**6. Appendix-A: Evaluation of** *E*[*Na*]**,** *E*[*Nd*] **and** *E*[*Nc*] **in switches equipped with single-stage and BENES switching fabric**

The evaluation of *E*[*Na*], *E*[*Nd*] and *E*[*Nc*] in synchronous Optical Packet Switches is carried under the following assumptions:

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• the destination of a packet is uniformly distributed over all *N* OFs, i.e., the probability that an arriving packet is directed to a given OF is equal to 1 *N* .

Due to the synchronous operation mode of the SSPN switches, we can evaluate *E*[*Na*], *E*[*Nd*] and *E*[*Nc*] at a given time-slot.

The average number *E*[*Na*] of forwarded packets can be evaluated by taking into account that the packet loss can be due to either the lack of output wavelength channels or the lack of wavelength converters. We can write:

$$E[\text{N}\_a] = E[\text{N}\_o] - E[\text{N}\_{p, \text{vol}}] - E[\text{N}\_{p, \text{cl}}] \tag{10}$$

wherein:

$$E[N\_{p, \text{vol}}] = N \sum\_{j=M+1}^{NM} (j - M) \binom{NM}{j} \left(\frac{p}{N}\right)^j \left(1 - \frac{p}{N}\right)^{NM - j}. \tag{11}$$

• *E*[*Np*,*cl*] is the average number of lost packets due to the lack of WCs. The evaluation of this term has been evaluated in (Eramo et al., 2002; 2009c) by solving an urn problem (Eramo et al., 2002).

The average number *E*[*Nd*] of OFs in which at least one packet is directed can be simply expressed as:

$$E[N\_d] = N\left(1 - \left(1 - \frac{p}{N}\right)^{NM}\right) \tag{12}$$

Finally the average number *E*[*Nc*] of packets forwarded with wavelength conversion can be computed by subtracting the number *E*[*Nd*] of packets forwarded without wavelength conversion to the average number *E*[*Na*] of forwarded packets, that is:

$$E[\mathcal{N}\_c] = E[\mathcal{N}\_a] - E[\mathcal{N}\_d] \tag{13}$$

Finally by inserting (10)-(13) in (3) and (5) we are able to evaluate the average energy consumption *ESS*−*SSPN av*,*T* and *EB*−*SSPN av*,*T* of the switches equipped with Single-Stage and BENES switching fabric respectively.

### **7. Acknowledgment**

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreements nˇr 247674 (STRONGEST-Scalable, Tuneable and Resilient Optical Networks Guaranteeing Extremely-high Speed Transport).

### **8. References**

Akar, N.; Eramo, V. & Raffaelli, C. (2011). Comparative analysis of power consumption in asynchronous wavelength modular optical switching fabrics. *Optical Switching and Networking*, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 139-148, ISSN 1573-4277

16 Optical Amplifier

• the destination of a packet is uniformly distributed over all *N* OFs, i.e., the probability that

Due to the synchronous operation mode of the SSPN switches, we can evaluate *E*[*Na*], *E*[*Nd*]

The average number *E*[*Na*] of forwarded packets can be evaluated by taking into account that the packet loss can be due to either the lack of output wavelength channels or the lack of

• *E*[*Np*,*wl*] is the average number of lost packets due to the lack of output wavelength

• *E*[*Np*,*cl*] is the average number of lost packets due to the lack of WCs. The evaluation of this term has been evaluated in (Eramo et al., 2002; 2009c) by solving an urn problem

The average number *E*[*Nd*] of OFs in which at least one packet is directed can be simply

Finally the average number *E*[*Nc*] of packets forwarded with wavelength conversion can be computed by subtracting the number *E*[*Nd*] of packets forwarded without wavelength

Finally by inserting (10)-(13) in (3) and (5) we are able to evaluate the average energy consumption *ESS*−*SSPN av*,*T* and *EB*−*SSPN av*,*T* of the switches equipped with Single-Stage and BENES

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreements nˇr 247674 (STRONGEST-Scalable, Tuneable and Resilient Optical Networks Guaranteeing

Akar, N.; Eramo, V. & Raffaelli, C. (2011). Comparative analysis of power consumption in

*Networking*, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 139-148, ISSN 1573-4277

asynchronous wavelength modular optical switching fabrics. *Optical Switching and*

*NM j*

 *p N j*

*NM*

*E*[*Nc*] = *E*[*Na*] − *E*[*Nd*] (13)

(*j* − *M*)

 1 − 1 − *p N* *N* .

*E*[*Na*] = *E*[*No*] − *E*[*Np*,*wl*] − *E*[*Np*,*cl*] (10)

1 − *p N* *NM*−*j*

. (11)

(12)

an arriving packet is directed to a given OF is equal to 1

• *E*[*No*] = *pNM* is the average number of packets offered to the switch;

*NM* ∑ *j*=*M*+1

*E*[*Nd*] = *N*

conversion to the average number *E*[*Na*] of forwarded packets, that is:

and *E*[*Nc*] at a given time-slot.

wherein:

wavelength converters. We can write:

channels. It is simply given by:

(Eramo et al., 2002).

switching fabric respectively.

Extremely-high Speed Transport).

**7. Acknowledgment**

**8. References**

expressed as:

*E*[*Np*,*wl*] = *N*

**5**

*Hungary*

**Multi-Functional SOAs**

Eszter Udvary and Tibor Berceli

**in Microwave Photonic Systems**

 *Department of Broadband Infocommunications and Electromagnetic Theory,*

The Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) is a very attractive device for optical communication systems because of their multi-functional capability. The operation of the SOA is controlled by both the electrical and optical input signal. The SOAs have demonstrated their multi-functional capability by combining optical amplification with modulation, gating, photo-detection, dispersion compensation, linearization, etc. The chapter describes the applications of SOA-modulator, SOA-detector and SOA-dispersion

The design and construction of complex optical circuits exhibiting several functionalities are difficult tasks. Optical semiconductor integrated circuits having different functional elements on a single substrate have been developed and intensively studied. In that case individual functional elements need not be connected to each other through passive waveguides. Compared to a case when functional elements are independently formed, it is simpler to apply multifunctional devices. In this case a single device replaces numerous special elements. Multi-functionality in optical communication systems decreases complexity, reduces fabrication, installation and maintenance cost, minimizes the size, enhances the reliability and allows systems to work simultaneously with suitable parameters. However, we have to compromise, because the specialised devices have better operation parameters than multi-functional devices. Therefore, the degradation of the characteristics has to be minimized; hence the study of potential multi-functional devices is

Radio-over-Fibre (RoF) technology [Seeds] offers a perspective solution to the demand for wireless connection to the costumer ("last or first mile problem"). It entails the use of optical fibre links to distribute RF signals from a central location to Remote Antenna Units (RAUs). It combines the properties of the microwave and photonics approaches. In narrowband communication systems and WLANs (wireless local area networks), RF signal processing functions such as frequency up-conversion, carrier modulation, and multiplexing, are performed at the radio base station. RoF makes possible to centralise the RF signal processing functions in one shared location, and then to use optical fibre, which offers low

compensator in microwave photonic communication systems.

**1. Introduction**

a very important task.

**2. Radio-over-Fibre systems**

*Budapest University of Technology and Economics,*


Mutation induces leukemia in mouse model.

Table 1. Mutations in the PI3K/PKB pathway.

#### **3.1.3 Activating mutations upstream of PI3K/PKB signaling pathway**

The PI3K/PKB signaling module is an important mediator of cytokine signals. In hematological malignancies, mutations in cytokine receptors have been described to affect

mutation has only been detected in one pediatric T-ALL patient (Gutierrez et al., 2009). To

E542K Activation # Helical domain p110α Horn , 2008 H1047R Activation # Kinase domain p110α Horn , 2008 PIK3CA Activation T-ALL Catalytic subunit PI3K Gutierrez , 2009 PIK3R1 Deletion T-ALL Regulatory subunit PI3K Gutierrez , 2009

Dysruption T-ALL Sequence alterations in exon 7 Gutierrez , 2009

ALL Juxtamembrane (JM) domain

autoinhibition AML Juxtamembrane (JM) domain Reviewed by

Activation loop (AL) of the kinase domain

AL domain

kinase domain

on Activation ALL t(9;22) (q34;q11) Clark , 1988;

The PI3K/PKB signaling module is an important mediator of cytokine signals. In hematological malignancies, mutations in cytokine receptors have been described to affect

ALL Gutierrez , 2009;

**SHIP1** SHIP1 Deactivation AML Phosphatase domain Luo , 2003 **PKB** E17K Activation T-ALL Pleckstrin homology domain Carpten , 2007;

**PP2A** Deletion Deletion/Loss AML Cristobal , 2011

ALL

K663Q Activation AML First mutation outside JM and

mutation Activation AML Extracellular (EC) domain of

mutation Activation AML Activation loop (AL) of the

**3.1.3 Activating mutations upstream of PI3K/PKB signaling pathway**

**in: Location References**

ALL Helical domain p110α Lee , 2005; Horn ,

line Exons 2 through 5 Sakai , 1998

line Exons 2 through 5 Aggerholm , 2000

heterozygous Gutierrez , 2009

the kinase Yuzawa, 2007

2008

Gutierrez , 2009

Parcells , 2006

Reviewed by Scholl , 2008

Dicker , 2010

Varticovski , 1991

**Detected**

date, no other mutations in PKB have been described.

**loss**

**PTEN** PTEN Deletion T-ALL Homozygous and

Deletion ALL cell

Deletion AMl cell

Less

mutation Activation AML &

 **Mutation Activation/**

**PI3K** E545A Activation AML &

**Flt3** Flt3-ITD Activation AML &

**Ras** Mutations Activation AML &


**Author details**

116 Recent Advances in Crystallography

respectively [9, 11].

minimum density, whereas the intermediate density rests with the detected cubic structure and finally the maximum density will be closer to the hexagonal close packing than to the simple cubic structure. This is contrary for the Lipid A-diphosphate invariant to the particle number density, *n*, and T=constant, but at very low *I* of M to mM NaCl or nM Ca2+,

The influence of the Lipid A-diphosphate crystal-crystal-coexistence within the crystallization process has also to be considered. Since there is a noticeable variation in large and small m-sized crystals as a function of polydispersity in size and charge, the ratio may be important so that the expanded Lipid A-diphosphate crystal phase is metastabile and a function of , T and I. As a result the density of the Lipid A-diphosphate nuclei is increasing with (*n*), which is contrary of the classical nucleation theory (CNT) [60]. According to this theory the density of the crystal is the same as the bulk density, or the density decreases

length and depends on the curvatures inside and outside of the nuclei, due to capillary forces [74, 75], which takes also the surface tension and the chemical potential () into account. Thus the assumption of CNT is independent on is no longer valid. This result in a decrease of the nucleation rate with an increase in supersaturation is governed by the increase in rather by slowing down the kinetics. There is also strong evidence that the 2 d crystals of Lipid A-diphosphate do not melt in a first-order transition but may be in secondorder transition. This behavior follows the theory developed by Kosterlitz, Thouless, Halperin, Nelson, and Young (KTHNY), which predicts that a third phase, namely the hexatic phase with short-range translational order and quasi-long-range order exists

The successful production of Lipid A-phosphate crystals makes it extremely useful to study various Lipid A-diphosphate assemblies of e.g. four, three, and penta- or hexaacylated Lipid A-phosphate approximants including those of modified disaccharide or monosaccharide moieties. This still remains to be elucidated. It was possible to construct different Wigner-Seitz polyhedra that make up the overall volume of the Frank-Kasper type unit cells with complexes comprised of Lipid A-diphosphate, antagonistic and non-toxic Lipid Aphosphate analogues depending on volume fraction, ( = 2 ·c), the nature of the counterions and temperature. They form by spontaneous self-assembly and appear to obey the principles of thermodynamically reversible self-assembly but once self-assembled strongly resist disassembly. Base on these principles, Lipid A-phosphate assemblies can be designed which form large unit cells by containing more than hundreds of Lipid Aphosphates. The range of Lipid A-phosphate structures may also be increased further by employing various different ("non-identical subunits") and identical subunits of Lipid Aphosphate in analogy with block copolymers. The rational design of such assemblies and the nucleation and creation of polymorphic Lipid A-phosphates production of mesoscopic suitable cellular networks, and structure-function relationships will be impacted by a theoretical and practical understanding of the spherical assemblies, rod-like assemblies and

*g* , where Lc is the capillary

with increasing of the Young-Laplace pressure, c = /Lc =

between crystal and liquid [60-64].

**5. Conclusion**

Henrich H. Paradies, Hendrik Reichelt and Chester A. Faunce *The University of Salford, Joule Physics Laboratory, Manchester, United Kingdom*

Peter Quitschau *Fachhochschule Südwestfalen, University of Applied Sciences, Biotechnology & Physical Chemistry, Iserlohn, Germany*

Kurt Zimmermann *The Symbio Herborn Group Inc., Institute for Microecology, Herborn, Germany*


**5. Concrete and sustainability**

Currently, Sustainability is an important issue all over the globe and it is affected by cement and concrete technology. The construction industry particularly cement and concrete are responsible for the production of 7% carbon dioxide of the total world CO2 emission. Green concrete capable of sustainable construction is characterized by the application of industrial wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources and energy and pollution of the environment. Replacement of materials over nominal concrete is what makes green concrete more environmentally friendly concrete.

Cement is a pillar to develop infrastructures in the given nations. At the same time, cement production affects the local environment and nearby communities. The environmental issues of cement manufacturing are related to local, regional, and global problems in their mining and mineral processing. The local problems include dust, ground subsidence, noise, vibrations, chemical contamination, tailings spills, scenic and local ecological degradation, and health problems among miners. Regional problems are acid rain and contamination of surface and/or groundwater spills of processing chemicals and stream sediment loading. Global problems are the effects of mineral use and anthropogenic greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. On the one hand, dust emission sources are kiln, crusher, grinders, clinker coolers, and material handling equipment, which are in

*Production of Sustainable Concrete by Using Challenging Environmentally Friendly Materials… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99239*

crushing and pyro processing. Besides, clinker manufacturing of pyro-processing is a considerable source of emission such as Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), gases like CO2, Sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and dioxins [11–15].

Air emitted/vented from various stages of cement processing contains dust, SO2, NOx, CO2, and heavy metals which can negatively affect the air quality of the area. One of the most common methods for reducing the environmental effect of concrete is by adding recycled materials to the concrete. The increased environmental awareness and dwindling resources in conjunction with regulation-based impetus enforced by governments/regional councils of different countries have led to the research and development of products and processes that employ effective waste utilization.


**Marco Milone**

Marco Milone was born in Naples, Italy. He is an Assistant Professor and Attending Surgeon at "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy. He received his undergraduate degree in Naples, Italy, and underwent postgraduate clinical and research training in Italy and in the United Kingdom. He holds a PhD in Surgical Science and Advanced Techniques. He has long been engaged in clinical and research work of the gastrointestinal surgery, especially in those of minimally invasive surgery. He has a track record of over 130 publications in peer-reviewed journals, with an h-index of 23 and a citation count of >1400.

He is member of the editorial board of numerous peer-reviewed journals. He is currently a member of the Executive Board of the Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery (SICE).

#### **Paolo Pietro Bianchi**

Doctor Paolo Pietro Bianchi graduated from the University of Milano in 1989, with an early interest in minimally invasive surgery.

He developed his initial experience in Belgium at the European School of Laparoscopy and in France and Strasbourg at the IRCAD.

He was Chief of the Colorectal and Minimally Invasive Unit in 2004 at the Istituto Clinico Humanitas in Rozzano (Italy) and became the Director of the Minimally Invasive Unit at the European Institute of Oncology in Milano in 2008.

Doctor Bianchi's main interest is digestive surgery and especially colorectal surgery, and he is an expert of sentinel lymphnode detection in colon cancer anda pioneer of laparoscopic ultrasound.

In recent years, he worked on the development of robotic surgery and its application to oncological digestive diseases.

Doctor Bianchi is a Professor of Surgical Technique at the Postgraduate School of General Surgery at the University of Milano, a director of the live courses of laparoscopic surgery in colon cancer, and a founding member of the School of Robotic Surgery at the European Institute of Oncology In Milano.

He is an author and co-author of many peer-reviewed publications and a reviewer for some of the most important journals of minimally invasive surgery.