  Wireless charging for mobile Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as
smartphones is extremely difficult. To reduce energy dissipation during
wireless transmission in mobile scenarios, laser or narrow radio beams with
sophisticated tracking control are typically required. However, reaching the
necessary tracking accuracy and reliability is really difficult. In this paper,
inspired by the features of optical resonators and retroreflectors, we develop
an experiment on a self-aligned resonant beam charging system for long-distance
mobile power transfer. It exploits light resonances inside a
double-retroreflector-based spatially separated laser resonator (SSLR), which
eliminates the requirement for any kind of tracking control. Focal telecentric
cat's eye retroreflectors are employed here. The SSLR was investigated by both
theoretical calculation and experiment. We also well assembled the transmitter
and the receiver and demonstrated its application in mobile smartphone
charging. The results show that above 5-W optical power (also obtained more
than 0.6-W electrical power) transferring with negligible diffraction loss to a
few-centimeter-size receiver is realized while the receiver moves arbitrarily
within 2-m vertical distance and 6{\deg} field of view from the transmitter.
The maximum horizontal moving range is up to 18cm. This wireless charging
system empowers a smartphone in mobile operation with unlimited battery life
without the need for a cable.


  We report the thermoelectric (TE) properties of (1-x)LaCoO3.xLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3
(0 < x < 0.10) composite in a temperature range 320-800 K. Addition of
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 to LaCoO3 in small amount (5 weight %) improves the overall
Seebeck coefficient ({\alpha}) at higher temperatures. The electrical
conductivity, however, decreases due to a decrease in carrier concentration of
the composite. The decrease in electrical conductivity of the composite at high
temperature may be attributed to the insulating nature of the LSMO above room
temperature. Thermal conductivity (\k{appa}) of all the samples increases with
an increase in the temperature but decreases with increasing LSMO content. We
also report the local variation of the Seebeck coefficient across the composite
samples measured using a precision Seebeck measurement system. A maximum value
of 0.09 for the figure of merit (ZT) is obtained for
0.95LaCoO3.0.05La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 at 620 K which is significantly higher than the
ZT of either of LaCoO3 or La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 at 620 K. This suggests the potential
for enhancement of operating temperatures of hitherto well known
low-temperature thermoelectric materials through suitable compositing approach.


  In this talk various aspects of in-medium behavior of hadrons are discussed
with an emphasis on observable effects. It is stressed that final state
interactions can have a major effect on observables and thus have to be
considered as part of the theory. This is demonstrated with examples from
photo-nucleus and neutrino-nucleus interactions.


  We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)
observations of CS from the nearby galaxy NGC 1068 ($\sim14$ Mpc). This Seyfert
2 barred galaxy possesses a circumnuclear disc (CND, $r\sim200$ pc) and a
starburst ring (SB ring, $r\sim1.3$ kpc). These high-resolution maps
($\sim0.5$", $\sim35$ pc) allow us to analyse specific sub-regions in the
galaxy and investigate differences in line intensity ratios and physical
conditions, particularly those between the CND and SB ring. Local thermodynamic
equilibrium (LTE) analysis of the gas is used to calculate CS densities in each
sub-region, followed by non-LTE analysis conducted using the radiative transfer
code RADEX to fit observations and constrain gas temperature, CS column density
and hydrogen density. Finally, the chemical code UCLCHEM is used to reconstruct
the gas, allowing an insight into its origin and chemical history. The density
of hydrogen in the CND is found to be $\geq10^5$ cm$^{-2}$, although exact
values vary, reaching $10^6$ cm$^{-2}$ at the AGN. The conditions in the two
arms of the SB ring appear similar to one another, though the density found
($\sim10^4$ cm$^{-2}$) is lower than in the CND. The temperature in the CND
increases from east to west, and is also overall greater than found in the SB
ring. These modelling methods indicate the requirement for multi-phase gas
components in order to fit the observed emission over the galaxy. A larger
number of high resolution transitions across the SLED may allow for further
constraining of the conditions, particularly in the SB ring.


  We study an analogue of the Parovicenko property in categories of compact
spaces with additional structures. In particular, we present an internal
characterization of this property in the class of compact median spaces.


  The complex conductivity of YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ samples representing
the optimally doped, the underdoped and the overdoped stoichiometry was
measured using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. In the normal state, the
frequency dependence is described by the Drude model. Below the critical
temperature $T_\mathrm{c}$, the two-fluid model was successfully employed to
fit all the spectra, from 5 K up to $T_\mathrm{c}$. The temperature behaviour
of fundamental parameters such as the scattering time $\tau$, the superfluid
fraction $f_\mathrm{s}$ and the conductivity $\sigma$ was investigated at given
frequencies. The real part of the conductivity $\sigma_1(T)$ exhibits a
coherence-like peak at low frequencies, which slightly shifts with increasing
frequency whereas its height decreases. It can be observed for all three
stoichiometries and its exact shape depends on the quality of the sample. A
further analysis shows that this peak is a consequence of the competition
between the scattering time $\tau(T)$ and the superfluid fraction
$f_\mathrm{s}(T)$. The decrease of the superfluid fraction towards
$T_\mathrm{c}$ depends on the reduced temperature with a power law close to 2,
suggesting a dirty d-wave superconductor case for all levels of doping.


  We comment about the general argument given to obtain the rocket equation as
it is exposed in standard textbooks. In our opinion, it can induce students to
a wrong answer when solving variable mass problems.


  We present the ab-plane optical conductivity of four single crystals of
Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$CaCu$_{2}$O$_{8+\delta}$ (Bi2212) with different carrier doping
levels from the strongly underdoped to the strongly overdoped range with
$T_c$=66, 88, 77, and 67 K respectively. We focus on the redistribution of the
low frequency optical spectral weight (SW) in the superconducting and normal
states. The temperature dependence of the low-frequency spectral weight in the
normal state is significantly stronger in the overdoped regime. In agreement
with other studies, the superconducting order is marked by an increase of the
low frequency SW for low doping, while the SW decreases for the highly
overdoped sample. The effect crosses through zero at a doping concentration
$\delta$=0.19 which is slightly to the right of the maximum of the
superconducting dome. This sign change is not reproduced by the BCS model
calculations, assuming the electron-momentum dispersion known from published
ARPES data. Recent Cluster Dynamical Mean Field Theory (CDMFT) calculations
based on the Hubbard and t-J models, agree in several relevant respects with
the experimental data.


  We compute exact 2- and 3-point functions of chiral primaries in
four-dimensional N=2 superconformal field theories, including all perturbative
and instanton contributions. We demonstrate that these correlation functions
are nontrivial and satisfy exact differential equations with respect to the
coupling constants. These equations are the analogue of the $tt^*$ equations in
two dimensions. In the SU(2) N=2 SYM theory coupled to 4 hypermultiplets they
take the form of a semi-infinite Toda chain. We provide the complete solution
of this chain using input from supersymmetric localization. To test our results
we calculate the same correlation functions independently using Feynman
diagrams up to 2-loops and we find perfect agreement up to the relevant order.
As a spin-off, we perform a 2-loop check of the recent proposal of
arXiv:1405.7271 that the logarithm of the sphere partition function in N=2
SCFTs determines the K\"ahler potential of the Zamolodchikov metric on the
conformal manifold. We also present the $tt^*$ equations in general SU(N) N=2
superconformal QCD theories and comment on their structure and implications.


  Several recent studies have reported the detection of an anomalous color
spread along the red giant branch (RGB) of some globular clusters (GC) that
appears only when color indices including a near ultraviolet band (such as
Johnson U or Stromgren u) are considered. This anomalous spread in color
indexes such as U-B or c_{y} has been shown to correlate with variations in the
abundances of light elements such as C, N, O, Na, etc., which, in turn, are
generally believed to be associated with subsequent star formation episodes
that occurred in the earliest few 10^{8} yr of the cluster's life. Here we use
publicly available u, g, r Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometry to search for
anomalous u-g spreads in the RGBs of nine Galactic GCs. In seven of them (M 2,
M 3, M 5, M 13, M 15, M 92 and M 53), we find evidence of a statistically
significant spread in the u-g color, not seen in g-r and not accounted for by
observational effects. In the case of M 5, we demonstrate that the observed u-g
color spread correlates with the observed abundances of Na, the redder stars
being richer in Na than the bluer ones. In all the seven clusters displaying a
significant u-g color spread, we find that the stars on the red and blue sides
of the RGB, in (g, u-g) color magnitude diagrams, have significantly different
radial distributions. In particular, the red stars (generally identified with
the second generation of cluster stars, in the current scenario) are always
more centrally concentrated than blue stars (generally identified with the
first generation) over the range sampled by the data (0.5r_{h} < r < 5r_{h}),
in qualitative agreement with the predictions of some recent models of the
formation and chemical evolution of GCs. Our results suggest that the
difference in the radial distribution between first and second generation stars
may be a general characteristic of GCs.


  Over the last years, dictionary learning method has been extensively applied
to deal with various computer vision recognition applications, and produced
state-of-the-art results. However, when the data instances of a target domain
have a different distribution than that of a source domain, the dictionary
learning method may fail to perform well. In this paper, we address the
cross-domain visual recognition problem and propose a simple but effective
unsupervised domain adaption approach, where labeled data are only from source
domain. In order to bring the original data in source and target domain into
the same distribution, the proposed method forcing nearest coupled data between
source and target domain to have identical sparse representations while jointly
learning dictionaries for each domain, where the learned dictionaries can
reconstruct original data in source and target domain respectively. So that
sparse representations of original data can be used to perform visual
recognition tasks. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on standard
datasets. Our method performs on par or better than competitive
state-of-the-art methods.


  Aims. We investigate the relationships between three main optical galaxy
observables (spectral properties, colours, and morphology), exploiting the data
set provided by the COSMOS/zCOSMOS survey. The purpose of this paper is to
define a simple galaxy classification cube, using a carefully selected sample
of around 1000 galaxies. Methods. Using medium resolution spectra of the first
1k zCOSMOS-bright sample, optical photometry from the Subaru/COSMOS
observations, and morphological measurements derived from ACS imaging, we
analyze the properties of the galaxy population out to z~1. Applying three
straightforward classification schemes (spectral, photometric, and
morphological), we identify two main galaxy types, which appear to be linked to
the bimodality of galaxy population. The three parametric classifications
constitute the axes of a "classification cube". Results. A very good agreement
exists between the classification from spectral data (quiescent/star-forming
galaxies) and that based on colours (red/blue galaxies). The third parameter
(morphology) is less well correlated with the first two: in fact a good
correlation between the spectral classification and that based on morphological
analysis (early-/late-type galaxies) is achieved only after partially
complementing the morphological classification with additional colour
information. Finally, analyzing the 3D-distribution of all galaxies in the
sample, we find that about 85% of the galaxies show a fully concordant
classification, being either quiescent, red, bulge-dominated galaxies (~20%) or
star-forming, blue, disk-dominated galaxies (~65%). These results imply that
the galaxy bimodality is a consistent behaviour both in morphology, colour and
dominant stellar population, at least out to z~1.


  We give a partial answer to an important open problem in descriptive set
theory, the Decomposability Conjecture for Borel functions on an analytic
subset of a Polish space to a separable metrizable space. Our techniques employ
deep results from effective descriptive set theory and recursion theory. In
fact it is essential to extend several prominent results in recursion theory
(\eg the Shore-Slaman Join Theorem) to the setting of Polish spaces. As a
by-product we give both positive and negative results on the Martin Conjecture
on the degree preserving Borel functions between Polish spaces. Additionally we
prove results about the transfinite version as well as the computable version
of the Decomposability Conjecture, and we explore the idea of applying the
technique of turning Borel-measurable functions into continuous ones.


  Let $R$ be an associative ring with unity $1$ and consider that $2,k$ and
$2k\in \mathbb{N}$ are invertible in $R$. For $m\geq 1$ denote by $UT_n(m,R)$
and $UT_{\infty}(m,R)$, the subgroups of $UT_n(R)$ and $UT_{\infty}(R)$
respectively, which have zero entries on the first $m-1$ super diagonals. We
show that every element on the groups $UT_n(m,R)$ and $UT_{\infty}(m,R)$ can be
expressed as a product of two commutators of involutions and also, can be
expressed as a product of two commutators of skew-involutions and involutions
in $UT_{\infty}(m,R)$. Similarly, denote by $UT^{(s)}_{\infty}(R)$ the group of
upper triangular infinite matrices whose diagonal entries are $s$th roots of
$1$. We show that every element of the groups $UT_n(\infty,R)$ and
$UT_{\infty}(m,R)$ can be expressed as a product of $4k-6$ commutators all
depending of powers of elements in $UT^{(k)}_{\infty}(m,R)$ of order $k$ and,
also, can be expressed as a product of $8k-6$ commutators of skew finite
matrices of order $2k$ and matrices of order $2k$ in $UT^{(2k)}_{\infty}(m,R)$.
If $R$ is the complex field or the real number field we prove that, in
$SL_n(R)$ and in the subgroup $SL_{VK}(\infty,R)$ of the Vershik-Kerov group
over $R$, each element in these groups can be decomposed into a product of
commutators of elements as described above.


  Chiroptical responses of helical superstructures are determined by collective
behaviors of the individual building blocks. In this paper, we present a full
theoretical description of the collective resonance in superstructures. We use
the gold nanorods as individual building blocks and arrange them helically
along an axis in an end-to-end fashion. Numerical simulations on single-unit
cells reveal that the plasmonic coupling between the nanorods produces
hybridized resonances, whose intensity is strongly dependent on the excitation
light with left- or right-handed circular polarizations (LCP or RCP). A
node-mode criterion is proposed on the basis of the microscopic mechanism,
which successfully explains the difference between LCP and RCP. We further
demonstrate, by repeating the unit cell from 1 to infinity along the helical
axis, the multiple hybridized resonances gradually evolve and merge into a
single collective resonance, whose energy is also dependent on LCP and RCP. An
analytical description is provided for the collective resonance of the helical
superstructure on the basis of the coupled dipole approximation method. Our
theory shows that n collective resonance modes are present in the helical
superstructure with the unit cell consisting of $n$ nanorods. Strikingly, only
one resonance can be excited by the incident light with certain circular
polarization. We propose a universal selection rule for such selective
excitation of the collective resonances by analyzing the symmetry of the
helical superstructures. The new insights provided in this work may shed light
on future designs and fabrications of helical superstructures using plasmonic
building blocks.


  We report on the investigation of morphology, magnetic and conductive
properties of the mutilayered nanostructures
[(Co$_{40}$Fe$_{40}$B$_{20}$)$_{34}$(SiO$_2$)$_{66}$]/[C]$_{47}$ consisting of
the contacting magnetic (Co$_{40}$Fe$_{40}$B$_{20}$)$_{34}$(SiO$_2$)$_{66}$
nanocomposite and amorphous semiconductor carbon C layers. It is shown by
Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering method that the ordering and the
size of nanoparticles in the magnetic layers do not change profoundly with
increasing of carbon layer thickness. Meanwhile, the electrical conductance and
the magnetic properties are significantly varied: resistance of the samples
changes by four orders of magnitude and superparamagnetic blocking temperature
changes from 15 K to 7 K with the increment of carbon layer thickness $h_c$
from 0.4 nm to 1.8 nm. We assume that the formation of the homogeneous
semiconductor interlayer leads to modification of the metal-insulator growth
process that drives the changes in the magnetic and conductive properties.


  This paper presents a new dual quaternion-based formulation for pose-based
visual servoing. Extending our previous work on local contact moment (LoCoMo)
based grasp planning, we demonstrate grasping of arbitrarily moving objects in
3D space. Instead of using the conventional axis-angle parameterization, dual
quaternions allow designing the visual servoing task in a more compact manner
and provide robustness to manipulator singularities. Given an object point
cloud, LoCoMo generates a ranked list of grasp and pre-grasp poses, which are
used as desired poses for visual servoing. Whenever the object moves (tracked
by visual marker tracking), the desired pose updates automatically. For this,
capitalising on the dual quaternion spatial distance error, we propose a
dynamic grasp re-ranking metric to select the best feasible grasp for the
moving object. This allows the robot to readily track and grasp arbitrarily
moving objects. In addition, we also explore the robot null-space with our
controller to avoid joint limits so as to achieve smooth trajectories while
following moving objects. We evaluate the performance of the proposed visual
servoing by conducting simulation experiments of grasping various objects using
a 7-axis robot fitted with a 2-finger gripper. Obtained results demonstrate the
efficiency of our proposed visual servoing.


  We report the observation of resistivity saturation in lightly doped ($x\sim
0.10)$ as-grown samples of the electron-doped cuprate La$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_4$
(LCCO). The saturation occurs at resistivity values roughly consistent with the
phenomenological Mott-Ioffe-Regel criterion once the low effective carrier
density of these materials is included in the analysis. These results imply
that, at least for light doping, the high-temperature metallic phase of these
materials is not necessarily strange and may be understood as simply a
low-density metal.


  Automatic speech quality assessment is an important, transversal task whose
progress is hampered by the scarcity of human annotations, poor generalization
to unseen recording conditions, and a lack of flexibility of existing
approaches. In this work, we tackle these problems with a semi-supervised
learning approach, combining available annotations with programmatically
generated data, and using 3 different optimization criteria together with 5
complementary auxiliary tasks. Our results show that such a semi-supervised
approach can cut the error of existing methods by more than 36%, while
providing additional benefits in terms of reusable features or auxiliary
outputs. Improvement is further corroborated with an out-of-sample test showing
promising generalization capabilities.


  We review the potential information that can be gleaned from multi-wavelength
and multi-messenger detections of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). The primary
function of such detections, following FRB localization, will be to reveal the
progenitors of FRB events. However, these observations serve a more basic
function in host galaxy identification, subsequent redshift measurement, and in
disentangling the contributions of various line-of-sight contributions to
properties of FRBs measured at radio wavelengths.


  Charge transport is well understood in both highly ordered materials (band
conduction) or highly disordered ones (hopping conduction). In moderately
disordered materials -- including many organic semiconductors -- the
approximations valid in either extreme break down, making it difficult to
accurately model the conduction. In particular, describing wavefunction
delocalisation requires a quantum treatment, which is difficult in disordered
materials that lack periodicity. Here, we present the first three-dimensional
model of partially delocalised charge and exciton transport in materials in the
intermediate disorder regime. Our approach is based on polaron-transformed
Redfield theory, but overcomes several computational roadblocks by mapping the
quantum-mechanical techniques onto kinetic Monte Carlo. Our theory, delocalised
kinetic Monte Carlo (dKMC), shows that the fundamental physics of transport in
moderately disordered materials is that of charges hopping between partially
delocalised electronic states. Our results reveal why standard kinetic Monte
Carlo can dramatically underestimate mobilities even in disordered organic
semiconductors, where even a little delocalisation can substantially enhance
mobilities, as well as showing that three-dimensional calculations capture
important delocalisation effects neglected in lower-dimensional approximations.


  We investigate neutralization processes (especially thermal surface
neutralization), which are required for the magneto-optical trapping of
radioactive atoms. A variety of neutralization methods are first summarized:
neutral beam injection for fusion reactors, neutral atom implantation in
semiconductor processing, and the production of radioactive neutral atoms in
accelerators. We focus on thermal surface neutralization, which produces
neutral atoms in the thermal energy range for laser cooling. The experiments
were carried out with yttrium, gadolinium, and zirconium foils to neutralize
francium and rubidium ions for magneto-optical trapping. The results reconfirm
that yttrium foil is a good neutralizer (i.e., it has a neutral release
efficiency $>65\%$). In addition, the release fraction when using yttrium foil
exceeds 75\% at 1350 K, which is greater than the release fraction for the
other foils. This reconfirmation is important because few previous studies have
focused on thermal surface neutralization. Moreover, the results show that the
neutralization efficiency is strongly influenced by the experimental process
itself.


  The concept of the $p^{\text{th}}$ variation of a continuous function $f$
along a refining sequence of partitions is the key to a pathwise It\^o
integration theory with integrator $f$. Here, we analyze the $p^{\text{th}}$
variation of a class of fractal functions, containing both the Takagi--van der
Waerden and Weierstra\ss\ functions. We use a probabilistic argument to show
that these functions have linear $p^{\text{th}}$ variation for a parameter
$p\ge1$, which can be interpreted as the reciprocal Hurst parameter of the
function. It is shown moreover that if functions are constructed from (a skewed
version of) the tent map, then the slope of the $p^{\text{th}}$ variation can
be computed from the $p^{\text{th}}$ moment of a (non-symmetric) infinite
Bernoulli convolution. Finally, we provide a recursive formula of these moments
and use it to discuss the existence and non-existence of a signed version of
the $p^{\text{th}}$ variation, which occurs in pathwise It\^o calculus when
$p\ge3$ is an odd integer.


  We establish sufficient conditions for finite convergence of the alternating
projections method for two non-intersecting and potentially nonconvex sets. Our
results are based on a generalization of the concept of intrinsic
transversality, which until now has been restricted to sets with nonempty
intersection. In the special case of a polyhedron and closed half space, our
sufficient conditions define the minimum distance between the two sets that is
required for alternating projections to converge in a single iteration.


  The main purpose of this work is to give a constructive proof for a
particular case of the no-name lemma. Let $G$ be a finite group, $K$ be a
field, $L$ be a permutation $G$-lattice and $K[L]$ be the group algebra of $L$
over $K$. The no-name lemma asserts that the invariant field of the quotient
field of $K[L]$, $K(L)^G$ is a purely transcendental extension of $K^G$. In
other words, there exist $y_1, \ldots , y_n$ which are algebraically
independent over $K^G$ such that $K(L)^G \cong K^G(y_1, \ldots , y_n)$. We
define elements $\lbrace y_1, \ldots, y_n \rbrace \subset K[L]^G$ with the
desired properties, in the case when $G$ is the Galois group of a finite
extension $\mathrm{Gal}(K/F)$, and $L$ is a sign permutation $G$-lattice.


  In \cite{RH3} Rasin and Hydon suggested a way to construct an infinite number
of conservation laws for the discrete KdV equation (dKdV), by repeated
application of a certain symmetry to a known conservation law. It was not
decided, however, whether the resulting conservation laws were distinct and
nontrivial. In this paper we obtain the following results: (1) We give an
alternative method to construct an infinite number of conservation laws using a
discrete version of the Gardner transformation. (2) We give a direct proof that
the Rasin-Hydon conservation laws are indeed distinct and nontrivial. (3) We
consider a continuum limit in which the dKdV equation becomes a first-order
eikonal equation. In this limit the two sets of conservation laws become the
same, and are evidently distinct and nontrivial. This proves the nontriviality
of the conservation laws constructed by the Gardner method, and gives an
alternate proof of the nontriviality of the conservation laws constructed by
the Rasin-Hydon method.


  Energy hubs convert and distribute energy resources by combining different
energy inputs through multiple conversion and storage components. The optimal
operation of the energy hub exploits its flexibility to increase the energy
efficiency and reduce the operational costs. However, uncertainties in the
demand present challenges to energy hub optimization. In this paper, we propose
a stochastic MPC controller to minimize energy costs using chance constraints
for the uncertain electricity and thermal demands. Historical data is used to
build a demand prediction model based on Gaussian processes to generate a
forecast of the future electricity and heat demands. The stochastic
optimization problem is solved via the Scenario Approach by sampling multi-step
demand trajectories from the derived prediction model. The performance of the
proposed predictor and of the stochastic controller is verified on a simulated
energy hub model and demand data from a real building.


  Mounting evidence from subdwarf B (sdB) stars in the galactic field and their
recently discovered counterparts in old open clusters indicates that at least
two thirds of local disk sdB stars are binaries. Our recent radial velocity
survey showed that sdB binaries naturally divide into two groups with
contrasting spectroscopic and kinematic properties. Those with detectable
spectral lines from a cooler companion invariably have periods longer than a
year, while very short period sdB's have essentially invisible companions. We
derive typical orbital separations for the components of the composite spectrum
sdB's from their velocities. The current systems must have been produced by
Roche lobe overflow/mass transfer from low mass, metal-rich giants near the
first red giant branch tip, without undergoing common envelope envolution. The
same process should also occur at slightly lower red giant luminosities,
producing a wide binary with a helium white dwarf instead of an sdB star. Most
short period sdB's probably result from a common envelope following Roche lobe
overflow of the initial secondary onto the white dwarf. Rare post-common
envelope sdB + main sequence (MS) binaries also exist, but available data
suggest that most such systems involving lower MS companions end up merging.
The small and nearly identical masses of the two known MS survivors in short
period sdB binaries imply that both components must have lost a large fraction
of their initial mass in the common envelope process.


  We propose a fully automated system that simultaneously estimates the camera
intrinsics, the ground plane, and physical distances between people from a
single RGB image or video captured by a camera viewing a 3-D scene from a fixed
vantage point. To automate camera calibration and distance estimation, we
leverage priors about human pose and develop a novel direct formulation for
pose-based auto-calibration and distance estimation, which shows
state-of-the-art performance on publicly available datasets. The proposed
approach enables existing camera systems to measure physical distances without
needing a dedicated calibration process or range sensors, and is applicable to
a broad range of use cases such as social distancing and workplace safety.
Furthermore, to enable evaluation and drive research in this area, we
contribute to the publicly available MEVA dataset with additional distance
annotations, resulting in MEVADA -- the first evaluation benchmark in the world
for the pose-based auto-calibration and distance estimation problem.


  The monopole equations in the dual abelian theory of the N=2 gauge-theory,
recently proposed by Witten as a new tool to study topological invariants, are
shown to be the simplest elements in a class of instanton equations that follow
from the improved topological twist mechanism introduced by the authors in
previous papers. When applied to the N=2 sigma-model, this twisting procedure
suggested the introduction of the so-called hyperinstantons, or triholomorphic
maps. When gauging the sigma-model by coupling it to the vector multiplet of a
gauge group G, one gets gauged hyperinstantons that reduce to the
Seiberg-Witten equations in the flat case and G=U(1). The deformation of the
self-duality condition on the gauge-field strength due to the
monopole-hyperinstanton is very similar to the deformation of the self-duality
condition on the Riemann curvature previously observed by the authors when the
hyperinstantons are coupled to topological gravity. In this paper the general
form of the hyperinstantonic equations coupled to both gravity and gauge
multiplets is presented.


  These lectures provide a concise introduction to the so-called "Beyond the
Standard Model"' physics, with particular emphasis on the problem of the
microscopic origin of the Higgs mass term and of the Electro-Weak symmetry
breaking scale in connection with Naturalness. The standard scenarios of
Supersymmetry and Composite Higgs are shortly reviewed. An attempt is made to
summarise the implications of the LHC run-$1$ results on what we expect to lie
beyond (or behind) the Standard Model.


  In this paper, we study the zero temperature persistent current in a
ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model in the strong coupling limit. In this model,
there are spontaneous spin textures at some values of the external magnetic
flux. These spin textures contribute a geometric flux, which can induce an
additional spontaneous persistent current. Since this spin texture changes with
the external magnetic flux, we find that there is an anomalous persistent
current in some region of magnetic flux: near Phi/Phi_0=0 for an even number of
electrons and Phi/Phi_0=1/2 for an odd number of electrons.


  We present a reconstruction of the mean axisymmetric azimuthal and meridional
flows in the DTS liquid sodium experiment. The experimental device sets a
spherical Couette flow enclosed between two concentric spherical shells where
the inner sphere holds a strong dipolar magnet, which acts as a magnetic
propeller when rotated. Measurements of the mean velocity, mean induced
magnetic field and mean electric potentials have been acquired inside and
outside the fluid for an inner sphere rotation rate of 9 Hz (Rm 28). Using the
induction equation to relate all measured quantities to the mean flow, we
develop a nonlinear least square inversion procedure to reconstruct a fully
coherent solution of the mean velocity field. We also include in our inversion
the response of the fluid layer to the non-axisymmetric time-dependent magnetic
field that results from deviations of the imposed magnetic field from an axial
dipole. The mean azimuthal velocity field we obtain shows super-rotation in an
inner region close to the inner sphere where the Lorentz force dominates, which
contrasts with an outer geostrophic region governed by the Coriolis force, but
where the magnetic torque remains the driver. The meridional circulation is
strongly hindered by the presence of both the Lorentz and the Coriolis forces.
Nevertheless, it contributes to a significant part of the induced magnetic
energy. Our approach sets the scene for evaluating the contribution of velocity
and magnetic fluctuations to the mean magnetic field, a key question for dynamo
mechanisms.


  In a previous contribution (H.J. Stoeckmann, J. Phys. A35, 5165 (2002)), the
density of states was calculated for a billiard with randomly distributed
delta-like scatterers, doubly averaged over the positions of the impurities and
the billiard shape. This result is now extended to the k-point correlation
function. Using supersymmetric methods, we show that the correlations in the
bulk are always identical to those of the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) of
random matrices. In passing from the band centre to the tail states, The
density of states is depleted considerably and the two-point correlation
function shows a gradual change from the GUE behaviour to that found for
completely uncorrelated eigenvalues. This can be viewed as similar to a
mobility edge.


  We prove decomposition theorems for sparse positive (semi)definite polynomial
matrices that can be viewed as sparsity-exploiting versions of the
Hilbert--Artin, Reznick, Putinar, and Putinar--Vasilescu Positivstellens\"atze.
First, we establish that a polynomial matrix $P(x)$ with chordal sparsity is
positive semidefinite for all $x\in \mathbb{R}^n$ if and only if there exists a
sum-of-squares (SOS) polynomial $\sigma(x)$ such that $\sigma P$ is a sum of
sparse SOS matrices. Second, we show that setting $\sigma(x)=(x_1^2 + \cdots +
x_n^2)^\nu$ for some integer $\nu$ suffices if $P$ is homogeneous and positive
definite globally. Third, we prove that if $P$ is positive definite on a
compact semialgebraic set $\mathcal{K}=\{x:g_1(x)\geq 0,\ldots,g_m(x)\geq 0\}$
satisfying the Archimedean condition, then $P(x) = S_0(x) + g_1(x)S_1(x) +
\cdots + g_m(x)S_m(x)$ for matrices $S_i(x)$ that are sums of sparse SOS
matrices. Finally, if $\mathcal{K}$ is not compact or does not satisfy the
Archimedean condition, we obtain a similar decomposition for $(x_1^2 + \ldots +
x_n^2)^\nu P(x)$ with some integer $\nu\geq 0$ when $P$ and $g_1,\ldots,g_m$
are homogeneous of even degree. Using these results, we find sparse SOS
representation theorems for polynomials that are quadratic and correlatively
sparse in a subset of variables, and we construct new convergent hierarchies of
sparsity-exploiting SOS reformulations for convex optimization problems with
large and sparse polynomial matrix inequalities. Numerical examples demonstrate
that these hierarchies can have a significantly lower computational complexity
than traditional ones.


  In this paper, we describe the possibilities of using a rapid mental
computation system in elementary education. The system consists of a number of
readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations
very quickly. These operations are actually simple algorithms which can develop
or improve the algorithmic thinking of pupils. Using a rapid mental computation
system allows forming the basis for the study of computer science in secondary
school.


  Electronic devices for information storages and processes can be further
optimized by introducing the degree of freedom of anisotropy, which is strongly
dependent of their structural symmetry. Herein, a ReSeS monolayer with
asymmetrical double-faces are proposed to disclose the anisotropic electronic
structure. Meanwhile infrared fingerprint based on the lattice vibration is
also adopted to demonstrate the symmetry-breaking-dependent structural
transformation. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the geometry
deformation will induce the reconstruction of electronic structure. Ulteriorly,
both the dynamic properties of carrier and spectroscopic response can be
regulated by external strain and displays anisotropic behaviors. Our idea
provides threads for designing new regulable optoelectronic devices.


  Prosody is a rich information source in natural language, serving as a marker
for phenomena such as contrast. In order to make this information available to
downstream tasks, we need a way to detect prosodic events in speech. We propose
a new model for pitch accent detection, inspired by the work of Stehwien et al.
(2018), who presented a CNN-based model for this task. Our model makes greater
use of context by using full utterances as input and adding an LSTM layer. We
find that these innovations lead to an improvement from 87.5% to 88.7% accuracy
on pitch accent detection on American English speech in the Boston University
Radio News Corpus, a state-of-the-art result. We also find that a simple
baseline that just predicts a pitch accent on every content word yields 82.2%
accuracy, and we suggest that this is the appropriate baseline for this task.
Finally, we conduct ablation tests that show pitch is the most important
acoustic feature for this task and this corpus.


  The recently proposed ``correspondence principle'' of Horowitz and Polchinski
provides a concrete means to relate (among others) black holes with electric
NS-NS charges to fundamental strings and correctly match their entropies. We
test further this correspondence by examining the greybody factors in the
absorption rates of neutral, minimally coupled scalars by a near extremal black
hole. Perhaps surprisingly, the results disagree in general with the absorption
by weakly coupled strings. Though this does not disprove the correspondence, it
indicates that it might not be simple in this region of the black hole
parameter space.


  Linear optics quantum logic gates are the best tool to generate multi-photon
entanglement. Simplifying a recent approach [Phys. Rev. A 65, 062324; Phys.
Rev. A 66, 024308] we were able to implement the conditional phase gate with
only one second order interference at a polarization dependent beam splitter,
thereby significantly increasing its stability. The improved quality of the
gate is evaluated by analysing its entangling capability and by performing full
process tomography. The achieved results ensure that this device is well suited
for implementation in various multi photon quantum information protocols.


  We show that the spherical capacity is discontinuous on a smooth family of
ellipsoidal shells. Moreover, we prove that the shell capacity is discontinuous
on a family of open sets with smooth connected boundaries.


  The term `hypermachine' denotes any data processing device (theoretical or
that can be implemented) capable of carrying out tasks that cannot be performed
by a Turing machine. We present a possible quantum algorithm for a classically
non-computable decision problem, Hilbert's tenth problem; more specifically, we
present a possible hypercomputation model based on quantum computation. Our
algorithm is inspired by the one proposed by Tien D. Kieu, but we have selected
the infinite square well instead of the (one-dimensional) simple harmonic
oscillator as the underlying physical system. Our model exploits the quantum
adiabatic process and the characteristics of the representation of the
dynamical Lie algebra su(1,1) associated to the infinite square well.


  We establish almost tight upper and lower approximation bounds for the Vertex
Cover problem on dense k-partite hypergraphs.


  We consider the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation: \[
i\partial_t u = -\Delta u - |u|^2u + |u|^4u. \]
  In the first part of the paper, we analyze the one-parameter family of
ground-state solitons associated to this equation with particular attention to
the shape of the associated mass/energy curve. Additionally, we are able to
characterize the kernel of the linearized operator about such solitons and to
demonstrate that they occur as optimizers for a one-parameter family of
inequalities of Gagliardo--Nirenberg type. Building on this work, in the latter
part of the paper we prove that scattering holds for solutions belonging to the
region $\mathcal{R}$ of the mass/energy plane where the virial is positive. We
show this region is partially bounded by solitons but also by rescalings of
solitons (which are not soliton solutions in their own right). The discovery of
rescaled solitons in this context is new and highlights an unexpected
limitation of any virial-based methodology.


  The cultural diversity of culinary practice, as illustrated by the variety of
regional cuisines, raises the question of whether there are any general
patterns that determine the ingredient combinations used in food today or
principles that transcend individual tastes and recipes. We introduce a flavor
network that captures the flavor compounds shared by culinary ingredients.
Western cuisines show a tendency to use ingredient pairs that share many flavor
compounds, supporting the so-called food pairing hypothesis. By contrast, East
Asian cuisines tend to avoid compound sharing ingredients. Given the increasing
availability of information on food preparation, our data-driven investigation
opens new avenues towards a systematic understanding of culinary practice.


  Topological materials and their unusual transport properties are now at the
focus of modern experimental and theoretical research. Their topological
properties arise from the bandstructure determined by the atomic composition of
a material and as such are difficult to tune and naturally restricted to
$\leq3$ dimensions. Here we demonstrate that $n$-terminal Josephson junctions
with conventional superconductors may provide a straightforward realization of
tunable topological materials in $n-1$ dimensions. For $n\geq 4$, the Andreev
subgap spectrum of the junction can accommodate Weyl singularities in the space
of the $n-1$ independent superconducting phases, which play the role of
bandstructure quasimomenta. The presence of these Weyl singularities enables
topological transitions that are manifested experimentally as changes of the
quantized transconductance between two voltage-biased leads, the quantization
unit being $2e^2/(\pi\hbar)$.


  We study a novel type of braid groups on a closed orientable surface
$\Sigma$. These are fundamental groups of certain manifolds that are hybrids
between symmetric products and configuration spaces of points on $\Sigma$; a
class of examples arises naturally in gauge theory, as moduli spaces of
vortices in toric fibre bundles over $\Sigma$. The elements of these braid
groups, which we call divisor braids, have coloured strands that are allowed to
intersect according to rules specified by a graph $\Gamma$. In situations where
there is more than one strand of each colour, we show that the corresponding
braid group admits a metabelian presentation as a central extension of the free
Abelian group $H_1(\Sigma;\mathbb{Z})^{\oplus r}$, where $r$ is the number of
colours, and describe its Abelian commutator. This computation relies crucially
on producing a link invariant (of closed divisor braids) in the three-manifold
$S^1 \times \Sigma $ for each graph $\Gamma$. We also describe the von Neumann
algebras associated to these groups in terms of rings that are familiar from
noncommutative geometry.


  We show that Brownian motion is spatially not symmetric for mesoscopic
particles embedded in a fluid if the particle is not in thermal equilibrium and
its shape is not spherical. In view of applications on molecular motors in
biological cells, we sustain non-equilibrium by stopping a non-spherical
particle at periodic sites along a filament. Molecular dynamics simulations in
a Lennard-Jones fluid demonstrate that directed motion is possible without a
ratchet potential or temperature gradients if the asymmetric non-equilibrium
relaxation process is hindered by external stopping. Analytic calculations in
the ideal gas limit show that motion even against a fluid drift is possible and
that the direction of motion can be controlled by the shape of the particle,
which is completely characterized by tensorial Minkowski functionals.


  We use terahertz pulses to induce resonant transitions between the
eigenstates of optically generated exciton populations in a high-quality
semiconductor quantum-well sample. Monitoring the excitonic photoluminescence,
we observe transient quenching of the $1s$ exciton emission, which we attribute
to the terahertz-induced $1s$-to-$2p$ excitation. Simultaneously, a pronounced
enhancement of the $2s$-exciton emission is observed, despite the $1s$-to-$2s$
transition being dipole forbidden. A microscopic many-body theory explains the
experimental observations as a Coulomb-scattering mixing of the 2$s$ and 2$p$
states, yielding an effective terahertz transition between the 1$s$ and 2$s$
populations.


  In this position paper, we describe our perspective on how meaningful
resources for lower-resourced languages should be developed in connection with
the speakers of those languages. We first examine two massively multilingual
resources in detail. We explore the contents of the names stored in Wikidata
for a few lower-resourced languages and find that many of them are not in fact
in the languages they claim to be and require non-trivial effort to correct. We
discuss quality issues present in WikiAnn and evaluate whether it is a useful
supplement to hand annotated data. We then discuss the importance of creating
annotation for lower-resourced languages in a thoughtful and ethical way that
includes the languages' speakers as part of the development process. We
conclude with recommended guidelines for resource development.


  Measurements of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays achieved remarkable progress in
the last 10 years. Physicists, gathered from around the world in the symposium
UHECR-2012 held at CERN on February 13-16 2012, reported their most up-to-date
observations, discussed the meaning of their findings, and identified remaining
problems and future challenges in this field. This paper is a part of the
symposium proceedings on the experimental summary and future prospects of the
UHECR study.


  An $f$-edge fault-tolerant distance sensitive oracle ($f$-DSO) with stretch
$\sigma \geq 1$ is a data structure that preprocesses an input graph $G$. When
queried with the triple $(s,t,F)$, where $s, t \in V$ and $F \subseteq E$
contains at most $f$ edges of $G$, the oracle returns an estimate
$\widehat{d}_{G-F}(s,t)$ of the distance $d_{G-F}(s,t)$ between $s$ and $t$ in
the graph $G-F$ such that $d_{G-F}(s,t) \leq \widehat{d}_{G-F}(s,t) \leq \sigma
d_{G-F}(s,t)$. For any positive integer $k \ge 2$ and any $0 < \alpha < 1$, we
present an $f$-DSO with sensitivity $f = o(\log n/\log\log n)$, stretch $2k-1$,
space $O(n^{1+\frac{1}{k}+\alpha+o(1)})$, and an
$\widetilde{O}(n^{1+\frac{1}{k} - \frac{\alpha}{k(f+1)}})$ query time.
  Prior to our work, there were only three known $f$-DSOs with subquadratic
space. The first one by Chechik et al. [Algorithmica 2012] has a stretch of
$(8k-2)(f+1)$, depending on $f$. Another approach is storing an $f$-edge
fault-tolerant $(2k-1)$-spanner of $G$. The bottleneck is the large query time
due to the size of any such spanner, which is $\Omega(n^{1+1/k})$ under the
Erd\H{o}s girth conjecture. Bil\`o et al. [STOC 2023] gave a solution with
stretch $3+\varepsilon$, query time $O(n^{\alpha})$ but space
$O(n^{2-\frac{\alpha}{f+1}})$, approaching the quadratic barrier for large
sensitivity. In the realm of subquadratic space, our $f$-DSOs are the first
ones that guarantee, at the same time, large sensitivity, low stretch, and
non-trivial query time. To obtain our results, we use the approximate distance
oracles of Thorup and Zwick [JACM 2005], and the derandomization of the $f$-DSO
of Weimann and Yuster [TALG 2013], that was recently given by Karthik and
Parter [SODA 2021].


  Dietary assessment is a key contributor to monitoring health status. Existing
self-report methods are tedious and time-consuming with substantial biases and
errors. Image-based food portion estimation aims to estimate food energy values
directly from food images, showing great potential for automated dietary
assessment solutions. Existing image-based methods either use a single-view
image or incorporate multi-view images and depth information to estimate the
food energy, which either has limited performance or creates user burdens. In
this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning framework for food energy
estimation from a monocular image through 3D shape reconstruction. We leverage
a generative model to reconstruct the voxel representation of the food object
from the input image to recover the missing 3D information. Our method is
evaluated on a publicly available food image dataset Nutrition5k, resulting a
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 40.05 kCal and Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE) of 11.47% for food energy estimation. Our method uses RGB image as the
only input at the inference stage and achieves competitive results compared to
the existing method requiring both RGB and depth information.


  We systematically study various aspects of operator-valued multishifts.
Beginning with basic properties, we show that the class of multishifts on the
directed Cartesian product of rooted directed trees is contained in that of
operator-valued multishifts. Further, we establish circularity, analyticity and
wandering subspace property of these multishifts. In the rest part of the
paper, we study the function theoretic behaviour of operator-valued
multishifts. We determine the bounded point evaluation, reproducing kernel
structure and the unitary equivalence of operator-valued multishifts with
invertible operator weights. In contrast with a result of Lubin, it appears
that the set of all bounded point evaluations of an operator-valued multishift
may be properly contained in the joint point spectrum of the adjoint of
underlying multishift.


  We reply to a recent comment by H. W. Diehl and M. Shpot (cond-mat/0106502)
criticizing our paper J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34 (2001) L327-332. We show that
the approximation we use for evaluating higher-loop integrals is consistent
with homogeneity. A new renormalization group approach is presented in order to
compare the two methods with high-precision numerical data concerning the
uniaxial case. We stress that the isotropic behaviour cannot be obtained from
the anisotropic one.


  We review recent works that relate entanglement of random vectors to their
localization properties. In particular, the linear entropy is related by a
simple expression to the inverse participation ratio, while next orders of the
entropy of entanglement contain information about e.g. the multifractal
exponents. Numerical simulations show that these results can account for the
entanglement present in wavefunctions of physical systems.


  We argue that the binding between doubly occupied (doublon) and empty (holon)
sites governs the incoherent excitations and plays a key role in the Mott
transition in strongly correlated Mott-Hubbard systems. We construct a new
saddle point solution with doublon-holon binding in the Kotliar-Ruckenstein
slave-boson functional integral formulation of the Hubbard model. On the
half-filled honeycomb lattice and square lattice, the ground state is found to
exhibit a continuous transition from the paramagnetic semimetal/metal to an
antiferromagnetic ordered Slater insulator with coherent quasiparticles at
$U_{c1}$, followed by a Mott transition into an electron-fractionalized AF$^*$
phase without coherent excitations at $U_{c2}$. Such a phase structure appears
generic of bipartite lattices without frustration. We show that doublon-holon
binding unites the three important ideas of strong correlation: the coherent
quasiparticles, the incoherent Hubbard bands, and the deconfined Mott
insulator.


  We present a theory of the anisotropy tuned quantum phase transition between
spin nematic and spin-Peierls phases in S=1 systems with significant
bi-quadratic exchange interactions. Based on quantum Monte Carlo studies on
finite size systems, [K. Harada et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, 013703 (2007)]
it has been proposed that this phase transition is second order with new
deconfined fractional excitations that are absent in either of the two phases
[T. Grover and T. Senthil, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 247202 (2007)]. The possibility
of a weak first order transition, however, cannot be ruled out. To elucidate
the nature of the transition, we construct a large-N SO(3N) model for this
phase transition and find in the $N\to\infty$ limit that the transition is
generically of first order. Furthermore, we find a critical point in the 1D
limit, where two transition lines, separating spin nematic, ferromagnetic, and
spin-Peierls phases, meet. Our study indicates that the spin nematic phase is
absent in 1D, while its correlation length diverges at the critical point.
Predictions for $^{23}$Na atoms trapped in an optical lattice, where this
quantum phase transition naturally arises, are discussed.


  Wildland fires impact ecosystems and communities worldwide. Many wildfires
burn in living or a mixture of living and senescent vegetation. Therefore, it
is necessary to understand the burning behavior of living fuels, in contrast to
just dead or dried fuels, to more effectively support fire management
decisions. In this study, the ignition and burning behaviors of needles placed
in convective heat flux were evaluated. The species included longleaf pine
(Pinus palustris), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western red cedar
(Thuja plicata), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), western larch (Larix
occidentalis), pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), white spruce (Picea glauca), and
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate). The ignition and burning behaviors were
related to live fuel moisture content (LFMC), pilot flame temperatures, and
convective heat fluxes. The different phases of ignition and burning were
captured using high-speed imaging. In general, four burning phases can be
observed: droplet ejection and burning, a transition phase, flaming combustion,
and smoldering combustion. Ejection and subsequent burning of droplets can
occur prior to sustained flaming ignition only in live fuels. For some species
(e.g., longleaf pine, ponderosa pine, white spruce) droplet ejection and
burning can reduce ignition times relative to dried fuel with lower LFMC. In
general, the transition phase tends to take longer than the flaming and droplet
phases (when these occur). During the transition phase, the fuels are heated
and pyrolysis occurs. Time-scales to ignition and the different phases of
ignition and burning vary more among live fuels than dead and dried fuels. This
conclusion indicates that other parameters, such as chemical composition and
structural morphology of the fuel, can significantly influence the burning of
live fuels.


  Recent work by Elmasry et al. (STACS 2015) and Asano et al. (ISAAC 2014),
reconsidered classical fundamental graph algorithms focusing on improving the
space complexity. We continue this line of work focusing on space. Our first
result is a simple data structure that can maintain any subset $S$ of a
universe of $n$ elements using $n+o(n)$ bits and support in constant time,
apart from the standard insert, delete and membership queries, the operation
{\it findany} that finds and returns any element of the set (or outputs that
the set is empty). Using this we give a BFS implementation that takes $O(m+n)$
time using at most $2n+o(n)$ bits. Later, we further improve the space
requirement of BFS to at most $1.585n + o(n)$ bits. We demonstrate the use of
our data structure by developing another data structure using it that can
represent a sequence of $n$ non-negative integers $x_1, x_2, \ldots x_n$ using
at most $\sum_{i=1}^n x_i + 2n + o(\sum_{i=1}^n x_i+n)$ bits and, in constant
time, determine whether the $i$-th element is $0$ or decrement it otherwise. We
also discuss an algorithm for finding a minimum weight spanning tree of a
weighted undirected graph using at most $n+o(n)$ bits. We also provide an
implementation for DFS that takes $O(m+n)$ time and $O(n \lg(m/n))$ bits. Using
this DFS algorithm and other careful implementations, we can test
biconnectivity, 2-edge connectivity, and determine cut vertices, bridges etc
among others, essentially within the same time and space bounds required for
DFS. These improve the space required for earlier implementations from $\Omega
(n\lg n)$ bits.


  We present the results of detailed N-body simulations of clusters moving in a
realistic Milky Way (MW) potential. The strong interaction with the bulge and
the disk of the Galaxy leads to the formation of tidal tails, emanating from
opposite sides of the cluster. Their orientation and morphology may be
interpreted easily in terms of a comoving frame of coordinates.


  The baryon masses on CLS ensembles are used to determine the LEC that
characterize QCD in the flavor-SU(3) limit with vanishing up, down, and strange
quark masses. Here we reevaluate some of the baryon masses on flavor-symmetric
ensembles with much-improved statistical precision, in particular for the
decuplet states. These additional results then lead to a more significant
chiral extrapolation of the Lattice data set to its chiral SU(3) limit. Our
results are based on the chiral Lagrangian with baryon octet and decuplet
fields considered at the one-loop level. Finite-box and discretization effects
of the Lattice data are considered systematically. While in our global fit of
the data we insist on large-Nc sum rules for the LEC that enter at N3LO, all
other LEC are unconstrained. In particular, we obtain values for the chiral
limit of the pion decay constant and the isospin-limit of the quark-mass ratio
compatible with the FLAG report.


  Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment investigates the indeterminacy of
wave-particle duality and the role played by the measurement apparatus in
quantum theory. Due to the inconsistency with classical physics, it has been
generally believed that it is not possible to reproduce the delayed-choice
experiment using a hidden variable theory. Recently, it was shown that this
assumption was incorrect, and in fact Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment can
be explained by a causal two dimensional hidden-variable theory [R. Chaves, G.
B. Lemos, and J. Pienaar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 190401 (2018)]. Here, we carry
out an experiment of a device-independent delayed-choice experiment using
photon states that are space-like separated, and demonstrate a loophole-free
version of the delayed-choice protocol that is consistent with quantum theory
but inconsistent with any causal two-dimensional hidden variable theory. This
salvages Wheeler's thought experiment and shows that causality can be used to
test quantum theory in a complementary way to the Bell and Leggett-Garg tests.


  The intrinsic electromagnetic nuclear meson exchange charge and current
operators arising from a separation of the center-of-mass motion are derived
for a one-boson-exchange model for the nuclear interaction with scalar,
pseudoscalar and vector meson exchange including leading order relativistic
terms. Explicit expressions for the meson exchange operators corresponding to
the different meson types are given in detail for a two-nucleon system. These
intrinsic operators are to be evaluated between intrinsic wave functions in
their center-of-mass frame.


  We insert some asymmetries in the continuous Abelian sandpile models, such as
directedness and ellipticity. We analyze probability distribution of different
heights and also find the field theory corresponding to the models. Also we
find the fields associated with some height variables.


  We suggest certain effects, caused by interaction between rotation and
gravitation with turbulence structure, for the cooling/heating of dispersed
phase of non-isothermal particles in rotating turbulent fluid flows. These
effects are obtained through the derivation of kinetic or probability density
function based macroscopic equations for the particles. In doing so, for
one-way temperature coupling, we also show that homogeneous, isotropic
non-isothermal fluid turbulence does not influence the mean temperature (though
it influences mean velocity) of the dispersed phase of particles settling due
to gravitational force in the isotropic turbulence.


  In this paper we consider the possibility that strange quark matter may be
manifested in the form of strangelet crystal planets. These planet-like objects
are made up of nuggets of strange quark matter (SQM), organized in a
crystalline structure. We consider the so--called strange matter hypothesis
proposed by Bodmer, Witten and Terazawa, in that, strange quark matter may be
the absolutely stable state of matter. In this context, we analyze planets made
up entirely of strangelets arranged in a crystal lattice. Furthermore we
propose that a solar system with a host compact star may be orbited by strange
crystal planets. Under this assumption we calculate the relevant quantities
that could potentially be observable, such as the planetary tidal disruption
radius, and the gravitational waves signals that may arise from potential
star-planet merger events. Our results show that strangelet crystal planets
could potentially be used as an indicator for the the existence of SQM.


  For a large portion of mental health patients, the Emergency Department is
the first point of contact when in crisis and in need of urgent acute care.
Unfortunately, those who have already received an admission disposition may
wait hours or days after before being placed in a psychiatric inpatient (IP)
care unit. Known as ED boarding, one primary contributor is the inability to
locate an available IP bed for transferred patients. In this study, we develop
a discrete event simulation modeling patients arriving at numerous EDs
throughout the region, as they're either internally placed in a psychiatric IP
care unit or externally transferred to an IP unit located outside the ED they
originally arrived. This simulation is then used to investigate the effect of
three proposed interventions to the IP bed placement process on key performance
indicators like patient treatment delay, a metric incorporating both the
patient's ED boarding period and time to travel to their eventual IP
destination.


  We present Kaisar, a structured interactive proof language for differential
dynamic logic (dL), for safety-critical cyber-physical systems (CPS). The
defining feature of Kaisar is *nominal terms*, which simplify CPS proofs by
making the frequently needed historical references to past program states
first-class. To support nominals, we extend the notion of structured proof with
a first-class notion of *structured symbolic execution* of CPS models. We
implement Kaisar in the theorem prover KeYmaera X and reproduce an example on
the safe operation of a parachute and a case study on ground robot control. We
show how nominals simplify common CPS reasoning tasks when combined with other
features of structured proof. We develop an extensive metatheory for Kaisar. In
addition to soundness and completeness, we show a formal specification for
Kaisar's nominals and relate Kaisar to a nominal variant of dL.


  Explicit expressions for inverse of Young's modulus E, inverse of shear
modulus G, and Poisson's ratio for cubic media are considered. All these
characteristics of elastic media depend on three components of the compliance
tensor S, and on direction cosines of mutually perpendicular vectors m and n
with fourfold symmetry axes. These characteristics are studied for all
mechanically stable cubic materials for vectors n belonging to the irreducible
body angle subtended by three cubic high symmetry directions [001], [111], and
[110]. Regions in the stability triangle of in which cubic elastic materials
are completely auxetic, non-auxetic, and auxetic are established. Several
intermediate-valence compounds belonging to the region of complete auxecity are
indicated. The extreme properties of E^{-1}, G^{-1} and Poisson ratio
established by Hayes and Shuvalov are confirmed.


  We explore novel methods of recovering the original spectral line profiles
from data obtained by instruments that sample those profiles with an extended
or multipeaked spectral transmission profile. The techniques are tested on data
obtained at high spatial resolution from the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph
(FISS) grating spectrograph at the Big Bear Solar Observatory and from the
Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer (IBIS) instrument at the Dunn Solar
Telescope. The method robustly deconvolves wide spectral transmission profiles
for fields of view sampling a variety of solar structures (granulation, plage
and pores) with a photometrical precision of less than 1%. The results and
fidelity of the method are tested on data from IBIS obtained using several
different spectral resolution modes.
  The method, based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), is extremely fast,
performing about $10^5$ deconvolutions per second on a CPU and $10^6$
deconvolutions per second on NVIDIA TITAN RTX GPU for a spectrum with 40
wavelength samples. This approach is applicable for deconvolving large amounts
of data from instruments with wide spectral transmission profiles, such as the
Visible Tunable Filter (VTF) on the DKI Solar Telescope (DKIST). We also
investigate its application to future instruments by recovering spectral line
profiles obtained with a theoretical multi-peaked spectral transmission
profile.
  We further discuss the limitations of this deconvolutional approach through
the analysis of the dimensionality of the original and multiplexed data.


  We use the oscillating Min proteins of Escherichia coli as a prototype system
to illustrate the current state and potential of modeling protein dynamics in
space and time. We demonstrate how a theoretical approach has led to striking
new insights into the mechanisms of self-organization in bacterial cells and
indicate how these ideas may be applicable to more complex structure formation
in eukaryotic cells.


  The NuTeV experiment at Fermilab has used a sign-selected neutrino beam to
perform a search for the lepton number violating process nu_mu-bar e^- -> mu^-
nu_e-bar, and to measure the cross-section of the Standard Model inverse muon
decay process nu_mu e^- -> mu^- nu_e. NuTeV measures the inverse muon decay
asymptotic cross-section sigma/E to be 13.8 +/- 1.2 +/- 1.4 x 10^-42 cm^2/GeV.
The experiment also observes no evidence for lepton number violation and places
one of the most restrictive limits on the LNV/IMD cross-section ratio at < 1.7%
at 90% C.L. for V-A couplings and < 0.6% for scalar couplings.


  We explore the discovery prospect of the doubly-charged component of an
$SU(2)_L$-triplet scalar at the future $e^- p$ collider FCC-eh, proposed to
operate with an electron beam energy of 60 GeV and a proton beam energy of 50
TeV. We consider the associated production of the doubly-charged Higgs boson
along with leptons and jet(s), and its subsequent prompt decay to same-sign
lepton pair. This occurs for ${\cal O}(1)$ Yukawa coupling of the scalar
triplet with charged leptons, which is expected for reasonably small vacuum
expectation values of the neutral component of the triplet field that governs
the neutrino mass generation in the type-II seesaw. We present our analysis for
two different final states, $3l+\ge1j$ and an inclusive $\ge2l+\ge1j$ channel.
Considering its decay to electrons only, we find that the doubly-charged Higgs
with mass around a TeV could be observed at $3\sigma$ confidence level with
$\mathcal{O}(200)\, \rm{fb}^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity, while masses up to
2 TeV could be probed within a few years of data accumulation. The signal
proposed here becomes essentially background-free, if it is triggered in the
$\mu\mu$ mode and a $5\sigma$ discovery is achievable in this channel for a
TeV-scale doubly-charged Higgs with an integrated luminosity as low as
$\mathcal{O} (50)\, \rm{fb}^{-1}$. We also highlight the sensitivity of FCC-eh
to the Yukawa coupling responsible for production of the doubly-charged Higgs
boson as a function of its mass in both the $ee$ and $\mu\mu$ channels.


It is shown that the model X_{14}(7,3,2,1,1) has two Calabi--Yau phases.


  We study spherical quadrilaterals whose angles are odd multiples of pi/2, and
the equivalent accessory parameter problem for the Heun equation. We obtain a
classification of these quadrilaterals up to isometry. For given angles, there
are finitely many one-dimensional continuous families which we enumerate. In
each family the conformal modulus is either bounded from above or bounded from
below, but not both, and the numbers of families of these two types are equal.
The results can be translated to classification of Heun's equations with real
parameters, whose exponent differences are odd multiples of 1/2, with unitary
monodromy.


  Galilean Conformal Algebras (GCA) have been recently proposed as a different
non-relativistic limit of the AdS/CFT conjecture. In this note, we look at the
representations of the GCA. We also construct explicitly the two and three
point correlators in this non-relativistic limit of CFT and comment on the
differences with the relativistic case and also the more studied Schrodinger
group.


  Let $G$ be a connected reductive algebraic group. Let $\mathcal{E}\rightarrow
\mathcal{B}$ be a principal $G\times G$-bundle and $X$ be a regular
compactification of $G$. We describe the Grothendieck ring of the associated
fibre bundle $\mathcal{E}(X):=\mathcal{E}\times_{G\times G} X$, as an algebra
over the Grothendieck ring of a canonical toric bundle over a flag bundle on
$\mathcal{B}$. These are relative versions of the results on equivariant
$K$-theory of regular compactifications of $G$. They also generalize the well
known results on the Grothendieck rings of projective bundles, toric bundles
and flag bundles.


  We present the first simultaneous measurement of the ratio of branching
fractions, R=B(t->Wb)/B(t->Wq), with q being a d, s, or b quark, and the top
quark pair production cross section sigma_ttbar in the lepton plus jets channel
using 0.9 fb-1 of ppbar collision data at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV collected with the
D0 detector. We extract R and sigma_ttbar by analyzing samples of events with
0, 1 and >= 2 identified b jets. We measure R = 0.97 +0.09-0.08 (stat+syst) and
sigma_ttbar = 8.18 +0.90-0.84 (stat+syst)} +/-0.50 (lumi) pb, in agreement with
the standard model prediction.


  In the present note we investigate the problem of standardizing random
variables taking values on infinite dimensional Gaussian spaces. In particular,
we focus on the transformations induced on densities by the selected
standardization procedure. We discover that, under certain conditions, the Wick
exponentials are the key ingredients for treating this kind of problems.


  A spin-statistics theorem and a PCT theorem are obtained in the context of
the superselection sectors in Quantum Field Theory on a 4-dimensional
space-time. Our main assumption is the requirement that the modular groups of
the von Neumann algebras of local observables associated with wedge regions act
geometrically as pure Lorentz transformations. Such a property, satisfied by
the local algebras generated by Wightman fields because of the
Bisognano-Wichmann theorem, is regarded as a natural primitive assumption.


  Suppose that at any stage of a statistical experiment a control variable $X$
that affects the distribution of the observed data $Y$ at this stage can be
used. The distribution of $Y$ depends on some unknown parameter $\theta$, and
we consider the problem of testing multiple hypotheses $H_1: \theta=\theta_1$,
$H_2: \theta=\theta_2, ...$, $H_k: \theta=\theta_k$ allowing the data to be
controlled by $X$, in the following sequential context.
  The experiment starts with assigning a value $X_1$ to the control variable
and observing $Y_1$ as a response. After some analysis, another value $X_2$ for
the control variable is chosen, and $Y_2$ as a response is observed, etc. It is
supposed that the experiment eventually stops, and at that moment a final
decision in favor of one of the hypotheses $H_1,...$, $H_k$ is to be taken. In
this article, our aim is to characterize the structure of optimal sequential
testing procedures based on data obtained from an experiment of this type in
the case when the observations $Y_1, Y_2,..., Y_n$ are independent, given
controls $X_1,X_2,..., X_n$, $n=1,2,...$.


  Minibatching is a very well studied and highly popular technique in
supervised learning, used by practitioners due to its ability to accelerate
training through better utilization of parallel processing power and reduction
of stochastic variance. Another popular technique is importance sampling -- a
strategy for preferential sampling of more important examples also capable of
accelerating the training process. However, despite considerable effort by the
community in these areas, and due to the inherent technical difficulty of the
problem, there is no existing work combining the power of importance sampling
with the strength of minibatching. In this paper we propose the first {\em
importance sampling for minibatches} and give simple and rigorous complexity
analysis of its performance. We illustrate on synthetic problems that for
training data of certain properties, our sampling can lead to several orders of
magnitude improvement in training time. We then test the new sampling on
several popular datasets, and show that the improvement can reach an order of
magnitude.


  We present Spitzer 3.6--24 micron photometry and spectroscopy for stars in
the 1--3 Myr-old Coronet Cluster, expanding upon the survey of Sicilia-Aguilar
et al. (2008). Using sophisticated radiative transfer models, we analyze these
new data and those from Sicilia-Aguilar et al. (2008) to identify disks with
evidence for substantial dust evolution consistent with disk clearing:
transitional disks. We then analyze data in Taurus and others young clusters --
IC 348, NGC 2362, and eta Cha -- to constrain the transitional disk frequency
as a function of time. Our analysis confirms previous results finding evidence
for two types of transitional disks -- those with inner holes and those that
are homologously depleted. The percentage of disks in the transitional phase
increases from ~ 15--20% at 1--2 Myr to > 50% at 5--8 Myr; the mean
transitional disk lifetime is closer to ~ 1 Myr than 0.1--0.5 Myr, consistent
with previous studies by Currie et al. (2009) and Sicilia-Aguilar et al.
(2009). In the Coronet Cluster and IC 348, transitional disks are more numerous
for very low-mass M3--M6 stars than for more massive K5--M2 stars, while Taurus
lacks a strong spectral type-dependent frequency. Assuming standard values for
the gas-to-dust ratio and other disk properties, the lower limit for the masses
of optically-thick primordial disks is Mdisk ~ 0.001--0.003 M*. We find that
single color-color diagrams do not by themselves uniquely identify transitional
disks or primordial disks. Full SED modeling is required to accurately assess
disk evolution for individual sources and inform statistical estimates of the
transitional disk population in large samples using mid-IR colors.


  We investigate the residual effect of lambda-proton strong interactions in pp
correlations with one proton from lambda decays. It is found that the residual
correlation is about 10% of the lambda-proton correlation strength, and has a
broad distribution centered around q~40 MeV/c. The residual correlation cannot
explain the observed structure on the tail of the recently measured pp
correlation function in central Pb+Pb collisions by NA49 at the SPS.


  In this paper, we rigorously study the problem of cost optimisation of hybrid
(mixed) institutional incentives, which are a plan of actions involving the use
of reward and punishment by an external decision-maker, for maximising the
level (or guaranteeing at least a certain level) of cooperative behaviour in a
well-mixed, finite population of self-regarding individuals who interact via
cooperation dilemmas (Donation Game or Public Goods Game). We show that a mixed
incentive scheme can offer a more cost-efficient approach for providing
incentives while ensuring the same level or standard of cooperation in the
long-run. We establish the asymptotic behaviour (namely neutral drift, strong
selection, and infinite-population limits). We prove the existence of a phase
transition, obtaining the critical threshold of the strength of selection at
which the monotonicity of the cost function changes and providing an algorithm
for finding the optimal value of the individual incentive cost. Our analytical
results are illustrated with numerical investigations. Overall, our analysis
provides novel theoretical insights into the design of cost-efficient
institutional incentive mechanisms for promoting the evolution of cooperation
in stochastic systems.


  We present state-of-the-art predictions for transverse observables relevant
to colour-singlet production at the LHC, in particular the transverse momentum
of the colour singlet in gluon-fusion Higgs production and in neutral Drell-Yan
lepton-pair production, as well as the $\phi^*_\eta$ observable in Drell Yan.
We perform a next-to-next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (N$^3$LL) resummation
of such observables in momentum space according to the RadISH formalism,
consistently including in our prediction all constant terms of relative order
$\alpha_s^3$ with respect to the Born, thereby achieving N$^3$LL$^\prime$
accuracy. The calculation is fully exclusive with respect to the Born
kinematics, which allows the application of arbitrary fiducial selection cuts
on the decay products of the colour singlet. We supplement our results with a
transverse-recoil prescription, accounting for dominant classes of
subleading-power corrections in a fiducial setup. The resummed predictions are
matched with fixed-order differential spectra at next-to-next-to-leading order
(NNLO) accuracy. A phenomenological comparison is carried out with 13 TeV LHC
data relevant to the Higgs to di-photon channel, as well as to neutral
Drell-Yan lepton-pair production. Overall, the inclusion of ${\cal
O}(\alpha_s^3)$ constant terms, and to a lesser extent of transverse-recoil
effects, proves beneficial for the comparison of theoretical predictions to
data, leaving a residual theoretical uncertainty in the resummation region at
the 2-5% level for Drell-Yan observables, and 5-7% in Higgs production.


  Parton energy loss in the hot QCD medium will manifest itself not only in
leading hadron spectra but also in reconstructed jet productions in high-energy
nucleus-nucleus collisions. In this paper we report on recent theoretical
efforts in studying full jet observables in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
by discussing the modifications of jet shapes, inclusive jet cross section and
the vector boson accompanied jet production in the presence of the QGP-induced
jet quenching.


  This paper tackles the problem of automatically labelling sentiment-bearing
topics with descriptive sentence labels. We propose two approaches to the
problem, one extractive and the other abstractive. Both approaches rely on a
novel mechanism to automatically learn the relevance of each sentence in a
corpus to sentiment-bearing topics extracted from that corpus. The extractive
approach uses a sentence ranking algorithm for label selection which for the
first time jointly optimises topic--sentence relevance as well as
aspect--sentiment co-coverage. The abstractive approach instead addresses
aspect--sentiment co-coverage by using sentence fusion to generate a sentential
label that includes relevant content from multiple sentences. To our knowledge,
we are the first to study the problem of labelling sentiment-bearing topics.
Our experimental results on three real-world datasets show that both the
extractive and abstractive approaches outperform four strong baselines in terms
of facilitating topic understanding and interpretation. In addition, when
comparing extractive and abstractive labels, our evaluation shows that our best
performing abstractive method is able to provide more topic information
coverage in fewer words, at the cost of generating less grammatical labels than
the extractive method. We conclude that abstractive methods can effectively
synthesise the rich information contained in sentiment-bearing topics.


  Physical layer security (PLS) techniques can help to protect wireless
networks from eavesdropper attacks. In this paper, we consider the
authentication technique that uses fingerprint embedding to defend 5G cellular
networks with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems from eavesdroppers and
intruders. Since the millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular networks use narrow and
directional beams, PLS can take further advantage of the 3D spatial dimension
for improving the authentication of UAV users. Considering a multi-user mmWave
cellular network, we propose a power allocation technique that jointly takes
into account splitting of the transmit power between the precoder and the
authentication tag, which manages both the secrecy as well as the achievable
rate. Our results show that we can obtain optimal achievable rate with expected
secrecy.


  How particular bonds form in quantum materials has been a long-standing
puzzle. Two key concepts dealing with charge degrees of freedom are
dimerization (forming metal-metal bonds) and charge ordering (CO). Since the
1930s, these two concepts have been frequently invoked to explain numerous
exciting quantum materials, typically insulators. Here we report dimerization
and CO within the dimers coexisting in metallic NaRu$_2$O$_4$. By combining
high-resolution x-ray diffraction studies and theoretical calculations, we
demonstrate that this unique phenomenon occurs through a new type of bonding,
which we call Z-type ordering. The low-temperature superstructure has strong
dimerization in legs of zigzag ladders, with short dimers in legs connected by
short zigzag bonds, forming Z-shape clusters: simultaneously, site-centered
charge ordering also appears. Our results demonstrate the yet unknown
flexibility of quantum materials with the intricate interplay among orbital,
charge, and lattice degrees of freedom.


  The non-abelian analog of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect is
investigated in perturbative QCD. Extending our previous studies, the
suppression of induced soft bremsstrahlung due to multiple scatterings of
quarks in the spinor representation is considered. The effective formation time
of gluon radiation due to the color interference is shown to depend on the
color representation of the emitting parton, and an improved formula for the
radiative energy loss is derived that interpolates between the factorization
and Bethe-Heitler limits.


  We study some simple models of disease transmission on small-world networks,
in which either the probability of infection by a disease or the probability of
its transmission is varied, or both. The resulting models display epidemic
behavior when the infection or transmission probability rises above the
threshold for site or bond percolation on the network, and we give exact
solutions for the position of this threshold in a variety of cases. We confirm
our analytic results by numerical simulation.


  The current form of Tsallis distribution for a Hamiltonian system with an
arbitrary potential is found to represent a simple isothermal situation. In
this letter, the q-exponential of a sum can be applied as the product of the
q-exponential based on the probabilistically independent postulate employed in
nonextensive statistical mechanics. Under this framework, a new form of Tsallis
distribution is suggested. It is shown that the new form of Tsallis
distribution can supply the statistical description for the nonequilibrium
dynamical property of the Hamiltonian system governed by an arbitrary
potential, and it is found to be one potential statistical distribution for the
dark matter.


  We establish formulae of Stark type for the Stickelberger elements in the
function field setting. Our result generalizes a work of Hayes and a conjecture
of Gross. It is used to deduce a $p$-adic version of Rubin-Stark Conjecture and
Burns Conjecture.


  This work proposes a neutrino mass model that is derived using the minimal
seesaw mechanism which contains only two right-handed neutrinos, under the
non-abelian discrete flavor symmetry $\mathbb{S}_4\otimes\mathbb{Z}_2$. Two
standard model doublets, $L_\mu$ and $L_\tau$, are assigned simultaneously to a
$\mathbf{2}$ representation of $\mathbb{S}_4$. When the scalar fields
introduced in this model, addition to the Standard Model Higgs, and the leptons
are coupled within the symmetry, the seesaw mechanism results in the
tri-bi-maximal neutrino mixing. This study examined the possible deviations
from TBM mixing related to the experimental data.


  We use the Schwinger-Dyson equations as a starting point to derive
renormalization flow equations. We show that Katanin's scheme arises as a
simple truncation of these equations. We then give the full renormalization
group equations up to third order in the irreducible vertex. Furthermore, we
show that to the fifth order, there exists a functional of the self-energy and
the irreducible four-point vertex whose saddle point is the solution of
Schwinger-Dyson equations.


  We explore the possibility for the native state of a protein being inherently
a multi-conformation state in an ab initio coarse-grained model. Based on the
Wang-Landau algorithm, the complete free energy landscape for the designed
sequence 2D4X: INYWLAHAKAGYIVHWTA is constructed. It is shown that 2DX4
possesses two nearly degenerate native states: one has a helix structure, while
the other has a hairpin structure and their energy difference is less than 2%
of that of local minimums. Two degenerate native states are stabilized by an
energy barrier of the order 10kcal/mol. Furthermore, the hydrogen-bond and
dipole-dipole interactions are found to be two major competing interactions in
transforming one conformation into the other. Our results indicate that
degenerate native states are stabilized by subtle balance between different
interactions in proteins; furthermore, for small proteins, degeneracy only
happens for proteins of sizes being around 18 amino acids or 40 amino acids.
These results provide important clues to the study of native structures of
proteins.


  We derive a thermodynamically consistent framework for incorporating
entanglement dynamics into constitutive equations for flowing polymer melts. We
use this to combine the convected constraint release (CCR) dynamics of
Ianniruberto-Marriccui into a finitely-extensible version of the Rolie-Poly
model, and also include an anisotropic mobility as in the Giesekus model. The
reversible dynamics are obtained from a free energy that describes both a
finitely-extensible conformation tensor and an ideal gas of entanglements along
the chain. The dissipative dynamics give rise to coupled kinetic equations for
the conformation tensor and entanglements, whose coupling terms describe
shear-induced disentanglement. The relaxation dynamics of the conformation
tensor follow the GLaMM and Rolie-Poly models, and account for reptation,
retraction and CCR. We propose that the relaxation time $\tau_\nu$ for
entanglement recovery is proportional to the Rouse time $\tau_R$ which governs
polymer stretch within the tube. This which matches recent molecular dynamics
simulations, and corresponds to relaxing the entanglement number before the
entire polymer anisotropy has relaxed on the longer reptation time $\tau_d$.
Our model suggests that claimed signatures of slow re-entanglement on the
reptation time in step-strain experiments may be interpreted as arising from
anisotropies in reptation dynamics.


  To find a perfect lattice action in terms of monopole action on the dual
lattice, we performed simulations of a monopole effective action obtained
numerically from vacuum configurations in SU(2) QCD. Although the Polyakov loop
behavior near $T_c$ is well reproduced by the action, a small but repulsive
term is needed in addition to get the string tension correctly. It is reported
also a monopole effective action in $SU(3)$ QCD which is expressed by one kind
of monopole currents.


  Modern communication and sensing technologies rely on connecting the optical
domain with the microwave domain. Terahertz technologies, spanning increased
frequencies from 100 GHz to 10 THz, are critical for providing larger
bandwidths and faster switching capabilities. Despite progress in
high-frequency electronic sources and detectors, these technologies lack a
direct link to the optical domain, and face challenges with increasing
frequencies (> 1 THz). Nonlinear processes, such as optical rectification,
offer potential solutions for terahertz generation but are currently limited to
discrete components based on bulk nonlinear crystals, missing out
miniaturisation opportunities from integration of optical circuits with
terahertz ones. We address this challenge by integrating phase-matched
terahertz transmission lines with photonic circuits in a single hybrid
architecture on the thin-film lithium niobate~(TFLN) platform. This design
demonstrates phase-matched, broadband terahertz emission spanning four octaves
(200 GHz to 3.5 THz) through broadband down-conversion of optical signals at
telecommunication wavelengths. The micron-sized transmission lines provide
terahertz field confinement with minimal radiative loss, enabling compact THz
cavities embedded in integrated photonic circuits. This integration is crucial
for leveraging photonics' advantages in low-noise, low-loss, and high-speed
operations for terahertz generation. Our platform can readily be integrated
with other mature photonics components, such as electro-optic modulators,
frequency comb sources, or femtosecond sources to pave the way for compact,
power-efficient, and frequency-agile broadband sources with applications in
telecommunications, spectroscopy, quantum electrodynamics and optical
computing.


  This document presents the draft specification for delivering machine
learning services over HTTP, developed as part of the Protocols and Structures
for Inference project, which concluded in 2013. It presents the motivation for
providing machine learning as a service, followed by a description of the
essential and optional components of such a service.


  The behaviour of the turbulent Prandtl number ($Pr_t$) for buoyancy-affected
flows near a vertical surface is investigated as an extension study of {Gibson
\& Leslie, \emph{Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer}, Vol. 11, pp. 73-84 (1984)}. By
analysing the location of mean velocity maxima in a differentially heated
vertical planar channel, we {identify an} {infinity anomaly} for the eddy
viscosity $\nu_t$ and the turbulent Prandtl number $Pr_t$, as both terms are
divided by the mean velocity gradient according to the standard definition, in
vertical buoyant flow. To predict the quantities of interest, e.g. the Nusselt
number, a machine learning framework via symbolic regression is used with
various cost functions, e.g. the mean velocity gradient, with the aid of the
latest direct numerical simulation (DNS) dataset for vertical natural and mixed
convection. The study has yielded two key outcomes: $(i)$ the new machine
learnt algebraic models, as the reciprocal of $Pr_t$, successfully handle the
infinity issue for both vertical natural and mixed convection; and $(ii)$ the
proposed models with embedded coordinate frame invariance can be conveniently
implemented in the Reynolds-averaged scalar equation and are proven to be
robust and accurate in the current parameter space, where the Rayleigh number
spans from $10^5$ to $10^9 $ for vertical natural convection and the bulk
Richardson number $Ri_b $ is in the range of $ 0$ and $ 0.1$ for vertical mixed
convection.


  We study the compatibility of spontaneous breaking of parity and successful
cosmology in a left-right symmetric model where supersymmetry breaking is
achieved in metastable vacua. We show that domain walls formed due to this
breaking can be removed due to Planck scale suppressed terms, provided the
parity breaking scale $M_R$ is constrained to remain smaller than
$10^{10}-10^{11}$ GeV. Ensuring metastability is achieved naturally even if the
entire mechanism operates at low scales, within a few orders of magnitude of
the TeV scale. Taking $M_R$ as high as permitted, close to the acceptable
reheat temperature after inflation, would require the magnetic phase of the
Supersymmetric Quantum Chromodynamics (SQCD) to have set in before the end of
inflation.


  In this paper, we discuss the Weyl problem in warped product space. We obtain
the openness, non rigidity and some applications. These results together with
the a priori estimates obtained by Lu imply some existence results. Meanwhile
we reprove the infinitesimal rigidity in the space forms.


  The daytime sky has been recently demonstrated as a useful calibration tool
for deriving polarization cross-talk properties of large astronomical
telescopes. The Daniel K Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) and other large
telescopes under construction can benefit from precise polarimetric calibration
of large mirrors. Several atmospheric phenomena and instrumental errors
potentially limit the techniques accuracy. At the 3.67m AEOS telescope on
Haleakala, we have performed a large observing campaign with the HiVIS
spectropolarimeter to identify limitations and develop algorithms for
extracting consistent calibrations. Effective sampling of the telescope optical
configurations and filtering of data for several derived parameters provide
robustness to the derived Mueller matrix calibrations. Second-order scattering
models of the sky show that this method is relatively insensitive to
multiple-scattering in the sky provided calibration observations are done in
regions of high polarization degree. The technique is also insensitive to
assumptions about telescope induced polarization provided the mirror coatings
are highly reflective. Zemax-derived polarization models show agreement between
the functional dependence of polarization predictions and the corresponding
on-sky calibrations.


  Relational learning in networked data has been shown to be effective in a
number of studies. Relational learners, composed of relational classifiers and
collective inference methods, enable the inference of nodes in a network given
the existence and strength of links to other nodes. These methods have been
adapted to predict customer churn in telecommunication companies showing that
incorporating them may give more accurate predictions. In this research, the
performance of a variety of relational learners is compared by applying them to
a number of CDR datasets originating from the telecommunication industry, with
the goal to rank them as a whole and investigate the effects of relational
classifiers and collective inference methods separately. Our results show that
collective inference methods do not improve the performance of relational
classifiers and the best performing relational classifier is the network-only
link-based classifier, which builds a logistic model using link-based measures
for the nodes in the network.