  In this paper we define a new algorithm to convert an input relational
database to an output set of RDF triples. The algorithm can be used to e.g.
load CSV data into a financial OWL ontology such as FIBO. The algorithm takes
as input a set of relational conjunctive (select-from-where) queries, one for
each input table, from the three column (subject, predicate, object) output RDF
schema to the input table's relational schema. The algorithm's output is the
only set of RDF triples for which a unique round-trip of the input data under
the relational queries exists. The output may contain blank nodes, is unique up
to unique isomorphism, and can be obtained using elementary formal methods
(equational theorem proving and term model construction specifically). We also
describe how (generalized) homomorphisms between graphs can be used to write
such relational conjunctive (select-from-where) queries, which, due to the lack
of structure in the three-column RDF schema, tend to be large in practice. We
demonstrate examples of both the algorithm and mapping language on the FIBO
financial ontology.


  For model-based estimation methods, the modeling that is as close to reality
as possible makes a vital estimation result. In simple applications, it is
sufficient to model a system with a single state space model. However, there
are applications in which a system changes its behavior deterministically or
stochastically. A previously defined model then describes the behavior of the
system only inaccurately or is even no longer valid. The state of the art is to
use more than one system models in parallel and to derive a suitable system
estimate from them. In the literature, this is generally referred to as the
Multiple Model (MM) method. Depending on the application and requirements,
different methods exist for this purpose, which determine a single state
estimate from a set of models. A frequently used representative of these
methods is the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) method which will be presented
in this paper.


  Common trends in model order reduction of large nonlinear
finite-element-discretized systems involve the introduction of a linear mapping
into a reduced set of unknowns, followed by Galerkin projection of the
governing equations onto a constant reduction basis. Though this reduces the
number of unknowns in the system, the computational cost for obtaining the
solution could still be high due to the prohibitive computational costs
involved in the evaluation of nonlinear terms. Hyper-reduction methods are then
seen as a fast way of approximating the nonlinearity in the system of
equations. In the finite element context, the energy conserving sampling and
weighing (ECSW) method has emerged as a stability and structure-preserving
method for hyper-reduction. Classical hyper-reduction techniques, however, are
applicable only in the context of linear mappings into the reduction subspace.
In this work, we extend the concept of hyper-reduction using ECSW to general
nonlinear mappings, while retaining its desirable stability and
structure-preserving properties. As a proof of concept, the proposed
hyper-reduction technique is demonstrated over models of a flat plate and a
realistic wing structure, whose dynamics has been shown to evolve over a
nonlinear (quadratic) manifold. An online speed-up of over one thousand times
relative to the full system has been obtained for the wing structure using the
proposed method, which is higher than its linear counterpart using the ECSW.


  The topic of academic freedom has come to the fore as nations around the
world experience a wave of democratic backsliding. Institutions of higher
education are often targets of autocrats who seek to suppress intellectual
sources of social and political resistance. At the same time, international
collaboration in scientific research has reached an all-time high, and the
network of global science grows larger and denser every year. This research
analyzes the effects of academic freedom on international research
collaboration (IRC) among a sample of 166 countries. Global international
collaboration data are drawn from articles in Web of Science across a 33-year
time frame (1993-2022) and used to construct three separate IRC networks in
science and technology (S&T), social sciences (SocSci), and arts and humanities
(A&H). The Academic Freedom Index, covering the same time frame, is drawn from
the Varieties of Democracy Project. Stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOM) are
used to analyze the networks, implemented using the R package RSiena. Since IRC
networks are naturally weighted by frequency of international co-authorship
instances for each year, the R package backbone is used to binarize and trim
the ties. Numerous endogenous network control variables are included in the
model, as are exogenous country level factors, including geographic distance,
number of authors, and GDP. The results show positive significant estimates for
direct effects, non-linear direct effects, and homophily effects of academic
freedom on tie creation and maintenance over time. These estimates increase in
strength moving from the S&T network, to the SocSci network, and is strongest
in the A\&H network. This research provides support for the theory that
academic research flourishes within environments of intellectual openness and
freedom.


  We present WHFast, a fast and accurate implementation of a Wisdom-Holman
symplectic integrator for long-term orbit integrations of planetary systems.
WHFast is significantly faster and conserves energy better than all other
Wisdom-Holman integrators tested. We achieve this by significantly improving
the Kepler-solver and ensuring numerical stability of coordinate
transformations to and from Jacobi coordinates. These refinements allow us to
remove the linear secular trend in the energy error that is present in other
implementations. For small enough timesteps we achieve Brouwer's law, i.e. the
energy error is dominated by an unbiased random walk due to floating-point
round-off errors. We implement symplectic correctors up to order eleven that
significantly reduce the energy error. We also implement a symplectic tangent
map for the variational equations. This allows us to efficiently calculate two
widely used chaos indicators the Lyapunov characteristic number (LCN) and the
Mean Exponential Growth factor of Nearby Orbits (MEGNO). WHFast is freely
available as a flexible C package, as a shared library, and as an easy-to-use
python module.


  We perform a series of 3D simulations to study the accretion of giant planet
embedded in protoplanetary discs (PPDs) over gap-opening timescales. We find
that the accretion mass flux mainly comes from the intermediate latitude above
the disc midplane. The circumplanetary disc (CPD) for a super-thermal planet is
rotation-supported up to $\sim$20-30\% of the planet Hill radius. While both
mass inflow and outflow exists in the CPD midplane, the overall trend is an
outflow that forms a meridional circulation with high-latitude inflows. We
confirm the absence of accretion outburst from disc eccentricity excited by
massive planets in our 3D simulations, contrary to the consensus of previous 2D
simulations. This suggests the necessity of 3D simulations of accretion even
for super-Jupiters. The accretion rates of planets measured in steady-state can
be decomposed into the ``geometric" and ``density depletion" factors. Through
extensive parameter survey, we identify a power-law scaling for the geometric
factor $\propto q_{\rm th}^{2/3}$ for super-thermal planets ($q_{\rm th}$ being
the thermal mass ratio), which transforms to $\propto q_{\rm th}^{2}$ for less
massive cases. The density depletion factor is limited by the disc accretion
rate for mildly super-thermal planets, and by gap-opening for highly
super-thermal ones. Moderate planetary eccentricities can enhance the accretion
rates by a factor of $2-3$ through making the gap shallower, but does not
impact the flow geometry. We have applied our simulations results to accreting
protoplanet system PDS 70 and can satisfactorily explain the accretion rate and
CPD size in observations.


  The quantum vacuum in a many-body system of finite nuclei has been
investigated within the relativistic Hartree approach which describes the bound
states of nucleons and anti-nucleons consistently. The contributions of the
Dirac sea to the source terms of the meson-field equations are taken into
account up to the one-nucleon loop and one-meson loop. The tensor couplings for
the $\omega$- and $\rho$-meson are included in the model. The overall nucleon
spectra of shell-model states are in agreement with the data. The calculated
anti-nucleon spectra in the vacuum differ about 20 -- 30 MeV with and without
the tensor-coupling effects.


  State-sum invariants for knotted curves and surfaces using quandle cohomology
were introduced by Laurel Langford and the authors in math.GT/9903135 In this
paper we present methods to compute the invariants and sample computations.
Computer calculations of cohomological dimensions for some quandles are
presented. For classical knots, Burau representations together with Maple
programs are used to evaluate the invariants for knot table. For knotted
surfaces in 4-space, movie methods and surface braid theory are used. Relations
between the invariants and symmetries of knots are discussed.


  In this paper it is shown that Smith (2008) used inappropriate and
inconsistent formulations in averaging various quantities over the entire
surface of the Earth considered as a sphere. Using two instances of averaging
procedures as customarily applied in studies on turbulence, it is shown that
Smith's formulations are highly awkward. Furthermore, Smith's discussion of the
infrared absorption in the atmosphere is scrutinized and evaluated. It is shown
that his attempt to refute the criticism of Gerlich and Tscheuschner (2007,
2009) on the so-called greenhouse effect is rather fruitless.


  We demonstrate that deep good-seeing VLT/HAWK-I $K_\mathrm{s}$ images
complemented with $g$+$z$-band photometry can yield a sensitivity for weak
lensing studies of massive galaxy clusters at redshifts \mbox{$0.7\lesssim z
\lesssim 1.1$}, which is almost identical to the sensitivity of HST/ACS mosaics
of single-orbit depth. Key reasons for this good performance are the excellent
image quality frequently achievable for $K_\mathrm{s}$ imaging from the ground,
a highly effective photometric selection of background galaxies, and a galaxy
ellipticity dispersion that is noticeably lower than for optically observed
high-redshift galaxy samples. Incorporating results from the 3D-HST and
UltraVISTA surveys we also obtained a more accurate calibration of the source
redshift distribution than previously achieved for similar optical weak lensing
data sets. Here we studied the extremely massive galaxy cluster
RCS2$J$232727.7$-$020437 (\mbox{$z=0.699$}), combining deep VLT/\mbox{HAWK-I}
$K_\mathrm{s}$ images (point spread function with a 0\farcs35 full width at
half maximum) with LBT/LBC photometry. The resulting weak lensing mass
reconstruction suggests that the cluster consists of a single overdensity,
which is detected with a peak significance of $10.1\sigma$. We constrained the
cluster mass to \mbox{$M_\mathrm{200c}/(10^{15} \mathrm{M}_\odot)
=2.06^{+0.28}_{-0.26}(\mathrm{stat.})\pm 0.12 (\mathrm{sys.})$} assuming a
spherical Navarro, Frenk \& White model and simulation-based priors on the
concentration, making it one of the most massive galaxy clusters known in the
\mbox{$z\gtrsim 0.7$} Universe. We also cross-checked the HAWK-I measurements
through an analysis of overlapping HST/ACS images, yielding fully consistent
estimates of the lensing signal.


  The purpose of this paper is to investigate some properties of q-Euler
numbers and polynomials with weight 0. From those q-Euler numbers with weight
0, we derive some identities on the q-Euler numbers and polynomials with weight
0.


  Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) are generally believed to be the result of the
thermonuclear disruption of Chandrasekhar-mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs,
mainly because such thermonuclear explosions can account for the right amount
of Ni-56, which is needed to explain the light curves and the late-time
spectra, and the abundances of intermediate-mass nuclei which dominate the
spectra near maximum light. Because of their enormous brightness and apparent
homogeneity SN Ia have become an important tool to measure cosmological
parameters. In this article the present understanding of the physics of
thermonuclear explosions is reviewed. In particular, we focus our attention on
subsonic (``deflagration'') fronts, i.e. we investigate fronts propagating by
heat diffusion and convection rather than by compression. Models based upon
this mode of nuclear burning have been applied very successfully to the SN Ia
problem, and are able to reproduce many of their observed features remarkably
well. However, the models also indicate that SN Ia may differ considerably from
each other, which is of importance if they are to be used as standard candles.


  We calculate the static longitudinal polarizability of single-wall carbon
nanotubes in the long wavelength limit taking into account spin-orbit effects.
We use a four-orbital orthogonal tight-binding formalism to describe the
electronic states and the random phase approximation to calculate the
dielectric function. We study the role of both the Rashba as well as the
intrinsic spin-orbit interactions on the longitudinal dielectric response, i.e.
when the probing electric field is parallel to the nanotube axis. The
spin-orbit interaction modifies the nanotube electronic band dispersions, which
may especially result in a small gap opening in otherwise metallic tubes. The
bandgap size and state features, the result of competition between Rashba and
intrinsic spin-orbit interactions, result in drastic changes in the
longitudinal static polarizability of the system. We discuss results for
different nanotube types, and the dependence on nanotube radius and spin-orbit
couplings.


  The sigma point (SP) filter, also known as unscented Kalman filter, is an
attractive alternative to the extended Kalman filter and the particle filter.
Here, we extend the SP filter to nonsequential Bayesian inference corresponding
to loopy factor graphs. We propose sigma point belief propagation (SPBP) as a
low-complexity approximation of the belief propagation (BP) message passing
scheme. SPBP achieves approximate marginalizations of posterior distributions
corresponding to (generally) loopy factor graphs. It is well suited for
decentralized inference because of its low communication requirements. For a
decentralized, dynamic sensor localization problem, we demonstrate that SPBP
can outperform nonparametric (particle-based) BP while requiring significantly
less computations and communications.


  In order to give a combinatorial descriptions of tensor product multiplicites
for semisimple groups, it is useful to find bases for representations which are
compatible with the actions of Chevalley generators of the Lie algebra. There
are three known examples of such bases, each of which flows from geometric or
algebraic mountain. Remarkably, each mountain gives the same combinatorial
shadow: the crystal B(infty) and the Mirkovic-Vilonen polytopes. In order to
distinguish between the three bases, we introduce measures supported on these
polytopes. We also report on the interaction of these bases with the cluster
structure on the coordinate ring of the maximal unipotent subgroup.


  In the recent article Janosov, Battiston, & Sinatra report that they
separated the inputs of talent and luck in creative careers. They build on the
previous work of Sinatra et al which introduced the Q-model. Under the model
the popularity of different elements of culture is a product of two factors: a
random factor and a Qfactor, or talent. The latter is fixed for an individual
but randomly distributed among different people. This way they explain how some
individuals can consistently produce high-impact work. They extract the
Q-factors for different scientists, writers, and movie makers from statistical
data on popularity of their work. However, in their article they reluctantly
state that there is little correlation between popularity and quality ratings
of of books and movies (correlation coefficients 0.022 and 0.15). I analyzed
the data of the original Q-factor article and obtained a correlation between
the citation-based Q-factor and Nobel Prize winning of merely 0.19. I also
briefly review few other experiments that found a meager, sometimes even
negative, correlation between popularity and quality of cultural products. I
conclude that, if there is an ability associated with a high Q-factor it should
be more of a marketing ability than an ability to produce a higher quality
product. Janosov,


  22. Shortening acquisition time and reducing the motion-artifact are two of
the most critical issues in MRI. As a promising solution, high-quality MRI
image restoration provides a new approach to achieve higher resolution without
costing additional acquisition time or modification on the pulse sequences.
Recently, as to the rise of deep learning, convolutional neural networks have
been proposed for super-resolution (SR) image generation and motion-artifact
reduction (MAR) for MRI. Recent studies suggest that using perceptual feature
space loss and k space loss to capture the perceptual information and
high-frequency information of images, respectively. However, the quality of
reconstructed SR and MAR MR images is limited because the most important
details of the informative area in the MR image, the edges and the structure,
cannot be very well restored. Besides, lots of the SR approaches are trained by
using low-resolution images generated by applying bicubic or blur-downscale
degradation, which cannot represent the real process of MRI measurement. Such
inconsistencies lead to performance degradation in the reconstruction of SR
images as well. This study reveals that using the L1 loss of SSIM and gradient
map edge quality loss could force the deep learning model to focus on studying
the features of edges and structure details of MR images, thus generating SR
images with more accurate, fruitful information and reduced motion-artifact. We
employed a state-of-the-art model, RCAN, as the network framework in both SR
and MAR tasks, trained the model by using low-resolution images and
motion-artifact affected images which were generated by emulating how they are
measured in the real MRI measurement to ensure the model can be easily applied
in the practical clinic environment, and verified the trained model could work
fairly well.


  We use functions of a bicomplex variable to unify the existing constructions
of harmonic morphisms from a 3-dimensional Euclidean or pseudo-Euclidean space
to a Riemannian or Lorentzian surface. This is done by using the notion of
complex-harmonic morphism between complex-Riemannian manifolds and showing how
these are given by bicomplex-holomorphic functions when the codomain is
one-bicomplex dimensional. By taking real slices, we recover well-known
compactifications for the three possible real cases. On the way, we discuss
some interesting conformal compactifications of complex-Riemannian manifolds by
interpreting them as bicomplex manifolds.


  The structure of the unbound nucleus $^{13}$Be is important to understanding
the Borromean, two-neutron halo nucleus $^{14}$Be. The experimental studies
conducted over the last four decades are reviewed in the context of the
beryllium chain of isotopes and some significant theoretical studies. One focus
of this paper is the comparison of new data from a $^{12}$Be(d,p) reaction in
inverse kinematics, which was analyzed using GEANT4 simulations and a Bayesian
fitting procedure, with previous measurements. Two possible scenarios to
explain the strength below 1~MeV above the neutron separation energy were
proposed in that study: a single $p$-wave resonance, or a mixture of an
$s$-wave virtual state with a weaker either $p$-wave or $d$-wave resonance.
Comparisons of recent invariant mass and the (d,p) experiments show good
agreement between the transfer measurement and the two most recent high-energy
nucleon removal measurements.


  Error control by means of a posteriori error estimators or indica-tors and
adaptive discretizations, such as adaptive mesh refinement, have emerged in the
late seventies. Since then, numerous theoretical developments and improvements
have been made, as well as the first attempts to introduce them into real-life
industrial applications. The present introductory chapter provides an overview
of the subject, highlights some of the achievements to date and discusses
possible perspectives.


  A detailed X-ray spectral analysis of Cas A using a deep exposure from the
EPIC-MOS cameras on-board XMM-Newton is presented. Spectral fitting was
performed on a 15x15 grid of 20"x20" pixels using a two component
non-equilibrium ionisation model (NEI) giving maps of ionisation age,
temperature, interstellar column density, abundances and Doppler velocities.
The abundances of Si, S, Ar and Ca are strongly correlated. The abundance
ratios are consistent with the nucleosynthesis yield from the collapse of a 12
Msun progenitor. The abundance ratios Ne/Si, Mg/Si, Fe/Si and Ni/Si are very
variable and distinctly different from S/Si, Ar/Si and Ca/Si, in line with the
current explosive nucleosynthesis models. The ionisation age and temperature of
both NEI components varies considerably over the remnant. Accurate
determination of these parameters yield reliable Doppler velocities for both
components. The data are consistent with a plasma velocity of 2600 km/s at the
shock radius of 153" implying a primary shock velocity of 4000+/-500 km/s. The
Si-K and S-K line emission from the cool component is confined to a relatively
narrow shell with radius 100-150". This component is almost certainly ejecta
material which has been heated by a combination of the reverse shock and
heating of ejecta clumps as they plough through the medium which has been
pre-heated by the primary shock. The Fe-K line emission is expanding faster and
spans a radius range 110-170". The bulk of the Fe emission is confined to two
large clumps and it is likely that these too are the result of ablation from
ejecta bullets rather swept up circumstellar medium.


  Optimization theory in Banach spaces suffers from the lack of available
constraint qualifications. Despite the fact that there exist only a very few
constraint qualifications, they are, in addition, often violated even in simple
applications. This is very much in contrast to finite-dimensional nonlinear
programs, where a large number of constraint qualifications is known. Since
these constraint qualifications are usually defined using the set of active
inequality constraints, it is difficult to extend them to the
infinite-dimensional setting. One exception is a recently introduced sequential
constraint qualification based on asymptotic KKT conditions. This paper shows
that this so-called asymptotic KKT regularity allows suitable extensions to the
Banach space setting in order to obtain new constraint qualifications. The
relation of these new constraint qualifications to existing ones is discussed
in detail. Their usefulness is also shown by several examples as well as an
algorithmic application to the class of augmented Lagrangian methods.


  We study languages of unambiguous VASS, that is, Vector Addition Systems with
States, whose transitions read letters from a finite alphabet, and whose
acceptance condition is defined by a set of final states (i.e., the
coverability language). We show that the problem of universality for
unambiguous VASS is ExpSpace-complete, in sheer contrast to
Ackermann-completeness for arbitrary VASS, even in dimension 1. When the
dimension d is fixed, the universality problem is PSpace-complete if d is at
least 2, and coNP-hard for 1-dimensional VASSes (also known as One Counter
Nets).


  We consider the persistence probability for the integrated fractional
Brownian motion and the fractionally integrated Brownian motion with parameter
$H,$ respectively. For the integrated fractional Brownian motion, we discuss a
conjecture of Molchan and Khokhlov and determine the asymptotic behavior of the
persistence exponent as $H\to 0$ and $H\to 1,$ which is in accordance with the
conjecture. For the fractionally integrated Brownian motion, also called
Riemann-Liouville process, we find the asymptotic behavior of the persistence
exponent as $H\to 0$.


  We consider a pendulum with vertically oscillating support and time-dependent
damping coefficient which varies until reaching a finite final value. The sizes
of the corresponding basins of attraction are found to depend strongly on the
full evolution of the dissipation. In order to predict the behaviour of the
system, it is essential to understand how the sizes of the basins of attraction
for constant dissipation depend on the damping coefficient. For values of the
parameters in the perturbation regime, we characterise analytically the
conditions under which the attractors exist and study numerically how the sizes
of their basins of attraction depend on the damping coefficient. Away from the
perturbation regime, a numerical study of the attractors and the corresponding
basins of attraction for different constant values of the damping coefficient
produces a much more involved scenario: changing the magnitude of the
dissipation causes some attractors to disappear either leaving no trace or
producing new attractors by bifurcation, such as period doubling and
saddle-node bifurcation. For an initially non-constant damping coefficient,
both increasing and decreasing to some finite final value, we numerically
observe that, when the damping coefficient varies slowly from a finite initial
value to a different final value, without changing the set of attractors, the
slower the variation the closer the sizes of the basins of attraction are to
those they have for constant damping coefficient fixed at the initial value. If
during the variation of the damping coefficient attractors appear or disappear,
remarkable additional phenomena may occur. For instance, a fixed point
asymptotically may attract the entire phase space, up to a zero measure set,
even though no attractor with such a property exists for any value of the
damping coefficient between the extreme values.


  The Superfacility model is designed to leverage HPC for experimental science.
It is more than simply a model of connected experiment, network, and HPC
facilities; it encompasses the full ecosystem of infrastructure, software,
tools, and expertise needed to make connected facilities easy to use. The
three-year Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Superfacility project
was initiated in 2019 to coordinate work being performed at LBNL to support
this model, and to provide a coherent and comprehensive set of science
requirements to drive existing and new work.
  A key component of the project was the in-depth engagements with eight
science teams that represent challenging use cases across the DOE Office of
Science. By the close of the project, we met our project goal by enabling our
science application engagements to demonstrate automated pipelines that analyze
data from remote facilities at large scale, without routine human intervention.
In several cases, we have gone beyond demonstrations and now provide
production-level services. To achieve this goal, the Superfacility team
developed tools, infrastructure, and policies for near-real-time computing
support, dynamic high-performance networking, data management and movement
tools, API-driven automation, HPC-scale notebooks via Jupyter, authentication
using Federated Identity and container-based edge services supported.
  The lessons we learned during this project provide a valuable model for
future large, complex, cross-disciplinary collaborations. There is a pressing
need for a coherent computing infrastructure across national facilities, and
LBNL's Superfacility project is a unique model for success in tackling the
challenges that will be faced in hardware, software, policies, and services
across multiple science domains.


  For a non-negative integer $N$, let $\mathcal{Z}_{N}:=\sum^N_{c = 0}
\mathbb{Q} \cdot \zeta(-c,s+c)$, where the right-hand side is the vector space
spanned by the Euler-Zagier double zeta functions over $\mathbb{Q}$. In this
paper, we show that $\mathcal{Z}_{N} =\bigoplus^{N}_{c = 0 : \text{even}}
\mathbb{Q} \cdot \zeta(-c,s+c)$, where $\bigoplus$ is the direct sum of vector
spaces. Moreover, we give a family of relations that exhaust all
$\mathbb{Q}$-linear relations on $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$.


  We study the dependence of the eta invariant $\eta_D$ on the spin structure,
where $D$ is a twisted Dirac operator on a (4k+3)-dimensional spin manifold.
The difference between the eta invariants for two spin structures related by a
cohomolgy class which is the reduction of a $H^1(M,\Za)$-class is shown to be a
half integer. As an application of the technique of proof the generalized
Rokhlin invariant is shown to be equal modulo 8 for two spin structures related
in this way.


  The CO(1--0) and [\ion{C}{1}](1--0) emission lines are well-established
tracers of cold molecular gas mass in local galaxies. At high redshift, where
the interstellar medium (ISM) is likely to be denser, there have been limited
direct comparisons of both ground state transitions. Here we present a study of
CO(1--0) and [\ion{C}{1}](1--0) emission in a sample of 20 unlensed dusty,
star-forming galaxies at $z=2-5$. The CO(1--0)/[\ion{C}{1}](1--0) ratio is
constant up to at least $z=5$, supporting the use of [CI](1-0) as a gas mass
tracer. PDR modelling of the available data indicates a median H$_2$ density of
log$(n~[$cm$^{-3}])=4.7\pm0.2$, and UV radiation field log$(G_{\mathrm{UV}}
[G$_0$])=3.2\pm0.2$. We use the CO(1--0), [\ion{C}{1}](1--0) and 3mm dust
continuum measurements to cross--calibrate the respective gas mass conversion
factors, finding no dependence of these factors on either redshift or infrared
luminosity. Assuming a variable CO conversion factor then implies [\ion{C}{1}]
and dust conversion factors that differ from canonically assumed values but are
consistent with the solar/super-solar metallicities expected for our sources.
Radiative transfer modelling shows that the warmer CMB at high redshift can
significantly affect the [\ion{C}{1}] as well as CO emission, which can change
the derived molecular gas masses by up to 70\% for the coldest kinetic gas
temperatures expected. Nevertheless, we show that the magnitude of the effect
on the ratio of the tracers is within the known scatter of the
$L'_\mathrm{CO}-L'_\mathrm{[CI]}$ relation. Further determining the absolute
decrease of individual line intensities will require well-sampled spectral line
energy distributions (SLEDs) to model the gas excitation conditions in more
detail.


  It is shown that the problem of calculating spin-spin correlation functions,
in the dimers RVB states, on a possibly diluted 2D square lattice, can be
formulated in terms of a transfer matrix. The transfer matrix is used for exact
numerical calculations of spin-spin correlation functions on ladders up to four
units wide.


  Width-based planning methods have been shown to yield state-of-the-art
performance in the Atari 2600 domain using pixel input. One successful
approach, RolloutIW, represents states with the B-PROST boolean feature set. An
augmented version of RolloutIW, $\pi$-IW, shows that learned features can be
competitive with handcrafted ones for width-based search. In this paper, we
leverage variational autoencoders (VAEs) to learn features directly from pixels
in a principled manner, and without supervision. The inference model of the
trained VAEs extracts boolean features from pixels, and RolloutIW plans with
these features. The resulting combination outperforms the original RolloutIW
and human professional play on Atari 2600 and drastically reduces the size of
the feature set.


  In this short write-up, I will concentrate on a few topics of interest. In
the 1970s I found very extended HI disks in galaxies such as NGC 5055 and NGC
2841, out to 2 - 2.5 times the Holmberg radius. Since these galaxies are
warped, a "tilted ring model" allows rotation curves to be derived, and
evidence for dark matter to be found. The evaluation of the amount of dark
matter is hampered by a disk-halo degeneracy, which can possibly be broken by
observations of velocity dispersions in both the MgI region and the CaII
region.


  Let X be a smooth, connected, projective variety over an algebraically closed
field of positive characteristic. In "Flat vector bundles and the fundamental
group in non-zero characteristics" (Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (4) 2
(1975)), Gieseker conjectured that every stratified bundle (i.e. every
O-coherent D-module) on X is trivial, if and only if the \'etale fundamental
group of X is trivial. This was proven by Esnault-Mehta in "Simply connected
projective manifolds in characteristic p> 0 have no nontrivial stratified
bundles" (Invent. Math. 181 (2010)).
  Building on the classical situation over the complex numbers, we present and
motivate a generalization of Gieseker's conjecture using the notion of regular
singular stratified bundles developed in the author's thesis and
arXiv:1210.5077. In the main part of this article we establish some important
special cases of this generalization; most notably we prove that for not
necessarily proper X, the vanishing of the tame fundamental group of X implies
that there are no nontrivial regular singular stratified bundles with abelian
monodromy.


  By using event-driven molecular dynamics simulation, we investigate effects
of varying the area fraction of the smaller component on structure,
compressibility factor and dynamics of the highly size-asymmetric binary
hard-disk liquids. We find that the static pair correlations of the large disks
are only weakly perturbed by adding small disks. The higher-order static
correlations of the large disks, by contrast, can be strongly affected. The
compressibility factor of the system first decreases and then increases upon
increasing the area fraction of the small disks and separating different
contributions to it allows to rationalize this non-monotonic phenomenon.
Furthermore, adding small disks can influence dynamics of the system in
quantitative and qualitative ways. For the large disks, the structural
relaxation time increases monotonically with increasing the area fraction of
the small disks at low and moderate area fractions of the large disks. In
particular, "reentrant" behavior appears at sufficiently high area fractions of
the large disks, strongly resembling the reentrant glass transition in
short-ranged attractive colloids and the inverted glass transition in binary
hard spheres with large size disparity. By tuning the area fraction of the
small disks, relaxation process for the small disks shows concave-to-convex
crossover and logarithmic decay behavior, as found in other binary mixtures
with large size disparity. Moreover, diffusion of both species is suppressed by
adding small disks. Long-time diffusion for the small disks shows
power-law-like behavior at sufficiently high area fractions of the small disks,
which implies precursors of a glass transition for the large disks and a
localization transition for the small disks. Therefore, our results demonstrate
the generic dynamic features in highly size-asymmetric binary mixtures.


  We study left invariant contact forms and left invariant symplectic forms on
Lie groups. We give the classification of all symplectic structures on
nilpotent Lie algebras up the dimension 6.


  Understanding the observed variability in the number of homologs of a gene is
a very important, unsolved problem that has broad implications for research
into co-evolution of structure and function, gene duplication, pseudogene
formation and possibly for emerging diseases. Here we attempt to define and
elucidate the reasons behind this observed unevenness in sequence space. We
present evidence that sequence variability and functional diversity of a gene
or fold family is influenced by certain quantitative characteristics of the
protein structure that reflect potential for sequence plasticity i.e. the
ability to accept mutation without losing thermodynamic stability.


  Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) problems often encounter the
challenge of sparse rewards. This challenge becomes even more pronounced when
coordination among agents is necessary. As performance depends not only on one
agent's behavior but rather on the joint behavior of multiple agents, finding
an adequate solution becomes significantly harder. In this context, a group of
agents can benefit from actively exploring different joint strategies in order
to determine the most efficient one. In this paper, we propose an approach for
rewarding strategies where agents collectively exhibit novel behaviors. We
present JIM (Joint Intrinsic Motivation), a multi-agent intrinsic motivation
method that follows the centralized learning with decentralized execution
paradigm. JIM rewards joint trajectories based on a centralized measure of
novelty designed to function in continuous environments. We demonstrate the
strengths of this approach both in a synthetic environment designed to reveal
shortcomings of state-of-the-art MADRL methods, and in simulated robotic tasks.
Results show that joint exploration is crucial for solving tasks where the
optimal strategy requires a high level of coordination.


  We establish a canonical gluing procedure for Seiberg-Witten monopoles on the
two pieces of a closed, oriented 4-manifold X which is split along a
3-dimensional closed, oriented submanifold. We only assume that the
(unperturbed) character variety is Kuranishi-smooth and the limiting maps are
transversal -- then we will be able to glue regular monopoles over the
irreducible points of the character variety.


  We found that a true ternary fission with formation of a heavy third fragment
(a new type of radioactivity) is quite possible for superheavy nuclei due to
the strong shell effects leading to a three-body clusterization with the two
doubly magic tin-like cores. The simplest way to discover this phenomenon in
the decay of excited superheavy nuclei is a detection of two tin-like clusters
with appropriate kinematics in low-energy collisions of medium mass nuclei with
actinide targets. The three-body quasi-fission process could be even more
pronounced for giant nuclear systems formed in collisions of heavy actinide
nuclei. In this case a three-body clusterization might be proved experimentally
by detection of two coincident lead-like fragments in low-energy U+U
collisions.


  In these short notes, we will show the following. Let F_q be a finite field
and let E/\F_q be an elliptic curve. Let S_r be the rth summation/Semaev
polynomial for E.
  Under an assumption, we show that it is NP-complete to check if S_r evaluates
to zero on some input. Unconditionally, we prove a similar result for summation
polynomials over singular curves. This suggests limitations in the usage of
summation polynomials in for example algorithms to solve the elliptic curve
discrete logarithm problem.
  Assume that q is a power of 2. We show that the Weil descent to F_2 of S_3
for ordinary curves in general has first fall degree 2, which is much lower
than expected. The reason is the existence of a group morphism to F_2 which
gives a linear polynomial after Weil descent. We want to raise awareness of its
existence and raise doubt on certain Groebner basis heuristics which claim that
the first fall degree is close to the degree of regularity. Furthermore, this
morphism can be used to speed up the relation generation to solve the elliptic
curve discrete logarithm problem.


  Long-baseline (LBL) accelerator neutrino oscillation experiments, such as
NOvA and T2K in the current generation, and DUNE-LBL and HK-LBL in the coming
years, will measure the remaining unknown oscillation parameters with excellent
precision. These analyses assume external input on the so-called ``solar
parameters,'' $\theta_{12}$ and $\Delta m^2_{21}$, from solar experiments such
as SNO, SK, and Borexino, as well as reactor experiments like KamLAND. Here we
investigate their role in long-baseline experiments. We show that, without
external input on $\Delta m^2_{21}$ and $\theta_{12}$, the sensitivity to
detecting and quantifying CP violation is significantly, but not entirely,
reduced. Thus long-baseline accelerator experiments can actually determine
$\Delta m^2_{21}$ and $\theta_{12}$, and thus all six oscillation parameters,
without input from \emph{any} other oscillation experiment. In particular,
$\Delta m^2_{21}$ can be determined; thus DUNE-LBL and HK-LBL can measure both
the solar and atmospheric mass splittings in their long-baseline analyses
alone. While their sensitivities are not competitive with existing constraints,
they are very orthogonal probes of solar parameters and provide a key
consistency check of a less probed sector of the three-flavor oscillation
picture. Furthermore, we also show that the true values of $\Delta m^2_{21}$
and $\theta_{12}$ play an important role in the sensitivity of other
oscillation parameters such as the CP violating phase $\delta$.


  Software engineers develop, fine-tune, and deploy deep learning (DL) models
using a variety of development frameworks and runtime environments. DL model
converters move models between frameworks and to runtime environments.
Conversion errors compromise model quality and disrupt deployment. However, the
failure characteristics of DL model converters are unknown, adding risk when
using DL interoperability technologies.
  This paper analyzes failures in DL model converters. We survey software
engineers about DL interoperability tools, use cases, and pain points (N=92).
Then, we characterize failures in model converters associated with the main
interoperability tool, ONNX (N=200 issues in PyTorch and TensorFlow). Finally,
we formulate and test two hypotheses about structural causes for the failures
we studied. We find that the node conversion stage of a model converter
accounts for ~75% of the defects and 33% of reported failure are related to
semantically incorrect models. The cause of semantically incorrect models is
elusive, but models with behaviour inconsistencies share operator sequences.
Our results motivate future research on making DL interoperability software
simpler to maintain, extend, and validate. Research into behavioural tolerances
and architectural coverage metrics could be fruitful.


  We present an analysis of the broad-band spectra of 4U~1705--44 obtained with
{\it Suzaku} in 2006--2008 and by {\it BeppoSAX} in 2000. The source exhibits
two distinct states: the hard state shows emission from 1 to 150 keV, while the
soft state is mostly confined to be $<40$ keV. We model soft-state continuum
spectra with two thermal components, one of which is a multicolor accretion
disk and the other is a single-temperature blackbody to describe the boundary
layer, with additional weak Comptonization represented by either a simple power
law or the SIMPL model by Steiner et al. The hard-state continuum spectra are
modeled by a single-temperature blackbody for the boundary layer plus strong
Comptonization, modeled by a cutoff power law. While we are unable to draw firm
conclusions about the physical properties of the disk in the hard state, the
accretion disk in the soft state appears to approximately follow $L\propto
T^{3.2}$. The deviation from $L\propto T^4$, as expected from a constant inner
disk radius, might be caused by a luminosity-dependent spectral hardening
factor and/or real changes of the inner disk radius in some part of the soft
state. The boundary layer apparent emission area is roughly constant from the
hard to the soft states, with a value of about 1/11 of the neutron star
surface. The magnetic field on the surface of the NS in 4U~1705--44 is
estimated to be less than about $1.9\times 10^8$ G, assuming that the disk is
truncated by the ISCO or by the neutron star surface. Broad relativistic Fe
lines are detected in most spectra and are modeled with the diskline model. The
strength of the Fe lines is found to correlate well with the boundary layer
emission in the soft state. In the hard state, the Fe lines are probably due to
illumination of the accretion disk by the strong Comptonization emission.


  In this work we prove the existence and uniqueness of Killing graphs with
prescribed mean curvature considering functions which are not necessarily
constant along the flow lines of the Killing vector field.


  The development of useful photon-photon interactions can trigger numerous
breakthroughs in quantum information science, however this has remained a
considerable challenge spanning several decades. Here we demonstrate the first
room-temperature implementation of large phase shifts ($\approx\pi$) on a
single-photon level probe pulse (1.5us) triggered by a
simultaneously-propagating few-photon-level signal field. This process is
mediated by $Rb^{87}$ vapor in a double-$\Lambda$ atomic configuration. We use
homodyne tomography to obtain the quadrature statistics of the phase-shifted
quantum fields and perform maximum-likelihood estimation to reconstruct their
quantum state in the Fock state basis. For the probe field, we have observed
input-output fidelities higher than 90$\%$ for phase-shifted output states, and
high overlap (over 90\%) with a theoretically perfect coherent state. Our
noise-free, four-wave-mixing-mediated photon-photon interface is a key
milestone towards developing quantum logic and nondemolition photon detection
using schemes such as coherent photon conversion.


  Within a Two-Higgs-Doublet Model (2HDM) a search for a light Higgs boson in
the mass range of 4-12 GeV has been performed in the Yukawa process e+e- -> b
bbar A/h -> b bbar tau+tau-, using the data collected by the OPAL detector at
LEP between 1992 and 1995 in e+e- collisions at about 91 GeV centre-of-mass
energy. A likelihood selection is applied to separate background and signal.
The number of observed events is in good agreement with the expected
background. Within a CP-conserving 2HDM type II model the cross-section for
Yukawa production depends on xiAd = |tan beta| and xihd = |sin alpha/cos beta|
for the production of the CP-odd A and the CP-even h, respectively, where tan
beta is the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the Higgs doublets and
alpha is the mixing angle between the neutral CP-even Higgs bosons. From our
data 95% C.L. upper limits are derived for xiAd within the range of 8.5 to 13.6
and for xihd between 8.2 to 13.7, depending on the mass of the Higgs boson,
assuming a branching fraction into tau+tau- of 100%. An interpretation of the
limits within a 2HDM type II model with Standard Model particle content is
given. These results impose constraints on several models that have been
proposed to explain the recent BNL measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic
moment.


  In this note, we address some issues concerning the accurate pressure
calculation of Coulomb systems with periodic boundary conditions. First, we
prove that the formulas for the excess part of the pressure with Ewald
summation also reduce to the ensemble average of one-third of the ratio between
the potential energy and the volume so that the comments on our previous work
in a recent paper by [Onegin~\emph{et al}.,~J. Phys. A: Math.~Theor.~57 (2024)
205002] are incorrect. Second, we demonstrate that in charge non-neutral
systems, the pressure expression must be corrected to include interactions with
the neutralizing background. This addresses the issues about pressure
computation in LAMMPS raised in the paper by Onegin {\it et al.}. Numerical
experiments are performed to verify that the pressure obtained via Ewald
summation with corrected terms agrees with the average pressure using
thermodynamics for the non-neutral OCP system, and are independent of the
splitting parameter in the Ewald summation.


  Data tensors of orders 2 and greater are now routinely being generated. These
data collections are increasingly huge and growing. Many scientific and medical
data tensors are tensor fields (e.g., images, videos, geographic data) in which
the spatial neighborhood contains important information. Directly accessing
such large data tensor collections for information has become increasingly
prohibitive. We learn approximate full-rank and compact tensor sketches with
decompositive representations providing compact space, time and spectral
embeddings of tensor fields. All information querying and post-processing on
the original tensor field can now be achieved more efficiently and with
customizable accuracy as they are performed on these compact factored sketches
in latent generative space. We produce optimal rank-r sketchy Tucker
decomposition of arbitrary order data tensors by building compact factor
matrices from a sample-efficient sub-sampling of tensor slices. Our sample
efficient policy is learned via an adaptable stochastic Thompson sampling using
Dirichlet distributions with conjugate priors.


  Laplace approximations are commonly used to approximate high-dimensional
integrals in statistical applications, but the quality of such approximations
as the dimension of the integral grows is not well understood. In this paper,
we prove a new result on the size of the error in first- and higher-order
Laplace approximations, and apply this result to investigate the quality of
Laplace approximations to the likelihood in some generalized linear mixed
models.


  Background: Electroencephalographic (EEG) indicators for anaesthesia depth
are being developed. Here, we propose novel EEG parameters created by using two
kinds of waveforms discriminated by voltage thresholds from a new perspective.
Methods: Six young-adult beagles and 6 senior beagles were anaesthetised with
end-tidal sevoflurane (SEV) of 2.0%-4.0% in 0.5% intervals, and 2-channel EEG
(256 Hz) was recorded. Two events were discriminated: a consecutive part
({\tau}) with a peak-to-peak potential difference (Vpp) within 1-6, 8, 12, or
20 mcrV, and another part (burst) with Vpp outside the threshold. Number of
{\tau} (N{\tau}), mean {\tau} duration (M{\tau}), total percentage of {\tau}
(SR{\tau}), mean burst duration (Mbst), and amplitude of burst (Abst) were
evaluated as anaesthesia depth indicators using Pearsons correlation
coefficients (r). Results: When Vpp was near the suppression wave threshold,
N{\tau} had the highest correlation with SEV in both groups. As SEV was
increased until onset of burst suppression, N{\tau} decreased, M{\tau} remained
unchanged, and Mbst and Abst increased. In the young-adult group, mean |r|
exceeded 0.95 for N{\tau} with Vpp of 4-6 mcrV, for Mbst with Vpp of 8-12 mcrV,
and for Abst with Vpp of 4-12 mcrV. In the senior group, r exceeded 0.90 for
N{\tau} with Vpp of 4 mcrV and for Abst with Vpp of 5-12 mcrV. Conclusion: We
developed new EEG parameters that were almost perfectly correlated with
volatile anaesthetic concentrations using traditional bipolar recording. This
study suggests that the effect of anaesthetics on EEG can be investigated from
two directions: pacemaker ({\tau}) and generator (burst).


  We consider a large class of two-lane driven diffusive systems in contact
with reservoirs at their boundaries and develop a stability analysis as a
method to derive the phase diagrams of such systems. We illustrate the method
by deriving phase diagrams for the asymmetric exclusion process coupled to
various second lanes: a diffusive lane; an asymmetric exclusion process with
advection in the same direction as the first lane, and an asymmetric exclusion
process with advection in the opposite direction. The competing currents on the
two lanes naturally lead to a very rich phenomenology and we find a variety of
phase diagrams. It is shown that the stability analysis is equivalent to an
`extremal current principle' for the total current in the two lanes. We also
point to classes of models where both the stability analysis and the extremal
current principle fail.


  The focal point of this paper is to provide some simple and efficient
criteria to judge the ${\cal D}$-stability of two families of polynomials,
i.e., an interval multilinear polynomial matrix family and a polytopic
polynomial family. Taking advantage of the uncertain parameter information, we
analyze these two classes of uncertain models and give some LMI conditions for
the robust stability of the two families. Two examples illustrate the
effectiveness of our results.


  The rise of Decentralized Federated Learning (DFL) has enabled the training
of machine learning models across federated participants, fostering
decentralized model aggregation and reducing dependence on a server. However,
this approach introduces unique communication security challenges that have yet
to be thoroughly addressed in the literature. These challenges primarily
originate from the decentralized nature of the aggregation process, the varied
roles and responsibilities of the participants, and the absence of a central
authority to oversee and mitigate threats. Addressing these challenges, this
paper first delineates a comprehensive threat model focused on DFL
communications. In response to these identified risks, this work introduces a
security module to counter communication-based attacks for DFL platforms. The
module combines security techniques such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption
with Moving Target Defense (MTD) techniques, including random neighbor
selection and IP/port switching. The security module is implemented in a DFL
platform, Fedstellar, allowing the deployment and monitoring of the federation.
A DFL scenario with physical and virtual deployments have been executed,
encompassing three security configurations: (i) a baseline without security,
(ii) an encrypted configuration, and (iii) a configuration integrating both
encryption and MTD techniques. The effectiveness of the security module is
validated through experiments with the MNIST dataset and eclipse attacks. The
results showed an average F1 score of 95%, with the most secure configuration
resulting in CPU usage peaking at 68% (+-9%) in virtual deployments and network
traffic reaching 480.8 MB (+-18 MB), effectively mitigating risks associated
with eavesdropping or eclipse attacks.


  Fair Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a problem setting where we aim to
perform PCA while making the resulting representation fair in that the
projected distributions, conditional on the sensitive attributes, match one
another. However, existing approaches to fair PCA have two main problems:
theoretically, there has been no statistical foundation of fair PCA in terms of
learnability; practically, limited memory prevents us from using existing
approaches, as they explicitly rely on full access to the entire data. On the
theoretical side, we rigorously formulate fair PCA using a new notion called
\emph{probably approximately fair and optimal} (PAFO) learnability. On the
practical side, motivated by recent advances in streaming algorithms for
addressing memory limitation, we propose a new setting called \emph{fair
streaming PCA} along with a memory-efficient algorithm, fair noisy power method
(FNPM). We then provide its {\it statistical} guarantee in terms of
PAFO-learnability, which is the first of its kind in fair PCA literature.
Lastly, we verify the efficacy and memory efficiency of our algorithm on
real-world datasets.


  We search for rare decays of $D$ mesons to hadrons accompany with an
electron-positron pair (h(h')$e^+e^-$), using an $e^+e^-$ collision sample
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb$^{-1}$ collected with the
BESIII detector at $\sqrt{s}$ = 3.773 GeV. No significant signals are observed,
and the corresponding upper limits on the branching fractions at the $90\%$
confidence level are determined. The sensitivities of the results are at the
level of $10^{-5} \sim 10^{-6}$, providing a large improvement over previous
searches.


  The $^{23}$Al($p,\gamma$)$^{24}$Si reaction is among the most important
reactions driving the energy generation in Type-I X-ray bursts. However, the
present reaction-rate uncertainty limits constraints on neutron star properties
that can be achieved with burst model-observation comparisons. Here, we present
a novel technique for constraining this important reaction by combining the
GRETINA array with the neutron detector LENDA coupled to the S800 spectrograph
at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The $^{23}$Al($d,n$)
reaction was used to populate the astrophysically important states in
$^{24}$Si. This enables a measurement in complete kinematics for extracting all
relevant inputs necessary to calculate the reaction rate. For the first time, a
predicted close-lying doublet of a 2$_2^+$ and (4$_1^+$,0$_2^+$) state in
$^{24}$Si was disentangled, finally resolving conflicting results from two
previous measurements. Moreover, it was possible to extract spectroscopic
factors using GRETINA and LENDA simultaneously. This new technique may be used
to constrain other important reaction rates for various astrophysical
scenarios.


  Exclusive rare $B \to K^{(*)} \ell^+ \ell^-$, $B \to K^{(*)} \nu \bar \nu$
and $B \to K^* \gamma$ decays are studied within the Applequist-Cheng-Dobrescu
model, an extension of the Standard Model in presence of universal extra
dimensions. In the case of a single universal extra dimension compactified on a
circle of radius R, we study the dependence of several observables on 1/R, and
discuss whether the hadronic uncertainty due to the form factors obscures or
not such a dependence. We find that, using present data, it is possible in many
cases to put a sensible lower bound to 1/R, the most stringent one coming from
$B \to K^* \gamma$.


  We apply control theoretic and optimization techniques to adaptively design
incentives. In particular, we consider the problem of a planner with an
objective that depends on data from strategic decision makers. The planner does
not know the process by which the strategic agents make decisions. Under the
assumption that the agents are utility maximizers, we model their interactions
as a non-cooperative game and utilize the Nash equilibrium concept as well as
myopic update rules to model the selection of their decision. By parameterizing
the agents' utility functions and the incentives offered, we develop an
algorithm that the planner can employ to learn the agents' decision-making
processes while simultaneously designing incentives to change their response to
a more desirable response from the planner's perspective. We provide
convergence results for this algorithm both in the noise-free and noisy cases
and present illustrative examples.


  This is an expository paper which provides a quick introduction to Boolean
inverse semigroups and their type monoids, with the emphasis on techniques and
insights of the theory, and also treats the connection of the type monoid
${\mathrm{Typ}}(S)$ of a Boolean inverse semigroup $S$ with the monoid
$V(K\langle S\rangle)$ of the ring $K\langle S\rangle$ assigned to $S$. We give
original direct and simple proofs of some known results, such as the structure
of semisimple Boolean inverse semigroups, the presentation of the type monoid
by generalized rook matrices. We also prove that the type monoid of the tight
Booleanization of a graph inverse semigroup is isomorphic to the graph monoid
of this semigroup.


  We consider a financial market model with a single risky asset whose price
process evolves according to a general jump-diffusion with locally bounded
coefficients and where market participants have only access to a partial
information flow. For any utility function, we prove that the partial
information financial market is locally viable, in the sense that the optimal
portfolio problem has a solution up to a stopping time, if and only if the
(normalised) marginal utility of the terminal wealth generates a partial
information equivalent martingale measure (PIEMM). This equivalence result is
proved in a constructive way by relying on maximum principles for stochastic
control problems under partial information. We then characterize a global
notion of market viability in terms of partial information local martingale
deflators (PILMDs). We illustrate our results by means of a simple example.


  This contribution investigates a prototype of a TPC readout with a highly
pixelated CMOS ASIC, which is an option for charged particles tracking of the
ILC. A triple GEM stack was joined with a TimePix and MediPix2 chip (pixel size
of 55$\times$55 $\mu m^2$) and its readout properties were investigated with 5
GeV electrons. The spatial resolution of the cluster center reconstruction was
determined as a function of drift distance using different cluster alhoritms
and compared with Monte Carlo predictions.


  Open heavy-flavour hadrons are a powerful tool to investigate the properties
of the high-density medium created in heavy-ion collisions at high energies as
they come from the hadronization of heavy quarks. The latter are created in the
early stage of the interaction and experience the whole collision history.
Heavy quarks in-medium energy loss can be investigated by comparing the
heavy-flavour production cross sections in p-p and nucleus-nucleus collisions.
In addition, initial spatial anisotropy of the fireball is converted into
momentum anysotropy of final state particles, in particular the elliptic flow.
D mesons are identifed from their hadronic decays which can be reconstructed in
the central rapidity region using the tracking and PID detectors of the ALICE
detector.


  Drawing on a problem posed by Hertzsprung in 1887, we say that a given
permutation $\pi\in\mathcal{S}_n$ contains the Hertzsprung pattern
$\sigma\in\mathcal{S}_k$ if there is factor $\pi(d+1)\pi(d+2)\cdots\pi(d+k)$ of
$\pi$ such that $\pi(d+1)-\sigma(1) =\cdots = \pi(d+k)-\sigma(k)$. Using a
combination of the Goulden-Jackson cluster method and the transfer-matrix
method we determine the joint distribution of occurrences of any set of
(incomparable) Hertzsprung patterns, thus substantially generalizing earlier
results by Jackson et al. on the distribution of ascending and descending runs
in permutations. We apply our results to the problem of counting permutations
up to pattern-replacement equivalences, and using pattern-rewriting systems --
a new formalism similar to the much studied string-rewriting systems -- we
solve a couple of open problems raised by Linton et al. in 2012.


  We propose a method to explore the flavor structure of quarks and leptons
with reinforcement learning. As a concrete model, we utilize a basic
value-based algorithm for models with $U(1)$ flavor symmetry. By training
neural networks on the $U(1)$ charges of quarks and leptons, the agent finds 21
models to be consistent with experimentally measured masses and mixing angles
of quarks and leptons. In particular, an intrinsic value of normal ordering
tends to be larger than that of inverted ordering, and the normal ordering is
well fitted with the current experimental data in contrast to the inverted
ordering. A specific value of effective mass for the neutrinoless double beta
decay and a sizable leptonic CP violation induced by an angular component of
flavon field are predicted by autonomous behavior of the agent. Our finding
results indicate that the reinforcement learning can be a new method for
understanding the flavor structure.


  This writing has been prepared on the occasion of the 75th birthday of
E.C.George Sudarshan, who (besides the originator of the V-A theory for
weak-forces, of quantum optics --the quantum representation of coherent
light--, of dynamical maps for open quantum systems, of the Zeno effect, etc.)
was a pioneer, already in the sisties, also of the theory of the so-called
"tachyons".
  This paper wishes to be a homage to E.C.G.Sudarshan, in connection with the
last-mentioned pioneering work of his. After a brief theoretical introduction
(based on the standard postulates of Special Relativity, and therefore
extending it --or rather non-restricting it-- without any violations: for
example, without any violations of the so-called Einstein causality), the main
aim of this article is an updated presentation of the status-of-the-art of the
"superluminal" experiments. In particular, we devote such a review to the
phenomena met in tunneling through quantum (and classical) barriers [e.g.,
referring to the Genelalized Hartman Effect]; and in connection with the
"Localized (nondiffracting) Solutions" of the wave equantions [e.g., of Maxwell
equations]: especially of the "X-shaped" ones.
  The interested reader is provided with an extended Bibliography.


  In this short notes using AGT correspondence we express simplest fully
degenerate primary fields of Toda field theory in terms an analogue of Baxter's
$Q$-operator naturally emerging in ${\cal N}=2$ gauge theory side. This
quantity can be considered as a generating function of simple trace chiral
operators constructed from the scalars of the ${\cal N}=2$ vector multiplets.
In the special case of Liouville theory, exploring the second order
differential equation satisfied by conformal blocks including a degenerate at
the second level primary field (BPZ equation) we derive a mixed
difference-differential relation for $Q$-operator. Thus we generalize the
$T$-$Q$ difference equation known in Nekrasov-Shatashvili limit of the
$\Omega$-background to the generic case.


  In this paper we prove the existence of finite traveling-wave type solutions
to the nonlinear double degenerate parabolic equation of turbulent filtration
with absorption.


  In the recent paper [2], it was proved that the closure of the planar
diffeomorphisms in the Sobolev norm consists of the functions which are
non-crossing (NC), i.e., the functions which can be uniformly approximated by
continuous one-to-one functions on the grids. A deep simplification of this
property is to consider curves instead of grids, so considering functions which
are non-crossing on lines (NCL). Since the NCL property is way easier to check,
it would be extremely positive if they actually coincide, while it is only
obvious that NC implies NCL. We show that in general NCL does not imply NC, but
the implication becomes true with the additional assumption that $\det(Du)>0$
a.e., which is a very common assumption in nonlinear elasticity.


  The star BL Camelopardalis (GD 428, GSC 04067-00471, V=12.92, B=13.1), is a
SX Phoenicis pulsating variable showing a high amplitude variability (300-350
mmag), with a very clear period of 56.3 min, that has being recently studied by
Fauvaud et al. (2010). They show that the observed variability is due to a
clear and single pulsation, as expected for these type of pulsators. It was
discovered as a variable star on 1976 by Berg and Duthie (1977).


  Interconnected magnetic nanowire (NW) networks offer a promising platform for
3-dimensional (3D) information storage and integrated neuromorphic computing.
Here we report discrete propagation of magnetic states in interconnected Co
nanowire networks driven by magnetic field and current, manifested in distinct
magnetoresistance (MR) features. In these networks, when only a few
interconnected NWs were measured, multiple MR kinks and local minima were
observed, including a significant minimum at a positive field during the
descending field sweep. Micromagnetic simulations showed that this unusual
feature was due to domain wall (DW) pinning at the NW intersections, which was
confirmed by off-axis electron holography imaging. In a complex network with
many intersections, sequential switching of nanowire sections separated by
interconnects was observed, along with stochastic characteristics. The
pinning/depinning of the DWs can be further controlled by the driving current
density. These results illustrate the promise of such interconnected networks
as integrated multistate memristors.


  Seymour's Splitter Theorem is a basic inductive tool for dealing with
$3$-connected matroids. This paper proves a generalization of that theorem for
the class of $2$-polymatroids. Such structures include matroids, and they model
both sets of points and lines in a projective space and sets of edges in a
graph. A series compression in such a structure is an analogue of contracting
an edge of a graph that is in a series pair. A $2$-polymatroid $N$ is an
s-minor of a $2$-polymatroid $M$ if $N$ can be obtained from $M$ by a sequence
of contractions, series compressions, and dual-contractions, where the last are
modified deletions. The main result proves that if $M$ and $N$ are
$3$-connected $2$-polymatroids such that $N$ is an s-minor of $M$, then $M$ has
a $3$-connected s-minor $M'$ that has an s-minor isomorphic to $N$ and has
$|E(M)| - 1$ elements unless $M$ is a whirl or the cycle matroid of a wheel. In
the exceptional case, such an $M'$ can be found with $|E(M)| - 2$ elements.


  The fifth-generation wireless networking (5G) technologies have been
developed to meet various time-critical use cases with ultra-reliable,
low-latency and massive machine-type communications which are indispensable for
tactile Internet applications. Recent advancements in very low-cost and
batteryless radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors have given promises
of deploying a massive amount of such sensors for real-time sensing and control
applications on a 5G New Radio (NR) network. However, the system design and
performance of such applications have not been well studied. This paper
proposes a novel system architecture for the representative batteryless RFID
touch sensors in generic real-time control applications in a 5G NR mmWave
environment. We will discuss the solution using edge computing nodes on the 5G
NR base station to the implementation of the proposed system architecture. The
real-time performance evaluation with the comparison of the Long-Term Evolution
(LTE) networks has shown the effectiveness of the proposed system architecture.


  Learning effective recommendation models from sparse user interactions
represents a fundamental challenge in developing sequential recommendation
methods. Recently, pre-training-based methods have been developed to tackle
this challenge. Though promising, in this paper, we show that existing methods
suffer from the notorious negative transfer issue, where the model adapted from
the pre-trained model results in worse performance compared to the model
learned from scratch in the task of interest (i.e., target task). To address
this issue, we develop a method, denoted as ANT, for transferable sequential
recommendation. ANT mitigates negative transfer by 1) incorporating
multi-modality item information, including item texts, images and prices, to
effectively learn more transferable knowledge from related tasks (i.e.,
auxiliary tasks); and 2) better capturing task-specific knowledge in the target
task using a re-learning-based adaptation strategy. We evaluate ANT against
eight state-of-the-art baseline methods on five target tasks. Our experimental
results demonstrate that ANT does not suffer from the negative transfer issue
on any of the target tasks. The results also demonstrate that ANT substantially
outperforms baseline methods in the target tasks with an improvement of as much
as 15.2%. Our analysis highlights the superior effectiveness of our
re-learning-based strategy compared to fine-tuning on the target tasks.


  It has been suggested that the prompt emission in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
could be described by radiation from the photosphere in a hot fireball. Such
models must be tested by directly fitting them to data. In this work we use
data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and consider a specific
photospheric model, in which kinetic energy of a low-magnetisation outflow is
dissipated locally by internal shocks below the photosphere. We construct a
table model with a physically motivated parameter space and fit it to
time-resolved spectra of the 36 brightest Fermi GRBs with known redshift. We
find that about two thirds of the examined spectra cannot be described by the
model, as it typically under-predicts the observed flux. However, since the
sample is strongly biased towards bright GRBs, we argue that this fraction will
be significantly lowered when considering the full population. From the
successful fits we find that the model can reproduce the full range of spectral
slopes present in the sample. For these cases we also find that the dissipation
consistently occurs at a radius of $\sim 10^{12}$ cm and that only a few
percent efficiency is required. Furthermore, we find a positive correlation
between the fireball luminosity and the Lorentz factor. Such a correlation has
been previously reported by independent methods. We conclude that if GRB
spectra are due to photospheric emission, the dissipation cannot only be the
specific scenario we consider here.


  For the fifth Painlev\'e equation, we present families of convergent series
solutions near the origin and the corresponding monodromy data for the
associated isomonodromy linear system. These solutions are of complex power
type, of inverse logarithmic type and of Taylor series type. It is also
possible to compute the monodromy data in non-generic cases. Solutions of
logarithmic type are derived from those of inverse logarithmic type through a
B\"{a}cklund transformation found by Gromak. In a special case the complex
power type of solutions have relatively simple oscillatory expressions. For the
complex power type of solutions in the generic case, we clarify the structure
of the analytic continuation on the universal covering around the origin, and
examine the distribution of zeros, poles and 1-points. It is shown that two
kinds of spiral domains including a sector as a special case are alternately
arrayed; the domains of one kind contain sequences both of zeros and of poles,
and those of the other kind sequences of 1-points.


  We construct the standard and dual supertranslation charges on the future
horizon of the Schwarzschild black hole, using the first-order formulation of
gravity with the Holst action. The Dirac bracket algebra of standard and dual
supertranslation charges is shown to exhibit a central term in the presence of
singularities in the two-sphere function associated with supertranslation. We
show that one can cancel this anomalous term and restore the asymptotic
symmetry algebra by introducing a gravitational Chern-Simons theory on the
horizon. This demonstrates that consistency of the asymptotic symmetry algebra
requires a new structure on the horizon.


  We present results of the first RXTE investigation of hard X-ray emission
from normal elliptical galaxies. Joint spectral analysis of RXTE PCA and ASCA
GIS data for NGC 4472 and NGC 4649 reveals the presence of about 5 10^-12 erg
cm^-2 s^-1 of 2-10 keV emission emanating from a region outside of the optical
galaxy, and of a spectral hardness intermediate between the galactic hot
interstellar gas and X-ray binary components. A large fraction of this emission
originates in the Virgo intracluster medium (ICM) and we present constraints on
the ICM temperature and metallicity in the vicinity of these two galaxies.
However, the diffuse flux is significantly greater than expected based on the
soft X-ray intensity measured with ROSAT, allowing for the possible presence of
an additional diffuse non-thermal component. We also derive new constraints on
the integrated X-ray binary emission from these two galaxies, and on the
presence of a nuclear flat-spectrum point source.


  We present new M2 and M5 brane solutions in M-theory based on transverse
self-dual Bianchi type IX space. All the other recently M2 and M5 branes
constructed on transverse self-dual Taub-NUT, Egughi-Hanson and Atiyah-Hitchin
spaces are special cases of this solution. The solution provides a smooth
transition from Eguchi-Hanson type I based M branes to corresponding branes
based on Eguchi-Hanson type II space. All the solutions can be reduced down to
ten dimensional fully localized intersecting brane configurations.


  We theoretically investigate the role of the dielectric mismatch between
materials on the energy levels and recombination energies of a core-shell
nanowire. Our results demonstrate that when the dielectric constant of the core
material is lower than that of the shell material, the self-image potential
pushes the charge carriers towards the core-shell interface, in such a way that
the ideal confinement model is no longer suitable. The effects of this
interfacial confinement on the electronic properties of such wires, as well as
on its response to applied magnetic fields, are discussed.


  We study the height and width of a Galton--Watson tree with offspring
distribution B satisfying E(B)=1, 0 < Var(B) < infinity, conditioned on having
exactly n nodes. Under this conditioning, we derive sub-Gaussian tail bounds
for both the width (largest number of nodes in any level) and height (greatest
level containing a node); the bounds are optimal up to constant factors in the
exponent. Under the same conditioning, we also derive essentially optimal upper
tail bounds for the number of nodes at level k, for 1 <= k <= n.


  We consider the origin of the anomalous Hall effect in a general model of a
clean two-band chiral superconductor. Within the Kubo formalism we derive an
analytic expression for the high-frequency ac Hall conductivity valid close to
the critical temperature. This expression involves two distinct gauge-invariant
time-reversal-odd bilinear (TROB) functions involving the pairing potential and
its Hermitian conjugate. We argue that the existence of at least one of these
TROBs generically implies a nonzero ac Hall conductivity. The TROBs allow us to
clarify the roles of intra- and interband pairing, and provide a
straightforward criterion for a superconducting state to exhibit the anomalous
Hall effect. We briefly exemplify our results with model calculations for a
chiral $p$-wave pairing state in strontium ruthenate and a chiral $d$-wave
pairing state on the honeycomb lattice.


  Applications of the three-dimensional transformation for rotating coordinate
systems to quantum mechanics, general theory relativity and optics are
considered.


  We study the $(p,q)$-Maker Breaker Crossing game introduced by Day and Falgas
Ravry in 'Maker-Breaker percolation games I: crossing grids'. The game
described in their paper involves two players Maker and Breaker who take turns
claiming p and q as yet unclaimed edges of the graph respectively. Maker aims
to make a horizontal path from a leftmost vertex to a rightmost vertex and
Breaker aims to prevent this. The game is a version of the more general Shannon
switching game and is played on a square grid graph.
  We consider the same game played on the triangular grid graph
$\Delta_{(m,n)}$ (m vertices across, n vertices high) and aim to find, for
given $(p,q,m,n)$, a winning strategy for Maker or Breaker. We establish using
a similar strategy to that used by Day and Falgas Ravry to show that:
  $\bullet$ For sufficiently tall grids and $p\geq q$ Maker has a winning
strategy for the $(p,q)$-crossing game on $\Delta_{(m,n)}$ .
  $\bullet$ For sufficiently wide grids and $4p\leq q$, Breaker has a winning
strategy for the $(p,q)$-crossing game on $\Delta_{(m,n)}$.


  We prove that if $X$ is a quasi-normed space which possesses an infinite
countable dimensional subspace with a separating dual, then it admits a
strictly weaker Hausdorff vector topology. Such a topology is constructed
explicitly. As an immediate consequence, we obtain an improvement of a
well-known result of Kalton-Shapiro and Drewnowski by showing that a
quasi-Banach space contains a basic sequence if and only if it contains an
infinite countable dimensional subspace whose dual is separating. We also use
this result to highlight a new feature of the minimal quasi-Banach space
constructed by Kalton. Namely, which all of its $\aleph_0$-dimensional
subspaces fail to have a separating family of continuous linear functionals.


  Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive
decline (SCD) utilizing multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a
pivotal area of research. While various regional and connectivity features from
functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been employed to
develop diagnosis models, most studies integrate these features without
adequately addressing their alignment and interactions. This limits the
potential to fully exploit the synergistic contributions of combined features
and modalities. To solve this gap, our study introduces a novel Hierarchical
Alignments and Hierarchical Interactions (HA-HI) method for MCI and SCD
classification, leveraging the combined strengths of fMRI and DTI. HA-HI
efficiently learns significant MCI- or SCD- related regional and connectivity
features by aligning various feature types and hierarchically maximizing their
interactions. Furthermore, to enhance the interpretability of our approach, we
have developed the Synergistic Activation Map (SAM) technique, revealing the
critical brain regions and connections that are indicative of MCI/SCD.
Comprehensive evaluations on the ADNI dataset and our self-collected data
demonstrate that HA-HI outperforms other existing methods in diagnosing MCI and
SCD, making it a potentially vital and interpretable tool for early detection.
The implementation of this method is publicly accessible at
https://github.com/ICI-BCI/Dual-MRI-HA-HI.git.


  In recent years, the advancement in modern technologies has experienced an
explosion of huge data sets being captured and recorded in different fields,
but also given rise to concerns the security and protection of data storage,
transmission, processing, and access to data. The blockchain is a distributed
ledger that records transactions in a secure, flexible, verifiable and
permanent way. Transactions in a blockchain can be an exchange of an asset, the
execution of the terms of a smart contract, or an update to a record. In this
paper, we have developed a blockchain access control ecosystem that gives asset
owners the sovereign right to effectively manage access control of large data
sets and protect against data breaches. The Linux Foundation's Hyperledger
Fabric blockchain is used to run the business network while the Hyperledger
composer tool is used to implement the smart contracts or transaction
processing functions that run on the blockchain network.


  We present a preliminary study of the leading hadronic contribution to the
running of the Weinberg angle $\theta_{\mathrm{W}}$. The running is extracted
from the correlation function of the electromagnetic current with the vector
part of the weak neutral current using both the standard time-momentum
representation method and the Lorentz-covariant coordinate-space method
recently introduced by Meyer. Both connected and disconnected contributions
have been computed on $N_{\mathrm{f}}=2+1$ non-perturbatively $O(a)$-improved
Wilson fermions configurations from the CLS initiative. Similar covariant
coordinate-space methods can be used to compute the leading hadronic
contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon $(g-2)_\mu$ and to
the running of the QED coupling $\alpha$.


  We initiate the study of definable V-topolgies and show that there is at most
one such V-topology on a t-henselian NIP field. Equivalently, we show that if
$(K,v_1,v_2)$ is a bi-valued NIP field with $v_1$ henselian (resp. t-henselian)
then $v_1$ and $v_2$ are comparable (resp. dependent).
  As a consequence Shelah's conjecture for NIP fields implies the henselianity
conjecture for NIP fields. Furthermore, the latter conjecture is proved for any
field admitting a henselian valuation with a dp-minimal residue field.
  We conclude by showing that Shelah's conjecture is equivalent to the
statement that any NIP field not contained in the algebraic closure of a finite
field is t-henselian.


  We consider phase coexistence and criticality in a thin-film Ising magnet
with opposing surface fields and non-planar (corrugated) walls. We show that
the loss of translational invariance has a strong and unexpected non-linear
influence on the interface structure and phase diagram. We identify 4
non-thermodynamic singularities where there is a qualitative change in the
interface shape. In addition, we establish that at the finite-size critical
point, the singularity in the interface shape is characterized by two distint
critical exponents in contrast to the planar case (which is characterised by
one). Similar effects should be observed for prewetting at a corrugated
substrate. Analogy is made with the behaviour of a non-linear forced oscillator
showing chaotic dynamics.


  We introduce the notion of weak Lie 2-bialgebra. Roughly, a weak Lie
2-bialgebra is a pair of compatible 2-term $L_\infty$-algebra structures on a
vector space and its dual. The compatibility condition is described in terms of
the big bracket. We prove that (strict) Lie 2-bialgebras are in one-one
correspondence with crossed modules of Lie bialgebras.


  The exploitation of the excellent intrinsic electronic properties of graphene
for device applications is hampered by a large contact resistance between the
metal and graphene. The formation of edge contacts rather than top contacts is
one of the most promising solutions for realizing low ohmic contacts. In this
paper the fabrication and characterization of edge contacts to large area
CVD-grown monolayer graphene by means of optical lithography using CMOS
compatible metals, i.e. Nickel and Aluminum is reported. Extraction of the
contact resistance by Transfer Line Method (TLM) as well as the direct
measurement using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy demonstrates a very low width
specific contact resistance.


  Lectures given at the First School on Field Theory and Gravitation,
Vit\'{o}ria, Esp\'{\i}rito Santo, Brazil, 15-19 April, 1997.


  Heavy neutron-rich nuclei close to N=126 were produced by fragmentation of a
1 A GeV 208Pb beam at the FRS at GSI. The beta-decay half-lives of 8 nuclides
have been determined. The comparison of the data with model calculations
including an approach based on the self-consistent ground-state description and
continuum QRPA considering the Gamow-Teller and first-forbidden decays provide
a first indication on the importance of first-forbidden transitions around
A=195. The measured data indicate that the matter flow in the r-process to
heavier fissioning nuclei is faster than previously expected.


  Studies have shown that some Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems encode
and replicate harmful biases with potential adverse ethical effects in our
society. In this article, we propose an approach for identifying gender and
racial stereotypes in word embeddings trained on judicial opinions from U.S.
case law. Embeddings containing stereotype information may cause harm when used
by downstream systems for classification, information extraction, question
answering, or other machine learning systems used to build legal research
tools. We first explain how previously proposed methods for identifying these
biases are not well suited for use with word embeddings trained on legal
opinion text. We then propose a domain adapted method for identifying gender
and racial biases in the legal domain. Our analyses using these methods suggest
that racial and gender biases are encoded into word embeddings trained on legal
opinions. These biases are not mitigated by exclusion of historical data, and
appear across multiple large topical areas of the law. Implications for
downstream systems that use legal opinion word embeddings and suggestions for
potential mitigation strategies based on our observations are also discussed.


  The precision measurements envisaged at the International Linear Collider
(ILC) depend on excellent instrumentation and reconstruction software. The
correct identification of heavy flavour jets, placing unprecedented
requirements on the quality of the vertex detector, will be central for the ILC
programme. This paper describes the LCFIVertex software, which provides tools
for vertex finding and for identification of the flavour and charge of the
leading hadron in heavy flavour jets. These tools are essential for the ongoing
optimisation of the vertex detector design for linear colliders such as the
ILC. The paper describes the algorithms implemented in the LCFIVertex package,
as well as the scope of the code and its performance for a typical vertex
detector design.


  The sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) task aims at generating the target
sequence based on the given input source sequence. Traditionally, most of the
seq2seq task is resolved by the Encoder-Decoder framework which requires an
encoder to encode the source sequence and a decoder to generate the target
text. Recently, a bunch of new approaches have emerged that apply decoder-only
language models directly to the seq2seq task. Despite the significant
advancements in applying language models to the seq2seq task, there is still a
lack of thorough analysis on the effectiveness of the decoder-only language
model architecture. This paper aims to address this gap by conducting a
detailed comparison between the encoder-decoder architecture and the
decoder-only language model framework through the analysis of a regularized
encoder-decoder structure. This structure is designed to replicate all
behaviors in the classical decoder-only language model but has an encoder and a
decoder making it easier to be compared with the classical encoder-decoder
structure. Based on the analysis, we unveil the attention degeneration problem
in the language model, namely, as the generation step number grows, less and
less attention is focused on the source sequence. To give a quantitative
understanding of this problem, we conduct a theoretical sensitivity analysis of
the attention output with respect to the source input. Grounded on our
analysis, we propose a novel partial attention language model to solve the
attention degeneration problem. Experimental results on machine translation,
summarization, and data-to-text generation tasks support our analysis and
demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model.


  Stokes waves are steady periodic water waves on the free surface of an
infinitely deep irrotational two dimensional flow under gravity without surface
tension. They can be described in terms of solutions of the Euler-Lagrange
equation of a certain functional. This allows one to define the Morse index of
a Stokes wave. It is well known that if the Morse indices of the elements of a
set of non-singular Stokes waves are bounded, then none of them is close to a
singular one. The paper presents a quantitative variant of this result.


  We study the CMB lensing signature of a pre-inationary particle (PIP),
assuming it is responsible for the giant rings anomaly that was found recently
in the WMAP data. Simulating Planck-like data we find that generically the CMB
lensing signal to noise ratio associated with such a PIP is quite small and it
would be difficult to cross correlate the temperature giant rings with the CMB
lensing signal. However, if the pre-inationary particle is also responsible for
the bulk flow measured from the local large scale structure, which happens to
point roughly at the same direction as the giant rings, then the CMB lensing
signal to noise ratio is fairly significant.


  In this study we show that by the current state-of-the-art synthetically
generated fingerprints can easily be discriminated from real fingerprints. We
propose a method based on second order extended minutiae histograms (MHs) which
can distinguish between real and synthetic prints with very high accuracy. MHs
provide a fixed-length feature vector for a fingerprint which are invariant
under rotation and translation. This 'test of realness' can be applied to
synthetic fingerprints produced by any method. In this work, tests are
conducted on the 12 publicly available databases of FVC2000, FVC2002 and
FVC2004 which are well established benchmarks for evaluating the performance of
fingerprint recognition algorithms; 3 of these 12 databases consist of
artificial fingerprints generated by the SFinGe software. Additionally, we
evaluate the discriminative performance on a database of synthetic fingerprints
generated by the software of Bicz versus real fingerprint images. We conclude
with suggestions for the improvement of synthetic fingerprint generation.


  We report on the calculation of the full next-to-leading order QCD
corrections to the production of top anti-top bottom anti-bottom (ttbb) final
states at the LHC, which deliver a serious background contribution to the
production of a Higgs boson (decaying into a bottom anti-bottom pair) in
association with a top anti-top pair. While the corrections significantly
reduce the unphysical scale dependence of the leading-order cross section, our
results predict an enhancement of the ttbb production cross section by a
K-factor of about 1.8.


  Recently Friedman proved Alon's conjecture for many families of d-regular
graphs, namely that given any epsilon > 0 `most' graphs have their largest
non-trivial eigenvalue at most 2 sqrt{d-1}+epsilon in absolute value; if the
absolute value of the largest non-trivial eigenvalue is at most 2 sqrt{d-1}
then the graph is said to be Ramanujan. These graphs have important
applications in communication network theory, allowing the construction of
superconcentrators and nonblocking networks, coding theory and cryptography. As
many of these applications depend on the size of the largest non-trivial
positive and negative eigenvalues, it is natural to investigate their
distributions. We show these are well-modeled by the beta=1 Tracy-Widom
distribution for several families. If the observed growth rates of the mean and
standard deviation as a function of the number of vertices holds in the limit,
then in the limit approximately 52% of d-regular graphs from bipartite families
should be Ramanujan, and about 27% from non-bipartite families (assuming the
largest positive and negative eigenvalues are independent).


  We examine energy transport in an ensemble of closed quantum systems driven
by stochastic perturbations. One can show that the probability and energy
fluxes can be described in terms of quantum advection modes (QAM) associated
with the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix. These QAM play the role
of Landauer channels in a system with discrete energy spectrum and the
eigenfunctions that cannot be described as plane waves. In order to determine
the type of correlations that exist between the direction and magnitudes of
each QAM and the average direction of energy and probability fluxes we have
numerically solved the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation describing a
single particle trapped in a parabolic potential well which is perturbed by
stochastic 'ripples'. The ripples serve as a localized energy source and are
offset to one side of the potential well. As the result a non-zero net energy
flux flows from one part of the potential well to another across the symmetry
center of the potential. We find that some modes exhibit positive correlation
with the direction of the energy flow. Other modes, that carry a smaller energy
per unit of the probability flux, anticorrelate with the energy flow and thus
provide a backflow of the probability. The overall picture of energy transport
that emerges from our results is very different from the conventional one based
on a system with continuous energy spectrum.


  We investigate the host galaxy and environment properties of a sample of 400
low z (<0.5) quasars that were imaged in the SDSS Stripe82. We can detect and
study the properties of the host galaxy for more than 75% of the data sample.
We discover that quasar are mainly hosted in luminous galaxies of absolute
magnitude M* -3 < M(R) < M* and that in the quasar environments the galaxy
number density is comparable to that of inactive galaxies of similar
luminosities. For these quasars we undertake also a study in u,g,r,i and z SDSS
bands and again we discover that the mean colours of the quasar host galaxy it
is not very different with respect to the values of the sample of inactive
galaxies. For a subsample of low z sources the imaging study is complemented by
spectroscopy of quasar hosts and of close companion galaxies. This study
suggests that the supply and cause of the nuclear activity depends only weakly
on the local environment of quasars. Contrary to past suggestions, for low
redshift quasar there is a very modest connection between recent star formation
and the nuclear activity.


  The causal graph of a planning instance is an important tool for planning
both in practice and in theory. The theoretical studies of causal graphs have
largely analysed the computational complexity of planning for instances where
the causal graph has a certain structure, often in combination with other
parameters like the domain size of the variables. Chen and Gimand#233;nez
ignored even the structure and considered only the size of the weakly connected
components. They proved that planning is tractable if the components are
bounded by a constant and otherwise intractable. Their intractability result
was, however, conditioned by an assumption from parameterised complexity theory
that has no known useful relationship with the standard complexity classes. We
approach the same problem from the perspective of standard complexity classes,
and prove that planning is NP-hard for classes with unbounded components under
an additional restriction we refer to as SP-closed. We then argue that most
NP-hardness theorems for causal graphs are difficult to apply and, thus, prove
a more general result; even if the component sizes grow slowly and the class is
not densely populated with graphs, planning still cannot be tractable unless
the polynomial hierachy collapses. Both these results still hold when
restricted to the class of acyclic causal graphs. We finally give a partial
characterization of the borderline between NP-hard and NP-intermediate classes,
giving further insight into the problem.


  Let $k$ be a commutative ring. We study the behaviour of coverings of
$k$-categories through fibre products and find a criterion for a covering to be
Galois or universal.