**2. Patients and methods**

The hypercholesterolemic individuals with untreated hypercholesterolemia were tested by Lipoprint LDL analysis. In this group of hypercholesterolemic subjects, 145 individuals with a non-atherogenic lipoprotein profile were identified.

Of the total number, 15 individuals were under 40 years of age without clinically apparent impairment and no laboratory signs of cardiovascular disease. These subjects formed one subgroup of younger people (34 years +- 5 years). The subgroup of younger subjects was separated from the older individuals with hypercholesterolemia because a separate analysis of the older subjects with hypercholesterolemia was performed to confirm that undamaged vessels in older individuals persist even into old age, and that diagnosed hypercholesterolemia does not cause an atherogenic impairment in the vessels. The subgroup of older subjects consisted of 130 individuals (32 males, 57 +-11 years of age; and 98 females, 62 +- 9 years of age).

The medical examination, which included a physical examination, blood pressure, and ECG examination, bicycle stress test, echocardiography, and duplex ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries, confirmed that there was no impairment of the cardiovascular system. Only mild signs of clinically irrelevant aortic valve sclerosis were found in the subgroup of older subjects.

Individuals with hyperglycemia, diabetics, and those individuals who were being treated with lipid-lowering drugs were excluded from the study.

The control group consisted of 165 normolipidemic volunteers, all nonsmokers, who had no clinically apparent impairment, or laboratory signs of cardiovascular disease. Volunteers were recruited from medical students at the medical facility. The average age of the subjects was 21.5 ± 2.5 years, and the group involved 65 males and 100 females. All subjects gave written, informed consent, and the study was approved by the local ethics committee.

A blood sample from the antecubital vein was collected in the morning after a 12-hour fasting period. EDTA-K2 plasma was obtained and the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma was analyzed, using an enzymatic CHOD PAP method (Roche Diagnostics, Germany).

The quantitative analysis of lipoprotein families and lipoprotein subfractions included: VLDL; IDL1; IDL2; IDL3; LDL1; LDL2; LDL3-7; and HDL. A non-atherogenic lipoprotein profile, phenotype A, versus an atherogenic lipoprotein profile, phenotype B, was determined using the Lipoprint LDL System (Quantimetrix Corp., USA; (Hoefner *et al.*  2001). The analysis of HDL subclasses, with their subpopulations, including large HDL-, intermediate HDL-, and small HDL- subclasses in plasma, was also performed using the Lipoprint HDL System (Morais *et al.* 2003).

The Score of the Anti-Atherogenic Risk (SAAR) was calculated as the ratio between nonatherogenic and atherogenic lipoproteins in plasma (Oravec 2007a). SAAR values over 10.8 represented a non-atherogenic lipoprotein profile, whereas values under 9.8 represented an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. The cut-off values for a non-atherogenic lipoprotein profile and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile were calculated from the results of 940 Lipoprint LDL analyses. Using the Quantimetrix Lipoprint LDL system interpretation, all 940 individuals were examined (general group of subjects) and tested for the occurrence of atherogenic and non-atherogenic lipoprotein profiles, and were then divided into the two subgroups of subjects with an LDL profile:

For practical interpretation of the analysed lipoprotein profiles using the Lipoprint LDL System, for the non-atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype A, the subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, and 4 were introduced, because of the large profile heterogeneity in the non-atherogenic lipoprotein profile phenotype A. With regard to the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype B, only subtype 5 and subtype 6 were introduced. (Oravec 2007b). (Tab.2)

Statistical evaluation of obtained values was performed by an unpaired student´s t-test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.


5.1.3. Imperative for Change and Commitment to Measure SDGs

Participant 13 explained the key part that SDGs contribute to the company's approach to the broader sustainability agenda: "The SDGs and our impacts on them are of huge relevance to our industry. We are already fully committed to measuring our impact across the triage of economic, social and environmental sustainability themes. Our leadership is fully committed to owning delivery success against these targets, which we jointly assess with our tier 1 contractors. It is now considered core business to ensure the right levels of scrutiny and governance to manage sustainable development performance. In future, this will include measurement against SDG targets but, for now, we need to find a practical method for doing this well." The final comment in the extract highlights the difficulty of moving from "knowing to doing".

Many commented on the link between SDG measurement and their company's values. For example, participant 5: "because our purpose is far more than simply generating revenues for shareholders . . . for us, it is about influencing those solutions to provide the right long-term infrastructure for society. So, we provide jobs and the right training and we provide the infrastructure we need to connect life together; everything we do depends on it—to try to capture the way we go about doing that in more modern ways for future societies". Although many were better able to relate progress stories with their sustainability measurement, there were others, such as participant 28: "the whole world has decided how it can be rapidly made better, so the 169 SDG targets are a compass for humanity".

The theme of creating shared value [59,60] was commented on by a number of participants (2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 19), one of whom, a CEO, commented, "Since becoming Responsible Business of the Year, we have been working hard to show others how sustainability makes good business sense." This quote emphasises that the notion of creating shared value (CSV) [59,60], whilst not always using the specific language of CSV, is a growing reason to engage with SDGs and sustainability more generally.

The global context and the relationship of the global SDG goals to businesses was a common theme, as indicated by participant 24, head of infrastructure for his company, who said "in a world where populations are increasing, cities are expanding and the effect on our environment is more apparent than ever before, the need for infrastructure that is affordable, sustainable and effective is vital. Engineers have a pivotal role to play in designing infrastructure that is not only effective but does not harm the environment in which we live".

The first major finding derived from this analysis is as follows.

Findings #1: to achieve the outcomes of measuring SDG impacts at subnational level, business priorities can be aligned across economic, environment and society ambitions, and it can make good business sense to do this.


*2.2. Preparation of Mortars and Pastes*

Mortars and pastes differing in their composition with the type of binder, amount, and viscosity of HEMC admixture were prepared for the tests. As a reference material, a cement mortar without admixture, designated as C-0, was used. In addition, cement composites modified with admixture in various amounts and viscosity (with symbols C-0.05-MV, C-0.3-MV, and C-0.175-HV) and composites

modified with cellulose ether, in which cement was replaced with 50% hydrated lime (marked with symbols CL-0.05-MV, CL-0.3-MV, and CL-0.175-HV). The MV symbol stands for Medium Viscosity (cellulose ether with a viscosity of 25,000 mPa·s), whereas the HV symbol stands for High Viscosity (cellulose ether with viscosity of 45,000 mPa·s). The admixture was added in the amount of 0.05%, 0.175%, and 0.3% in the relation to the dry ingredients of the mortar (binder and fine aggregate). The detailed composition of mortars is given in Table 3. The article is a part of a wider study concerning the analyzed issue in which the influence of cellulose ethers and hydrated lime on selected properties of plastering mortars was studied [31]. Some research in this direction has been published in articles [14,15,30]. The composition of pastes was similar to the composition of mortars, excluding fine aggregate.

Cement, hydrated lime, and fine aggregate were weighed with an accuracy of 0.1 g, and the chemical admixture was weighed with an accuracy of 0.0001 g. The ingredient mixing procedure was as follows: 90 seconds of mechanical mixing at 45 rpm, 30 s of rest, and 90 s of mechanical mixing at 57 rpm. The time and method of mixing were constant (the same in each case).

All mortars were performed, maintaining a constant weight ratio of the binder to the fine aggregate of 1:10. The amount of water was chosen so as to obtain a constant consistency of 165 mm, measured using a flow table, according to the PN-EN 1015-3:2000 standard [32]. All samples were prepared and tested in an air-conditioned laboratory at a temperature of 20 ± 2 ◦C and a relative air humidity of 65 ± 5%.


**1. Introduction**

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of various structures, large and small, has been the primary target of acoustic emission (AE) technology along with its uses in materials research. The first success of AE technology was achieved at Aerojet for the inspection of Polaris missile chambers in the 1960s [1]. Further works continued for nuclear and chemical pressure vessels and tanks [2,3]. For industrial AE applications to fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) vessels, the Committee on Acoustic Emission for Reinforced Plastics (CARP) was instrumental in code development, culminating in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Codes and ASTM standards. See Fowler et al. [4] and four following articles in the special issue of Journal of AE in 1989. A wide range of AE applications have been compiled in the AE volume of the *Nondestructive Testing Handbook* [5], while many articles appeared in conference proceedings and in Journal of AE [6]. Shiotani [7] and Bohse [8] reviewed various applications of AE to infrastructures and to structural diagnosis, respectively. Two recent review articles [9,10] on bridge and pressure-vessel inspection are noteworthy in connection to the topic of this introduction. Another review was published as a Sandia report, comparing AE with other methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) in evaluating damages to a full-scale wind turbine blade, and demonstrating the advantages of AE over others [11]. The present author also prepared survey papers on structural diagnosis [12] and on composites [13]. A comprehensive monograph by Giurgiutiu [14] on SHM of aerospace composites appeared recently and AE monitoring for SHM was covered in depth. AE uses in SHM have fully integrated acousto-ultrasonic methods, taking advantage of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS). A review paper by Mitra [15] covering the roles of guided waves in SHM is also useful. With the wealth of these available resources, this article will focus on those topics not addressed adequately elsewhere.


4.1.3. Enzymes

Enzymes are complex globular proteins present in living cells where they act as catalysts to facilitate chemical changes in substances. With the development of biochemistry came a fuller understanding of the wide range of enzymes present in living cells and their modes of action [89]. Although enzymes are only formed in living cells, many can be extracted or separated from the cells and can continue to function in vitro. This unique ability of enzymes to perform their specific chemical transformations in isolation has led to the use of enzymes in industrial and food processes, bioremediation, and medicine [90]. Furthermore, enzymes are nontoxic and biodegradable, making them environmentally friendly and attractive for medical applications [91]. All these characteristics of enzymes, plus their unique and precise structure, have rendered them desirable for green synthesis of NPs [31]. A prime example is the synthesis of Au-NPs by the action of extracellular amylase from *Bacillus licheniformis* on AuCl4 at pH 8 [92]. Another example is the sulfite reductase

enzyme extracted from *E. coli* by ion-exchange chromatography and used for the production of Au-NPs that exhibit antifungal activity [93]. NADH and NADH-dependent enzymes were investigated for their role in the biosynthesis of metal NPs. These extracellular enzymes are highly effective reducing agents due to their ability to shuttle electrons in the reduction process of metals to produce NPs [94,95].


*3.5. Color Sensing of Humidity*

When transparent film is deposited on absorbing substrate (silicon wafer or metal overlayer in our case) it exhibits a certain color which depends on film's optical thickness. When optical thickness changes due to adsorption of water vapors (as is in our case) from the environment, the reflectance spectrum of the film changes and the color alters. Optical sensing based on perceptual color change in response to analyte of interest offers simplicity and is preferred in color sensing of vapors. So the next step of our investigation was to study the possibility of color sensing of humidity, i.e., monitoring of color at different humidity levels for Ac24 thin film on both types of substrates (Si wafer and glass covered with Au–Pd thin film) post-annealed at 60 ◦C. Figure 6 presents the calculated color coordinates (CIE X and CIE Y) of PVA films with 24% acetal content deposited on selected substrates for low (5% RH) as well as high humidity (95% RH). In the case of film on Si substrate, reflectance spectra are used for calculation, while for polymer film deposited on Au–Pd/glass, transmittance spectra at 5% and 95% RH are used. It is seen from Figure 6 that a substantial change of color takes place in the first case: the two points, for 5% and 95% RH, are well separated in the color space. On the contrary, when transparent substrate is used the change of the color due to humidity is not so distinct: the two points, associated with the sample colors at low and high humidity, respectively, almost overlap.

**Figure 6.** Calculated CIE coordinates for Ac24 thin film deposited on opaque (Si) and transparent (glass covered with Au–Pd thin film) substrates exposed to 5% and 95% RH.


<IP_ADDRESS>. Electricity Consumption Baseline

The initial list on electricity consumption from the ARCONEL contained clients/consumers reporting electricity consumption above 20,000 kWh/month. This electricity consumption baseline was established after analyzing the energy demand of a small food processing company with installed capacity of approximately 30 kWel, working 24 h/day the year-round (i.e., with electricity consumption of ~20,000 kWh/month). The company is located in the city of Cuenca, and herein it is referred to as Company A. The number of companies/consumers in the initial list was ~41,800. Next, the resulting list was analyzed and filtered again to remove companies and/or institutions (both public and private) in which, although their electricity consumption was >20,000 kWh/month, no fuels are required for their operation, except diesel for transportation and LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) for cooking at a small scale. This is the case of:

It was also observed that the possibilities of cogeneration in a few companies that process polymers/plastics (e.g., High Density Polyethylene-HDPE, Polypropylene-PP, Polyvinyl Chloride-PVC) for producing plastic toys, plastic bags and/or plastic furniture for both domestic and industrial use (with electricity consumption > 20,000 kWh/month) should be verified in situ. Thus, these companies were kept in the list. The amount of companies after this filtering process was approximately 2000.


**Linear Wave Motions in Continua with Nano-Pores**

Pasquale Giovine

60 Wave Processes in Classical and New Solids

and Technology. 13: 18-26.

Academic.

Washington D.C.

[5] Daneshjou K, Talebitooti R, Nouri A (2009) Investigation model of sound transmission through orthotropic cylindrical shells with subsonic external flow. Aerospace Science

[6] Daneshjou K, Ramezani H, Talebitooti R (2011) Wave Transmission through Laminated Composite Double-Walled Cylindrical Shell Lined with Porous Materials. Applied

[7] Qatu M S (2004)Vibration of Laminated Shells and Plates. Amsterdam: Elsevier

[8] Leissa A (1973) Vibration of Shells. Scientific and technical Information center, NASA,

Mathematics and Mechanics - English Edition, 32(6): 1-16.

[9] Pierce A D (1981) Acoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50768


**4.4 Awareness and suggestions**

Air pollution is one of the key factors affecting the livelihood in a city like Chennai. Government should raise awareness about using green energy and install EV charging points at key locations for people to use electric vehicles. More research and funding needs to be given to develop low cost electric vehicles which are affordable for a common man.


*2.5. Testing Methodology*

For the fourth aim of the methodology, the testing of the proposed verification model of the Mexican standard, we followed two fundamental steps. First, we needed to learn and understand the digital software SGSAVE provided by EFINOVATIC [21]. Next, we designed a personalized testing methodology for the verification of the model to achieve the desired results. The digital tool used for the testing methodology was the energy simulation software Open Studio, using the complementary software called SGSAVE.

For understating how SGSAVE works, we reviewed the energy performance simulation process in Open Studio [31]. Open Studio is software contained inside the Google Sketch-up interface. The energy simulation process is composed of four principal phases: modeling, definition, simulation, and reporting. For the first phase, the 3D modeling of the evaluated building project, the user works in the Google Sketch-up interface. In this phase, the user establishes the physical values of the building (height, length, width, opening geometry, etc.). For the second phase, the user establishes the parameters and reference values for the modeled building project (materials, construction systems, schedules and calendars, HVAC definitions, space types, etc.). For the third phase, the user defines the simulation parameters before running the simulation engine (run period, desired report results, etc.). The final phase is the report, where the user analyzes the generated simulation report with the corresponding results (verification of the standard, energy demands, etc.). Open Studio functions are delimited from the first to the last phase.

SGSAVE is software that offers a direct verification of the Spanish energy standard and generates a complete report of all energy simulation results, including the European Union energy label designed by the EU Directive 92/75/EC [32]. SGSAVE introduces the reference values, parameters, and directives of Spanish energy standards (CTE) into Open Studio interface by: (1) entering Spanish/European reference values and parameters and (2) generating the Spanish/European verification certification report of compliance. The parameters and reference values are introduced by the user using a SGSAVE tool panel in the Google Sketch-up interface. With this panel, the user can introduce values, like thermal bridges, U-value limit verification, thermal space configuration for reference occupation schedules, window and door configurations, etc. It also includes tools to clean and refine the three-dimensional model, HVAC installation design, and location customization tools. For the report final phase, SGSAVE generates a certification report that declares whether the building project complies with the standard. The report also includes a graphic of detail heat gains, projected energy demands for ideal loads, and physical characteristics of the model (square meters per thermal zone, for example). Figure 7 describes the workflow.

**Figure 7.** Open Studio and SGSAVE workflow diagram explaining the work process for entering the building project in the software interface and using the digital model for energy simulation.

By understanding how SGSAVE works in refining and adapting the European/Spanish standard requirements for Open Studio parameters, our aim was to adapt the software for the Mexican standard. As the standard's development in Mexican is in its infancy, the technical data were insufficient for fulfilling all SGSAVE data requirements. For the testing exercise, the data provided by the Mexican standard was used, and the Spanish/European values were used for the remaining fields to enable testing the Mexican data's adaptability to the software.

For each component (roof, openings, walls, doors, and shading elements), the software allows the user to assign values, entering the data corresponding to each requested variable, and then the user assigns a construction system for each element. Each construction system was entered into the software, determining the width of each of its composition layers and their respective conductivity coefficients and characteristics, like density and measurement unit. For the last arrangements of the thermal envelope's geometrical model, the user enters the remaining data needed, like occupation calendar, zone uses (kitchen or bedroom, for example), external shading components, and immediate context elements (trees, roads, location, or other adjacent buildings) [31]. A base model was introduced and configured with Openstudio tools, following the geometry of a typical social housing model, replicated on different Mexican cities (Figure 8).

**Figure 8.** The basic model of the economic housing type. Geometry modeled in the Open Studio interface.

Before launching the simulation, the user must enter the weather file EPW of the city's project location and choose the desired simulation period. For the next step in the fourth aim, we determined the application of the following testing methodology. First, the most representative climatic cities of Mexico were chosen in accordance with summer severities (V, W, X, Y, and Z, returning to Figure 4) and those with the most extreme weather: Toluca de Lerdo for the coolest city and Mexicali for the warmest city. In the next step, the housing models were used and different simulations were performed by changing the weather file. Before running simulation processes for the testing method, a Building Component Library (BCL) report-generation add-on for Mexican standard verification was installed in the software. This add-on was developed by the Mexican agency ITÖM. It is a public-access complement provided at no cost. The add-on takes the geometry and the simulation parameters of the tested model and generates a report with the verdict (if the project complies with the standards) [33].

Using the verification complement of NOM-020-ENER-2011 for Open Studio, we tested if the building complied with the standards. If not, changes and bio-climatic design strategies for the optimization of the economic housing thermal envelope were applied to increase the energy savings (improving the score) of each housing model. After verifying the improved models for economic housing with personalized content for each tested climatic zone, new simulations were run for the improved models to verify if the model complied with the norm standards. With the analysis of the results of radiative and conductive heat gains, we compared the simulated energy savings between the normal case and the improved case. Finally, new simulations were run, but with the Open Studio report manager, for evaluating the differences between both reports.

Although these test simulations provided results for improving building energy performance, remember that the simulation needed other factors that are strictly related to the potential user. David Bienvenido Huertas stated: "Energy consumption simulations are directly related to six factors: three technical and physical factors (climate, building envelope, and building equipment) and three social factors (operation and maintenance, occupant behavior, and indoor environment conditions). So, the energy performance of a building depends not just on technical characteristics (e.g., the thermal performance of the facade) but also on users' behavior" [34]. For the simulation, the Mexican user operation, occupant behavior, and indoor environment conditions characteristics were needed. Some information was provided by NOM-020-ENER-2011 guide, but, for the remaining variables, the CTE (Spanish Building Technical Code) calendars and reference values [35] provided by SGSAVE were used. The reference values used from CTE were: occupation calendars, thermal bridges, average consumption rates, etc. The simulations were run with an HVAC configuration for ideal loads.


**5. Conclusion**

Businesses and even governments collect data through many digital platforms (social media, e-health, e-commerce, entertainment, e-government etc.) they use to

#### *Privacy Preserving Data Mining DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99224*

serve their customers/citizens. The data collected can be sensitive data and this data can be stored, analyzed and, in good probability, anonymized and shared with others. In studies where data is used at any stage of the life cycle, regardless of the purpose, it is necessary to explain a privacy permission and the reason why the data should be accessed. Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM) techniques are being developed to allow information to be extracted from data without disclosing sensitive information.

There is no single optimal PPDM technique for any stage of the data lifecycle. The PPDM technique to be applied varies according to the application requirements, such as the desired privacy level, data size and volume, tolerable information loss level, transaction complexity, etc. Because different application areas have different rules, assumptions and requirements regarding privacy.

In this chapter, the previously proposed PPDM techniques are examined in two sections. First section includes the methods suggested for collecting, cleaning, integration, selection and transformation phases of input data that will be subject to data mining and second section covers methods applied to processed data. Finally, attacks against the privacy of data mining applications are given in this chapter.