*Edited by Gang Yang*

Density functional theory (DFT) ranks as the most widely used quantum mechanical method and plays an increasingly larger role in a number of disciplines such as chemistry, physics, material, biology, and pharmacy. DFT has long been used to complement experimental investigations, while now it is also regarded as an indispensable and powerful tool for researchers of different fields. This book is divided into five sections that include original chapters written by experts in their fields: "Method Development and Validation," "Spectra and Thermodynamics," "Catalysis and Mechanism," "Material and Molecular Design," and "Multidisciplinary Integration." I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all contributors and recommend this book to both beginners and experienced researchers.

ISBN 978-1-78923-132-8

Density Functional Calculations - Recent Progresses of Theory and Application

Published in London, UK © 2018 IntechOpen © Nathan Anderson / unsplash


*The Aims of the Study*

Taking the above into consideration, the following aims of the study were formulated:

The subject of consideration at work will be the production process. The analysis of inherent properties of the production process will be carried out on the basis of the results of measuring the characteristic features of the process or the characteristics of the products manufactured (process variables).

In the following, this paper discusses in detail the issues related to the capability of the production process and the description of the bootstrap method used in this study. Then, the research methodology, obtained research results and their discussion are presented. The last part of the work summarizes the conducted research and presents the conclusions of the paper and the possibilities of practical application of the bootstrap method.


*Edited by Lee Waller and Sharon Waller*

The world of education is experiencing a time of unprecedented change. In our modern, Covid-racked world, educational institutions and their respective delivery methodologies have been forcibly and forever transformed. Most educators realize that these transformations are likely permanent and that procedures and systems of the past will no longer be relevant for the emerging post-Covid educational environment. The future provides countless challenges and great opportunities. Those embracing the transformation will be poised to usher in a new age of educational achievement. They will certainly unleash new educational methodologies, techniques, and strategies. These institutions and educators will chart tomorrow's pathway.

ISBN 978-1-83968-699-3

Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization,

and Globalization in the Age of Covid

Published in London, UK © 2022 IntechOpen © nirat / iStock


**Author details**

All in all, it was seen at the end of ANOVA and Duncan's test results that clones had different responses of tolerance against water stress. Germination percentage, which was 48% on average in the control group, reduced to 16% under -2 Bar, 15% under -4 Bar, 2% under -6 Bar, and 0.4% under -8 Bar. However, what is remarkable in this study is the great differences between clones. For instance, the 17th clone had a germination percentage of 29% in the control group, while this rate reduced to 2% under -2 Bar water stress level. The seed did not germinate under the higher water stress levels. Similarly, the 9th clone had a germination percentage of 78% which reduced to 0% under -2 Bar water stress level. However, the 14th clone had a germination percentage of 49%, which reduced to 8% under -6 Bar water stress conditions and 5% under -8 water stress conditions. Taking into account the fact that these clones belong to the same stand of origin and are grown under the same conditions, it is possible to say that genetic structure may be prominent in determining the tolerance towards water stress.

The plants used for parks and recreational areas consist of a wide variety. Previous studies report that water stress works in which PEG solution is used yield successful results. It is possible to have an idea about the water stress tolerance of alternative species to be used in an area where landscape work will be practiced through a 1‐month preliminary work performed in this area. Thus, it will be possible to use species which are tolerant to water stress. However, if researchers conduct such studies and provide the practitioners with ready‐to‐use informa‐ tion, this will bring a great ease for them. Therefore, such studies should be varied and

Due to global warming, drought and scarcity of water make their devastating effects felt in all aspects of our lives including green areas. Therefore, the water should be used reasonably, which makes drought‐tolerant plants and their practices crucial. The plants to be used in landscape areas are required to be drought‐tolerant. It sometimes functions as a crucial criterion determining plant choice in some areas. In order to use water reasonably, the species and origins which are tolerant to drought should be determined. Using the seeds and saplings of such species and origins in landscape arrangements is of great importance. In this sense, species should be subjected to drought stress under equal conditions and compared. Accord‐ ingly, selecting the species which are most tolerant to drought for landscape practices is

The fact that species have rather variable tolerance against water stress has been revealed in previous studies. Even the regions and territories where water scarcity has not influenced the growth of tree species much yet may experience problems due to drought stress in near future. Hence, it is even important to compare the drought stress tolerances of populations in the same climatic regions. Therefore, the situation of local origins is not guarantees, which makes the identification of relatively tolerant species important as part of decision‐making on future

Therefore, it is very important to perform experiments on the origins of the species that have been proved to be drought‐tolerant in order to determine their most drought‐tolerant origins

**5. Recommendations**

54 Water Stress in Plants

increased in number.

important.

forestation strategies.

Nurcan Yigit1 , Hakan Sevik2 , Mehmet Cetin3\* and Nur Kaya4

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
1 Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

2 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kas‐ tamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

3 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kasta‐ monu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

4 Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey