes than for controls. In PBLs from AD patients, average reduction of all investigated genes expression was about *EGb ef f ectPBLs*+*VSV all genes*;*AD* ≈ −1; i i.e., the average level of expression was 1 *e*−1 = 2.7 times lower compared, to the genes expression before EGb treatment. In PBLs from control group it was *EGb ef f ectPBLs*+*VSV all genes*;*Controls* ≈ −0.7; i.e., the average expression in VSV-infected leukocytes was 1 *e*−0.7 = 2 times lower compared to genes expression before EGb treatment. Table 6 presents level of investigated genes expressions before and after EGb treatment, EGb effects, and comparison of EGb effects in both groups. Confidence intervals (CI95) in Figure 4 and in Table 6 show greater precision of expression measurement than testing for statistical significance.

**Table 6.** Genes expression before and after EGb treatment and measure of EGb effect in AD patients and control group. Median is measure of average level. For every individual person and for every gene change of expression level after, treatment equals d = log *a f ter bef ore* = log(*a f ter*) − log(*bef ore*). EGb effect is average of all *d*s in a group. EGb effect is the average of ratios *a f ter bef ore* expressed in logs. Delta Δ is measure of difference in EGb effects between AD and controls, and this statistic is the average difference between a randomly selected person from AD group and a randomly selected person from control group.

**Table 6.** *Cont.*

**Figure 4.** Changes in relative expression of inflammatory-associated genes after EGb treatment in uninfected and VSV-infected PBLs from AD patients and healthy age-matched controls. EGb effect was measured as natural logarithm of ratio after/before gene expression. Zero means no effect. Points represent average change after treatment with confidence interval CI95% for the average.


**Abstract**

Spontaneous fermentation is the most traditional way and a low-intervention method for conducting alcoholic fermentation in wineries, giving rise to the most complex wine profiles. However, inoculation with single culture inocula of *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* strains has become widespread in the modern wine industry. Nevertheless, some authors have pointed out that the use of the same yeasts in all the winegrowing regions of the world can cause a loss of typicity and have a standardizing effect on the wines. For this reason, many wineries and regions are carrying out programs of isolation and selection of yeasts that are typical of their vineyards/wineries. The aim of this work was to study the ecology of spontaneous fermentations in 11 wineries from all over the Rioja qualified designation of origin (Spain) during 3–4 consecutive years in order to establish the existence of typical strains belonging to wineries, sub-zones, or regional ecosystems. The results obtained showed a great diversity of strains of *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* in each fermentation studied. These strains were different each year in each winery, and hardly any common strains were detected between neighboring wineries, which would indicate that there are no representative strains from the winery or the area.

**Keywords:** Rioja qualified designation of origin, alcoholic fermentation, *saccharomyces cerevisiae*, diversity, ecology, typical strains


**1. Introduction**

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has for some decades been rapidly increasing and represents, nowadays, one of the world's greatest challenges affecting animal and human health. The emergence of AR can be attributed not only to inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions in humans but also to the overuse of antibiotics in animal breeding and agriculture [1,2].

Therefore, the identification of new anti-infective therapies is urgently needed. Over the past years, numerous efforts have been made to identify new molecules or new methods that could overcome the growing microbial resistance. In this perspective, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may represent potential candidates for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms. Inspired by this research area, our group at the "Polytechnic University of Marche" decided to evaluate the effectiveness of selected new AMPs over the last 20 years.

AMPs are oligopeptides usually composed of 12–50 cationic and hydrophobic amino acids with a positive net charge, representing essential components of innate immunity [3–5]. AMPs display broad-spectrum activity against a wide variety of pathogens, such as yeast, fungi, viruses, and bacteria [6,7].

In particular, many AMPs kill pathogens by interacting with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes; this leads to a change in their electrochemical potential, which generates cell membrane damage. Although several AMPs may also kill pathogens indirectly by modulating host immune responses [8–11], AMPs can also act with other different mechanisms of action, such as inhibiting communication between pathogens. These aspects will be described in the specific paragraphs that follow. Additionally, some AMPs show synergistic interactions with conventional molecules, contributing to the decrease in the

23

selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and allowing us to restore sensitivity of conventional treatments [12,13]. The aim of this article is to summarise the 20 year experience of our research. Initially, our team included researchers from the Polytechnic University of Marche affiliated with the Clinic of Infectious Diseases, the Clinic of Surgery, the INRCA Experimental Animal Models for Aging Unit, and the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at the Medical University of Gdansk (Poland). Our scientific production was initially focused on the antimicrobial properties of AMPs in medical device infection, biofilm, and sepsis. With the arrival of researchers from dermatology and the Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, our interest shifted to bacterial and fungal skin diseases. Our main goal was to provide new treatments to overcome multiresistant infections, particularly those caused by methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA) in chronic and surgical skin wounds, including burns. We studied the effects of AMPs not only for treating resistant bacteria-related infections in the skin but also for wound healing.

Simultaneously, we also continued to evaluate the potential and spectrum of action of selected AMPs against fungi and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the beginning, the experimental model was in vitro on colonies of resistant microorganisms taken from patients and then switched, in the case of effective AMPs, to the in vivo animal model. As our research progressed, we decided to assess the potential impact on wound healing by considering histological features and immunohistochemical markers that could quantify the action of AMPs vs. conventional antibiotics, such as vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression, growth factors, or their receptors.

In the following paragraphs, we summarised the main areas of research performed, indicating the methods used and the results obtained.

#### **2. AMPs and Biofilm in Medical Devices**

Biofilm is characterised by bacterial cells that adhere to a substratum, interface, or each other and are embedded in a matrix of substances produced by the cells themselves. Biofilm often tends to develop on medical devices, in particular long-term silicone catheters such as the central venous catheter (CVC). The biofilm protects bacteria from antimicrobial therapy, leading to frequent failure of conventional antibiotic therapy [14–16].

Due to this issue, in the last few years different novel drug technologies have been studied, including antimicrobial peptides.


**11. Transplant outcomes**

Significant improvements have been achieved in the past two decades with organ preservation, surgical techniques, critical care and immunosuppression. At present over 80% of patients receiving a lung transplant for end-stage lung disease are alive at 1 year and half of them are at 5 years (33). There are differences in the survival for different etiology for the underlying end-stage lung disease (Figure 1). Primary graft dysfunction is an important cause of post-operative mortality (33). The major cause of early and late mortality is infectious complications and bronchiolitis obliterans, a condition of progressive airflow obstruction associated with chronic airway fibrosis a pathologic finding known as bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Majority of the late mortality is directly or indirectly due to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or OB (Table 2) (34,35). Although the pathological mechanism that lead to BO is not well understood there have been many associations reported. A significant predictor of OB is prior acute rejection. Other conditions are primary graft dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux or infections (36). Currently there are few well established therapies available for prevention or treatment of OB. Ongoing research continues to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis which may lead to effective treatment strategies in the future.

Viral prophylaxis is most commonly targeted against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Aggressive prophylactic therapy is directed towards this organism because of its high virulence and association with mortality in the lung transplant population. Lung transplant recipients with either donor or recipient serology that is positive for CMV usually receive prophylactic therapy with valganciclovir anywhere between three months to lifelong therapy. CMV negative lung transplant recipients who received a CMV positive donor lung may also receive CMV immunoglobulin in addition to their current valganciclovir therapy. Unfortunately, while valganciclovir prophylaxis decreases the incidence of CMV infection during the time of administration, prophylaxis does not completely prevent the development of CMV infection especially after prophylaxis therapy is discontinued. The optimal duration and type of therapy are still a matter of debate. Acyclovir and its derivatives are given to CMV negative lung transplant recipients who receive CMV

Fungal prophylaxis varies among the different transplant centers depending upon prior colonization, mechanical airway complications and environmental factors. In general some centers provide general fungal prophylaxis while others consider preemptive therapy depending upon surveillance bronchoscopy findings. Lung transplant recipients are at increased risk for developing *Aspergillus spp.* colonization of the airways leading to anastomotic infections and ulcerative tracheobronchitis. Itraconazole (or other azole substitutes) and inhaled amphotericin are the most common fungal prophylactic agents that are currently used. The azoles will increase the levels of the calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) so that the doses of these immunosuppressive medications should be decreased by at least 1/3 of their original dose. Calcineurin levels should be checked approximately one week after starting an azole. Of note, voriconazole and sirolimus should not be used together due to the

Significant improvements have been achieved in the past two decades with organ preservation, surgical techniques, critical care and immunosuppression. At present over 80% of patients receiving a lung transplant for end-stage lung disease are alive at 1 year and half of them are at 5 years (33). There are differences in the survival for different etiology for the underlying end-stage lung disease (Figure 1). Primary graft dysfunction is an important cause of post-operative mortality (33). The major cause of early and late mortality is infectious complications and bronchiolitis obliterans, a condition of progressive airflow obstruction associated with chronic airway fibrosis a pathologic finding known as bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Majority of the late mortality is directly or indirectly due to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or OB (Table 2) (34,35). Although the pathological mechanism that lead to BO is not well understood there have been many associations reported. A significant predictor of OB is prior acute rejection. Other conditions are primary graft dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux or infections (36). Currently there are few well established therapies available for prevention or treatment of OB. Ongoing research continues to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis which may lead to

negative donors in order to prevent the development of Herpes infections.

significant rise in sirolimus levels.

effective treatment strategies in the future.

**11. Transplant outcomes**

Fig. 1. Kaplan-Meier survival by diagnosis for adult lung transplants performed between January 1990 and June 2008. AT Def, α1-antitrypsin deficiency emphysema; CF, cystic fibrosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 10: 1083-1141, 2010

Table 2. Causes of Death Following Lung Transplantation in Adult Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 10: 1083-1141, 2010

#### **12. Conclusion**

Lung transplant remains an effective treatment for selected patients with end-stage lung disease. The major rate limiting step for lung transplantation at present is the available donor organs. Chronic allograft dysfunction remains a major source of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Investigations into improving donor lung availability, preventive and therapeutic approaches for OB and alternative for transplantation for end-

Lung Transplantation 307

[1] Mahidhara R, Benfield JR, The History of Lung Transplantation. Lung Transplantation

[29] McNeil K., Glanville AR, Wahlers T, et al. Comparison of Mycophenolate Mofetil and

[18] Myers BF, Sundt TM III, Henry S, et al. Selective use of extracorporeal membrane

[24] Nielsen TD, Bahnson T, Davis RD, Palmer SM. Atrial Fibrilation after pulmonary

[4] Orens JB, Estenne M, Arcosoy S etal. International guidelines for selection of lung

[6] Pak SW, Sonett J. Lung Donor Selection Criteria. in Lung Transplantation (Eds.) Wickii T.

[28] Palmer SM., Baz MA, Sanders L, et al. Results of a randomized, prospective, multicenter

[20] Patel VS, Palmer SM, Messier RH, Davis RD. Clinical outcomes after coronary artery revascularization and lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 75:372-377, 2003. [8] Puri V, Patterson GA. Adult lung transplantation: technical consideration. Semin Thorac

[13] Puri V, Patterson GA. Bilateral sequential lung t transplantation: Technical aspects. In

[2] Reitz BA, Wallwork JL, Hunt SA, et al. Heart-lung transplantation: successful therapy for patients with pulmonary vascular disease. N Eng J Med 306: 557-564, 1982. [17] Shargall Y, Guenther G, Ahya VN, Ardehali A, Singhal A, Keshavjee S. Report of the

[5] Stern E, Garrity ER. Patient Selection. in Lung Transplantation (Eds.) Wickii T.

[3] Toronto Lung Transplant Group. Unilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis.

[9] Van De Wauwer C, Neyrinch AP, Geudens N et al. Retrograde flush following topical

[14] Vigneswaran WT, Bhorade SM Wolfe M et al. Clinical pathway following lung

[32] Vigneswaran WT, Bhorade SM. Postoperative care of lung transplant patient in Surgical

Science + Business Media, New York, NY (USA) 2nd Ed, pp 621-628, 2010.

Lung Transplant Recipients. *Transplantation* 81:998-1003, 2006.

UK, pp 1-7, 2010.

631-636, 2000.

2010.

transplant. Chest 126: 496-500, 2004.

Lung Transplantation. 25: 745-755, 2006.

Cardiovasc Surg 20: 152-164, 2008.

Healthcare, Essex, UK, pp 198-207, 2010.

Lung Transplant 24:1489-1500, 2005.

N Engl J Med 314: 1140-1145, 1986.

Cardiothorac Surg 31: 1125-33, 2007.

92: 93-99, 2007.

allograft rejection. *Transplantation* 71:1772-6, 2001.

(Eds.) Wickii T. Vigneswaran and Edward Garrity Jr Informa Healthcare, Essex,

Azathioprine for Prevention of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome in De Novo

oxygenation is warrranted after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 120:

transplant candidates: 2006 update – a consensus report from pulmonary scientific council of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart

Vigneswaran and Edward Garrity Jr Informa Healthcare, Essex, UK, pp 125-134,

trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in the prevention of acute lung

Lung Transplantation (Eds.) Wickii T. Vigneswaran and Edward Garrity Jr Informa

ISHLT working group on Primary Graft Dysfunction Part VI: Treatment. J Heart

Vigneswaran and Edward Garrity Jr Informa Healthcare, Essex, UK, pp 83-98, 2010.

cooling is superior to preserve the non heart-beating donor lung. Eur J

transplantation shortens hospital length of stay without affecting outcome. Int Surg

Intensive Care Medicine (Eds) John M O'Donnel and Flavio E Nacul. Springer

stage lung disease are subjects currently under intense investigation aimed at improving short and long term result of therapy for end-stage lung disease.

#### **13. References**

stage lung disease are subjects currently under intense investigation aimed at improving

[16] Barr ML, Kawut SM, Whelan TP, Et al. Report of the ISHLT working group on Primary

[30] Beniaminovitz A, Itescu S, Lietz K, et al. Prevention of rejection in cardiac

[10] Bernat JL, D'Alessandro AM, Port FK et al. Report of a National Conference on

[7] Bhorade SM, Vigneswaran WT, Mc Cabe MA et al. Liberalization of donor criteria may

[32] Brock MV, Borja MC, Ferber L, et al. Induction therapy in lung transplantation: a

[35] Chatila WM, Furukawa S, Gaughan JP Criner GJ. Respiratory failure after lung

[21] Choong CK, Meyers BF, Guthrie TJ, Trulock EP, Patterson GA, Moazami N. Does the

[33] Christie JD, Kotloff RM, Pochettino A, et al. Clinical risk factors for primary graft failure

[11] Cypel M, Yeung JC, Liu M et al. Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung

[36] Davis RD Jr., Lau CL, Eubank S, et al. Improved lung allograft function after

[31] Garrity, ER Jr., Villanueva J, Bhorade SM, Husain AN, and Vigneswaran WT. Low rate

[15] JD, Carby M, Bag R, Corris P, Hertz M, Weill D. Report of the ISHLT working group on

[26] Keenan R.J, Konishi H, Kawai, et al. Clinical trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in

[12] Loor G, Vigneswaran WT. Single lung transplant.ation. in Lung Transplantation (Eds.)

outcome of lung transplantation? Ann Thorac Surg 82: 1038-42, 2006. [34] Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Aurora P, Dobbels F, Kirk R, Rahmel AO,

following lung transplantation. Chest 124: 1232-1241, 2003.

transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125: 533-542, 2003.

transplantation. N Engl J Med 364: 1431-1440, 2011.

receptor antibody. Transplantation 71:773-7, 2001.

lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 580-5, 1995.

Donation after cardiac death. Am J Transplant 6: 281-291, 2002.

daclizumab. *J Heart Lung Transplant* 20: 1282-90, 2001.

Graft Dysfunction part IV: recipient related risk factors and markers. J Heart Lung

transplantation by blockade of the interleukin-2 receptor with a monoclonal

expand donor pool without adverse consequence of lung transplantation. J Heart

prospective, controlled clinical trial comparing OKT3, anti-thymocyte globulin, and

presence of preoperative mild or moderate coronary artery disease affect the

Stehlik J, Hertz MI. The registry of the International Society of Heart Lung Transplantation: Twenty seventh official adult lung and heart lung transplant

fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undergoing lung

of acute lung allograft rejection after the use of daclizumab, an interleukin 2

Primary Graft Dysfunction Part II. Definition. A consensus statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant

Wickii T. Vigneswaran and Edward Garrity Jr Informa Healthcare, Essex, UK, pp

short and long term result of therapy for end-stage lung disease.

Transplant. 24:1468-82, 2005.

antibody. *N Engl J Med* 342:613-9, 2000.

lung Transplant 19: 1199-1204, 2000.

transplantation. Chest 123: 165-173, 2003.

report-2010. 29: 1104-1118, 2010.

24:1454-1467, 2005.

190-197, 2010.

**13. References**

**17**

**Systematic Review of the Literature:**

**Atresia with Tracheo-Esophageal**

 *VU Medical Centre & Emma's children hospital of the AMC,*

 **Fistula (EA-TEF)**

*Pediatric Surgical Centre of Amsterdam,*

M. W. N. Oomen

*The Netherlands*

**Comparison of Open and Minimal Access**

**Surgery (Thoracoscopic Repair) of Esophageal**

Surgical correction of esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA-TEF) has been performed since 1943 (Cameron Haight) via postero-lateral thoracotomy using an extrapleural approach in most cases. This procedure can be considered as the standard treatment of EA. The pitfalls of the operation, the incidence of complications and the outcomes, both short term and long term, have been analysed and reported by many pediatric surgeons

Since 1999, minimal access surgery (MAS) has been practised for the correction of EA 1. The risk of complications and short term outcomes have been reported as equal to the open approach. MAS has been advocated because of a possibly reduced risk of impairment of shoulder function, and a possible reduction in occurrence of postoperative scoliosis. Next to

Several advantages and disadvantages of both procedures have been described. The open approach is well standardized and is resorted to in difficult cases. Disadvantages of the open approach are the presence of a scar, possible chest wall deformities and rib fusion. The occurrence of scoliosis and possible shoulder function impairment has been related to the

The thoracoscopic approach has the advantage of magnification of view. Next to that the chance on a postoperative scoliosis and impaired shoulder function may be reduced due to the small incisions which also might lead to better cosmesis. Technically, the thoracoscopic approach is more demanding than the open approach which has consequences for training

So far, it seems that there is no difference between open and MAS approach in the frequency

In 2005, Holcomb et al presented their results of MAS (thoracoscopic) EA-TEF repair in 104 patients in multiple centres. This landmark paper has been extensively discussed by leaders

of anastomotic leakages, strictures, recurrent fistulas, tracheomalacie or GERD.

that, it has been postulated the MAS repair might lead to a better cosmesis.

**1. Introduction**

around the world.

open approach as well.

and education.


*3.4.4 Granulomatous drug reactions*

Granulomatous drug reactions include four major types: interstitial granulomatous drug reaction, drug-induced accelerated rheumatoid nodulosis, drug-induced granuloma annulare, and drug-induced sarcoidosis [155].

The most common cutaneous features of interstitial granulomatous drug reaction are symptomatic erythematous plaques and papules with a predilection for the flexures (intertriginous areas, medial thighs, and inner aspects of the arms) [117]. Trunks also may be involved [117]. Sharply demarcated symmetrical annular erythematous lesions [155] are also described. Lesions may be generalized [117]. Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction completely regresses with drug cessation [155]. Other drug-induced granulomatous disorders are drug-induced accelerated rheumatoid nodulosis, with development of tender subcutaneous lesions during treatment with methotrexate, and drug-induced granuloma annulare (GA), mainly generalized, developed with paroxetine and drug-induced sarcoidosis [156]. Druginduced lesions are similar to the original lesions.


**9. Discussion**

*Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety*

**8. The implications of amending soils with biochar**

*amended treatment; T2 = 4500 kg/ha biochar-amended treatment.*

of the effective use of biochar [38, 39].

Biochar is a natural soil booster and has recorded high success rates over the years in some parts of the world. In some regions including Africa, biochar has been found to yield positive results although some negative results were reported, for example due to improper incorporation of biochar into soil blends which fosters soil erosion [39]. Biochar has been found to balance soil pH, absorb pollutants, improve soil moisture and increases soil aeration. However, there are other economic importance attached with the use of biochar, these include the geographical distribution

*Proportions of soil fungi after biochar treatment [36]. CK = un-amended treatment; T1 = 2250 kg/ha biochar-*

*Proportions of soil bacteria after biochar treatment [36]. CK = un-amended treatment; T1 = 2250 kg/ha*

*biochar-amended treatment; T2 = 4500 kg/ha biochar-amended treatment.*

Biochar has not been known in some parts of the world due to lack of research, negligence and cultural practices. Another major implication of biochar application is contamination which is of high economic importance. The kinds of cattle manure used in biochar production could be contaminated with non-soil infectious microorganisms, heavy metals or may be denatured due to the high temperature of

Excessive removal of feedstock from biochar raw material and production processes could lead to usage of biochar devoid of adequate organic nutrient

**154**

pyrolysis [40].

**Figure 5.**

**Figure 6.**

Soil has been one major source of habitat for plants and animals. However, the anthropogenic activities of humans have contributed to the depletion of natural resources and nutrients from the soil. In a rescue mission to curtail the devastation of land and soil, biochar have been introduced for both agricultural and commercial purposes. Digestion of wastes in less amounts of oxygen at high temperature produces high quality biochar. The high temperature explains the pyrolysis process which is usually more than 200°C anaerobically [4, 41–43]. Biofertilizers and organic fertilizers have served as appetizers to the soil over the years. Recently, other forms of soil amendments have been procured for soil improvement. The soil amendments generally have a low cost and easy accessibility. An example of these soil amendments includes biochar.

Biochar is environmentally friendly and has a high binding capacity that allows the soil to adhere to biomolecules and absorb nutrients. Biochar is globally known to becoming a means of sustainable amendment of soil and means excavating heavy metals from the soil [44]. Although, biochar is produced from different biomass sources, but biochar produced from carbonization of organic wastes produces amended soil types with high carbon sequestration [45]. The quality of biochar depends on the pyrolysis conditions and raw materials, while the efficiency of biochar not only depends on the pre-production parameters but also the post-production and application procedure of the biochar; which include the type of soil under amendment and the amount of biochar applied [46]. In the process of pyrolysis of biomass, biochar is produced. There are new innovations that need to be applied when producing biochar. For example nanotechnologies and large scale model production are among the recent methods that need to be explored for adequate and mass production of biochar [15, 44, 47]. The temperature of pyrolysis, the particle size and residence time are factors that determine the end product of biomass conversion into biochar. These factors determine the state and half-life of the biochar product [48]. Biochar is a good soil and plant health promoter because it helps to retain the nutrients in the soil through its absorbent power thereby enhancing overall plant growth [49].


5. Mechanical behavior of the CICC caused by electromagnetic force and thermal mismatch

The CICC qualification test samples show gradual degradation of the currentsharing temperature (Tcs) under several hundreds of EM cycles [29, 30], which leads to the Nb3Sn strand's bending or compressing deformation. In this section, we focus on the relationship between Tcs and axial strain of the cable.

It is known that the ITER CS and TF coils are wounded by CICCs, which made up of five-stage sub-cables formed around a central cooling tube. The fourth petals and the sub-cables are wrapped with stainless steel tapes. Then, the wrapped cable were inserted into a stainless steel tube, which act as an amor, as illustrated in the cross-sectional view in Figure 11. The inner diameter of the CS armor is equal to 36 and 37 mm for TF, respectively. The side length of CS conductor is 49 mm, and the diameter of the TF conductor is of 40 mm. More than 1000 Nb3Sn strands were in the CICC conductors. In this section, the conductors can be simplified into a rope and the petals with circle cross section, as shown in Figure 11. Thus, the cable could be analyzed by using the thin rod model as shown in Figure 12.

During the calculations, the parameters R, Rin, and twist pitch (h) are 6, 6, and 450 mm, respectively. According to the geometric relation h ¼ 2πrtan α, as shown in Figure 13(b), we can get α ¼ 80:5∘ , where α represents the initial helix angle. Figure 13(a) also displays the loads acting on the petal and the geometric relation of the petal centerline.

Figure 11.

Submitting Eq. (34) into Eq. (36) and eliminating the Ls, one can get

Nuclear Fusion - One Noble Goal and a Variety of Scientific and Technological Challenges

EI � �2

L2 þ 1:597 � 10�5

L7 � L2

Consider the special case LS ¼ 0 that means the end of the strand is locked and the length of the buckling is equal to the twist pitch. In this case Eq. (36) can be

Based on these equations, the critical buckling load P0 can be calculated, as well as the relationship between the buckling length, bending stiffness, and the friction

We can know that the strand buckling behavior is depending on the twist pitch of the first stage; the shorter the lay length, the lower the possibility of the strand buckling. The higher the wrap rigidity, the stronger the strand. Furthermore, if we fixed the coverage rate, and with a narrow wrap, which would lead to almost uniform lateral supporting, it can also prevent the strand slid into buckling. This

When there is no thermal load and EM force, the original strand in the CICCs is

shown in Figure 10(a). When the temperature is cooled down, the axial strain caused by thermal mismatch and the lateral compression raised by the EM load are applied to the strands. We can see that the initial "straight" strand was keeping its shape by well lateral support. When the strand working in a large magnetic field (including self-field), it bears a huge EM force. A large void is generated, at the same time, some strands bending, which is shown in Figure 10(b). Additionally, this bending strain is not the only factor to make the strand fracture. For the SULTAN measurements [28], the samples is about 3.6 m long, and the high-field

Mechanism of the strand buckling behavior during the cooling and conducting processes.

4 ð Þ μLFEM

EA μTFEM EI � �2

2

, in which

L6 (37)

ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

EAμLFEM μTFEM

P0 ¼ 80:76 EI

mechanism of buckling is shown in Figure 10.

P0 ¼ P þ

factor.

Figure 10.

94

P ¼ 80:76EI=L2

r

simplified as follows:

1:597 � 10�5

.

Schematic illustration of the CS and TF CICC cross sections. The symbols Rin and R denote the radius of the He channel and petal, respectively; r is on behalf of the sum of Rin and R: r ¼ RIn þ R.

Figure 12. (a) The deformation of the cable caused by the axial compression; (b) the cross section of the cable.

Substituting Eqs. (40) and (43) into Eq. (41), the axial strain of the petal ξ which

1 � 2 sin 2α

Δα

1 � 2 sin 2α

" # � � Δα (46)

1 þ υ þ 2 sin 2

� 1

1 � 2 sin 2α

1 þ υ þ 2 sin 2

� �

" #

1 � 2 sin 2α

" #

" # � � Δα

1 � 2 sin 2α

1 þ υ þ 2 sin 2

ε0 (50)

1 þ υ þ 2 sin 2

� �

1 þ υ þ 2 sin 2

α � �Δα (44)

tan α (45)

α

tan α (47)

α

� 1

α

� 1

r can be

Δα

(49)

α

Δα

(48)

sin α cos α 4ð Þ r=R 2

The Mechanical Behavior of the Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in the ITER Project

The deformed configuration of the petal in Figure 13 yields

cos α sin α þ

θ � θ h ¼ r r

sin α

r þ

compression strain obeys: ε ¼ �ε0; then, Eq. (46) and Eq. (48) become

cos α sin α þ

> r þ

The relation between axial strain ε0 and transverse strain εTrans ¼ Δr

εTrans ¼ C4

sin α þ sin α cos α 4ð Þ r=R 2

1�2 sin 2α

It is found that the coefficient between transverse and axial strains is affected by the helical angle α and Poisson's ratio υ. When the twist pitch of the fifth stage cable is of 427, 450, and 476 mm, the corresponding helical angle of the petal equals to 80, 80.5, and 81°, respectively. Substituting these values into Eq. (50), one can see that the axial strain of the cable ε0 has a linear relationship with the transverse strain

At the two ends of the petal per twist pitch, the rotation is zero, and the

ε ¼ h � h

h ¼ ξ þ

sin α cos α 4ð Þ r=R 2

The angle of twist per unit length τ of the petal can be defined by the expression

1 þ ξ tan α � Δα � �

cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

sin α cos α 4ð Þ r=R 2

cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

C2C3 � C1C4

1�2 sin 2α

1þυ þ 2 sin 2α � � � 1.

1þυ þ 2 sin 2α � �,

is only related to the Δr and Δα can be written as

Δr r þ

ð Þ 1 þ υ

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82349

From Eqs.  We carried out an experiment by

ξ ¼ υ sin 2α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

ε ¼ υ sin 2α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

That is,

8 >>>>><

>>>>>:

97

expressed as

rτc ¼ υ sin α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

�ε0 ¼ υ sin 2α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

0 ¼ υ sin α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

where C1 ¼ υ sin 2α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

ð Þ 1þυ � cos α

C3 ¼ υ sin α cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

ð Þ 1 þ υ

Figure 13. (a) Uniform forces acting on the petal; (b) geometric relation of the petal centerline.

Assume that the petals were contact with each other in the original state. The curvature and the twist per unit length of the petal is k, k0 , τ; then the changes can be written as Δk, Δk0 , Δτ. They can be expressed as [19]

$$
\Delta \kappa' = \frac{\cos^2 \overline{a}}{\overline{r}} - \frac{\cos^2 a}{r} = \frac{-\cos^2 a}{r} \frac{\Delta r}{r} - 2 \frac{\sin a \cos a}{r} \Delta a \tag{38}
$$

$$
\Delta \tau = \frac{\cos \overline{a} \sin \overline{a}}{\overline{r}} - \frac{\cos a \sin a}{r} = \frac{-\sin a \cos a}{r} \frac{\Delta r}{r} + \frac{(1 - 2 \sin^2 a)}{r} \Delta a \tag{39}
$$

In Eqs. (38) and (39), α and α is the initial and final helical angle of the petal, Δα and Δr stand for the change of helical angle and radius of the petal, and r and r denote the original and final radius, respectively. The loads and moments can be deduced as.

$$\text{tr}\,G'=\frac{E\pi R^4}{4}\Delta\kappa';H=\frac{E\pi R^4}{4(1+\nu)}\Delta\tau;T=\pi ER^2\xi\tag{40}$$

Here, T, G0 , H stand for the axial load, bending moment, and twist moment of the petal, respectively; E is of the axial stiffness of the petal, v is Poisson's ratio, and ξ stands for the strain in the axial direction of the petal. If the petal is free in the initial state and there is no contact force under the compression state, then the uniform load between the petals is equal to zero. According to the thin rod model presented by Costello [19], the following equation is satisfied:

$$X = N'\frac{\sin a \cos a}{r} - T\frac{\cos^2 a}{r} = 0\tag{41}$$

$$N' = H \frac{\cos^2 a}{r} - G' \frac{\sin a \cos a}{r} \tag{42}$$

In Eqs. (41) and (42), X stands for the resultant contact force per unit length of a petal; N0 is of the shear force acting on the petal. From Eqs. (38)–(40) and Eq. (42), the shearing force N0 acting on the petal can be written as

$$\frac{N'}{\left(\overline{E}\overline{R}^2\right)^2} = \frac{\pi\nu\sin a\cos^3 a}{4(r/R)^2(1+\nu)}\frac{\Delta r}{r} + \frac{\pi\cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2} \left(\frac{1-2\sin^2 a}{1+\nu} + 2\sin^2 a\right)\Delta a \tag{43}$$

The Mechanical Behavior of the Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in the ITER Project DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82349

Substituting Eqs. (40) and (43) into Eq. (41), the axial strain of the petal ξ which is only related to the Δr and Δα can be written as

$$\xi = \frac{\nu \sin^2 a \cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2 (1+\nu)} \frac{\Delta r}{r} + \frac{\sin a \cos a}{4(r/R)^2} \left(\frac{1-2\sin^2 a}{1+\nu} + 2\sin^2 a\right) \Delta a \tag{44}$$

The deformed configuration of the petal in Figure 13 yields

$$
\varepsilon = \frac{\overline{h} - h}{h} = \xi + \frac{\Delta a}{\tan a} \tag{45}
$$

From Eqs. (44) and (45), one can get

$$\varepsilon = \frac{\nu \sin^2 a \cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2 (1+\nu)} \frac{\Delta r}{r} + \left[ \frac{\cos a}{\sin a} + \frac{\sin a \cos a}{4(r/R)^2} \left( \frac{1 - 2 \sin^2 a}{1+\nu} + 2 \sin^2 a \right) \right] \Delta a \tag{46}$$

The angle of twist per unit length τ of the petal can be defined by the expression

$$r\tau\_c = r\frac{\overline{\theta} - \theta}{h} = \frac{r}{\overline{r}} \left( \frac{1 + \xi}{\tan a} - \Delta a \right) - \frac{1}{\tan a} \tag{47}$$

That is,

Assume that the petals were contact with each other in the original state. The

Nuclear Fusion - One Noble Goal and a Variety of Scientific and Technological Challenges

r ¼ � cos 2α r

r ¼ � sin α cos α r

and Δr stand for the change of helical angle and radius of the petal, and r and r denote the original and final radius, respectively. The loads and moments can be

> ; H ¼ EπR4 4 1ð Þ þ ν

the petal, respectively; E is of the axial stiffness of the petal, v is Poisson's ratio, and ξ stands for the strain in the axial direction of the petal. If the petal is free in the initial state and there is no contact force under the compression state, then the uniform load between the petals is equal to zero. According to the thin rod model

In Eqs. (38) and (39), α and α is the initial and final helical angle of the petal, Δα

Δr

, H stand for the axial load, bending moment, and twist moment of

r � T cos 2α

r � G0 sin α cos α

In Eqs. (41) and (42), X stands for the resultant contact force per unit length of a petal; N0 is of the shear force acting on the petal. From Eqs. (38)–(40) and Eq. (42),

> π cos 2α 4ð Þ r=R 2

r

1 � 2 sin 2α

1 þ υ þ 2 sin 2

Δr r þ

r � 2 sin α cos α r

Δτ; T ¼ πER2

1 � 2 sin 2 ð Þ α r

, τ; then the changes can be

Δα (38)

ξ (40)

(42)

Δα (43)

r ¼ 0 (41)

α

Δα (39)

curvature and the twist per unit length of the petal is k, k0

r � cos 2α

(a) Uniform forces acting on the petal; (b) geometric relation of the petal centerline.

Δκ0 ¼ cos 2α

r � cos α sin α

G0 ¼ EπR4 4

Δκ0

presented by Costello [19], the following equation is satisfied:

the shearing force N0 acting on the petal can be written as

Δr r þ

ð Þ 1 þ υ

X ¼ N0 sin α cos α

N0 ¼ H cos 2α

, Δτ. They can be expressed as [19]

written as Δk, Δk0

Figure 13.

deduced as.

Here, T, G0

N0

96

ER2 ¼ π v sin α cos 3α 4ð Þ r=R 2

Δτ ¼ cos α sin α

$$r\tau\_{\varepsilon} = \left[\frac{\nu\sin a\cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2(1+\nu)} - \frac{\cos a}{\sin a}\right] \frac{\Delta r}{r} + \left[\frac{\cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2} \left(\frac{1-2\sin^2 a}{1+\nu} + 2\sin^2 a\right) - 1\right] \Delta a \tag{48}$$

At the two ends of the petal per twist pitch, the rotation is zero, and the compression strain obeys: ε ¼ �ε0; then, Eq. (46) and Eq. (48) become

$$\begin{cases} -\varepsilon\_0 = \frac{\nu \sin^2 a \cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2 (1+\nu)} \frac{\Delta r}{r} + \left[ \frac{\cos a}{\sin a} + \frac{\sin a \cos a}{4(r/R)^2} \left( \frac{1 - 2 \sin^2 a}{1+\nu} + 2 \sin^2 a \right) \right] \Delta a \\\ 0 = \left[ \frac{\nu \sin a \cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2 (1+\nu)} - \frac{\cos a}{\sin a} \right] \frac{\Delta r}{r} + \left[ \frac{\cos^2 a}{4(r/R)^2} \left( \frac{1 - 2 \sin^2 a}{1+\nu} + 2 \sin^2 a \right) - 1 \right] \Delta a \end{cases} \tag{49}$$

The relation between axial strain ε0 and transverse strain εTrans ¼ Δr r can be expressed as

$$
\varepsilon\_{T\text{trans}} = \frac{C\_4}{C\_2 C\_3 - C\_1 C\_4} \varepsilon\_0 \tag{50}
$$

where  $\mathbf{C}\_{1} = \frac{\nu \sin^{2} a \cos^{2} a}{4(r/R)^{2}(1+\nu)}$ ,  $\mathbf{C}\_{2} = \frac{\cos a}{\sin a} + \frac{\sin a \cos a}{4(r/R)^{2}} \left(\frac{1 - 2\sin^{2} a}{1+\nu} + 2\sin^{2} a\right),$   $\mathbf{C}\_{3} = \frac{\nu \sin a \cos^{2} a}{4(r/R)^{2}(1+\nu)} - \frac{\cos a}{\sin a},$   $\mathbf{C}\_{4} = \frac{\cos^{2} a}{4(r/R)^{2}} \left(\frac{1 - 2\sin^{2} a}{1+\nu} + 2\sin^{2} a\right) - \mathbf{1}.$   $\mathbf{1},$   $\mathbf{1},$

It is found that the coefficient between transverse and axial strains is affected by the helical angle α and Poisson's ratio υ. When the twist pitch of the fifth stage cable is of 427, 450, and 476 mm, the corresponding helical angle of the petal equals to 80, 80.5, and 81°, respectively. Substituting these values into Eq. (50), one can see that the axial strain of the cable ε0 has a linear relationship with the transverse strain εTrans, which is displayed in Figure 14. We carried out an experiment by

STP (short twist pitch) shows an opposite phenomenon, the Tcs becomes a constant even have an enhanced. These experimental results presented in Ref. [30] have a contrast with analytical prediction for many years. Using the theoretical model proposed in this chapter, the Tcs enhancement and degradation behaviors can be predicted quantitatively. Figure 15 shows a comparison of calculated results and experimental results, where the lines show the theoretical results and the dots are the experimental results. It is found that during the primary stage of the EM cycle there was a quick increase of axial strain that will lead to the Tcs drop dramatically.  However, several STP CS conductors have an increase of Tcs, which means that the initial axial compression strain has been released by the EM loads, squeezing the cables at the high-field zone into the

The Mechanical Behavior of the Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in the ITER Project

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82349

While it is easy to imagine when the expansions of the cable in the high-field zone get stacked, the strain will not be released and the Tcs will drop (see the black dash line in Figure 15). If the inner part of the conductor is smooth enough, the axial compression strain is released completely, the Tcs reaches its upper boundary which is shown by the orange dash line with circle symbol corresponding to the length of the high-field region is 400 mm. If the high-field region's length is 1000 mm, then the lower boundary of the enhancing Tcs is given with purple line with triangle symbol. We can find that the theoretical results agree with the exper-

In the past half-century, the structure of CICC conductor was under continuous optimization and improvement. The CICC conductors have so many advantages such as good self-support, high operational stability, high current carrying capacity, low AC loss, etc., and they are widely used in the superconducting magnets. The nuclear fusion device CFTER built by China has also chosen the CICC conductors. However, there still have some problems to be solved: (1) there is a necessity for theoretical model to explain the degradation of critical current caused by mechanical deformation for the Nb3Sn strand; (2) accurate description of the mechanical response of complex strand structures in the coupling fields remains a challenging problem; (3) the untwisting behavior during the cable penetration is still not suppressed completely. One needs a more effective model to optimize the

manufacturing process; and (4) the long-term stability and real-time monitoring of superconducting magnets are also a challenge for the engineers. Based on this, the equivalent mechanical parameters of CICC conductors and their mechanical behavior under coupled fields will be further studied. The authors hope that these

This work is supported by the Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation

of China (Nos. 11622217, 11802291, and 11872196), the National Key Project of Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development (11327802), and National Program for Special Support of Top-Notch Young Professionals. This work is also supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

models can provide a valuable reference for the related researchers.

low-field region.

imental results very well.

Acknowledgements

99

(lzujbky-2017-ot18 and lzujbky-2017-k18).

6. Discussion

#### Figure 14.

Relationship between the axial strain ε0 and the transverse strain εT. The colored lines are obtained by using the presented theoretical model. The green triangle symbols denote the experimental results.

compressing a CS cable which was fabricated in CASIPP to validate the analytical model. When the CS cable specimen is compressed along axial direction, it extends transversely with high resolution. The transverse extension can be measured by using a laser sensor. The experimental setup is schematically illustrated in the inset of Figure 14. One can find that the theoretical model shows perfect consistency with the experiment.

In Figure 14, we can get that the CS conductors with baseline and LTP (long twist pitch) shows a Tcs degradation after EM cycles, while for the samples with

Figure 15. A comparison of the experimental results and theoretical results based on the presented model [18].

### The Mechanical Behavior of the Cable-in-Conduit Conductor in the ITER Project DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82349

STP (short twist pitch) shows an opposite phenomenon, the Tcs becomes a constant even have an enhanced. These experimental results presented in Ref. [30] have a contrast with analytical prediction for many years. Using the theoretical model proposed in this chapter, the Tcs enhancement and degradation behaviors can be predicted quantitatively. Figure 15 shows a comparison of calculated results and experimental results, where the lines show the theoretical results and the dots are the experimental results. It is found that during the primary stage of the EM cycle there was a quick increase of axial strain that will lead to the Tcs drop dramatically.  However, several STP CS conductors have an increase of Tcs, which means that the initial axial compression strain has been released by the EM loads, squeezing the cables at the high-field zone into the low-field region.

While it is easy to imagine when the expansions of the cable in the high-field zone get stacked, the strain will not be released and the Tcs will drop (see the black dash line in Figure 15). If the inner part of the conductor is smooth enough, the axial compression strain is released completely, the Tcs reaches its upper boundary which is shown by the orange dash line with circle symbol corresponding to the length of the high-field region is 400 mm. If the high-field region's length is 1000 mm, then the lower boundary of the enhancing Tcs is given with purple line with triangle symbol. We can find that the theoretical results agree with the experimental results very well.