  We have employed a magnetic field angle as a tuning parameter in a
comprehensive measurement of the specific heat, magnetocaloric effect, and
magnetization for the quasi-kagome Kondo lattice CeRhSn, which is considered to
exhibit zero-field quantum criticality driven by geometrical frustration. By
constructing the field-angle-resolved landscape of the entropy, we unexpectedly
revealed that the non-Fermi-liquid nature survives up to a metamagnetic
crossover field of roughly 3 T in the very narrow field-orientation range,
close to the direction parallel to the quasi-kagome plane. We propose that spin
fluctuations along the hexagonal $c$ axis are the dominant driving force for
the non-Fermi-liquid behavior because it is strongly suppressed by a
magnetic-field component along the $c$ axis. The multidimensional entropy
landscape, which directly reflects the degeneracy of ground states, opens a new
route for uncovering the nature of exotic phases in anisotropic systems.


  This paper is aimed to identify some new characterizations and
representations of the Minkowski inverse in Minkowski space. First of all, a
few representations of {1,3m}, {1,2,3m}, {1,4m} and {1,2,4m}-inverses are given
in order to represent the Minkowski inverse. Secondly, some famous
characterizations of the Moore-Penrose inverse are extended to that of the
Minkowski inverse. Thirdly, using the Hartwig-Spindelb\"ock decomposition we
present a representation of the Minkowski inverse. And, based on this result,
an interesting characterization of the Minkowski inverse is showed by a rank
equation. Finally, we obtain several new representations of the Minkowski
inverse in a more general form, by which the Minkowski inverse of a class of
block matrices is given.


  Modern learning frameworks often train deep neural networks with massive
amounts of unlabeled data to learn representations by solving simple pretext
tasks, then use the representations as foundations for downstream tasks. These
networks are empirically designed; as such, they are usually not interpretable,
their representations are not structured, and their designs are potentially
redundant. White-box deep networks, in which each layer explicitly identifies
and transforms structures in the data, present a promising alternative.
However, existing white-box architectures have only been shown to work at scale
in supervised settings with labeled data, such as classification. In this work,
we provide the first instantiation of the white-box design paradigm that can be
applied to large-scale unsupervised representation learning. We do this by
exploiting a fundamental connection between diffusion, compression, and
(masked) completion, deriving a deep transformer-like masked autoencoder
architecture, called CRATE-MAE, in which the role of each layer is
mathematically fully interpretable: they transform the data distribution to and
from a structured representation. Extensive empirical evaluations confirm our
analytical insights. CRATE-MAE demonstrates highly promising performance on
large-scale imagery datasets while using only ~30% of the parameters compared
to the standard masked autoencoder with the same model configuration. The
representations learned by CRATE-MAE have explicit structure and also contain
semantic meaning. Code is available at https://github.com/Ma-Lab-Berkeley/CRATE .


  We study approximation schemes for shift spaces over a finite alphabet using
(pseudo)metrics connected to Ornstein's $\bar{d}$ metric. This leads to a class
of shift spaces we call $\bar{d}$-approachable. A shift space
$\bar{d}$-approachable when its canonical sequence of Markov approximations
converges to it also in the $\bar{d}$ sense. We give a topological
characterisation of chain mixing $\bar{d}$-approachable shift spaces. As an
application we provide a new criterion for entropy density of ergodic measures.
Entropy-density of a shift space means that every invariant measure $\mu$ of
such a shift space is the weak$^*$ limit of a sequence $\mu_n$ of ergodic
measures with the corresponding sequence of entropies $h(\mu_n)$ converging to
$h(\mu)$. We prove ergodic measures are entropy-dense for every shift space
that can be approximated in the $\bar{d}$ pseudometric by a sequence of
transitive sofic shifts. This criterion can be applied to many examples that
were out of the reach of previously known techniques including hereditary
$\mathscr{B}$-free shifts and some minimal or proximal systems. The class of
symbolic dynamical systems covered by our results includes also shift spaces
where entropy density was established previously using the (almost)
specification property.


  The STAR Collaboration and the CBM Collaboration institutions: Heidelberg,
Darmstadt, CCNU, Tsinghua, and USTC propose to install an end-cap
time-of-flight upgrade (eTOF) to the STAR detector for the RHIC beam energy
scan phase II (BES-II) program in 2019 and 2020. BES-II will cover the
collision energy range 3.0 to 19.6 GeV. This is the region of interest in the
search for a critical point and first-order phase transition, identified by the
results from BES-I and by model calculations. For the collider-mode portion of
the energy scan, 7.7 to 19.6 GeV, eTOF will extend particle identification
(PID) for pions, kaons, and protons to a rapidity of 1.2, complementing the
inner Time Projection Chamber (iTPC) upgrade to the forward tracking. The
rapidity coverage for PID would extend to only 0.8 without the eTOF upgrade.
The eTOF upgrade will enable precision studies of the key bulk property
observables, essential to the BES-II search. An internal fixed-target program
will allow the energy scan to cover 3.0 to 7.7 GeV. The eTOF upgrade will
provide essential mid-rapidity PID for the 4.5 to 7.7 GeV portion of the scan
in fixed-target mode. Otherwise there would be a large energy gap in the middle
of the BES-II program. A full description of the physics provided by the eTOF
upgrade to STAR is presented in this note.


  It is shown that a recollement of derived categories of algebras induces
those of tensor product algebras and opposite algebras respectively, which is
applied to clarify the relations between recollements of derived categories of
algebras and smoothness and Hochschild cohomology of algebras.


  We present H${\alpha}$ emission line measurements of the W80 nebular complex.
A total of 26 regions have been observed inside the nebula with the Dual Etalon
Fabry-Perot Optical Spectrometer (DEFPOS) system at the f/48 Coude focus of 150
cm RTT150 telescope located at TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG) in
Antalya/Turkey. The intensities, the local standard of rest (LSR) velocities
($V_{LSR}$), heliocentric radial velocities ($V_{HEL}$) and the linewidths at
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the H${\alpha}$ emission lines have been
determined from these observations. They lie in the range of 259 to 1159
Rayleigh {1R = 10$^{6}/4\pi$ photons cm$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$ =
2.4110$^{-7}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$ at H${\alpha}$.} (R), 4 to 12 km
s$^{-1}$ and 44 to 55 km s$^{-1}$, respectively. The radial velocity
measurements show that there are several maxima and minima inside the W80. The
new results confirm the literature that complex seems to be rather a uniform in
radial velocity and no seen turbulent motion inside the complex. The average
value of the calculated the Emission Measure (EM) for the regions is 3.1 pc
cm$^{-6}$.


  We study the boundary states of the archetypal three-dimensional topological
order, i.e. the three-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_2$ toric code. There are three
distinct elementary types of boundary states that we will consider in this
work. In the phase diagram that includes the three elementary boundaries there
may exist a multi-critical point, which is captured by the so-called deconfined
quantum critical point (DQCP) with an "easy-axis" anisotropy. Moreover, there
is an emergent $\mathbb{Z}_{2,\text{d}}$ symmetry that swaps two of the
boundary types, and it becomes part of the global symmetry of the DQCP. The
emergent $\mathbb{Z}_{2,\text{d}}$ symmetry on the boundary is originated from
a type of surface defect in the bulk. We further find a gapped boundary with a
surface topological order that is invariant under the emergent symmetry.


  Peer-reviewed conferences, the main publication venues in CS, rely critically
on matching highly qualified reviewers for each paper. Because of the growing
scale of these conferences, the tight timelines on which they operate, and a
recent surge in explicitly dishonest behavior, there is now no alternative to
performing this matching in an automated way. This paper studies a novel
reviewer-paper matching approach that was recently deployed in the 35th AAAI
Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2021), and has since been adopted
(wholly or partially) by other conferences including ICML 2022, AAAI 2022, and
IJCAI 2022. This approach has three main elements: (1) collecting and
processing input data to identify problematic matches and generate
reviewer-paper scores; (2) formulating and solving an optimization problem to
find good reviewer-paper matchings; and (3) a two-phase reviewing process that
shifts reviewing resources away from papers likely to be rejected and towards
papers closer to the decision boundary. This paper also describes an evaluation
of these innovations based on an extensive post-hoc analysis on real data --
including a comparison with the matching algorithm used in AAAI's previous
(2020) iteration -- and supplements this with additional numerical
experimentation.


  In the absence of high-statistics supernova neutrino measurements, estimates
of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) hinge on the precision of
simulations of core-collapse supernovae. Understanding the cooling phase of
protoneutron star (PNS) evolution ($\gtrsim1\,{\rm s}$ after core bounce) is
crucial, since approximately 50% of the energy liberated by neutrinos is
emitted during the cooling phase. We model the cooling phase with a hybrid
method by combining the neutrino emission predicted by 3D hydrodynamic
simulations with several cooling-phase estimates, including a novel
two-parameter correlation depending on the final baryonic PNS mass and the time
of shock revival. We find that the predicted DSNB event rate at
Super-Kamiokande can vary by a factor of $\sim2-3$ depending on the
cooling-phase treatment. We also find that except for one cooling estimate, the
range in predicted DSNB events is largely driven by the uncertainty in the
neutrino mean energy. With a good understanding of the late-time neutrino
emission, more precise DSNB estimates can be made for the next generation of
DSNB searches.


  Hybrid computational architectures based on the joint power of Central
Processing Units and Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) are becoming popular and
powerful hardware tools for a wide range of simulations in biology, chemistry,
engineering, physics, etc..
  In this paper we present a comparison of performance of various GPUs
available on market when applied to the numerical integration of the classic,
gravitational, N-body problem. To do this, we developed an OpenCL version of
the parallel code (HiGPUs) to use for these tests, because this version is the
only apt to work on GPUs of different makes.
  The main general result is that we confirm the reliability, speed and
cheapness of GPUs when applied to the examined kind of problems (i.e. when the
forces to evaluate are dependent on the mutual distances, as it happens in
gravitational physics and molecular dynamics). More specifically, we find that
also the cheap GPUs built to be employed just for gaming applications are very
performant in terms of computing speed also in scientific applications and,
although with some limitations in central memory and in bandwidth, can be a
good choice to implement a machine for scientific use at a very good
performance to cost ratio.


  We use the transverse K\"ahler-Ricci flow on the canonical foliation of a
closed Vaisman manifold to deform the Vaisman metric into another Vaisman
metric with a transverse K\"ahler-Einstein structure. We also study the main
features of such a manifold. Among other results, using techniques from the
theory of parabolic equations, we obtain a direct proof for the short time
existence of the solution for transverse {\K}-Ricci flow on Vaisman manifolds,
recovering in a particular setting a result of Bedulli, He and Vezzoni [J.
Geom. Anal. 28, 697--725 (2018)], but without employing the Molino structure
theorem. Moreover, we investigate Einstein-Weyl structures in the setting of
Vaisman manifolds and find their relationship with quasi-Einstein metrics. Some
examples are also provided to illustrate the main results.


  We present a study on the variations of the luminosity function of galaxies
around clusters in a numerical simulation with semi-analytic galaxies,
attempting to detect these variations in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. We
subdivide the simulation box in equal-density regions around clusters, which we
assume can be achieved by selecting objects at a given normalised distance
($r/r_{rms}$, where $r_{rms}$ is an estimate of the halo radius) from the group
centre. The semi-analytic model predicts important variations in the luminosity
function out to $r/r_{rms}\simeq5$. In brief, variations in the mass function
of haloes around clusters (large dark-matter haloes with
$M>10^{12}$h$^{-1}$M$_{\sun}$) lead to cluster central regions that present a
high abundance of bright galaxies (high $M^*$ values) as well as low luminosity
galaxies (high $\alpha$); at $r/r_{rms}\simeq 3$ there is a lack of bright
galaxies, which shows the depletion of galaxies in the regions surrounding
clusters (minimum in $M^*$ and $\alpha$), and a tendency to constant luminosity
function parameters at larger cluster-centric distances. We take into account
the observational biases present in the real data by reproducing the peculiar
velocity effect on the redshifts of galaxies in the simulation box, and also by
producing mock catalogues. We find that excluding from the analysis galaxies
wich in projection are close to the centres of the groups provides results that
are qualitatively consistent with the full simulation box results.


  We show that the hard-square lattice gas with activity z= -1 has a number of
remarkable properties. We conjecture that all the eigenvalues of the transfer
matrix are roots of unity. They fall into groups (``strings'') evenly spaced
around the unit circle, which have interesting number-theoretic properties. For
example, the partition function on an M by N lattice with periodic boundary
condition is identically 1 when M and N are coprime. We provide evidence for
these conjectures from analytical and numerical arguments.


  We show that certain Graph Laplacian linear sets of equations exhibit optimal
accuracy, guaranteeing that the relative error is no larger than the norm of
the relative residual and that optimality occurs for carefully chosen
right-hand sides. Such sets of equations arise in PageRank and Markov chain
theory. We establish new relationships among the PageRank teleportation
parameter, the Markov chain discount, and approximations to linear sets of
equations. The set of optimally accurate systems can be separated into two
groups for an undirected graph -- those that achieve optimality asymptotically
with the graph size and those that do not -- determined by the angle between
the right-hand side of the linear system and the vector of all ones. We provide
supporting numerical experiments.


  Accurate determinations of stellar parameters and distances for large
complete samples of stars are keys for conducting detailed studies of the
formation and evolution of our Galaxy. Here we present stellar atmospheric
parameters ($T_{\rm eff}$, luminosity classifications, and [Fe/H]) estimates
for some 24 million stars determined from the stellar colors of SMSS DR2 and
Gaia EDR3, based on training datasets with available spectroscopic measurements
from previous high/medium/low-resolution spectroscopic surveys. The number of
stars with photometric-metallicity estimates is 4-5 times larger than that
collected by the current largest spectroscopic survey to date - LAMOST - over
the course of the past decade. External checks indicate that the precision of
the photometric-metallicity estimates are quite high, comparable to or slightly
better than that derived from spectroscopy, with typical values around
0.05-0.15dex for both dwarf and giant stars with [Fe/H]>$-$1.0, 0.10-0.20dex
for giant stars with $-$2.0<[Fe/H]<$-$1.0. and 0.20-0.25dex for giant stars
with [Fe/H]<$-$2.0, and include estimates for stars as metal-poor as
[Fe/H]~$-$3.5, substantially lower than previous photometric techniques.
Photometric-metallicity estimates are obtained for an unprecedented number of
metal-poor stars, including a total of over three million metal-poor (MP;
[Fe/H] <$-$1.0) stars, over half a million very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H]<$-$2.0)
stars, and over 25,000 extremely metal-poor (EMP; [Fe/H]<$-$3.0) stars.
Moreover, distances are determined for over 20 million stars in our sample. For
the over 18 million sample stars with accurate Gaia parallaxes, stellar ages
are estimated by comparing with theoretical isochrones. Astrometric information
is provided for the stars in our catalog, along with radial velocities for ~10%
of our sample stars, taken from completed/ongoing large-scale spectroscopic
surveys.


  We report the experimental verification of metamaterial cloaking for a 3D
object in free space. We apply the plasmonic cloaking technique, based on
scattering cancellation, to suppress microwave scattering from a finite-length
dielectric cylinder. We verify that scattering suppression is obtained all
around the object in the near- and far-field and for different incidence
angles, validating our measurements with analytical results and full-wave
simulations. Our near-field and far-field measurements confirm that realistic
and robust plasmonic metamaterial cloaks may be realized for elongated 3D
objects with moderate transverse cross-section at microwave frequencies.


  Deep learning has become the dominating approach for object detection. To
achieve accurate fine-grained detection, one needs to employ a large enough
model and a vast amount of data annotations. In this paper, we propose a
commonsense knowledge inference module (CKIM) which leverages commonsense
knowledge to assist a lightweight deep neural network base coarse-grained
object detector to achieve accurate fine-grained detection. Specifically, we
focus on a scenario where a single image contains objects of similar categories
but varying sizes, and we establish a size-related commonsense knowledge
inference module (CKIM) that maps the coarse-grained labels produced by the DL
detector to size-related fine-grained labels. Considering that rule-based
systems are one of the popular methods of knowledge representation and
reasoning, our experiments explored two types of rule-based CKIMs, implemented
using crisp-rule and fuzzy-rule approaches, respectively. Experimental results
demonstrate that compared with baseline methods, our approach achieves accurate
fine-grained detection with a reduced amount of annotated data and smaller
model size. Our code is available at: https://github.com/ZJLAB-AMMI/CKIM.


  We study intermittent maps from the point of view of metastability. Small
neighbourhoods of an intermittent fixed point and their complements form pairs
of almost-invariant sets. Treating the small neighbourhood as a hole, we first
show that the absolutely continuous conditional invariant measures (ACCIMs)
converge to the ACIM as the length of the small neighbourhood shrinks to zero.
We then quantify how the escape dynamics from these almost-invariant sets are
connected with the second eigenfunctions of Perron-Frobenius (transfer)
operators when a small perturbation is applied near the intermittent fixed
point. In particular, we describe precisely the scaling of the second
eigenvalue with the perturbation size, provide upper and lower bounds, and
demonstrate $L^1$ convergence of the positive part of the second eigenfunction
to the ACIM as the perturbation goes to zero. This perturbation and associated
eigenvalue scalings and convergence results are all compatible with Ulam's
method and provide a formal explanation for the numerical behaviour of Ulam's
method in this nonuniformly hyperbolic setting. The main results of the paper
are illustrated with numerical computations.


  We discuss effective interactions among brane matter induced by modifications
of higher dimensional Einstein gravity through the replacement of
Einstein-Hilbert term with a generic function f(R, R_AB R^AB, R_ABCD R^ABCD) of
the curvature tensors. We determine gravi-particle spectrum of the theory, and
perform a comparative analysis of its predictions with those of the Einstein
gravity within Arkani-Hamed--Dvali--Dimopoulos (ADD) setup. We find that this
general higher-curvature quantum gravity theory contributes to scatterings
among both massive and massless brane matter (in contrast to much simpler
generalization of the Einstein gravity, f(R), which influences only the massive
matter), and therefore, can be probed via various scattering processes at
present and future colliders and directly confronted with the ADD expectations.
In addition to collision processes which proceed with tree-level gravi-particle
exchange, effective interactions among brane matter are found to exhibit a
strong sensitivity to higher-curvature gravity via the gravi-particle loops.
Furthermore, particle collisions with missing energy in their final states are
found to be sensitive to additional gravi-particles not found in Einstein
gravity. In general, road to a correct description of quantum gravity above
Fermi energies depends crucially on if collider and other search methods end up
with a negative or positive answer for the presence of higher-curvature
gravitational interactions.


  Recent research in nonlinear filtering and signal processing has suggested an
efficient derivative-free Extended Kalman filter (EKF) designed for
discrete-time stochastic systems. Such approach, however, has failed to address
the estimation problem for continuous-discrete models. In this paper, we
develop a novel continuous-discrete derivative-free EKF methodology by deriving
the related moment differential equations (MDEs) and sample point differential
equations (SPDEs). Additionally, we derive their Cholesky-based square-root
MDEs and SPDEs and obtain several numerically stable derivative-free EKF
methods. Finally, we propose the MATLAB-oriented implementations for all
continuous-discrete derivative-free EKF algorithms derived. They are easy to
implement because of the built-in fashion of the MATLAB numerical integrators
utilized for solving either the MDEs or SPDEs in use, which are the ordinary
differential equations (ODEs). More importantly, these are accurate
derivative-free EKF implementations because any built-in MATLAB ODE solver
includes the discretization error control that bounds the discretization error
arisen and makes the implementation methods accurate. Besides, this is done in
automatic way and no extra coding is required from users. The new filters are
particularly effective for working with stochastic systems with highly
nonlinear and/or nondifferentiable drift and observation functions, i.e. when
the calculation of Jacobian matrices are either problematical or questionable.
The performance of the novel filtering methods is demonstrated on several
numerical tests.


  The creation of wave-dynamic illusion functionality is of great interests to
various scientific communities, which can potentially transform an actual
perception into the pre-controlled perception, thus empowering unprecedented
applications in the advanced-material science, camouflage, cloaking, optical
and/or microwave cognition, and defense security, etc. By using the space
transformation theory and engineering capability of metamaterials, we propose
and realize a functional ghost illusion device, which is capable of creating
wave-dynamic virtual ghost images off the original object's position under the
illumination of electromagnetic waves. The scattering signature of the object
is thus ghosted and perceived as multiple ghost targets with different
geometries and compositions. The ghost-illusion material, being inhomogeneous
and anisotropic, was realized by thousands of varying unit cells working at
non-resonance. The experimental demonstration of the ghost illusion validates
our theory of scattering metamorphosis and opens a novel avenue to the
wave-dynamic illusion, cognitive deception, manipulate strange light or matter
behaviors, and design novel optical and microwave devices.


  The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a very efficient modulation
technique that can achieve very high throughput by transmitting many carriers
simultaneously and it is spectrally efficient because of the proximity of the
subcarriers. OFDM is used in 5G communication for higher data transmission. 6th
generation communication also demands OFDM, since it is more spectrally
efficient and suitable for high data transmission. The drawback of the OFDM
includes peak to average power ratio and sensitivity to carrier offsets and
drifts. The usage of a non-linear power amplifier causes the signal spreading
and leads to inter-modulation and signal constellation distortion. These two
distortions have an impact on the signal-to-noise ratio and hence reduce the
efficiency. The methods used to reduce PAPR are clipping and filtering,
selective mapping, partial transmit sequence, tone reservation, and injection
and non-linear commanding. The drawbacks of the above methods are computational
complexity, spectrum inefficiency, increase in bit error rate and PAPR rate. In
this work, three effective methods are discussed and compared to improve the
performance parameters. These are adaptive peak window method based on
harmonize clipping, harmonics kernel adaptive filter and Slepian-based flat-top
window techniques are presented to reduce the BER, PAPR, and CCDF to improve
the signal-to-noise of the system. This window technique averages out the noise
spread out in the spectrum and thus reduces the signal loss by minimizing peak
to average power ratio. The results are analyzed and compared with the existing
conventional methods. Finally, the reductions in PAPR, BER and CCDF obtained
are discussed in the results and comparison section. The proposed work has a
higher signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional methods.


  In this paper, matching pairs of random graphs under the community structure
model is considered. The problem emerges naturally in various applications such
as privacy, image processing and DNA sequencing. A pair of randomly generated
labeled graphs with pairwise correlated edges are considered. It is assumed
that the graph edges are generated based on the community structure model.
Given the labeling of the edges of the first graph, the objective is to recover
the labels in the second graph. The problem is considered under two scenarios:
i) with side-information where the community membership of the nodes in both
graphs are known, and ii) without side-information where the community
memberships are not known. A matching scheme is proposed which operates based
on typicality of the adjacency matrices of the graphs. Achievability results
are derived which provide theoretical guarantees for successful matching under
specific assumptions on graph parameters. It is observed that for the proposed
matching scheme, the conditions for successful matching do not change in the
presence of side-information. Furthermore, a converse result is derived which
characterizes a set of graph parameters for which matching is not possible.


  The development of fast and accurate methods of photometric redshift
estimation is a vital step towards being able to fully utilize the data of
next-generation surveys within precision cosmology. In this paper we apply a
specific approach to spectral connectivity analysis (SCA; Lee & Wasserman 2009)
called diffusion map. SCA is a class of non-linear techniques for transforming
observed data (e.g., photometric colours for each galaxy, where the data lie on
a complex subset of p-dimensional space) to a simpler, more natural coordinate
system wherein we apply regression to make redshift predictions. As SCA relies
upon eigen-decomposition, our training set size is limited to ~ 10,000
galaxies; we use the Nystrom extension to quickly estimate diffusion
coordinates for objects not in the training set. We apply our method to 350,738
SDSS main sample galaxies, 29,816 SDSS luminous red galaxies, and 5,223
galaxies from DEEP2 with CFHTLS ugriz photometry. For all three datasets, we
achieve prediction accuracies on par with previous analyses, and find that use
of the Nystrom extension leads to a negligible loss of prediction accuracy
relative to that achieved with the training sets. As in some previous analyses
(e.g., Collister & Lahav 2004, Ball et al. 2008), we observe that our
predictions are generally too high (low) in the low (high) redshift regimes. We
demonstrate that this is a manifestation of attenuation bias, wherein
measurement error (i.e., uncertainty in diffusion coordinates due to
uncertainty in the measured fluxes/magnitudes) reduces the slope of the
best-fit regression line. Mitigation of this bias is necessary if we are to use
photometric redshift estimates produced by computationally efficient empirical
methods in precision cosmology.


  In this paper we propose a deep recurrent model based on the order flow for
the stationary modelling of the high-frequency directional prices movements.
The order flow is the microsecond stream of orders arriving at the exchange,
driving the formation of prices seen on the price chart of a stock or currency.
To test the stationarity of our proposed model we train our model on data
before the 2017 Bitcoin bubble period and test our model during and after the
bubble. We show that without any retraining, the proposed model is temporally
stable even as Bitcoin trading shifts into an extremely volatile "bubble
trouble" period. The significance of the result is shown by benchmarking
against existing state-of-the-art models in the literature for modelling price
formation using deep learning.


  For a class of polynomials $f \in \mathbb{Z}[X]$, which in particular
includes all quadratic polynomials, and also trinomials of some special form,
we show that, under some natural conditions (necessary for quadratic
polynomials), the set of primes $p$ such that all iterations of $f$ are
irreducible modulo $p$ is of relative density zero. Furthermore, we give an
explicit bound on the rate of the decay of the density of such primes in an
interval $[1, Q]$ as $Q \to \infty$. For this class of polynomials this gives a
more precise version of a recent result of A. Ferraguti (2018), which applies
to arbitrary polynomials but requires a certain assumption about their Galois
group. Furthermore, under the Generalised Riemann Hypothesis we obtain a
stronger bound on this density.


  Theoretical work has shed light on the phase behavior of idealized mixtures
of many components with random interactions. But typical mixtures interact
through particular physical features, leading to a structured, non-random
interaction matrix of lower rank. Here we develop a theoretical framework for
such mixtures and derive mean-field conditions for thermodynamic stability and
critical behavior. Irrespective of the number of components and features, this
framework allows for a generally lower-dimensional representation in the space
of features and proposes a principled way to coarse-grain multicomponent
mixtures as binary mixtures. Moreover, it suggests a way to systematically
characterize different series of critical points and their codimensions in
mean-field. Since every pairwise interaction matrix can be expressed in terms
of features, our work is applicable to a broad class of mean-field models.


  We investigate a suppression mechanism of dark matter and quark scattering
amplitudes in a complex singlet extension of the Standard Model. It has been
pointed out that, in a some variant of the model, the scattering amplitudes
cancel each other in the limit in which two mediator scalars degenerate in
their masses. We study the origin of such the cancellation mechanism and show
that the operators describing the Higgs-singlet scalar mixing play essential
role. We derive sum rules for couplings in the general scalar potential of the
model, which guarantee the cancellation of the scattering amplitudes in the
tree and the 1-loop level.


  Network science explores intricate connections among objects, employed in
diverse domains like social interactions, fraud detection, and disease spread.
Visualization of networks facilitates conceptualizing research questions and
forming scientific hypotheses. Networks, as mathematical high-dimensional
objects, require dimensionality reduction for (planar) visualization.
Visualizing empirical networks present additional challenges. They often
contain false positive (spurious) and false negative (missing) edges.
Traditional visualization methods don't account for errors in observation,
potentially biasing interpretations. Moreover, contemporary network data
includes rich nodal attributes. However, traditional methods neglect these
attributes when computing node locations. Our visualization approach aims to
leverage nodal attribute richness to compensate for network data limitations.
We employ a statistical model estimating the probability of edge connections
between nodes based on their covariates. We enhance the Fruchterman-Reingold
algorithm to incorporate estimated dyad connection probabilities, allowing
practitioners to balance reliance on observed versus estimated edges. We
explore optimal smoothing levels, offering a natural way to include relevant
nodal information in layouts. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our
method in achieving robust network visualization, providing insights for
improved analysis.


  Many archival recordings of speech from endangered languages remain
unannotated and inaccessible to community members and language learning
programs. One bottleneck is the time-intensive nature of annotation. An even
narrower bottleneck occurs for recordings with access constraints, such as
language that must be vetted or filtered by authorised community members before
annotation can begin. We propose a privacy-preserving workflow to widen both
bottlenecks for recordings where speech in the endangered language is
intermixed with a more widely-used language such as English for meta-linguistic
commentary and questions (e.g. What is the word for 'tree'?). We integrate
voice activity detection (VAD), spoken language identification (SLI), and
automatic speech recognition (ASR) to transcribe the metalinguistic content,
which an authorised person can quickly scan to triage recordings that can be
annotated by people with lower levels of access. We report work-in-progress
processing 136 hours archival audio containing a mix of English and Muruwari.
Our collaborative work with the Muruwari custodian of the archival materials
show that this workflow reduces metalanguage transcription time by 20% even
given only minimal amounts of annotated training data: 10 utterances per
language for SLI and for ASR at most 39 minutes, and possibly as little as 39
seconds.


  The present work studies deeply quadratic symplectic Lie superalgebras,
obtaining, in particular, that they are all nilpotent. Consequently, we provide
classifications in low dimensions and identify the double extensions that
maintain symplectic structures. By means of both elementary odd double
extensions and generalized double extensions of quadratic symplectic Lie
superalgebras, we obtain an inductive description of quadratic symplectic Lie
superalgebras of filiform type.


  A formula for the irregularity of abelian coverings of the projective plane
is established and some applications are presented.


  If black holes are not to be dreaded syncs of information but be fully
described by unitary evolution, they must scramble in-falling data and
eventually leak it through Hawking radiation. Sekino and Susskind have
conjectured that black holes are fast scramblers: they generate entanglement at
a remarkably efficient rate, with characteristic time scaling logarithmically
with the entropy. In this work, we focus on Matrix theory -- M theory in the
light-cone frame -- and directly probe the conjecture. We develop a concrete
test bed for quantum gravity using the fermionic variables of Matrix theory and
show that the problem becomes that of chains of qubits with an intricate
network of interactions. We demonstrate that the black hole system evolves much
like a Brownian quantum circuit, with strong indications that it is indeed a
fast scrambler. We also analyze the Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase model and
reach the same tentative conclusion.


  The size distribution is determined directly from the current known Kuiper
Belt Objects (KBOs). We found that there is a peak for the size distribution
around 230 km in diameter. For the objects larger than 230 km, the KBOs
populate as $N(s) \propto s^{-4}$ as we see in Jewitt et al. (1998). For the
objects smaller than 230 km, we found $N(s) \propto s^{3}$. This result from
the current observational data is new and very different from the conventional
concept of the KBO size distribution. Though the true size distribution might
change from what we have after more KBOs be discovered, we argue that the
existence of a peak around 150 km to 250 km is likely.


  We show that pair correlation function for the spectrum of a flat
2-dimensional torus satisfying an explicit Diophantine condition agrees with
those of a Poisson process with a polynomial error rate.
  The proof is based on a quantitative equidistribution theorem and tools from
geometry of numbers.


  This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the equivalences between
splitting methods. These equivalences have been studied over the past few
decades and, in fact, have proven to be very useful. In this paper, we survey
known results and also present new ones. In particular, we provide simplified
proofs of the equivalence of the ADMM and the Douglas-Rachford method and the
equivalence of the ADMM with intermediate update of multipliers and the
Peaceman-Rachford method. Other splitting methods are also considered.


  We present a 5-phase equation of state (EOS) for elemental carbon. The phases
considered are: diamond, BC8, simple-cubic, simple-hexagonal, and the
liquid/plasma state. The solid phase free energies are constrained by density
functional theory (DFT) calculations. Vibrational contributions to the free
energy of each solid phase are treated within the quasiharmonic framework. The
liquid free energy model is constrained by fitting to a combination of DFT
molecular dynamics performed over the range 10,000 K < T < 100,000 K, and path
integral quantum Monte Carlo calculations for T > 100,000 K (both for {\rho}
between 3 and 12 g/cc, with select higher-{\rho} DFT calculations as well). The
liquid free energy model includes an atom-in-jellium approach to account for
the effects of ionization due to temperature and pressure in the plasma state,
and an ion-thermal model which includes the approach to the ideal gas limit.
The precise manner in which the ideal gas limit is reached is greatly
constrained by both the highest temperature DFT data and the path integral
data, forcing us to discard an ion-thermal model we had used previously in
favor of a new one. Predictions are made for the principal Hugoniot and the
room-temperature isotherm, and comparisons are made to recent experimental
results.


  We present DiffGaze, a novel method for generating realistic and diverse
continuous human gaze sequences on 360{\deg} images based on a conditional
score-based denoising diffusion model. Generating human gaze on 360{\deg}
images is important for various human-computer interaction and computer
graphics applications, e.g. for creating large-scale eye tracking datasets or
for realistic animation of virtual humans. However, existing methods are
limited to predicting discrete fixation sequences or aggregated saliency maps,
thereby neglecting crucial parts of natural gaze behaviour. Our method uses
features extracted from 360{\deg} images as condition and uses two transformers
to model the temporal and spatial dependencies of continuous human gaze. We
evaluate DiffGaze on two 360{\deg} image benchmarks for gaze sequence
generation as well as scanpath prediction and saliency prediction. Our
evaluations show that DiffGaze outperforms state-of-the-art methods on all
tasks on both benchmarks. We also report a 21-participant user study showing
that our method generates gaze sequences that are indistinguishable from real
human sequences.


  The CEPC is a proposed high luminosity Higgs/Z factory, with the potential to
be upgraded to top factory at center-of-mass energy of 360GeV. We perform an
optimization study on the circumference of CEPC. We calculate the instant
luminosity, the construction and operation cost for different circumferences.
With respect to the total cost and average cost per particle, we conclude that
the optimal circumference for the CEPC Higgs operation is 80 km. Taking into
account of the Z pole operation, the potential high-energy upgrade of CEPC (top
factory), the optimal circumference increased to 100 km. The long future
proton-proton upgrade of CEPC (SPPC) also favors a larger circumference, and we
conclude that 100 km is the global optimized circumference for this facility.


  In the last decade, several models with network adaptive mechanisms (link
deletion-creation, dynamic synapses, dynamic gains) have been proposed as
examples of self-organized criticality (SOC) to explain neuronal avalanches.
However, all these systems present stochastic oscillations hovering around the
critical region that are incompatible with standard SOC. This phenomenology has
been called self-organized quasi-criticality (SOqC). Here we make a linear
stability analysis of the mean field fixed points of two SOqC systems: a fully
connected network of discrete time stochastic spiking neurons with firing rate
adaptation produced by dynamic neuronal gains and an excitable cellular
automata with depressing synapses. We find that the fixed point corresponds to
a stable focus that loses stability at criticality. We argue that when this
focus is close to become indifferent, demographic noise can elicit stochastic
oscillations that frequently fall into the absorbing state. This mechanism
interrupts the oscillations, producing both power law avalanches and dragon
king events, which appear as bands of synchronized firings in raster plots. Our
approach differs from standard SOC models in that it predicts the coexistence
of these different types of neuronal activity.


  This paper presents one of the first learning-based NeRF 3D instance
segmentation pipelines, dubbed as Instance Neural Radiance Field, or Instance
NeRF. Taking a NeRF pretrained from multi-view RGB images as input, Instance
NeRF can learn 3D instance segmentation of a given scene, represented as an
instance field component of the NeRF model. To this end, we adopt a 3D
proposal-based mask prediction network on the sampled volumetric features from
NeRF, which generates discrete 3D instance masks. The coarse 3D mask prediction
is then projected to image space to match 2D segmentation masks from different
views generated by existing panoptic segmentation models, which are used to
supervise the training of the instance field. Notably, beyond generating
consistent 2D segmentation maps from novel views, Instance NeRF can query
instance information at any 3D point, which greatly enhances NeRF object
segmentation and manipulation. Our method is also one of the first to achieve
such results in pure inference. Experimented on synthetic and real-world NeRF
datasets with complex indoor scenes, Instance NeRF surpasses previous NeRF
segmentation works and competitive 2D segmentation methods in segmentation
performance on unseen views. Watch the demo video at
https://youtu.be/wW9Bme73coI. Code and data are available at
https://github.com/lyclyc52/Instance_NeRF.


  We state the Problem of Knot Identification as a way to achieve consensus in
dynamic networks. The network adversary is asynchronous and not oblivious. The
network may be disconnected throughout the computation. We determine the
necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the Knot
Identification Problem: the knots must be observable by all processes and the
first observed knot must be the same for all processes. We present an algorithm
KIA that solves it. We conduct KIA performance evaluation.


  We have developed a function which describes SiPM response in both small
signal and highly saturated regimes. The function includes the reactivation of
SiPM pixels during a single input light pulse, and results in an approximately
linear increase of SiPM response in the highly saturated regime, as observed in
real SiPMs. This article shows that the function can accurately describe the
measured response of real SiPM devices over a wide range of signal intensities.


  The fundamental question that arises from the color composition of the #dress
is: 'What are the phenomena that underlie the individual differences in colors
reported given all other conditions like light and device for display being
identical?'. The main color camps are blue/black (b/b) and white/gold (w/g) and
a survey of 384 participants showed near equal distribution. We looked at pupil
size differences in the sample population of 53 from the two groups plus a
group who switched (w/g to b/b). Our results show that w/g and switch
population had significantly ( w/g <b/b, p-value = 0.0086) lower pupil size
than b/b camp. A standard infinity focus experiment was then conducted on 18
participants from each group to check if there is bimodality in the population
and we again found statistically significant difference (w/g < b/b , p-value =
0.0132). Six participants, half from the w/g camp, were administered dilation
drops that increased the pupil size by 3-4mm to check if increase in retinal
illuminance will trigger a change in color in the w/g group, but the
participants did not report a switch. The results suggest a population
difference in normal pupil-size in the three groups.


  NGC 3147 has been considered the best case of a true type 2 AGN: an
unobscured AGN, based on the unabsorbed compact X-ray continuum, which lacks a
broad line region (BLR). However, the very low luminosity of NGC 3147 implies a
compact BLR, which produces very broad lines, hard to detect against the
dominant background host galaxy. Narrow (0.1"x0.1") slit HST spectroscopy
allowed us to exclude most of the host galaxy light, and revealed an H$\alpha$
line with an extremely broad base (FWZI$\sim27\,000$ km s$^{-1}$). The line
profile shows a steep cutoff blue wing and an extended red wing, which match
the signature of a mildly relativistic thin accretion disk line profile. It is
indeed well fit with a nearly face on thin disk, at $i\sim23^\circ$, with an
inner radius at $77\pm15$ r$_g$, which matches the prediction of
$62^{+18}_{-14}$ r$_g$ from the $R_{\rm BLR} \sim L^{1/2}$ relation. This
result questions the very existence of true type 2 AGN. Moreover, the detection
of a thin disk, which extends below 100 r$_g$ in an $L/L_{\rm Edd}\sim10^{-4}$
system, contradicts the current view of the accretion flow configuration at
extremely low accretion rates.


  In this work, we analyze the coset space dimensional reduction scheme to
construct pure Yang--Mills fields on maximally symmetric spacetimes given as
cylinders over cosets. Particular cases of foliations using $H^n$, dS$_n$ and
AdS$_n$ slices as non-compact symmetric spaces are solved, compared to previous
results in the literature, and generalized in a structured fashion. Coupling to
General Relativity in FLRW-type universes is introduced via the cosmological
scale factor. For the hyperbolic slicing, the dynamics of the
Einstein--Yang--Mills system is analytically solved and discussed. Finally, we
generalize the analysis to warped foliations of the cylinders, which enlarge
the range of possible spacetimes while also introducing a Hubble friction-like
term in the equation of motion for the Yang--Mills field.


  We initiate a systematic study of entanglement and Renyi entropies in the
presence of gauge and gravitational anomalies in even-dimensional quantum field
theories. We argue that the mixed and gravitational anomalies are sensitive to
boosts and obtain a closed form expression for their behavior under such
transformations. Explicit constructions exhibiting the dependence of
entanglement entropy on boosts is provided for theories on spacetimes with
non-trivial magnetic fluxes and (or) non-vanishing Pontryagin classes.


  In this paper we clarify the relationship between inhomogeneous quantum spin
chains and classical integrable many-body systems. It provides an alternative
(to the nested Bethe ansatz) method for computation of spectra of the spin
chains. Namely, the spectrum of the quantum transfer matrix for the
inhomogeneous ${\mathfrak g}{\mathfrak l}_n$-invariant XXX spin chain on $N$
sites with twisted boundary conditions can be found in terms of velocities of
particles in the rational $N$-body Ruijsenaars-Schneider model. The possible
values of the velocities are to be found from intersection points of two
Lagrangian submanifolds in the phase space of the classical model. One of them
is the Lagrangian hyperplane corresponding to fixed coordinates of all $N$
particles and the other one is an $N$-dimensional Lagrangian submanifold
obtained by fixing levels of $N$ classical Hamiltonians in involution. The
latter are determined by eigenvalues of the twist matrix. To support this
picture, we give a direct proof that the eigenvalues of the Lax matrix for the
classical Ruijsenaars-Schneider model, where velocities of particles are
substituted by eigenvalues of the spin chain Hamiltonians, calculated through
the Bethe equations, coincide with eigenvalues of the twist matrix, with
certain multiplicities. We also prove a similar statement for the ${\mathfrak
g}{\mathfrak l}_n$ Gaudin model with $N$ marked points (on the quantum side)
and the Calogero-Moser system with $N$ particles (on the classical side). The
realization of the results obtained in terms of branes and supersymmetric gauge
theories is also discussed.


  The bulk-boundary correspondence, which links a bulk topological property of
a material to the existence of robust boundary states, is a hallmark of
topological insulators. However, in crystalline topological materials the
presence of boundary states in the insulating gap is not always necessary since
they can be hidden in the bulk energy bands, obscured by boundary artifacts of
non-topological origin, or, in the case of higher-order topology, they can be
gapped altogether. Crucially, in such systems the interplay between
symmetry-protected topology and the corresponding symmetry defects can provide
a variety of bulk probes to reveal their topological nature. For example, bulk
crystallographic defects, such as disclinations and dislocations, have been
shown to bind fractional charges and/or robust localized bound states in
insulators protected by crystalline symmetries. Recently, exotic defects of
translation symmetry called partial dislocations have been proposed as a probe
of higher-order topology. However, it is a herculean task to have experimental
control over the generation and probing of isolated defects in solid-state
systems; hence their use as a bulk probe of topology faces many challenges.
Instead, here we show that partial dislocation probes of higher-order topology
are ideally suited to the context of engineered materials. Indeed, we present
the first observations of partial-dislocation-induced topological modes in 2D
and 3D higher-order topological insulators built from circuit-based resonator
arrays. While rotational defects (disclinations) have previously been shown to
indicate higher-order topology, our work provides the first experimental
evidence that exotic translation defects (partial dislocations) are bulk
topological probes.


  Non-magnetic impurities are known as strong pair breakers in superconductors
with pure d-wave pairing symmetry. Here we discuss d-wave states under the
combined influence of impurities and competing instabilities, such as pairing
in a secondary channel as well as lattice symmetry breaking. Using the
self-consistent T-matrix formalism, we show that disorder can strongly modify
the competition between different pairing states. For a d-wave superconductor
in the presence of a subdominant local attraction, Anderson's theorem implies
that disorder always generates an s-wave component in the gap at sufficiently
low temperature, even if a pure d_{x^2-y^2} order parameter characterizes the
clean system. In contrast, disorder is always detrimental to an additional
d_{xy} component. This qualitative difference suggests that disorder can be
used to discriminate among different mixed-gap structures in high-temperature
superconductors. We also investigate superconducting phases with lattice
symmetry breaking in the form of bond order, and show that the addition of
impurities quickly leads to the restoration of translation invariance. Our
results highlight the importance of controlling disorder for the observation of
competing order parameters in cuprates.


  We introduce a high-dimensional quantum encoding based on coherent
mode-dependent single-photon subtraction from multimode squeezed states. This
encoding can be seen as a generalization to the case of non-zero squeezing of
the standard single-photon multi-rail encoding. The advantage is that the
presence of squeezing enables the use of common tools in continuous-variable
quantum processing, which in turn allows to show that arbitrary $d$-level
quantum states can be generated and detected via simply tuning the classical
fields that gates the photon-subtraction scheme. Therefore, the scheme is
suitable for mapping arbitrary classical data in quantum mechanical form.
Regardless the dimension of the data set alphabet, the mapping is conditioned
on the subtraction of a single photon only, making it nearly unconditional. We
prove that this encoding can be used to calculate vector distances, a pivotal
primitive in various quantum machine learning algorithms.


  Given two n-dimensional measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ on Polish spaces, we propose
an optimal transportation's formulation, inspired by classical Kan-torovitch's
formulation in the scalar case. In particular, we established a strong duality
result and as a consequence, optimality conditions are investigated.
Wasserstein's metrics induced by our formulation are also investigated.


  We report the discovery of a probable new globular cluster in the disk of the
Milky Way. Visible in 2MASS and the GLIMPSE survey, it has an estimated
foreground extinction of A_V ~ 24 mag. The absolute magnitude of the cluster
and the luminosity function of the red giant branch are most consistent with
that of an old globular cluster with a mass of a few times 10^5 solar masses at
a distance of 4-8 kpc.


  We examine inhomogeneous primordial nucleosynthesis for {\it arbitrary}
distributions $f$ of the baryon-to-photon ratio $\eta$, in the limit where
neither particle diffusion nor gravitational collapse is important. By
discretizing $f(\eta)$ and using linear programming, we show that for a set of
$m$ constraints on the primordial element abundances, the maximum and minimum
possible values of $\bar \eta$ (the final mean value of $\eta$) are given when
$f(\eta)$ is a sum of at most $m+1$ delta functions. Our linear programming
results indicate that when $f$ is taken to be an arbitrary function, there is
no lower bound on $\bar \eta$, while the upper bound is essentially the
homogeneous upper bound.


  We perform an analysis of the supercooled state in an analogue of an early
universe phase transition based on a one dimensional, two-component Bose gas
with time-dependent interactions. We demonstrate that the system behaves in the
same way as a thermal, relativistic Bose gas undergoing a first order phase
transition. We propose a way to prepare the state of the system in the
metastable phase as an analogue to supercooling in the early universe. While we
show that parametric resonances in the system can be suppressed by thermal
damping, we find that the theoretically estimated thermal damping in our model
is too weak to suppress the resonances for realistic experimental parameters.
However, we propose that experiments to investigate the effective damping rate
in experiments would be worthwhile.


  We review some recent results concerning integrable quantum field theories in
1+1 space-time dimensions which contain unstable particles in their spectrum.
Recalling first the main features of analytic scattering theories associated to
integrable models, we subsequently propose a new bootstrap principle which
allows for the construction of particle spectra involving unstable as well as
stable particles. We describe the general Lie algebraic structure which
underlies theories with unstable particles and formulate a decoupling rule,
which predicts the renormalization group flow in dependence of the relative
ordering of the resonance parameters. We extend these ideas to theories with an
infinite spectrum of unstable particles. We provide new expressions for the
scattering amplitudes in the soliton-antisoliton sector of the elliptic
sine-Gordon model in terms of infinite products of q-deformed gamma functions.
When relaxing the usual restriction on the coupling constants, the model
contains additional bound states which admit an interpretation as breathers.
For that situation we compute the complete S-matrix of all sectors. We carry
out various reductions of the model, one of them leading to a new type of
theory, namely an elliptic version of the minimal SO(n)-affine Toda field
theory.


  Densities in compact stars may be such that quarks are no longer confined in
hadrons, but instead behave as weakly interacting particles. In this regime
perturbative calculations are possible. Yet, due to high pressures and an
attractive channel in the strong force, condensation of quarks in a superfluid
state is likely. This can have interesting consequences for magnetic fields,
especially in relation to the discovery of slow-period free precession in a
compact star. In this proceedings there will be a discussion of the mass-radius
relations of compact stars made from quark matter and magnetic field behaviour
in compact stars with a quark matter core.


  A Clifford algebra Cl(V,\eta\in V^*\otimes V^*) jointly with a Clifford
cogebra Cl(V,\xi\in V\otimes V) is said to be a Clifford biconvolution
Cl(\eta,\xi). We show that a Clifford biconvolution for dim_R Cl=4 does possess
an antipode iff det(id-\xi\circ\eta)\neq 0. An antipodal Clifford biconvolution
is said to be a Clifford Hopf gebra. We study the Clifford Hopf gebra and
examples of antipode less Clifford bigebras including the Grassmann case.


  Monte Carlo simulation code has been developed and tested for studying the
passage of charged particle beams and radiation through the crystalline matter
at energies from tens of MeV up to hundreds of GeV. The developed Monte Carlo
code simulates electron, positron and photon shower in single crystals and
amorphous media. The Monte Carlo code tracks all the generations of charged
particles and photons through the aligned crystal by taking into account the
parameters of incoming beam, multiple scattering, energy loss, emission angles,
transverse dimension of beams, and linear polarization of produced photons.
  The simulation results are compared with the CERN-NA-59 experimental data.
The realistic descriptions of the electron and photon beams and the physical
processes within the silicon and germanium single crystals have been
implemented.


  X-ray absorption spectroscopy measured at the $L$-edge of transition metals
(TMs) is a powerful element-selective tool providing direct information about
the correlation effects in the $3d$ states. The theoretical modeling of the
$2p\rightarrow3d$ excitation processes remains to be challenging for
contemporary \textit{ab initio} electronic structure techniques, due to strong
core-hole and multiplet effects influencing the spectra. In this work we
present a realization of the method combining the density-functional theory
with multiplet ligand field theory, proposed in Haverkort et al.
(https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.165113), Phys. Rev. B 85, 165113
(2012). In this approach a single-impurity Anderson model (SIAM) is
constructed, with almost all parameters obtained from first principles, and
then solved to obtain the spectra. In our implementation we adopt the language
of the dynamical mean-field theory and utilize the local density of states and
the hybridization function, projected onto TM $3d$ states, in order to
construct the SIAM. The developed computational scheme is applied to calculate
the $L$-edge spectra for several TM monoxides. A very good agreement between
the theory and experiment is found for all studied systems. The effect of
core-hole relaxation, hybridization discretization, possible extensions of the
method as well as its limitations are discussed.


  It was first observed in the 1970s that the dwarf galaxies surrounding our
Milky Way, so-called satellites, appear to be arranged in a thin, vast plane.
Similar discoveries have been made around additional galaxies in the local
Universe such as Andromeda, Centaurus A, and potentially M83. In the specific
cases with available kinematic data, the dwarf satellites also appear to
preferentially co-orbit their massive host galaxy. Planes of satellites are
rare in the lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) paradigm, although they may
be a natural consequence of projection effects. Such a phase-space correlation,
however, remains difficult to explain. In this work we analyzed the 2D spatial
distribution of 2210 dwarf galaxies around early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the
low-to-medium density fields of the "Mass Assembly of early-Type GaLAxies with
their fine Structures" (MATLAS) survey. Under the assumption that the dwarfs
are satellite members of the central massive ETG, we identified flattened
structures using both a variation in the Hough transform and total least square
(TLS) fitting. In 119 satellite systems, we find 31 statistically significant
flattened dwarf structures using a combination of both methods with subsequent
Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with random data. The vast majority of these dwarf
structures lie within the estimated virial radii of the massive host. The major
axes of these systems are aligned better than 30{\deg} with the estimated
orientation of the large-scale structure in nine (50%) cases. Additional
distance measurements and future kinematic studies will be required to confirm
the planar nature of these structures and to determine if they are corotating
systems.


  We study elementary low energy excitations inside a supersolid. We find that
the coupling between the longitudinal lattice vibration mode and the superfluid
mode leads to two longitudinal modes (one upper branch and one lower branch)
inside the supersolid, while the transverse modes in the supersolid stay the
same as those inside a normal solid. We also work out various experimental
signatures of these novel elementary excitations by evaluating the Debye-Waller
factor, density-density correlation, vortex loop-vertex loop interactions,
specific heat and excess entropy from the vacancies per mole.


  This paper presents an experimental evaluation on the accuracy of indoor
localisation. The research was carried out as part of a European Union project
targeting the creation of ICT solutions for older adult care. Current
expectation is that advances in technology will supplement the human workforce
required for older adult care, improve their quality of life and decrease
healthcare expenditure. The proposed approach is implemented in the form of a
configurable cyber-physical system that enables indoor localization and
monitoring of older adults living at home or in residential buildings. Hardware
consists of custom developed luminaires with sensing, communication and
processing capabilities. They replace the existing lighting infrastructure, do
not look out of place and are cost effective. The luminaires record the
strength of a Bluetooth signal emitted by a wearable device equipped by the
monitored user. The system's software server uses trilateration to calculate
the person's location based on known luminaire placement and recorded signal
strengths. However, multipath fading caused by the presence of walls, furniture
and other objects introduces localisation errors. Our previous experiments
showed that room-level accuracy can be achieved using software-based filtering
for a stationary subject. Our current objective is to assess system accuracy in
the context of a moving subject, and ascertain whether room-level localization
is feasible in real time.


  A double-peak spectral-energy-density of gamma-rays, similar to that observed
in blazars, is expected in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) produced in supernova (SN)
explosions. The second peak, which is formed by inverse Compton scattering of
ambient SN light by cosmic ray electrons accelerated by the jets from the SN
explosion, has a much higher peak-energy than the first ordinary peak. However,
in X-ray flashes (XRFs), which in the cannonball (CB) model are normal GRBs
viewed farther off axis, the first peak-energy is shifted to the soft X-ray
region while the second peak-energy moves to the MeV range. In far-off-axis
GRBs, such as GRBs 980425 and 031203, the second peak may have been confused
with the normal GRB peak. In most GRBs, which have been observed so far, the
gamma-ray detectors ran out of statistics far below the second peak. However,
in bright GRBs, the two peaks may be resolved by simultaneous measurements with
SWIFT and GLAST.


  We again consider (as in a companion paper) an entangled two-particle state
that is produced from two independent down-conversion sources by the process of
"entanglement-swapping", so that the particles have never met. We show that
there is a natural extension of the Einstein-Pololsky-Rosen discussion of
"elements of reality" to include inefficient detectors. We consider inefficient
deterministic, local, realistic models of quantum theory that are "robust",
which we consider to be the minimum requirement for them to be taken seriously.
By robust, we mean they satisfy the following three criteria: (a) they
reproduce the quantum results for perfect correlations, if all particles are
detected; (b) they produce some counts for every setting of the angles (so they
don't describe some experiments that can easily be performed as "impossible");
(c) all their hidden variables are relevant (they must each produce a
detectable result in some experiment). For such models we prove a
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) type theorem for arbitrary detection
efficiencies, showing that any such theory is inconsistent with the quantum
mechanical perfect correlations. This theorem holds for individual events with
no inequalities. As a result, the theorem is also independent of any random
sampling hypothesis.


  This paper examines the dynamics of Tether, the stablecoin with the largest
market capitalization. We show that the distributional and dynamic properties
of Tether/USD rates have been evolving from 2017 to 2021. We use local analysis
methods to detect and describe the local patterns, such as short-lived trends,
time-varying volatility and persistence. To accommodate these patterns, we
consider a time varying parameter Double Autoregressive tvDAR(1) model under
the assumption of local stationarity of Tether/USD rates. We estimate the tvDAR
model non-parametrically and test hypotheses on the functional parameters. In
the application to Tether, the model provides a good fit and reliable
out-of-sample forecasts at short horizons, while being robust to time-varying
persistence and volatility. In addition, the model yields a simple plug-in
measure of stability for Tether and other stablecoins for assessing and
comparing their stability.


  Let $\Gamma$ be a finite, undirected, connected, simple graph. We say that a
matching $\mathcal{M}$ is a \textit{permutable $m$-matching} if $\mathcal{M}$
contains $m$ edges and the subgroup of $\text{Aut}(\Gamma)$ that fixes the
matching $\mathcal{M}$ setwise allows the edges of $\mathcal{M}$ to be permuted
in any fashion. A matching $\mathcal{M}$ is \textit{2-transitive} if the
setwise stabilizer of $\mathcal{M}$ in $\text{Aut}(\Gamma)$ can map any ordered
pair of distinct edges of $\mathcal{M}$ to any other ordered pair of distinct
edges of $\mathcal{M}$. We provide constructions of graphs with a permutable
matching; we show that, if $\Gamma$ is an arc-transitive graph that contains a
permutable $m$-matching for $m \ge 4$, then the degree of $\Gamma$ is at least
$m$; and, when $m$ is sufficiently large, we characterize the locally
primitive, arc-transitive graphs of degree $m$ that contain a permutable
$m$-matching. Finally, we classify the graphs that have a $2$-transitive
perfect matching and also classify graphs that have a permutable perfect
matching.


  We propose a simple renormalizable grand unified theory based on the $SU(5)$
gauge symmetry where the neutrino masses are generated at the quantum level
through the Zee mechanism. In this model the same Higgs needed to correct the
mass relation between charged leptons and down-type quarks plays a crucial role
to generate neutrino masses. We show that in this model one can satisfy the
constrains coming from the unification of gauge couplings and the mechanism for
neutrino masses is discussed in detail. The predictions for proton decay are
discussed in order to understand the testability at current and future
experiments such as Hyper-Kamiokande. This simple theory predicts a light
colored octet which could give rise to exotic signatures at the LHC.


  A simple integral relation between a complex weight and the corresponding
positive distribution is derived by introducing a second complex variable.
Together with the positivity and normalizability conditions, this sum rule
allows to construct explicitly equivalent pairs of distributions in simple
cases. In particular the well known solution for a complex gaussian
distribution is generalized to an arbitrary complex slope. This opens a
possibility of positive representation of Feynman path integrals directly in
the Minkowski time. Such construction is then explicitly carried through in the
second part of this presentation. The continuum limit of the new representation
exists only if some of the additional couplings tend to infinity and are tuned
in a specific way. The approach is then successfully applied to three quantum
mechanical examples including a particle in a constant magnetic field -- a
simplest prototype of a Wilson line. Further generalizations are shortly
discussed and an amusing interpretation of new variables is briefly mentioned.


  We first describe a class of spinor-curvature identities (SCI) which have
gravitational applications. Then we sketch the topic of gravitational
energy-momentum, its connection with Hamiltonian boundary terms and the issues
of positivity and (quasi)localization. Using certain SCIs several spinor
expressions for the Hamiltonian have been constructed. One SCI leads to the
celebrated Witten positive energy proof and the Dougan-Mason quasilocalization.
We found two other SCIs which give alternate positive energy proofs and
quasilocalizations. In each case the spinor field has a different role. These
neat expressions for gravitational energy-momentum have much appeal. However it
seems that such spinor formulations just have no room for angular momentum;
which leads us to doubt that spinor formulations can really correctly capture
the elusive gravitational energy-momentum.


  In this note we prove that the moduli space of torsion-free modules of rank
one over an Azumaya algebra on a K3-surface is an irreducible symplectic
variety deformation equivalent to a Hilbert scheme of points on the K3-surface.


  First-principles calculations and a tight-binding analysis predict that the
iron-pnictide BaCrFeAs2 is a promising candidate for half-metallic material
with fully-compensated magnetization. The transition-metal ions Cr and Fe
prefer the three-dimensional intervening lattice, which yields the
antiferromagnetic order of spin orientations. Due to the difference between Cr
and Fe in the electronegativity, a band gap is opened at the Fermi level in the
spin channel in which Fe provides the majority carriers. The selective
hybridization between 3d orbitals of Cr and As:4p states due to the peculiar
lattice structure of the iron-pnictide is shown to be crucial for the novel
properties.


  The nuclear physics relevant to the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the
deuteron is addressed. The general operator structure of the $P$- and $T$-odd
nucleon-nucleon interaction is discussed and applied to the two-body
contributions of the deuteron EDM, which can be calculated in terms of $P$- and
$T$-odd meson-nucleon coupling constants with only small model dependence. The
one-body contributions, the EDMs of the proton and the neutron, are evaluated
within the same framework. Although the total theoretical uncertainties are
sizable, we conclude that, compared to the neutron, the deuteron EDM is
competitive in terms of sensitivity to $C P$ violation, and complementary with
respect to the microscopic sources of $C P$ violation that can be probed.


  The discovery of SARS-CoV-2, the responsible virus for the Covid-19 epidemic,
has sparked a global health concern with many countries affected. Developing
models that can interpret the epidemic and give common trend parameters are
useful for prediction purposes by other countries that are at an earlier phase
of the epidemic; it is also useful for future planning against viral
respiratory diseases. One model is developed to interpret the fast-growth phase
of the epidemic and another model for an interpretation of the entire data set.
Both models agree reasonably with the data. It is shown by the first model that
during the fast phase, the number of new infected cases depends on the total
number of cases by a power-law relation with a scaling exponent equal to 0.82.
The second model gives a duplication time in the range 1 to 3 days early in the
start of the epidemic, and another parameter alpha = 0.1-0.5) that deviates the
progress of the epidemic from an exponential growth. Our models may be used for
data interpretation and for guiding predictions regarding this disease, e.g.
the onset of the maximum in the number of new cases.


  With the use of numerical models, we investigate whether Mean Motion
Resonances (MMR) with nearby moons to the J1407b ring system were the cause of
the observed 0.0267AU wide gap located at 0.4AU. Only one location of a moon at
0.63AU (corresponding to a 2:1 MMR) was found to form a gap at 0.4AU over short
time periods of less than 100yr. However, the proximity of a low mass moon
(0.08 Earth masses) caused significant scattering of the outer ring edge at
0.6AU, along with the formation of an additional gap at the 3:2 MMR (0.485 AU),
which is not consistent with observations. Further models with moons located at
MMR 3:1, 4:1, 7:3 and 5:3 failed to form gaps at 0.4AU for time periods less
than 100yr. Instead, gaps were formed in the ring at 3:2 and 2:1 MMR which
resulted in gaps at radial locations between 0.44-0.56AU. Additionally, gaps
also take longer than one orbital period of J1407b about the primary to form.
Given that J1407b is on a highly eccentric orbit and is thought to strongly
perturb the ring at apocentre it appears unlikely that gaps form due to MMR
with nearby moons as opposed to embedded moons. Including an appropriate total
mass of the ring equal to Earth a dampening effect was witnessed on the gap
formation process, causing an increase in the time required to open a gap due
to MMR. Therefore, we conclude the observed gap at 0.4 AU is unlikely to be
caused by MMR with nearby moons.


  We investigate the potential of bio-inspired evolutionary algorithms for
designing quantum circuits with specific goals, focusing on two particular
tasks. The first one is motivated by the ideas of Artificial Life that are used
to reproduce stochastic cellular automata with given rules. We test the
robustness of quantum implementations of the cellular automata for different
numbers of quantum gates The second task deals with the sampling of quantum
circuits that generate highly entangled quantum states, which constitute an
important resource for quantum computing. In particular, an evolutionary
algorithm is employed to optimize circuits with respect to a fitness function
defined with the Mayer-Wallach entanglement measure. We demonstrate that, by
balancing the mutation rate between exploration and exploitation, we can find
entangling quantum circuits for up to five qubits. We also discuss the
trade-off between the number of gates in quantum circuits and the computational
costs of finding the gate arrangements leading to a strongly entangled state.
Our findings provide additional insight into the trade-off between the
complexity of a circuit and its performance, which is an important factor in
the design of quantum circuits.


  An initially homogeneous freely evolving fluid of inelastic hard spheres
develops inhomogeneities in the flow field (vortices) and in the density field
(clusters), driven by unstable fluctuations. Their spatial correlations, as
measured in molecular dynamics simulations, exhibit long range correlations;
the mean vortex diameter grows as the square root of time; there occur
transitions to macroscopic shearing states, etc.
  The Cahn--Hilliard theory of spinodal decomposition offers a qualitative
understanding and quantitative estimates of the observed phenomena. When
intrinsic length scales are of the order of the system size, effects of
physical boundaries and periodic boundaries (finite size effects in
simulations) are important.


  A detailed examination of the effect of harvesting on a population has been
carried out by extending the standard cubic deterministic model by considering
a population under Allee effect with a quadratic function representing
harvesting. Weak and strong Allee effect transitions, carrying capacity, and
Allee threshold change according to harvesting is first discussed in the
deterministic model. A Fokker Planck equation has been obtained starting from a
Langevin equation subject to correlated Gaussian white noise with zero mean,
and an Approximate Fokker Planck Equation has been obtained from a Langevin
equation subject to correlated Gaussian colored noise with zero mean. This
allowed to calculate the stationary probability distributions of populations,
and thus to discuss the effects of linear and nonlinear (Holling type-II)
harvesting for populations under Allee effect and subject to white and colored
noises respectively.


  The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has a
great impact on the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model
(MSSM). In the context of the constrained MSSM (CMSSM) and its extension with
non-universal masses for the MSSM Higgs doublets (NUHM2), sparticles with
masses $ > 1$ TeV are necessary to reproduce the observed Higgs boson mass of
125-126 GeV. On the other hand, there appears to be a significant amount of
discrepancy between the measured muon $g-2$ and the Standard Model prediction.
A successful explanation of this discrepancy in the MSSM requires new
contributions involving relatively light sparticles with masses $ < 1$ TeV. In
this paper, we attempt to accommodate the two conflicting requirements in an
SU(5) inspired extension of the CMSSM. We assign non-universal but flavor blind
soft supersymmetry breaking masses to the scalar components in $\bar 5$ and 10
matter supermultiplets. The two MSSM Higgs doublets in the 5, $\bar5$
representations of SU(5) are also assigned unequal soft mass$^2$ at $M_{GUT}$.
We identify parameter regions which can simultaneously accommodate the observed
Higgs boson mass and the muon $g-2$ data, and which are compatible with other
phenomenological constraints such as neutralino dark matter relic abundance and
rare B-meson decays. Some regions of the allowed parameter space will be
explored at the upgraded LHC and by dark matter direct detection experiments.


  Context: The systems comprising a system of systems (SoS) are inde- pendently
acquired, operated, and managed. Frequently, the architecture documentation of
these existing systems addresses only a stand-alone perspective, and must be
augmented to address concerns that arise in the integrated SoS. Objective: We
evaluated an architecture documentation viewpoint to address the concerns of a
SoS architect about a constituent system, to support SoS design and analysis
involving that constituent system. Method: We performed an expert review of
documentation produced by applying the viewpoint to a system, using the active
review method. Results: The expert panel was able to used a view constructed
using the baseline version of the viewpoint to answer questions related to all
SoS architect concerns about a constituent system, except for questions
concerning the interaction of the constituent system with the platform and
network infrastructure. Conclusions: We found that the expert panel was unable
to answer certain questions because the baseline version of the viewpoint had a
gap in coverage related to relationship of software units of execution (e.g.,
processes or services) to computers and networks. The viewpoint was revised to
add a Deployment Model to address these concerns, and is included in an
appendix.


  We show that conformal manifolds in $d\geq 3$ conformal field theories with
at least 4 supercharges are K\"ahler-Hodge, thus extending to 3d ${\cal N}=2$
and 4d ${\cal N}=1$ similar results previously derived for 4d ${\cal N}=2$ and
${\cal N}=4$ and various types of 2d SCFTs. Conformal manifolds in SCFTs are
equipped with a holomorphic line bundle ${\cal L}$, which encodes the operator
mixing of supercharges under marginal deformations. Using conformal
perturbation theory and superconformal Ward identities, we compute the
curvature of ${\cal L}$ at a generic point on the conformal manifold. We show
that the K\"ahler form of the Zamolodchikov metric is proportional to the first
Chern class of ${\cal L}$, with a constant of proportionality given by the
two-point function coefficient of the stress tensor, $C_T$. In cases where
certain additional conditions about the nature of singular points on the
conformal manifold hold, this implies a quantization condition for the total
volume of the conformal manifold.


  By turning on antisymmetric background fluxes, we study how multiple
M2-branes are coupled to them. Our investigation concentrates on the gauge
invariance conditions for the Myers-Chern-Simons action. Furthermore, the
dimensional reduction of M2-branes to D2-branes introduces more constraints on
the newly introduced tensors. Particularly, for the theory based on A_4
algebra, we are able to fix all components of them up to an overall
normalization constant. These results can not be simply obtained from the
previously proposed cubic matrix representation for this algebra. We also
comment on cubic matrices as the representations of 3-algebras.


  In this manuscript, we present high spatial resolution focusing of
electromagnetic waves at telecommunication wavelengths ({\lambda}0 = 1.55
{\mu}m) by using high-refractive index mesoscale dielectrics placed at the end
of an optical fiber. Our approach exploits photonic nanojets (PNJs) to achieve
high-intensity, spatially narrow focal spots. The response of the device is
evaluated in detail considering 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D)
configurations using high-index mesoscale cylindrical and spherical
dielectrics, respectively, placed on top of an optical fiber. It is shown how
the PNJs can be shifted towards the output surface of the mesoscale high-index
dielectric by simply truncating its 2D/3D cylindrical/spherical output profile.
With this setup, a PNJ with a high transversal resolution is obtained using the
2D/3D engineered mesoscale dielectric particles achieving a Full-Width at
Half-Maximum of FWHM = 0.28{\lambda}0 (2D truncated dielectric), and FWHMy =
0.17{\lambda}0 and FWHMx = 0.21{\lambda}0 (3D truncated dielectric). The
proposed structure may have potential in applications where near-field high
spatial resolution is required, such as in sensing and imaging systems.


  Quantum nonlocality can be demonstrated without inputs (i.e. each party using
a fixed measurement setting) in a network with independent sources. Here we
consider this effect on ring networks, and show that the underlying quantum
strategy can be partially characterized, or self-tested, from observed
correlations. Applying these results to the triangle network allows us to show
that the nonlocal distribution of Renou et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 140401
(2019)] requires that (i) all sources produce a minimal amount of entanglement,
(ii) all local measurements are entangled, and (iii) each local outcome
features a minimal entropy. Hence we show that the triangle network allows for
genuine network quantum nonlocality and certifiable randomness.


  In human societies the probability of strategy adoption from a given person
may be affected by the personal features. Now we investigate how an
artificially imposed restricted ability to reproduce, overruling ones fitness,
affects an evolutionary process. For this purpose we employ the evolutionary
prisoner's dilemma game on different complex graphs. Reproduction restrictions
can have a facilitative effect on the evolution of cooperation that sets in
irrespective of particularities of the interaction network. Indeed, an
appropriate fraction of less fertile individuals may lead to full supremacy of
cooperators where otherwise defection would be widespread. By studying
cooperation levels within the group of individuals having full reproduction
capabilities, we reveal that the recent mechanism for the promotion of
cooperation is conceptually similar to the one reported previously for
scale-free networks. Our results suggest that the diversity in the reproduction
capability, related to inherently different attitudes of individuals, can
enforce the emergence of cooperative behavior among selfish competitors.


  Distributed stochastic gradient descent~(DSGD) has been widely used for
optimizing large-scale machine learning models, including both convex and
non-convex models. With the rapid growth of model size, huge communication cost
has been the bottleneck of traditional DSGD. Recently, many communication
compression methods have been proposed. Memory-based distributed stochastic
gradient descent~(M-DSGD) is one of the efficient methods since each worker
communicates a sparse vector in each iteration so that the communication cost
is small. Recent works propose the convergence rate of M-DSGD when it adopts
vanilla SGD. However, there is still a lack of convergence theory for M-DSGD
when it adopts momentum SGD. In this paper, we propose a universal convergence
analysis for M-DSGD by introducing \emph{transformation equation}. The
transformation equation describes the relation between traditional DSGD and
M-DSGD so that we can transform M-DSGD to its corresponding DSGD. Hence we get
the convergence rate of M-DSGD with momentum for both convex and non-convex
problems. Furthermore, we combine M-DSGD and stagewise learning that the
learning rate of M-DSGD in each stage is a constant and is decreased by stage,
instead of iteration. Using the transformation equation, we propose the
convergence rate of stagewise M-DSGD which bridges the gap between theory and
practice.


  We describe a systematic way of constructing effective divisors on the moduli
space of stable curves of genus g having exceptionally small slope. We prove
that any divisor on \bar{M}_g consisting of curves failing a certain
Green-Lazarsfeld syzygy type condition, provides a counterexample to the
Harris-Morrison Slope Conjecture. These divisors generalize our original
isolated counterexample to the Slope Conjecture which was the divisor on M_{10}
of curves lying on K3 surfaces. We also introduce a new stratification of M_g,
somewhat similar to the classical stratification given by gonality, but where
the analogue of hyperelliptic curves are sections of K3 surfaces. Finally, we
prove that various moduli spaces M_{g,n} with g<23 are of general type.


  A plethora of words are used to describe the spectrum of human emotions, but
how many emotions are there really, and how do they interact? Over the past few
decades, several theories of emotion have been proposed, each based around the
existence of a set of 'basic emotions', and each supported by an extensive
variety of research including studies in facial expression, ethology, neurology
and physiology. Here we present research based on a theory that people transmit
their understanding of emotions through the language they use surrounding
emotion keywords. Using a labelled corpus of over 21,000 tweets, six of the
basic emotion sets proposed in existing literature were analysed using Latent
Semantic Clustering (LSC), evaluating the distinctiveness of the semantic
meaning attached to the emotional label. We hypothesise that the more distinct
the language is used to express a certain emotion, then the more distinct the
perception (including proprioception) of that emotion is, and thus more
'basic'. This allows us to select the dimensions best representing the entire
spectrum of emotion. We find that Ekman's set, arguably the most frequently
used for classifying emotions, is in fact the most semantically distinct
overall. Next, taking all analysed (that is, previously proposed) emotion terms
into account, we determine the optimal semantically irreducible basic emotion
set using an iterative LSC algorithm. Our newly-derived set (Accepting,
Ashamed, Contempt, Interested, Joyful, Pleased, Sleepy, Stressed) generates a
6.1% increase in distinctiveness over Ekman's set (Angry, Disgusted, Joyful,
Sad, Scared). We also demonstrate how using LSC data can help visualise
emotions. We introduce the concept of an Emotion Profile and briefly analyse
compound emotions both visually and mathematically.


  We present first results from a novel experimental platform which is able to
access physics relevant to topics including indirect-drive magnetised ICF;
laser energy deposition; various topics in atomic physics; and laboratory
astrophysics (for example the penetration of B-fields into HED plasmas). This
platform uses the X-Rays from a wire array Z-Pinch to irradiate a silicon
target, producing an outflow of ablated plasma. The ablated plasma expands into
ambient, dynamically significant B-fields (~5 T) which are supported by the
current flowing through the Z-Pinch. The outflows have a well-defined
(quasi-1D) morphology, enabling the study of fundamental processes typically
only available in more complex, integrated schemes. Experiments were fielded on
the MAGPIE pulsed-power generator (1.4 MA, 240 ns rise time). On this machine a
wire array Z-Pinch produces an X-Ray pulse carrying a total energy of ~15 kJ
over ~30 ns. This equates to an average brightness temperature of around 10 eV
on-target.


  Binary kagome compounds TmXn (T = Mn, Fe, Co; X = Sn, Ge; m:n = 3:1, 3:2,
1:1) have garnered recent interest owing to the presence of both topological
band crossings and flat bands arising from the geometry of the metal-site
kagome lattice. To exploit these electronic features for potential applications
in spintronics, the growth of high quality heterostructures is required. Here
we report the synthesis of Fe/FeSn and Co/FeSn bilayers on Al2O3 substrates
using molecular beam epitaxy to realize heterointerfaces between elemental
ferromagnetic metals and antiferromagnetic kagome metals. Structural
characterization using high-resolution X-ray diffraction, reflection
high-energy electron diffraction, and electron microscopy reveals the FeSn
films are flat and epitaxial. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy was used
to confirm the stoichiometric window where the FeSn phase is stabilized, while
transport and magnetometry measurements were conducted to verify metallicity
and magnetic ordering in the films. Exchange bias was observed, confirming the
presence of antiferromagnetic order in the FeSn layers, paving the way for
future studies of magnetism in kagome heterostructures and potential
integration of these materials into devices.


  Sunspots have been known in the West since Galileo Galilei and Thomas Harriot
first used telescopes to observe the Sun nearly four centuries ago; they have
been known to the Chinese for more than two thousand years. They appear as
relatively dark patches on the surface of the Sun, and are caused by
concentrations of magnetism which impede the flow of heat from deep inside the
Sun up to its othewise brilliant surface. The spots are not permanent: the
total number of spots on the Sun varies cyclically in time, with a period of
about eleven years, associated with which there appear to be variations in our
climate. When there are many spots, it is more dangerous for spacecraft to
operate. The cause of the spots is not well understood; nor is it known for
sure how they die. Their structure beneath the surface of the Sun is in some
dispute, although much is known about their properties at the surface,
including an outward material flow which was discovered by John Evershed
observing the Sun from Kodaikanal a hundred years ago. I shall give you a
glimpse of how we are striving to deepen our understanding of these fascinating
features, and of some of the phenomena that appear to be associated with them.


  We establish uniform sub-exponential tail bounds for the width, height and
maximal outdegree of critical Bienaym\'e-Galton-Watson trees conditioned on
having a large fixed size, whose offspring distribution belongs to the domain
of attraction of a stable law. This extends results obtained for the height and
width by Addario-Berry, Devroye & Janson in the finite variance case.


  In this article we extract and study the zero entropy subfamilies of a
certain family of birational maps of the plane. We find these zero entropy
mappings and give the invariant fibrations associated to them.


  We shall prove that the Poisson deformation functor of an affine (singular)
symplectic variety is unobstructed. As a corollary, we prove the following
result.
  Theorem: For an affine symplectic variety $X$ with a good $C^*$-action (where
its natural Poisson structure is positively weighted), the following are
equivalent
  (1) $X$ has a crepant projective resolution. (2) $X$ has a smoothing by a
Poisson deformation.


  We argue that the large-$\Nc$ behaviour of the Yukawa couplings in the Skyrme
model involves issues more subtle than the vanishing of linear fluctuations
needed for classical stability of the skyrmion. The chiral fluctuations about
the skyrmion must be quantized in order to reach a conclusion. An improved
quantization procedure allows us to confront this question directly.
  The pion-nucleon coupling constants $\gcup$ (CP conserving) and $\bgcup$ (CP
violating) are calculated in the large-$\Nc$, three-flavour Skyrme model by
direct evaluation of the leading matrix elements appearing in the LSZ reduction
formula. We find that $\gcup \sim \Nc^{{3 \over 2}}$, but that, at most,
$\bgcup \sim m^2_\pi \Nc^{-\shalf}$. These results show that the leading
contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment in large-$\Nc$ Skyrme model
is the direct one ($\Dn \sim \Nc m^2_\pi$), rather than the pion loop
contribution.


  In the scenario of isospin-violating dark matter (IVDM), the dark matter (DM)
spin-independent couplings to protons and to neutrons are allowed to be
different, which has been considered to relax the tensions between the results
of DAMA, CoGeNT and XENON experiments. We explore the allowed values of
DM-nucleon couplings favored and excluded by the current experiments under the
assumption of IVDM. We find that the recently updated XENON100 result excludes
the main part of the overlapping signal region between DAMA and CoGeNT. The
mass of the IVDM is restricted to a narrow range near 7.5-8 GeV. We also show
that the possible tensions between some experiments such as that between DAMA
and SIMPLE are unlikely to be affected by isospin violating interactions. In an
effective operator approach, we investigate conservative upper bounds on the
DM-quark couplings required by the IVDM scenario from the cosmic ray antiproton
fluxes measured recently by BESS-Polar II and PAMELA, and that from the relic
density. The results show that the relatively large couplings favored by DAMA
and CoGeNT are tightly constrained, if the operators contribute to
velocity-independent annihilation cross sections. For thermal relic DM, the
upper bounds from the relic density can also be stringent.


  We demonstrate the super-resolution localization of the nitrogen vacancy
centers in diamond by a novel fluorescence photoswitching technique based on
coherent quantum control. The photoswitching is realized by the quantum phase
encoding based on pulsed magnetic field gradient. Then we perform
super-resolution imaging and achieve a localizing accuracy better than 1.4 nm
under a scanning confocal microscope. Finally, we show that the quantum phase
encoding plays a dominant role on the resolution, and a resolution of 0.15 nm
is achievable under our current experimental condition. This method can be
applied in subnanometer scale addressing and control of qubits based on
multiple coupled defect spins.