  We theoretically investigate the shear viscosity $\eta$ in the BCS-BEC
crossover regime of an ultracold Fermi gas with a Feshbach resonance. Within
the framework of the strong-coupling self-consistent $T$-matrix approximation,
we examine how a strong pairing interaction associated with a Feshbach
resonance affects this transport coefficient, in the normal state above the
superfluid phase transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$. We show that, while $\eta$
diverges in both the weak-coupling BCS and strong-coupling BEC limits, it
becomes small in the unitary regime. The minimum of $\eta$ is obtained, not at
the unitarity, but slightly in the strong-coupling BEC side. This deviation is
consistent with the recent experiment on a $^6$Li Fermi gas. In the
weak-coupling BCS regime, we also find that $\eta$ exhibits anomalous
temperature dependence near $T_{\rm c}$, which is deeply related to the
pseudogap phenomenon originating form strong pairing fluctuations.


  We carried out a uniform and systematic analysis of a sample of 112 nearby
bright Seyfert 1 type AGN, the observations of which were carried out by the
{\it Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)} between August 2013 and
May 2022. The main goal of this analysis is to investigate the nature of the
X-ray corona in Seyfert 1 galaxies. From the physical model that fits the {\it
NuSTAR} spectra, we could constrain the high energy cut-off ($\rm{E_{cut}}$)
for 73 sources in our sample. For those 73 sources, we fitted the
Comptonization model to estimate the temperature ($\rm{kT_{e}}$) of their
corona. $\rm{kT_{e}}$ could be constrained in 42 sources. We investigated for
possible correlations between various properties of the corona obtained from
physical model fits to the observed spectra and between various coronal
parameters and physical properties of the sources such as Eddington ratio and
black hole mass. We found (a) a strong correlation between $\rm{E_{cut}}$ and
the photon index and (b) a significant negative correlation between
$\rm{kT_{e}}$ and the optical depth.


  We present a Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme to solve the shallow water equations
in the case of spatially variable bottom geometry. Using a local curvilinear
reference system anchored on the bottom surface, we develop an effective
first-order and high-resolution space-time discretization of the no-flow
surfaces and solve a Lagrangian initial value problem that describes the
evolution of the balance laws governing the geometrically intrinsic shallow
water equations. The evolved solution set is then projected back to the
original surface grid to complete the proposed Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation.
The resulting scheme maintains monotonicity and captures shocks without
providing excessive numerical dissipation also in the presence of
non-autonomous fluxes such as those arising from the geometrically intrinsic
shallow water equation on variable topographies. We provide a representative
set of numerical examples to illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the
proposed Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation for two-dimensional surfaces with
general curvatures and discontinuous initial conditions.


  Matched filtering is a traditional method used to search a data stream for
signals. If the source (and hence its $n$ parameters) are unknown, many filters
must be employed. These form a grid in the $n$-dimensional parameter space,
known as a template bank. It is often convenient to construct these grids as a
lattice. Here, we examine some of the properties of these template banks for
$\mathbb{Z}^n$ and $A_n^*$ lattices. In particular, we focus on the
distribution of the mismatch function, both in the traditional quadratic
approximation and in the recently-proposed spherical approximation. The
fraction of signals which are lost is determined by the even moments of this
distribution, which we calculate. Many of these quantities we examine have a
simple and well-defined $n\to\infty$ limit, which often gives an accurate
estimate even for small $n$. Our main conclusions are the following: (i) a
fairly effective template-based search can be constructed at mismatch values
that are shockingly high in the quadratic approximation; (ii) the minor
advantage offered by an $A_n^*$ template bank (compared to $\mathbb{Z}^n$) at
small template separation becomes even less significant at large mismatch. So
there is little motivation for using template banks based on the $A_n^*$
lattice.


  Past work in computational sarcasm deals primarily with sarcasm detection. In
this paper, we introduce a novel, related problem: sarcasm target
identification i.e., extracting the target of ridicule in a sarcastic
sentence). We present an introductory approach for sarcasm target
identification. Our approach employs two types of extractors: one based on
rules, and another consisting of a statistical classifier. To compare our
approach, we use two baselines: a na\"ive baseline and another baseline based
on work in sentiment target identification. We perform our experiments on book
snippets and tweets, and show that our hybrid approach performs better than the
two baselines and also, in comparison with using the two extractors
individually. Our introductory approach establishes the viability of sarcasm
target identification, and will serve as a baseline for future work.


  In this paper we study quantitative uniqueness estimates of solutions to
general second order elliptic equations with magnetic and electric potentials.
We derive lower bounds of decay rate at infinity for any nontrivial solution
under some general assumptions. The lower bounds depend on asymptotic behaviors
of magnetic and electric potentials. The proof is carried out by the Carleman
method and the bootstrapping arguments.


  We compare standard perturbation theory with the polaron transformation for
non-linear transport of electrons through a two-level system. For weak
electron-phonon coupling and large bias, there is good agreement between both
approaches. This regime has recently been explored in experiments in double
quantum dots.


  We review experimental and theoretical efforts aimed at a detailed
understanding of the recombination of electrons with highly-charged tungsten
ions characterised by an open 4f sub-shell. Highly-charged tungsten occurs as a
plasma contaminant in ITER-like tokamak experiments, where it acts as an
unwanted cooling agent. Modelling of the charge state populations in a plasma
requires reliable thermal rate coefficients for charge-changing electron
collisions. The electron recombination of medium-charged tungsten species with
open 4f sub-shells is especially challenging to compute reliably. Storage-ring
experiments have been conducted that yielded recombination rate coefficients at
high energy resolution and well-understood systematics. Significant deviations
compared to simplified, but prevalent, computational models have been found. A
new class of ab-initio numerical calculations has been developed that provides
reliable predictions of the total plasma recombination rate coefficients for
these ions.


  We compute the expected gravitational wave signal from coalescing massive
black hole (MBH) binaries at the center of galaxies in a hierarchical structure
formation scenario in which seed holes of intermediate mass form far up in the
dark halo merger tree. The merger history of DM halos and MBHs is followed from
z=20 to the present in a LCDM cosmology. MBHs get incorporated through halo
mergers into larger and larger structures, sink to the center owing to
dynamical friction against the DM background, accrete cold material in the
merger remnant, and form MBH binary systems. Stellar dynamical interactions
cause the hardening of the binary at large separations, while gravitational
wave emission takes over at small radii and leads to the final coalescence of
the pair. The integrated emission from inspiraling MBH binaries results in a
gravitational wave background (GWB). The characteristic strain spectrum has the
standard h_c(f)\propto f^{-2/3} behavior only in the range 1E-9<f<1E-6 Hz. At
lower frequencies the orbital decay of MBH binaries is driven by the ejection
of background stars, and h_c(f) \propto f. At higher frequencies, f>1E-6 Hz,
the strain amplitude is shaped by the convolution of last stable circular orbit
emission. We discuss the observability of inspiraling MBH binaries by the
planned LISA. Over a 3-year observing period LISA should resolve this GWB into
discrete sources, detecting ~60 (~250) individual events above a S/N=5 (S/N=1)
confidence level. (Abridged)


  We have searched for optical identifications for 79 Chandra X-ray sources
that lie within the half-mass radius of the nearby, core-collapsed globular
cluster NGC 6397, using deep Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys
Wide Field Channel imaging in H-alpha, R, and B. Photometry of these images
allows us to classify candidate counterparts based on color-magnitude diagram
location. In addition to recovering nine previously detected cataclysmic
variables (CVs), we have identified six additional faint CV candidates, a total
of 42 active binaries (ABs), two millisecond pulsars (MSPs), one candidate
active galactic nucleus, and one candidate interacting galaxy pair. Of the 79
sources, 69 have a plausible optical counterpart. The 15 likely and possible
CVs in NGC 6397 mostly fall into two groups: a brighter group of six for which
the optical emission is dominated by contributions from the secondary and
accretion disk, and a fainter group of seven for which the white dwarf
dominates the optical emission. There are two possible transitional objects
that lie between these groups. The faintest CVs likely lie near the minimum of
the CV period distribution, where an accumulation is expected. The spatial
distribution of the brighter CVs is much more centrally concentrated than those
of the fainter CVs and the active binaries. This may represent the result of an
evolutionary process in which CVs are produced by dynamical interactions, such
as exchange reactions, near the cluster center and are scattered to larger
orbital radii, over their lifetimes, as they age and become fainter.


  We use a temperature map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) obtained
using the South Pole Telescope at 150 GHz to construct a map of the
gravitational convergence to z ~ 1100, revealing the fluctuations in the
projected mass density. This map shows individual features that are significant
at the ~ 4 sigma level, providing the first image of CMB lensing convergence.
We cross-correlate this map with Herschel/SPIRE maps covering 90 square degrees
at wavelengths of 500, 350, and 250 microns. We show that these
submillimeter-wavelength (submm) maps are strongly correlated with the lensing
convergence map, with detection significances in each of the three submm bands
ranging from 6.7 to 8.8 sigma. We fit the measurement of the cross power
spectrum assuming a simple constant bias model and infer bias factors of
b=1.3-1.8, with a statistical uncertainty of 15%, depending on the assumed
model for the redshift distribution of the dusty galaxies that are contributing
to the Herschel/SPIRE maps.


  Recent work in the literature has advocated using the Earth-Moon-planetoid
Lagrangian points as observables, in order to test general relativity and
effective field theories of gravity in the solar system. However, since the
three-body problem of classical celestial mechanics is just an approximation of
a much more complicated setting, where all celestial bodies in the solar system
are subject to their mutual gravitational interactions, while solar radiation
pressure and other sources of nongravitational perturbations also affect the
dynamics, it is conceptually desirable to improve the current understanding of
solar system dynamics in general relativity, as a first step towards a more
accurate theoretical study of orbital motion in the weak-gravity regime. For
this purpose, starting from the Einstein equations in the de Donder-Lanczos
gauge, this paper arrives first at the Levi-Civita Lagrangian for the geodesic
motion of celestial bodies, showing in detail under which conditions the
effects of internal structure and finite extension get cancelled in general
relativity to first post-Newtonian order. The resulting nonlinear ordinary
differential equations for the motion of planets and satellites are solved for
the Earth's orbit about the Sun, written down in detail for the Sun-Earth-Moon
system, and investigated for the case of planar motion of a body immersed in
the gravitational field produced by the other bodies (e.g. planets with their
satellites). At this stage, we prove an exact property, according to which the
fourth-order time derivative of the original system leads to a linear system of
ordinary differential equations. This opens an interesting perspective on
forthcoming research on planetary motions in general relativity within the
solar system, although the resulting equations remain a challenge for numerical
and qualitative studies.


  We present an analysis of the galactocentric distributions of the "normal"
and peculiar "91bg-like" subclasses of 109 supernovae (SNe) Ia, and study the
global parameters of their elliptical hosts. The galactocentric distributions
of the SN subclasses are consistent with each other, and with the radial light
distribution of host stellar populations, when excluding bias against central
SNe. Among the global parameters, only the distributions of u-r colours and
ages are inconsistent significantly between the ellipticals of different SN Ia
subclasses: the normal SN hosts are on average bluer/younger than those of
91bg-like SNe. In the colour-mass diagram, the tail of colour distribution of
normal SN hosts stretches into the Green Valley - transitional state of galaxy
evolution, while the same tail of 91bg-like SN hosts barely reaches that
region. Therefore, the bluer/younger ellipticals might have more residual star
formation that gives rise to younger "prompt" progenitors, resulting in normal
SNe Ia with shorter delay times. The redder and older ellipticals that already
exhausted their gas for star formation may produce significantly less normal
SNe with shorter delay times, outnumbered by "delayed" 91bg-like events. The
host ages (lower age limit of the delay times) of 91bg-like SNe does not extend
down to the stellar ages that produce significant u-band fluxes - the 91bg-like
events have no prompt progenitors. Our results favor SN Ia progenitor models
such as He-ignited violent mergers that have the potential to explain the
observed SN/host properties.


  Experimental observations of lightly doped La_{2-x}Sr_xCuO_4, x < 0.02,
revealed remarkable magnetic properties such as the incommensurate noncollinear
ordering (additional to the Neel ordering) and a tremendous doping dependence
of the uniform longitudinal susceptibility. We show that the spiral solution of
the t-t'-t''-J model obtained by taking into account the Coulomb trapping of
holes by Sr ions describes these puzzling data perfectly well. Our solution
firstly explains why the incommensurate structure is directed along the
orthorhombic b-axis, and secondly allows a numerical calculation of the
positions and shapes of the incommensurate neutron scattering peaks. Thirdly,
we calculate the doping dependence of the spin-wave gap, and lastly, we study
the longitudinal magnetic susceptibility and show that its doping dependence is
due to the noncollinearity of the spin spiral.


  Graph embedding is essential for graph mining tasks. With the prevalence of
graph data in real-world applications, many methods have been proposed in
recent years to learn high-quality graph embedding vectors various types of
graphs. However, most existing methods usually randomly select the negative
samples from the original graph to enhance the training data without
considering the noise. In addition, most of these methods only focus on the
explicit graph structures and cannot fully capture complex semantics of edges
such as various relationships or asymmetry. In order to address these issues,
we propose a robust and generalized framework for adversarial graph embedding
based on generative adversarial networks. Inspired by generative adversarial
network, we propose a robust and generalized framework for adversarial graph
embedding, named AGE. AGE generates the fake neighbor nodes as the enhanced
negative samples from the implicit distribution, and enables the discriminator
and generator to jointly learn each node's robust and generalized
representation. Based on this framework, we propose three models to handle
three types of graph data and derive the corresponding optimization algorithms,
i.e., UG-AGE and DG-AGE for undirected and directed homogeneous graphs,
respectively, and HIN-AGE for heterogeneous information networks. Extensive
experiments show that our methods consistently and significantly outperform
existing state-of-the-art methods across multiple graph mining tasks, including
link prediction, node classification, and graph reconstruction.


  This note is a comment on a recent paper by J. J. Kohn. We give an example of
a second order partial differential operator, expressed as a sum of squares of
complex vector fields satisfying the bracket condition, that is not
hypoelliptic.


  A new, general, field theoretic approach to the derivation of asymptotic
conservation laws is presented. In this approach asymptotic conservation laws
are constructed directly from the field equations according to a universal
prescription which does not rely upon the existence of Noether identities or
any Lagrangian or Hamiltonian formalisms. The resulting general expressions of
the conservation laws enjoy important invariance properties and synthesize all
known asymptotic conservation laws, such as the ADM energy in general
relativity.


  Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy data for the bilayer manganite
La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 show that, upon lowering the temperature below the Curie point,
a coherent polaronic metallic groundstate emerges very rapidly with well
defined quasiparticles which track remarkably well the electrical conductivity,
consistent with macroscopic transport properties. Our data suggest that the
mechanism leading to the insulator-to-metal transition in La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 can
be regarded as a polaron coherence condensation process acting in concert with
the Double Exchange interaction.


  Different encodings of datapoints in the latent space of latent-vector
generative models may result in more or less effective and disentangled
characterizations of the different explanatory factors of variation behind the
data. Many works have been recently devoted to the explorationof the latent
space of specific models, mostly focused on the study of how features are
disentangled and of how trajectories producing desired alterations of data in
the visible space can be found. In this work we address the more general
problem of comparing the latent spaces of different models, looking for
transformations between them. We confined the investigation to the familiar and
largely investigated case of generative models for the data manifold of human
faces. The surprising, preliminary result reported in this article is that
(provided models have not been taught or explicitly conceived to act
differently) a simple linear mapping is enough to pass from a latent space to
another while preserving most of the information.


  If gravitons are super-strong interacting particles and the low-temperature
graviton background exists, the basic cosmological conjecture about the
Dopplerian nature of redshifts may be false: a full magnitude of cosmological
redshift would be caused by interactions of photons with gravitons.
Non-forehead collisions with gravitons will lead to a very specific additional
relaxation of any photonic flux that gives a possibility of another
interpretation of supernovae 1a data - without any kinematics. These facts may
implicate a necessity to change the standard cosmological paradigm. Some
features of a new paradigm are discussed. In a frame of this model, every
observer has two different cosmological horizons. One of them is defined by
maximum existing temperatures of remote sources - by big enough distances, all
of them will be masked with the CMB radiation. Another, and much smaller, one
depends on their maximum luminosity - the luminosity distance increases with a
redshift much quickly than the geometrical one.
  If the considered quantum mechanism of classical gravity is realized in the
nature, then an existence of black holes contradicts to the equivalence
principle. In this approach, the two fundamental constants - Hubble's and
Newton's ones - should be connected between themselves. The theoretical value
of the Hubble constant is computed. Also, every massive body would be
decelerated due to collisions with gravitons that may be connected with the
Pioneer 10 anomaly.


  We investigate the Andreev-bound-state (ABS) spectra of three-terminal
Josephson junctions which consist of 1D topological superconductors (TSCs)
harboring multiple zero-energy edge Majorana bound states (MBSs) protected by
chiral symmetry. Our theoretical analysis relies on the exact numerical
diagonalization of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) Hamiltonian describing the
three interfaced TSCs, complemented by an effective low-energy description
solely based on the coupling of the interfacial MBSs arising before the leads
get contacted. Considering the 2D synthetic space spanned by the two
independent superconducting phase differences, we demonstrate that the ABS
spectra may contain either point or line nodes, and identify $\mathbb{Z}_2$
topological invariants to classify them. We show that the resulting type of
nodes depends on the number of preexisting interfacial MBSs, with nodal lines
necessarily appearing when two TSCs harbor an unequal number of MBSs.
Specifically, the precise number of interfacial MBSs determines the periodicity
of the spectrum under $2\pi$-slidings of the phase differences and, as a
result, also controls the shape of the nodal lines in synthetic space. When
chiral symmetry is preserved, the lines are open and coincide with
high-symmetry lines of synthetic space, while when it is violated the lines can
also transform into loops and chains. The nodal spectra are robust by virtue of
the inherent particle-hole symmetry of the BdG Hamiltonian, and give rise to
distinctive experimental signatures that we identify.


  We calculate the spectrum resulting from the interaction of a fireball with
ambient soft photons. These photons are assumed to be produced by the walls of
a funnel in a massive star. By parameterizing the radial dependence of the
funnel temperature we calculate the deceleration of the fireball
self-consistently, taking into account the absorption of high energy gamma-rays
due to interaction with the softer ambient photons. The resulting spectrum is
peaked at energies in agreement with observations, has a nu^2 slope in the
X-ray band and a steep power-law high energy tail.


  Recently, 23 cases of umbral moonshine, relating mock modular forms and
finite groups, have been discovered in the context of the 23 even unimodular
Niemeier lattices. One of the 23 cases in fact coincides with the so-called
Mathieu moonshine, discovered in the context of K3 non-linear sigma models. In
this paper we establish a uniform relation between all 23 cases of umbral
moonshine and K3 sigma models, and thereby take a first step in placing umbral
moonshine into a geometric and physical context. This is achieved by relating
the ADE root systems of the Niemeier lattices to the ADE du Val singularities
that a K3 surface can develop, and the configuration of smooth rational curves
in their resolutions. A geometric interpretation of our results is given in
terms of the marking of K3 surfaces by Niemeier lattices.


  This is Part 3 in a series of papers about the growth of regular partitions
in $3$-uniform hypergraphs. We consider here the strong regularity for
$3$-uniform hypergraphs developed by Frankl, Gowers, Kohayakawa, Nagle,
R\"{o}dl, Skokan, and Schacht. This type of regular decomposition comes with
two components, a partition of vertices, and a partition of pairs of vertices.
We define two corresponding growth functions associated to a hereditary
property $\mathcal{H}$ of $3$-uniform hypergraphs: $T_{\mathcal{H}}$ which
measures the size of the vertex component, and $L_{\mathcal{H}}$ which measures
the size of the pairs component. In this paper, we give an almost complete
description of the possible growth rates for $T_{\mathcal{H}}$: constant,
polynomial, between single and double exponential, or wowzer. The only existing
lower bound constructions for this type of hypergraph regularity were due to
Moshkovitz and Shapira, who constructed examples requiring a wowzer-type lower
bound on the vertex component in a weaker type of hypergraph regularity. The
results of this paper rely crucially on the fact that a slightly simpler
construction can be used to produce a wowzer type lower bound for
$T_{\mathcal{H}}$. The key ingredient in this simpler example is a lower bound
construction for strong graph regularity due to Conlon and Fox.


  The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with radiology has marked a
transformative era in medical diagnostics. Vision foundation models have been
adopted to enhance radiologic imaging analysis. However, the distinct
complexities of radiological imaging, including the interpretation of 2D and 3D
radiological data, pose unique challenges that existing models, trained on
general non-medical images, fail to address adequately. To bridge this gap and
capitalize on the diagnostic precision required in medical imaging, we
introduce RadCLIP: a pioneering cross-modal foundational model that harnesses
Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) to refine radiologic image
analysis. RadCLIP incorporates a novel 3D slice pooling mechanism tailored for
volumetric image analysis and is trained using a comprehensive and diverse
dataset of radiologic image-text pairs. Our evaluations demonstrate that
RadCLIP effectively aligns radiological images with their corresponding textual
annotations, and in the meantime, offers a robust vision backbone for
radiologic imagery with significant promise.


  Dirac semimetals (DSMs) are classified into different phases based on the
types of the Dirac fermions. Tuning the transition among different types of the
Dirac fermions in one system remains challenging. Recently, KMgBi was predicted
to be located at a critical state that various types of Dirac fermions can be
induced owing to the existence of a flat band. Here, we carried out systematic
studies on the electronic structure of KMgBi single crystal by combining
angle-resolve photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and scanning tunneling
microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). The flat band was clearly observed near the
Fermi level. We also revealed a small bandgap of ~ 20 meV between the flat band
and the conduction band. These results demonstrate the critical state of KMgBi
that transitions among various types of Dirac fermions can be tuned in one
system.


  We report experimentally achieving first-ever electric field periodic poling
of single crystal barium titanate (BTO, or BaTiO3) thin film on insulator.
Owing to the outstanding optical nonlinearities of BTO, this result is a key
step towards achieving quasi-phase-matching in BTO. We first grow the BTO thin
film on a dysprosium scandate substrate using pulsed laser deposition with a
thin layer of strontium ruthenate later serving as the bottom electrode for
poling. We present characterization of the BTO thin film using x-ray
diffraction and piezo-response force microscopy to clearly demonstrate single
crystal, single domain growth of the film which enables the desired periodic
poling. To investigate the poling quality, we apply both non-destructive piezo
force response microscopy and destructive etching-assisted scanning electron
microscopy and we show that high quality, uniform and intransient poling with
50 % duty cycle and periods ranging from 2 {\mu}m to 10 {\mu}m is achieved. The
successful realization of periodic poling in BTO thin film unlocks the
potential for highly efficient nonlinear processes under quasi-phase-matching
that seemed far-fetched with prior polycrystalline BTO thin films which
predominantly relied on efficiency-limited random or non-phase matching
conditions and is a key step towards integration of BTO photonic devices.


  In this paper, we consider a Model Predictive Control (MPC) problem of a
continuous-time linear time-invariant system subject to continuous-time path
constraints on the states and the inputs. By leveraging the concept of
differential flatness, we can replace the differential equations governing the
system with linear mapping between the states, inputs, and flat outputs
(including their derivatives). The flat outputs are then parameterized by
piecewise polynomials, and the model predictive control problem can be
equivalently transformed into a Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) problem via
Sum-of-Squares (SOS), ensuring constraint satisfaction at every continuous-time
interval. We further note that the SDP problem contains a large number of
small-size semi-definite matrices as optimization variables. To address this,
we develop a Primal-Dual Hybrid Gradient (PDHG) algorithm that can be
efficiently parallelized to speed up the optimization procedure. Simulation
results on a quadruple-tank process demonstrate that our formulation can
guarantee strict constraint satisfaction, while the standard MPC controller
based on the discretized system may violate the constraint inside a sampling
period. Moreover, the computational speed superiority of our proposed algorithm
is collaborated by numerical simulation.


  Our main goal is to study a class of processes whose increments are generated
via a cellular automata rule. Given the increments of a simple biased random
walk, a new sequence of (dependent) Bernoulli random variables is produced. It
is built, from the original sequence, according to a cellular automata rule.
Equipped with these two sequences, we construct two more according to the same
cellular automata rule. The construction is repeated a fixed number of times
yielding an infinite array ($\{-K,\ldots,K\}\times\N$) of (dependent) Bernoulli
random variables. %In turn, using this new sequence as input, we reiterate a
construction of a new sequence. %This process is repeated a finite number of
times resulting in an infinite array, herein called the "downward process", of
highly dependent Bernoulli random variables. The process of taking partial
products can be reversed allowing to construct new sequences, herein called the
"upward process", the characteristics of which are different from the downward
process. Taking partial sums of these sequences, we obtain a
$(2K+1)$-dimensional process whose increments belong to the state space
$\{-1,1\}^{2K+1}$.
  The aim of the paper is to study the long term behaviour of this process. In
particular, we establish transience/recurrence properties and prove an
invariance principle. The limiting behaviour of these processes depends
strongly on the direction of the iteration, and exhibits few surprising
features. This work is motivated by an earlier investigation in which the
starting sequence is symmetric.


  Nanoscale materials usually can trap light and strongly interact with it
leading to many photonic device applications. The light-matter interactions are
commonly probed by optical spectroscopy, which, however, have some limitations
such as diffraction-limited spatial resolution, tiny momentum transfer and
non-continuous excitation/detection. In this work, using scanning transmission
electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) with
ultra-wide energy and momentum match and sub-nanometer spatial resolution, we
study the optical microcavity resonant spectroscopy in a single SiC nanowire.
The longitudinal Fabry-Perot (FP) resonating modes and the transverse
whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) are simultaneously excited and detected, which
span from near-infrared (~ 1.2 {\mu}m) to ultraviolet (~ 0.2 {\mu}m) spectral
regime and the momentum transfer can be ranging up to 108 cm{^{-1}}. The size
effects on the resonant spectra of nanowires are also revealed. Moreover, the
nanoscale decay length of resonant EELS is revealed, which is contributed by
the strongly localized electron-photon interactions in the SiC nanowire. This
work provides a new alternative technique to investigate the optical resonating
spectroscopy of a single nanowire structure and to explore the light-matter
interactions in dielectric nanostructures, which is also promising for
modulating free electrons via photonic structures.


  In this paper we consider the secure transmission over the fast fading
multiple antenna Gaussian broadcast channels with confidential messages
(FMGBC-CM), where a multiple-antenna transmitter sends independent confidential
messages to two users with information theoretic secrecy and only the
statistics of the receivers' channel state information are known at the
transmitter. We first use the same marginal property of the FMGBC-CM to
classify the non-trivial cases, i.e., those not degraded to the common wiretap
channels. We then derive the achievable rate region for the FMGBC-CM by solving
the channel input covariance matrices and the inflation factor. Due to the
complicated rate region formulae, we resort to low SNR analysis to investigate
the characteristics of the channel. Finally, the numerical examples show that
under the information-theoretic secrecy requirement both users can achieve
positive rates simultaneously.


  Temperature dependence of intersubband transitions in AlN/GaN multiple
quantum wells grown with molecular beam epitaxy is investigated both by
absorption studies at different temperatures and modeling of conduction-band
electrons. For the absorption study, the sample is heated in increments up to
$400^\circ$C. The self-consistent Schr\"odinger-Poisson modeling includes
temperature effects of the band-gap and the influence of thermal expansion on
the piezoelectric field. We find that the intersubband absorption energy
decreases only by $\sim 6$ meV at $400^\circ$C relative to its room temperature
value.


  The energy spectrum and corresponding wave functions of a flat quantum dot
with elliptic symmetry are obtained exactly. A detailed study is made of the
effect of ellipticity on the energy levels and the corresponding wave
functions. The analytical behavior of the energy levels in certain limiting
cases is obtained.


  The tight correlation between total galaxy stellar mass and star formation
rate (SFR) has become known as the star forming main sequence. Using ~487,000
spaxels from galaxies observed as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Mapping
Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, we confirm previous
results that a correlation also exists between the surface densities of star
formation (Sigma_SFR) and stellar mass (Sigma_mass) on kpc scales, representing
a `resolved' main sequence. Using a new metric (Delta Sigma_SFR), which
measures the relative enhancement or deficit of star formation on a
spaxel-by-spaxel basis relative to the resolved main sequence, we investigate
the SFR profiles of 864 galaxies as a function of their position relative to
the global star forming main sequence (Delta SFR). For galaxies above the
global main sequence (positive Delta SFR) Delta Sigma_SFR is elevated
throughout the galaxy, but the greatest enhancement in star formation occurs at
small radii (< 3 kpc, or 0.5 R_e). Moreover, galaxies that are at least a
factor of three above the main sequence show diluted gas phase metallicities
out to 2 R_e, indicative of metal-poor gas inflows accompanying the starbursts.
For quiescent/passive galaxies that lie at least a factor of 10 below the star
forming main sequence there is an analogous deficit of star formation
throughout the galaxy with the lowest values of Delta Sigma_SFR in the central
3 kpc. Our results are in qualitative agreement with the `compaction' scenario
in which a central starburst leads to mass growth in the bulge and may
ultimately precede galactic quenching from the inside-out.


  By integrating survival analysis, machine learning algorithms, and economic
interpretation, this research examines the temporal dynamics associated with
attaining a 5 percent rise in purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita
over a period of 120 months (2013-2022). A comparative investigation reveals
that DeepSurv is proficient at capturing non-linear interactions, although
standard models exhibit comparable performance under certain circumstances. The
weight matrix evaluates the economic ramifications of vulnerabilities, risks,
and capacities. In order to meet the GDPpc objective, the findings emphasize
the need of a balanced approach to risk-taking, strategic vulnerability
reduction, and investment in governmental capacities and social cohesiveness.
Policy guidelines promote individualized approaches that take into account the
complex dynamics at play while making decisions.


  Recently, Baltag and van Benthem arXiv:2103.14946 [cs.LO] introduced a new
decidable logic of functional dependence (LFD) with local dependence formulas
and dependence quantifiers. The language is interpreted over dependence models,
which are pairs of first-order structures with a set of available variable
assignments, also called a team. The team associated with a dependence model
can be seen as a labelled transition system over which LFD becomes a modal
logic, where the dependence quantifiers become modalities and local dependence
formulas are treated as special atoms. In this paper, we introduce appropriate
notions of bisimulation characterizing LFD (and some related logics) as a
fragment of first order logic (FOL), and show it is equivalent to a notion of
bisimulation along more standard lines proposed in arXiv:2102.10368 [cs.LO],
yet more efficient for bisimilarity-checking. Our main result is that LFD has
the finite model property (FMP), by a new application of Herwig's theorem on
extending partial isomorphisms.


  A degree sequence is a sequence ${\bf s}=(N_i,i\geq 0)$ of non-negative
integers satisfying $1+\sum_i iN_i=\sum_i N_i<\infty$. We are interested in the
uniform distribution $\mathbb{P}_{{\bf s}}$ on rooted plane trees whose degree
sequence equals ${\bf s}$, giving conditions for the convergence of the profile
(sequence of generation sizes) as the size of the tree goes to infinity. This
provides a more general formulation and a probabilistic proof of a conjecture
due to Aldous (1991). Our formulation contains and extends results in this
direction obtained previously by Drmota and Gittenberger (1997) and Kersting
(2011). A technical result is needed to ensure that trees with law
$\mathbb{P}_{{\bf s}}$ have enough individuals in the first generations, and
this is handled through novel path transformations and fluctuation theory of
exchangeable increment processes. As a consequence, we obtain a boundedness
criterion for the inhomogeneous continuum random tree introduced by Aldous,
Miermont and Pitman (2004).


  The interaction of laser pulses with thin grating targets, having a periodic
groove at the irradiated surface, has been experimentally investigated.
Ultrahigh contrast ($\sim 10^{12}$) pulses allowed to demonstrate an enhanced
laser-target coupling for the first time in the relativistic regime of
ultra-high intensity $>10^{19} \mbox{W/cm}^{2}$. A maximum increase by a factor
of 2.5 of the cut-off energy of protons produced by Target Normal Sheath
Acceleration has been observed with respect to plane targets, around the
incidence angle expected for resonant excitation of surface waves. A
significant enhancement is also observed for small angles of incidence, out of
resonance.


  This small overview of the General Theory is the kind of summary I would have
liked to have read, before embarking in a comprehensive study of the General
Theory at the time I was a student. As shown here, the main ideas are quite
simple and easy to visualize. Unfortunately, numerous introductions to
Keynesian theory are not actually based on Keynes opus magnum, but in obscure
neoclassical reinterpretations. This is completely pointless since Keynes' book
is so readable.


  In this paper we investigate electromagnetic interactions for simplest
massive mixed symmetry field. Using frame-like gauge invariant formulation we
extend Fradkin-Vasiliev procedure, initially proposed for investigation of
gravitational interactions for massless particles in AdS space, to the case of
electromagnetic interactions for massive particles leaving in (A)dS space with
arbitrary value of cosmological constant including flat Minkowski space. At
first, as an illustration of general procedure, we re-derive our previous
results on massive spin 2 electromagnetic interactions and then we apply this
procedure to massive mixed symmetry field. These two cases are just the
simplest representatives of two general class of fields, namely completely
symmetric and mixed symmetry ones, and it is clear that the results obtained
admit straightforward generalization to higher spins as well.


  We define a natural class of range query problems, and prove that all
problems within this class have the same time complexity (up to polylogarithmic
factors). The equivalence is very general, and even applies to online
algorithms. This allows us to obtain new improved algorithms for all of the
problems in the class.
  We then focus on the special case of the problems when the queries are
offline and the number of queries is linear. We show that our range query
problems are runtime-equivalent (up to polylogarithmic factors) to counting for
each edge $e$ in an $m$-edge graph the number of triangles through $e$. This
natural triangle problem can be solved using the best known triangle counting
algorithm, running in $O(m^{2\omega/(\omega+1)}) \leq O(m^{1.41})$ time.
Moreover, if $\omega=2$, the $O(m^{2\omega/(\omega+1)})$ running time is known
to be tight (within $m^{o(1)}$ factors) under the 3SUM Hypothesis. In this
case, our equivalence settles the complexity of the range query problems. Our
problems constitute the first equivalence class with this peculiar running time
bound.
  To better understand the complexity of these problems, we also provide a
deeper insight into the family of triangle problems, in particular showing
black-box reductions between triangle listing and per-edge triangle detection
and counting. As a byproduct of our reductions, we obtain a simple triangle
listing algorithm matching the state-of-the-art for all regimes of the number
of triangles. We also give some not necessarily tight, but still surprising
reductions from variants of matrix products, such as the $(\min,\max)$-product.


  This paper provides a review of the variants of dark matter which are thought
to be fundamental components of the universe and their role in origin and
evolution of structures and some new original results concerning improvements
to the spherical collapse model. In particular, I show how the spherical
collapse model is modified when we take into account dynamical friction and
tidal torques.


  Using the recursive Green's function method, we study the problem of electron
transport in a disordered single-layer graphene sheet. The conductivity is of
order $e^2/h$ and its dependence on the carrier density has a scaling form that
is controlled solely by the disorder strength and the ratio between the sample
size and the correlation length of the disorder potential. The shot noise Fano
factor is shown to have a narrow dip near the neutrality point for weak
disorder and to develop a nearly doping independent behavior at strong
disorder. Our results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with
experiments and provide a way for extracting microscopic information about the
magnitude of extrinsic disorder in graphene.


  When training a machine learning model with differential privacy, one sets a
privacy budget. This budget represents a maximal privacy violation that any
user is willing to face by contributing their data to the training set. We
argue that this approach is limited because different users may have different
privacy expectations. Thus, setting a uniform privacy budget across all points
may be overly conservative for some users or, conversely, not sufficiently
protective for others. In this paper, we capture these preferences through
individualized privacy budgets. To demonstrate their practicality, we introduce
a variant of Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD) which
supports such individualized budgets. DP-SGD is the canonical approach to
training models with differential privacy. We modify its data sampling and
gradient noising mechanisms to arrive at our approach, which we call
Individualized DP-SGD (IDP-SGD). Because IDP-SGD provides privacy guarantees
tailored to the preferences of individual users and their data points, we find
it empirically improves privacy-utility trade-offs.


  Superconducting properties change in confined geometries. Here we study the
effects of strong confinement in nanosized Pb-islands on Si(111) 7x7. Small
hexagonal islands with diameters less than 50 nm and a uniform height of 7
atomic layers are formed by depositing Pb at low temperature and annealing at
300 K. We measure the tunneling spectra of individual Pb-nanoislands using a
low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope operated at 0.6 K, and follow the
narrowing of the superconducting gap as a function of magnetic field. We find
the critical magnetic field, at which the superconducting gap vanishes, reaches
several Tesla, which represents a greater than 50-fold enhancement compared to
the bulk value. By independently measuring the size of the superconducting gap,
and the critical magnetic field that quenches superconductivity for a range of
nanoislands we can correlate these two fundamental parameters and estimate the
maximal achievable critical field for 7 ML Pb-nanoislands to 7 T.


  We introduce distance entropy as a measure of homogeneity in the distribution
of path lengths between a given node and its neighbours in a complex network.
Distance entropy defines a new centrality measure whose properties are
investigated for a variety of synthetic network models. By coupling distance
entropy information with closeness centrality, we introduce a network
cartography which allows one to reduce the degeneracy of ranking based on
closeness alone. We apply this methodology to the empirical multiplex lexical
network encoding the linguistic relationships known to English speaking
toddlers. We show that the distance entropy cartography better predicts how
children learn words compared to closeness centrality. Our results highlight
the importance of distance entropy for gaining insights from distance patterns
in complex networks.


  There is an ever-increasing body of research in applying the Localized
Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of gold nanospheres for applications in the
visual part of the electromagnetic spectrum. An important aspect of this work
is the accurate representation of the dielectric function for nanospheres with
diameters less than the mean free path of the conduction electrons in the bulk
material. This paper describes the development of a modified Drude-Lorentz
dielectric functions for bulk gold, and for nanosphere. The models are
validated against previously published experimental work and are shown to be
valid for spheres of diameters of greater than 10 nm.


  We show that sudden variations in the composition and structure of an hybrid
star can be triggered by its rapid spin-down, induced by r-mode instabilities.
The discontinuity of this process is due to the surface tension between
hadronic and quark matter and in particular to the overpressure needed to
nucleate new structures of quark matter in the mixed phase. The consequent
mini-collapses in the star can produce highly energetic gravitational wave
bursts. The possible connection between the predictions of this model and the
burst signal found by EXPLORER and NAUTILUS detectors during the year 2001 is
also investigated.


  Comb geometry, constituted of a backbone and fingers, is one of the most
simple paradigm of a two dimensional structure, where anomalous diffusion can
be realized in the framework of Markov processes. However, the intrinsic
properties of the structure can destroy this Markovian transport. These effects
can be described by the memory and spatial kernels. In particular, the fractal
structure of the fingers, which is controlled by the spatial kernel in both the
real and the Fourier spaces, leads to the L\'evy processes (L\'evy flights) and
superdiffusion. This generalization of the fractional diffusion is described by
the Riesz space fractional derivative. In the framework of this generalized
fractal comb model, L\'evy processes are considered, and exact solutions for
the probability distribution functions are obtained in terms of the Fox
$H$-function for a variety of the memory kernels, and the rate of the
superdiffusive spreading is studied by calculating the fractional moments. For
a special form of the memory kernels, we also observed a competition between
long rests and long jumps. Finally, we considered the fractional structure of
the fingers controlled by a Weierstrass function, which leads to the power-law
kernel in the Fourier space. It is a special case, when the second moment
exists for superdiffusion in this competition between long rests and long
jumps.


  In the era of "big data", it is becoming more of a challenge to not only
build state-of-the-art predictive models, but also gain an understanding of
what's really going on in the data. For example, it is often of interest to
know which, if any, of the predictors in a fitted model are relatively
influential on the predicted outcome. Some modern algorithms---like random
forests and gradient boosted decision trees---have a natural way of quantifying
the importance or relative influence of each feature. Other algorithms---like
naive Bayes classifiers and support vector machines---are not capable of doing
so and model-free approaches are generally used to measure each predictor's
importance. In this paper, we propose a standardized, model-based approach to
measuring predictor importance across the growing spectrum of supervised
learning algorithms. Our proposed method is illustrated through both simulated
and real data examples. The R code to reproduce all of the figures in this
paper is available in the supplementary materials.


  This paper presents a new approach for the detection of fake videos, based on
the analysis of style latent vectors and their abnormal behavior in temporal
changes in the generated videos. We discovered that the generated facial videos
suffer from the temporal distinctiveness in the temporal changes of style
latent vectors, which are inevitable during the generation of temporally stable
videos with various facial expressions and geometric transformations. Our
framework utilizes the StyleGRU module, trained by contrastive learning, to
represent the dynamic properties of style latent vectors. Additionally, we
introduce a style attention module that integrates StyleGRU-generated features
with content-based features, enabling the detection of visual and temporal
artifacts. We demonstrate our approach across various benchmark scenarios in
deepfake detection, showing its superiority in cross-dataset and
cross-manipulation scenarios. Through further analysis, we also validate the
importance of using temporal changes of style latent vectors to improve the
generality of deepfake video detection.


  Quasi-static hysteresis loops of spherical and spheroidal magnetite
nanoparticles with semi-axes ratio a/b = 1.5 and 2.0 with different types of
combined magnetic anisotropy are calculated using numerical simulation. For
particles of each type the critical diameters Dcr are determined so, that above
Dcr the magnetization curling becomes the easiest mode of particle
magnetization reversal. Hysteresis loops are calculated both for single-domain
nanoparticles in the diameter range Dcr < D < Dc, and for vortex particles with
diameters D > Dc, where Dc is the single-domain diameter. The results obtained
are compared with the usual hysteresis loops of particles with diameters D <
Dcr. Hysteresis loops of dilute oriented assemblies are studied for various
angles of the external magnetic field relative to the particle symmetry axis.
For the corresponding randomly oriented assemblies the hysteresis loops are
obtained by averaging over this angle. It is shown that the magnetization
reversal of nanoparticles studied occurs through the nucleation of the curling
mode, which can be accompanied by the formation of various vortices in finite
intervals of the external magnetic field. The remanent magnetization and
coercive force of oriented and non-oriented dilute assemblies of magnetite
nanoparticles with different aspect ratios are determined as the functions of
the transverse particle diameter.


  In periodic relativity (PR), the curved space time of general relativity are
eliminated by making use of a flat metric without weak field approximation. PR
satisfies Einstein's field equations. Theory allows every two body system to
deviate differently from the flat Minkowski metric. PR differs from general
relativity (GR) in predictions of the proper time intervals of distant objects.
PR proposes a definite connection between the proper time interval of an object
and Doppler frequency shift of its constituent particles as the object makes a
relative motion with respect to the rest frame of the coordinate time. This is
because fundamentally time is periodic in nature. Coordinate and proper time in
GR are linear time. Periodic time of PR is the key parameter in development of
quantum gravity theory in which the universe begins with a quantum fluctuation
in the fundamental substance of the universe which is infinite, motionless and
indivisible. PR is based on the dynamic weak equivalence principle which
equates the gravitational mass with the relativistic mass. PR provides accurate
solutions for the rotation curves of galaxies and the energy levels of the
Hydrogen spectra including Lamb shift using common formalism. Flat space time
with Lorentz invariant acceleration presented here makes it possible to unite
PR with quantum mechanics. PR satisfies Einstein's field equations with respect
to the three major GR tests within the solar system and with respect to the
derivation of Friedmann equation in cosmology. PR predicts limiting radius of
the event horizon of M87 black hole to be 3R_g and the range of prograde and
retrograde spin a_* between \pm0.385 and \pm0.73. Theory shows that the
electromagnetic wave is held together by gravitational forces.
Gravitational-wave strain amplitude is derived using quantum mechanical
formalism. Mechanism explains GRB associated with GW150914.


  Absolute sensitivity is measured for the phase measurement in an SU(1,1) type
interferometer and the results are compared to that of a Mach-Zehnder
interferometer operated under the condition of the same intra-interferometer
intensity. The interferometer is phase locked to a point with the largest
quantum noise cancellation, and a simulated phase modulation is added in one
arm of SU(1,1) interferometer. Both the signal and noise level are estimated at
the same frequency range, and we obtain 3dB improvement in sensitivity for the
SU(1,1) interferometer over the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Our results
demonstrate a direct phase estimation, and may pave the way for practical
applications of nonlinear interferometer.


  We microscopically analyze the nearest neighbor Heisenberg model on the
maple-leaf lattice through neural quantum states (NQS) and infinite density
matrix renormalization group (iDMRG). Embarking to parameter regimes beyond the
exact dimer singlet ground state with a dimer bond spin exchange coupling $J_d$
varied against the exchange strength $J$ of all other bonds, iDMRG (NQS) finds
a dimer state paramagnetic phase for $J_d/J > 1.464$ ($J_d/J > 1.39$) and a
canted $120^\circ$ magnetic order for $J_d/J < 1.419$ ($J_d/J < 1.23$).
Assessing training convergence inaccuracies of NQS and the influence of finite
cylindric circumference for iDMRG, we discuss the possible existence of an
intermediate phase between magnet and dimer paramagnet.


  We propose accurate computable error bounds for quantities of interest in
plane-wave electronic structure calculations, in particular ground-state
density matrices and energies, and interatomic forces. These bounds are based
on an estimation of the error in terms of the residual of the solved equations,
which is then efficiently approximated with computable terms. After providing
coarse bounds based on an analysis of the inverse Jacobian, we improve on these
bounds by solving a linear problem in a small dimension that involves a Schur
complement. We numerically show how accurate these bounds are on a few
representative materials, namely silicon, gallium arsenide and titanium
dioxide.


  This paper addresses the need for geospatial consumers (either humans or
machines) to visualize multicolored elevation contour poly lines with respect
their different contour intervals and control the visual portrayal of the data
with which they work. The current OpenGIS Web Map Service (WMS) specification
supports the ability for an information provider to specify very basic styling
options by advertising a preset collection of visual portrayals for each
available data set. However, while a WMS currently can provide the user with a
choice of style options, the WMS can only tell the user the name of each style.
It cannot tell the user what portrayal will look like on the map. More
importantly, the user has no way of defining their own styling rules. The
ability for a human or machine client to define these rules requires a styling
language that the client and server can both understand. Defining this
language, called the StyledLayerDescriptor (SLD), is the main focus of this
paper, and it can be used to portray the output of Web Map Servers, Web Feature
Servers and Web Coverage Servers.


  The amount and nature of dark energy (DE) can be tightly constrained by
measuring the spatial correlation features and evolution of a sample of ~
100,000 galaxy clusters over the redshift range 0<z < 1.5. Such an X-ray survey
will discover all collapsed structures with mass above 3.5e14 solar masss at
redshifts z<2 (i.e. the full range where such objects are expected) in the high
Galactic latitude sky. Above this mass threshold the tight correlations between
X-ray observables and mass allow direct interpretation of the data. We describe
the constraints on Dark Energy that can be inferred from such a survey, using
powerful self-calibration techniques to relate the X-ray observables
(luminosity and temperature) to the underlying mass.


  Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is considered as an enabling technology
for future wireless communication systems since it can intelligently change the
wireless environment to improve the communication performance. In this paper,
an IRS-enhanced wideband multiuser multi-input single-output orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (MU-MISO-OFDM) system is investigated. We aim
to jointly design the transmit beamformer and the reflection of IRS to maximize
the average sum-rate over all subcarriers. With the aid of the relationship
between sum-rate maximization and mean square error (MSE) minimization, an
efficient joint beamformer and IRS design algorithm is developed. Simulation
results illustrate that the proposed algorithm can offer significant average
sum-rate enhancement, which confirms the effectiveness of the use of the IRS
for wideband wireless communication systems.


  The PAMELA and ATIC collaborations have recently reported an excess in the
cosmic ray positron and electron fluxes. These lepton anomalies might be
related to cold dark matter (CDM) particles annihilating within a nearby dark
matter clump. We outline regions of the parameter space for both the dark
matter subhalo and particle model, where data from the different experiments
are reproduced. We then confront this interpretation of the data with the
results of the cosmological N-body simulation Via Lactea II. Having a sizable
clump (Vmax = 9km/s) at a distance of only 1.2 kpc could explain the PAMELA
excess, but such a configuration has a probability of only 0.37 percent.
Reproducing also the ATIC bump would require a very large, nearby subhalo,
which is extremely unlikely (p~3.10^-5). In either case, we predict Fermi will
detect the gamma-ray emission from the subhalo. We conclude that under
canonical assumptions, the cosmic ray lepton anomalies are unlikely to
originate from a nearby CDM subhalo.


  Vulnerabilities related to weak passwords are a pressing global economic and
security issue. We report a novel, simple, and effective approach to address
the weak password problem. Building upon chaotic dynamics, criticality at phase
transitions, CAPTCHA recognition, and computational round-off errors we design
an algorithm that strengthens security of passwords. The core idea of our
method is to split a long and secure password into two components. The first
component is memorized by the user. The second component is transformed into a
CAPTCHA image and then protected using evolution of a two-dimensional dynamical
system close to a phase transition, in such a way that standard brute-force
attacks become ineffective. We expect our approach to have wide applications
for authentication and encryption technologies.


  In this series of papers we shall carry out a reconsideration of the
thermodynamical behavior of the called HMF model, a paradigmatic ferromagnetic
toy model exhibiting many features of the real long-range interacting systems.
This first work is devoted to perform the microcanonical description of this
model system: the calculation of microcanonical entropy and some fundamental
thermodynamic observables, the distribution and correlation functions, as well
as the analysis of the thermodynamical stability and the relevant thermodynamic
limit.


  For a nonconstant holomorphic map between projective Riemann surfaces with
conformal metrics, we consider invariant Schwarzian derivatives and projective
Schwarzian derivatives of general virtual order. We show that these two
quantities are related by the "Schwarzian derivative" of the metrics of the
surfaces (at least for the case of virtual orders 2 and 3). As an application,
we give univalence criteria for a meromorphic function on the unit disk in
terms of the projective Schwarzian derivative of virtual order 3.


  A complete census of Blue Horizontal Branch (BHB) and Blue Straggler Star
(BSS) population within the 10$'$ radius from the center of the Globular
Cluster, NGC 288 is presented, based on the images from the Ultraviolet Imaging
Telescope (UVIT). The UV and UV$-$optical Colour-Magnitude Diagrams (CMDs) are
constructed by combining the UVIT, HST-ACS and ground data and compared with
the BaSTI isochrones generated for UVIT filters. We used stellar proper motions
data from GAIA DR2 to select the cluster members. Our estimations of the
temperature distribution of 110 BHB stars reveal two peaks with the main peak
at $T_{eff}\sim$ 10,300 K with the distribution extending up to $T_{eff}\sim$
18,000 K. We identify the well known photometric gaps including the G-jump in
the BHB distribution which are located between the peaks. We detect a plateau
in the FUV magnitude for stars hotter than $T_{eff}\sim$ 11,500 K (G-jump),
which could be due to the effect of atomic diffusion. We detect 2 Extreme HB
(EHB) candidates with temperatures ranging from 29,000 to 32,000 K. The radial
distribution of 68 BSSs suggests that the bright BSSs are more centrally
concentrated than the faint BSS and the BHB distribution. We find that the BSSs
have a mass range of 0.86 - 1.25 M$_{\odot}$ and an age range of 2 - 10 Gyr
with a peak at 1 M$_{\odot}$ and 4 Gyr respectively. This study showcases the
importance of combining UVIT with HST, ground, and GAIA data in deriving HB and
BSS properties.


  We construct four families of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global
dimension four. Under some generic conditions, this is a complete list of
Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four that are generated by
two elements of degree 1. These algebras are also strongly noetherian,
Auslander regular and Cohen-Macaulay. One of the main tools is Keller's
higher-multiplication theorem on A-infinity Ext-algebras.


  While internal space-time symmetries of relativistic particles are dictated
by the little groups of the Poincar\'e group, it is possible to construct
representations of the little group for massive particles starting from
harmonic oscillator wave functions for the quark model. The resulting
oscillator wave functions are covariant and can be Lorentz-boosted. It is thus
possible to obtain the parton model by boosting the quark model. A review of
Wigner's theory of the little groups is given. It is shown that the covariant
oscillator wave functions become squeezed as as the system becomes boosted. It
is shown also that the Lorentz-squeezed quark distribution exhibits the
peculiarities of Feynman's parton model including the lack of coherence in the
calculation of cross sections. A historical review of the concept of covariance
is given.


  A geometrical model which captures the main ingredients governing atom-diatom
collinear chemical reactions is proposed. This model is neither near-integrable
nor hyperbolic, yet it is amenable to analysis using a combination of the
recently developed tools for studying systems with steep potentials and the
study of the phase space structure near a center-saddle equilibrium. The
nontrivial dependence of the reaction rates on parameters, initial conditions
and energy is thus qualitatively explained. Conditions under which the phase
space transition state theory assumptions are satisfied and conditions under
which these fail are derived.


  The true character of physical phenomena is thought to be reinforced as the
system becomes disorder-free. In contrast, the two-dimensional (2D)
superconductor is predicted to turn fragile and resistive away from the limit I
-> 0, B -> 0, in the pinning-free regime. It is intriguing to note that the
very vortices responsible for achieving superconductivity by pairing,
condensation, and, thereby reducing the classical dissipation, render the state
resistive driven by quantum fluctuations in the T -> 0. While cleaner systems
are being explored for technological improvements, the 2D superconductor
turning resistive when influenced by weak electric and magnetic fields has
profound consequences for quantum technologies. A metallic ground state in 2D
is beyond the consensus of both Bosonic and Fermionic systems, and its origin
and nature warrant a comprehensive theoretical understanding supplemented by
in-depth experiments. A real-time observation of the influence of vortex
dynamics on transport properties so far has been elusive. We explore the nature
and fate of a low-viscous, clean, 2D superconducting state formed on an
ionic-liquid gated few-layered MoS$_2$ sample. The vortex-core being
dissipative, the elastic depinning, intervortex interaction, and the subsequent
dynamics of the vortex-lattice cause the system to behave like an overdamped
harmonic oscillator, leaving transient signatures in the transport
characteristics. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the transient
nature and the noise characteristics of the magnetoresistance confirm that
quantum fluctuations are solely responsible for the Bose metal state and the
fragility of the superconducting state.


  For local conformal field theories, it is shown how to construct an
expression for the energy-momentum tensor in terms of a Wilsonian effective
Lagrangian. Tracelessness implies a single, unintegrated equation which
enforces both the Exact Renormalization Group equation and its partner encoding
invariance under special conformal transformations.


  We study properties and applications of various circuit imbalance measures
associated with linear spaces. These measures describe possible ratios between
nonzero entries of support-minimal nonzero vectors of the space. The fractional
circuit imbalance measure turns out to be a crucial parameter in the context of
linear programming, and two integer variants can be used to describe
integrality properties of associated polyhedra.
  We give an overview of the properties of these measures, and survey classical
and recent applications, in particular, for linear programming algorithms with
running time dependence on the constraint matrix only, and for circuit
augmentation algorithms. We also present new bounds on the diameter and circuit
diameter of polyhedra in terms of the fractional circuit imbalance measure.


  In this work we consider parabolic equations of the form \[
(u_{\varepsilon})_t +A_{\varepsilon}(t)u_{{\varepsilon}} = F_{\varepsilon}
(t,u_{{\varepsilon} }), \] where $\varepsilon$ is a parameter in
$[0,\varepsilon_0)$ and $\{A_{\varepsilon}(t), \ t\in \mathbb{R}\}$ is a family
of uniformly sectorial operators. As $\varepsilon \rightarrow 0^{+}$, we assume
that the equation converges to \[ u_t +A_{0}(t)u_{} = F_{0} (t,u_{}). \] The
time-dependence found on the linear operators $A_{\varepsilon}(t)$ implies that
linear process is the central object to obtain solutions via variation of
constants formula. Under suitable conditions on the family $A_{\varepsilon}(t)$
and on its convergence to $A_0(t)$ when $\varepsilon \rightarrow 0^{+}$, we
obtain a Trotter-Kato type Approximation Theorem for the linear process
$U_{\varepsilon}(t,\tau)$ associated to $A_{\varepsilon}(t)$, estimating its
convergence to the linear process $U_0(t,\tau)$ associated to $A_0(t)$. Through
the variation of constants formula and assuming that $F_{\varepsilon}$
converges to $F_0$, we analyze how this linear process convergence is
transferred to the solution of the semilinear equation. We illustrate the ideas
in two examples. First a reaction-diffusion equation in a bounded smooth
domain, obtaining convergence of the linear process and solution. As a
consequence, we also obtain upper-semicontinuity of the family of pullback
attractors associated to each problem. The second example is a nonautonomous
strongly damped wave equation and we analyze convergence of solution as we
perturb the fractional powers of the associated linear operator.


  Recent years have witnessed increasing interest to phase-amplitude reduction
of limit-cycle dynamics. Adding an amplitude coordinate to the phase coordinate
allows to take into account the dynamics transversal to the limit cycle and
thereby overcomes the main limitations of classic phase reduction (strong
convergence to the limit cycle and weak inputs). While previous studies mostly
focus on local quantities such as infinitesimal responses, a major and limiting
challenge of phase-amplitude reduction is to compute amplitude coordinates
globally, in the basin of attraction of the limit cycle.
  In this paper, we propose a method to compute the full set of phase-amplitude
coordinates in the large. Our method is based on the so-called Koopman
(composition) operator and aims at computing the eigenfunctions of the operator
through Laplace averages (in combination with the harmonic balance method).
This yields a forward integration method that is not limited to two-dimensional
systems. We illustrate the method by computing the so-called isostables of
limit cycles in two, three, and four-dimensional state spaces, as well as their
responses to strong external inputs.


  We study partial collapsing degeneration of Hamiltonian-perturbed Floer
trajectories for an adiabatic $\varepsilon$-family and its reversal adiabatic
gluing, as the prototype of the partial collapsing degeneration of
$2$-dimensional (perturbed) $J$-holomorphic maps to $1$-dimensional gradient
segments. We consider the case when the Floer equations are $S^1$-invariant on
parts of their domains whose adiabatic limits have positive lengths as
$\varepsilon \to 0$, which we call thimble-flow-thimble configurations. The
main gluing theorem we prove also applies to the case with Lagrangian
boundaries such as in the problem of recovering holomorphic disks out of pearly
configurations. In particular, our gluing theorem gives rise to a new direct
proof of the chain isomorphism property between the Morse-Bott version of
Lagrangian intersection Floer complex of $L$ by Fukaya-Oh-Ohta-Ono and the
pearly complex of $L$ by Lalonde and Biran-Cornea (for monotone Lagrangian
submanifolds). It also provides another proof of the present authors' earlier
proof of the isomorphism property of the PSS map without involving the target
rescaling and the scale-dependent gluing. (This is a rewritten version of our
previous arXiv posting, arXiv:1103.3525.)


  The propagation of plane waves in an isotropic chiral medium (ICM) is
investigated. Simple conditions are derived--in terms of the constitutive
parameters of the ICM--for the phase velocity to be directed opposite to the
direction of power flow. It is demonstrated that phase velocity and power flow
may be oppositely directed provided that the magnetoelectric coupling is
sufficiently strong.


  Fomalhaut b was long thought to shape the eccentric debris belt in the
Fomalhaut system, but its orbit was found to be too eccentric for it to be the
dominant belt-shaping perturber. This indicates that Fomalhaut b is Earth-sized
at most and that the belt-shaping perturber, hereafter named Fomalhaut c,
remains to be discovered. In addition, since its orbit more or less crosses
that of Fomalhaut b, it also indicates that the current configuration of the
system is transient and was reached recently. In this talk, we show that this
current configuration can be explained if Fomalhaut c is Saturn- to
Neptune-sized, and Fomalhaut b originates from a mean-motion resonance with
Fomalhaut c.


  We study gluonic excitations inside a $B_{c} $ meson in the constituent gluon
model, treating a bottom-charm hybrid meson $ c \bar{b} g $ as a three-body
system. We obtain the mass spectra for the hybrid mesons with magnetic gluon
and electric gluon and see that their lowest states appear above the $ D B $
threshold. Also, we consider the decays of the low-lying states of the hybrid
meson into $ DB , \; D^{*} B, DB^{*} $, $ D^{*}B^{*} $, $ D_{s} B_{s} $, and
$D_{s} B_{s}^{*} $ mesons, developing an existing model for the strong decays.
We estimate their partial decay widths and find that the widths have a heavy
dependence on the final meson states. We argue that the accuracy of our model
will be tested experimentally when the branching ratios of the decays are
measured. Our results suggest that there could be a prospect that the hybrid
meson will be discovered as its first excited state rather than its lowest
state.


  Our knowledge of the intrinsic parameters of exoplanets is as precise as our
determinations of their stellar hosts parameters. In the case of radial
velocity searches for planets, stellar masses appear to be crucial. But before
estimating stellar masses properly, detailed spectroscopic analysis is
essential. With this paper we conclude a general spectroscopic description of
the Pennsylvania-Torun Planet Search (PTPS) sample of stars. We aim at a
detailed description of basic parameters of stars representing the complete
PTPS sample. We present atmospheric and physical parameters for dwarf stars
observed within the PTPS along with updated physical parameters for the
remaining stars from this sample after the first Gaia data release. We used
high resolution (R=60 000) and high signal-to-noise-ratio (S/N=150-250) spectra
from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and its High Resolution Spectrograph. Stellar
atmospheric parameters were determined through a strictly spectroscopic local
thermodynamic equilibrium analysis (LTE) of the equivalent widths of FeI and
FeII lines. Stellar masses, ages, and luminosities were estimated through a
Bayesian analysis of theoretical isochrones. We present $T_{eff}$, log$g$ ,
[Fe/H], micrturbulence velocities, absolute radial velocities, and rotational
velocities for 156 stars from the dwarf sample of PTPS. For most of these stars
these are the first determinations. We refine the definition of PTPS subsamples
of stars (giants, subgiants, and dwarfs) and update the luminosity classes for
all PTPS stars. Using available Gaia and Hipparcos parallaxes, we redetermine
the stellar parameters (masses, radii, luminosities, and ages) for 451 PTPS
stars. The complete PTPS sample of 885 stars is composed of 132 dwarfs, 238
subgiants, and 515 giants, of which the vast majority are of roughly solar
mass.


  Over the past decade, large-scale supervised learning corpora have enabled
machine learning researchers to make substantial advances. However, to this
date, there are no large-scale question-answer corpora available. In this paper
we present the 30M Factoid Question-Answer Corpus, an enormous question answer
pair corpus produced by applying a novel neural network architecture on the
knowledge base Freebase to transduce facts into natural language questions. The
produced question answer pairs are evaluated both by human evaluators and using
automatic evaluation metrics, including well-established machine translation
and sentence similarity metrics. Across all evaluation criteria the
question-generation model outperforms the competing template-based baseline.
Furthermore, when presented to human evaluators, the generated questions appear
comparable in quality to real human-generated questions.


  We analyze the lattice SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in Coulomb gauge. We show that
the static gluon propagator is multiplicative renormalizable and takes the
simple form $D(|\vec{p}|)^{-1}=\sqrt{|\vec{p}|^2+M^4/|\vec{p}|^2}$, proposed by
Gribov through heuristic arguments many years ago. We find $M=0.88(1) {\rm GeV}
\simeq 2 \sqrt{\sigma}$.


  From the canonical binary scenario, the majority of sdBs are produced from
low-mass stars with degenerate cores where helium is ignited in a way of
flashes. Due to numerical difficulties, the models of produced sdBs are
generally constructed from more massive stars with non-degenerate cores,
leaving several uncertainties on the exact characteristics of sdB stars.
Employing MESA, we systematically studied the characteristics of sdBs produced
from the common envelope (CE) ejection channel, and found that the sdB stars
produced from the CE ejection channel appear to form two distinct groups on the
effective temperature-gravity diagram. One group (the flash-mixing model)
almost has no H-rich envelope and crows at the hottest temperature end of the
extremely horizontal branch (EHB), while the other group has significant H-rich
envelope and spreads over the whole canonical EHB region. The key factor for
the dichotomy of the sdB properties is the development of convection during the
first helium flash, which is determined by the interior structure of the star
after the CE ejection. For a given initial stellar mass and a given core mass
at the onset of the CE, if the CE ejection stops early, the star has a
relatively massive H-rich envelope, resulting in a canonical sdB generally. The
fact of only a few short-orbital-period sdB binaries being in the flash-mixing
sdB region and the lack of He-rich sdBs in short-orbital-period binaries
indicate that the flash mixing is not very often in the products of the CE
ejection. A falling back process after the CE ejection, similar to that
happened in nova, is an appropriate way of increasing the envelope mass, then
prevents the flash mixing.


  We discuss the design and ongoing development of the Monitoring Extreme-scale
Lustre Toolkit (MELT), a unified Lustre performance monitoring and analysis
infrastructure that provides continuous, low-overhead summary information on
the health and performance of Lustre, as well as on-demand, in- depth problem
diagnosis and root-cause analysis. The MELT infrastructure leverages a
distributed overlay network to enable monitoring of center-wide Lustre
filesystems where clients are located across many network domains. We preview
interactive command-line utilities that help administrators and users to
observe Lustre performance at various levels of resolution, from individual
servers or clients to whole filesystems, including job-level reporting.
Finally, we discuss our future plans for automating the root-cause analysis of
common Lustre performance problems.


  This is the second issue of the SPM Bulletin (SPM stands for "Selection
Principles in Mathematics"). The first issue is math.GN/0301011 and contains
some background and details.


  Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale topological textures that have been recently
observed in different families of quantum magnets. These textures are known as
CP$^1$ skyrmions because the target manifold of the magnetization field is the
2D sphere $S^2 \cong$ CP$^{1}$. Here we report the emergence of magnetic CP$^2$
skyrmions in realistic spin-$1$ models. Unlike CP$^1$ skyrmions, CP$^2$
skyrmions can also arise as metastable textures of quantum paramagnets, opening
a new road to discover emergent topological solitons in non-magnetic materials.
The quantum phase diagram of the spin-$1$ models also includes magnetic
field-induced CP$^2$ skyrmion crystals that can be detected with regular
momentum- (diffraction) and real-space (Lorentz transmission electron
microscopy) experimental techniques.


  We consider the adversarial combinatorial multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem,
whose decision set can be exponentially large with respect to the number of
given arms. To avoid dealing with such large decision sets directly, we propose
an algorithm performed on a zero-suppressed binary decision diagram (ZDD),
which is a compressed representation of the decision set. The proposed
algorithm achieves either $O(T^{2/3})$ regret with high probability or
$O(\sqrt{T})$ expected regret as the any-time guarantee, where $T$ is the
number of past rounds. Typically, our algorithm works efficiently for CMAB
problems defined on networks. Experimental results show that our algorithm is
applicable to various large adversarial CMAB instances including adaptive
routing problems on real-world networks.


  Recent experiments demonstrate a temperature control of the electric
conduction through a ferrocene-based molecular junction. Here we examine the
results in view of determining means to distinguish between transport through
single-particle molecular levels or via transport channels split by Coulomb
repulsion. Both transport mechanisms are similar in molecular junctions given
the similarities between molecular intralevel energies and the charging energy.
We propose an experimentally testable way to identify the main transport
process. By applying a magnetic field to the molecule, we observe that an
interacting theory predicts a shift of the conductance resonances of the
molecule whereas in the noninteracting case each resonance is split into two
peaks. The interaction model works well in explaining our experimental results
obtained in a ferrocene-based single-molecule junction, where the charge
degeneracy peaks shift (but do not split) under the action of an applied
7-Tesla magnetic field. This method is useful for a proper characterization of
the transport properties of molecular tunnel junctions.


  We study analytically and numerically the extreme value distribution of
observables defined along the temporal evolution of a dynamical system. The
convergence to the Gumbel law of observable recurrences gives information on
the fractal structure of the image of the invariant measure by the observable.
We provide illustrations on idealized and physical systems.


  Digital image correlation is a widely used technique in the field of
experimental mechanics. In fracture mechanics, determining the precise location
of the crack tip is crucial. In this paper, we introduce a universal crack tip
detection algorithm based on displacement and strain fields obtained by digital
image correlation. Iterative crack tip correction formulas are discovered by
applying deep symbolic regression guided by physical unit constraints to a
dataset of simulated cracks under mode I, II and mixed-mode conditions with
variable T-stress. For the training dataset, we fit the Williams series
expansion with super-singular terms to the simulated displacement fields at
randomly chosen origins around the actual crack tip. We analyse the discovered
formulas and apply the most promising one to digital image correlation data
obtained from uniaxial and biaxial fatigue crack growth experiments of
AA2024-T3 sheet material. Throughout the experiments, the crack tip positions
are reliably detected leading to improved stability of the crack propagation
curves.


  BERT has shown a lot of sucess in a wide variety of NLP tasks. But it has a
limitation dealing with long inputs due to its attention mechanism. Longformer,
ETC and BigBird addressed this issue and effectively solved the quadratic
dependency problem. However we find that these models are not sufficient, and
propose LittleBird, a novel model based on BigBird with improved speed and
memory footprint while maintaining accuracy. In particular, we devise a more
flexible and efficient position representation method based on Attention with
Linear Biases (ALiBi). We also show that replacing the method of global
information represented in the BigBird with pack and unpack attention is more
effective. The proposed model can work on long inputs even after being
pre-trained on short inputs, and can be trained efficiently reusing existing
pre-trained language model for short inputs. This is a significant benefit for
low-resource languages where large amounts of long text data are difficult to
obtain. As a result, our experiments show that LittleBird works very well in a
variety of languages, achieving high performance in question answering tasks,
particularly in KorQuAD2.0, Korean Question Answering Dataset for long
paragraphs.


  Time-variable polarization is an extremely valuable observational tool to
probe the dynamical physical conditions of blazar jets. Since 2008, we have
been monitoring the flux and linear polarization of a sample of gamma-ray
bright blazars at optical frequencies. Some of the observations were performed
on nightly or intra-night time-scales in four optical bands, providing
information on the frequency and time dependence of the polarization. The
observed behavior is similar to that found in simulations of turbulent plasma
in a relativistic jet that contains a standing shock and/or a helical
background magnetic field. Similar simulations predict the characteristics of
X-ray synchrotron polarization of blazars that will be measured in the future
by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE).


  The $p\bar p$ collider Tevatron, with its high center of mass energy of 2 TeV
is presently the unique top quark factory in the world. Thousands of top-quarks
have been produced during Run IIa. This gives the opportunity to study the
production and the properties of the heaviest known fundamental particle. This
article will summarize a sample of recent top quark physics results obtained at
the Tevatron.


  In this work, we consider a semi-infinite discrete nonlinear Schr\"odinger
equation with saturable nonlinearity driven at one edge by a driving force. The
equation models the dynamics of coupled photorefractive waveguide arrays. It
has been reported that when the frequency of the driving force is in the
forbidden band, energy can be transmitted along the lattices provided that the
driving amplitude is above a critical value. This nonlinear tunneling is called
supratransmission. Here, we explain the source of supratransmission using
geometric illustrations. Approximations to the critical amplitude for
supratransmission are presented as well.


  In the context of canonical quantum gravity, we consider the effects of a
non-standard expression for the gravitational wave function on the evolution of
inflationary perturbations. Such an expression and its effects may be generated
by a sudden variation in the (nearly constant) inflaton potential. The
resulting primordial spectra, up to the leading order, are affected in the
short and in the long wavelength regime, where an oscillatory behavior with a
non-negligible amplitude is superimposed on the standard semiclassical result.
Moreover, a novel, non-perturbative, approach is used to study the evolution.
Finally, a simplified application is fully illustrated and commented.


  We consider a situation in when the interaction of relativistically intense
EM waves with an isotropic electron positron plasma takes place, i.e.,we
consider short pulse lasers with intensity up to 1021 W/cm2, in which the
photon density is of the order of 1030cm3 and the strength of electric field E
= 10^9 statvolt/cm. Such a situation is possible in astrophysical and
laboratory plasma which are subject to intense laser radiation, thus leading to
non thermal equilibrium field radiations. Such interaction of the super-strong
laser radiation with an isotropic pair plasma leads to the generation of low
frequency electromagnetic EM waves and in particular a quasistationary magnetic
field. When the relativistic circularly polarized transverse EM wave propagates
along z- axis, it creates a ponderomotive force, which affects the motion of
particles along the direction of its propagation. On the other hand, motion of
the particles across the direction of propagation is defined by the
ponderomotive potential. Moreover dispersion relation for the transverse EM
wave using a special distribution function, which has an anisotropic form, is
derived and is subsequently investigated for a number of special cases. In
general, it is shown that the growth rate of the EM wave strongly depends upon
its intensity.


  With the advent of high-resolution high-sensitivity observations, spiral
patterns have been revealed around several asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars.
Such patterns can provide possible evidence for the existence of central binary
stars embedded in outflowing circumstellar envelopes. Here, we suggest the
viability of explaining the previously observed incomplete ring-like patterns
with the spiral-shell structure due to the motion of (unknown) binary
components viewed at an inclination with respect to the orbital plane. We
describe a method of extracting such spiral-shells from an incomplete ring-like
pattern to place constraints on the characteristics of the central binary
stars. The use of gas kinematics is essential in facilitating a detailed
modeling for the three-dimensional structure of the circumstellar pattern. We
show that a hydrodynamic radiative transfer model can reproduce the structure
of the HC3N molecular line emission of the extreme carbon star, CIT 6. This
method can be applied to other sources in the AGB phase and to the outer
ring-like patterns of pre-planetary nebulae for probing the existence of
embedded binary stars, which are highly anticipated with future observations
using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array.


  Let X be a smooth projective variety. The Gromov-Witten potentials of X are
generating functions for the Gromov-Witten invariants of X: they are formal
power series, sometimes in infinitely many variables, with Taylor coefficients
given by Gromov-Witten invariants of X. It is natural to ask whether these
formal power series converge. In this paper we describe and analyze various
notions of convergence for Gromov-Witten potentials. Using results of Givental
and Teleman, we show that if the quantum cohomology of X is analytic and
generically semisimple then the genus-g Gromov-Witten potential of X converges
for all g. We deduce convergence results for the all-genus Gromov-Witten
potentials of compact toric varieties, complete flag varieties, and certain
non-compact toric varieties.


  Hall drift, i. e., transport of magnetic flux by the moving electrons giving
rise to the electrical current, may be the dominant effect causing the
evolution of the magnetic field in the solid crust of neutron stars. It is a
nonlinear process that, despite a number of efforts, is still not fully
understood. We use the Hall induction equation in axial symmetry to obtain some
general properties of nonevolving fields, as well as analyzing the evolution of
purely toroidal fields, their poloidal perturbations, and current-free, purely
poloidal fields. We also analyze energy conservation in Hall instabilities and
write down a variational principle for Hall equilibria. We show that the
evolution of any toroidal magnetic field can be described by Burgers' equation,
as previously found in plane-parallel geometry. It leads to sharp current
sheets that dissipate on the Hall time scale, yielding a stationary field
configuration that depends on a single, suitably defined coordinate. This
field, however, is unstable to poloidal perturbations, which grow as their
field lines are stretched by the background electron flow, as in instabilities
earlier found numerically. On the other hand, current-free poloidal
configurations are stable and could represent a long-lived crustal field
supported by currents in the fluid stellar core.


  In our prior work [arXiv:2109.09316], neural network methods with inputs
based on domain of dependence and a converging sequence were introduced for
solving one dimensional conservation laws, in particular the Euler systems. To
predict a high-fidelity solution at a given space-time location, two solutions
of a conservation law from a converging sequence, computed from low-cost
numerical schemes, and in a local domain of dependence of the space-time
location, serve as the input of a neural network. In the present work, we
extend the methods to two dimensional Euler systems and introduce variations.
Numerical results demonstrate that the methods not only work very well in one
dimension [arXiv:2109.09316], but also perform well in two dimensions. Despite
smeared local input data, the neural network methods are able to predict
shocks, contacts, and smooth regions of the solution accurately. The neural
network methods are efficient and relatively easy to train because they are
local solvers.


  Genomic data are rapidly resolving the tree of living species calibrated to
time, the timetree of life, which will provide a framework for research in
diverse fields of science. Previous analyses of taxonomically restricted
timetrees have found a decline in the rate of diversification in many groups of
organisms, often attributed to ecological interactions among species. Here we
have synthesized a global timetree of life from 2,274 studies representing
50,632 species and examined the pattern and rate of diversification as well as
the timing of speciation. We found that species diversity has been mostly
expanding overall and in many smaller groups of species, and that the rate of
diversification in eukaryotes has been mostly constant. We also identified, and
avoided, potential biases that may have influenced previous analyses of
diversification including low levels of taxon sampling, small clade size, and
the inclusion of stem branches in clade analyses. We found consistency in
time-to-speciation among plants and animals, approximately two million years,
as measured by intervals of crown and stem species times. Together, this
clock-like change at different levels suggests that speciation and
diversification are processes dominated by random events and that adaptive
change is largely a separate process.


  The spectrum of the non-hermitian asymmetric XXZ-chain with additional
non-diagonal boundary terms is studied. The lowest lying eigenvalues are
determined numerically. For the ferromagnetic and completely asymmetric chain
that corresponds to a reaction-diffusion model with input and outflow of
particles the smallest energy gap which corresponds directly to the inverse of
the temporal correlation length shows the same properties as the spatial
correlation length of the stationary state. For the antiferromagnetic chain
with both boundary terms, we find a conformal invariant spectrum where the
partition function corresponds to the one of a Coulomb gas with only magnetic
charges shifted by a purely imaginary and a lattice-length dependent constant.
Similar results are obtained by studying a toy model that can be diagonalized
analytically in terms of free fermions.


  Attribution maps are one of the most established tools to explain the
functioning of computer vision models. They assign importance scores to input
features, indicating how relevant each feature is for the prediction of a deep
neural network. While much research has gone into proposing new attribution
methods, their proper evaluation remains a difficult challenge. In this work,
we propose a novel evaluation protocol that overcomes two fundamental
limitations of the widely used incremental-deletion protocol, i.e., the
out-of-domain issue and lacking inter-model comparisons. This allows us to
evaluate 23 attribution methods and how eight different design choices of
popular vision models affect their attribution quality. We find that
intrinsically explainable models outperform standard models and that raw
attribution values exhibit a higher attribution quality than what is known from
previous work. Further, we show consistent changes in the attribution quality
when varying the network design, indicating that some standard design choices
promote attribution quality.


  We briefly review common features and overlapping issues in hadron and flavor
physics focussing on continuum QCD approaches to heavy bound states, their mass
spectrum and weak decay constants in different strong interaction models.