  We consider sparseness properties of adaptive time-frequency representations
obtained using nonstationary Gabor frames (NSGFs). NSGFs generalize classical
Gabor frames by allowing for adaptivity in either time or frequency. It is
known that the concept of painless nonorthogonal expansions generalizes to the
nonstationary case, providing perfect reconstruction and an FFT based
implementation for compactly supported window functions sampled at a certain
density. It is also known that for some signal classes, NSGFs with flexible
time resolution tend to provide sparser expansions than can be obtained with
classical Gabor frames. In this article we show, for the continuous case, that
sparseness of a nonstationary Gabor expansion is equivalent to smoothness in an
associated decomposition space. In this way we characterize signals with sparse
expansions relative to NSGFs with flexible time resolution. Based on this
characterization we prove an upper bound on the approximation error occurring
when thresholding the coefficients of the corresponding frame expansions. We
complement the theoretical results with numerical experiments, estimating the
rate of approximation obtained from thresholding the coefficients of both
stationary and nonstationary Gabor expansions.


  The electric dipole transition of the 3$^-$ state at 9.64 MeV of $^{12}$C to
the 2$^+$ state at 4.44 MeV is speculated to play a key role in the
triple-$\alpha$ reaction at high temperatures. A theoretical prediction of its
transition width is a challenge to nuclear theory because it belongs to a class
of isospin-forbidden transitions. We extend a microscopic 3$\alpha$
cluster-model to include isospin 1 impurity components, and take into account
both isovector and isoscalar electirc dipole operators. Several sets of $2^+$
and $3^-$ wave functions are generated by solving a radius-constrained equation
of motion with the stochastic variational method, resulting in reproducing very
well the electric quadrupole and octupole transition probabilities to the
ground state. The electric dipole transition width is found to be 7--31 meV, 16
meV on the average, and more than half of the width is contributed by the
isospin mixing of $\alpha$ particles.


  A chiral time-reversal symmetry breaking (d+id)-wave superconducting state is
likely to emerge in graphene doped close to the Van Hove singularity. As heavy
doping procedures are expected to introduce defects, we here investigate the
effects of microscopic defects on the (d+id)-wave superconducting state at the
Van Hove singularity. We find that, while the superconducting order is reduced
near a defect, the (d+id)-wave state remains intact and recovers in an
exponential manner away from the defect. The recovery length is found to be on
the order of one lattice constant for weak couplings. This is comparable to the
recovery length of a conventional s-wave state, demonstrating that the
unconventional (d+id)-wave state is quite resilient to defects. Moreover, we
find no significant changes between a single site defect and more extended
defects, such as a bivacancy. While the (d+id)-wave state is fully gapped, we
also show that defects introduce localized midgap states with non-zero
energies, which should be accessible via scanning probe experiments.


  A combination of reaction-diffusion models with moving-boundary problems
yields a system in which the diffusion (spreading and penetration) and reaction
(transformation) evolve the system's state and geometry over time. These
systems can be used in a wide range of engineering applications. In this study,
as an example of such a system, the degradation of metallic materials is
investigated. A mathematical model is constructed of the diffusion-reaction
processes and the movement of corrosion front of a magnesium block floating in
a chemical solution. The corresponding parallelized computational model is
implemented using the finite element method, and the weak and strong scaling
behaviors of the model are evaluated to analyze the performance and efficiency
of the employed high-performance computing techniques.


  [Abridged] It is expected that the ongoing and future space-borne planet
survey missions including TESS, PLATO, and Earth 2.0 will detect thousands of
small to medium-sized planets via the transit technique, including over a
hundred habitable terrestrial rocky planets. To conduct a detailed study of
these terrestrial planets, particularly the cool ones with wide orbits, the
exoplanet community has proposed various follow-up missions. The currently
proposed ESA mission ARIEL is capable of characterization of planets down to
warm super-Earths mainly using transmission spectroscopy. The NASA 6m
UV/Opt/NIR mission proposed in the Astro2020 Decadal Survey may further tackle
down to habitable rocky planets, and is expected to launch around 2045. In the
meanwhile, China is funding a concept study of a 6-m class space telescope
named Tianlin (A UV/Opt/NIR Large Aperture Space Telescope) that aims to start
its operation within the next 10-15 years and last for 5+ years. Tianlin will
be primarily aimed to the discovery and characterization of rocky planets in
the habitable zones (HZ) around nearby stars and to search for potential
biosignatures mainly using the direct imaging method. Transmission and emission
spectroscopy at moderate to high resolution will be carried out as well on a
population of exoplanets to strengthen the understanding of the formation and
evolution of exoplanets. It will also carry out in-depth studies of the cosmic
web and early galaxies, and constrain the nature of the dark matter and dark
energy. We describe briefly the primary scientific motivations and main
technical considerations based on our preliminary simulation results. We find
that a monolithic off-axis space telescope with a primary mirror diameter
larger than 6m equipped with a high contrast chronograph can identify water in
the atmosphere of a habitable-zone Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star.


  This is a tutorial and survey paper on metric learning. Algorithms are
divided into spectral, probabilistic, and deep metric learning. We first start
with the definition of distance metric, Mahalanobis distance, and generalized
Mahalanobis distance. In spectral methods, we start with methods using scatters
of data, including the first spectral metric learning, relevant methods to
Fisher discriminant analysis, Relevant Component Analysis (RCA), Discriminant
Component Analysis (DCA), and the Fisher-HSIC method. Then, large-margin metric
learning, imbalanced metric learning, locally linear metric adaptation, and
adversarial metric learning are covered. We also explain several kernel
spectral methods for metric learning in the feature space. We also introduce
geometric metric learning methods on the Riemannian manifolds. In probabilistic
methods, we start with collapsing classes in both input and feature spaces and
then explain the neighborhood component analysis methods, Bayesian metric
learning, information theoretic methods, and empirical risk minimization in
metric learning. In deep learning methods, we first introduce reconstruction
autoencoders and supervised loss functions for metric learning. Then, Siamese
networks and its various loss functions, triplet mining, and triplet sampling
are explained. Deep discriminant analysis methods, based on Fisher discriminant
analysis, are also reviewed. Finally, we introduce multi-modal deep metric
learning, geometric metric learning by neural networks, and few-shot metric
learning.


  Lanthanide elements play important roles as an opacity source in the ejected
material from neutron star mergers. Accurate and complete atomic data are
necessary to evaluate the opacities and to analyze the observed data. In this
paper, we perform extended, ab-initio atomic calculations from Pr II (Z=59) to
Gd II (Z=64). By using multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock and relativistic
configuration-interaction methods, implemented in the general-purpose
relativistic atomic structure package GRASP2K, we calculate the energy levels
and transition data of electric dipole transitions. These computations are
based on strategies (with small variations) of Nd II published by Gaigalas et
al. (2019). Accuracy of data is evaluated by comparing computed energy levels
with the NIST database or other works. For the energy levels, we obtain the
average relative accuracy of 8%, 12%, 6%, 8%, and 7% for Pr II, Pm II, Sm II,
Eu II, and Gd II ions, respectively as compared with the NIST data. Accuracy of
energy transfer to the wavelength as 3%, 14% and 11% for Pr II, Eu II and Gd
II. Our computed E1 type transition probabilities are in good agreement with
experimental values presented by other authors especially for strong
transitions.


  Recent research in non-intrusive data-driven model order reduction (MOR)
enabled accurate and efficient approximation of parameterized ordinary
differential equations (ODEs). However, previous studies have focused on
constant parameters, whereas time-dependent parameters have been neglected. The
purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel two-step MOR scheme to tackle
this issue. In a first step, classic MOR approaches are applied to calculate a
low-dimensional representation of high-dimensional ODE solutions, i.e. to
extract the most important features of simulation data. Based on this
representation, a long short-term memory (LSTM) is trained to predict the
reduced dynamics iteratively in a second step. This enables the parameters to
be taken into account during the respective time step. The potential of this
approach is demonstrated on an occupant model within a car driving scenario.
The reduced model's response to time-varying accelerations matches the
reference data with high accuracy for a limited amount of time. Furthermore,
real-time capability is achieved. Accordingly, it is concluded that the
presented method is well suited to approximate parameterized ODEs and can
handle time-dependent parameters in contrast to common methods.


  The field-orientation dependent thermal conductivity of the heavy-fermion
superconductor UPt$_3$ was measured down to very low temperatures and under
magnetic fields throughout three distinct superconducting phases: A, B, and C
phases. In the C phase, a striking twofold oscillation of the thermal
conductivity within the basal plane is resolved reflecting the superconducting
gap structure with a line of node along the a axis. Moreover, we find an abrupt
vanishing of the oscillation across a transition to the B phase, as a clear
indication of a change of gap symmetries. We also identify extra two line nodes
below and above the equator in both B and C phases. From these results together
with the symmetry consideration, the gap function of UPt$_3$ is conclusively
determined as a $E_{1u}$ representation characterized by a combination of two
line nodes at the tropics and point nodes at the poles.


  The arrival of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and
Time (LSST), Euclid-Wide and Roman wide area sensitive surveys will herald a
new era in strong lens science in which the number of strong lenses known is
expected to rise from $\mathcal{O}(10^3)$ to $\mathcal{O}(10^5)$. However,
current lens-finding methods still require time-consuming follow-up visual
inspection by strong-lens experts to remove false positives which is only set
to increase with these surveys. In this work we demonstrate a range of methods
to produce calibrated probabilities to help determine the veracity of any given
lens candidate. To do this we use the classifications from citizen science and
multiple neural networks for galaxies selected from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
survey. Our methodology is not restricted to particular classifier types and
could be applied to any strong lens classifier which produces quantitative
scores. Using these calibrated probabilities, we generate an ensemble
classifier, combining citizen science and neural network lens finders. We find
such an ensemble can provide improved classification over the individual
classifiers. We find a false positive rate of $10^{-3}$ can be achieved with a
completeness of $46\%$, compared to $34\%$ for the best individual classifier.
Given the large number of galaxy-galaxy strong lenses anticipated in LSST, such
improvement would still produce significant numbers of false positives, in
which case using calibrated probabilities will be essential for population
analysis of large populations of lenses.


  We survey recent progress in calculating properties of the electron and
hadrons within the Basis Light Front Quantization (BLFQ) approach. We include
applications to electromagnetic and strong scattering processes in relativistic
heavy ion collisions. We present an initial investigation into the glueball
states by applying BLFQ with multigluon sectors, introducing future research
possibilities on multi-quark and multi-gluon systems.


  Inspired by the numerical evidence of a potential 3D Euler singularity
\cite{luo2014potentially,luo2013potentially-2}, we prove finite time
singularity from smooth initial data for the HL model introduced by Hou-Luo in
\cite{luo2014potentially,luo2013potentially-2} for the 3D Euler equations with
boundary. Our finite time blowup solution for the HL model and the singular
solution considered in \cite{luo2014potentially,luo2013potentially-2} share
some essential features, including similar blowup exponents, symmetry
properties of the solution, and the sign of the solution. We use a dynamical
rescaling formulation and the strategy proposed in our recent work in
\cite{chen2019finite} to establish the nonlinear stability of an approximate
self-similar profile. The nonlinear stability enables us to prove that the
solution of the HL model with smooth initial data and finite energy will
develop a focusing asymptotically self-similar singularity in finite time.
Moreover the self-similar profile is unique within a small energy ball and the
$C^\gamma$ norm of the density $\theta$ with $\gamma\approx 1/3$ is uniformly
bounded up to the singularity time.


  We propose two novel constraints for the theoretical corrections to
Gamow-Teller transition rates.
  The first, derived from a two-level model, predicts forbidden regions within
the plane defined
  by the isospin-mixing correction, $\delta_{C1}$, and the ratio, $\eta$,
  of the isospin-symmetry Gamow-Teller matrix elements between the upper and
lower admixed states.
  It serves as a filter for the theoretical calculations, particularly
effective for small values of $|\eta|$.
  The other employs experimental $ft$ values, incorporating the upper admixed
states,
  and exploits mirror symmetry to eliminate isospin-invariant and nuclear
structure-independent quantities.
  This approach not only offers an alternative mean for collectively testing
theoretical corrections
  but also, as a byproduct, enables the extraction of $\eta^2$.
  This provides another sensitive test for the isospin-conserving component of
nuclear Hamiltonian.
  Our investigation reveals a substantial cancellation of among radiative
correction contributions in these tests.


  Let $\pi$ be a simple supercuspidal representation of the split even special
orthogonal group. We compute the Rankin-Selberg $\gamma$-factors for rank
1-twists of $\pi$ by quadratic tamely ramified characters of $F^*$. We then use
our results to determine the Langlands parameter of $\pi$ up to its restriction
to the wild inertia subgroup, subject to an analogue of a work of Blondel,
Henniart, and Stevens for $SO_{2l}$. In the particular case of the field
$\mathbb{Q}_2$, we are able to describe the parameter completely.


  We investigate size-induced distribution shifts in graphs and assess their
impact on the ability of graph neural networks (GNNs) to generalize to larger
graphs relative to the training data. Existing literature presents conflicting
conclusions on GNNs' size generalizability, primarily due to disparities in
application domains and underlying assumptions concerning size-induced
distribution shifts. Motivated by this, we take a data-driven approach: we
focus on real biological datasets and seek to characterize the types of
size-induced distribution shifts. Diverging from prior approaches, we adopt a
spectral perspective and identify that spectrum differences induced by size are
related to differences in subgraph patterns (e.g., average cycle lengths).
While previous studies have identified that the inability of GNNs in capturing
subgraph information negatively impacts their in-distribution generalization,
our findings further show that this decline is more pronounced when evaluating
on larger test graphs not encountered during training. Based on these spectral
insights, we introduce a simple yet effective model-agnostic strategy, which
makes GNNs aware of these important subgraph patterns to enhance their size
generalizability. Our empirical results reveal that our proposed
size-insensitive attention strategy substantially enhances graph classification
performance on large test graphs, which are 2-10 times larger than the training
graphs, resulting in an improvement in F1 scores by up to 8%.


  Recent advances in deep learning have promoted the advent of many
computational systems capable of performing intelligent actions that, until
then, were restricted to the human intellect. In the particular case of human
languages, these advances allowed the introduction of applications like ChatGPT
that are capable of generating coherent text without being explicitly
programmed to do so. Instead, these models use large volumes of textual data to
learn meaningful representations of human languages. Associated with these
advances, concerns about copyright and data privacy infringements caused by
these applications have emerged. Despite these concerns, the pace at which new
natural language processing applications continued to be developed largely
outperformed the introduction of new regulations. Today, communication barriers
between legal experts and computer scientists motivate many unintentional legal
infringements during the development of such applications. In this paper, a
multidisciplinary team intends to bridge this communication gap and promote
more compliant Portuguese NLP research by presenting a series of everyday NLP
use cases, while highlighting the Portuguese legislation that may arise during
its development.


  The non-increasing behavior of quantum coherence during any incoherent
quantum process such as an incoherent quantum channel occurring in a noisy
environment is a general property of quantum coherence. We address that the
concatenation of the quantum Yang-Baxter matrix, which models a unitary quantum
channel, can mitigate these losses by offering relative improvements in the
coherence for different initial states prepared by two different strategies. By
appropriate choice of the parameters, even after the action of the channel the
coherence is maximized such that the reduced state of the output is maximally
coherent. These make it possible to create maximal coherence in realizing any
quantum information task in a noisy environment.


  In the context of spoofing attacks in speaker recognition systems, we
observed that the waveform probability mass function (PMF) of genuine speech
differs significantly from the PMF of speech resulting from the attacks. This
is true for synthesized or converted speech as well as replayed speech. We also
noticed that this observation seems to have a significant impact on spoofing
detection performance. In this article, we propose an algorithm, denoted
genuinization, capable of reducing the waveform distribution gap between
authentic speech and spoofing speech. Our genuinization algorithm is evaluated
on ASVspoof 2019 challenge datasets, using the baseline system provided by the
challenge organization. We first assess the influence of genuinization on
spoofing performance. Using genuinization for the spoofing attacks degrades
spoofing detection performance by up to a factor of 10. Next, we integrate the
genuinization algorithm in the spoofing countermeasures and we observe a huge
spoofing detection improvement in different cases. The results of our
experiments show clearly that waveform distribution plays an important role and
must be taken into account by anti-spoofing systems.


  Experiments investigating the attenuation and dispersion of surface waves in
a variety of ice covers are performed using a refrigerated wave flume. The ice
conditions tested in the experiments cover naturally occurring combinations of
continuous, fragmented, pancake and grease ice. Attenuation rates are shown to
be a function of ice thickness, wave frequency, and the general rigidity of the
ice cover. Dispersion changes were minor except for large wavelength increases
when continuous covers were tested. Results are verified and compared with
existing literature to show the extended range of investigation in terms of
incident wave frequency and ice conditions.


  We propose a new approach to human clothing modeling based on point clouds.
Within this approach, we learn a deep model that can predict point clouds of
various outfits, for various human poses, and for various human body shapes.
Notably, outfits of various types and topologies can be handled by the same
model. Using the learned model, we can infer the geometry of new outfits from
as little as a single image, and perform outfit retargeting to new bodies in
new poses. We complement our geometric model with appearance modeling that uses
the point cloud geometry as a geometric scaffolding and employs neural
point-based graphics to capture outfit appearance from videos and to re-render
the captured outfits. We validate both geometric modeling and appearance
modeling aspects of the proposed approach against recently proposed methods and
establish the viability of point-based clothing modeling.


  This paper presents a general one-shot object localization algorithm called
OneLoc. Current one-shot object localization or detection methods either rely
on a slow exhaustive feature matching process or lack the ability to generalize
to novel objects. In contrast, our proposed OneLoc algorithm efficiently finds
the object center and bounding box size by a special voting scheme. To keep our
method scale-invariant, only unit center offset directions and relative sizes
are estimated. A novel dense equalized voting module is proposed to better
locate small texture-less objects. Experiments show that the proposed method
achieves state-of-the-art overall performance on two datasets: OnePose dataset
and LINEMOD dataset. In addition, our method can also achieve one-shot
multi-instance detection and non-rigid object localization. Code repository:
https://github.com/qq456cvb/OneLoc.


  We provide the first known example of a finite group action on an oriented
surface $T$ that is free, orientation-preserving, and does not extend to an
arbitrary (in particular, possibly non-free) orientation-preserving action on
any compact oriented 3-manifold $N$ with boundary $\partial N = T$. This
implies a negative solution to a conjecture of Dom\'inguez and Segovia, as well
as Uribe's evenness conjecture for equivariant unitary bordism groups. We more
generally provide sufficient conditions that imply infinitely many such group
actions on surfaces exist. Intriguingly, any group with such a non-extending
action is also a counterexample to the Noether problem over the complex numbers
$\mathbb{C}$. In forthcoming work with Segovia we give a complete homological
characterization of those finite groups admitting such a non-extending action,
as well as more examples and non-examples. We do not address here the analogous
question for non-orientation-preserving actions.


  We calculate the excitation spectrum of single-layer MoS$_2$ at several
hydrogen coverages by using a method based on first-principles Density-Matrix
Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory (TDDFT). Our results show that the
fully hydrogenated system is metallic, while in the low-coverage limit the
spectrum of single-layer MoS$_2$ includes spin-polarized partially filled
localized mid-gap states. These states arise from s-orbitals of H atoms which
make a tilted bond with the surface S atoms. The calculated absorption spectrum
of the system reveals standard excitonic peaks, which correspond to the bound
valence-band hole and conduction-band electron, as well as excitonic peaks that
involve the mid-gap charges. As in the case of pristine single-layer MoS$_2$,
binding energies of the excitons of the hydrogenated system are found to be
relatively large (few tens of meV), making their experimental detection facile
and suggesting hydrogenation as a knob for tuning the optical properties of
single-layer MoS$_2$. Importantly, we find hydrogenation to suppress visible
light photoluminescence, in agreement with experimental observations. As an
aside, we contrast the effects of hydrogen coverage to that of the next two
elements in the same column of the periodic table (the lightest metals), Li and
Na, on the spectral properties of single-layer MoS$_2$ which lead instead to
the formation of n-doped non-magnetic semiconductors that do not allow
excitonic states.


  We present a sufficient condition for approximate controllability of the
bilinear discrete-spectrum Schr\"odinger equation exploiting the use of several
controls. The controllability result extends to simultaneous controllability,
approximate controllability in $H^s$, and tracking in modulus. The result is
more general than those present in the literature even in the case of one
control and permits to treat situations in which the spectrum of the
uncontrolled operator is very degenerate (e.g. it has multiple eigenvalues or
equal gaps among different pairs of eigenvalues). We apply the general result
to a rotating polar linear molecule, driven by three orthogonal external
fields. A remarkable property of this model is the presence of infinitely many
degeneracies and resonances in the spectrum preventing the application of the
results in the literature.


  We extend the Einstein-aether theory to take into account the interaction
between a pseudoscalar field, which describes the axionic dark matter, and a
time-like dynamic unit vector field, which characterizes the velocity of the
aether motion. The Lagrangian of the Einstein-aether-axion theory includes
cross-terms based on the axion field and its gradient four-vector, on the
covariant derivative of the aether velocity four-vector, and on the Riemann
tensor and its convolutions. We follow the principles of the Effective Field
theory, and include into the Lagrangian of interactions all possible terms up
to the second order in the covariant derivative. Interpretation of new
couplings is given in terms of irreducible parts of the covariant derivative of
the aether velocity, namely, the acceleration four-vector, the shear and
vorticity tensors, and the expansion scalar. A spatially isotropic and
homogeneous cosmological model with dynamic unit vector field and axionic dark
matter is considered as an application of the established theory; new exact
solutions are discussed, which describe models with a Big Rip, Pseudo Rip and
de Sitter-type asymptotic behavior.


  Market research is generally performed by surveying a representative sample
of customers with questions that includes contexts such as psycho-graphics,
demographics, attitude and product preferences. Survey responses are used to
segment the customers into various groups that are useful for targeted
marketing and communication. Reducing the number of questions asked to the
customer has utility for businesses to scale the market research to a large
number of customers. In this work, we model this task using Bayesian networks.
We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using an example market
segmentation of broadband customers.


  We investigate elementary properties of successive radii in generalized
Minkowski spaces (that is, with respect to gauges), i.e., we measure the "size"
of a given convex set in a finite-dimensional real vector space with respect to
another convex set. This is done via formulating some kind of minimal
containment problems, where intersections or Minkowski sums of the latter set
and affine flats of a certain dimension are incorporated. Since this is
strongly related to minimax location problems and to the notions of diametrical
completeness and constant width, we also have a look at ball intersections and
ball hulls.


  Large area nickel antidot arrays with density up to 10^10 /cm^2 have been
fabricated by depositing nickel onto anodic aluminum oxide membranes that
contain lattices of nanopores. Electron microscopy images show a high degree of
order of the antidot arrays. Various sizes and shapes of the antidots were
observed with increasing thickness of the deposited nickel. New features appear
in the antidot arrays in both magnetization and transport measurements when the
external magnetic field is parallel to the current direction, including an
enhancement and a nonmonotonous field dependence of the magnetoresistance,
larger values of the coercive field and remanence moment, and smaller
saturation field.


  We present results of Monte Carlo simulation aiming at the estimate of the
frequency of semi-detached Algol-type binaries among the stars observed as
single ones. When account is made for various detection biases (mostly due to
inclination of orbits), the fraction of Algols among Galactic disk stars
appears to be 0.1--0.2\%. However, this number should be regarded as a lower
limit only, since there are still unaccounted selection effects and other types
of photometrically unresolved binaries. Hidden binarity appears to be an
important phenomenon that should be taken into account when considering stellar
statistics and construction of fundamental relations between stellar
parameters.


  For a split reductive algebraic group, this paper observes a homological
interpretation for Weyl module multiplicities in Jantzen's sum formula. This
interpretation involves an Euler characteristic built from Ext groups between
integral Weyl modules. The new interpretation makes transparent For GL_n (and
conceivable for other classical groups) a certain invariance of Jantzen's sum
formula under "Howe duality" in the sense of Adamovich and Rybnikov. For GL_n a
simple and explicit general formula is derived for the Euler characteristic
between an arbitrary pair of integral Weyl modules. In light of Brenti's work
on certain R-polynomials, this formula raises interesting questions about the
possibility of relating Ext groups between Weyl modules to Kazhdan-Lusztig
combinatorics.


  The STEREO experiment will search for a sterile neutrino by measuring the
anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance from the source,
the ILL nuclear reactor. A dedicated electronic system, hosted in a single
microTCA crate, was designed for this experiment. It performs triggering in two
stages with various selectable conditions, processing and readout via UDP/IPBUS
of 68 photomultiplier signals continuously digitized at 250 MSPS. Additionally,
for detector performance monitoring, the electronics allow on-line calibration
by driving LED synchronously with the data acquisition. This paper describes
the electronics requirements, architecture and the performances achieved.


  We consider binary liquid mixtures near their critical consolute points and
exposed to geometrically flat but chemically structured substrates. The
chemical contrast between the various substrate structures amounts to opposite
local preferences for the two species of the binary liquid mixtures. Order
parameters profiles are calculated for a chemical step, for a single chemical
stripe, and for a periodic stripe pattern. The order parameter distributions
exhibit frustration across the chemical steps which heals upon approaching the
bulk. The corresponding spatial variation of the order parameter and its
dependence on temperature are governed by universal scaling functions which we
calculate within mean field theory. These scaling functions also determine the
universal behavior of the excess adsorption relative to suitably chosen
reference systems.


  In many models stability of Dark Matter particles $D$ is ensured by
conservation of a new quantum number referred to as $D$-parity. Our models also
contain charged $D$-odd particles $D^\pm$ with the same spin as $D$. Here we
propose a method to precisely measure the masses and spins of $D$-particles in
the process $\epe\to D^+D^-\to DDW^+W^-\to DD (q\bar{q})(\ell\nu)$ with a
signature {\it dijet + $\mu$ (or $e$) + nothing}. It is shown that the energy
distribution of the lepton has singular points (upper edge and kinks or a peak)
whose positions are kinematically determined. For precise determination of $D$
and $D^\pm$ masses, it is sufficient to measure these singular points and upper
edge of dijet energy spectrum. After this procedure, even an approximate
measurement of the corresponding cross section allows a determination of the
spin of $D$ particles to be performed.
  New points of this work are: 1) We propose to use only the well measurable
energy spectra of {\bf individual leptons} and the upper edge of the dijet
energy spectrum. 2) We propose to identify the spin of $D$-particles via value
of the cross section for the discussed process.


  We present a dataset and classifier for detecting the language of white
supremacist extremism, a growing issue in online hate speech. Our weakly
supervised classifier is trained on large datasets of text from explicitly
white supremacist domains paired with neutral and anti-racist data from similar
domains. We demonstrate that this approach improves generalization performance
to new domains. Incorporating anti-racist texts as counterexamples to white
supremacist language mitigates bias.


  A discovery of the flavor violating decay h --> tau mu at the LHC would
require extra sources of electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) beyond the Higgs
in order to reconcile it with the bounds from tau --> mu gamma, barring
fine-tuned cancellations. In fact, an h --> tau mu decay rate at a level
indicated by the CMS measurement is easily realized if the muon and electron
masses are due to a new source of EWSB, while the tau mass is due to the Higgs.
We illustrate this with two examples: a two Higgs doublet model, and a model in
which the Higgs is partially composite, with EWSB triggered by a technicolor
sector. The 1st and 2nd generation quark masses and CKM mixing can also be
assigned to the new EWSB source. Large deviations in the flavor diagonal lepton
and quark Higgs Yukawa couplings are generic. If the muon mass is due to a rank
1 mass matrix contribution, a novel Yukawa coupling sum rule holds, providing a
precision test of our framework. Flavor violating quark and lepton
(pseudo)scalar couplings combine to yield a sizable B_s --> tau mu decay rate,
which could be O(100) times larger than the SM B_s --> mu mu decay rate.


  The causes of spiral structure in galaxies remain uncertain. Leaving aside
the grand bisymmetric spirals with their own well-known complications, here we
consider the possibility that multi-armed spiral features originate from
density inhomogeneities orbiting within disks. Using high-resolution N-body
simulations, we follow the motions of stars under the influence of gravity, and
show that mass concentrations with properties similar to those of giant
molecular clouds can induce the development of spiral arms through a process
termed swing amplification. However, unlike in earlier work, we demonstrate
that the eventual response of the disk can be highly non-linear, significantly
modifying the formation and longevity of the resulting patterns. Contrary to
expectations, ragged spiral structures can thus survive at least in a
statistical sense long after the original perturbing influence has been
removed.


  The recently proposed quantum language model (QLM) aimed at a principled
approach to modeling term dependency by applying the quantum probability
theory. The latest development for a more effective QLM has adopted word
embeddings as a kind of global dependency information and integrated the
quantum-inspired idea in a neural network architecture. While these
quantum-inspired LMs are theoretically more general and also practically
effective, they have two major limitations. First, they have not taken into
account the interaction among words with multiple meanings, which is common and
important in understanding natural language text. Second, the integration of
the quantum-inspired LM with the neural network was mainly for effective
training of parameters, yet lacking a theoretical foundation accounting for
such integration. To address these two issues, in this paper, we propose a
Quantum Many-body Wave Function (QMWF) inspired language modeling approach. The
QMWF inspired LM can adopt the tensor product to model the aforesaid
interaction among words. It also enables us to reveal the inherent necessity of
using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in QMWF language modeling.
Furthermore, our approach delivers a simple algorithm to represent and match
text/sentence pairs. Systematic evaluation shows the effectiveness of the
proposed QMWF-LM algorithm, in comparison with the state of the art
quantum-inspired LMs and a couple of CNN-based methods, on three typical
Question Answering (QA) datasets.


  There is growing belief that the next decade will see the emergence of
sensing devices based on the laws of quantum physics that outperform some of
our current sensing devices. For example, in frequency estimation, using a
probe prepared in an entangled state can, in principle, lead to a precision
gain compared to a probe prepared in a separable state. Even in the presence of
some forms of decoherence, it has been shown that the precision gain can
increase with the number of probe particles $N$. Usually, however, the
entangled and separable state preparation and readout times are assumed to be
negligible. We find that a probe in a maximally entangled (GHZ) state can give
an advantage over a separable state only if the entangled state preparation and
readout times are lower than a certain threshold. When the probe system suffers
dephasing, this threshold is much lower (and more difficult to attain) than it
is for an isolated probe. Further, we find that in realistic situations the
maximally entangled probe gives a precision advantage only up to some finite
number of probe particles $N_\text{cutoff}$ that is lower for a dephasing probe
than it is for an isolated probe.


  Given distinct points $p_1,\cdots,p_r$ of the projective plane $P^2$ and a
positive integer $m$, the homogeneous ideal defining the fat point subscheme
$Z=m(p_1+\cdots+p_r)$ is the symbolic power $I^{(m)}$ of the homogeneous ideal
$I$ defining the smooth union of the $r$ points $p_1,\ldots,p_r$. If
$p_1,\ldots,p_r$ are sufficiently general, it is known that the maximal rank
conjecture holds for $I$; i.e., for every $d$ the multiplication map
$I_1\otimes I_d\to I_{(d+1)}$ on homogeneous components has maximal rank
(meaning the map is either injective or surjective). One easily sees this fails
for symbolic powers of ideals defining general points; this preprint relates
the failure to the occurrence of (in Nagata's terminology) uniform abnormal
curves, and, for $r<10$, takes complete account of the failure, thereby
completely determining the modules in a minimal free resolution of $I^{(m)}$
when $r<10$. It is also conjectured that maximal rank holds if $r>9$. Assuming
this and a previous conjecture of the author, one can completely determine the
modules in a minimal free resolution of $I^{(m)}$ for any $r>0$ general points
and any $m>0$.
  The author's www site, http://www.math.unl.edu/~bharbour, makes available, in
addition to plainTeX textfile and dvi versions of this preprint, a Macintosh
(stuffed and bin hexed) executable and a C source textfile program which output
the (conjectural for $r>9$) modules in a minimal free resolution of $I^{(m)}$
for any $r>0$ general plane points and any $m>0$. Web visitors can also run a
version of


  Intention sharing is crucial for efficient cooperation under partially
observable environments in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However,
message deceiving, i.e., a mismatch between the propagated intentions and the
final decisions, may happen when agents change strategies simultaneously
according to received intentions. Message deceiving leads to potential
miscoordination and difficulty for policy learning. This paper proposes the
leader-follower forest (LFF) to learn the hierarchical relationship between
agents based on interdependencies, achieving one-sided intention sharing in
multi-agent communication. By limiting the flowings of intentions through
directed edges, intention sharing via LFF (IS-LFF) can eliminate message
deceiving effectively and achieve better coordination. In addition, a twostage
learning algorithm is proposed to train the forest and the agent network. We
evaluate IS-LFF on multiple partially observable MARL benchmarks, and the
experimental results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art
communication algorithms.


  We investigate transport and thermoelectric properties of hybrid systems
based on a single-level quantum dot and one superconducting lead. The other
lead is generally normal-metallic ferromagnet. In the latter case
single-particle transport is spin-polarized. Our main interest is in the
interplay of Andreev tunneling of Cooper pairs and single-particle tunneling.
The latter is responsible for relatively large thermopower and figure of merit
due to a diverging density of single-particle states at the superconducting gap
edges. System with ferromagnetic and superconducting leads can also reveal spin
thermoelectric phenomena. Finite superconducting gap is considered within the
BCS theory, and the thermoelectric coefficients are calculated by means of
nonequilibrium Green's function technique within Hartree-Fock like
approximation with respect to the intradot Coulomb interaction.


  We introduce a new large-scale dataset for the advancement of object
detection techniques and overhead object detection research. This satellite
imagery dataset enables research progress pertaining to four key computer
vision frontiers. We utilize a novel process for geospatial category detection
and bounding box annotation with three stages of quality control. Our data is
collected from WorldView-3 satellites at 0.3m ground sample distance, providing
higher resolution imagery than most public satellite imagery datasets. We
compare xView to other object detection datasets in both natural and overhead
imagery domains and then provide a baseline analysis using the Single Shot
MultiBox Detector. xView is one of the largest and most diverse publicly
available object-detection datasets to date, with over 1 million objects across
60 classes in over 1,400 km^2 of imagery.


  The intertwining between spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom can
give rise to unusual macroscopic quantum states, including high-temperature
superconductivity and quantum anomalous Hall effects. Recently, a charge
density wave (CDW) is observed in the kagome antiferromagnet FeGe, indicative
of possible intertwining physics. An outstanding question is that whether
magnetic correlation is fundamental for the spontaneous spatial symmetry
breaking orders. Here, utilizing elastic and high-resolution inelastic x-ray
scattering, we discover a charge dimerization superlattice that coexists with
the 2$\times$2$\times$1 CDW in the kagome sublattice. Most interestingly,
between the magnetic and CDW transition temperature, the phonon dynamical
structure factor shows a giant phonon-energy hardening and a substantial phonon
linewidth broadening near the charge-dimerization wavevectors, both signaling
the spin-phonon coupling. By first principles calculations, we show that both
the static and dynamic spin excitations intertwine with the phonon to drive the
spatial symmetry breaking.


  The goal of stance detection is to determine the viewpoint expressed in a
piece of text towards a target. These viewpoints or contexts are often
expressed in many different languages depending on the user and the platform,
which can be a local news outlet, a social media platform, a news forum, etc.
Most research in stance detection, however, has been limited to working with a
single language and on a few limited targets, with little work on cross-lingual
stance detection. Moreover, non-English sources of labelled data are often
scarce and present additional challenges. Recently, large multilingual language
models have substantially improved the performance on many non-English tasks,
especially such with limited numbers of examples. This highlights the
importance of model pre-training and its ability to learn from few examples. In
this paper, we present the most comprehensive study of cross-lingual stance
detection to date: we experiment with 15 diverse datasets in 12 languages from
6 language families, and with 6 low-resource evaluation settings each. For our
experiments, we build on pattern-exploiting training, proposing the addition of
a novel label encoder to simplify the verbalisation procedure. We further
propose sentiment-based generation of stance data for pre-training, which shows
sizeable improvement of more than 6% F1 absolute in low-shot settings compared
to several strong baselines.


  Inertial modes are the eigenmodes of contained rotating fluids restored by
the Coriolis force. When the fluid is incompressible, inviscid and contained in
a rigid container, these modes satisfy Poincar\'e's equation that has the
peculiarity of being hyperbolic with boundary conditions. Inertial modes are
therefore solutions of an ill-posed boundary-value problem. In this paper we
investigate the mathematical side of this problem. We first show that the
Poincar\'e problem can be formulated in the Hilbert space of square-integrable
functions, with no hypothesis on the continuity or the differentiability of
velocity fields. We observe that with this formulation, the Poincar\'e operator
is bounded and self-adjoint and as such, its spectrum is the union of the point
spectrum (the set of eigenvalues) and the continuous spectrum only. When the
fluid volume is an ellipsoid, we show that the inertial modes form a complete
base of polynomial velocity fields for the square-integrable velocity fields
defined over the ellipsoid and meeting the boundary conditions. If the
ellipsoid is axisymmetric then the base can be identified with the set of
Poincar\'e modes, first obtained by Bryan (1889), and completed with the
geostrophic modes.


  Yields and spectra of strange hadrons (K+, K-, phi, Lambda and Antilambda) as
well as of charged pions were measured in near central C+C and Si+Si collisions
at 158 AGeV beam energy with the NA49 detector. Together with earlier data for
p+p, S+S and Pb+Pb reactions the system size dependence can be studied.
Relative strangeness production rises fast and saturates at about 60
participating nucleons; the net hyperon spectra show an increasing shift
towards midrapidity for larger colliding nuclei. An interpretation based on the
formation of coherent systems of increasing volume is proposed. The transverse
mass spectra can be described by a blast wave ansatz. Increasing flow velocity
is accompanied by decreasing temperatures for both kinetic and chemical freeze
out. The increasing gap between inelastic and elastic decoupling leaves space
for rescattering.


  Neural volumetric representations such as Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have
emerged as a compelling technique for learning to represent 3D scenes from
images with the goal of rendering photorealistic images of the scene from
unobserved viewpoints. However, NeRF's computational requirements are
prohibitive for real-time applications: rendering views from a trained NeRF
requires querying a multilayer perceptron (MLP) hundreds of times per ray. We
present a method to train a NeRF, then precompute and store (i.e. "bake") it as
a novel representation called a Sparse Neural Radiance Grid (SNeRG) that
enables real-time rendering on commodity hardware. To achieve this, we
introduce 1) a reformulation of NeRF's architecture, and 2) a sparse voxel grid
representation with learned feature vectors. The resulting scene representation
retains NeRF's ability to render fine geometric details and view-dependent
appearance, is compact (averaging less than 90 MB per scene), and can be
rendered in real-time (higher than 30 frames per second on a laptop GPU).
Actual screen captures are shown in our video.


  We report the results of a submillimeter dust continuum survey of the
protoclusters NGC 2068 and NGC 2071 in Orion B carried out at 850 microns and
450 microns with SCUBA on JCMT. The mapped region is ~ 32' x 18' in size (~ 4
pc x 2 pc) and consists of filamentary dense cores which break up into
small-scale (~ 5000 AU) fragments, including 70 starless condensations and 5
circumstellar envelopes/disks. The starless condensations, seen on the same
spatial scales as protostellar envelopes, are likely to be gravitationally
bound and pre-stellar in nature. Their mass spectrum, ranging from ~ 0.3 Msun
to ~ 5 Msun, is reminiscent of the stellar initial mass function (IMF). Their
mass-size relation suggests that they originate from gravitationally-driven
fragmentation. We thus argue that pre-collapse cloud fragmentation plays a
major role in shaping the IMF.


  The problem of Jeans gravitational instability is investigated for static and
expanding universes within the context of the five and thirteen field theories
which account for viscous and thermal effects. For the five-field theory a
general dispersion relation has been derived with the help of relevant
linearized perturbation equations, showing that the shear viscosity parameter
alters the propagating modes for large and small wavelengths. The behavior of
density and temperature contrasts are analyzed for the hard-sphere model in
detail. In the small wavelengths regime, increasing the amount of shear
viscosity into the system forces the harmonic perturbations to damp faster,
however, in the opposite limit larger values of shear viscosity lead to smaller
values of density and temperature contrasts. For the hyperbolic case, the
dispersion relation becomes a polynomial in the frequency with two orders
higher in relation to the five-field theory, indicating that the effects
associated with the shear viscosity and heat flux are non-trivial. The profile
of Jeans mass in terms of the temperature and number density is explored by
contrasting with several data of molecular clouds. Regarding the dynamical
evolution of the density, temperature, stress and heat flux contrasts for a
universe dominated by pressureless matter, we obtain also damped harmonic waves
for small wavelengths. In the case of large wavelengths, the density and
temperature contrasts grow with time (due to the Jeans mechanism) while the
stress and heat flux contrasts heavily decay with time.


  Multifragment events resulting from peripheral Au + Au collisions at 35
MeV/nucleon are analysed in terms of critical behavior. The analysis of most of
criticality signals proposed so far (conditional moments of charge
distributions, Campi scatter plot, fluctuations of the size of the largest
fragment, intermittency analysis) is consistent with the occurrence of a
critical behavior of the system.


  Tree-like structures such as retinal images are widely studied in
computer-aided diagnosis systems for large-scale screening programs. Despite
several segmentation and tracking methods proposed in the literature, there
still exist several limitations specifically when two or more curvilinear
structures cross or bifurcate, or in the presence of interrupted lines or
highly curved blood vessels. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based
on multi-orientation scores augmented with a contextual affinity matrix, which
both are inspired by the geometry of the primary visual cortex (V1) and their
contextual connections. The connectivity is described with a five-dimensional
kernel obtained as the fundamental solution of the Fokker-Planck equation
modelling the cortical connectivity in the lifted space of positions,
orientations, curvatures and intensity. It is further used in a self-tuning
spectral clustering step to identify the main perceptual units in the stimuli.
The proposed method has been validated on several easy and challenging
structures in a set of artificial images and actual retinal patches. Supported
by quantitative and qualitative results, the method is capable of overcoming
the limitations of current state-of-the-art techniques.


  Clickbait headlines are frequently used to attract readers to read articles.
Although this headline type has turned out to be a technique to engage readers
with misleading items, it is still unknown whether the technique can be used to
attract readers to reliable pieces. This study takes the opportunity to test
its efficacy to engage readers with reliable health articles. A set of online
surveys would be conducted to test readers' engagement with and perception
about clickbait headlines with reliable articles. After that, we would design
an automation system to generate clickabit headlines to maximize user
engagement.


  We report on the thermal effects on the motion of current-driven massive
magnetic skyrmions. The reduced equation for the motion of skyrmion has the
form of a stochastic generalized Thiele's equation. We propose an ansatz for
the magnetization texture of a non-rigid single skyrmion that depends linearly
with the velocity. By utilizing this ansatz it is is found that the mass of
skyrmion is closely related to intrinsic skyrmion parameters, such as Gilbert
damping, skyrmion-charge and dissipative force. We have found an exact
expression for the average drift velocity as well as the mean-square velocity
of the skyrmion. The longitudinal and transverse mobility of skyrmions for
small spin-velocity of electrons is also determined and found to be independent
of the skyrmion mass.


  Extensive photoionization model grids for single star HII regions using a
variety of recent state-of-the-art stellar atmosphere models have been computed
with the main aim of constraining/testing their predicted ionizing spectra
against recent ISO mid-IR observations of Galactic HII regions, which probe the
ionizing spectra between ~ 24 and 41 eV thanks to Ne, Ar, and S fine structure
lines. Particular care has been paid to examining in detail the dependences of
the nebular properties on the numerous nebular parameters (mean ionization
parameter U, abundances, dust etc.) which are generally unconstrained for the
objects considered here. Finally we have examined which parameters are chiefly
responsible for the observed mid-IR excitation sequences. The galactic gradient
of metallicity changing the shape of the stellar emission is found to be one of
the drivers for the excitation sequence of Galactic HII regions, the actual
contribution of this effect being finally atmosphere model dependent. We find
that the dispersion of Teff between different HII regions due to statistical
sampling of the IMF plus additional scatter in the ionization parameter are
probably the dominant driver for the observed excitation scatter.


  With proper profiles of the scalar potential and the dilaton field, for the
first time, the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in the vacuum and its
restoration at finite temperature are correctly realized in the holographic QCD
framework. In the chiral limit, a nonzero chiral condensate develops in the
vacuum and decreases with temperature, and the phase transition is of 2nd order
for two-flavor case and of 1st order for three-flavor case. In the case of
explicit chiral symmetry breaking, in two-flavor case, the 2nd order phase
transition turns to crossover with any nonzero current quark mass, and in
three-flavor case, the 1st order phase transition turns to crossover at a
finite current quark mass. The correct description of chiral symmetry breaking
and restoration makes the holographic QCD models more powerful in dealing with
non-perturbative QCD phenomena. This framework can be regarded as a general set
up in application of AdS/CFT to describe conventional Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson
type phase transitions, e.g. in condensed matter and cosmology systems.


  Rabi flopping between Bloch bands induced by a weak ac resonant field is a
coherent effect involving interband transitions. Here we consider the
fundamental processes of emission/absorption of quanta and Rabi oscillations in
non-Hermitian two-band lattices exhibiting unbalanced non-Hermitian skin
effect, and unveil an unprecedented scenario of Rabi flopping. The effective
dipole moment of the transition - usually considered a bulk property - is
however strongly dependent on boundary conditions, being greatly enhanced with
increased Rabi frequency only when open boundaries are present. As the field
strength is increased, Rabi oscillations rapidly become anharmonic, and
transitions cease to be vertical in the energy-momentum plane until the system
enters into an unstable regime (complex quasi-energy spectrum) due to secular
amplification channels. Remaining stable even in the presence of complex
energies, Rabi oscillations provide a vivid illustration of how the competition
between non-Hermitian, non-local and Floquet influences can result in
significant enhancements of physically measurable quantities.


  Smart grid advancements and the increased integration of digital devices have
transformed the existing power grid into a cyber-physical energy system. This
reshaping of the current power system can make it vulnerable to cyberattacks,
which could cause irreversible damage to the energy infrastructure resulting in
the loss of power, equipment damage, etc. Constant threats emphasize the
importance of cybersecurity investigations. At the same time, developing
cyber-physical system (CPS) simulation testbeds is crucial for vulnerability
assessment and the implementation and validation of security solutions. In this
paper, two separate real-time CPS testbeds are developed based on the
availability of local research facilities for impact analysis of
denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on microgrids. The two configurations are
implemented using two different digital real-time simulator systems, one using
the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) with a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup
and the other one using OPAL-RT with ExataCPS to emulate the cyber-layer
infrastructure. Both testbeds demonstrate the impact of DoS attacks on
microgrid control and protection operation.


  A unified framework for fourth-order semilinear problems with trilinear
nonlinearity and general source allows for quasi-best approximation with
lowest-order finite element methods. This paper establishes the stability and a
priori error control in the piecewise energy and weaker Sobolev norms under
minimal hypotheses. Applications include the stream function vorticity
formulation of the incompressible 2D Navier-Stokes equations and the von
K\'{a}rm\'{a}n equations with Morley, discontinuous Galerkin, $C^0$ interior
penalty, and weakly over-penalized symmetric interior penalty schemes. The
proposed new discretizations consider quasi-optimal smoothers for the source
term and smoother-type modifications inside the nonlinear terms.


  We propose formulae for computing the phase space integrals of $1\to 3$ and
$1\to 4$ processes with massive particles in final states. As an application of
these formulae we study the final state mass effects in some interesting
phenomenological cases, giving fully integrated analytic results for the
corresponding phase spaces. We consider also the $B_s-\bar{B}_s$ process at
NNLO and calculate one of the most complicated master integrals, which
contributes to the $\Delta\Gamma_{B_s}$ at $O(\alpha_s^2)$.


  The class of random walks in one dimension, returning to the origin,
restricted by the requirement that any site visited (different from the origin)
is visited an even number of times, is analyzed in the present note. We call
this class the even-visiting random walks and provide a closed expression to
evaluate them.


  We study a three-dimensional gauge theory obtained from the dimensional
reduction of a D4-brane worldvolume theory in the background of space-time
moduli. An SL(3) symmetry in this theory, which acts on fields as well as
coupling constants, is identified. By comparing the energies with the string
tensions, we show that certain 1/2 supersymmetric classical solutions of this
theory can be identified as SL(3,Z) multiplets of type II strings in eight
dimensions. Results are then generalized to the non-linear Born-Infeld action.
We also discuss the possibility of 1/8 BPS states in this theory and their
representations in terms of string networks.


  We prove a local Lipschitz stability estimate for Gel'fand-Calder\'on's
inverse problem for the Schr\"odinger equation. The main novelty is that only a
finite number of boundary input data is available, and those are independent of
the unknown potential, provided it belongs to a known finite-dimensional
subspace of $L^\infty$. A similar result for Calder\'on's problem is obtained
as a corollary. This improves upon two previous results of the authors on
several aspects, namely the number of measurements and the stability with
respect to mismodeling errors. A new iterative reconstruction scheme based on
the stability result is also presented, for which we prove exponential
convergence in the number of iterations and stability with respect to noise in
the data and to mismodeling errors.


  We give a simple bijective proof of associativity and commutativity of the
Littlewood-Richardson coefficients or the hive ring. Specifically, we establish
existence a polarized polymatroidal discretely concave functions on the
tetrahedron with given boundary values at two adjoint faces.


  I summarize the main observational features that seem to recur more
frequently in the ULX population. I speculate that two of the most important
physical requirements for ULX formation are low metal abundance, and clustered
star formation triggered by external processes such as molecular cloud
collisions. In this scenario, most ULX are formed from recent stellar
processes, have BH masses < 100 Msun and do not require merger processes in
super star clusters.


  A theory for nonlinear optics of semiconductors in the presence of an intense
terahertz electric field is constructed based on the double-line Feynman
diagrams, in which the nonperturbative effect of the intense terahertz field is
fully taken into account through using the Floquet states as propagating lines
in the Feynman diagrams.


  A challenge in developing machine learning regression models is that it is
difficult to know whether maximal performance has been reached on a particular
dataset, or whether further model improvement is possible. In biology this
problem is particularly pronounced as sample labels (response variables) are
typically obtained through experiments and therefore have experiment noise
associated with them. Such label noise puts a fundamental limit to the
performance attainable by regression models. We address this challenge by
deriving a theoretical upper bound for the coefficient of determination (R2)
for regression models. This theoretical upper bound depends only on the noise
associated with the response variable in a dataset as well as its variance. The
upper bound estimate was validated via Monte Carlo simulations and then used as
a tool to bootstrap performance of regression models trained on biological
datasets, including protein sequence data, transcriptomic data, and genomic
data. Although we study biological datasets in this work, the new upper bound
estimates will hold true for regression models from any research field or
application area where response variables have associated noise.


  Given the prevalence of rolling bearing fault diagnosis as a practical issue
across various working conditions, the limited availability of samples
compounds the challenge. Additionally, the complexity of the external
environment and the structure of rolling bearings often manifests faults
characterized by randomness and fuzziness, hindering the effective extraction
of fault characteristics and restricting the accuracy of fault diagnosis. To
overcome these problems, this paper presents a novel approach termed
constructive Incremental learning-based ensemble domain adaptation (CIL-EDA)
approach. Specifically, it is implemented on stochastic configuration networks
(SCN) to constructively improve its adaptive performance in multi-domains.
Concretely, a cloud feature extraction method is employed in conjunction with
wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) to capture the uncertainty of fault
information from multiple resolution aspects. Subsequently, constructive
Incremental learning-based domain adaptation (CIL-DA) is firstly developed to
enhance the cross-domain learning capability of each hidden node through domain
matching and construct a robust fault classifier by leveraging limited labeled
data from both target and source domains. Finally, fault diagnosis results are
obtained by a majority voting of CIL-EDA which integrates CIL-DA and parallel
ensemble learning. Experimental results demonstrate that our CIL-DA outperforms
several domain adaptation methods and CIL-EDA consistently outperforms
state-of-art fault diagnosis methods in few-shot scenarios.


  A new method for the reduction of one-loop tensor 5-point integrals to
related 4-point integrals is proposed. In contrast to the usual
Passarino-Veltman reduction and other methods used in the literature, this
reduction avoids the occurrence of inverse Gram determinants, which potentially
cause severe numerical instabilities in practical calculations. Explicit
results for the 5-point tensor coefficients are presented up to rank 4. The
expressions for the reduction of the relevant 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-point tensor
coefficients to scalar integrals are also included; apart from these standard
integrals no other integrals are needed.


  We proposed the method of the optical fiber modal decomposition of the
radiation propagating in a multimode optical fiber with a step like refractive
index profile. The field distribution at the output end of the fiber was used.
The method is based on the field decomposition by non-orthogonal modes. The
full complex expansion coefficients of the light field were calculated for
theoretical data.


  In this paper, we make the case that Clifford algebra is the natural
framework for root systems and reflection groups, as well as related groups
such as the conformal and modular groups: The metric that exists on these
spaces can always be used to construct the corresponding Clifford algebra. Via
the Cartan-Dieudonn\'e theorem all the transformations of interest can be
written as products of reflections and thus via `sandwiching' with Clifford
algebra multivectors. These multivector groups can be used to perform concrete
calculations in different groups, e.g. the various types of polyhedral groups,
and we treat the example of the tetrahedral group $A_3$ in detail. As an aside,
this gives a constructive result that induces from every 3D root system a root
system in dimension four, which hinges on the facts that the group of spinors
provides a double cover of the rotations, the space of 3D spinors has a 4D
euclidean inner product, and with respect to this inner product the group of
spinors can be shown to be closed under reflections. In particular the 4D root
systems/Coxeter groups induced in this way are precisely the exceptional ones,
with the 3D spinorial point of view also explaining their unusual automorphism
groups. This construction simplifies Arnold's trinities and puts the McKay
correspondence into a wider framework. We finally discuss extending the
conformal geometric algebra approach to the 2D conformal and modular groups,
which could have interesting novel applications in conformal field theory,
string theory and modular form theory.


  We compute concurrence and negativity as measures of two-site entanglement
generated by a power-law quench (characterized by a rate 1/tau and an exponent
alpha) which takes an anisotropic XY chain in a transverse field through a
quantum critical point (QCP). We show that only the even-neighbor pairs of
sites get entangled in such a process. Moreover, there is a critical rate of
quench, 1/tau_c, above which no two-site entanglement is generated; the entire
entanglement is multipartite. The ratio of the two-site entanglements between
consecutive even neighbors can be tuned by changing the quench rate. We also
show that for large tau, the concurrence (negativity) scales as sqrt{alpha/tau}
(alpha/tau), and we relate this scaling behavior to defect production by the
quench through a QCP.


  The cosmic-ray ionization rate (CRIR, $\zeta_2$) is one of the key parameters
controlling the formation and destruction of various molecules in molecular
clouds. However, the current most commonly used CRIR tracers, such as H$_3^+$,
OH$^+$, and H$_2$O$^+$, are hard to detect and require the presence of
background massive stars for absorption measurements. In this work, we propose
an alternative method to infer the CRIR in diffuse clouds using the abundance
ratios of OH/CO and HCO$^+$/CO. We have analyzed the response of chemical
abundances of CO, OH, and HCO$^+$ on various environmental parameters of the
interstellar medium in diffuse clouds and found that their abundances are
proportional to $\zeta_2$. Our analytic expressions give an excellent
calculation of the abundance of OH for $\zeta_2$ $\leq$10$^{-15}$ s$^{-1}$,
which are potentially useful for modelling chemistry in hydrodynamical
simulations. The abundances of OH and HCO$^+$ were found to monotonically
decrease with increasing density, while the CO abundance shows the opposite
trend. With high-sensitivity absorption transitions of both CO (1--0) and
(2--1) lines from ALMA, we have derived the H$_2$ number densities ($n_{\rm
H_2}$) toward 4 line-of-sights (LOSs); assuming a kinetic temperature of
$T_{\rm k}=50\,{\rm K}$, we find a range of
(0.14$\pm$0.03--1.2$\pm$0.1)$\times$10$^2$ cm$^{-3}$}. By comparing the
observed and modelled HCO$^+$/CO ratios, we find that $\zeta_2$ in our diffuse
gas sample is in the { range of $1.0_{-1.0}^{+14.8}$ $\times$10$^{-16}-
2.5_{-2.4}^{+1.4}$ $\times$10$^{-15}$ s$^{-1}$. This is $\sim$2 times higher
than the average value measured at higher extinction, supporting an attenuation
of CRs as suggested by theoretical models.


  We construct the complete and minimal O(q^2) and O(q^3) three-flavour Lorentz
invariant chiral meson-baryon Lagrangians for the first time in the literature.
We compare with previous three-flavour studies reducing the number of
independent monomials and adding new ones that were missing.


  Assuming a gravitational origin for the Fe III$\lambda\lambda$2039-2113
redshift and using microlensing based estimates of the size of the region
emitting this feature, we obtain individual measurements of the virial factor,
$f$, in 10 quasars. The average values for the Balmer lines, $\langle
f_{H\beta}\rangle={\bf 0.43\pm 0.20}$ and $\langle f_{H\alpha}\rangle={\bf
0.50\pm 0.24}$, are in good agreement with the results of previous studies for
objects with lines of comparable widths. In the case of Mg II, consistent
results, $f_{Mg II} \sim {\bf 0.44}$, can be also obtained accepting a
reasonable scaling for the size of the emitting region. The modeling of the
cumulative histograms of individual measurements, $CDF(f)$, indicates a
{relatively} high value for the ratio between isotropic and cylindrical
motions, $a\sim {\bf 0.4}-0.7$. On the contrary, we find very large values of
the virial factor associated to the Fe III$\lambda\lambda$2039-2113 blend,
$f_{FeIII}=14.3\pm2.4$, which can be explained if this feature arises from a
flattened nearly face-on structure, similar to the accretion disk.


  Let k be a natural number. Let G be a graph and let N_1,...,N_k be k
independent sets in G. The graph G is k-probe distance hereditary if G can be
embedded into a DH-graph by adding edges between vertices that are contained in
the same independent set. We show that there exists a polynomial-time algorithm
to check if a graph G is k-probe distance hereditary.


  Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics for LiF:Mg,Cu,P, and CaSO$_4$:Dy
under the homogeneous field of X-ray beams of diagnostic irradiation and its
verification using thermoluminescence dosimetry is presented. The irradiation
were performed utilizing a conventional X-ray equipment installed at the
Hospital Ju\'arez Norte of M\'exico. Different thermoluminescence
characteristics of two material were studied, such as batch homogeneity, glow
curve, linearity, detection threshold, reproducibility, relative sensitivity
and fading. Materials were calibrated in terms of absorbed dose to the standard
calibration distance and they were positioned in a generic phantom. The dose
analysis, verification and comparison with the measurements obtained by the
TLD-100 were performed. Results indicate that the dosimetric peak appears at
202$^o$C and 277.5$^o$C for LiF:Mg,Cu,P and CaSO$_4$:Dy, respectively. TL
response as a function of X-ray dose showed a linearity behavior in the very
low dose range for all materials. However, the TLD-100 is not accurate for
measurements below $4mGy$. CaSO$_4$:Dy is 80\% more sensitive than TLD-100 and
it show the lowest detection threshold, whereas LiF:Mg,Cu,P is 60\% more
sensitive than TLD-100. All material showed very good repeatability. Fading for
a period of one month at room temperature showed low fading LiF:Mg,Cu,P, medium
and high for TLD-100 and CaSO$_4$:Dy. The results suggest that CaSO$_4$:Dy and
LiF:Mg,Cu,P are suitable for measurements at low doses used in radiodiagnostic.


  We define irreducible N-body spectral functions and Casimir energies and
consider a massless scalar quantum field interacting locally by positive
potentials with classical objects. Irreducible N-body spectral functions in
this case are shown to be conditional probabilities of random walks. The
corresponding irreducible contributions to scalar many-body Casimir energies
are finite and positive/negative for an odd/even number of objects. The force
between any two finite objects separable by a plane is always attractive in
this case. Analytical and numerical world-line results for the irreducible
four-body Casimir energy of a scalar with Dirichlet boundary conditions on a
tic-tac-toe pattern of lines are presented. Numerical results for the
irreducible three-body Casimir energy of a massless scalar satisfying Dirichlet
boundary conditions on three intersecting lines forming an isosceles triangle
are also reported. In both cases the symmetric configuration (square and
isosceles triangle) corresponds to the minimal irreducible contribution to the
Casimir energy.


  We apply random matrix theory to derive spectral density of large sample
covariance matrices generated by multivariate VMA(q), VAR(q) and VARMA(q1,q2)
processes. In particular, we consider a limit where the number of random
variables N and the number of consecutive time measurements T are large but the
ratio N/T is fixed. In this regime the underlying random matrices are
asymptotically equivalent to Free Random Variables (FRV). We apply the FRV
calculus to calculate the eigenvalue density of the sample covariance for
several VARMA-type processes. We explicitly solve the VARMA(1,1) case and
demonstrate a perfect agreement between the analytical result and the spectra
obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed method is purely algebraic
and can be easily generalized to q1>1 and q2>1.


  A model for the $\bar K d \to \pi Y N$ reactions with $Y=\Lambda, \Sigma$ is
developed, aiming at establishing the low-lying $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$ hyperon
resonances through analyzing the forthcoming data from the J-PARC E31
experiment. The off-shell amplitudes generated from the dynamical
coupled-channels (DCC) model, which was developed in Kamano et al. [Phys. Rev.
C 90, 065204 (2014)], are used as input to the calculations of the elementary
$\bar K N \to \bar K N$ and $\bar K N \to \pi Y$ subprocesses in the $\bar K d
\to \pi Y N$ reactions. It is shown that the cross sections for the J-PARC E31
experiment with a rather high incoming-$\bar{K}$ momentum, $|\vec p_{\bar K}|=
1$ GeV, can be predicted reliably only when the input $\bar K N \to \bar K N$
amplitudes are generated from a $\bar KN$ model, such as the DCC model used in
this investigation, which describes the data of the $\bar K N$ reactions at
energies far beyond the $\bar K N$ threshold. We find that the data of the
threefold differential cross section $d\sigma/(dM_{\pi\Sigma}d\Omega_{p_n})$
for the $K^- d \to \pi \Sigma n$ reaction below the $\bar K N$ threshold can be
used to test the predictions of the resonance poles associated with
$\Lambda(1405)$. We also find that the momentum dependence of the threefold
differential cross sections for the $K^- d \to \pi^- \Lambda p$ reaction can be
used to examine the existence of a low-lying $J^P=1/2^+$ $\Sigma$ resonance
with a pole mass $M_R = 1457 -i39$ MeV, which was found from analyzing the
$K^-p$ reaction data within the employed DCC model.


  We report the detection of a complex of extraplanar warm H_2 knots and
filaments extending more than ~3 kpc above and below the galactic plane of M82,
roughly coincident with the well-known galactic wind in this system.
Comparisons of these data with published results at other wavelengths provide
quantitative constraints on the topology, excitation, heating, and stability
against disruption of the wind-entrained molecular ISM in this prototypical
galactic wind. Deep H_2 2.12 um observations such as these represent a
promising new method to study the elusive but potentially important molecular
component of galactic winds.


  Computer-assisted systems are becoming broadly used in medicine. In
endoscopy, most research focuses on the automatic detection of polyps or other
pathologies, but localization and navigation of the endoscope are completely
performed manually by physicians. To broaden this research and bring spatial
Artificial Intelligence to endoscopies, data from complete procedures is
needed. This paper introduces the Endomapper dataset, the first collection of
complete endoscopy sequences acquired during regular medical practice, making
secondary use of medical data. Its main purpose is to facilitate the
development and evaluation of Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
(VSLAM) methods in real endoscopy data. The dataset contains more than 24 hours
of video. It is the first endoscopic dataset that includes endoscope
calibration as well as the original calibration videos. Meta-data and
annotations associated with the dataset vary from the anatomical landmarks,
procedure labeling, segmentations, reconstructions, simulated sequences with
ground truth and same patient procedures. The software used in this paper is
publicly available.


  Bethe Lattice Spin Glasses (BLSG) are models with finite connectivity which
undergo a Replica Symmetry Breaking (RSB) phase transition in field, even at
zero temperature. The order parameter describing this phase is a function
related to the non-trivial organization of the states. We compute numerically
the spin glass order parameter at zero temperature in BLSG with coordination
number $z=3$ and couplings $J=\pm1$, near the transition. The method is based
on a universal formula which relates the order parameter to the joint
probability distribution of the energy gaps of the lowest lying states. Such
distribution is derived numerically by introducing a convenient bulk
perturbation to the Hamiltonian.


  Let $p\ge 5$ be a prime, and let $f$ be a cuspidal eigenform of weight at
least $2$ and level coprime to $p$ of finite slope $\alpha$. Let $\bar{\rho}_f$
denote the mod $p$ Galois representation associated with $f$ and $\omega$ the
mod $p$ cyclotomic character. Under an assumption on the weight of $f$, we
prove that there exists a cuspidal eigenform $g$ of weight at least $2$ and
level coprime to $p$ of slope $\alpha+1$ such that $$\bar{\rho}_f \otimes
\omega \simeq \bar{\rho}_g,$$ up to semisimplification. The proof uses
Hida-Coleman families and the theta operator acting on overconvergent forms.
The structure of the reductions of the local Galois representations associated
to cusp forms with slopes in the interval $[0,1)$ were determined by Deligne,
Buzzard and Gee and for slopes in $[1,2)$ by Bhattacharya, Ganguli, Ghate, Rai
and Rozensztajn. We show that these reductions, in spite of their somewhat
complicated behavior, are compatible with the displayed equation above.
Moreover, the displayed equation above allows us to predict the shape of the
reductions of a class of Galois representations attached to eigenforms of slope
larger than $2$. Finally, the methods of this paper allow us to obtain upper
bounds on the radii of certain Coleman families.


  e present and analyze the correlations between mid-infrared (MIR),
far-infrared (FIR), total-infrared (TIR), H$\alpha$, and FUV luminosities for
star-forming galaxies, composite galaxies and AGNs, based on a large sample of
galaxies selected from the $Spitzer$ SWIRE fields. The MIR luminosities of
star-forming galaxies are well correlated with their H$\alpha$, TIR and FUV
luminosities, and we re-scaled the MIR-derived SFR formulae according to the
above correlations with differences less than 15%. We confirm the recent result
by calzetti et al. (2007) that the combined observed H$\alpha$ + 24$\mu$m
luminosities L(H$\alpha$$_{\rm obs}$+ 24$\mu$m) possess very tight correlation
with the extinction-corrected H$\alpha$ luminosities L(H$\alpha$$\_$corr) for
star-forming and even for dwarf galaxies, and show that the combined
L(H$\alpha$$_{\rm obs}$+ 8$\mu$m[dust]) are also tightly correlated with
L(H$\alpha$$\_$corr) for the above sample galaxies. Among all the L(MIR)-L(FIR)
correlations for star-forming galaxies, the L(24$\mu$m) vs. L(70$\mu$m) and
L(8$\mu$m[dust]) vs. L(160$\mu$m) are the tightest and also nearly linear. The
former could be related to young massive star formation, while the latter might
be relevant to diffuse dust emissions heated by old stellar populations.
Composite galaxies and AGNs have higher MIR-to-H$\alpha$/MIR-to-FUV luminosity
ratios than star-forming galaxies, nevertheless their correlations among MIR,
FIR and TIR luminosities are completely following those of star-forming
galaxies.


  Let $(X, L)$ be a polarized Calabi Yau variety (or canonical polarized
variety) with crepant singularity. Suppose $\omega_{KE} \in c_1(L)$ (or
$\omega_{KE} \in c_1(K_X)$) is the unique Ricci flat current (or Kahler
Einstein current with negative scalar curvature) with local bounded potential
constructed in [18], we show that the local tangent at any point $p \in X$ of
metric $\omega_{KE}$ is unique


  The present online social media platform is afflicted with several issues,
with hate speech being on the predominant forefront. The prevalence of online
hate speech has fueled horrific real-world hate-crime such as the mass-genocide
of Rohingya Muslims, communal violence in Colombo and the recent massacre in
the Pittsburgh synagogue. Consequently, It is imperative to understand the
diffusion of such hateful content in an online setting. We conduct the first
study that analyses the flow and dynamics of posts generated by hateful and
non-hateful users on Gab (gab.com) over a massive dataset of 341K users and 21M
posts. Our observations confirms that hateful content diffuse farther, wider
and faster and have a greater outreach than those of non-hateful users. A
deeper inspection into the profiles and network of hateful and non-hateful
users reveals that the former are more influential, popular and cohesive. Thus,
our research explores the interesting facets of diffusion dynamics of hateful
users and broadens our understanding of hate speech in the online world.


  Extreme emission-line galaxies, such as blue compact dwarfs (BCDs), Green
Peas (GPs) and blueberries in the local Universe are the potential candidates
to understand the nature of galaxies that re-ionized the early Universe. Being
low-mass, metal-poor starburst systems they are understood as local analogs of
the high redshift Lyman Continuum (LyC) and Lyman-${\alpha}$ emitters (LAEs).
Even with their proximity to us, we know little about their spatially resolved
properties, most of the blueberries and GPs are indeed compact, remain
unresolved. Here, we report the detection of a disk-like lower-surface
brightness (LSB) stellar host with very old population around a blueberry LAE
system using broad i-band imaging and integral field spectroscopic data from
SDSS and SDSS-IV MaNGA surveys, respectively. The LSB stellar host is
structurally similar to that observed around15 local starburst BCDs.
Furthermore, the kinematics of the studied blueberry source bear sign of
misalignment between the gas and stellar components. Our findings establish an
intriguing thread connecting the blueberry and an LSB disk with old stellar
population, and suggest that blueberries and their high redshift counterparts
such as GPs do not represent peculiar cases of dwarf galaxy evolution. In fact,
with respect to the structural properties of their host galaxies, they are
compatible with a common evolutionary track of the main population of local
BCDs.


  A new spin-1/2 quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet KCuMoO_4(OH) is prepared
by the hydrothermal method. The crystal structures of KCuMoO_4(OH) and the
already-known Na-analogue, NaCuMoO_4(OH), are isotypic, comprising chains of
Cu^{2+} ions in edge-sharing CuO_4(OH)_2 octahedra. Despite the structural
similarity, their magnetic properties are quite different because of the
different arrangements of d_{x2-y2} orbitals carrying spins. For NaCuMoO_4(OH),
d_{x2-y2} orbitals are linked by superexchange couplings via two bridging oxide
ions, which gives a ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interaction J_1 of -51 K and
an antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor interaction J_2 of 36 K in the
chain. In contrast, a staggered d_{x2-y2} orbital arrangement in KCuMoO_4(OH)
results in superexchange couplings via only one bridging oxide ion, which makes
J_1 antiferromagnetic as large as 238 K and J_2 negligible. This comparison
between the two isotypic compounds demonstrates an important role of orbital
arrangements in determining the magnetic properties of cuprates.


  We introduce the quantum complexity class FQMA. This class describes the
complexity of generating a quantum state that serves as a witness for a given
QMA problem. In a certain sense, FQMA is the quantum analogue of FNP (function
problems associated with NP). The latter describes the complexity of finding a
succinct proof for a NP decision problem. Whereas all FNP problems can be
reduced to NP, there is no obvious reduction of FQMA to QMA since the solution
of FQMA is a quantum state and the solution of QMA the answer yes or no.
  We consider quantum state generators that get classical descriptions of
3-local Hamiltonians on n qubits as input and prepare low energy states for
these systems as output. We show that such state generators can be used to
prepare witnesses for QMA problems. Hence low energy state preparation is
FQMA-complete. Our proofs are extensions of the proofs by Kitaev et al. and
Kempe and Regev for the QMA-completeness of k-local Hamiltonian problems. We
show that FQMA can be solved by preparing thermal equilibrium states with an
appropriate temperature decreasing as the reciprocal of a polynomial in n.


  In the paper we discuss the main features of the software package for
numerical simulations of the surface water dynamics. We consider an
approximation of the shallow water equations together with the parallel
technologies for NVIDIA CUDA graphics processors. The numerical hydrodynamic
code is based on the combined Lagrangian-Euler method~(CSPH-TVD). We focused on
the features of the parallel implementation of Tesla line of graphics
processors: C2070, K20, K40, K80. By using hierarchical grid systems at
different spatial scales we increase the efficiency of the computing resources
usage and speed up our simulations of a various flooding problems.


  The recent coincident detection of gravitational waves (GW) from a binary
neutron star merger with aLIGO/Virgo and short-lived gamma-ray emission with
Fermi/GBM (called GW 170817) is a milestone for the establishment of
multi-messenger astronomy. Merging neutron stars (NS) represent the standard
scenario for short-duration (< 2 sec) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) which are
produced in a collimated, relativistically expanding jet with an opening angle
of a few degrees and a bulk Lorentz factor of 300-1000. While the present aLIGO
detection is consistent with predictions, the measured faint gamma-ray emission
from GW 170817A, if associated to the merger event at a distance of 40 Mpc, is
about 1000x less luminous than known short-duration GRBs (sGRBs). Hence, the
presence of this sGRB in the local Universe is either a very rare event, or
points to a dramatic ignorance of the emission properties of sGRBs outside
their narrow jets. Here we show that the majority of previously detected faint
sGRBs are local, at redshift smaller than 0.1, seen off-axis. In contrast, the
brighter sGRBs are seen on-axis, and therefore out to larger distances,
consistent with the measured redshift distribution. Examining the
observer-frame parameter space of all Fermi/GBM sGRBs shows that the sGRB
associated with GW 170817A is extreme in its combination of flux, spectral
softness and temporal structure. We identify a group of similar GRBs, one of
which has been associated to a bright galaxy at 75 Mpc. We incorporate off-axis
emission in the estimate of the rates of sGRBs, and predict that the majority
of future GW-detections of NS-NS mergers will be accompanied by faint gamma-ray
emission, contrary to previous thinking. The much more frequent off-axis
emission of sGRBs also implies a much higher deadly rate of gamma-rays for
extraterrestrial life in the Universe.


  The usual assumption in direct dark matter searches is to only consider the
spin-dependent or spin-independent scattering of dark matter particles.
However, especially in models with light dark matter particles
$\mathcal{O}(\mathrm{GeV/c^2})$, operators which carry additional powers of the
momentum transfer $q^2$ can become dominant. One such model based on asymmetric
dark matter has been invoked to overcome discrepancies in helioseismology and
an indication was found for a particle with preferred mass of 3
$\mathrm{GeV/c^2}$ and cross section of $10^{-37} \mathrm{cm^2}$. Recent data
from the CRESST-II experiment, which uses cryogenic detectors based on
$\mathrm{CaWO_4}$ to search for nuclear recoils induced by dark matter
particles, are used to constrain these momentum-dependent models. The low
energy threshold of 307 eV for nuclear recoils of the detector used, allows us
to rule out the proposed best fit value above.


  The gravitational hydrodynamics of the primordial plasma with neutrino hot
dark matter is considered as a challenge to the bottom-up cold dark matter
paradigm. Viscosity and turbulence induce a top-down fragmentation scenario
before and at decoupling. The first step is the creation of voids in the
plasma, which expand to 37 Mpc on the average now. The remaining matter clumps
turn into galaxy clusters. Turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries
causes a linear morphology of 3 kpc fragmenting protogalaxies along vortex
lines. At decoupling galaxies and proto-globular star clusters arise; the
latter constitute the galactic dark matter halos and consist themselves of
earth-mass H-He planets. Frozen planets are observed in microlensing and
white-dwarf-heated ones in planetary nebulae. The approach also explains the
Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson relations, and cosmic microwave temperature
fluctuations of micro-Kelvins.


  In this paper, we study invariants of second order tensors in an
$n$-dimensional flat Riemannian space. We define eigenvalues, eigenvectors and
characteristic polynomials for second order tensors in such an $n$-dimensional
Riemannian space and show that the coefficients of the characteristic
polynomials are real polynomial invariants of that tensor. Then we give minimal
integrity bases for second order symmetric and antisymmetric tensors,
respectively, and study their special cases in the Minkowski space and
applications in electrodynamics, etc.


  We performed an extensive non-LTE analysis of the neutral sodium lines of Na
{\sc i} 5683/5688, 5890/5896, 6154/6161, and 8183/8195 for disk/halo stars of
F--K type covering a wide metallicity range ($-4 \la$ [Fe/H] $\la 0.4$), based
on our own data as well as those collected from the literature. For
comparatively metal-rich disk stars ($-1 \la$ [Fe/H] $\la 0$) where the weaker
6154/6161 lines are best abundance indicators, we confirmed [Na/Fe] $\sim$ 0
with an ``upturn'' (i.e., a shallow/broad dip around $-0.5 \la$ [Fe/H] $\la 0$)
as already reported by previous studies. Regarding the metal-deficient halo
stars, where the much stronger 5890/5896 or 8183/8195 lines suffering
considerable (negative) non-LTE corrections amounting to 0.5 dex have to be
used, our analysis suggests mildly ``subsolar'' [Na/Fe] values down to $\sim
-0.4$ (with a somewhat large scatter of $\sim \pm 0.2$ dex) on the average at
the typical halo metallicity of [Fe/H] $\sim -2$, while they appear to rise
again toward a very metal-poor regime recovering a near-solar ratio of [Na/Fe]
$\sim$ 0 ([Fe/H] $\sim -3$ to -4). These results are discussed in comparison
with the previous observational studies along with the theoretical predictions
from the available chemical evolution models.


  We consider the problem of allocating applicants to courses, where each
applicant has a subset of acceptable courses that she ranks in strict order of
preference. Each applicant and course has a capacity, indicating the maximum
number of courses and applicants they can be assigned to, respectively. We thus
essentially have a many-to-many bipartite matching problem with one-sided
preferences, which has applications to the assignment of students to optional
courses at a university. We consider additive preferences and lexicographic
preferences as two means of extending preferences over individual courses to
preferences over bundles of courses. We additionally focus on the cases that
courses have prerequisite constraints and where courses may be corequisites.
  For these extensions to the basic problem, we present the following
algorithmic results, which are mainly concerned with the computation of Pareto
optimal matchings (POMs). Firstly, we consider compulsory prerequisites. For
additive preferences, we show that the problem of finding a POM is NP-hard. On
the other hand, in the case of lexicographic preferences we give a
polynomial-time algorithm for finding a POM, based on the well-known sequential
mechanism. However we show that the problem of deciding whether a given
matching is Pareto optimal is co-NP-complete. We further prove that finding a
maximum cardinality (Pareto optimal) matching is NP-hard. Under alternative
prerequisites, we show that finding a POM is NP-hard for either additive or
lexicographic preferences. Finally we consider corequisites. We prove that, as
in the case of compulsory prerequisites, finding a POM is NP-hard for additive
preferences, though solvable in polynomial time for lexicographic preferences.
In the latter case, the problem of finding a maximum cardinality POM is NP-hard
and very difficult to approximate


  M. Biernacki gave concrete forms of the variability regions of $z/f(z)$ and
$zf'(z)/f(z)$ of close-to-convex functions $f$ for a fixed $z$ with $|z|<1$ in
1936. The forms are, however, not necessarily convenient to determine the shape
of the full variability region of $zf'(z)/f(z)$ over all close-to-convex
functions $f$ and all points $z$ with $|z|<1.$ We will propose a couple of
other forms of the variability regions and see that the full variability region
of $zf'(z)/f(z)$ is indeed the complex plane minus the origin. We also apply
them to study the variability regions of $\log[z/f(z)]$ and
$\log[zf'(z)/f(z)].$


  The nucleon-nucleon interaction is constructed by means of the $J$-matrix
version of inverse scattering theory. Ambiguities of the interaction are
eliminated by postulating tridiagonal and quasi-tridiagonal forms of the
potential matrix in the oscillator basis in uncoupled and coupled waves,
respectively. The obtained interaction is very accurate in reproducing the $NN$
scattering data and deuteron properties. The interaction is used in the no-core
shell model calculations of $^3$H and $^4$He nuclei. The resulting binding
energies of $^3$H and $^4$He are very close to experimental values.


  The problem of minimization of a quadratic functional depending on great
number of binary variables is examined. 3 variants of minimization procedure
are studied with the aid of computer simulation for spin-glass matrices. It is
shown that under other equal conditions evident superiority has the maximal
dynamics (the greedy algorithm). The dependence of the results on a distance
between start points and the ground state is investigated. It is determined
that the character of distribution of local minima depends on this distance
crucially.


  We popularize the question whether, for $m$ large enough, all $m$-uniform
shift-chain hypergraphs are properly $2$-colorable. On the other hand, we show
that for every $m$ some $m$-uniform shift-chains are not polychromatic
$3$-colorable.