  Semiconductor nanocrystals, quantum dots, are known to exhibit the
quantum-confined Stark effect which reveals itself in the shift of their
photoluminescence spectra in response to external electric field. It was,
therefore, proposed to use quantum dots deposited on the microparticle surface
for the optical measurement of the charge acquired by the microparticles in
low-temperature plasmas. Thermal balance of a quantum dot residing on the
surface of a microparticle immersed in a plasma is considered in this work. It
is shown for typical plasma parameters that under periodically pulsed plasma
conditions, the spectral shift of the photoluminescence of the quantum dot
caused by the oscillations of its temperature becomes undetectable at the
effective thermal flux characterizing the thermal contact between the quantum
dot and the microparticle $\sim 10^9$~s$^{-1}$. Under these conditions, the
entire spectral shift observed during the period of plasma pulsing should be
attributed to the quantum-confined Stark effect due to the microparticle
charge. Lower-boundary estimate for the effective thermal flux for the direct
contact between the quantum dot and the microparticle is $\sim
10^{12}$~s$^{-1}$.


  Electron correlations produce a rich phase diagram in the iron pnictides.
Earlier theoretical studies on the correlation effect demonstrated how quantum
fluctuations weaken and concurrently suppress a $C_2$-symmetric single-Q
antiferromagnetic order and a nematic order. Here we examine the emergent
phases near the quantum phase transition. For a $C_4$-symmetric collinear
double-Q antiferromagnetic order, we show that it is accompanied by both a
charge order and an enhanced nematic susceptibility. Our results provide
understanding for several intriguing recent experiments in hole-doped iron
arsenides, and bring out common physics that underlies the different magnetic
phases of various iron-based superconductors.


  If a discrete probability distribution in a model being tested for
goodness-of-fit is not close to uniform, then forming the Pearson chi-square
statistic can involve division by nearly zero. This often leads to serious
trouble in practice -- even in the absence of round-off errors -- as the
present article illustrates via numerous examples. Fortunately, with the now
widespread availability of computers, avoiding all the trouble is simple and
easy: without the problematic division by nearly zero, the actual values taken
by goodness-of-fit statistics are not humanly interpretable, but black-box
computer programs can rapidly calculate their precise significance.


  The expectation values of the first and second moments of the quantum
mechanical spin operator can be used to define a spin vector and spin
fluctuation tensor, respectively. The former is a vector inside the unit ball
in three space, while the latter is represented by an ellipsoid in three space.
They are both experimentally accessible in many physical systems. By
considering transport of the spin vector along loops in the unit ball it is
shown that the spin fluctuation tensor picks up geometric phase information.
For the physically important case of spin one, the geometric phase is
formulated in terms of an SO(3) operator. Loops defined in the unit ball fall
into two classes: those which do not pass through the origin and those which
pass through the origin. The former class of loops subtend a well defined solid
angle at the origin while the latter do not and the corresponding geometric
phase is non-Abelian. To deal with both classes, a notion of generalized solid
angle is introduced, which helps to clarify the interpretation of the geometric
phase information. The experimental systems that can be used to observe this
geometric phase are also discussed.


  We present a color-magnitude diagram (CMD) for a minor-axis field in the halo
of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), 51 arcmin (11 kpc) from the nucleus. These
observations, taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the Hubble
Space Telescope, are the deepest optical images yet obtained, attaining 50%
completeness at V = 30.7 mag. The CMD, constructed from approximately 300,000
stars, reaches more than 1.5 mag fainter than the old main-sequence turnoff.
Our analysis is based on direct comparisons to ACS observations of four
globular clusters through the same filters, as well as chi-squared fitting to a
finely-spaced grid of calibrated stellar-population models. We find that the
M31 halo contains a major (approximately 30% by mass) intermediate-age (6-8
Gyr) metal-rich ([Fe/H] > -0.5) population, as well as a significant
globular-cluster age (11-13.5 Gyr) metal-poor population. These findings
support the idea that galaxy mergers played an important role in the formation
of the M31 halo.


  Defects in two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) contain signatures
of their characteristics. In this work, we compute the entanglement entropy
(EE) and the entanglement negativity (EN) of subsystems in the presence of
energy and duality defects in the Ising CFT using the density matrix
renormalization group (DMRG) technique. We show that the EE for the duality
defect exhibits fundamentally different characteristics compared to the energy
defect due to the existence of localized and delocalized zero energy modes. Of
special interest is the nontrivial `finite-size correction' in the EE obtained
recently using free fermion computations. These corrections arise when the
subsystem size is appreciable compared to the total system size and lead to a
deviation from the usual logarithmic scaling characteristic of one-dimensional
quantum-critical systems. Using matrix product states with open and infinite
boundary conditions, we numerically demonstrate the disappearance of the zero
mode contribution for finite subsystem sizes in the thermodynamic limit. Our
results provide further support to the recent free fermion computations, but
clearly contradict earlier analytical field theory calculations based on
twisted torus partition functions. Subsequently, we compute the logarithm of
the EN (log-EN) between two disjoint subsystems separated by a defect. We show
that the log-EN scales logarithmically with the separation of the subsystems.
However, the coefficient of this logarithmic scaling yields a
continuously-varying effective central charge that is different from that
obtained from analogous computations of the EE. The defects leave their
fingerprints in the subleading term of the scaling of the log-EN. Furthermore,
the log-EN receives similar `finite size corrections' like the EE which leads
to deviations from its characteristic logarithmic scaling.


  In the game of cricket, the result of coin toss is assumed to be one of the
determinants of match outcome. The decision to bat first after winning the toss
is often taken to make the best use of superior pitch conditions and set a big
target for the opponent. However, the opponent may fail to show their natural
batting performance in the second innings due to a number of factors, including
deteriorated pitch conditions and excessive pressure of chasing a high target
score. The advantage of batting first has been highlighted in the literature
and expert opinions, however, the effect of batting and bowling order on match
outcome has not been investigated well enough to recommend a solution to any
potential bias. This study proposes a probability theory-based model to study
venue-specific scoring and chasing characteristics of teams under different
match outcomes. A total of 1117 one-day international matches held in ten
popular venues are analyzed to show substantially high scoring advantage and
likelihood when the winning team bat in the first innings. Results suggest that
the same 'bat-first' winning team is very unlikely to score or chase such a
high score if they were to bat in the second innings. Therefore, the coin toss
decision may favor one team over the other. A Bayesian model is proposed to
revise the target score for each venue such that the winning and scoring
likelihood is equal regardless of the toss decision. The data and source codes
have been shared publicly for future research in creating competitive match
outcomes by eliminating the advantage of batting order in run scoring.


  We propose a non-perturbative procedure to fix generic covariant gauges on
the lattice. Varying the gauge parameter, this gauge fixing provides a concrete
method to check numerically the gauge dependence of correlators measured on the
lattice. The new algorithm turns out to converge with a good efficiency. As a
preliminary physical result, we find a sensitive dependence of the gluon
propagator on the gauge parameter.


  Community detection is a significant and challenging task in network science.
Nowadays, plenty of attention has been paid on local methods for community
detection. Greedy expanding is a popular and efficient class of local
algorithms, which typically starts from some selected central nodes and expands
those nodes to obtain provisional communities by optimizing a certain quality
function. In this paper, we propose a novel index, called local superiority
index (LSI), to identify central nodes. In the process of expansion, we apply
the fitness function to estimate the quality of provisional communities and
ensure that all provisional communities must be weak communities. Evaluation
based on the normalized mutual information suggests: (1) LSI is superior to the
global maximal degree index and the local maximal degree index on most
considered networks; (2) The greedy algorithm based on LSI is better than the
classical fast algorithm on most considered networks.


  The species identification of Macrofungi, i.e. mushrooms, has always been a
challenging task. There are still a large number of poisonous mushrooms that
have not been found, which poses a risk to people's life. However, the
traditional identification method requires a large number of experts with
knowledge in the field of taxonomy for manual identification, it is not only
inefficient but also consumes a lot of manpower and capital costs. In this
paper, we propose a new model based on attention-mechanism, MushroomNet, which
applies the lightweight network MobileNetV3 as the backbone model, combined
with the attention structure proposed by us, and has achieved excellent
performance in the mushroom recognition task. On the public dataset, the test
accuracy of the MushroomNet model has reached 83.9%, and on the local dataset,
the test accuracy has reached 77.4%. The proposed attention mechanisms well
focused attention on the bodies of mushroom image for mixed channel attention
and the attention heat maps visualized by Grad-CAM. Further, in this study,
genetic distance was added to the mushroom image recognition task, the genetic
distance was used as the representation space, and the genetic distance between
each pair of mushroom species in the dataset was used as the embedding of the
genetic distance representation space, so as to predict the image distance and
species. identify. We found that using the MES activation function can predict
the genetic distance of mushrooms very well, but the accuracy is lower than
that of SoftMax. The proposed MushroomNet was demonstrated it shows great
potential for automatic and online mushroom image and the proposed automatic
procedure would assist and be a reference to traditional mushroom
classification.


  The evolution of open systems, subject to both Hamiltonian and dissipative
forces, is studied by writing the $nm$ element of the time ($t$) dependent
density matrix in the form \ber \rho_{nm}(t)&=& \frac {1}{A} \sum_{\alpha=1}^A
\gamma ^{\alpha}_n (t)\gamma^{\alpha *}_m (t) \enr The so called "square root
factors", the $\gamma(t)$'s, are non-square matrices and are averaged over $A$
systems ($\alpha$) of the ensemble. This square-root description is exact.
Evolution equations are then postulated for the $\gamma(t)$ factors, such as to
reduce to the Lindblad-type evolution equations for the diagonal terms in the
density matrix. For the off-diagonal terms they differ from the
Lindblad-equations. The "square root factors" $\gamma(t)$ are not unique and
the equations for the $\gamma(t)$'s depend on the specific representation
chosen. Two criteria can be suggested for fixing the choice of $\gamma(t)$'s
one is simplicity of the resulting equations and the other has to do with the
reduction of the difference between the $\gamma(t)$ formalism and the
Lindblad-equations.


  We construct a Lax pair for the $E^{(1)}_6 $ $q$-Painlev\'e system from first
principles by employing the general theory of semi-classical orthogonal
polynomial systems characterised by divided-difference operators on discrete,
quadratic lattices [arXiv:1204.2328]. Our study treats one special case of such
lattices - the $q$-linear lattice - through a natural generalisation of the big
$q$-Jacobi weight. As a by-product of our construction we derive the coupled
first-order $q$-difference equations for the $E^{(1)}_6 $ $q$-Painlev\'e
system, thus verifying our identification. Finally we establish the
correspondences of our result with the Lax pairs given earlier and separately
by Sakai and Yamada, through explicit transformations.


  Localizing moments in a longer video via natural language queries is a new,
challenging task at the intersection of language and video understanding.
Though moment localization with natural language is similar to other language
and vision tasks like natural language object retrieval in images, moment
localization offers an interesting opportunity to model temporal dependencies
and reasoning in text. We propose a new model that explicitly reasons about
different temporal segments in a video, and shows that temporal context is
important for localizing phrases which include temporal language. To benchmark
whether our model, and other recent video localization models, can effectively
reason about temporal language, we collect the novel TEMPOral reasoning in
video and language (TEMPO) dataset. Our dataset consists of two parts: a
dataset with real videos and template sentences (TEMPO - Template Language)
which allows for controlled studies on temporal language, and a human language
dataset which consists of temporal sentences annotated by humans (TEMPO - Human
Language).


  As with all measurements, the measurement of examinee ability, in terms of
scores that the examinee obtains in a test, is also error-ridden. The
quantification of such error or uncertainty in the test score data--or rather
the complementary test reliability--is pursued within the paradigm of Classical
Test Theory in a variety of ways, with no existing method of finding
reliability, isomorphic to the theoretical definition that parametrises
reliability as the ratio of the true score variance and observed (i.e.
error-ridden) score variance. Thus, multiple reliability coefficients for the
same test have been advanced. This paper describes a much needed method of
obtaining reliability of a test as per its theoretical definition, via a single
administration of the test, by using a new fast method of splitting of a given
test into parallel halves, achieving near-coincident empirical distributions of
the two halves. The method has the desirable property of achieving splitting on
the basis of difficulty of the questions (or items) that constitute the test,
thus allowing for fast computation of reliability even for very large test data
sets, i.e. test data obtained by a very large examinee sample. An interval
estimate for the true score is offered, given an examinee score, subsequent to
the determination of the test reliability. This method of finding test
reliability as per the classical definition can be extended to find reliability
of a set or battery of tests; a method for determination of the weights
implemented in the computation of the weighted battery score is discussed. We
perform empirical illustration of our method on real and simulated tests, and
on a real test battery comprising two constituent tests.


  In this paper, we consider the problem of maintaining a
$(1-\varepsilon)$-approximate maximum weight matching in a dynamic graph $G$,
while the adversary makes changes to the edges of the graph. In the fully
dynamic setting, where both edge insertions and deletions are allowed, Gupta
and Peng gave an algorithm for this problem with an update time of
$\tilde{O}_{\varepsilon}(\sqrt{m})$. We study a natural relaxation of this
problem, namely the decremental model, where the adversary is only allowed to
delete edges. For the cardinality version of this problem in general (possibly,
non-bipartite) graphs, Assadi, Bernstein, and Dudeja gave a decremental
algorithm with update time $O_{\varepsilon}(\text{poly}(\log n))$. However,
beating $\tilde{O}_{\varepsilon}(\sqrt{m})$ update time remained an open
problem for the \emph{weighted} version in \emph{general graphs}. In this
paper, we bridge the gap between unweighted and weighted general graphs for the
decremental setting. We give a $O_{\varepsilon}(\text{poly}(\log n))$ update
time algorithm that maintains a $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximate maximum weight
matching under adversarial deletions. Like the decremental algorithm of Assadi,
Bernstein, and Dudeja, our algorithm is randomized, but works against an
adaptive adversary. It also matches the time bound for the cardinality version
upto dependencies on $\varepsilon$ and a $\log R$ factor, where $R$ is the
ratio between the maximum and minimum edge weight in $G$.


  The present article is based on a previous one, where a second quantized
field theory on the world sheet for summing the planar graphs of phi^3 theory
was developed. In this earlier work, the ground state of the model was
determined using a variational approximation. Here, starting with the same
world sheet theory, we instead use the mean field method to compute the ground
state, and find results in agreement with the variational calculation. Apart
from serving as a check on the variational calculation, the mean field method
enables us to go beyond the ground state to compute the excited states of the
model. The spectrum of these states is that of a string with linear
trajectories, plus a continuum that starts at higher energy. We show that, by
appropriately tuning the parameters of the model, the string spectrum can be
cleanly seperated from the continuum.


  The representation of parallax on virtual environment is still a problem to
be studied. Common algorithms, such as Bump Mapping, Parallax Mapping and
Displacement Mapping, treats this problem for small disparity between a real
object and a simplified model. This work will introduce a new texture structure
and one possible render algorithm able to display parallax for large
disparities, it is an approach based on the four-dimensional representation of
the Light Field and was thought to positive parallax and to display the
surfaces on the inside of our simplified model. These conditions are imposed to
allow the free movement of an observer, if its movement is restrict, these
conditions may be loosen. It is a high storage low process approach possible to
be used in real time systems. As an example we will develop a scene with
several objects and simplified them by a unique sphere that encloses them all,
our system was able to run this scene with about 180fps.


  It is known that the dynamics of two (Coulomb-interacting) nonrelativistic
electrons confined by a parabolic potential and driven by a classical, intense
laser field (in dipole approximation) is exactly soluble. We calculate the
time-dependent population of the harmonic oscillator states and the energy
absorbed from the laser. It turns out that the key entity on which all
observables sensitively depends is the modulus square of the
Fourier-transformed vector potential of the laser field, evaluated at the
harmonic oscillator frequency. The system is transparent to laser field
configurations for which this entity vanishes. We discuss the Poisson
statistics behavior of the transition probabilities and analyze the conditions
for the complete survival and full depletion of the initial state.


  We present a study of mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties of two
dimensional (2D), monolayer of silicon carbide (SiC) in honeycomb structure and
its quasi 1D armchair nanoribbons using first-principles plane wave method. In
order to reveal dimensionality effects, a brief study of 3D bulk and 1D atomic
chain of SiC are also included. Calculated bond-lengths, cohesive energies,
charge transfers and band gaps display a clear dimensionality effect. The
stability analysis based on the calculation of phonon frequencies indicates
that 2D SiC monolayer is stable in planar geometry. We found that 2D SiC
monolayer in honeycomb structure and its bare and hydrogen passivated
nanoribbons are ionic, non-magnetic, wide band gap semiconductors. The band gap
is further increased upon self-energy corrections. The mechanical properties
are investigated using the strain energy calculations. The effect of various
vacancy defects, adatoms and substitutional impurities on electronic and
magnetic properties in 2D SiC monolayer and in its armchair nanoribbons are
also investigated. Some of these vacancy defects and impurities, which are
found to influence physical properties and attain magnetic moments, can be used
to functionalize SiC honeycomb structures.


  Faithfully flat descent of pseudo-coherent complexes in rigid geometry was
proved by Mathew. In this paper, we generalize the result of Mathew to
quasi-coherent complexes on rigid analytic varieties, which have been
introduced by Clausen and Scholze by means of condensed mathematics.


  We construct two new classes of exact solutions to string theory which are
not of the standard plane wave or gauged WZW type. Many of these solutions have
curvature singularities. The first class includes the fundamental string
solution, for which the string coupling vanishes near the singularity. This
suggests that the singularity may not be removed by quantum corrections. The
second class consists of hybrids of plane wave and gauged WZW solutions. We
discuss a four dimensional example in detail.


  We study an information-structure design problem (a.k.a. persuasion) with a
single sender and multiple receivers with actions of a priori unknown types,
independently drawn from action-specific marginal distributions. As in the
standard Bayesian persuasion model, the sender has access to additional
information regarding the action types, which she can exploit when committing
to a (noisy) signaling scheme through which she sends a private signal to each
receiver. The novelty of our model is in considering the case where the
receivers interact in a sequential game with imperfect information, with
utilities depending on the game outcome and the realized action types. After
formalizing the notions of ex ante and ex interim persuasiveness (which differ
in the time at which the receivers commit to following the sender's signaling
scheme), we investigate the continuous optimization problem of computing a
signaling scheme which maximizes the sender's expected revenue. We show that
computing an optimal ex ante persuasive signaling scheme is NP-hard when there
are three or more receivers. In contrast with previous hardness results for ex
interim persuasion, we show that, for games with two receivers, an optimal ex
ante persuasive signaling scheme can be computed in polynomial time thanks to a
novel algorithm based on the ellipsoid method which we propose.


  Given a pair of graphs $\textbf{A}$ and $\textbf{B}$, the problems of
deciding whether there exists either a homomorphism or an isomorphism from
$\textbf{A}$ to $\textbf{B}$ have received a lot of attention. While graph
homomorphism is known to be NP-complete, the complexity of the graph
isomorphism problem is not fully understood. A well-known combinatorial
heuristic for graph isomorphism is the Weisfeiler-Leman test together with its
higher order variants. On the other hand, both problems can be reformulated as
integer programs and various LP methods can be applied to obtain high-quality
relaxations that can still be solved efficiently. We study so-called fractional
relaxations of these programs in the more general context where $\textbf{A}$
and $\textbf{B}$ are not graphs but arbitrary relational structures. We give a
combinatorial characterization of the Sherali-Adams hierarchy applied to the
homomorphism problem in terms of fractional isomorphism. Collaterally, we also
extend a number of known results from graph theory to give a characterization
of the notion of fractional isomorphism for relational structures in terms of
the Weisfeiler-Leman test, equitable partitions, and counting homomorphisms
from trees. As a result, we obtain a description of the families of CSPs that
are closed under Weisfeiler-Leman invariance in terms of their polymorphisms as
well as decidability by the first level of the Sherali-Adams hierarchy.


  We consider $d=3$, $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories arising on membranes
sitting at the apex of an arbitrary toric Calabi-Yau 4-fold cone singularity
that are then further compactified on a Riemann surface, $\Sigma_g$, with a
topological twist that preserves two supersymmetries. If the theories flow to a
superconformal quantum mechanics in the infrared, then they have a $D=11$
supergravity dual of the form AdS$_2\times Y_9$, with electric four-form flux
and where $Y_9$ is topologically a fibration of a Sasakian $Y_7$ over
$\Sigma_g$. These $D=11$ solutions are also expected to arise as the near
horizon limit of magnetically charged black holes in AdS$_4\times Y_7$, with a
Sasaki-Einstein metric on $Y_7$. We show that an off-shell entropy function for
the dual AdS$_2$ solutions may be computed using the toric data and K\"ahler
class parameters of the Calabi-Yau 4-fold, that are encoded in a master volume,
as well as a set of integers that determine the fibration of $Y_7$ over
$\Sigma_g$ and a K\"ahler class parameter for $\Sigma_g$. We also discuss the
class of supersymmetric AdS$_3\times Y_7$ solutions of type IIB supergravity
with five-form flux only in the case that $Y_7$ is toric, and show how the
off-shell central charge of the dual field theory can be obtained from the
toric data. We illustrate with several examples, finding agreement both with
explicit supergravity solutions as well as with some known field theory results
concerning ${\cal I}$-extremization.


  The abundant biodiversity of coral reefs in Indonesian waters is a valuable
asset that needs to be preserved. Rapid climate change and uncontrolled human
activities have led to the degradation of coral reef ecosystems, including
coral bleaching, which is a critical indicator of coral health conditions.
Therefore, this research aims to develop an accurate classification model to
distinguish between healthy corals and corals experiencing bleaching. This
study utilizes a specialized dataset consisting of 923 images collected from
Flickr using the Flickr API. The dataset comprises two distinct classes:
healthy corals (438 images) and bleached corals (485 images). These images have
been resized to a maximum of 300 pixels in width or height, whichever is
larger, to maintain consistent sizes across the dataset.
  The method employed in this research involves the use of machine learning
models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNN), to recognize and
differentiate visual patterns associated with healthy and bleached corals. In
this context, the dataset can be used to train and test various classification
models to achieve optimal results. By leveraging the ResNet model, it was found
that a from-scratch ResNet model can outperform pretrained models in terms of
precision and accuracy. The success in developing accurate classification
models will greatly benefit researchers and marine biologists in gaining a
better understanding of coral reef health. These models can also be employed to
monitor changes in the coral reef environment, thereby making a significant
contribution to conservation and ecosystem restoration efforts that have
far-reaching impacts on life.


  We determine the characters of the simple composition factors and the
submodule lattices of certain Weyl modules for classical groups. The results
have several applications. The simple modules arise in the study of incidence
systems in finite geometries and knowledge of their dimensions yields the
$p$-ranks of these incidence systems.


  We present Keck images of the dust disk around Beta Pictoris at 17.9 microns
that reveal new structure in its morphology. Within 1" (19 AU) of the star, the
long axis of the dust emission is rotated by more than 10 degrees with respect
to that of the overall disk. This angular offset is more pronounced than the
warp detected at 3.5" by HST, and in the opposite direction. By contrast, the
long axis of the emission contours at ~ 1.5" from the star is aligned with the
HST warp. Emission peaks between 1.5" and 4" from the star hint at the presence
of rings similar to those observed in the outer disk at ~ 25" with HST/STIS. A
deconvolved image strongly suggests that the newly detected features arise from
a system of four non-coplanar rings. Bayesian estimates based on the primary
image lead to ring radii of 14+/-1 AU, 28+/-3 AU, 52+/-2 AU and 82+/-2 AU, with
orbital inclinations that alternate in orientation relative to the overall disk
and decrease in magnitude with increasing radius. We believe these new results
make a strong case for the existence of a nascent planetary system around Beta
Pic.


  It is shown that all the Frequentist methods are equivalent from a
statistical point of view, but the physical significance of the confidence
intervals depends on the method. The Bayesian Ordering method is presented and
confronted with the Unified Approach in the case of a Poisson process with
background. Some criticisms to both methods are answered. It is also argued
that a general Frequentist method is not needed.


  We note that Gabber's rigidity theorem for the algebraic K-theory of
henselian pairs also holds true for hermitian K-theory with respect to
arbitrary form parameters.


  Face recognition capabilities have recently made extraordinary leaps. Though
this progress is at least partially due to ballooning training set sizes --
huge numbers of face images downloaded and labeled for identity -- it is not
clear if the formidable task of collecting so many images is truly necessary.
We propose a far more accessible means of increasing training data sizes for
face recognition systems. Rather than manually harvesting and labeling more
faces, we simply synthesize them. We describe novel methods of enriching an
existing dataset with important facial appearance variations by manipulating
the faces it contains. We further apply this synthesis approach when matching
query images represented using a standard convolutional neural network. The
effect of training and testing with synthesized images is extensively tested on
the LFW and IJB-A (verification and identification) benchmarks and Janus CS2.
The performances obtained by our approach match state of the art results
reported by systems trained on millions of downloaded images.


  In this paper, we prove a maximum principle for the general multi-term
space-time-fractional transport equation and apply it for establishing
uniqueness of solution to an initial-boundary-value problem for this equation.
We also derive some comparison principles for solutions to the
initial-boundary-value problems with different problem data. Finally, we
present a maximum principle for the Cauchy problem for a time-fractional
transport equation on an unbounded domain.


  An importance weight quantifies the relative importance of one example over
another, coming up in applications of boosting, asymmetric classification
costs, reductions, and active learning. The standard approach for dealing with
importance weights in gradient descent is via multiplication of the gradient.
We first demonstrate the problems of this approach when importance weights are
large, and argue in favor of more sophisticated ways for dealing with them. We
then develop an approach which enjoys an invariance property: that updating
twice with importance weight $h$ is equivalent to updating once with importance
weight $2h$. For many important losses this has a closed form update which
satisfies standard regret guarantees when all examples have $h=1$. We also
briefly discuss two other reasonable approaches for handling large importance
weights. Empirically, these approaches yield substantially superior prediction
with similar computational performance while reducing the sensitivity of the
algorithm to the exact setting of the learning rate. We apply these to online
active learning yielding an extraordinarily fast active learning algorithm that
works even in the presence of adversarial noise.


  We prove optimal Lipschitz regularity of solutions to Poisson's equation with
measure data supported on a $C^{1,\operatorname{Dini}}$ interface and with
$C^{0,\operatorname{Dini}}$ density. We achieve this by deriving pointwise
gradient estimates on the interface, further showing the piecewise
differentiability of solutions up to this surface. Our approach relies on
perturbation arguments and estimates for the Green's function of the Laplacian.
Additionally, we provide counterexamples highlighting the minimality of our
assumptions.


  The Airy line ensemble is a positive-integer indexed system of random
continuous curves whose finite dimensional distributions are given by the
multi-line Airy process. It is a natural object in the KPZ universality class:
for example, its highest curve, the Airy$_2$ process, describes after the
subtraction of a parabola the limiting law of the scaled energy of a geodesic
running from the origin to a variable point on an anti-diagonal line in such
problems as Poissonian last passage percolation. The ensemble of curves
resulting from the Airy line ensemble after the subtraction of the same
parabola enjoys a simple and explicit spatial Markov property, the Brownian
Gibbs property. In this paper, we employ the Brownian Gibbs property to make a
close comparison between the Airy line ensemble's curves after affine shift and
Brownian bridge, proving the finiteness of a superpolynomially growing moment
bound on Radon-Nikodym derivatives. We also determine the value of a natural
exponent describing in Brownian last passage percolation the decay in
probability for the existence of several near geodesics that are disjoint
except for their common endpoints, where the notion of `near' refers to a small
deficit in scaled geodesic energy, with the parameter specifying this nearness
tending to zero. To prove both results, we introduce a technique that may be
useful elsewhere for finding upper bounds on probabilities of events concerning
random systems of curves enjoying the Brownian Gibbs property. Several results
in this article play a fundamental role in a further study of Brownian last
passage percolation in three companion papers, [Ham17a,b,c], in which geodesic
coalescence and geodesic energy profiles are investigated in scaled
coordinates.


  Alan Turing proposed in 1950 a framework called an imitation game to decide
if a machine could think. Using mathematics developed largely after Turing --
category theory -- we analyze a broader class of universal imitation games
(UIGs), which includes static, dynamic, and evolutionary games. In static
games, the participants are in a steady state. In dynamic UIGs, "learner"
participants are trying to imitate "teacher" participants over the long run. In
evolutionary UIGs, the participants are competing against each other in an
evolutionary game, and participants can go extinct and be replaced by others
with higher fitness. We use the framework of category theory -- in particular,
two influential results by Yoneda -- to characterize each type of imitation
game. Universal properties in categories are defined by initial and final
objects. We characterize dynamic UIGs where participants are learning by
inductive inference as initial algebras over well-founded sets, and contrast
them with participants learning by conductive inference over the final
coalgebra of non-well-founded sets. We briefly discuss the extension of our
categorical framework for UIGs to imitation games on quantum computers.


  Abstractive summarization systems generally rely on large collections of
document-summary pairs. However, the performance of abstractive systems remains
a challenge due to the unavailability of parallel data for low-resource
languages like Bengali. To overcome this problem, we propose a graph-based
unsupervised abstractive summarization system in the single-document setting
for Bengali text documents, which requires only a Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger
and a pre-trained language model trained on Bengali texts. We also provide a
human-annotated dataset with document-summary pairs to evaluate our abstractive
model and to support the comparison of future abstractive summarization systems
of the Bengali Language. We conduct experiments on this dataset and compare our
system with several well-established unsupervised extractive summarization
systems. Our unsupervised abstractive summarization model outperforms the
baselines without being exposed to any human-annotated reference summaries.


  The growth of surface plasmonic microbubbles in binary water/ethanol
solutions is experimentally studied. The microbubbles are generated by
illuminating a gold nanoparticle array with a continuous wave laser. Plasmonic
bubbles exhibit ethanol concentration-dependent behaviors. For low ethanol
concentrations (f_e) of < 67.5%, bubbles do not exist at the solid-liquid
interface. For high f_e values of >80%, the bubbles behave as in pure ethanol.
Only in an intermediate window of 67.5% < f_e < 80% do we find sessile
plasmonic bubbles with a highly nontrivial temporal evolution, in which as a
function of time three phases can be discerned. (1) In the first phase, the
microbubbles grow, while wiggling. (2) As soon as the wiggling stops, the
microbubbles enter the second phase in which they suddenly shrink, followed by
(3) a steady reentrant growth phase. Our experiments reveal that the sudden
shrinkage of the microbubbles in the second regime is caused by a depinning
event of the three phase contact line. We systematically vary the ethanol
concentration, laser power, and laser spot size to unravel water recondensation
as the underlying mechanism of the sudden bubble shrinkage in phase 2.


  New relations between QCD Borel sum rules for masses of Sigma^0 and Lambda
hyperons are constructed. It is shown that starting from the sum rule for the
Sigma^0 hyperon mass it is straightforward to obtain the corresponding sum rule
for the Lambda hyperon mass and vice versa.
  PACS: 11.30.Hv, 11.55.Hx Keywords: Octet Baryons, Mass sum rules, SU(3)_f
Symmetry


  Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to study the
structural-electronic phase transition of IrTe$_2$ at approximately 270 K. The
low-temperature structure was found to be a triclinic (space group $P\bar{1}$)
characterized by the partial formation of Ir$_2$ dimers in the triangular
lattice of IrTe$_2$, resulting in a structural modulation with a wave vector of
${\bf q} = (1/5, 0, -1/5)$. First-principles band calculations demonstrate that
tilted two-dimensional Fermi surfaces emerge in the triclinic phase, suggesting
that switching of the conducting planes occurs from the basal plane of the
trigonal IrTe$_2$ to the tilted plane normal to ${\bf q}$ of the triclinic
IrTe$_2$.


  We extend the main result of Harrow, Kolla, and Schulman -- the existence of
dimension-free $L^2$-bounds for the spherical maximal function in the hypercube
-- to all $L^p, p > 1$. Our approach is motivated by the spectral technique
developed by Stein and Nevo and Stein in the context of pointwise ergodic
theorems on general groups. We provide an example which demonstrates that no
dimension-free weak-type (1-1) bound exists at the endpoint.


  We find the limit distributions for a spectrum of a system of n particles
governed by a k-body interaction. The hamiltonian of this system is modelled by
a Gaussian random matrix.
  We show that the limit distribution is a q-deformed Gaussian distribution
with the deformation parameter q depending on the value of the fraction
\frac{k}{\sqrt{n}}. The family of q-deformed Gaussian distributions include the
Gaussian distribution and the semicircular law; therefore our result is a
generalization of the results of Wigner, Mon and French.


  Natural question generation (QG) aims to generate questions from a passage
and an answer. Previous works on QG either (i) ignore the rich structure
information hidden in text, (ii) solely rely on cross-entropy loss that leads
to issues like exposure bias and inconsistency between train/test measurement,
or (iii) fail to fully exploit the answer information. To address these
limitations, in this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) based
graph-to-sequence (Graph2Seq) model for QG. Our model consists of a Graph2Seq
generator with a novel Bidirectional Gated Graph Neural Network based encoder
to embed the passage, and a hybrid evaluator with a mixed objective combining
both cross-entropy and RL losses to ensure the generation of syntactically and
semantically valid text. We also introduce an effective Deep Alignment Network
for incorporating the answer information into the passage at both the word and
contextual levels. Our model is end-to-end trainable and achieves new
state-of-the-art scores, outperforming existing methods by a significant margin
on the standard SQuAD benchmark.


  The connection between vortex filament evolution in the local induction
approximation and non-linear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation by Hasimoto [H.
Hasimoto, J. Fluid Mechanics 51, (1972) 477] has led to space curves
corresponding to NLS solitons in the past. Utilizing this map, we propose a
direct construction of parametric curve evolution from any NLS solution. It
includes ordered (or nested) integrals of products of local matrices akin to
the causal evolution of quantum theory, necessitating the implementation of the
Magnus expansion. Such a straightforward mapping may be a simple tool to study
the evolution of various systems of physical concern, although the actual
computation can be a challenge for most NLS solutions.


  Recent advances in Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Detection is the driving force
behind safe and reliable deployment of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in
real world applications. However, existing studies focus on OOD detection
through confidence score and deep generative model-based methods, without
considering the impact of DNN structures, especially dense connectivity in
architecture fabrications. In addition, existing outlier detection approaches
exhibit high variance in generalization performance, lacking stability and
confidence in evaluating and ranking different outlier detectors. In this work,
we propose a novel paradigm, Dense Connectivity Search of Outlier Detector
(DCSOD), that automatically explore the dense connectivity of CNN architectures
on near-OOD detection task using Neural Architecture Search (NAS). We introduce
a hierarchical search space containing versatile convolution operators and
dense connectivity, allowing a flexible exploration of CNN architectures with
diverse connectivity patterns. To improve the quality of evaluation on OOD
detection during search, we propose evolving distillation based on our
multi-view feature learning explanation. Evolving distillation stabilizes
training for OOD detection evaluation, thus improves the quality of search. We
thoroughly examine DCSOD on CIFAR benchmarks under OOD detection protocol.
Experimental results show that DCSOD achieve remarkable performance over widely
used architectures and previous NAS baselines. Notably, DCSOD achieves
state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on CIFAR benchmark, with AUROC improvement
of $\sim$1.0%.


  Tewodros Amdeberhan and Armin Straub initiated the study of enumerating
subfamilies of the set of (s,t)-core partitions. While the enumeration of
(n+1,n+2)-core partitions into distinct parts is relatively easy (in fact it
equals the Fibonacci number F_{n+2}), the enumeration of (n+1,n+2)-core
partitions into odd parts remains elusive.
  Straub computed the first eleven terms of that sequence, and asked for a
"formula," or at least a fast way, to compute many terms. While we are unable
to find a "fast" algorithm, we did manage to find a "faster" algorithm, which
enabled us to compute 23 terms of this intriguing sequence. We strongly believe
that this sequence has an algebraic generating function, since a "sister
sequence" (see the article), is OEIS sequence A047749 that does have an
algebraic generating function. One of us (DZ) is pledging a donation of 100
dollars to the OEIS, in honor of the first person to generate sufficiently many
terms to conjecture (and prove non-rigorously) an algebraic equation for the
generating function of this sequence, and another 100 dollars for a rigorous
proof of that conjecture.
  Finally, we also develop algorithms that find explicit generating functions
for other, more tractable, families of (n+1,n+2)-core partitions.


  Structured prediction models aim at solving a type of problem where the
output is a complex structure, rather than a single variable. Performing
knowledge distillation for such models is not trivial due to their
exponentially large output space. In this work, we propose an approach that is
much simpler in its formulation and far more efficient for training than
existing approaches. Specifically, we transfer the knowledge from a teacher
model to its student model by locally matching their predictions on all
sub-structures, instead of the whole output space. In this manner, we avoid
adopting some time-consuming techniques like dynamic programming (DP) for
decoding output structures, which permits parallel computation and makes the
training process even faster in practice. Besides, it encourages the student
model to better mimic the internal behavior of the teacher model. Experiments
on two structured prediction tasks demonstrate that our approach outperforms
previous methods and halves the time cost for one training epoch.


  This paper presents FeatSense, a feature-based GPU-accelerated SLAM system
for high resolution LiDARs, combined with a map generation algorithm for
real-time generation of large Truncated Signed Distance Fields (TSDFs) on
embedded hardware. FeatSense uses LiDAR point cloud features for odometry
estimation and point cloud registration. The registered point clouds are
integrated into a global Truncated Signed Distance Field (TSDF) representation.
FeatSense is intended to run on embedded systems with integrated
GPU-accelerator like NVIDIA Jetson boards. In this paper, we present a
real-time capable TSDF-SLAM system specially tailored for close coupled CPU/GPU
systems. The implementation is evaluated in various structured and unstructured
environments and benchmarked against existing reference datasets. The main
contribution of this paper is the ability to register up to 128 scan lines of
an Ouster OS1-128 LiDAR at 10Hz on a NVIDIA AGX Xavier while achieving a TSDF
map generation speedup by a factor of 100 compared to previous work on the same
power budget.


  Let $M_n$ be drawn uniformly from all $\pm 1$ symmetric $n \times n$
matrices. We show that the probability that $M_n$ is singular is at most
$\exp(-c(n\log n)^{1/2})$, which represents a natural barrier in recent
approaches to this problem. In addition to improving on the best-known previous
bound of Campos, Mattos, Morris and Morrison of $\exp(-c n^{1/2})$ on the
singularity probability, our method is different and considerably simpler.


  This survey article, is written as an extended note and supplement of my
lectures in the current developments in mathematics conference in 2015. We
discuss some recent developments on the conjugacy classes of affine Weyl groups
and $p$-adic groups, and some applications to Shimura varieties and to
representations of affine Hecke algebras.


  We analyze a reaction-diffusion system on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ which models the
dispersal of individuals between two exchanging environments for its diffusive
component and incorporates a Fujita-type growth for its reactive component. The
originality of this model lies in the coupling of the equations through
diffusion, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been studied in
Fujita-type problems. We first consider the underlying diffusive problem,
demonstrating that the solutions converge exponentially fast towards those of
two uncoupled equations, featuring a dispersive operator that is somehow a
combination of Laplacians. By subsequently adding Fujita-type reaction terms to
recover the entire system, we identify the critical exponent that separates
systematic blow-up from possible global existence.


  Within the Excited Baryon Analysis Center we have performed a dynamical
coupled-channels analysis of the available $p(e,e' \pi)N$ data in the region of
$W \leq $ 1.6 GeV and $Q^2 \leq$ 1.45 (GeV/c)$^2$. The channels included are
$\gamma^* N$, $\pi N$, $\eta N$, and $\pi\pi N$ which has $\pi\Delta$, $\rho
N$, and $\sigma N$ components. With the hadronic parameters of the model
determined in our previous investigations of $\pi N\to \pi N$ reaction, we have
found that the available data in the considered $W \leq $ 1.6 GeV region can be
fitted well by only adjusting the bare $\gamma^* N \to N^*$ helicity amplitudes
for the lowest $N^*$ states in $P_{33}$, $P_{11}$, $S_{11}$ and $D_{13}$
partial waves. The meson cloud effect, as required by the unitarity conditions,
on the $\gamma^* N \to N^*$ form factors are examined.


  We consider a coarse-grained model in which polymers under good-solvent
conditions are represented by soft spheres whose radii, which should be
identified with the polymer radii of gyrations, are allowed to fluctuate. The
corresponding pair potential depends on the sphere radii. This model is a
single-sphere version of the one proposed in Vettorel et al., Soft Matter 6,
2282 (2010), and it is sufficiently simple to allow us to determine all
potentials accurately from full-monomer simulations of two isolated polymers
(zero-density potentials). We find that in the dilute regime (which is the
expected validity range of single-sphere coarse-grained models based on
zero-density potentials) this model correctly reproduces the density dependence
of the radius of gyration. However, for the thermodynamics and the
intermolecular structure, the model is largely equivalent to the simpler one in
which the sphere radii are fixed to the average value of the radius of gyration
and radiiindependent potentials are used: for the thermodynamics there is no
advantage in considering a fluctuating sphere size.


  This document describes the novel techniques used to simulate the common
Snowmass 2013 Energy Frontier Standard Model backgrounds for future hadron
colliders. The purpose of many Energy Frontier studies is to explore the reach
of high luminosity data sets at a variety of high energy colliders. The
generation of high statistics samples which accurately model large integrated
luminosities for multiple center-of-mass energies and pile-up environments is
not possible using an unweighted event generation strategy -- an approach which
relies on event weighting was necessary. Even with these improvements in
efficiency, extensive computing resources were required. This document
describes the specific approach to event generation using Madgraph5 to produce
parton-level processes, followed by parton showering and hadronization with
Pythia6, and pile-up and detector simulation with Delphes3. The majority of
Standard Model processes for pp interactions at $\sqrt(s)$ = 14, 33, and 100
TeV with 0, 50, and 140 additional pile-up interactions are publicly available.


  Accurate identification and localization of the vertebrae in CT scans is a
critical and standard preprocessing step for clinical spinal diagnosis and
treatment. Existing methods are mainly based on the integration of multiple
neural networks, and most of them use the Gaussian heat map to locate the
vertebrae's centroid. However, the process of obtaining the vertebrae's
centroid coordinates using heat maps is non-differentiable, so it is impossible
to train the network to label the vertebrae directly. Therefore, for end-to-end
differential training of vertebra coordinates on CT scans, a robust and
accurate automatic vertebral labeling algorithm is proposed in this study.
Firstly, a novel residual-based multi-label classification and localization
network is developed, which can capture multi-scale features, but also utilize
the residual module and skip connection to fuse the multi-level features.
Secondly, to solve the problem that the process of finding coordinates is
non-differentiable and the spatial structure is not destructible, integral
regression module is used in the localization network. It combines the
advantages of heat map representation and direct regression coordinates to
achieve end-to-end training, and can be compatible with any key point detection
methods of medical image based on heat map. Finally, multi-label classification
of vertebrae is carried out, which use bidirectional long short term memory
(Bi-LSTM) to enhance the learning of long contextual information to improve the
classification performance. The proposed method is evaluated on a challenging
dataset and the results are significantly better than the state-of-the-art
methods (mean localization error <3mm).


  We describe a new algorithm for computing the ideal class group, the
regulator and a system of fundamental units in number fields under the
generalized Riemann hypothesis. We use sieving techniques adapted from the
number field sieve algorithm to derive relations between elements of the ideal
class group, and $p$-adic approximations to manage the loss of precision during
the computation of units. This new algorithm is particularily efficient for
number fields of small degree for which a speed-up of an order of magnitude is
achieved with respect to the standard methods.


  When solving two-player zero-sum games, multi-agent reinforcement learning
(MARL) algorithms often create populations of agents where, at each iteration,
a new agent is discovered as the best response to a mixture over the opponent
population. Within such a process, the update rules of "who to compete with"
(i.e., the opponent mixture) and "how to beat them" (i.e., finding best
responses) are underpinned by manually developed game theoretical principles
such as fictitious play and Double Oracle. In this paper, we introduce a novel
framework -- Neural Auto-Curricula (NAC) -- that leverages meta-gradient
descent to automate the discovery of the learning update rule without explicit
human design. Specifically, we parameterise the opponent selection module by
neural networks and the best-response module by optimisation subroutines, and
update their parameters solely via interaction with the game engine, where both
players aim to minimise their exploitability. Surprisingly, even without human
design, the discovered MARL algorithms achieve competitive or even better
performance with the state-of-the-art population-based game solvers (e.g.,
PSRO) on Games of Skill, differentiable Lotto, non-transitive Mixture Games,
Iterated Matching Pennies, and Kuhn Poker. Additionally, we show that NAC is
able to generalise from small games to large games, for example training on
Kuhn Poker and outperforming PSRO on Leduc Poker. Our work inspires a promising
future direction to discover general MARL algorithms solely from data.


  Establishing accurate 3D correspondences between shapes stands as a pivotal
challenge with profound implications for computer vision and robotics. However,
existing self-supervised methods for this problem assume perfect input shape
alignment, restricting their real-world applicability. In this work, we
introduce a novel self-supervised Rotation-Invariant 3D correspondence learner
with Local Shape Transform, dubbed RIST, that learns to establish dense
correspondences between shapes even under challenging intra-class variations
and arbitrary orientations. Specifically, RIST learns to dynamically formulate
an SO(3)-invariant local shape transform for each point, which maps the
SO(3)-equivariant global shape descriptor of the input shape to a local shape
descriptor. These local shape descriptors are provided as inputs to our decoder
to facilitate point cloud self- and cross-reconstruction. Our proposed
self-supervised training pipeline encourages semantically corresponding points
from different shapes to be mapped to similar local shape descriptors, enabling
RIST to establish dense point-wise correspondences. RIST demonstrates
state-of-the-art performances on 3D part label transfer and semantic keypoint
transfer given arbitrarily rotated point cloud pairs, outperforming existing
methods by significant margins.


  We study at the classical and quantum mechanical level the time-dependent
Yang-Mills theory that one obtains via the generalisation of discrete
light-cone quantisation to singular homogeneous plane waves. The non-Abelian
nature of this theory is known to be important for physics near the
singularity, at least as far as the number of degrees of freedom is concerned.
We will show that the quartic interaction is always subleading as one
approaches the singularity and that close enough to t=0 the evolution is driven
by the diverging tachyonic mass term. The evolution towards asymptotically flat
space-time also reveals some surprising features.


  Performance demands for high and super-high luminosity at the LHC (up to
10^35 cm^(-2) sec^(-1) after the 2017 shutdown) and at future colliders demand
high resolution tracking detectors with very fast time response and excellent
temporal and spatial resolution. We are investigating a new radiation detector
technology based on Plasma Display Panels (PDP), the underlying engine of panel
plasma television displays. The design and production of PDPs is supported by
four decades of industrial development. Emerging from this television
technology is the Plasma Panel Sensor (PPS), a novel variant of the
micropattern radiation detector. The PPS is fundamentally an array of
micro-Geiger plasma discharge cells operating in a non-ageing, hermetically
sealed gas mixture . We report on the PPS development program, including design
of a PPS Test Cell.


  The sensitivity of direct terahertz detectors based on self-mixing of
terahertz electromagnetic wave in field-effect transistors is being improved
with noise-equivalent power close to that of Schottky-barrier-diode detectors.
Here we report such detectors based on AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas
at 77~K are able to sense broadband and incoherent terahertz radiation. The
measured photocurrent as a function of the gate voltage agrees well with the
self-mixing model and the spectral response is mainly determined by the
antenna. A Fourier-transform spectrometer equipped with detectors designed for
340, 650 and 900~GHz bands allows for terahertz spectroscopy in a frequency
range from 0.1 to 2.0~THz. The 900~GHz detector at 77~K offers an optical
sensitivity about $1~\mathrm{pW/\sqrt{Hz}}$ being comparable to a commercial
silicon bolometer at 4.2~K. By further improving the sensitivity,
room-temperature detectors would find applications in active/passive terahertz
imaging and terahertz spectroscopy.


  Quantum sources and receivers operating on-board satellites are an essential
building block for global quantumnetworks. SpooQy-1 is a satellite developed at
the Centre for Quantum Technologies, which has successfully demonstrated the
operation of an entangled photon pair source on a resource-constrained CubeSat
platform. This miniaturized and ruggedized photon pair source is being upgraded
to be capable of space-to-ground quantum keydistribution and long-range
entanglement distribution. In this paper, we share results from SpooQy-1,
discuss their relevance for the engineering challenges of a small satellite
quantum node, and report on the development of the new light source.


  In this paper a search for associated charm production both in neutral and
charged current $\nu$-nucleus interactions is presented. The improvement of
automatic scanning systems in the {CHORUS} experiment allows an efficient
search to be performed in emulsion for short-lived particles. Hence a search
for rare processes, like the associated charm production, becomes possible
through the observation of the double charm-decay topology with a very low
background. About 130,000 $\nu$ interactions located in the emulsion target
have been analysed. Three events with two charm decays have been observed in
the neutral-current sample with an estimated background of 0.18$\pm$0.05. The
relative rate of the associated charm cross-section in deep inelastic $\nu$
interactions, $\sigma(c\bar{c}\nu)/\sigma_\mathrm{NC}^\mathrm{DIS}=
(3.62^{+2.95}_{-2.42}({stat})\pm 0.54({syst}))\times 10^{-3}$ has been
measured. One event with two charm decays has been observed in charged-current
$\nu_\mu$ interactions with an estimated background of 0.18$\pm$0.06 and the
upper limit on associated charm production in charged-current interactions at
90% C.L. has been found to be $\sigma (c\bar{c} \mu^-)/\sigma_\mathrm{CC} <
9.69 \times 10^{-4}$.


  This short article presents a table of new equations which can be regarded as
the generalized equations of the dispersionless limit of several nonlinear
equations. From the definition expressed in an algebraic formula, one can get
an equation for any positive numbers p and q. The equations were calculated by
using the computers and were examined by hand-calculation up to p=10. Relations
with some dispersionless hierarchies are mentioned.


  In Brazil, all legal professionals must demonstrate their knowledge of the
law and its application by passing the OAB exams, the national bar exams. The
OAB exams therefore provide an excellent benchmark for the performance of legal
information systems since passing the exam would arguably signal that the
system has acquired capacity of legal reasoning comparable to that of a human
lawyer. This article describes the construction of a new data set and some
preliminary experiments on it, treating the problem of finding the
justification for the answers to questions. The results provide a baseline
performance measure against which to evaluate future improvements. We discuss
the reasons to the poor performance and propose next steps.


  We study complete finite topology immersed surfaces $\Sigma$ in complete
Riemannian $3$-manifolds $N$ with sectional curvature $K_N\leq -a^2\leq 0$,
such that the absolute mean curvature function of $\Sigma$ is bounded from
above by $a$ and its injectivity radius function is not bounded away from zero
on each of its annular end representatives. We prove that such a surface
$\Sigma$ must be proper in $N$ and its total curvature must be equal to $2\pi
\chi(\Sigma)$. If $N$ is a hyperbolic $3$-manifold of finite volume and
$\Sigma$ is a properly immersed surface of finite topology with nonnegative
constant mean curvature less than 1, then we prove that each end of $\Sigma$ is
asymptotic (with finite positive multiplicity) to a totally umbilic annulus,
properly embedded in $N$.


  We introduce a three-dimensional Plebanski action for the gauge group SO(4).
In this model, the $B$ field satisfies quadratic simplicity constraints similar
to that of the four-dimensional Plebanski theory, but with the difference that
the $B$ field is now a one-form. We exhibit a natural notion of "simple
one-form", and identify a gravitational sector, a topological sector and a
degenerate sector in the space of solutions to the simplicity constraints.
Classically, in the gravitational sector, the action is shown to be equivalent
to that of three-dimensional first order Riemannian gravity. This enables us to
perform the complete spin foam quantization of the theory once the simplicity
constraints are solved at the classical level, and to compare this result with
the various models that have been proposed for the implementation of the
constraints after quantization. In particular, we impose the simplicity
constraints following the prescriptions of the so-called BC and EPRL models. We
observe that the BC prescription cannot lead to the proper vertex amplitude.
The EPRL prescription allows to recover the expected result when, in this
three-dimensional model, it is supplemented with additional secondary second
class constraints.


  We study the peculiarities of the nonstationary Casimir effect (creation of
photons in cavities with moving boundaries) in the special case of two
resonantly coupled modes with frequencies $\omega_0$ and $(3\Delta)\omega_0$,
parametrically excited due to small amplitude oscillations of the ideal cavity
wall at the frequency $2\omega_0(1\delta)$ (with $|\delta|,|\Delta|\ll 1$). The
effects of thermally induced oscillations in time dependences of the mean
numbers of created photons and the exchange of quantum purities between the
modes are discovered. Squeezing and photon distributions in each modes are
calculated for initial vacuum and thermal states. A possibility of compensation
of detunings is shown.


  Motivated by recent result of P\'erez and R.G. on equality of test ideal of
module closure operation and trace ideal, and the well-known result by Smith
that parameter test ideal cannot be contained in parameter ideals, we study the
obstruction of containment of trace ideals in ideals of finite projective (or
injective) dimension. One of our results says that the trace ideal of any big
Cohen--Macaulay module over a Gorenstein complete local domain cannot be
contained in any ideal of finite projective dimension, thereby generalizing
Smith's result in this case. As consequences of our results, we give upper
bounds on $\mathfrak m$-adic order of trace ideals of certain modules over
local Cohen--Macaulay rings. We also prove analogous results for ideal of
entries of maps in a free resolution of modules.


  Extremely low-density exoplanets are tantalizing targets for atmospheric
characterization because of their promisingly large signals in transmission
spectroscopy. We present the first analysis of the atmosphere of the
lowest-density gas giant currently known, HAT-P-67 b. This inflated Saturn-mass
exoplanet sits at the boundary between hot and ultrahot gas giants, where
thermal dissociation of molecules begins to dominate atmospheric composition.
We observed a transit of HAT-P-67 b at high spectral resolution with CARMENES
and searched for atomic and molecular species using cross-correlation and
likelihood mapping. Furthermore, we explored potential atmospheric escape by
targeting H$\alpha$ and the metastable helium line. We detect Ca II and Na I
with significances of 13.2$\sigma$ and 4.6$\sigma$, respectively. Unlike in
several ultrahot Jupiters, we do not measure a day-to-night wind. The large
line depths of Ca II suggest that the upper atmosphere may be more ionized than
models predict. We detect strong variability in H$\alpha$ and the helium
triplet during the observations. These signals suggest the possible presence of
an extended planetary outflow that causes an early ingress and late egress. In
the averaged transmission spectrum, we measure redshifted absorption at the
$\sim 3.8\%$ and $\sim 4.5\%$ level in the H$\alpha$ and He I triplet lines,
respectively. From an isothermal Parker wind model, we derive a mass loss rate
of $\dot{M} \sim 10^{13}~\rm{g/s}$ and an outflow temperature of $T \sim
9900~\rm{K}$. However, due to the lack of a longer out-of-transit baseline in
our data, additional observations are needed to rule out stellar variability as
the source of the H$\alpha$ and He signals.


  We revisit the model by Wiser, Ribeck, and Lenski (Science \textbf{342}
(2013), 1364--1367), which describes how the mean fitness increases over time
due to beneficial mutations in Lenski's long-term evolution experiment. We
develop the model further both conceptually and mathematically. Conceptually,
we describe the experiment with the help of a Cannings model with mutation and
selection, where the latter includes diminishing returns epistasis. The
analysis sheds light on the growth dynamics within every single day and reveals
a runtime effect, that is, the shortening of the daily growth period with
increasing fitness; and it allows to clarify the contribution of epistasis to
the mean fitness curve. Mathematically, we explain rigorous results in terms of
a law of large numbers (in the limit of infinite population size and for a
certain asymptotic parameter regime), and present approximations based on
heuristics and supported by simulations for finite populations.


  The model, that is usually called Lugiato-Lefever equation (LLE), was
introduced in 1987 with the aim of providing a paradigm for dissipative
structure and pattern formation in nonlinear optics. This model, describing a
driven, detuned and damped nonlinear Schroedinger equation, gives rise to
dissipative spatial and temporal solitons. Recently, the rather idealized
conditions, assumed in the LLE, have materialized in the form of continuous
wave driven optical microresonators, with the discovery of temporal dissipative
Kerr solitons (DKS). These experiments have revealed that the LLE is a perfect
and exact description of Kerr frequency combs - first observed in 2007, i.e. 20
years after the original formulation of the LLE. - and in particular describe
soliton states. Observed to spontaneously form in Kerr frequency combs in
crystalline microresonators in 2013, such DKS are preferred state of operation,
offering coherent and broadband optical frequency combs, whose bandwidth can be
extended exploiting soliton induced broadening phenomena. Combined with the
ability to miniaturize and integrate on chip, microresonator based soliton Kerr
frequency combs have already found applications in self-referenced frequency
combs, dual-comb spectroscopy, frequency synthesis, low noise microwave
generation, laser frequency ranging, and astrophysical spectrometer
calibration, and have the potential to make comb technology ubiquitous. As
such, pattern formation in driven, dissipative nonlinear optical systems is
becoming the central Physics of soliton micro-comb technology.


  We consider a generalized one-dimensional chain in a periodic potential (the
Frenkel-Kontorova model), with dissipative, pulsating (or ratchet) dynamics as
a model of transport when the average force on the system is zero. We find
lower bounds on the transport speed under mild assumptions on the asymmetry and
steepness of the site potential. Physically relevant applications include
explicit estimates of the pulse frequencies and mean spacings for which the
transport is non-zero, and more specifically the pulse frequencies which
maximize work. The bounds explicitly depend on the pulse period and subtle
number-theoretical properties of the mean spacing. The main tool is the study
of time evolution of spatially invariant measures in the space of measures
equipped with the $L^1$-Wasserstein metric.


  Let $\mathfrak{C}$ be the smallest class of countable discrete groups with
the following properties: (i) $\mathfrak{C}$ contains the trivial group, (ii)
$\mathfrak{C}$ is closed under isomorphisms, countable increasing unions and
extensions by $\mathbb{Z}$. Note that $\mathfrak{C}$ contains all countable
discrete torsion-free abelian groups and poly-$\mathbb{Z}$ groups. Also,
$\mathfrak{C}$ is a subclass of the class of countable discrete torsion-free
elementary amenable groups. In this paper, we show that if $\Gamma\in
\mathfrak{C}$, then all strongly outer actions of $\Gamma$ on the Razak-Jacelon
algebra $\mathcal{W}$ are cocycle conjugate to each other. This can be regarded
as an analogous result of Szab\'o's result for strongly self-absorbing
C$^*$-algebras.


  In this paper we put forward a running coupling scenario for describing the
interaction between dark energy and dark matter. The dark sector interaction in
our scenario is free of the assumption that the interaction term $Q$ is
proportional to the Hubble expansion rate and the energy densities of dark
sectors. We only use a time-variable coupling $b(a)$ (with $a$ the scale factor
of the universe) to characterize the interaction $Q$. We propose a
parametrization form for the running coupling $b(a)=b_0a+b_e(1-a)$ in which the
early-time coupling is given by a constant $b_e$, while today the coupling is
given by another constant, $b_0$. For investigating the feature of the running
coupling, we employ three dark energy models, namely, the cosmological constant
model ($w=-1$), the constant $w$ model ($w=w_0$), and the time-dependent $w$
model ($w(a)=w_0+w_1(1-a)$). We constrain the models with the current
observational data, including the type Ia supernova, the baryon acoustic
oscillation, the cosmic microwave background, the Hubble expansion rate, and
the X-ray gas mass fraction data. The fitting results indicate that a
time-varying vacuum scenario is favored, in which the coupling $b(z)$ crosses
the noninteracting line ($b=0$) during the cosmological evolution and the sign
changes from negative to positive. The crossing of the noninteracting line
happens at around $z=0.2-0.3$, and the crossing behavior is favored at about
1$\sigma$ confidence level. Our work implies that we should pay more attention
to the time-varying vacuum model and seriously consider the phenomenological
construction of a sign-changeable or oscillatory interaction between dark
sectors.


  We obtain the maximal average fidelity corresponding to the standard quantum
teleportation protocol for an arbitrary isotropic distribution of input states
and an arbitrary resource state. We extend this result to a family of von
Neumann measurements, which includes the projections onto the computational and
Bell basis, considering a Bell-diagonal resource state.
  We focus on three specific isotropic distributions of input states: 1)
completely mixed input states, 2) states with a certain (fixed) degree of
purity, and 3) quasi-pure input states. We show that the standard quantum
teleportation protocol can teleport arbitrary mixed states with higher average
fidelity than its classical counterpart even when the resource of the protocol
is a non-entangled state, specifically, a separable Werner state. Moreover, we
find that the maximum average fidelity obtained with classical-quantum states
used as a resource in a standard teleportation protocol also exceeds the
classical fidelity. To establish the role played by the presence or absence of
quantum correlations in the resource state and their relation with the
correlations present in the von Neumann measurement performed by Alice, we
analyze in detail the case of Bell diagonal resource states employing a family
of monoparametric basis for which both the Bell and the computational
(non-correlated) basis are included. Only in the case where the basis on which
Alice measures is completely uncorrelated (computational basis) the maximum
average fidelity does not exceed the classical fidelity for any resource state.
In all other cases, the maximum average fidelity exceeds the classical one for
a certain range of parameters describing the resource state, evidencing the
importance of the correlations present in the measurements.


  The purpose of this note is to characterize those orthogonal polynomials
sequences $(P_n)_{n\geq0}$ for which $$ \pi(x)\mathcal{D}_q P_n(x)=(a_n
x+b_n)P_n(x)+c_n P_{n-1}(x),\quad n=0,1,2,\dots, $$ where $\mathcal{D}_q$ is
the Askey-Wilson operator, $\pi$ is a polynomial of degree at most 2, and
$(a_n)_{n\geq0}$, $(b_n)_{n\geq0}$ and $(c_n)_{n\geq0}$ are sequences of
complex numbers such that $c_n\neq0$ for $n=1,2,\dots$.


  This document consists of the collection of handouts for a two-week summer
workshop entitled 'Geometry and the Imagination', led by John Conway, Peter
Doyle, Jane Gilman and Bill Thurston at the Geometry Center in Minneapolis,
June 17-28, 1991. The workshop was based on a course `Geometry and the
Imagination' which we had taught twice before at Princeton.


  Partial inverse problems are studied for Sturm-Liouville operators with a
discontinuity. The main results of the paper are local solvability and
stability of the considered inverse problems. Our approach is based on a
constructive algorithm for solving the inverse problems. The key role in our
method is played by the Riesz-basis property of a special vector-functional
system in a Hilbert space. In addition, we obtain a new uniqueness theorem for
recovering the potential on a part of the interval, by using a fractional part
of the spectrum.


  We investigate the dichotomy between jetted and non-jetted Active Galactic
Nuclei (AGNs), focusing on the fundamental differences of these two classes in
the accretion physics onto the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). Our aim
is to study and constrain the structure, kinematics and physical state of the
nuclear environment in the Broad Line Radio Galaxy (BLRG) PKS 2251+11. The high
X-ray luminosity and the relative proximity make such AGN an ideal candidate
for a detailed analysis of the accretion regions in radio galaxies. We
performed a spectral and timing analysis of a $\sim$64 ks observation of PKS
2251+11 in the X-ray band with XMM-Newton. We modeled the spectrum considering
an absorbed power law superimposed to a reflection component. We performed a
time-resolved spectral analysis to search for variability of the X-ray flux and
of the individual spectral components. We found that the power law has a photon
index $\Gamma=1.8\pm 0.1$, absorbed by an ionized partial covering medium with
a column density $N_H=(10.1\pm 0.8) \times 10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$, a ionization
parameter $\log{\xi}=1.3\pm 0.1$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm and a covering factor
$f\simeq90\%$. Considering a density of the absorber typical of the Broad Line
Region (BLR), its distance from the central SMBH is of the order of $r\sim 0.1$
pc. An Fe K$\alpha$ emission line is found at 6.4 keV, whose intensity shows
variability on time scales of hours. We derived that the reflecting material is
located at a distance $r\gtrsim600r_s$, where $r_s$ is the Schwarzschild
radius. Concerning the X-ray properties, we found that PKS 2251+11 does not
differ significantly from the non-jetted AGNs, confirming the validity of the
unified model in describing the inner regions around the central SMBH, but the
lack of information regarding the state of the very innermost disk and SMBH
spin still leave unconstrained the origin of the jet.


  Area products for multi-horizon stationary black holes often have intriguing
properties, and are often (though not always) independent of the mass of the
black hole itself (depending only on various charges, angular momenta, and
moduli). Such products are often formulated in terms of the areas of inner
(Cauchy) horizons and outer (event) horizons, and sometimes include the effects
of unphysical "virtual" horizons. But the conjectured mass-independence
sometimes fails. Specifically, for the Schwarzschild-de Sitter [Kottler] black
hole in (3+1) dimensions it is shown by explicit exact calculation that the
product of event horizon area and cosmological horizon area is not mass
independent. (Including the effect of the third "virtual" horizon does not
improve the situation.) Similarly, in the Reissner-Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter
black hole in (3+1) dimensions the product of inner (Cauchy) horizon area and
event horizon area is calculated (perturbatively), and is shown to be not mass
independent. That is, the mass-independence of the product of physical horizon
areas is not generic. In spherical symmetry, whenever the quasi-local mass m(r)
is a Laurent polynomial in aerial radius, r=sqrt{A/4\pi}, there are
significantly more complicated mass-independent quantities, the elementary
symmetric polynomials built up from the complete set of horizon radii (physical
and virtual). Sometimes it is possible to eliminate the unphysical virtual
horizons, constructing combinations of physical horizon areas that are mass
independent, but they tend to be considerably more complicated than the simple
products and related constructions currently being mooted in the literature.


  We discuss the role of Minkowski 3-forms in flux string vacua. In these vacua
all internal closed string fluxes are in one to one correspondence with
quantized Minkowski 4-forms. By performing a dimensional reduction of the
$D=10$ Type II supergravity actions we find that the 4-forms act as auxiliary
fields of the Kahler and complex structure moduli in the effective action. We
show that all the RR and NS axion dependence of the flux scalar potential
appears through the said 4-forms. Gauge invariance of these forms then severely
restricts the structure of the axion scalar potentials. Combined with duality
symmetries it suggests that all perturbative corrections to the leading axion
scalar potential $V_0$ should appear as an expansion in powers of $V_0$ itself.
These facts could have an important effect e.g. on the inflaton models based on
F-term axion monodromy. We also suggest that the involved multi-branched
structure of string vacua provides for a new way to maintain interacting scalar
masses stable against perturbative corrections.


  This paper considers orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems
with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer.
  We study the resource allocation algorithm design for maximization of the
energy efficiency of data transmission. In particular, we focus on power
splitting hybrid receivers which are able to split the received signals into
two power streams for concurrent information decoding and energy harvesting.
Two scenarios are investigated considering different power splitting abilities
of the receivers. In the first scenario, we assume receivers which can split
the received power into a continuous set of power streams with arbitrary power
splitting ratios. In the second scenario, we examine receivers which can split
the received power only into a discrete set of power streams with fixed power
splitting ratios. In both scenarios, we formulate the corresponding algorithm
design as a non-convex optimization problem which takes into account the
circuit power consumption, the minimum data rate requirements of delay
constrained services, the minimum required system data rate, and the minimum
amount of power that has to be delivered to the receivers. Subsequently, by
exploiting fractional programming and dual decomposition, suboptimal iterative
resource allocation algorithms are proposed to solve the non-convex problems.
Simulation results illustrate that the proposed iterative resource allocation
algorithms approach the optimal solution within a small number of iterations
and unveil the trade-off between energy efficiency, system capacity, and
wireless power transfer.


  The dispersion-managed (DM) optical system with step-wise periodical
variation of dispersion is studied in the framework of path-averaged
Gabitov-Turitsyn equation. The soliton solution is obtained by iterating the
path-averaged equation. The dependence of soliton parameters on dispersion map
strength is investigated together with the oscillating tails of soliton.


  We consider the Klein-Gordon equation on two half-axes connected at their
origins. We add a potential that is constant but different on each branch. In a
previous paper, we studied the L-infinity-time decay via H\"ormander's version
of the stationary phase method. Here we apply these results to show that for
initial conditions in an energy band above the threshold of the tunnel effect a
fixed portion of the energy propagates between group lines. Further we consider
the situation that the potential difference tends to infinity while the energy
band of the initial condition is shifted upwards such that the particle stays
above the threshold of tunnel effect. We show that the total transmitted energy
as well as the portion between the group lines tend to zero like the inverse of
the square root of the higher potential in the corresponding branch if this
potential tends to infinity. At the same time the cone formed by the group
lines inclines to the t-axis while its aperture tends to zero.


  The distinctive cometary X-ray morphology of the recently discovered massive
galaxy cluster "El Gordo" (ACT-CT J0102-4915; z=0.87) indicates that an
unusually high-speed collision is ongoing between two massive galaxy clusters.
A bright X-ray "bullet" leads a "twin-tailed" wake, with the SZ centroid at the
end of the Northern tail. We show how the physical properties of this system
can be determined using our FLASH-based, N-body/hydrodynamic model, constrained
by detailed X-ray, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ), and Hubble lensing and dynamical
data. The X-ray morphology and the location of the two Dark Matter components
and the SZ peak are accurately described by a simple binary collision viewed
about 480 million years after the first core passage. We derive an impact
parameter of ~300 kpc, and a relative initial infall velocity of ~2250 km/sec
when separated by the sum of the two virial radii assuming an initial total
mass of 2.15x10^(15) Msun and a mass ratio of 1.9. Our model demonstrates that
tidally stretched gas accounts for the Northern X-ray tail along the collision
axis between the mass peaks, and that the Southern tail lies off axis,
comprising compressed and shock heated gas generated as the massive component
plunges through the main cluster. The challenge for LCDM will be to find out if
this physically extreme event can be plausibly accommodated when combined with
the similarly massive, high infall velocity case of the "Bullet cluster" and
other such cases being uncovered in the new SZ based surveys.


  Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered wide
attention and led to successful products such as ChatGPT and GPT-4. Their
proficiency in adhering to instructions and delivering harmless, helpful, and
honest (3H) responses can largely be attributed to the technique of
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). In this paper, we aim to
link the research in conventional RL to RL techniques used in LLM research.
Demystify this technique by discussing why, when, and how RL excels.
Furthermore, we explore potential future avenues that could either benefit from
or contribute to RLHF research.
  Highlighted Takeaways:
  1. RLHF is Online Inverse RL with Offline Demonstration Data.
  2. RLHF $>$ SFT because Imitation Learning (and Inverse RL) $>$ Behavior
Cloning (BC) by alleviating the problem of compounding error.
  3. The RM step in RLHF generates a proxy of the expensive human feedback,
such an insight can be generalized to other LLM tasks such as prompting
evaluation and optimization where feedback is also expensive.
  4. The policy learning in RLHF is more challenging than conventional problems
studied in IRL due to their high action dimensionality and feedback sparsity.
  5. The main superiority of PPO over off-policy value-based methods is its
stability gained from (almost) on-policy data and conservative policy updates.


  In the framework of the k_T-factorization approach, the production of prompt
photons in association with a heavy (charm or beauty) quarks at high energies
is studied. The consideration is based on the O(\alpha \alpha_s^2) off-shell
amplitudes of gluon-gluon fusion and quark-(anti)quark interaction
subprocesses. The unintegrated parton densities in a proton are determined
using the Kimber-Martin-Ryskin prescription. Our numerical predictions are
compared with the D0 and CDF experimental data. Also we extend our results to
LHC energies.


  In this paper the current status of high-energy research on the hard X-ray
characteristics of the persistent emission from magnetars is reviewed. Focus is
put on recent intriguing results for 1RXS J1708-40, from phase resolved
spectral analysis over a 2 decades wide energy band (~3-300 keV) combining
contemporaneous RXTE, XMM and INTEGRAL data. For 1E 1841-045 and SGR 1806-10 we
also present updated results. The perspective for future MAXI observations for
this source class is also addressed.


  Temporal logics are powerful tools that are widely used for the synthesis and
verification of reactive systems. The recent progress on Large Language Models
(LLMs) has the potential to make the process of writing such specifications
more accessible. However, writing specifications in temporal logics remains
challenging for all but the most expert users. A key question in using LLMs for
temporal logic specification engineering is to understand what kind of guidance
is most helpful to the LLM and the users to easily produce specifications.
Looking specifically at the problem of reactive program synthesis, we explore
the impact of providing an LLM with guidance on the separation of control and
data--making explicit for the LLM what functionality is relevant for the
specification, and treating the remaining functionality as an implementation
detail for a series of pre-defined functions and predicates. We present a
benchmark set and find that this separation of concerns improves specification
generation. Our benchmark provides a test set against which to verify future
work in LLM generation of temporal logic specifications.


  We discuss the spectral energy distributions and physical properties of six
galaxies whose photometric redshifts suggest they lie beyond a redshift
$z\simeq$9. Each was selected on account of a prominent excess seen in the
Spitzer/IRAC 4.5$\mu$m band which, for a redshift above $z=9.0$, likely
indicates the presence of a rest-frame Balmer break and a stellar component
that formed earlier than a redshift $z\simeq10$. In addition to constraining
the earlier star formation activity on the basis of fits using stellar
population models with BAGPIPES, we have undertaken the necessary, but
challenging, follow-up spectroscopy for each candidate using various
combinations of Keck/MOSFIRE, VLT/X-shooter, Gemini/FLAMINGOS2 and ALMA. Based
on either Lyman-$\alpha$ or [OIII] 88 $\mu$m emission, we determine a
convincing redshift of $z$=8.78 for GN-z-10-3 and a likely redshift of $z$=9.28
for the lensed galaxy MACS0416-JD. For GN-z9-1, we conclude the case remains
promising for a source beyond $z\simeq$9. Together with earlier spectroscopic
data for MACS1149-JD1, our analysis of this enlarged sample provides further
support for a cosmic star formation history extending beyond redshifts
$z\simeq$10. We use our best-fit stellar population models to reconstruct the
past rest-frame UV luminosities of our sources and discuss the implications for
tracing earlier progenitors of such systems with the James Webb Space
Telescope.


  Pion-photoproduction data is examined to check for the nucleon-helicity
conservation predicted by asymptotic QCD. The differential cross section shows
agreement with constituent-counting rules, and polarization data is not in
disagreement with conservation of nucleon helicity. However large uncertainties
in the polarization measurements do not allow a conclusive statement. The
helicity amplitudes from a partial-wave analysis are also examined for helicity
conservation. While the amplitudes become small as $s$ increases, the $s$
dependence of the helicity-conserving amplitudes is similar to the dependence
of the non-conserving amplitudes.


  We investigate parameterizations of both database instances and queries that
make query evaluation fixed-parameter tractable in combined complexity. We show
that clique-frontier-guarded Datalog with stratified negation (CFG-Datalog)
enjoys bilinear-time evaluation on structures of bounded treewidth for programs
of bounded rule size. Such programs capture in particular conjunctive queries
with simplicial decompositions of bounded width, guarded negation fragment
queries of bounded CQ-rank, or two-way regular path queries. Our result is
shown by translating to alternating two-way automata, whose semantics is
defined via cyclic provenance circuits (cycluits) that can be tractably
evaluated.


  Phrase-based Statistical models are more commonly used as they perform
optimally in terms of both, translation quality and complexity of the system.
Hindi and in general all Indian languages are morphologically richer than
English. Hence, even though Phrase-based systems perform very well for the less
divergent language pairs, for English to Indian language translation, we need
more linguistic information (such as morphology, parse tree, parts of speech
tags, etc.) on the source side. Factored models seem to be useful in this case,
as Factored models consider word as a vector of factors. These factors can
contain any information about the surface word and use it while translating.
Hence, the objective of this work is to handle morphological inflections in
Hindi and Marathi using Factored translation models while translating from
English. SMT approaches face the problem of data sparsity while translating
into a morphologically rich language. It is very unlikely for a parallel corpus
to contain all morphological forms of words. We propose a solution to generate
these unseen morphological forms and inject them into original training
corpora. In this paper, we study factored models and the problem of sparseness
in context of translation to morphologically rich languages. We propose a
simple and effective solution which is based on enriching the input with
various morphological forms of words. We observe that morphology injection
improves the quality of translation in terms of both adequacy and fluency. We
verify this with the experiments on two morphologically rich languages: Hindi
and Marathi, while translating from English.


  We present the serendipitous discovery of 16 ms pulsed X-ray emission from
the Crab-like supernova remnant N157B in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This is
the fastest spinning pulsar associated with a supernova remnant (SNR).
Observations with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), centered on the field
containing SN1987A, reveal an X-ray pulsar with a narrow pulse profile.
Archival ASCA X-ray data confirm this detection and locate the pulsar within 1'
of the supernova remnant N157B, 14' from SN1987A. The pulsar manifests evidence
for glitch(es) between the RXTE and ASCA observations which span 3.5 years; the
mean linear spin-down rate is Pdot = 5.126 X 10E-14 s/s. The background
subtracted pulsed emission is similar to other Crab-like pulsars with a power
law of photon index of ~ 1.6. The characteristic spin-down age (~ 5000 years)
is consistent with the previous age estimate of the SNR. The inferred B-field
for a rotationally powered pulsar is ~ 1 X 10E12 Gauss. Our result confirms the
Crab-like nature of N157B; the pulsar is likely associated with a compact X-ray
source revealed by ROSAT HRI observations.


  Autonomous agile flight brings up fundamental challenges in robotics, such as
coping with unreliable state estimation, reacting optimally to dynamically
changing environments, and coupling perception and action in real time under
severe resource constraints. In this paper, we consider these challenges in the
context of autonomous, vision-based drone racing in dynamic environments. Our
approach combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a state-of-the-art
path-planning and control system. The CNN directly maps raw images into a
robust representation in the form of a waypoint and desired speed. This
information is then used by the planner to generate a short, minimum-jerk
trajectory segment and corresponding motor commands to reach the desired goal.
We demonstrate our method in autonomous agile flight scenarios, in which a
vision-based quadrotor traverses drone-racing tracks with possibly moving
gates. Our method does not require any explicit map of the environment and runs
fully onboard. We extensively test the precision and robustness of the approach
in simulation and in the physical world. We also evaluate our method against
state-of-the-art navigation approaches and professional human drone pilots.


  We propose a family of positive maps constructed from a recently introduced
class of symmetric measurements. These maps are used to define entanglement
witnesses, which include other popular approaches with mutually unbiased bases
and mutually unbiased measurements. A particular interest is given to
indecomposable witnesses that can be used to detect entanglement of quantum
states with positive partial transposition. We present several examples for
different number of measurements.


  We prove the minimality of the CW-complex structure for complements of
hyperplane arrangements in $\mathbb C^n$ by using the theory of Lefschetz
pencils and results on the variation maps within a pencil of hyperplanes. This
also provides a method to compute the Betti numbers of complements of
arrangements via global polar invariants.


  In quantum computation, optimizing depth and number of ancillary qubits in
quantum circuits is crucial due to constraints imposed by current quantum
devices. This paper presents an innovative approach to implementing arbitrary
symmetric Boolean functions using poly-logarithmic depth quantum circuits with
logarithmic number of ancillary qubits. Symmetric functions are those whose
outputs rely solely on the Hamming weight of the inputs. These functions find
applications across diverse domains, including quantum machine learning,
arithmetic circuit synthesis, and quantum algorithm design (e.g., Grover's
algorithm). Moreover, by fully leveraging the potential of qutrits (an
additional energy level), the ancilla count can be further reduced to 1. The
key technique involves a novel poly-logarithmic depth quantum circuit designed
to compute Hamming weight without the need for ancillary qubits. The quantum
circuit for Hamming weight is of independent interest because of its broad
applications, such as quantum memory and quantum machine learning.