*Edited by Nissar Shaikh*

The book Intensive Care is composed of ten chapters, which are the day-to-day practice diagnosis as well as rare disease and pediatric sepsis. It is written very well by the experts from the respective fields. We are sure and confident that this book will not only help the critical care physicians but also help acute care physicians, general practitioners, surgeons, and paramedical critical, intensive care, and acute care staff.

ISBN 978-953-51-3359-9

Intensive Care

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**6. Measurement of biological parameters for bovine**

Samples of bovine mixed with 1 μl of ZnO is tested with the device i.e. ZnO based sensing device which gives the reading of SGPT, SGOT, BUN and creatinine and also it tells whether it comes under the normal range or not. If the values does not lie within the normal range then owner of the patient should immediately consult a doctor. **Figures 23** and **24** show measurement of biological parameters of bovine.


**Author details**

Saeed Alshihri\* and Hamid Almegren National Petrochemical Technology Center, Materials Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

\*Address all correspondence to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Advances in Selective Oxidation of Methane DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86642*


**Author details**

Y.F. Weng, S.W. Cheung, T.I. Yuk and L. Liu *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong*

#### **6. References**

[14] Y. J. Cho*, et al.*, "A miniature UWB planar monopole antenna with 5 GHz band-rejection filter," in *Microwave Conference, 2005 European*, 2005, p. 4 pp.

270 Ultra Wideband – Current Status and Future Trends

**Author details**

**6. References**

compared to 97% for the reference UWB antenna.

Y.F. Weng, S.W. Cheung, T.I. Yuk and L. Liu

[3] Available: http://www.wimaxforum.org/

*Letters,* vol. 42, pp. 315-316, 2006.

55, pp. 604-610, 2007.

good band-notched characteristics. The simulated and measured results have shown that substantial reductions in efficiency and peak gain can be achieved at the notch frequencies. In the time domain, the pulse responses of these notched antennas have been measured inside the quiet zone of the anechoic chamber in The University of Hong Kong. Fidelity has been used to evaluate the time-domain performance of these antennas. Results have shown that all these band-notched antennas designed have the fidelities of more than 85%,

*Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong*

[1] [1] FCC, "First Report and Order: Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules

[4] A. Kerkhoff and H. Ling, "Design of a planar monopole antenna for use with ultrawideband (UWB) having a band-notched characteristic," in *Antennas and Propagation*

[5] H. G. Schantz*, et al.*, "Frequency notched UWB antennas," in *Ultra Wideband Systems and*

[6] K. H. Kim*, et al.*, "Band-notched UWB planar monopole antenna with two parasitic

[7] T. G. Ma and S. J. Wu, "Ultrawideband Band-Notched Folded Strip Monopole Antenna," *Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on,* vol. 55, pp. 2473-2479, 2007. [8] J. Kim*, et al.*, "5.2 GHz notched ultra-wideband antenna using slot-type SRR," *Electronics*

[9] A. J. Kerkhoff and L. Hao, "Design of a Band-Notched Planar Monopole Antenna Using Genetic Algorithm Optimization," *Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on,* vol.

[10] Y. F. Weng*, et al.*, "UWB antenna with single or dual band-notched characteristic for WLAN band using meandered ground stubs," in *Antennas & Propagation Conference,*

[11] Y. F. Weng*, et al.*, "Triple band-notched UWB antenna using meandered ground stubs," in *Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), 2010 Loughborough*, 2010, pp. 341-344. [12] S. W. Qu*, et al.*, "A Band-Notched Ultrawideband Printed Monopole Antenna," *Antennas*

[13] W. J. Lui*, et al.*, "Compact frequency notched ultra-wideband fractal printed slot antenna," *Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE,* vol. 16, pp. 224-226, 2006.

Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems," Apr. 2002. [2] Available: http://www.fcc.gov/pshs/techtopics/techtopics10.html

*Society International Symposium, 2003. IEEE*, 2003, pp. 830-833 vol.1.

*Technologies, 2003 IEEE Conference on*, 2003, pp. 214-218.

patches," *Electronics Letters,* vol. 41, pp. 783-785, 2005.

*2009. LAPC 2009. Loughborough*, 2009, pp. 757-760.

*and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE,* vol. 5, pp. 495-498, 2006.

[33] G. Marrocco, "Gain-optimized self-resonant meander line antennas for RFID applications," *Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE,* vol. 2, pp. 302-305, 2003.

**Chapter 12**

© 2012 Liu et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Liu et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Cable Effects on Measuring**

L. Liu, S.W. Cheung, Y.F. Weng and T.I. Yuk

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

and creates uncertainties to the design of the antenna.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46080

**1. Introduction**

**Small Planar UWB Monopole Antennas**

Since the US-FCC assigned the ultrawide band (UWB) for unlicensed use in 2002, UWB technology has attracted much attention in both the commercial and academic domains. The characteristics of ultrawide bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and low power emission of - 41.3 dBm/MHz make it a promising candidate for different applications such as high speed communications and radar imaging systems. However, the requirements for impedance matching, constant gain, constant radiation patterns and high radiation efficiency over such a wide bandwidth for the UWB antenna become great challenges to antenna designers.

With the increasing demand for smaller wireless devices, planar antenna, with the advantages of compact size, low profile, low cost, ease of fabrication and ease of integration with RF circuits, appears to be more preferable for UWB applications. Among different planar antennas, monopole antenna has the simplest structure, compact size and omnidirectional radiation pattern and so is one of the best candidates. For a planar monopole antenna to work properly, the ground plane is required to be electrically large enough to approximate an infinite-ground plane and so occupies a large portion of the overall antenna size. Thus to design a compact UWB monopole antenna, the ground plane is usually the one to be minimized. Designing a planar monopole antenna with a small ground plane to cover the UWB is not a difficult task and can be achieved through different techniques [1-7]. The design is usually done using computer simulation. In carrying out the design in simulation, the antenna is fed directly with a signal source without using a feeding cable. However, when the final design is completed and prototyped for measurements, a feeding cable is normally used to connect the antenna to the measurement system. The small ground plane cannot approximate an infinite ground plane well and causes the currents to flow back to the outer surface of the feeding cable, resulting in secondary radiation. This leads to discrepancies between the simulated and measured performances of the antenna


**Radically Different**

**A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Bernd Giese on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday**

> Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Chemistry* Katharina M. Fromm Edited by

www.mdpi.com/journal/chemistry


**3. Methodology: certification program categories under analysis and actions carried out to obtain certification**

The purpose of the certification program created by Mexico City's Environment Secretariat in 2008 was to promote and encourage the reduction of pollutant emissions and the efficient use of natural resources based on sustainability and environmental efficiency criteria for the design and operation of buildings in Mexico City. Economic incentives are given to those who build sustainably and obtain the certification, which is valid for three years [20].

Sustainable buildings derive from the human right to have a healthy environment and the need to provide sustainable spaces for society. This right should be adequately guaranteed in the Mexican Constitution, but this is not the case; therefore, the configuration of this right must be sought in the specific laws that address it [1].

One of the pillars of such configuration is the Sustainable Buildings Certification Program (PCES), which seeks to promote these actions in order to improve habitability as a right to a healthy environment. However, a sustainable approach is not enough due to the small number of certified properties. Regrettably, sustainable buildings are still uncensused, but the program is a benchmark to join efforts in meeting the sustainability criteria established by the Environment Secretariat [21].

In this context, the analysis of this certification seeks to contribute to our knowledge about the design of criteria used to certify sustainable buildings in Mexico City. Our purpose is to examine the importance given to actions aimed at modifying user patterns to achieve sustainability in contrast with the emphasis on actions focused on the design or technological qualities of the facility. Therefore, this approach compares the two different types of factors that guide the construction of sustainable buildings. The elements of the program to be analyzed will be: 1) features of sustainable properties; and 2) criteria closely associated with organizational factors that potentially result in sustainable practices by building users (**Table 2**).

**55**

1 **Notes**

impact and other impacts".

*Organizational Analysis of Sustainable Building Certifications in Mexico City*

Linking the operationalization of variables based on sustainability criteria is important to enable new alternatives for urban regeneration models that allow for the association of ecological architecture with actions favoring sustainable responsibility carried out by users. Therefore, the organizational process is the driver of change, it originates the specific measures to be carried out by local agents in order

Three levels of certification are possible depending on a numeric score: compliance, between 21 and 50 points; efficiency, between 51 and 80 points, and excellence, between 81 and 100 points. The constitution of a building corresponds to its physical and technological attributes, but the present chapter includes a section on organizational factors, which are used to reveal organizational capacities and social

each of them

8

5

10

conditioning

to improve the constitution of sustainable buildings in the city's boroughs.

The program is organized in five categories that group 47 criteria;1

Energy Enclosure efficiency 20 Environmental

Bioclimatic design 25 Energy (renewable) 20 Solar heaters 10 Efficient lighting 4 Engines 2 Light control systems 2

High-efficiency equipment

and reuse in the facility

Installation of wastewater treatment and reuse plants

Use of wastewater treated by the municipal network

Rainwater infiltration 5

Water Rainwater collection

the criteria represents a total of 221.5 points (**Table 2**).

has a maximum possible score to avoid all actions being concentrated in only one area. The total possible score is 120 points, distributed as follows: Energy: 40 points; Water: 25 points; Solid waste: 10 points; Quality of life and social responsibility: 25 points, Environmental impact and other impacts: 20 points. However, the score of

In the present study, we classified each criteria depending on whether it was met based on the design of the facility or on the internal organization of users. This classification was used to determine the transcendence of actions aimed at modifying

**Category Features of the facility Points Organizational factors Points**

10

*Subtotal 93 8*

*Subtotal 26 20*

5 Use of efficient drinking water technologies/ savings-related elements

8 Campaigns on the efficient use of water and water culture

8 Leak repair 5

SEDEMA [5] states that the number of criteria is 46, but when reviewing each category, we found inconsistencies in the total number of criteria in the categories of "Energy", "Water", and "Environmental

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95120*

participation toward sustainability.

the users' behavior patterns.

#### *Organizational Analysis of Sustainable Building Certifications in Mexico City DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95120*

Linking the operationalization of variables based on sustainability criteria is important to enable new alternatives for urban regeneration models that allow for the association of ecological architecture with actions favoring sustainable responsibility carried out by users. Therefore, the organizational process is the driver of change, it originates the specific measures to be carried out by local agents in order to improve the constitution of sustainable buildings in the city's boroughs.

Three levels of certification are possible depending on a numeric score: compliance, between 21 and 50 points; efficiency, between 51 and 80 points, and excellence, between 81 and 100 points. The constitution of a building corresponds to its physical and technological attributes, but the present chapter includes a section on organizational factors, which are used to reveal organizational capacities and social participation toward sustainability.

The program is organized in five categories that group 47 criteria;1 each of them has a maximum possible score to avoid all actions being concentrated in only one area. The total possible score is 120 points, distributed as follows: Energy: 40 points; Water: 25 points; Solid waste: 10 points; Quality of life and social responsibility: 25 points, Environmental impact and other impacts: 20 points. However, the score of the criteria represents a total of 221.5 points (**Table 2**).

In the present study, we classified each criteria depending on whether it was met based on the design of the facility or on the internal organization of users. This classification was used to determine the transcendence of actions aimed at modifying the users' behavior patterns.

#### 1 **Notes**

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

members to respond to unforeseen events [15, 17].

contribute to sustainable practices [19].

**actions carried out to obtain certification**

certification, which is valid for three years [20].

environment and improve the coexistence of active agents in their environment. It is also a practical structure that contributes to enhance organizational skills among employees. It is based on integrative learning among work teams [15, 16]. The second is adaptability, which refers to the capacity and resources of members of the organization to cope with unscheduled events. It is explained by the ability of its

The mission states a strategic intention whose objectives are guided by the intention

Taking organizational life into account reveals the environment in which organizational life takes place as shown by its administrative units as it strives to increase the efficiency of its construction efforts and optimize its resources. A regulation instrument is required to monitor the users' sustainable habits. Constant monitoring and commitment is required to guarantee a timely response to the organization's internal and external issues, hence the importance of specifying the actions that

**3. Methodology: certification program categories under analysis and**

The purpose of the certification program created by Mexico City's Environment Secretariat in 2008 was to promote and encourage the reduction of pollutant emissions and the efficient use of natural resources based on sustainability and environmental efficiency criteria for the design and operation of buildings in Mexico City. Economic incentives are given to those who build sustainably and obtain the

Sustainable buildings derive from the human right to have a healthy environment and the need to provide sustainable spaces for society. This right should be adequately guaranteed in the Mexican Constitution, but this is not the case; therefore, the configuration of this right must be sought in the specific laws that address it [1].

One of the pillars of such configuration is the Sustainable Buildings Certification Program (PCES), which seeks to promote these actions in order to improve habitability as a right to a healthy environment. However, a sustainable approach is not enough due to the small number of certified properties. Regrettably, sustainable buildings are still uncensused, but the program is a benchmark to join efforts in meeting the sustainability criteria established by the Environment Secretariat [21]. In this context, the analysis of this certification seeks to contribute to our knowledge about the design of criteria used to certify sustainable buildings in Mexico City. Our purpose is to examine the importance given to actions aimed at modifying user patterns to achieve sustainability in contrast with the emphasis on actions focused on the design or technological qualities of the facility. Therefore, this approach compares the two different types of factors that guide the construction of sustainable buildings. The elements of the program to be analyzed will be: 1) features of sustainable properties; and 2) criteria closely associated with organizational factors that potentially result in sustainable practices by building users

of shaping a future. To a certain extent, the mission articulates the vision, provides unity to the organization, and represents what is expected to be achieved in a given period [15, 18]. Finally, a climate of organizational confidence is necessary to achieve consistency. This consistency is measured by the degree to which the members of an organization have the necessary conditions for their professional development, which is consequently articulated with the relevant ethical considerations. As a result, human interactions reconcile core values that contribute to the establishment of common objectives, which have an integrating function within the organization [15].

**54**

(**Table 2**).

SEDEMA [5] states that the number of criteria is 46, but when reviewing each category, we found inconsistencies in the total number of criteria in the categories of "Energy", "Water", and "Environmental impact and other impacts".

**Table 2.**

*Classification facility features or organizational factors of the evaluation criteria used by Mexico City's Sustainable Buildings Certification Program.*

Thus, the first part of this analysis focused on the criteria associated with the organization and user behavior patterns, including their assigned scores. The second focused on the actions carried out by building owners to obtain certifications,

**57**

*Organizational Analysis of Sustainable Building Certifications in Mexico City*

and it was based on a review of implementation resolutions [22] provided to the

able and unfavorable trends concerning the internal organization of users.

**4. Design of Mexico City's sustainable buildings certification program**

The program has a number of inconsistencies in terms of total scores and required scores for certification; therefore, obtaining certification is relatively easy: only 21 points, or 17.5% of the total score, are needed for the compliance level. The category of energy alone could be enough grounds for a certification. As a consequence, the holistic nature of the assessment is lost. As has been indicated, beyond organizational actions or user behavior patterns, we focus on the importance of the

When these criteria were classified based on the two analysis categories created for the present study, only 16 out of 47 were found to be associated with the users' organization and behavior patterns. These criteria represent 34% of the total number of criteria, and they represent only 24.2% of the total points. This differ-

The most represented category is "Solid waste": 60% of the score can be obtained due to actions associated with organizational and user behavior issues. Concerning the "Energy" category, only 7.9% of the points are obtained via user actions, whereas the rest, or 92.1%, is obtained by designing and incorporating technology into the facility. In fact, in all categories except for Solid Waste, most of the points can be obtained by including technological solutions in the design of the facility (**Table 3**). An analysis of the certification program reveals a clear preference for the use of technology in the design of a facility as the main mechanism to attain sustainability, disregarding a fundamental aspect of sustainable development, that is, sustainabil-

It is important to highlight the implications of such a program: the population can wrongly perceive a facility as a sustainable architectural environment only because it includes efficient technological components, and the need to modify their patterns of consumption or use of resources ecologically is never internalized. Sustainability can be hardly achieved if the population fails to take on the responsi-

A comprehensive environmental system becomes more relevant when the intention is to involve a facility's users in the improvement of the quality of their habitants. Sustainability criteria highlight the importance of aligning environmental management with current regulations to achieve substantial changes in the

Regrettably, the scope of the analyzed certification has been very limited. Despite the large number of buildings in Mexico City, only 43 of them were certified in seven years. This outcome shows that the program has ample room for improvement to design mechanisms encouraging the development of sustainable facilities. The certification classifies each facility depending on their performance status: excellence or efficiency. Half of the evaluated buildings achieved a level of excellence, which is closely associated with the total score that can be possibly obtained for the certification. The excess of points, described above, reveals one of the deficiencies in the evaluation design, which

The present study describes such evaluation, including the actions carried out by the owners as a result of the initial inspection, which is accompanied by recommendations that must be met in order to obtain the certificate. The analyzed actions were carried out over a seven-year period (2011–2018), and we could identify favor-

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95120*

building owners by facility evaluators.

criteria associated with the features of the facility.

ity as a result of the transformation of behavior patterns.

ence varies depending on the category.

bility of using resources rationally.

habitability of buildings.

**and its results**

#### *Organizational Analysis of Sustainable Building Certifications in Mexico City DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95120*

and it was based on a review of implementation resolutions [22] provided to the building owners by facility evaluators.

The present study describes such evaluation, including the actions carried out by the owners as a result of the initial inspection, which is accompanied by recommendations that must be met in order to obtain the certificate. The analyzed actions were carried out over a seven-year period (2011–2018), and we could identify favorable and unfavorable trends concerning the internal organization of users.


**1.1 Related work**

Several machine learning, bioinspired, and meta-heuristic methods have been developed for anomaly detection in communication networks. Machine learning algorithms used for intrusion detection can be divided into two broad groups. Deep learning models have achieved remarkable results and can automatically learn feature representations, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [10], and Deep Neural Network (DNN) [3]. Traditional machine learning techniques, conversely, are characterized for their lack of "depth" in the analysis, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) [11] K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) [12], Decision Forest [2], Random Forest [3] and Naive Bayes classifier (NB) [13].

Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) are classified into two major categories, namely network-based and population-based. Network-based algorithms make use of the Immune Network Theory and are based on Artificial Immune Networks [14]. Population-based algorithms, on the other hand, imitate immune cell behavior through artificial agent interactions and are based on Negative Selection [15], Clonal Selection [16, 17], or Danger Theory [8, 18–23]. AIS models have focused on imitating some characteristics of the HIS, such as multiple-level detection mechanisms based on DT [20], and modifications to the DCA. Said modifications include incorporating probability theory [19], fuzzy inference systems [21], feature selection [22], and detection improvements in a semi-supervised context [23].

### **1.2 Contribution**

The main contribution of this research is a biologically inspired NIDS approach based on the deterministic DCA [6]. This model aims to tackle two challenges (and contemporary issues) of NIDS, namely feature selection, and generalization capabilities to improve classification accuracy. A comparison with different bioinspired and machine learning techniques using two publicly available benchmark datasets

(NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15) is presented. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 details the related methodology, as well as the proposed model. Section 3 presents datasets definition, model parameters, and numerical results, as well as a comparison of efficiency metrics with state of the art approaches for binary classification. Section 4 presents conclusions, challenges, and future work.