  Utility-oriented pattern mining has become an emerging topic since it can
reveal high-utility patterns (e.g., itemsets, rules, sequences) from different
types of data, which provides more information than the traditional
frequent/confident-based pattern mining models. The utilities of various items
are not exactly equal in realistic situations; each item has its own utility or
importance. In general, user considers a uniform minimum utility (minutil)
threshold to identify the set of high-utility sequential patterns (HUSPs). This
is unable to find the interesting patterns while the minutil is set extremely
high or low. We first design a new utility mining framework namely USPT for
mining high-Utility Sequential Patterns across multi-sequences with
individualized Thresholds. Each item in the designed framework has its own
specified minimum utility threshold. Based on the lexicographic-sequential tree
and the utility-array structure, the USPT framework is presented to efficiently
discover the HUSPs. With the upper-bounds on utility, several pruning
strategies are developed to prune the unpromising candidates early in the
search space. Several experiments are conducted on both real-life and synthetic
datasets to show the performance of the designed USPT algorithm, and the
results showed that USPT could achieve good effectiveness and efficiency for
mining HUSPs with individualized minimum utility thresholds.


  Using small wavelength surface acoustic waves (SAW) on ultra-high mobility
heterostructures, Fermi surface properties are detected at 5/2 filling factor
at temperatures higher than those at which the quantum Hall state forms. An
enhanced conductivity is observed at 5/2 by employing sub 0.5 micron wavelength
SAW, indicating a quasiparticle mean-free-path substantially smaller than that
in the lowest Landau level. These findings are consistent with the presence of
a filled Fermi sea of composite fermions, which may pair at lower temperatures
to form the 5/2 ground state.


  As information retrieval (IR) systems, such as search engines and
conversational agents, become ubiquitous in various domains, the need for
transparent and explainable systems grows to ensure accountability, fairness,
and unbiased results. Despite recent advances in explainable AI and IR
techniques, there is no consensus on the definition of explainability. Existing
approaches often treat it as a singular notion, disregarding the
multidimensional definition postulated in the literature. In this paper, we use
psychometrics and crowdsourcing to identify human-centered factors of
explainability in Web search systems and introduce SSE (Search System
Explainability), an evaluation metric for explainable IR (XIR) search systems.
In a crowdsourced user study, we demonstrate SSE's ability to distinguish
between explainable and non-explainable systems, showing that systems with
higher scores indeed indicate greater interpretability. We hope that aside from
these concrete contributions to XIR, this line of work will serve as a
blueprint for similar explainability evaluation efforts in other domains of
machine learning and natural language processing.


  A new electron focusing effect has been discovered in small single and
coupled GaAs/AlGaAs rings. The focusing in the single ring is attributed solely
to internal orbits. The focusing effect allows the ring to be used as a small
mass spectrometer. The focusing causes peaks in the magnetoresistance at low
fields, and the peak positions were used to study the dispersion relation of
the one-dimensional magnetoelectric subbands. The electron effective mass
increases with the applied magnetic field by a factor of $50$, at a magnetic
field of $0.5T$. This is the first time this increase has been measured
directly. General agreement obtains between the experiment and the subband
calculations for straight channels.


  Approximating a quantum state by the convex mixing of some given states has
strong experimental significance and provides potential applications in quantum
resource theory. Here we find a closed form of the minimal distance in the
sense of l_2 norm between a given d-dimensional objective quantum state and the
state convexly mixed by those restricted in any given (mixed-) state set. In
particular, we present the minimal number of the states in the given set to
achieve the optimal distance. The validity of our closed solution is further
verified numerically by several randomly generated quantum states.


  We have analyzed the theory of the baryon magnetic moments in the
approximate) QCD setting suggested by Brambilla et al. By modifying their
derivation of the $qqq$ interaction and wave equation for baryons, we derived
expressions for the baryon moments in terms of the underlying quark moments,
including the first corrections associated with the binding of the quarks in
baryons. The results, which hold in the ``quenched approximation'' in which the
contributions of virtual quark pairs are neglected, fail to describe the
measured moments, with typical errors on the order of 7%. We conclude from our
analysis that the quenched approximation is at fault, and that the baryon
moments give a sensitive test of that standard approximation in the lattice and
analytic approaches to QCD.


  Feshbach association of ultracold molecules using narrow resonances requires
exquisite control of the applied magnetic field. Here we present a magnetic
field control system to deliver magnetic fields of over 1000 G with ppm-level
precision integrated into an ultracold-atom experimental setup. We combine a
battery-powered current-stabilized power supply with active feedback
stabilization of the magnetic field using fluxgate magnetic field sensors. As a
real-world test we perform microwave spectroscopy of ultracold Rb atoms and
demonstrate an upper limit on our magnetic field stability of 2.4(3) mG at 1050
G [2.3(3) ppm relative] as determined from the spectral feature.


  In adaptive dynamic programming, neurocontrol and reinforcement learning, the
objective is for an agent to learn to choose actions so as to minimise a total
cost function. In this paper we show that when discretized time is used to
model the motion of the agent, it can be very important to do "clipping" on the
motion of the agent in the final time step of the trajectory. By clipping we
mean that the final time step of the trajectory is to be truncated such that
the agent stops exactly at the first terminal state reached, and no distance
further. We demonstrate that when clipping is omitted, learning performance can
fail to reach the optimum; and when clipping is done properly, learning
performance can improve significantly.
  The clipping problem we describe affects algorithms which use explicit
derivatives of the model functions of the environment to calculate a learning
gradient. These include Backpropagation Through Time for Control, and methods
based on Dual Heuristic Dynamic Programming. However the clipping problem does
not significantly affect methods based on Heuristic Dynamic Programming,
Temporal Differences or Policy Gradient Learning algorithms. Similarly, the
clipping problem does not affect fixed-length finite-horizon problems.


  As the first kind of forward error correction (FEC) codes that achieve
channel capacity, polar codes have attracted much research interest recently.
Compared with other popular FEC codes, polar codes decoded by list successive
cancellation decoding (LSCD) with a large list size have better error
correction performance. However, due to the serial decoding nature of LSCD and
the high complexity of list management (LM), the decoding latency is high,
which limits the usage of polar codes in practical applications that require
low latency and high throughput. In this work, we study the high-throughput
implementation of LSCD with a large list size. Specifically, at the algorithmic
level, to achieve a low decoding latency with moderate hardware complexity, two
decoding schemes, a multi-bit double thresholding scheme and a partial G-node
look-ahead scheme, are proposed. Then, a high-throughput VLSI architecture
implementing the proposed algorithms is developed with optimizations on
different computation modules. From the implementation results on UMC 90 nm
CMOS technology, the proposed architecture achieves decoding throughputs of
1.103 Gbps, 977 Mbps and 827 Mbps when the list sizes are 8, 16 and 32,
respectively.


  The problem of joint transfer of information and energy for wireless links
has been recently investigated in light of emerging applications such as RFID
and body area networks. Specifically, recent work has shown that the additional
requirements of providing sufficient energy to the receiver significantly
affects the design of the optimal communication strategy. In contrast to most
previous works, this letter focuses on baseline multi-user systems, namely
multiple access and multi-hop channels, and demonstrates that energy transfer
constraints call for additional coordination among distributed nodes of a
wireless network. The analysis is carried out using information theoretic
tools, and specific examples are worked out to illustrate the main conclusions.


  Evolutionary computing (EC) is an exciting development in Computer Science.
It amounts to building, applying and studying algorithms based on the Darwinian
principles of natural selection. In this paper we briefly introduce the main
concepts behind evolutionary computing. We present the main components all
evolutionary algorithms (EA), sketch the differences between different types of
EAs and survey application areas ranging from optimization, modeling and
simulation to entertainment.


  To achieve highly dynamic jumps of legged robots, it is essential to control
the rotational dynamics of the robot. In this paper, we aim to improve the
jumping performance by proposing a unified model for planning highly dynamic
jumps that can approximately model the centroidal inertia. This model abstracts
the robot as a single rigid body for the base and point masses for the legs.
The model is called the Lump Leg Single Rigid Body Model (LL-SRBM) and can be
used to plan motions for both bipedal and quadrupedal robots. By taking the
effects of leg dynamics into account, LL-SRBM provides a computationally
efficient way for the motion planner to change the centroidal inertia of the
robot with various leg configurations. Concurrently, we propose a novel contact
detection method by using the norm of the average spatial velocity. After the
contact is detected, the controller is switched to force control to achieve a
soft landing. Twisting jump and forward jump experiments on the bipedal robot
SLIDER and quadrupedal robot ANYmal demonstrate the improved jump performance
by actively changing the centroidal inertia. These experiments also show the
generalization and the robustness of the integrated planning and control
framework.


  We present the results of spectroscopic, narrow-band and X-ray observations
of a z=2.30 protocluster in the field of the QSO HS 1700+643. Using a sample of
BX/MD galaxies, which are selected to be at z~2.2-2.7 by their rest-frame
ultraviolet colours, we find that there are 5 protocluster AGN which have been
identified by characteristic emission-lines in their optical/near-IR spectra;
this represents an enhancement over the field significant at ~98.5 per cent
confidence. Using a ~200 ks Chandra/ACIS-I observation of this field we detect
a total of 161 X-ray point sources to a Poissonian false-probability limit of
4x10^{-6} and identify 8 of these with BX/MD galaxies. Two of these are
spectroscopically confirmed protocluster members and are also classified as
emission-line AGN. When compared to a similarly selected field sample the
analysis indicates this is also evidence for an enhancement of X-ray selected
BX/MD AGN over the field, significant at ~99 per cent confidence. Deep Lya
narrow-band imaging reveals that a total of 4/123 Lya emitters (LAEs) are found
to be associated with X-ray sources, with two of these confirmed protocluster
members and one highly likely member. We do not find a significant enhancement
of AGN activity in this LAE sample over that of the field (result significant
at only 87 per cent confidence). The X-ray emitting AGN fractions for the BX/MD
and LAE samples are found to be 6.9_{-4.4}^{+9.2} and 2.9_{-1.6}^{+2.9} per
cent, respectively, for protocluster AGN with L_{2-10 keV}>4.6x10^{43} erg
s^{-1} at z=2.30. These findings are similar to results from the z=3.09
protocluster in the SSA 22 field found by Lehmer et al. (2009), in that both
suggest AGN activity is favoured in dense environments at z>2.


  Although the physical origin of fast radio bursts (FRBs) remains unknown,
magnetars are the most likely candidates. The polarization properties of FRBs
offer crucial insights into their origins and radiation mechanisms. Significant
circular polarization (CP) has been observed in some FRBs. CP may result from
intrinsic radiation or propagation effects, both within and outside the
magnetosphere. Recent observations indicate that polarization properties of FRB
20201124A can change over short timescales (about tens of milliseconds),
challenging models that attribute CP to out-of-magnetosphere emission and
propagation. Additionally, some magnetospheric radiation models predict that
bursts with high CP produced by off-axis emission will be systematically
fainter, which contradicts the observations. We propose that CP arises from
magnetospheric propagation effects caused by relativistic plasma. We identify
the conditions under which high CP occurs, finding it to be rare. Moreover, our
model accounts for the more commonly observed low CP and the varying handedness
of CP.


  Electronic coupling and hence hybridization of atoms serve as the basis for
the rich properties of the endless library of naturally occurring molecules.
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) manifesting quantum strong confinement, possess
atomic like characteristics with s and p electronic levels, which popularized
the notion of CQDs as artificial atoms. Continuing this analogy, when two atoms
are close enough to form a molecule so that their orbitals start overlapping,
the orbitals' energies start to split into bonding and anti-bonding states made
out of hybridized orbitals. The same concept is also applicable for two fused
core-shell nanocrystals in close proximity. Their band-edge states, which
dictate the emitted photon energy, start to hybridize changing their electronic
and optical properties. Thus, an exciting direction of artificial molecules
emerges leading to a multitude of possibilities for creating a library of new
hybrid nanostructures with novel optoelectronic properties with relevance
towards diverse applications including quantum technologies. In a model fused
core-shell homodimer molecule, the hybridization energy is strongly correlated
with the extent of structural continuity, the delocalization of the exciton
wavefunction, and the barrier thickness as calculated numerically. The
hybridization impacts the emitted photon statistics manifesting a faster
radiative decay rate, photon bunching effect, and modified Auger recombination
pathway compared to the monomer artificial atoms. Future perspectives for the
nanocrystals chemistry paradigm are highlighted.


  We make explicit a theorem of Pintz concerning the error term in the prime
number theorem. This gives an improved version of the prime number theorem with
error term roughly square-root of that which was previously known. We apply
this to a long-standing problem concerning an inequality studied by Ramanujan.


  The entanglement negativity is a versatile measure of entanglement that has
numerous applications in quantum information and in condensed matter theory. It
can not only efficiently be computed in the Hilbert space dimension, but for
non-interacting bosonic systems, one can compute the negativity efficiently in
the number of modes. However, such an efficient computation does not carry over
to the fermionic realm, the ultimate reason for this being that the partial
transpose of a fermionic Gaussian state is no longer Gaussian. To provide a
remedy for this state of affairs, in this work we introduce efficiently
computable and rigorous upper and lower bounds to the negativity, making use of
techniques of semi-definite programming, building upon the Lagrangian
formulation of fermionic linear optics, and exploiting suitable products of
Gaussian operators. We discuss examples in quantum many-body theory and hint at
applications in the study of topological properties at finite temperature.


  We study some variants of the Erd\H{o}s similarity problem. We pose the
question if every measurable subset of the real line with positive measure
contains a similar copy of an infinite geometric progression. We construct a
compact subset $E$ of the real line such that $0$ is a Lebesgue density point
of $E$, but $E$ does not contain any (non-constant) infinite geometric
progression. We give a sufficient density type condition that guarantees that a
set contains an infinite geometric progression.
  By slightly improving a recent result of Bradford, Kohut and Mooroogen
arXiv:2205.04786, we construct a closed set $F\subset[0,\infty)$ such that the
measure of $F\cap[t,t+1]$ tends to $1$ at infinity but $F$ does not contain any
infinite arithmetic progression. We also slightly improve a more general recent
result by Kolountzakis and Papageorgiou arXiv:2208.02637 for more general
sequences.
  We give a sufficient condition that guarantees that a given Cantor type set
contains at least one infinite geometric progression with any quotient between
$0$ and $1$. This can be applied to most symmetric Cantor sets of positive
measure.


  We define a notion of a symplectic structure on stratified spaces, and
demonstrate that given a symplectic structure on a stratified space $X$ with
integral cohomology class, $X$ can be symplectically embedded in some complex
projective space equipped with the standard K\"ahler form. This extends a
theorem, due to Gromov and Tischler for manifolds, to stratified spaces.


  Deep learning has gained significant attention in medical image segmentation.
However, the limited availability of annotated training data presents a
challenge to achieving accurate results. In efforts to overcome this challenge,
data augmentation techniques have been proposed. However, the majority of these
approaches primarily focus on image generation. For segmentation tasks,
providing both images and their corresponding target masks is crucial, and the
generation of diverse and realistic samples remains a complex task, especially
when working with limited training datasets. To this end, we propose a new
end-to-end hybrid architecture based on Hamiltonian Variational Autoencoders
(HVAE) and a discriminative regularization to improve the quality of generated
images. Our method provides an accuracte estimation of the joint distribution
of the images and masks, resulting in the generation of realistic medical
images with reduced artifacts and off-distribution instances. As generating 3D
volumes requires substantial time and memory, our architecture operates on a
slice-by-slice basis to segment 3D volumes, capitilizing on the richly
augmented dataset. Experiments conducted on two public datasets, BRATS (MRI
modality) and HECKTOR (PET modality), demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed
method on different medical imaging modalities with limited data.


  Metallic split-ring resonators possess dominant electric dipoles as well as
considerable magnetic dipoles under proper excitations. Full-wave numerical
approaches are frequently employed to simulate adjacent split-ring resonators,
but simulations cannot explain the underlying physics. An analytical theory
based on a dynamic electric dipole approximation is developed here. Detailed
theory-simulation comparisons demonstrate that this theory can
\textit{quantitatively} describe the interaction strength of coupled
split-ring-resonators under certain circumstances.


  We study the effect of quantum magnetic impurities on d-wave spin density
waves (d-SDW). The impurity spins are aligned coherently according to the spin
space anisotropy of the condensate. Both the order parameter and transition
temperature increases due to the coherent interplay between magnetic scatterers
and d-SDW. This can explain the recent experimental data on the pseudogap
enhancement of Ni substituted NdBa_2{Cu_{1-y}Ni_y}O_6.8 from Pimenov et al.
(Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 227003 (2005)).


  The "middle corona" is a critical transition between the highly disparate
physical regimes of the lower and outer solar corona. Nonetheless, it remains
poorly understood due to the difficulty of observing this faint region (1.5-3
solar radii). New observations from the GOES Solar Ultraviolet Imager in August
and September 2018 provide the first comprehensive look at this region's
characteristics and long-term evolution in extreme ultraviolet (EUV). Our
analysis shows that the dominant emission mechanism here is resonant scattering
rather than collisional excitation, consistent with recent model predictions.
Our observations highlight that solar wind structures in the heliosphere
originate from complex dynamics manifesting in the middle corona that do not
occur at lower heights. These data emphasize that low-coronal phenomena can be
strongly influenced by inflows from above, not only by photospheric motion, a
factor largely overlooked in current models of coronal evolution. This study
reveals the full kinematic profile of the initiation of several coronal mass
ejections, filling a crucial observational gap that has hindered understanding
of the origins of solar eruptions. These new data uniquely demonstrate how EUV
observations of the middle corona provide strong new constraints on models
seeking to unify the corona and heliosphere.


  The Laplace Hopf algebra created by Rota and coll. is generalized to provide
an algebraic tool for combinatorial problems of quantum field theory. This
framework encompasses commutation relations, normal products, time-ordered
products and renormalisation. It considers the operator product and the
time-ordered product as deformations of the normal product. In particular, it
gives an algebraic meaning to Wick's theorem and it extends the concept of
Laplace pairing to prove that the renormalised time-ordered product is an
associative deformation of the normal product involving an infinite number of
parameters. The parameters themselves form a group: the renormalisation group,
which acts on the product instead of on the algebra.


  We study characteristic classes of hypersurfaces in the complex projective
space, with emphasis on secants to rational normal curves. For $Sec_k C\subset
\mathbb{P}^{n}$, the secant of $k$ points to a rational normal curve $C\subset
\mathbb{P}^n$, we compute the Hilbert series and the topological Euler
characteristic. For $n=2r$ and $k=r$, the case when $Sec_r C\subset
\mathbb{P}^{2r}$ is a hypersurface, we show that the dual $(Sec_r C)^*$ is
isomorphic to the Veronese variety $\nu_2(\mathbb{P}^r)$, from which we obtain,
for $Sec_r C$, formulas for the Mather class, the generic Euclidean distance
degree and its polar degrees. Furthermore, we present an explicit formula for
the topological degree of the gradient map $\phi_r \colon \mathbb{P}^{2r}
\dashrightarrow \mathbb{P}^{2r} $ associated with $Sec_r C$, and as a
consequence we obtain an affirmative answer for a conjecture by M.
Mostafazadehfard and A. Simis: for $r \geq 2$, the hypersurface $Sec_r C\subset
\mathbb{P}^{2r}$ is not homaloidal. From computations in particular cases we
are led to a conjecture, namely, explicit formulas for the projective degrees
of the gradient map $\phi_r$ and the Schwartz-MacPherson class $c_{SM}(Sec_r
C)\in A_* \mathbb{P}^{2r}$, for all $r$. We conclude by presenting evidence
that indicates the validity of our conjecture.
  Keywords: Characteristic classes. Gradient maps. Secants to rational normal
curves.


  The publication of fake reviews by parties with vested interests has become a
severe problem for consumers who use online product reviews in their decision
making. To counter this problem a number of methods for detecting these fake
reviews, termed opinion spam, have been proposed. However, to date, many of
these methods focus on analysis of review text, making them unsuitable for many
review systems where accom-panying text is optional, or not possible. Moreover,
these approaches are often computationally expensive, requiring extensive
resources to handle text analysis over the scale of data typically involved.
  In this paper, we consider opinion spammers manipulation of average ratings
for products, focusing on dif-ferences between spammer ratings and the majority
opinion of honest reviewers. We propose a lightweight, effective method for
detecting opinion spammers based on these differences. This method uses
binomial regression to identify reviewers having an anomalous proportion of
ratings that deviate from the majority opinion. Experiments on real-world and
synthetic data show that our approach is able to successfully iden-tify opinion
spammers. Comparison with the current state-of-the-art approach, also based
only on ratings, shows that our method is able to achieve similar detection
accuracy while removing the need for assump-tions regarding probabilities of
spam and non-spam reviews and reducing the heavy computation required for
learning.


  We study the evolution of the Earth collision probability of asteroid 2008
TC3 using a short observational arc and small numbers of observations. To
assess impact probability, we use techniques that rely on the orbital-element
probability density function characterized using both Markov-chain Monte-Carlo
orbital ranging and Monte-Carlo ranging. First, we evaluate the orbital
uncertainties for the object from the night of discovery onwards and examine
the collapse of the orbital-element distributions in time. Second, we examine
the sensitivity of the results to the assumed astrometric noise. Each of the
orbits obtained from the MCMC ranging method is propagated into the future
(within chosen time bounds of the expected impact), and the collision
probability is calculated as a weighted fraction of the orbits leading to a
collision from the Earth. We compare the results obtained with both methods.


  The measurement of vacuum polarisation effects, in particular vacuum
birefringence, using combined optical and x-ray laser pulses is now actively
pursued. Here we briefly examine the feasibility of two alternative setups. The
first utilises an alternative target, namely a converging dipole pulse, and the
second uses an alternative probe, namely the synchrotron-like emission from
highly energetic particles, themselves interacting with a laser pulse. The
latter setup has been proposed for experiments at ELI-NP.


  The discovery of a Standard Model-like Higgs boson and the hitherto absence
of evidence for other new states may indicate that if WIMPs comprise
cosmological dark matter, they are heavy compared to electroweak scale
particles, $M \gg m_{W^\pm}, m_{Z^0}$. In this limit, the absolute cross
section for a WIMP of given electroweak quantum numbers to scatter from a
nucleon becomes computable in terms of Standard Model parameters. We develop
effective field theory techniques to analyze the heavy WIMP limit of
WIMP-nucleon scattering, and present the first complete calculation of the
leading spin-independent cross section in Standard Model extensions consisting
of one or two electroweak $SU(2)_W \times U(1)_Y$ multiplets.


  Homonuclear 1H-1H J-modulation leads to J-multiplets in F1 dimension of 2D
1H-13C HMQC spectra. This hampers unambiguous signal assignment for overcrowded
13C spectra. Broadband homonuclear decoupling has been achieved in the indirect
t1 evolution period by incorporating blocks of perfect echo. This method
enhances resolution and sensitivity of 2D 1H-13C HMQC spectra. The results on
Cyclosporine demonstrate that the method is very efficient for -13CH2 groups,
though partial sensitivity and resolution enhancements have also been observed
for -13CH and -13CH3 groups. Interpretation of the result based on product
operator formalism is also given.


  We demonstrate an experimental protocol for the preparation and control of
heralded single photons in inhomogeneously polarized states, such as Vector
Vortex and Full Poincar\'e beam states. A laser beam is shaped by a
voltage-controlled spin-to-orbital angular momentum converter q-plate device
which eliminates the need for an interferometer for the robust preparation of
high-quality inhomogeneously polarized beams. Such a beam is then used as pump
in a spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) photon-pair source. We
demonstrate the full pump to heralded single photon transfer of the
intensity/phase distributions, as well as of the vector polarization structure.
Additionally, we show that by controlling the polarization to which the
heralding idler photon is projected before detection, we can toggle between the
direct and basis-switched pump-single photon transfer. We show that this
non-local control of the heralded single photon pertains also to the
topological class of the resulting heralded single photon. We believe that our
work will lead to new opportunities in photons-based quantum information
processing science.


  We show various aspects of finite size effects on Bose-Einstein
condensation(BEC). In the first section we introduce very briefly the BEC of
harmonically trapped ideal Bose gas. In the second section we theoretically
argued that Bose-Einstein(B-E) statistics needs a correction for finite system
at ultralow temperatures. As a corrected statistics we introduced a Tsallis
type of generalized B-E statistics. The condensate fraction calculated with
this generalized B-E statistics, is satisfied well with the experimental
result. In the third section we show how to apply the scaling theory in an
inhomogeneous system like harmonically trapped Bose condensate at finite
temperatures. We calculate the temperature dependence of the critical number of
particles by a scaling theory within the Hartree-Fock approximation and find
that there is a dramatic increase in the critical number of particles as the
condensation point is approached. Our results support the experimental result
which was obtained well below the condensation temperature. In the fourth
section we concentrate on the thermodynamic Casimir force on the Bose-Einstein
condensate. We explored the temperature dependence of the Casimir force.


  In this paper we investigate the behavior of particles crossing a neat
interface between two media. A Monte Carlo and analytical model, based on
fractional derivatives, are presented and discussed in detail, together with a
comparison. Anomalous and normal diffusion are consdered.


  The minimal $SU(3)_L \times U(1)_N$ gauge model for $(\nu,\ell,\ell^C)$
equipped with the (approximate) $L_e-L_\mu-L_\tau$ symmetry and a discrete
$Z_4$ symmetry is found to provide radiative neutrino masses compatible with
the LMA MSW solution.


  NGC 6357, a star-forming complex at $\sim 1.7$ kpc from the Sun, contains
giant molecular clouds and three prominent star clusters alongside with HII
regions, very massive stars and thousands of young stellar objects in different
evolutionary stages. We present a combined infrared kinematic and time domain
study of the line of sight towards this region enabled by the VVVX survey. In
terms of kinematics, a novel discovery emerges: an asymmetrical distribution in
the vector point diagram. Some stars in the sample exhibit spatial proximity to
dusty regions, with their proper motions aligned with filament projections,
hinting at a younger population linked to triggered star formation. However,
this distribution could also stem from an asymmetric stellar expansion event
within NGC 6357, warranting further investigation. Comparing this data with
Gaia revealed inconsistencies likely due to high extinction levels in the
region. Additionally, owing to accretion episodes and surface cool spots, young
stars display high variability. Using the $K_s$-band time series data, we
overcome the extreme levels of extinction towards the region, and compile a
catalogue of $774$ infrared light curves of young stars. Each light curve has
been characterized in terms of asymmetry and periodicity, to infer the dominant
underlying physical mechanism. These findings are then correlated with
evolutionary stages, aiming to uncover potential age disparities among the
observed stars. This study contributes to our understanding the intricate
dynamics and evolutionary processes within NGC 6357, offering valuable insights
into the formation and development of stellar populations within such complex
environments.


  The rotational dynamics of particles subject to external illumination is
found to produce light amplification and inelastic scattering at high rotation
velocities. Light emission at frequencies shifted with respect to the incident
light by twice the rotation frequency dominates over elastic scattering within
a wide range of light and rotation frequencies. Remarkably, net amplification
of the incident light is produced in this classical linear system via
stimulated emission. Large optically-induced acceleration rates are predicted
in vacuum accompanied by moderate heating of the particle, thus supporting the
possibility of observing these effects under extreme rotation conditions.


  I review the current status of combing weak gravitational lensing with depth
information from redshifts as a direct probe of dark matter and dark energy in
the Universe. In particular I highlight: (1) The first maximum likelihood
measurement of the cosmic shear power spectrum, with the COMBO17 dataset (Brown
et al 2003); (2) A new method for mapping the 3-D dark matter distribution from
weak shear, and its first application to the COMBO17 dataset (Taylor et al
2003); (3) A new method for measuring the Dark Energy of the Universe using
purely the geometry of gravitational lensing, based on cross-correlation
tomography (Jain & Taylor 2003). I show that this method can constrain the
equation of state of the universe and its evolution to a few percent accuracy.


  Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are amortized sampling methods that
learn a distribution over discrete objects proportional to their rewards.
GFlowNets exhibit a remarkable ability to generate diverse samples, yet
occasionally struggle to consistently produce samples with high rewards due to
over-exploration on wide sample space. This paper proposes to train GFlowNets
with local search, which focuses on exploiting high-rewarded sample space to
resolve this issue. Our main idea is to explore the local neighborhood via
backtracking and reconstruction guided by backward and forward policies,
respectively. This allows biasing the samples toward high-reward solutions,
which is not possible for a typical GFlowNet solution generation scheme, which
uses the forward policy to generate the solution from scratch. Extensive
experiments demonstrate a remarkable performance improvement in several
biochemical tasks. Source code is available:
\url{https://github.com/dbsxodud-11/ls_gfn}.


  We study the Euclidean gravitational path integral computing the Renyi
entropy and analyze its behavior under small variations. We argue that, in
Einstein gravity, the extremality condition can be understood from the
variational principle at the level of the action, without having to solve
explicitly the equations of motion. This set-up is then generalized to
arbitrary theories of gravity, where we show that the respective entanglement
entropy functional needs to be extremized. We also extend this result to all
orders in Newton's constant $G_N$, providing a derivation of quantum
extremality. Understanding quantum extremality for mixtures of states provides
a generalization of the dual of the boundary modular Hamiltonian which is given
by the bulk modular Hamiltonian plus the area operator, evaluated on the
so-called modular extremal surface. This gives a bulk prescription for
computing the relative entropies to all orders in $G_N$. We also comment on how
these ideas can be used to derive an integrated version of the equations of
motion, linearized around arbitrary states.


  In this paper, we prove the optimal volume growth for complete Riemannian
manifolds $(M^n,g)$ with nonnegative Ricci curvature everywhere and bi-Ricci
curvature bounded from below by $n-2$ outside a compact set when the dimension
is less than eight. This answers a question [AX24, Question 1] proposed by
Antonelli-Xu in dimensions six and seven. As a by-product, we also prove an
analogy of Gromov's volume bound conjecture [Gro86, Open Question 2.A.(b)]
under the condition of positive bi-Ricci curvature.


  Driven by single photon detection requirements especially for quantum
information sciences, the theory of arrays of off-on detectors has been well
developed and applied. However for a comprehensive characterization of
nonclassicality one also needs phase sensitive properties. This missing link is
fulfilled by the theory of phase sensitive click counting measurements. This
theory is presented. It unifies the balanced homodyne detection for high
intensities with the click detection in the few photon regime. We formulate and
apply a hierarchy of nonlinear squeezing conditions to probe quantum effects
beyond standard squeezing. Imperfections stemming from fluctuations of the
local oscillator, detector efficiency, and dark count rates are considered.
Experimentally accessible sampling formulas are given which can be applied
without time consuming data processing. Our phase-sensitive click detection
theory paves the way towards novel applications of nonclassical light in
quantum metrology.


  We analyse a sequential contest with two players in darts where one of the
contestants enjoys a technical advantage. Using methods from the causal machine
learning literature, we analyse the built-in advantage, which is the
first-mover having potentially more but never less moves. Our empirical
findings suggest that the first-mover has an 8.6 percentage points higher
probability to win the match induced by the technical advantage. Contestants
with low performance measures and little experience have the highest built-in
advantage. With regard to the fairness principle that contestants with equal
abilities should have equal winning probabilities, this contest is ex-ante fair
in the case of equal built-in advantages for both competitors and a randomized
starting right. Nevertheless, the contest design produces unequal probabilities
of winning for equally skilled contestants because of asymmetries in the
built-in advantage associated with social pressure for contestants competing at
home and away.


  We present a suite of high resolution radiation hydrodynamic simulations of a
small patch ($1 \ {\rm kpc}^2$) of the inter-stellar medium (ISM) performed
with Arepo-RT, with the aim to quantify the efficacy of various feedback
processes like supernovae explosions (SNe), photoheating and radiation pressure
in low gas surface density galaxies ($\Sigma_{\rm gas} \simeq 10 \ {\rm
M}_\odot \ {\rm pc}^{-2}$). We show that radiation fields decrease the star
formation rate and therefore the total stellar mass formed by a factor of $\sim
2$. This increases the gas depletion timescale and brings the simulated
Kennicutt-Schmidt relation closer to the observational estimates. Radiation
feedback coupled with SNe is more efficient at driving outflows with the mass
and energy loading increasing by a factor of $\sim 10$. This increase is mainly
driven by the additional entrainment of medium density ($10^{-2} \leq n< 1 \
{\rm cm}^{-3}$), warm ($300 \ {\rm K}\leq T<8000 \ {\rm K}$) material.
Therefore including radiation fields tends to launch colder, denser and higher
mass and energy loaded outflows. This is because photoheating of the high
density gas around a newly formed star over-pressurises the region, causing it
to expand. This reduces the ambient density in which the SNe explode by a
factor of $10-100$ which in turn increases their momentum output by a factor of
$\sim 1.5-2.5$. Finally, we note that in these low gas surface density
environments, radiation fields primarily impact the ISM via photoheating and
radiation pressure has only a minimal role in regulating star formation.


  The given paper presents an overview of modern RESTful API description
languages (belongs to interface description languages set) - OpenAPI, RAML,
WADL, Slate - designed to provide a structured description of a RESTful web
APIs (that is useful both to a human and for automated machine processing),
with related RESTful web API modeling frameworks. We propose an example of the
schema model of web API of the service for pre-trained distributional semantic
models (word embeddings) processing. This service is a part of the Personal
Research Information System services ecosystem - the Research and Development
Workstation Environment class system for supporting research in the field of
ontology engineering: the automated building of applied ontology in an
arbitrary domain area as a main feature; scientific and technical creativity:
the automated preparation of application documents for patenting inventions in
Ukraine. It also presents a quick look at the relationship of Service-Oriented
Architecture and Web services as well as REST fundamentals and RESTful web
services; RESTful API creation process.


  Starting from the integral representation of the three-dimensional Coulomb
transition matrix elaborated by us formerly with the use of specific symmetry
of the interaction in a four-dimensional Euclidean space introduced by Fock,
the possibility of the analytical solving of the integral equation for the
partial wave transition matrices at the excited bound state energy has been
studied. New analytical expressions for the partial s-, p- and d-wave Coulomb
t-matrices for like-charged particles and the expression for the partial d-wave
t-matrix for unlike-charged particles at the energy of the first excited bound
state have been derived.


  We unify two prominent lines of work on multi-armed bandits: bandits with
knapsacks (BwK) and combinatorial semi-bandits. The former concerns limited
"resources" consumed by the algorithm, e.g., limited supply in dynamic pricing.
The latter allows a huge number of actions but assumes combinatorial structure
and additional feedback to make the problem tractable. We define a common
generalization, support it with several motivating examples, and design an
algorithm for it. Our regret bounds are comparable with those for BwK and
combinatorial semi- bandits.


  This paper proposes a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) approach
for an urban traffic network (UTN) system. The control objective is to minimize
the traffic congestion and the total travel time spent (TTS) in each link. The
proposed DMPC algorithm considers traffic demand and disturbance predictions.
The CasADi optimization tool is used to solve the constrained optimization
problem. The proposed distributed control approach achieved 60% less
computation time, 14.3% less TTS, and 15.1% less queue length compared to the
centralized approach. Moreover, while the centralized algorithm neglected the
input and state constraints, the distributed approach resulted in the
satisfaction of all the constraints over the whole horizon.


  We present the COGnitive Neural GENerative system (CogNGen), a cognitive
architecture that combines two neurobiologically-plausible, computational
models: predictive processing and hyperdimensional/vector-symbolic models. We
draw inspiration from architectures such as ACT-R and Spaun/Nengo. CogNGen is
in broad agreement with these, providing a level of detail between ACT-R's
high-level symbolic description of human cognition and Spaun's low-level
neurobiological description, furthermore creating the groundwork for designing
agents that learn continually from diverse tasks and model human performance at
larger scales than what is possible with current systems. We test CogNGen on
four maze-learning tasks, including those that test memory and planning, and
find that CogNGen matches performance of deep reinforcement learning models and
exceeds on a task designed to test memory.


  The halo model (HM) describes the inhomogeneous universe as a collection of
halos. The full nonlinear power spectrum of the universe is well approximated
by the HM, whose prediction can be easily computed without lengthy numerical
simulations. This makes the HM a useful tool in cosmology. Here we explore the
lensing properties of the HM by use of the stochastic gravitational lensing
(sGL) method. We obtain for the case of point sources exact and simple integral
expressions for the expected value and variance of the lensing convergence,
which encode detailed information about the internal halo properties. In
particular a wide array of observational biases can be easily incorporated and
the dependence of lensing on cosmology is properly taken into account. This
simple setup should be useful for a quick calculation of the power spectrum and
the related lensing observables, which can play an important role in the
extraction of cosmological parameters from, e.g., SNe observations. Finally, we
discuss the probability distribution function of the HM which encodes more
information than the first two moments and can more strongly constrain the
large-scale structures of the universe. To check the accuracy of our modelling
we compare our predictions to the results from the Millennium Simulation.


  Monopole and dipole signatures of the peculiar velocity field as derived from
the SFI sample of field spirals and the SCI and SC2 samples of cluster spirals
are presented. The monopole exhibits no evidence of a `Hubble bubble' within
7000 km/s as suggested by Zehavi et al. (1998); the dipole of the reflex motion
of the Local Group converges to the CMB dipole within less than 6000 km/s, and
remains consistent with it, when referred to the reference frame constituted by
the SC2 cluster sample, which extends to 20,000 km/s.


  In a typical customer service chat scenario, customers contact a support
center to ask for help or raise complaints, and human agents try to solve the
issues. In most cases, at the end of the conversation, agents are asked to
write a short summary emphasizing the problem and the proposed solution,
usually for the benefit of other agents that may have to deal with the same
customer or issue. The goal of the present article is advancing the automation
of this task. We introduce the first large scale, high quality, customer care
dialog summarization dataset with close to 6500 human annotated summaries. The
data is based on real-world customer support dialogs and includes both
extractive and abstractive summaries. We also introduce a new unsupervised,
extractive summarization method specific to dialogs.


  Time series forecasting plays a crucial role in decision-making across
various domains, but it presents significant challenges. Recent studies have
explored image-driven approaches using computer vision models to address these
challenges, often employing lineplots as the visual representation of time
series data. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that uses
time-frequency spectrograms as the visual representation of time series data.
We introduce the use of a vision transformer for multimodal learning,
showcasing the advantages of our approach across diverse datasets from
different domains. To evaluate its effectiveness, we compare our method against
statistical baselines (EMA and ARIMA), a state-of-the-art deep learning-based
approach (DeepAR), other visual representations of time series data (lineplot
images), and an ablation study on using only the time series as input. Our
experiments demonstrate the benefits of utilizing spectrograms as a visual
representation for time series data, along with the advantages of employing a
vision transformer for simultaneous learning in both the time and frequency
domains.


  We report the first identification in space of H2NC, a high-energy isomer of
H2CN that has been largely ignored in chemical and astrochemical studies. The
observation of various unidentified lines around 72.2 GHz in the cold dark
cloud L483 motivated the search for, and successful detection of, additional
groups of lines in harmonic relation. After an exhaustive high-level ab initio
screening of possible carriers, we confidently assign the unidentified lines to
H2NC based on the good agreement between astronomical and theoretical
spectroscopic parameters and sound spectroscopic and astrochemical arguments.
The observed frequencies are used to precisely characterize the rotational
spectrum of H2NC. This species is also detected in the cold dark cloud B1-b and
the z=0.89 galaxy in front of the quasar PKS1830-211. We derive H2NC/H2CN
abundance ratios of 1 in L483 and B1-b and 0.27 toward PKS1830-211. Neither
H2NC nor H2CN are detected in the dark cloud TMC-1, which seriously questions a
previous identification of H2CN in this source. We suggest that the H2NC/H2CN
ratio behaves as the HNC/HCN ratio, with values close to one in cold dense
clouds and below one in diffuse clouds. The reactions N + CH3 and C + NH3
emerge as strong candidates to produce H2NC in interstellar clouds. Further
studies on these two reactions are needed to evaluate the yield of H2NC. Due to
the small number of atoms involved, it should be feasible to constrain the
chemistry behind H2NC and H2CN, just as it has been done for HNC and HCN, as
this could allow to use the H2NC/H2CN ratio as a probe of chemical or physical
conditions of the host clouds.


  The rod phase as it is expected in the bottom layers of neutron-star crusts
is analyzed within the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov framework. In order to well
describe the interplay between band structure and superfluidity, periodicity of
the lattice is taken into account using Bloch boundary conditions. A relative
flow between the rods and the surrounding neutron gas is introduced in a
time-independent way. This induces a non-trivial phase of the complex order
parameter, leading to a counterflow between neutrons inside and outside the
rods. With the resulting current, we compute the actual neutron superfluid
fraction. For the latter our results are significantly larger than previous
ones obtained in normal band theory, indicating that the normal band theory
overestimates the entrainment effect.


  The asymptotic scheme of post-Newtonian approximation defined for general
relativity (GR) in the harmonic gauge by Futamase & Schutz (1983) is based on a
family of initial data for the matter fields of a perfect fluid and for the
initial metric, defining a family of weakly self-gravitating systems. We show
that Weinberg's (1972) expansion of the metric and his general expansion of the
energy-momentum tensor ${\bf T}$, as well as his expanded equations for the
gravitational field and his general form of the expanded dynamical equations,
apply naturally to this family. Then, following the asymptotic scheme, we
derive the explicit form of the expansion of ${\bf T}$ for a perfect fluid, and
the expanded fluid-dynamical equations. (These differ from those written by
Weinberg.) By integrating these equations in the domain occupied by a body, we
obtain a general form of the translational equations of motion for a 1PN
perfect-fluid system in GR. To put them into a tractable form, we use an
asymptotic framework for the separation parameter $\eta $, by defining a family
of well-separated 1PN systems. We calculate all terms in the equations of
motion up to the order $\eta ^3$ included. To calculate the 1PN correction
part, we assume that the Newtonian motion of each body is a rigid one, and that
the family is quasi-spherical, in the sense that in all bodies the inertia
tensor comes close to being spherical as $\eta \to 0$. Apart from corrections
that cancel for exact spherical symmetry, there is in the final equations of
motion one additional term, as compared with the Lorentz-Droste
(Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann) acceleration. This term depends on the spin of the
body and on its internal structure.


  We have successfully grown high quality single crystals of SrFe$_2$As$_2$ and
A$_{0.6}$K$_{0.4}$Fe$_2$As$_2$(A=Sr, Ba) using flux method. The resistivity,
specific heat and Hall coefficient have been measured. For parent compound
SrFe$_2$As$_2$, an anisotropic resistivity with $\rho_c$ / $\rho_{ab}$ as large
as 130 is obtained at low temperatures. A sharp drop in both in-plane and
out-plane resistivity due to the SDW instability is observed below 200 K. The
angular dependence of in-plane magnetoresistance shows 2-fold symmetry with
field rotating within ab plane below SDW transition temperature. This is
consistent with a stripe-type spin ordering in SDW state. In K doped
A$_{0.6}$K$_{0.4}$Fe$_2$As$_2$(A=Sr. Ba), the SDW instability is suppressed and
the superconductivity appears with T$_c$ above 35 K. The rather low anisotropy
in upper critical field between H$\parallel$ab and H$\parallel$c indicates
inter-plane coupling play an important role in hole doped Fe-based
superconductors.


  We present a new closed form for the interpolating polynomial of the general
univariate Hermite interpolation that requires only calculation of polynomial
derivatives, instead of derivatives of rational functions. This result is used
to obtain a new simultaneous polynomial division by a common divisor over a
perfect field. The above findings are utilized to obtain a closed formula for
the semi--simple part of the Jordan decomposition of a matrix. Finally, a
number of new identities involving polynomial derivatives are obtained, based
on the proposed simultaneous polynomial division. The proposed explicit formula
for the semi--simple part has been implemented using the Matlab programming
environment.


  Light trapping in planar ultrathin-film solar cells is limited due to a small
number of optical modes available in the thin-film slab. A nanostructured
thin-film design could surpass this limit by providing broadband increase in
the local density of states in a subwavelength volume and maintaining efficient
coupling of light. Here we report a broadband metasurface design, enabling
efficient and broadband absorption enhancement by direct coupling of incoming
light to resonant modes of subwavelength-scale Mie nanoresonators defined in
the thin-film active layer. Absorption was investigated both theoretically and
experimentally in prototypes consisting of lithographically patterned,
two-dimensional periodic arrays of silicon nanoresonators on silica substrates.
A crossed trapezoid resonator shape of rectangular cross section is used to
excite broadband Mie resonances across the visible and near-IR spectra. Our
numerical simulations, optical absorption measurements and photocurrent
spectral response measurements demonstrate that crossed trapezoidal Mie
resonant structures enable angle-insensitive, broadband absorption. A short
circuit current density of 12.0 mA/cm2 is achieved in 210 nm thick patterned Si
films, yielding a 4-fold increase compared to planar films of the same
thickness. It is suggested that silicon metasurfaces with Mie resonator arrays
can provide useful insights to guide future ultrathin-film solar cell designs
incorporating nanostructured thin active layers.


  We study effects of heavy Higgs bosons on the top-pair production process at
photon linear colliders. The interference patterns between the resonant
Higgs-production amplitudes and the continuum QED amplitudes are examined. The
patterns tell us not only the CP nature of the Higgs bosons but also the phase
of the $\gamma\gamma$--Higgs vertex which gives new information about the Higgs
couplings to new charged particles. We point out that it is necessary to use
circularly polarized photon beams to produce efficiently heavy Higgs bosons
whose masses exceed the electron beam energy, and show that the above
interference patterns of the production amplitudes can be studied by observing
top decay angular distributions. Analytic expressions for the helicity
amplitudes for the sequential process $\gamma\gamma \to t \bar{t} \to (bW^+)
(\bar{b}W^-) \to (b f_1 \bar{f}_2) (\bar{b} f_3 \bar{f}_4)$ are presented in
terms of the generic $\gamma\gamma \to t \bar{t}$ production amplitudes.


  We report the detection, from FUSE data, of phosphorus in the atmospheres of
GD71 and two similar DA white dwarfs. This is the first detection of a trace
metal in the photosphere of the spectrophotometric standard star GD71.
Collectively, these objects represent the coolest DA white dwarfs in which
photospheric phosphorus has been observed. We use a grid of homogeneous non-LTE
synthetic spectra to measure abundances of[P/H]=-8.57 +0.09 -0.13, -8.70 +0.23
-0.37 and -8.36 +0.14 -0.19 in GD71, RE J1918+595 and RE J0605-482
respectively. At the observed level we find phosphorus has no significant
impact on the overall energy distribution of GD71. We explore possible
mechanisms responsible for the presence of this element in these stars,
concluding that the most likely is an interplay between radiative levitation
and gravitational settling but possibly modified by weak mass loss.


  The classical Kronecker limit formula describes the constant term in the
Laurent expansion at the first order pole of the non-holomorphic Eisenstein
series associated to the cusp at infinity of the modular group. Recently, the
meromorphic continuation and Kronecker limit type formulas were investigated
for non-holomorphic Eisenstein series associated to hyperbolic and elliptic
elements of a Fuchsian group of the first kind by Jorgenson, Kramer and the
first named author. In the present work, we realize averaged versions of all
three types of Eisenstein series for $\Gamma_0(N)$ as regularized theta lifts
of a single type of Poincar\'e series, due to Selberg. Using this realization
and properties of the Poincar\'e series we derive the meromorphic continuation
and Kronecker limit formulas for the above Eisenstein series. The corresponding
Kronecker limit functions are then given by the logarithm of the absolute value
of the Borcherds product associated to a special value of the underlying
Poincar\'e series.


  Electric dipole moments and charged-lepton flavour-violating processes are
extremely sensitive probes for new physics, complementary to direct searches as
well as flavour-changing processes in the quark sector. Beyond the
"smoking-gun" feature of a potential significant measurement, however, it is
crucial to understand their implications for new physics models quantitatively.
The corresponding multi-scale problem of relating the existing high-precision
measurements to fundamental parameters can be approached model-independently to
a large extent; however, care must be taken to include the uncertainties from
especially nuclear and QCD calculations properly.


  Static, spherically symmetric solutions with regular origin are investigated
of the Einstein-Yang-Mills theory with a negative cosmological constant
$\Lambda$. A combination of numerical and analytical methods leads to a clear
picture of the `moduli space' of the solutions. Some issues discussed in the
existing literature on the subject are reconsidered and clarified. In
particular the stability of the asymptotically AdS solutions is studied. Like
for the Bartnik-McKinnon (BK) solutions obtained for $\Lambda=0$ there are two
different types of instabilities -- `topological' and `gravitational'. Regions
with any number of these instabilities are identified in the moduli space.
While for BK solutions there is always a non-vanishing equal number of
instabilities of both types, this degeneracy is lifted and there exist stable
solutions, genuine sphalerons with exactly one unstable mode and so on. The
boundaries of these regions are determined.


  We present a mechanism for generating ultralight dark photon dark matter in
the early Universe via a dilatonlike scalar field coupled to the dark photon's
kinetic term. Energy is initially stored in the condensate of the dilaton,
which resonantly produces dark photons when it begins oscillating in the early
Universe. While similar scenarios with axion--dark-photon couplings require
large coupling coefficients to fully populate the dark photon, the dilatonic
coupling features a unique regime: When the dark photon's mass is half that of
the dilaton, dark photons are copiously produced even when the dilaton
undergoes small-amplitude oscillations. Scenarios consistent with the cosmic
microwave background allow for ultralight vector dark matter with mass as light
as $10^{-20}$ eV.


  Online marketplaces are the main engines of legal and illegal e-commerce, yet
their empirical properties are poorly understood due to the absence of
large-scale data. We analyze two comprehensive datasets containing 245M
transactions (16B USD) that took place on online marketplaces between 2010 and
2021, covering 28 dark web marketplaces, i.e., unregulated markets whose main
currency is Bitcoin, and 144 product markets of one popular regulated
e-commerce platform. We show that transactions in online marketplaces exhibit
strikingly similar patterns despite significant differences in language,
lifetimes, products, regulation, and technology. Specifically, we find
remarkable regularities in the distributions of transaction amounts, number of
transactions, inter-event times and time between first and last transactions.
We show that buyer behavior is affected by the memory of past interactions and
use this insight to propose a model of network formation reproducing our main
empirical observations. Our findings have implications for understanding market
power on online marketplaces as well as inter-marketplace competition, and
provide empirical foundation for theoretical economic models of online
marketplaces.


  We explore quantum states of instanton solitons in five dimensional
noncommutative Yang-Mills theories. We start with maximally supersymmetric U(N)
theory compactified on a circle S^1, and derive the low energy dynamics of
instanton solitons, or calorons, which is no longer singular. Quantizing the
low energy dynamics, we find N physically distinct ground states with a unit
Pontryagin number and no electric charge. These states have a natural D-string
interpretation. The conclusion remains unchanged as we decompactify S^1, as
long as we stay in the Coulomb phase by turning on adjoint Higgs expectation
values.


  Since integration by parts is an important tool when deriving energy or
entropy estimates for differential equations, one may conjecture that some form
of summation by parts (SBP) property is involved in provably stable numerical
methods. This article contributes to this topic by proposing a novel class of
$A$ stable SBP time integration methods which can also be reformulated as
implicit Runge-Kutta methods. In contrast to existing SBP time integration
methods using simultaneous approximation terms to impose the initial condition
weakly, the new schemes use a projection method to impose the initial condition
strongly without destroying the SBP property. The new class of methods includes
the classical Lobatto IIIA collocation method, not previously formulated as an
SBP scheme. Additionally, a related SBP scheme including the classical Lobatto
IIIB collocation method is developed.


  We introduce the Cox homotopy algorithm for solving a sparse system of
polynomial equations on a compact toric variety $X_\Sigma$. The algorithm lends
its name from a construction, described by Cox, of $X_\Sigma$ as a GIT quotient
$X_\Sigma = (\mathbb{C}^k \setminus Z) // G$ of a quasi-affine variety by the
action of a reductive group. Our algorithm tracks paths in the total coordinate
space $\mathbb{C}^k$ of $X_\Sigma$ and can be seen as a homogeneous version of
the standard polyhedral homotopy, which works on the dense torus of $X_\Sigma$.
It furthermore generalizes the commonly used path tracking algorithms in
(multi)projective spaces in that it tracks a set of homogeneous coordinates
contained in the $G$-orbit corresponding to each solution. The Cox homotopy
combines the advantages of polyhedral homotopies and (multi)homogeneous
homotopies, tracking only mixed volume many solutions and providing an elegant
way to deal with solutions on or near the special divisors of $X_\Sigma$. In
addition, the strategy may help to understand the deficiency of the root count
for certain families of systems with respect to the BKK bound.


  We establish a new Howe duality between a pair of quantum queer superalgebras
$(\mathrm{U}_{q^{-1}}(\mathfrak{q}_n), \mathrm{U}_q(\mathfrak{q}_m))$. The key
ingredient is the construction of a non-commutative analogue
$\mathcal{A}_q(\mathfrak{q}_n,\mathfrak{q}_m)$ of the symmetric superalgebra
$S(\mathbb{C}^{mn|mn})$ with the use of quantum coordinate queer superalgebra.
It turns out that this superalgebra is equipped with a
$\mathrm{U}_{q^{-1}}(\mathfrak{q}_n)\otimes\mathrm{U}_q(\mathfrak{q}_m)$-supermodule
structure that admits a multiplicity-free decomposition. We also show that the
$(\mathrm{U}_{q^{-1}}(\mathfrak{q}_n),\mathrm{U}_q(\mathfrak{q}_m))$-Howe
duality implies the Sergeev-Olshanski duality.


  The result of a recent measurement of the size of the proton [R. Pohl et al.,
Nature 466, 213] performed on the base of the muonic hydrogen spectroscopy
turned out to be significantly different, by five standard deviations, from the
results derived from the atomic hydrogen spectroscopy. This large discrepancy
could come from the calculations of the Lamb shift in atomic hydrogen and
muonic hydrogen. Here we show that there is a gap in the standard bound-state
QED that may be the source of the discrepancy. This gap originates in the fact
that within the framework of this theory the QED corrections are described in
terms of the respective Green functions. The character of the time evolution of
a system which should manifest itself in the general definition of bound states
as stationary states of the system cannot be described in terms of the Green
functions. We present a consistent way of solving the bound-state problem in
QED starting from the condition of stationarity of the bound states. Formulae
for the energies and the vectors of the states of one-electron (muon) atoms
derived in this way indicate that the standard bound-state QED does not obey
the exact description of the atomic states and, as a result, the Lamb shift
obtained in its framework should be supplemented by an additional "dynamical"
energy shift. It is shown that in this shift natural nonlocality of the
electromagnetic interaction that in describing the S matrix and the Green
functions is hidden in the renormalization procedure manifest itself
explicitly.


  The research assessed the role of social media in the unfolding of the
EndSARS demonstrations in Nigeria. The study was necessary given the persistent
call by governments for the strict regulation of social medium platforms. This
is given governments' claim that social media is being misused. The study,
however, reveals that social media use is determined by users' social
experiences, including those caused by governments.


  Atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are known to have a warm and
isotopically enriched bias over Antarctica. We test here the hypothesis that
these biases are partly consequences of a too diffusive advection. Exploiting
the LMDZ-iso model, we show that a less diffusive representation of the
advection, especially on the horizontal, is very important to reduce the bias
in the isotopic contents of precipitation above this area. The choice of an
appropriate representation of the advection is thus essential when using GCMs
for paleoclimate applications based on polar water isotopes. Too much diffusive
mixing along the poleward transport leads to overestimated isotopic contents in
water vapor because dehydration by mixing follows a more enriched path than
dehydration by Rayleigh distillation. The near-air surface temperature is also
influenced, to a lesser extent, by the diffusive properties of the advection
scheme directly via the advection of the air and indirectly via the radiative
effects of changes in high cloud fraction and water vapor. A too diffusive
horizontal advection increases the temperature and so also contributes to
enrich the isotopic contents of water vapor over Antarctica through a reduction
of the distillation. The temporal relationship, from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
to present-day conditions, between the mean annual near-air surface temperature
and the water isotopic contents of precipitation for a specific location can
also be impacted, with significant consequences on the paleo-temperature
reconstruction from observed changes in water isotopes.


  The interaction between $\Lambda$ baryons and kaons/antikaons is a crucial
ingredient for the strangeness $S=0$ and $S=-2$ sector of the meson$-$baryon
interaction at low energies. In particular, the
$\Lambda{\mathrm{\overline{K}}}$ might help in understanding the origin of
states such as the $\Xi\mathrm{(1620)}$, whose nature and properties are still
under debate. Experimental data on $\Lambda$$-$${\mathrm{K}}$ and
$\Lambda$$-$${\mathrm{\overline{K}}}$ systems are scarce, leading to large
uncertainties and tension between the available theoretical predictions
constrained by such data. In this Letter we present the measurements of
$\Lambda$$-$K$^+\oplus \overline{\Lambda}$$-$K$^-$ and $\Lambda$$-$K$^-\oplus
\overline{\Lambda}$$-$K$^+$ correlations obtained in the high-multiplicity
triggered data sample in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV recorded by ALICE
at the LHC. The correlation function for both pairs is modeled using the
Lednicky$-$Lyuboshits analytical formula and the corresponding scattering
parameters are extracted. The $\Lambda$$-$K$^-\oplus
\overline{\Lambda}$$-$K$^+$ correlations show the presence of several
structures at relative momenta $k^*$ above 200 MeV/$c$, compatible with the
$\Omega$ baryon, the $\Xi\mathrm{(1690)}$, and $\Xi\mathrm{(1820)}$ resonances
decaying into $\Lambda$$-$K$^-$ pairs. The low $k^*$ region in the
$\Lambda$$-$K$^-\oplus \overline{\Lambda}$$-$K$^+$ also exhibits the presence
of the $\Xi\mathrm{(1620)}$ state, expected to strongly couple to the measured
pair. The presented data allow to access the $\Lambda$K$^+$ and $\Lambda$K$^-$
strong interaction with an unprecedented precision and deliver the first
experimental observation of the $\Xi\mathrm{(1620)}$ decaying into
$\Lambda$K$^-$.


  Concurrent programs executing on NUMA architectures consist of concurrent
entities (e.g. threads, actors) and data placed on different nodes. Execution
of these concurrent entities often reads or updates states from remote nodes.
The performance of such systems depends on the extent to which the concurrent
entities can be executing in parallel, and on the amount of the remote reads
and writes.
  We consider an actor-based object oriented language, and propose a type
system which expresses the topology of the program (the placement of the actors
and data on the nodes), and an effect system which characterises remote reads
and writes (in terms of which node reads/writes from which other nodes). We use
a variant of ownership types for the topology, and a combination of behavioural
and ownership types for the effect system.


  We introduce generalized notions of a divergence function and a Fisher
information matrix. We propose to generalize the notion of an exponential
family of models by reformulating it in terms of the Fisher information matrix.
Our methods are those of information geometry. The context is general enough to
include applications from outside statistics.


  The actuator line model (ALM) is a commonly used method to represent lifting
surfaces such as wind turbine blades within Large-Eddy Simulations (LES). In
the ALM the lift and drag forces are replaced by an imposed body force which is
typically smoothed over several grid points using a Gaussian kernel with some
prescribed smoothing width $\epsilon$. To date, the choice of $\epsilon$ has
most often been based on numerical considerations related to the grid spacing
used in LES. However, especially for finely resolved LES with grid spacings on
the order of or smaller than the chord-length of the blade, the best choice of
$\epsilon$ is not known. In this work, a theoretical approach is followed to
determine the most suitable value of $\epsilon$. Firstly, we develop an
analytical solution to the linearized flow response to a Gaussian lift and drag
force and use the results to establish a relationship between the local and
far-field velocity required to specify lift and drag forces. Then, focusing
first on the lift force, we find $\epsilon$ and the force center location that
minimize the square difference between the velocity fields induced by the
Gaussian force and 2D potential flow over Joukowski airfoils. We find that the
optimal smoothing width $\epsilon^{\rm opt}$ is on the order of 14-25\% of the
chord length of the blade, and the center of force is located at about 13-26\%
downstream of the leading edge of the blade, for the cases considered. These
optimal values do not depend on angle of attack and depend only weakly on the
type of lifting surface. To represent the drag force, the optimal width of the
circular Gaussian drag force field is shown to be equal to the momentum
thickness of the wake.


  We introduce a new class of higher categorical structures called weakly
globular Tamsamani n-categories. These generalize the Tamsamani-Simpson model
of higher categories by using the new paradigm of weak globularity to weaken
higher categorical structures. We prove this new structure is suitably
equivalent to a simpler one previously introduced by the author, called weakly
globular n-fold categories.


  We address the problem of severe class imbalance in unsupervised domain
adaptation, when the class spaces in source and target domains diverge
considerably. Till recently, domain adaptation methods assumed the aligned
class spaces, such that reducing distribution divergence makes the transfer
between domains easier. Such an alignment assumption is invalidated in real
world scenarios where some source classes are often under-represented or simply
absent in the target domain. We revise the current approaches to class
imbalance and propose a new one that uses latent codes in the adversarial
domain adaptation framework. We show how the latent codes can be used to
disentangle the silent structure of the target domain and to identify
under-represented classes. We show how to learn the latent code reconstruction
jointly with the domain invariant representation and use them to accurately
estimate the target labels.


  A set $S$ of vertices in a graph $G$ is a dominating set if every vertex of
$G$ is in $S$ or is adjacent to a vertex in $S$. If, in addition, $S$ is an
independent set, then $S$ is an independent dominating set. The domination
number $\gamma(G)$ of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set in
$G$, while the independent domination number $i(G)$ of $G$ is the minimum
cardinality of an independent dominating set in $G$. We prove that for all
integers $k \geq 3$ it holds that if $G$ is a connected $k$-regular graph, then
$\frac{i(G)}{\gamma(G)} \leq \frac{k}{2}$, with equality if and only if $G =
K_{k,k}$. The result was previously known only for $k\leq 6$. This
affirmatively answers a recent question of Babikir and Henning.


  We calculate the electromagnetic self-force of a uniformly charged spherical
ball moving on a rectilinear trajectory, neglecting the Lorentz contraction.


  A scheme is suggested of the parametric generator of chaotic oscillations
with attractor represented by a kind of Smale-Williams solenoid that operates
under a periodic sequence of pump pulses at two different frequencies.
Simulation of chaotic dynamics using the software product Multisim is provided.


  We compare the effective spin-orbital super\-exchange triggered by magnetic
$3d$ impurities with $d^3$ and $d^2$ configurations and either no orbital
degree of freedom (orbital dilution) or hole replacing a doublon (charge
dilution) in a $4d^4$ Mott insulator with $S=1$ spins. Impurities causing
orbital dilution act either as spin defects decoupled from the surrounding
ions, or generate orbital polarons along $d^3$-$d^4$ hybrid bonds. The exchange
on these bonds determines which orbital is occupied by a doublon on the host
site. In case of charge dilution by $3d^2$ impurities additional $\propto
T_i^+T_j^+$ terms arise which enhance orbital fluctuations. We show that such
terms may radically change orbital pattern at relatively low doping by $x=1/8$
hole defects. Our findings provide new perspective for future theoretical and
experimental studies of doped transition metal oxides.


  We present a comprehensive analysis of the potential sensitivity of the
Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) in the
channel $ep\to \tau X$, within the model-independent framework of the Standard
Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). We compute the relevant cross sections to
leading order in QCD and electroweak corrections and perform simulations of
signal and SM background events in various $\tau$ decay channels, suggesting
simple cuts to enhance the associated estimated efficiencies. To assess the
discovery potential of the EIC in $\tau$-$e$ transitions, we study the
sensitivity of other probes of this physics across a broad range of energy
scales, from $pp \to e \tau X$ at the Large Hadron Collider to decays of $B$
mesons and $\tau$ leptons, such as $\tau \to e \gamma$, $\tau \to e \ell^+
\ell^-$, and crucially the hadronic modes $\tau \to e Y$ with $Y \in \{ \pi, K,
\pi \pi, K \pi, ...\}$. We find that electroweak dipole and four-fermion
semi-leptonic operators involving light quarks are already strongly constrained
by $\tau$ decays, while operators involving the $c$ and $b$ quarks present more
promising discovery potential for the EIC. An analysis of three models of
leptoquarks confirms the expectations based on the SMEFT results. We also
identify future directions needed to maximize the reach of the EIC in CLFV
searches: these include an optimization of the $\tau$ tagger in hadronic
channels, an exploration of background suppression through tagging $b$ and $c$
jets in the final state, and a global fit by turning on all SMEFT couplings,
which will likely reveal new discovery windows for the EIC.


  In recent years, the popularity and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
large investments on theInternet of Medical Things (IoMT) will be common to use
products such as smart socks, smartpants, and smart shirts. These products are
known as Smart Textile or E-textile, which has theability to monitor and
collect signals that our body emits. These signals make it possible to
extractanomalous components using Machine Learning (ML) techniques that play an
essential role in thisarea. This study presents a Systematic Review of the
Literature (SLR) on Anomaly Detection usingML techniques in Smart Shirt. The
objectives of the SLR are: (i) to identify what type of anomalythe smart shirt;
(ii) what ML techniques are being used; (iii) which datasets are being used;
(iv)identify smart shirt or signal acquisition devices; (v) list the
performance metrics used to evaluatethe ML model; (vi) the results of the
techniques in general; (vii) types of ML algorithms are beingapplied.The SLR
selected 11 primary studies published between 2017-2021. The results showed
that6 types of anomalies were identified, with the Fall anomaly being the most
cited. The Support VectorMachines (SVM) algorithm is most used. Most of the
primary studies used public or private datasets.The Hexoskin smart shirt was
most cited. The most used metric performance was Accuracy. Onaverage, almost
all primary studies presented a result above 90%, and all primary studies used
theSupervisioned type of ML.


  KiCS2 is a new system to compile functional logic programs of the source
language Curry into purely functional Haskell programs. The implementation is
based on the idea to represent the search space as a data structure and logic
variables as operations that generate their values. This has the advantage that
one can apply various, and in particular, complete search strategies to compute
solutions. However, the generation of all values for logic variables might be
inefficient for applications that exploit constraints on partially known
values. To overcome this drawback, we propose new techniques to implement
equational constraints in this framework. In particular, we show how
unification modulo function evaluation and functional patterns can be added
without sacrificing the efficiency of the kernel implementation.


  In SU($N$) gauge theories with fermions in the fundamental or in a two-index
(either symmetric or antisymmetric) representation formulated on a manifold
with at least one compact dimension with non-trivial holonomy the discrete
symmetries $C$, $P$ and $T$ are broken at small enough size of the compact
direction(s) for certain values of $N$. We show that for those $N$ in the
broken phase a non-zero baryon current wrapping in the compact direction
exists, which provides a measurable observable for the breaking of $C$, $P$ and
$T$. We prove that in all cases where the current is absent there is no
breaking of those discrete symmetries. This includes the limit $N \to \infty$
of the SU($N$) gauge theory with symmetric or antisymmetric fermions and U($N$)
gauge theory at any value of $N$. We then argue that the component of the
baryon current in the compact direction is the physical order parameter for
$C$, $P$ and $T$ breaking due to the breaking of Lorentz invariance.


  Precise lattice QCD results for hadronic matrix elements, decay constants and
form factors play a crucial role in the determination of CKM matrix elements
and in the identification of possible new physics contributions to flavour
violating observables. This article reviews the implications of recent lattice
QCD results on the phenomenology of flavour and CP violating meson decays, and
highlights some future directions for lattice QCD calculations which would have
a major impact on flavour phenomenology.


  High-fidelity control of quantum systems is crucial for quantum information
processing, but is often limited by perturbations from the environment and
imperfections in the applied control fields. Here, we investigate the
combination of dynamical decoupling (DD) and robust optimal control (ROC) to
address this problem. In this combination, ROC is employed to find robust
shaped pulses, wherein the directional derivatives of the controlled dynamics
with respect to control errors are reduced to a desired order. Then, we
incorporate ROC pulses into DD sequences, achieving a remarkable improvement of
robustness against multiple error channels. We demonstrate this method in the
example of manipulating nuclear spin bath via an electron spin in the NV center
system. Simulation results indicate that ROC based DD sequences outperform the
state-of-the-art robust DD sequences. Our work has implications for robust
quantum control on near-term noisy quantum devices.


  Here we present the design and implementation of a novel frequency
synthesizer based on low phase noise digital dividers and a direct digital
synthesizer. The synthesis produces two low noise accurate and tunable signals
at 10 MHz and 100 MHz. We report on the measured residual phase noise and
frequency stability of the synthesizer, and estimate the total frequency
stability, which can be expected from the synthesizer seeded with a signal near
11.2 GHz from an ultra-stable cryocooled sapphire oscillator.
  The synthesizer residual single sideband phase noise, at 1 Hz offset, on 10
MHz and 100 MHz signals, respectively, were measured to be -135 dBc/Hz and -130
dBc/Hz. Their intrinsic frequency stability contributions, on the 10 MHz and
100 MHz signals, respectively, were measured as sigma_y = 9 x 10^-15 and
sigma_y = 2.2 x 10^-15, at 1 s integration time.
  The Allan Deviation of the total fractional frequency noise on the 10 MHz and
100 MHz signals derived from the synthesizer with the cryocooled sapphire
oscillator, may be estimated as sigma_y = 5.2 x 10^-15 \tau ^-1 + 3.6 x 10^-15
\tau ^-1/2 + 4 x 10^-16 and sigma_y = 2 x 10^-15 \tau ^-1/2 + 3 x 10^-16,
respectively, for 1 s < \tau < 10^4 s.
  We also calculate the coherence function, (a figure of merit in VLBI) for
observation frequencies of 100 GHz, 230 GHz and 345 GHz, when using the
cryocooled sapphire oscillator and an hydrogen maser. The results show that the
cryocooled sapphire oscillator offers a significant advantage at frequencies
above 100 GHz.


  We relate the planar random current representation introduced by Griffiths,
Hurst and Sherman to the dimer model. More precisely, we provide a
measure-preserving map between double random currents (obtained as the sum of
two independent random currents) on a planar graph and dimers on an associated
bipartite graph. We also construct a nesting field for the double random
current, which, under this map, corresponds to the height function of the dimer
model. As applications, we provide an alternative derivation of some of the
bozonization rules obtained recently by Dub\'edat, and show that the
spontaneous magnetization of the Ising model on a planar biperiodic graph
vanishes at criticality.


  This paper is devoted to algebro-geometric study of infinite dimensional Lie
bialgebras, which arise from solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation.
We regard trigonometric solutions of this equation as twists of the standard
Lie bialgebra cobracket on an appropriate affine Lie algebra and work out the
corresponding theory of Manin triples, putting it into an algebro-geometric
context. As a consequence of this approach, we prove that any trigonometric
solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation arises from an appropriate
algebro-geometric datum. The developed theory is illustrated by some concrete
examples.


  This listing contains a total of 80 gamification applications (GA)s used in
cyber security operations (CSO) undergraduate education, from 74 publications,
published between 2007 and June 2022. The listing outlines each GA identified
and provides a short overview of each. This listing serves as both a
comprehensive repository of existing GAs in cybersecurity undergraduate
education, and as a starting point for adding new CSO GAs to the list. Contact
the first author to add a CSO GA to the next version of the list.


  The mechanisms responsible for generating spin-orbit misalignments in
exoplanetary systems are still not fully understood. It is unclear whether
these misalignments are related to the migration of hot Jupiters or are a
consequence of general star and planet formation processes. One promising
method to address this question is to constrain the distribution of spin-orbit
angle measurements for a broader range of planets beyond hot Jupiters. In this
work, we present the sky-projected obliquity ($\lambda=-68.1_{-14.7}^{+21.2}
\,^{\circ}$) for the warm sub-Saturn TOI-1842b, obtained through a measurement
of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect using WIYN/NEID. Using the projected
obliquity, the stellar rotation period obtained from the TESS light curve, and
the projected rotation velocity from spectral analysis, we infer the 3D
spin-orbit angle ($\psi$) to be $\psi=73.3^{+16.3}_{-12.9} \,^{\circ}$. As the
first spin-orbit angle determination made for a sub-Saturn-mass planet around a
massive ($M_{\rm *}=1.45 \,{\rm M_\odot}$) star, our result presents an
opportunity to examine the orbital geometries for new regimes of planetary
systems. When combined with archival measurements, our observations of
TOI-1842b support the hypothesis that the previously established prevalence of
misaligned systems around hot, massive stars may be driven by planet-planet
dynamical interactions. In massive stellar systems, multiple gas giants are
more likely to form and can then dynamically interact with each other to excite
spin-orbit misalignments.


  We consider a hypothesis that the closed Universe was formed on the other
side of the event horizon of a black hole existing in another universe. That
black hole appears in the Universe as a boundary white hole, and its rest frame
in comoving coordinates is a frame of reference in which the cosmic microwave
background is isotropic. We consider the Lagrangian density for the
gravitational field that is proportional to the curvature scalar, and use the
metric-affine variational principle in which the symmetric affine connection
and the metric tensor are variables. The white hole appears in the Lagrangian
through a simplest, generally covariant and linear term: the four-divergence of
the four-velocity of the white hole in comoving coordinates. We show that the
variation of the action with respect to the connection generates the
nonmetricity, which creates a term in the Lagrangian that is equivalent to a
positive cosmological constant. The current cosmic acceleration may therefore
be a manifestation of the boundary of the closed Universe. We also show that
the equation of motion of a test particle deviates from the geodesic equation
by a term that depends on the four-velocities of the particle and the white
hole. The rest frame of the white hole in comoving coordinates is the only
absolutely inertial frame of reference. This deviation might be observed on
galactic scales.


  We investigate the effect of nonlinearity in a system described by an
adiabatically evolving Hamiltonian. Experiments are conducted in a three-core
waveguide structure that is adiabatically varying with distance, in analogy to
the STIRAP process in atomic physics. In the linear regime, the system exhibits
an adiabatic power transfer between two waveguides which are not directly
coupled, with negligible power recorded in the intermediate coupling waveguide.
In the presence of nonlinearity the behavior of this configuration is
drastically altered and the adiabatic light passage is found to critically
depend on the excitation power. We show how this effect is related to the
destruction of the dark state formed in the STIRAP configuration.


  In the thermodynamic limit, a many-body ground state has zero overlap with
another state which is a slightly perturbed state of the original one, known as
the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe (AOC). The amplitude of the overlap for
two generic ground states typically exhibits exponential or power-law decay as
the system size increases to infinity. In this paper, we show that for generic
$(2+1)$-D topological systems at fixed points, there exists a universal
topological response term in the scaling of the ground-state overlap. For
Laughlin wave functions, in particular, we also find a leading term decaying
faster than exponential, which is beyond AOC. Such finite-size scaling
behaviors could be utilized to theoretically detect the gapless edge modes,
distinguish the topology of quantum states or serve as a signature for
topological phase transitions.


  We have investigated controversial issues regarding the mesoscale behavior of
3-methylpyridine (3MP), heavy water, and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4)
solutions by combining results obtained from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and
small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We have addressed three questions: (i)
what is the origin of the mesoscale inhomogeneities (order of 100 nm in size)
manifested by the "slow mode" in DLS? (ii) Is the periodic structure observed
from SANS an inherent property of this system? (iii) What is the universality
class of critical behavior in this system? Our results confirm that the "slow
mode" observed from DLS experiments corresponds to long-lived, highly stable
mesoscale droplets (order of 100 nm in size), which occur only when the solute
(3MP) is contaminated by hydrophobic impurities. SANS data confirm the presence
of a periodic structure with a periodicity of about 10 nm. This periodic
structure cannot be eliminated by nanopore filtration and thus is indeed an
inherent solution property. The critical behavior of this system, in the range
of concentration and temperatures investigated by DLS experiments, indicates
that the criticality belongs to the universality class of the 3-dimensional
Ising model.


  We show that parabolic Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials of type $A$ compute the
decomposition numbers in certain Harish-Chandra series of unipotent characters
of finite groups of Lie types $B$, $C$ and $D$ over a field of non-defining
characteristic $\ell$. Here, $\ell$ is a ``unitary prime" -- the case that
remains open in general. The bipartitions labeling the characters in these
series are small with respect to $d$, the order of $q$ mod $\ell$, although
they occur in blocks of arbitrarily high defect. Our main technical tool is the
categorical action of an affine Lie algebra on the category of unipotent
representations, which identifies the branching graph for Harish-Chandra
induction with the $\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_d$-crystal on a sum of level $2$
Fock spaces. Further key combinatorics has been adapted from Brundan and
Stroppel's work on Khovanov arc algebras to obtain the closed formula for the
decomposition numbers in a $d$-small Harish-Chandra series.


  Fraudulent activities are an expensive problem for many financial
institutions, costing billions of dollars to corporations annually. More
commonly occurring activities in this regard are credit card frauds. In this
context, the credit card fraud detection concept has been developed over the
lines of incorporating the uncertainty in our prediction system to ensure
better judgment in such a crucial task. We propose to use a sparse Gaussian
classification method to work with the large data-set and use the concept of
pseudo or inducing inputs. We perform the same with different sets of kernels
and the different number of inducing data points to show the best accuracy was
obtained with the selection of RBF kernel with a higher number of inducing
points. Our approach was able to work over large financial data given the
stochastic nature of our method employed and also good test accuracy with low
variance over the prediction suggesting confidence and robustness in our model.
Using the methodologies of Bayesian learning techniques with the incorporated
inducing points phenomenon, are successfully able to obtain a healthy accuracy
and a high confidence score.


  Several autonomy pipelines now have core components that rely on deep
learning approaches. While these approaches work well in nominal conditions,
they tend to have unexpected and severe failure modes that create concerns when
used in safety-critical applications, including self-driving cars. There are
several works that aim to characterize the robustness of networks offline, but
currently there is a lack of tools to monitor the correctness of network
outputs online during operation. We investigate the problem of online output
monitoring for neural networks that estimate 3D human shapes and poses from
images. Our first contribution is to present and evaluate model-based and
learning-based monitors for a human-pose-and-shape reconstruction network, and
assess their ability to predict the output loss for a given test input. As a
second contribution, we introduce an Adversarially-Trained Online Monitor (
ATOM ) that learns how to effectively predict losses from data. ATOM dominates
model-based baselines and can detect bad outputs, leading to substantial
improvements in human pose output quality. Our final contribution is an
extensive experimental evaluation that shows that discarding outputs flagged as
incorrect by ATOM improves the average error by 12.5%, and the worst-case error
by 126.5%.


  As a fire erupts, the first few minutes can be critical, and first
respondents must race to the scene to analyze the situation and act fast before
it gets out of hand. Factors such as road traffic condition and distance may
not allow quick rescue operation using traditional means and methods, leading
to unmanageable spreading of fire, injuries or even deaths that can be avoided.
FireFly drone-based rescue consists of a squad of highly equipped drones that
will be the first responders to the fire site. Their intervention will make the
task of the fire rescue team much more effective and will contribute to reduce
the overall damage. As soon as the fire is detected by in-building implanted
sensors, the fire department would deploy a set of FireFly drones that would
fly to the site, scan the building, and send live fire status information to
the Fire fighter team. The drones would have the ability to identify trapped
humans using AI based pattern recognition tools (using sensors and thermal
cameras) and then drop them rescue kits as appropriate. The drones will also be
equipped with fire detection and recognition capabilities and be able to drop
fire extinguishing balls as first attempts to put off seeds of fires before
they evolve. The integration of drones with firefighting will allow for ease of
access and control of fire outbreaks. Drones will also result in increased
response time, prevention of further damage, and allow relaying of vital
information to out of reach places regarding the characteristics of the fire
scene.


  We give a survey on some results covering the last 60 years concerning
Je\'smanowicz' conjecture. Moreover, we conclude the survey with a new result
by showing that the special Diophantine equation $$(20k)^x+(99k)^y=(101k)^z$$
has no solution other than $(x,y,z)=(2,2,2)$.


  We construct a D-brane soliton, a composite topological soliton sharing some
properties with a D-brane, in a Skyrme model in 4+1 dimensions, in which
Skyrmions are strings ending on a domain wall. We further generalize this
D-brane soliton to diverse dimensions. A string, carrying the $\pi_{N-1}$
topological charge, ends on a domain wall in an O(N) model with
higher-derivative terms in N+1 dimensions.