  Recent advancements in diffusion models and diffusion bridges primarily focus
on finite-dimensional spaces, yet many real-world problems necessitate
operations in infinite-dimensional function spaces for more natural and
interpretable formulations. In this paper, we present a theory of stochastic
optimal control (SOC) tailored to infinite-dimensional spaces, aiming to extend
diffusion-based algorithms to function spaces. Specifically, we demonstrate how
Doob's $h$-transform, the fundamental tool for constructing diffusion bridges,
can be derived from the SOC perspective and expanded to infinite dimensions.
This expansion presents a challenge, as infinite-dimensional spaces typically
lack closed-form densities. Leveraging our theory, we establish that solving
the optimal control problem with a specific objective function choice is
equivalent to learning diffusion-based generative models. We propose two
applications: (1) learning bridges between two infinite-dimensional
distributions and (2) generative models for sampling from an
infinite-dimensional distribution. Our approach proves effective for diverse
problems involving continuous function space representations, such as
resolution-free images, time-series data, and probability density functions.


  This work was conducted to find out how tokenization methods affect the
training results of machine translation models. In this work, alphabet
tokenization, morpheme tokenization, and BPE tokenization were applied to
Korean as the source language and English as the target language respectively,
and the comparison experiment was conducted by repeating 50,000 epochs of each
9 models using the Transformer neural network. As a result of measuring the
BLEU scores of the experimental models, the model that applied BPE tokenization
to Korean and morpheme tokenization to English recorded 35.73, showing the best
performance.


  A Publicly Verifiable Secret Sharing (PVSS) scheme allows anyone to verify
the validity of the shares computed and distributed by a dealer. The idea of
PVSS was introduced by Stadler in [18] where he presented a PVSS scheme based
on Discrete Logarithm. Later, several PVSS schemes were proposed. In [2],
Behnad and Eghlidos present an interesting PVSS scheme with explicit membership
and disputation processes. In this paper, we present a new PVSS having the
advantage of being simpler while offering the same features.


  The last few years have seen rapid development of applications of quantum
computation to quantum field theory. The first algorithms for quantum
simulation of scattering have been proposed in the context of scalar and
fermionic theories, requiring thousands of logical qubits. These algorithms are
not suitable to simulate scattering of incoming bound states, as the
initial-state preparation relies typically on adiabatically transforming
wavepackets of the free theory into wavepackets of the interacting theory. In
this paper we present a strategy to excite wavepackets of the interacting
theory directly from the vacuum of the interacting theory, allowing the
preparation of states of composite particles. This is the first step towards
digital quantum simulation of scattering of bound states. The approach is based
on the Haag-Ruelle scattering theory, which provides a way to construct
creation and annihilation operators of a theory in a full, nonperturbative
framework. We provide a quantum algorithm requiring a number of ancillary
qubits that is logarithmic in the size of the wavepackets, and with a success
probability vanishing at most like a polynomial in the lattice parameters and
the energy of the wavepacket. The gate complexity for a single iteration of the
circuit is equivalent to that of a time evolution for a fixed time.
Furthermore, we propose a complete protocol for scattering simulation using
this algorithm. We study its efficiency and find improvements with respect to
previous algorithms in the literature.


  The translation of emerging application concepts that exploit Resistive
Random Access Memory (ReRAM) into large-scale practical systems requires
realistic, yet computationally efficient, empirical models that can capture all
observed physical devices. Here, we present a Verilog-A ReRAM model built upon
experimental routines performed on TiOx-based prototypes. This model was based
on custom biasing protocols, specifically designed to reveal device switching
rate dependencies on a) bias voltage and b) initial resistive state. Our model
is based on the assumption that a stationary switching rate surface m(R,v)
exists for sufficiently low voltage stimulation. The proposed model comes in
compact form as it is expressed by a simple voltage dependent exponential
function multiplied with a voltage and initial resistive state dependent second
order polynomial expression, which makes it suitable for fast and/or
large-scale simulations.


  We empirically evaluate the scheme proposed by Lieu & Duan (2013) in which
the light curve of a time-steady radio source is predicted to exhibit increased
variability on a characteristic timescale set by the sightline's electron
column density. Application to extragalactic sources is of significant appeal
as it would enable a unique and reliable probe of cosmic baryons. We examine
temporal power spectra for 3C 84 observed at 1.7 GHz with the Karl G. Jansky
Very Large Array and the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. These data
constrain the ratio between standard deviation and mean intensity for 3C 84 to
less than 0.05% at temporal frequencies ranging between 0.1-200 Hz. This limit
is 3 orders of magnitude below the variability predicted by Lieu & Duan (2013)
and is in accord with theoretical arguments presented by Hirata & McQuinn
(2014) rebutting electron density dependence. We identify other spectral
features in the data consistent with the slow solar wind, a coronal mass
ejection, and the ionosphere.


  We present the first set of quenched QCD measurements using the recently
parametrized fixed-point Dirac operator D^FP. We also give a general and
practical construction of covariant densities and conserved currents for chiral
lattice actions. The measurements include (a) hadron spectroscopy, (b)
corrections of small chiral deviations, (c) the renormalized quark condensate
from finite-size scaling and, independently, spectroscopy, (d) the topological
susceptibility, (e) small eigenvalue distributions and random matrix theory,
and (f) local chirality of near-zero modes and instanton-dominance.


  The decay of the hysteresis loop area of the system, which is obeying a site
diluted kinetic Ising model, is considered by the disorder parameter using the
effective field theory analysis. The exhibition focuses on the understanding of
external field frequency, amplitude and the site concentration dependency of
the hysteresis loop area for several powerful treatments. Important
characteristics of the hysteretic response, such as frequency dispersion,
effect of domain nucleation phenomenon on the dynamic process etc. has been
introduced together with well known other characteristics. An attempt has been
made to explain the relations between the competing time scales (intrinsic
microscopic relaxation time of the system and the time period of the external
oscillatory field) and the shape of the response. As a result of the detailed
investigations, existence of essentially three, particularly four types of
dispersion curves have been propounded.


  This paper presents a Bayesian approach to multiple-output quantile
regression. The unconditional model is proven to be consistent and
asymptotically correct frequentist confidence intervals can be obtained. The
prior for the unconditional model can be elicited as the ex-ante knowledge of
the distance of the tau-Tukey depth contour to the Tukey median, the first
prior of its kind. A proposal for conditional regression is also presented. The
model is applied to the Tennessee Project Steps to Achieving Resilience (STAR)
experiment and it finds a joint increase in tau-quantile subpopulations for
mathematics and reading scores given a decrease in the number of students per
teacher. This result is consistent with, and much stronger than, the result one
would find with multiple-output linear regression. Multiple-output linear
regression finds the average mathematics and reading scores increase given a
decrease in the number of students per teacher. However, there could still be
subpopulations where the score declines. The multiple-output quantile
regression approach confirms there are no quantile subpopulations (of the
inspected subpopulations) where the score declines. This is truly a statement
of `no child left behind' opposed to `no average child left behind.'


  This paper presents a novel semantic-based online extrinsic calibration
approach, SOIC (so, I see), for Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and camera
sensors. Previous online calibration methods usually need prior knowledge of
rough initial values for optimization. The proposed approach removes this
limitation by converting the initialization problem to a Perspective-n-Point
(PnP) problem with the introduction of semantic centroids (SCs). The
closed-form solution of this PnP problem has been well researched and can be
found with existing PnP methods. Since the semantic centroid of the point cloud
usually does not accurately match with that of the corresponding image, the
accuracy of parameters are not improved even after a nonlinear refinement
process. Thus, a cost function based on the constraint of the correspondence
between semantic elements from both point cloud and image data is formulated.
Subsequently, optimal extrinsic parameters are estimated by minimizing the cost
function. We evaluate the proposed method either with GT or predicted semantics
on KITTI dataset. Experimental results and comparisons with the baseline method
verify the feasibility of the initialization strategy and the accuracy of the
calibration approach. In addition, we release the source code at
https://github.com/--/SOIC.


  Recent progress in fabricating high-quality conductors with small densities
of defects has initiated the studies of the viscous electron fluid and has
motivated the search for the evidences of the hydrodynamic regime of electron
transport. In this work we come up with the spin imaging technique allowing us
to attest to the emergence of electron hydrodynamic flows. Based on numerical
calculations we demonstrate that the injected electron spin density is
inhomogeneous across the channel when the viscous electron fluid forms the
Poiseuille flow. We also argue that the Hanle curves at different positions
across the channel acquire relative phase shifts resulting from the variation
of the electron drift velocity in inhomogeneous hydrodynamic flows. The studied
effects can be employed to evidence and study the viscous electron fluid
non-invasively.


  We argue that symmetrization of an incoming microstate with similar states in
a sea of microstates contained in a macroscopic detector can produce an
effective image, which does not contradict the no-cloning theorem, and such a
combinatorial set can then be used with first passage random walk interactions
suggested in an earlier work to give the right quantum mechanical weight for
measured eigenvalues.


  We consider the problem of change-points estimation in the mean of an AR(p)
process. Taking into account the dependence structure does not allow us to use
the approach of the independent case. Especially, the dynamic programming
algorithm giving the optimal solution in the independent case cannot be used
anymore. We propose a two-step method, based on the preliminary robust (to the
change-points) estimation of the autoregression parameters. Then, we propose to
follow the classical approach, by plugging this estimator in the criterion used
for change-point estimation, which is equivalent to decorrelate the series
using the estimated autoregression parameters. We show that the asymptotic
properties of these change-point location and mean estimators are the same as
those of the classical estimators in the independent framework. The same
plug-in approach is then used to approximate the modified BIC and choose the
number of segments, and to derive a heuristic BIC criterion to select both the
number of changes and the order of the autoregression. Finally, we show, in the
simulation section, that for finite sample size taking into account the
dependence structure improves the statistical performance of the change-point
estimators and of the selection criterion.


  A domain wall in a ferromagnetic system will move under the action of an
external magnetic field. Ultrathin Co layers sandwiched between Pt have been
shown to be a suitable experimental realization of a weakly disordered 2D
medium in which to study the dynamics of 1D interfaces (magnetic domain walls).
The behavior of these systems is encapsulated in the velocity-field response
v(H) of the domain walls. In a recent paper [P.J. Metaxas et al., Phys. Rev.
Lett. 104, 237206 (2010)] we studied the effect of ferromagnetic coupling
between two such ultrathin layers, each exhibiting different v(H)
characteristics. The main result was the existence of bound states over
finite-width field ranges, wherein walls in the two layers moved together at
the same speed. Here, we discuss in detail the theory of domain wall dynamics
in coupled systems. In particular, we show that a bound creep state is expected
for vanishing H and we give the analytical, parameter free expression for its
velocity which agrees well with experimental results.


  This paper addresses the problem of planning time-optimal trajectories for
multiple cooperative agents along specified paths through a static road
network. Vehicle interactions at intersections create non-trivial decisions,
with complex flow-on effects for subsequent interactions. A globally optimal,
minimum time trajectory is found for all vehicles using Mixed Integer Linear
Programming (MILP). Computational performance is improved by minimising binary
variables using iteratively applied targeted collision constraints, and
efficient goal constraints. Simulation results in an open-pit mining scenario
compare the proposed method against a fast heuristic method and a reactive
approach based on site practices. The heuristic is found to scale better with
problem size while the MILP is able to avoid local minima.


  We map the density matrix of the qubit (spin-1/2) state associated with the
Bloch sphere and given in the tomographic probability representation onto
vertices of a triangle determining Triada of Malevich's squares. The three
triangle vertices are located on three sides of another equilateral triangle
with the sides equal to $\sqrt 2$. We demonstrate that the triangle vertices
are in one-to-one correspondence with the points inside the Bloch sphere and
show that the uncertainty relation for the three probabilities of spin
projections +1/2 onto three orthogonal directions has the bound determined by
the triangle area introduced. This bound is related to the sum of three
Malevich's square areas where the squares have sides coinciding with the sides
of the triangle. We express any evolution of the qubit state as the motion of
the three vertices of the triangle introduced and interpret the gates of qubit
states as the semigroup symmetry of the Triada of Malevich's squares. In view
of the dynamical semigroup of the qubit-state evolution, we constructed
nonlinear representation of the group U(2).


  Suppose G is an n-vertex simple graph with vertex set {v1,..., vn} and d(i),
i = 1,..., n, is the degree of vertex vi in G. The ISI matrix S(G) = [sij] of G
is a square matrix of order n and is defined by sij = d(i)d(j)/d(i)+d(j) if the
vertices vi and vj are adjacent and sij = 0 otherwise. The S-eigenvalues of G
are the eigenvalues of its ISI matrix S(G). Recently the notion of inverse sum
indeg (henceforth, ISI) energy of graphs is introduced and is defined as the
sum of absolute values of S-eigenvalues of graph G. We give ISI energy formula
of some graph classes. We also obtain some bounds for ISI energy of graphs.


  This paper demonstrates a dynamical evolution model of the black hole (BH)
horizon. The result indicates that a kinetic area-cells model of the BH's
horizon can model the evolution of BH due to the Hawking radiation, and this
area-cell system can be considered as an interacting geometrical particle
system. Thus the evolution turns into a problem of statistical physics. In the
present work, this problem is treated in the framework of non-equilibrium
statistics. It is proposed that each area-cell possesses the energy like a
microscopic black hole, and has the gravitational interaction with the other
area-cells. We consider both a non-interaction ideal system, and a system with
small nearest-neighbor interactions, and obtain an analytic expression of the
expected value of the horizon area of a dynamical BH. We find that, after a
long enough evolution, a dynamical BH with the Hawking radiation can be in
equilibrium with a finite temperature radiation field. However, we also find
that, the system has a critical point, and when the temperature of the
radiation field surrounding the BH approaches the critical temperature of the
BH, a critical slowing down phenomenon occurs.


  The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been instrumental in the discovery of
large numbers of extragalactic young massive star clusters (YMCs), often
assumed to be proto-globular clusters (GCs). As a consequence, the field of YMC
formation and evolution is thriving, generating major breakthroughs as well as
controversies on annual (or shorter) time-scales. Here, I review the long-term
survival chances of YMCs, hallmarks of intense starburst episodes often
associated with violent galaxy interactions. In the absence of significant
external perturbations, the key factor determining a cluster's long-term
survival chances is the shape of its stellar initial mass function (IMF). It
is, however, not straightforward to assess the IMF shape in unresolved
extragalactic YMCs. I also discuss the latest progress in worldwide efforts to
better understand the evolution of entire cluster populations, predominantly
based on HST observations, and conclude that there is an increasing body of
evidence that GC formation appears to be continuing until today; their
long-term evolution crucially depends on their environmental conditions,
however.


  The Binomial channel serves as a fundamental model for molecular
communication (MC) systems employing molecule-counting receivers. Here,
deterministic identification (DI) is addressed for the discrete-time Binomial
channels (DTBC), subject to an average and a peak constraint on the molecule
release rate. We establish that the number of different messages that can be
reliably identified for the DTBC scales as $2^{(n\log n)R}$, where $n$ and $R$
are the codeword length and coding rate, respectively. Lower and upper bounds
on the DI capacity of the DTBC are developed.


  Using the dependent coordinates, the local Lagrange-Poincar\'e equations and
equations for the relative equilibria are obtained for a mechanical system with
a symmetry describing the motion of two interacting scalar particles on a
special Riemannian manifold (the product of the total space of the principal
fiber bundle and the vector space) on which a free proper and isometric action
of a compact semi-simple Lie group is given. As in gauge theories, dependent
coordinates are implicitly determined by means of equations representing the
local sections of the principal fiber bundle.


  Presently 4T-1 luc cells were irradiated with proton under ultra-high dose
rate FLASH or with gamma-ray with conventional dose rate, and then subcutaneous
vaccination with or without Mn immuno-enhancing adjuvant into the mice for
three times. One week later, we injected untreated 4T-1 luc cells on the other
side of the vaccinated mice, and found that the untreated 4T-1 luc cells
injected later nearly totally did not grow tumor (1/17) while controls without
previous vaccination all grow tumors (18/18). The result is very interesting
and the findings may help to explore in situ tumor vaccination as well as new
combined radiotherapy strategies to effectively ablate primary and disseminated
tumors. To our limited knowledge, this is the first paper reporting the high
efficiency induction of systemic vaccination suppressing the
metastasized/disseminated tumor progression.


  We report on the demonstration of light storage for times greater than a
second in praseodymium doped Y$_2$SiO$_5$ using electromagnetically induced
transparency. The long storage times were enabled by the long coherence times
possible for the hyperfine transitions in this material. The use of a solid
state system also enabled operation with the probe and coupling beam counter
propagating, allowing easy separation of the two beams. The efficiency of the
storage was low because of the low optical thickness of the sample, as is
discussed this deficiency should be easy to rectify.


  Considering the possibility of complex organic molecules and microbial life
appearing under the ice shell of those satellites in the Solar system, this
study investigates the possible analog sources (targeting the potential ice
satellite hosting, Jupiter and Saturn-like planets in exoplanet databases) and
the transport of such bioaerosols in an attempt to support or contradict
Panspermia, a fringe theory about the fertilization of Earth. Along many
general parameters of the candidate planets, the host star, and the star
system, additional factors thought to be related to Panspermia were also
considered (e.g., the evolution of icy satellites, the frequency of impact
related ejection, the traveling time from a source, and so on), revealing the
following results. Eleven exosystems, with candidate gas giants hosting icy
satellites, were found in a database listing more than 5000 exoplanets. The
exomoons of the oldest systems (c.a. > 8 Ga; HD 191939, HD 4203, and HD 34445)
could have developed rapidly considering the short formation time (~100 Myrs),
which may result in the overlap of the putative early biological evolution and
asteroid bombardment phase, providing a higher chance to bioaerosol ejection to
space due to frequent collisions. However, the direct transfer might have
occurred too early, even before our Solar system was formed, which prevented
the fertilization of the latter. A longer formation of the exomoons (~3 Gyrs)
significantly reduces the chance of ejection into space by asteroid impacts,
which become less frequent over time, but increased the chance of arrival in
time to the Solar system. Younger systems, such as HD 217107, HD 219828, HD
140901, and HD 156279 (c.a. 4 to 6 Ga), are better candidates of putative
microbe source if the short icy satellite formation, along the higher impact
and ejection frequency are expected considering direct transport from those
systems.


  We prove that in any finite set of $\mathbb Z^d$ with $d\ge 3$, there is a
subset whose capacity and volume are both of the same order as the capacity of
the initial set. As an application we obtain estimates on the probability of
{\it covering uniformly} a finite set, and characterize some {\it folding}
events, under optimal hypotheses. For instance, knowing that a region of space
has an {\it atypically high occupation density} by some random walk, we show
that this random region is most likely ball-like


  The emergence of database-as-a-service platforms has made deploying database
applications easier than before. Now, developers can quickly create scalable
applications. However, designing performant, maintainable, and accurate
applications is challenging. Developers may unknowingly introduce anti-patterns
in the application's SQL statements. These anti-patterns are design decisions
that are intended to solve a problem, but often lead to other problems by
violating fundamental design principles.
  In this paper, we present SQLCheck, a holistic toolchain for automatically
finding and fixing anti-patterns in database applications. We introduce
techniques for automatically (1) detecting anti-patterns with high precision
and recall, (2) ranking the anti-patterns based on their impact on performance,
maintainability, and accuracy of applications, and (3) suggesting alternative
queries and changes to the database design to fix these anti-patterns. We
demonstrate the prevalence of these anti-patterns in a large collection of
queries and databases collected from open-source repositories. We introduce an
anti-pattern detection algorithm that augments query analysis with data
analysis. We present a ranking model for characterizing the impact of
frequently occurring anti-patterns. We discuss how SQLCheck suggests fixes for
high-impact anti-patterns using rule-based query refactoring techniques. Our
experiments demonstrate that SQLCheck enables developers to create more
performant, maintainable, and accurate applications.


  A tromino tiling problem is a packing puzzle where we are given a region of
connected lattice squares and we want to decide whether there exists a tiling
of the region using trominoes with the shape of an L. In this work we study a
slight variation of the tromino tiling problem where some positions of the
region have pegs and each tromino comes with a hole that can only be placed on
top of the pegs. We present a characterization of this tiling problem with pegs
using flow networks and show that (i) there exists a linear-time parsimonious
reduction to the maximum-flow problem, and (ii) counting the number of such
tilings can be done in linear-time. The proofs of both results contain
algorithms that can then be used to decide the tiling of a region with pegs in
$O(n)$ time.


  In this paper we consider complete noncompact Riemannian manifolds $(M, g)$
with nonnegative Ricci curvature and Euclidean volume growth, of dimension $n
\geq 3$. We prove a sharp Willmore-type inequality for closed hypersurfaces
$\partial \Omega$ in $M$, with equality holding true if and only if
$(M{\setminus}\Omega, g)$ is isometric to a truncated cone over
$\partial\Omega$. An optimal version of Huisken's Isoperimetric Inequality for
$3$-manifolds is obtained using this result. Finally, exploiting a natural
extension of our techniques to the case of parabolic manifolds, we also deduce
an enhanced version of Kasue's non existence result for closed minimal
hypersurfaces in manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature.


  Modeling fluid flow in dual-porosity media with bi-modal pore size
distributions has practical applications to understanding transport in
multi-scale systems such as natural soils. Dual-porosity media are typically
formed of two domains: (1) structure and (2) texture. The former mainly
incorporates macropores, while the latter contains micropores. Although there
exist models based on the series-parallel tubes approach, here we apply
concepts from critical path analysis, a theoretical technique from statistical
physics, to estimate water relative permeability (krw) in dual-porosity media.
For this purpose, we use two datasets from the literature collected under two
different cultivation conditions: (i) conventional tillage (CT) and (ii)
non-tillage (NT). Each dataset consists of 13 soil samples for which capillary
pressure curve and water relative permeability were measured at 500 data point
over a wide range of water saturation. We estimate the water relative
permeability from the measured capillary pressure curve using two methods: (1)
critical path analysis (CPA), and (2) series-parallel tubes (vG-M), both models
adapted for dual-porosity media. Comparing the theoretical estimations with the
experimental measurements shows that CPA resulted in more accurate krw
estimations than vG-M. We demonstrate that precise estimation of krw via CPA
requires accurate characterization of capillary pressure curve and precise
determination of the crossover point separating the structure domain from the
texture one.


  This small note presents in any dimension a family of cubics that have
finite-dimensional motive (in the sense of Kimura). As an illustration, we
verify a conjecture of Voevodsky for these cubics, and a conjecture of Murre
for the Fano variety of lines of these cubics.


  We consider $Z^d$, with d bigger or equal to three. We investigate the vacant
set of random interlacements in the strongly percolative regime, the vacant set
of the simple random walk, and the excursion set above a given level of the
Gaussian free field in the strongly percolative regime. We derive asymptotic
upper and lower exponential bounds for the large deviation probability that the
adequately thickened component of the boundary of a large box centered at the
origin in the respective vacant sets or excursion set leaves in the box a
macroscopic volume in its complement. We also derive geometric information on
the shape of the left-out volume. It is plausible, but open at the moment, that
certain critical levels coincide, both in the case of random interlacements and
of the Gaussian free field. If this holds true, the asymptotic upper and lower
bounds that we obtain are matching in principal order for all three models, and
the macroscopic holes are nearly spherical. We heavily rely on the recent work
arXiv:1706.07229 by Maximilian Nitzschner and the author for the coarse
graining procedure, which we employ in the derivation of the upper bounds.


  We conducted an infrared search for faint companions around 351 young stellar
objects in the rho Ophiucus molecular cloud and the Serpens molecular cloud.
Nine objects in the Spitzer/IRAC archival images were identified as young
stellar companion candidates. They showed an intrinsic infrared excess; one
object was extremely red both in the [3.6] - [4.5] color and in the [4.5] -
[5.8] color, and two objects were red in the [4.5] - [5.8] color. They were as
faint as 15 mag in the [3.6] band. Follow-up K-band spectroscopy revealed that
three objects had deep water absorption bands, indicative of low effective
temperatures. By comparing the spectra and infrared spectral energy
distributions with synthesized spectra of low-temperature objects, we derived
the effective temperatures and continuum excess for these objects. It seems
highly likely that one of the three objects is a low-mass stellar companion and
two objects are young brown dwarf companions associated with the young stellar
objects.


  Extremely metal-poor stars provide us with indirect information on the first
generations of massive stars. The TOPoS survey has been designed to increase
the census of these stars and to provide a chemical inventory that is as
detailed as possible. Seven of the most iron-poor stars have been observed with
the UVES spectrograph at the ESO VLT Kueyen 8.2m telescope to refine their
chemical composition. We analysed the spectra based on 1D LTE model
atmospheres, but also used 3D hydrodynamical simulations of stellar
atmospheres. We measured carbon in six of the seven stars: all are
carbon-enhanced and belong to the low-carbon band, defined in the TOPoS II
paper. We measured lithium (A(Li)=1.9) in the most iron-poor star (SDSS
J1035+0641, [Fe/H] < -5.2 ). We were also able to measure Li in three stars at
[Fe/H]~ -4.0, two of which lie on the Spite plateau. We confirm that SDSS
J1349+1407 is extremely rich in Mg, but not in Ca. It is also very rich in Na.
Several of our stars are characterised by low alpha-to-iron ratios. The lack of
high-carbon band stars at low metallicity can be understood in terms of
evolutionary timescales of binary systems. The detection of Li in SDSS
J1035+0641 places a strong constraint on theories that aim at solving the
cosmological lithium problem. The Li abundance of the two warmer stars at
[Fe/H]~ -4.0 places them on the Spite plateau, while the third, cooler star,
lies below. We argue that this suggests that the temperature at which Li
depletion begins increases with decreasing [Fe/H]. SDSS J1349+1407 may belong
to a class of Mg-rich EMP stars. We cannot assess if there is a scatter in
alpha-to-iron ratios among the EMP stars or if there are several discrete
populations. However, the existence of stars with low alpha-to-iron ratios is
supported by our observations.


  Fourier transform is applied to annular beams of simplified flat two-level
geometry: bright outer ring with a darker core. The pattern of focal beam
profile (i.e. far field) is calculated and characterized with respect of its
intensity structure. Specific behavior is observed for extreme annularity
values.


  Rashba and linear Dresselhaus interactions are believed to yield dominant
contribution to the spin splitting of two-dimensional electrons in the quantum
wells based on A$_3$B$_5$ compounds. We show that the interfacial spin-orbit
interaction significantly renormalizes the value of the corresponding Rashba
($\alpha_{SIA}$) and Dresselhaus ($\alpha_{BIA}$) parameters. For this purpose,
we solve the effective mass equation in a quantum well supplemented by the
original boundary conditions on the atomically sharp interfaces and calculate
the interfacial contributions to $\alpha_{SIA}$ and $\alpha_{BIA}$. Our results
explain a considerable spread in the experimental data on spin-orbit parameters
in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. We also demonstrated that the non-equivalence of
the interfaces leads to the anisotropy of the spin splitting even in quantum
wells with zero average electric field.


  The Lov\'{a}sz Local Lemma is a very powerful tool in probabilistic
combinatorics, that is often used to prove existence of combinatorial objects
satisfying certain constraints. Moser and Tardos have shown that the LLL gives
more than just pure existence results: there is an effective randomized
algorithm that can be used to find a desired object. In order to analyze this
algorithm, Moser and Tardos developed the so-called entropy compression method.
It turned out that one could obtain better combinatorial results by a direct
application of the entropy compression method rather than simply appealing to
the LLL. The aim of this paper is to provide a generalization of the LLL which
implies these new combinatorial results. This generalization, which we call the
Local Cut Lemma, concerns a random cut in a directed graph with certain
properties. Note that our result has a short probabilistic proof that does not
use entropy compression. As a consequence, it not only shows that a certain
probability is positive, but also gives an explicit lower bound for this
probability. As an illustration, we present a new application (an improved
lower bound on the number of edges in color-critical hypergraphs) as well as
explain how to use the Local Cut Lemma to derive some of the results obtained
previously using the entropy compression method.


  We analyze various properties of the visibility diagrams that can be used in
the context of modular symmetries and confront them to some recent experimental
developments in the Quantum Hall Effect. We show that a suitable physical
interpretation of the visibility diagrams which permits one to describe
successfully the observed architecture of the Quantum Hall states gives rise
naturally to a stripe structure reproducing some of the experimental features
that have been observed in the study of the quantum fluctuations of the Hall
conductance. Furthermore, we exhibit new properties of the visibility diagrams
stemming from the structure of subgroups of the full modular group.


  The studies of electronic and magnetic properties of V-Pc molecule adsorbed
onto Au(111) surface are based on ab-initio calculations in the framework of
density functional theory. We compute adsorption energies, investigate
interaction mechanisms between constituents of the hybrid system consisting of
V-Pc molecule and Au surface, and determine geometry changes in the system,
particularly in the grafted molecule. We find out that the energetically most
stable configuration of the V-Pc/Au(111) occurs when V-Pc is grafted to the Au
surface's fcc site, which leads to the reduction of the point group symmetry of
the hybrid system in comparison to the free standing V-Pc molecule. Further,
our studies reveal that the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the
V-Pc change significantly after adsorption to the Au(111). Generally, these
studies shed light on physical mechanisms of the V-Pc adsorption to metallic
surfaces and open up new prospects for design of novel spintronic devices.


  In this paper, we study the behaviour of TF-isomorphisms, a natural
generalisation of isomorphisms. TF-isomorphisms allow us to simplify the
approach to seemingly unrelated problems. In particular, we mention the
Neighbourhood Reconstruction problem, the Matrix Symmetrization problem and
Stability of Graphs. We start with a study of invariance under TF-isomorphisms.
In particular, we show that alternating trails and incidence double covers are
conserved by TF-isomorphisms, irrespective of whether they are TF-isomorphisms
between graphs or digraphs. We then define an equivalence relation and
subsequently relate its equivalence classes to the incidence double cover of a
graph. By directing the edges of an incidence double cover from one colour
class to the other and discarding isolated vertices we obtain an invariant
under TF-isomorphisms which gathers a number of invariants. This can be used to
study TF-orbitals, an analogous generalisation of the orbitals of a permutation
group.


  For most language combinations, parallel data is either scarce or simply
unavailable. To address this, unsupervised machine translation (UMT) exploits
large amounts of monolingual data by using synthetic data generation techniques
such as back-translation and noising, while self-supervised NMT (SSNMT)
identifies parallel sentences in smaller comparable data and trains on them. To
date, the inclusion of UMT data generation techniques in SSNMT has not been
investigated. We show that including UMT techniques into SSNMT significantly
outperforms SSNMT and UMT on all tested language pairs, with improvements of up
to +4.3 BLEU, +50.8 BLEU, +51.5 over SSNMT, statistical UMT and hybrid UMT,
respectively, on Afrikaans to English. We further show that the combination of
multilingual denoising autoencoding, SSNMT with backtranslation and bilingual
finetuning enables us to learn machine translation even for distant language
pairs for which only small amounts of monolingual data are available, e.g.
yielding BLEU scores of 11.6 (English to Swahili).


  We repeat the directional spherical real Morlet wavelet analysis, used to
detect non-Gaussianity in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
1-year and 3-year data (McEwen et al. 2005, 2006a), on the WMAP 5-year data.
The non-Gaussian signal detected previously is present in the 5-year data at a
slightly increased statistical significance of approximately 99%. Localised
regions that contribute most strongly to the non-Gaussian signal are found to
be very similar to those detected in the previous releases of the WMAP data.
When the localised regions detected in the 5-year data are excluded from the
analysis the non-Gaussian signal is eliminated.


  A low-cost adjustable illumination scheme for hand-held photoacoustic imaging
probe is presented, manufactured and tested in this paper. Compared with
traditional photoacoustic probe design, it has the following advantages: (1)
Different excitation modes can be selected as needed. By tuning control
parameters, it can achieve bright-field, dark-field, and hybrid field light
illumination schemes. (2) The spot-adjustable unit (SAU) specifically designed
for beam expansion, together with a water tank for transmitting ultrasonic
waves, enable the device to break through the constraints of the transfer
medium and is more widely used. The beam-expansion experiment is conducted to
verify the function of SAU. After that, we built a PAT system based on our
newly designed apparatus. Phantom and in vivo experimental results show
different performance in different illumination schemes


  We propose a new method for computing the lasso path, using the fact that the
Manhattan norm of the coefficient vector is linear over every orthant of the
parameter space. We use simple calculus and present an algorithm in which the
lasso path is series of orthant moves. Our proposal gives the same results as
standard literature, with the advantage of neat interpretation of results and
explicit lasso formul{\ae}. We extend this proposal to elastic nets and obtain
explicit, exact formul{\ae} for the elastic net path, and with a simple change,
our lasso algorithm can be used for elastic nets. We present computational
examples and provide simple R prototype code.


  Turing progressions have been often used to measure the proof-theoretic
strength of mathematical theories. Turing progressions based on $n$-provability
give rise to a $\Pi_{n+1}$ proof-theoretic ordinal. As such, to each theory $U$
we can assign the sequence of corresponding $\Pi_{n+1}$ ordinals $\langle
|U|_n\rangle_{n>0}$. We call this sequence a \emph{Turing-Taylor expansion} of
a theory.
  In this paper, we relate Turing-Taylor expansions of sub-theories of Peano
Arithmetic to Ignatiev's universal model for the closed fragment of the
polymodal provability logic ${\mathbf{GLP}}_\omega$. In particular, in this
first draft we observe that each point in the Ignatiev model can be seen as
Turing-Taylor expansions of formal mathematical theories.
  Moreover, each sub-theory of Peano Arithmetic that allows for a Turing-Taylor
expression will define a unique point in Ignatiev's model.


  In this paper, new exact solutions for locally rotational symmetric (LRS)
space-times are obtained within the modified Brans-Dicke theory (MBDT) (Rasouli
et al 2014 Class. Quantum Grav. 31 115002). Specifically, extended
five-dimensional (5D) versions of Kantowski-Sachs, LRS Bianchi type I and
Bianchi type III are investigated in the context of the standard Brans-Dicke
theory. We subsequently extract their corresponding dynamics on a 4D
hypersurface. Our results are discussed regarding others obtained in the
standard Brans-Dicke theory, induced-matter theory and general relativity.
Moreover, we comment on the evolution of the scale factor of the extra spatial
dimension, which is of interest in Kaluza-Klein frameworks.


  Prompt tuning is a parameter-efficient approach to adapting pre-trained
language models to downstream tasks. Although prompt tuning has been shown to
match the performance of full model tuning when training data is sufficient, it
tends to struggle in few-shot learning settings. In this paper, we present
Multi-task Pre-trained Modular Prompt (MP2) to boost prompt tuning for few-shot
learning. MP2 is a set of combinable prompts pre-trained on 38 Chinese tasks.
On downstream tasks, the pre-trained prompts are selectively activated and
combined, leading to strong compositional generalization to unseen tasks. To
bridge the gap between pre-training and fine-tuning, we formulate upstream and
downstream tasks into a unified machine reading comprehension task. Extensive
experiments under two learning paradigms, i.e., gradient descent and black-box
tuning, show that MP2 significantly outperforms prompt tuning, full model
tuning, and prior prompt pre-training methods in few-shot settings. In
addition, we demonstrate that MP2 can achieve surprisingly fast and strong
adaptation to downstream tasks by merely learning 8 parameters to combine the
pre-trained modular prompts.


  We provide an exhaustive treatment of Linear-Quadratic control problems for a
class of stochastic Volterra equations of convolution type, whose kernels are
Laplace transforms of certain signed matrix measures which are not necessarily
finite. These equations are in general neither Markovian nor semimartingales,
and include the fractional Brownian motion with Hurst index smaller than $1/2$
as a special case. We establish the correspondence of the initial problem with
a possibly infinite dimensional Markovian one in a Banach space, which allows
us to identify the Markovian controlled state variables. Using a refined
martingale verification argument combined with a squares completion technique,
we prove that the value function is of linear quadratic form in these state
variables with a linear optimal feedback control, depending on non-standard
Banach space valued Riccati equations. Furthermore, we show that the value
function of the stochastic Volterra optimization problem can be approximated by
that of conventional finite dimensional Markovian Linear--Quadratic problems,
which is of crucial importance for numerical implementation.


  We explore the constraints on the parameter space of a Randall-Sundrum warped
geometry scenario, where a radion field arises out of the attempt to stabilise
the radius of the extra compact spacelike dimension, using the most recent data
from higgs searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Tevatron. We
calculate contributions from both the scalar mass eigenstates arising from
radion-higgs kinetic mixing in all important search channels. The most
important channel to be affected is the decay via WW*, where no invariant mass
peak can discern the two distinct physical states. Improving upon the previous
studies, we perform a full analysis in the WW* channel, taking into account the
effect of various cuts and interference when the two scalar are closely spaced.
We examine both cases where the experimentally discovered scalar is either
'higgs-like' or 'radion-like'. The implications of a relatively massive scalar
decaying into a pair of 125 GeV scalars is also included. Based on a global
analysis of the current data, including not only a single 125 GeV scalar but
also another one with mass over the range 110 to 600 GeV, we obtain the
up-to-date exclusion contours in the parameter space. Side by side, regions
agreeing with the data within 68% and 95% confidence level based on a
\chi^2-minimisation procedure, are also presented.


  We report Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle-5
follow-up observations of two candidate [CII] emitters at z ~ 6 in the ALMA
deep field in SSA22 (ADF22). The candidates were detected blindly in a Cycle-2
ALMA survey covering ~ 5 square arcmins, with a single tuning, along with two
CO lines associated with galaxies at lower redshifts. Various tests suggested
at least one of the two > 6-sigma [CII] candidates should be robust (Hayatsu et
al. 2017). Nevertheless, our new, deeper observations recover neither
candidate, demonstrating a higher contamination rate than expected. The cause
of the spurious detections is under investigation but at present it remains
unclarified.


  Switching time optimization arises in finite-horizon optimal control for
switched systems where, given a sequence of continuous dynamics, one minimizes
a cost function with respect to the switching times. We propose an efficient
method for computing the optimal switching times for switched linear and
nonlinear systems. A novel second-order optimization algorithm is introduced
where, at each iteration, the dynamics are linearized over an underlying time
grid to compute the cost function, the gradient and the Hessian efficiently.
With the proposed method, the most expensive operations at each iteration are
shared between the cost function and its derivatives, thereby greatly reducing
the computational burden. We implemented the algorithm in the Julia package
SwitchTimeOpt allowing the user to easily solve switching time optimization
problems. In the case of linear dynamics, many operations can be further
simplified and benchmarks show that our approach is able to provide optimal
solutions in just a few ms. In the case of nonlinear dynamics, two examples
show that our method provides optimal solutions with up to two orders of
magnitude time reductions over state-of-the-art approaches.


  We analyze the preparation (launching) of a 1D-propagating multipartite
quantum soliton, its scattering and disintegration by an external potential.
The regimes of suppressed disintegration and atom-number-dependent transmission
are identified.


  We prove that well-known speed of light restrictions on electromagnetic
energy velocity can be extended to a new level of generality, encompassing even
nonlocal chiral media in periodic geometries, while at the same time weakening
the underlying assumptions to only passivity and linearity of the medium
(either with a transparency window or with dissipation). As was also shown by
other authors under more limiting assumptions, passivity alone is sufficient to
guarantee causality and positivity of the energy density (with no thermodynamic
assumptions). Our proof is general enough to include a very broad range of
material properties, including anisotropy, bianisotropy (chirality),
nonlocality, dispersion, periodicity, and even delta functions or similar
generalized functions. We also show that the "dynamical energy density" used by
some previous authors in dissipative media reduces to the standard Brillouin
formula for dispersive energy density in a transparency window. The results in
this paper are proved by exploiting deep results from linear-response theory,
harmonic analysis, and functional analysis that had previously not been brought
together in the context of electrodynamics.


  Optimizing decision problems under uncertainty can be done using a variety of
solution methods. Soft computing and heuristic approaches tend to be powerful
for solving such problems. In this overview article, we survey Evolutionary
Optimization techniques to solve Stochastic Programming problems - both for the
single-stage and multi-stage case.


  A liquid is termed strongly correlating if its virial and potential energy
thermal equilibrium fluctuations in the NVT ensemble are more than 90%
correlated [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 015701 (2008)]. The fluctuations of a
strongly correlating liquid are well approximated by those of an inverse
power-law intermolecular potential. Building on this fact we here define
"isomorphic lines" in the state diagram of a strongly correlating liquid. It is
shown from computer simulations of the Kob-Andersen binary Lennard-Jones liquid
that no aging is associated with jumps between two isomorphic points.
Isomorphic state points have the same excess entropy, the same reduced average
relaxation time, the same (reduced) dynamics, and the same scaled radial
distribution functions. Finally we calculate the equation for isomorphs in the
virial / potential energy diagram for Lennard-Jones type liquids and show that
all such 12-6 liquids have the same isomorphs; these may be scaled into a
master isomorph.


  This Essay explores consequences of a dark non-linear electromagnetic sector
in a Universe with a net dark charge for matter. The cosmological dynamics can
be described by a Lema\^itre model and understood thanks to a screening
mechanism driven by the electromagnetic non-linearities that suppress the dark
force on small scales. Only at low redshift, when the screening scale enters
the Hubble horizon, do cosmological structures commence to feel the dark
repulsion. This repulsive force enhances the local value of the Hubble
constant, thus providing a promising scenario for solving the Hubble tension.
Remarkably, the dark electromagnetic interaction can have a crucial impact on
peculiar velocities, i.e. introducing a bias in their reconstruction methods,
and having the potential to explain the presence of a dark flow.


  In this note, we study both the small and large dimension $D$ limit of the
tunneling model of Hwaking radiation proposed by Parikh and
Wilczek\cite{Parikh:1999mf}. We confirm that the result $\Gamma \sim e^{\Delta
S}$ is still valid for arbitrary $D>3$. The sensible large $D$ limit is given
by $\sqrt{D} \ll r_0$ in order to have nonzero radiation. On the other hand,
the sensible small $D$ limit is given by taking $D=3+\epsilon$ as a continuous
parameter. We also explicitly show the leading order correction to the thermal
radiation and discuss its connection to the two-dimensional dilaton gravity.


  The paternally inherited Y chromosome has been widely used in population
genetic studies to understand relationships among human populations. Our
interpretation of Y chromosomal evidence about population history and genetics
has rested on the assumption that all the Y chromosomal markers in the
male-specific region (MSY) are selectively neutral. However, the very low
diversity of Y chromosome has drawn a long debate about whether natural
selection has affected this chromosome or not. In recent several years, the
progress in Y chromosome sequencing has helped to address this dispute.
Purifying selection has been detected in the X-degenerate genes of human Y
chromosomes and positive selection might also have an influence in the
evolution of testis-related genes in the ampliconic regions. Those new findings
remind us to take the effect of natural selection into account when we use Y
chromosome in population genetic studies.


  Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is a promising approach to extend
traditional reinforcement learning (RL) methods to solve more complex tasks.
Yet, the majority of current HRL methods require careful task-specific design
and on-policy training, making them difficult to apply in real-world scenarios.
In this paper, we study how we can develop HRL algorithms that are general, in
that they do not make onerous additional assumptions beyond standard RL
algorithms, and efficient, in the sense that they can be used with modest
numbers of interaction samples, making them suitable for real-world problems
such as robotic control. For generality, we develop a scheme where lower-level
controllers are supervised with goals that are learned and proposed
automatically by the higher-level controllers. To address efficiency, we
propose to use off-policy experience for both higher and lower-level training.
This poses a considerable challenge, since changes to the lower-level behaviors
change the action space for the higher-level policy, and we introduce an
off-policy correction to remedy this challenge. This allows us to take
advantage of recent advances in off-policy model-free RL to learn both higher-
and lower-level policies using substantially fewer environment interactions
than on-policy algorithms. We term the resulting HRL agent HIRO and find that
it is generally applicable and highly sample-efficient. Our experiments show
that HIRO can be used to learn highly complex behaviors for simulated robots,
such as pushing objects and utilizing them to reach target locations, learning
from only a few million samples, equivalent to a few days of real-time
interaction. In comparisons with a number of prior HRL methods, we find that
our approach substantially outperforms previous state-of-the-art techniques.


  Multi-wavelength monitoring of Mrk 335 with Swift between 2007-2019 are used
to construct annual spectral energy distributions and track year-to-year
changes. Non-contemporaneous archival data prior to 2007 are used to build a
bright state SED. In this work, the changes are examined and quantified to
build the foundation for future SED modelling. The yearly SEDs trace a downward
trend on the average, with the X-ray portion varying significantly and
acquiring further lower values in the past two years when compared to the
optical/UV portion of SED. The bolometric Eddington ratios derived using
optical/UV to X-ray SEDs and the calculated X-ray luminosities show a gradual
decrease over the monitoring period. Changes in the parameters over time are
examined. Principal component analysis suggests that the primary variability is
in the X-ray properties of Mrk 335. When looking at the broader picture of Mrk
335 and its behaviour, the X-rays, accounting most of the variability in the
13-year data, are possibly driven by physical processes related to the corona
or absorption whereas the modest optical-UV variations suggest their origin
within the accretion disc. These results are consistent with the previous
interpretation of Mrk 335 using the timing analyses on the monitoring data and
spectral modelling of deep observations.


  With TESS and ground-based surveys searching for rocky exoplanets around
cooler, nearby stars, the number of Earth-sized exoplanets that are well-suited
for atmospheric follow-up studies will increase significantly. For atmospheric
characterization, the James Webb Space Telescope will only be able to target a
small fraction of the most interesting systems, and the usefulness of
ground-based observatories will remain limited by a range of effects related to
Earth's atmosphere. Here, we explore a new method for ground-based exoplanet
atmospheric characterization that relies on simultaneous, differential,
ultra-narrow-band photometry. The instrument uses a narrow-band interference
filter and an optical design that enables simultaneous observing over two 0.3
nm wide bands spaced 1 nm apart. We consider the capabilities of this
instrument in the case where one band is centered on an oxygen-free continuum
region while the other band overlaps the 760 nm oxygen band head in the
transmission spectrum of the exoplanet, which can be accessible from Earth in
systems with large negative line-of-sight velocities. We find that M9 and M4
dwarfs that meet this radial velocity requirement will be the easiest targets
but must be nearby (<8 pc) and will require the largest upcoming Extremely
Large Telescopes. The oxyometer instrument design is simple and versatile and
could be adapted to enable the study of a wide range of atmospheric species. We
demonstrate this by building a prototype oxyometer and present its design and a
detection of a 50 ppm simulated transit signal in the laboratory. We also
present data from an on-sky test of a prototype oxyometer, demonstrating the
ease of use of the compact instrument design.


  In this work we present a novel dual-port grid-forming control strategy, for
permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines with back-to-back voltage
source converters, that unifies the entire range of functions from maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) to providing inertia and fast frequency response
without explicit mode switching between grid-following and grid-forming
control. The controls impose a well-defined AC voltage at the grid-side
converter (GSC) and the machine-side converter (MSC) AC terminals and
explicitly stabilize the DC-link capacitor voltage through both GSC and MSC.
The wind turbine's kinetic energy storage and curtailment are adjusted through
a combination of implicit rotor speed control and pitch angle control and
directly determine the operating mode and level of grid support. Moreover, we
provide analytical small-signal stability conditions for a simplified system
and explicitly characterize the relationship between control gains,
curtailment, and the wind turbines steady-state response. Finally, a detailed
simulation study is used to validate the results and compared the proposed
control with state-of-the-art MPPT control.


  We study sampling and interpolation arrays with multiplicities for the spaces
P_k of holomorphic polynomials of degree at most k. We find that the geometric
conditions satisfied by these arrays are in accordance with the conditions
satisfied by the sampling and interpolating sequences with unbounded
multiplicities in the Fock space, which can be seen as a limiting case of the
space P_k as k tends to infinity.


  The present study is devoted to the detailed numerical analysis of the
combustion waves propagation through the lean hydrogen-air mixtures with
suspended micro-droplets of water. Considered gaseous mixtures are
characterized by a relatively low reactivity and so the intensity of the
combustion waves is moderate. Herewith, it is found that the flame can be
noticeably accelerated in the presence of suspended micro-droplets. In
particular, it is shown that the interaction between the flame front and the
droplets with a diameter larger than 25~$\mu$m results in the enhancement of
the flame instability that provides a substantial acceleration of the mixture
burn-out process. At increased number density of water droplets the combustion
proceeds in a similar way to the combustion within a porous medium, and similar
trends are observed such as the increase in flame speed and intensification of
the combustion process with the pressure increasing inside the confined vessel.
In such a way it can be concluded that the water should be atomized in a proper
way when attempting to use it as hydrogen explosion inhibitor. Otherwise, water
droplets could induce flame acceleration via the mechanisms distinguished in
this paper.


  Creating heterostructures with graphene/graphite is a practical method for
charge-doping $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$, but not sufficient to cause the
insulator-to-metal transition. In this study, detailed scanning tunneling
microscopy/spectroscopy measurements on $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ with various lattice
deformations reveal that both in-plane and out-of-plane lattice distortions may
collapse the Mott-gap in the case of monolayer $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ in proximity
to graphite, but have little impact on its bulk form alone. In the Mott-Hubbard
framework, the transition is attributed to the lattice distortion-facilitated
substantial modulation of the electron correlation parameter. Observation of
the orbital textures on a highly compressed monolayer $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ flake
on graphite provides valuable evidence that electrons are efficiently
transferred from the heterointerface into Cl3$p$ orbitals under the lattice
distortion. It is believed that the splitting of Ru $t_{2g}$ bands within the
trigonal distortion of Ru-Cl-Ru octahedra bonds generated the electrons
transfer pathways. The increase of the Cl3$p$ states enhance the hopping
integral in the Mott-Hubbard bands, resulting in the Mott-transition. These
findings suggest a new route for implementing the insulator-to-metal transition
upon doping in $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ by deforming the lattice in addition to the
formation of heterostructure.


  Here we report the formation of type-A and type-B electronic junctions
without any structural discontinuity along a well-defined 1-nm-wide
one-dimensional electronic channel within a van der Waals layer. We employ
scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to investigate the
atomic and electronic structure along peculiar domain walls formed on the
charge-density-wave phase of 1T-TaS2. We find distinct kinds of abrupt
electronic junctions with discontinuities of the band gap along the domain
walls, which do not have any structural kinks and defects. Our
density-functional calculations reveal a novel mechanism of the electronic
junction formation; they are formed by a kinked domain wall in the layer
underneath through substantial electronic interlayer coupling. This work
demonstrates that the interlayer electronic coupling can be an effective
control knob over several-nanometer-scale electronic property of
two-dimensional atomic monolayers.


  As robots are deployed in human spaces, it is important that they are able to
coordinate their actions with the people around them. Part of such coordination
involves ensuring that people have a good understanding of how a robot will act
in the environment. This can be achieved through explanations of the robot's
policy. Much prior work in explainable AI and RL focuses on generating
explanations for single-agent policies, but little has been explored in
generating explanations for collaborative policies. In this work, we
investigate how to generate multi-agent strategy explanations for human-robot
collaboration. We formulate the problem using a generic multi-agent planner,
show how to generate visual explanations through strategy-conditioned landmark
states and generate textual explanations by giving the landmarks to an LLM.
Through a user study, we find that when presented with explanations from our
proposed framework, users are able to better explore the full space of
strategies and collaborate more efficiently with new robot partners.


  By combining several interesting applications of random sampling in geometric
algorithms like point location, linear programming, segment intersections,
binary space partitioning, Clarkson and Shor \cite{CS89} developed a general
framework of randomized incremental construction (RIC ). The basic idea is to
add objects in a random order and show that this approach yields
efficient/optimal bounds on {\bf expected} running time. Even quicksort can be
viewed as a special case of this paradigm. However, unlike quicksort, for most
of these problems, attempts to obtain sharper tail estimates on the running
time had proved inconclusive. Barring some results by
\cite{MSW93,CMS92,Seidel91a}, the general question remains unresolved.
  In this paper we present some general techniques to obtain tail estimates for
  RIC and and provide applications to some fundamental problems like Delaunay
triangulations and construction of Visibility maps of intersecting line
segments. The main result of the paper centers around a new and careful
application of Freedman's \cite{Fre75} inequality for Martingale concentration
that overcomes the bottleneck of the better known Azuma-Hoeffding inequality.
Further, we show instances where an RIC based algorithm may not have inverse
polynomial tail estimates. In particular, we show that the RIC time bounds for
trapezoidal map can encounter a running time of $\Omega (n\log n\log\log n )$
with probability exceeding $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}$. This rules out inverse
polynomial concentration bounds around the expected running time.


  We study the solution to a nonlinear stochastic heat equation in $d\geq 3$.
The equation is driven by a Gaussian multiplicative noise that is white in time
and smooth in space. For a small coupling constant, we prove (i) the solution
converges to the stationary distribution in large time; (ii) the diffusive
scale fluctuations are described by the Edwards-Wilkinson equation.


  Classical rotations of asymmetric rigid bodies are unstable around the axis
of intermediate momentof inertia, causing a flipping of rotor orientation. This
effect, known as the tennis racket effect,quickly averages to zero in classical
ensembles since the flipping period varies significantly uponapproaching the
separatrix. Here, we explore the quantum rotations of rapidly spinning
thermalasymmetric nanorotors and show that classically forbidden tunnelling
gives rise to persistent tennisracket dynamics, in stark contrast to the
classical expectation. We characterise this effect, demon-strating that quantum
coherent flipping dynamics can persist even in the regime where millions
ofangular momentum states are occupied. This persistent flipping offers a
promising route for observ-ing and exploiting quantum effects in rotational
degrees of freedom for molecules and nanoparticles.


  A sequence of very bright noctilucent clouds (NLC) was observed in central
Russia during the last decade of June, 2018. It followed the meteorite impact
300 km southwards from Moscow in the morning of June 21. Polarization
measurements of NLC in a wide range of scattering angles allowed finding the
effective size of ice particles forming the clouds. These estimations together
with satellite data on gravity waves, temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio
during these days help to understand the basic causes of the observed NLC
brightness and particle size anomaly.


  Two-dimensional partial covariance mass spectrometry (2D-PC-MS) exploits the
inherent fluctuations of fragment ion abundances across a series of tandem mass
spectra, to identify correlated pairs of fragment ions produced along the same
fragmentation pathway of the same parent (e.g. peptide) ion. Here, we apply
2D-PC-MS to the analysis of intact protein ions in a standard linear ion trap
mass analyzer, using the fact that the fragment-fragment correlation signals
are much more specific to bio-molecular sequence than 1D MS/MS signals at the
same mass accuracy and resolution. We show that from the distribution of
signals on a 2D-PC-MS map it is possible to extract the charge state of both
parent and fragment ions without resolving the isotopic envelope. Furthermore,
the 2D map of fragment-fragment correlations naturally reveals the secondary
decomposition pathways of the fragment ions. We access this spectral
information using an adapted version of the Hough transform. We demonstrate the
successful identification of highly charged, intact protein molecules without
the need for high mass resolution. Using this technique we also perform the in
silico deconvolution of the overlapping fragment ion signals from two
co-isolated and co-fragmented intact protein molecules, demonstrating a viable
new method for the concurrent mass spectrometric identification of a mixture of
intact protein ions from the same fragment ion spectrum.


  In this paper, we investigate the impact of the high-power amplifier
non-linear distortion on multiple relay systems by introducing the soft
envelope limiter, traveling wave tube amplifier, and solid-state power
amplifier to the relays. The system employs amplify-and-forward either fixed or
variable gain relaying and uses the opportunistic relay selection with outdated
channel state information to select the best relay. The results show that the
performance loss is small at low rates; however, it is significant for high
rates. In particular, the outage probability and the bit error rate are
saturated by an irreducible floor at high rates. The same analysis is pursued
for the capacity and shows that it is saturated by a detrimental ceiling as the
average signal-to-noise ratio becomes higher. This result contrasts the case of
the ideal hardware where the capacity grows indefinitely. Moreover, the results
show that the capacity ceiling is proportional to the impairment's parameter
and for some special cases the impaired systems practically operate in
acceptable conditions. Closed-forms and high SNR asymptotes of the outage
probability, the bit error rate, and the capacity are derived. Finally,
analytical expressions are validated by the Monte Carlo simulation.


  This tutorial intends to present a deep insight of the slip and skid problem
in WMRs. Specifically, we present a brief introduction to slippage and the
limitations it imposes on WMR's applications. In addition, we shed some light
on state of the art review on modeling methodologies and controlling mechanisms
for slip and skid in WMRs. This paper also discusses the future trends in the
use of WMRs and possibility of new domains in their use in modern world.


  We show that for a family of problems described by non-linear diffusion
equations an exact calculation of the two time correlation function gives
C(t,t')=f(t-t')g(t'), t>t', exhibiting normal and anomalous diffusions, as well
as aging effects, depending on the degree of non-linearity. We discuss also the
form in which FDT is violated in this class of systems. Finally we argue that
in this type of models aging may be consequence of the non conservation of the
"total mass".


  Two strings x and y are said to be Abelian equivalent if x is a permutation
of y, or vice versa. If a string z satisfies z = xy with x and y being Abelian
equivalent, then z is said to be an Abelian square. If a string w can be
factorized into a sequence v_1,...,v_s of strings such that v_1 ,..., v_{s-1}
are all Abelian equivalent and vs is a substring of a permutation of v_1, then
w is said to have a regular Abelian period (p,t) where p = |v_1| and t = |v_s|.
If a substring w_1[i..i+l-1] of a string w_1 and a substring w_2[j..j+l-1] of
another string w_2 are Abelian equivalent, then the substrings are said to be a
common Abelian factor of w_1 and w_2 and if the length l is the maximum of such
then the substrings are said to be a longest common Abelian factor of w_1 and
w_2. We propose efficient algorithms which compute these Abelian regularities
using the run length encoding (RLE) of strings. For a given string w of length
n whose RLE is of size m, we propose algorithms which compute all Abelian
squares occurring in w in O(mn) time, and all regular Abelian periods of w in
O(mn) time. For two given strings w_1 and w_2 of total length n and of total
RLE size m, we propose an algorithm which computes all longest common Abelian
factors in O(m^2n) time.


  An unsolved challenge in the development of antigen specific immunotherapies
is determining the optimal antigens to target. Comprehension of antigen-MHC
binding is paramount towards achieving this goal. Here, we present CASTELO, a
combined machine learning-molecular dynamics (ML-MD) approach to design novel
antigens of increased MHC binding affinity for a Type 1 diabetes
(T1D)-implicated system. We build upon a small molecule lead optimization
algorithm by training a convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE) on MD
trajectories of 48 different systems across 4 antigens and 4 HLA serotypes. We
develop several new machine learning metrics including a structure-based anchor
residue classification model as well as cluster comparison scores. ML-MD
predictions agree well with experimental binding results and free energy
perturbation-predicted binding affinities. Moreover, ML-MD metrics are
independent of traditional MD stability metrics such as contact area and RMSF,
which do not reflect binding affinity data. Our work supports the role of
structure-based deep learning techniques in antigen specific immunotherapy
design.


  We present a new matrix-based approach to detect and correct gross errors in
GPS geodetic control networks. The study is carried out by introducing a new
matrix, whose entries are powers of a (real or complex) variable, which fully
represents the network.


  Model-based planners for partially observable problems must accommodate both
model uncertainty during planning and goal uncertainty during objective
inference. However, model-based planners may be brittle under these types of
uncertainty because they rely on an exact model and tend to commit to a single
optimal behavior. Inspired by results in the model-free setting, we propose an
entropy-regularized model-based planner for partially observable problems.
Entropy regularization promotes policy robustness for planning and objective
inference by encouraging policies to be no more committed to a single action
than necessary. We evaluate the robustness and objective inference performance
of entropy-regularized policies in three problem domains. Our results show that
entropy-regularized policies outperform non-entropy-regularized baselines in
terms of higher expected returns under modeling errors and higher accuracy
during objective inference.


  Large charge-to-spin conversion (spin Hall angle) and spin Hall conductivity
are prerequisites for development of next generation power efficient spintronic
devices. In this context, heavy metals (e.g. Pt, W etc.), topological
insulators, antiferromagnets are usually considered because they exhibit high
spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In addition to the above materials, 5d transition
metal oxide e.g. Iridium Oxide (IrO 2 ) is a potential candidate which exhibits
high SOC strength. Here we report a study of spin pumping and inverse spin Hall
effect (ISHE), via ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), in IrO 2 /CoFeB system. We
identify the individual contribution of spin pumping and other spin
rectification effects in the magnetic layer, by investigating the in-plane
angular dependence of ISHE signal. Our analysis shows significant contribution
of spin pumping effect to the ISHE signal. We show that polycrystalline IrO 2
thin film exhibits high spin Hall conductivity and spin Hall angle which are
comparable to the values of Pt.


  The Quality-and-Efficiency-Driven (QED) regime provides a basis for solving
asymptotic dimensioning problems that trade off revenue, costs and service
quality. We derive bounds for the optimality gaps that capture the differences
between the true optimum and the asymptotic optimum based on the QED
approximations. Our bounds generalize earlier results for classical many-server
systems. We also apply our bounds to a many-server system with threshold
control.


  We initiate the study of quantum algorithms for optimizing approximately
convex functions. Given a convex set ${\cal K}\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and a
function $F\colon\mathbb{R}^{n}\to\mathbb{R}$ such that there exists a convex
function $f\colon\mathcal{K}\to\mathbb{R}$ satisfying $\sup_{x\in{\cal
K}}|F(x)-f(x)|\leq \epsilon/n$, our quantum algorithm finds an $x^{*}\in{\cal
K}$ such that $F(x^{*})-\min_{x\in{\cal K}} F(x)\leq\epsilon$ using
$\tilde{O}(n^{3})$ quantum evaluation queries to $F$. This achieves a
polynomial quantum speedup compared to the best-known classical algorithms. As
an application, we give a quantum algorithm for zeroth-order stochastic convex
bandits with $\tilde{O}(n^{5}\log^{2} T)$ regret, an exponential speedup in $T$
compared to the classical $\Omega(\sqrt{T})$ lower bound. Technically, we
achieve quantum speedup in $n$ by exploiting a quantum framework of simulated
annealing and adopting a quantum version of the hit-and-run walk. Our speedup
in $T$ for zeroth-order stochastic convex bandits is due to a quadratic quantum
speedup in multiplicative error of mean estimation.


  A two-component (soft + hard) model (TCM) of hadron production in high-energy
nuclear collisions is applied to ensemble-mean $p_t$ (denoted by $\bar p_t$)
data for $p$-$p$, $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions from the relativistic heavy ion
collider (RHIC) and large hadron collider (LHC). This $\bar p_t$ TCM is
directly related to a recently-published TCM for the charge-multiplicity
$n_{ch}$ and collision-energy dependence of $p_t$ spectrum data from $p$-$p$
collisions. Multiplicity dependence of the $p$-$p$ spectrum hard component
observed in the previous study is consistent with similar behavior for $\bar
p_t$ hard component $\bar p_{th}$. $p$-$p$ $\bar p_t$ $n_{ch}$ dependence is
observed to follow a noneikonal trend for the TCM hard component (dijet
production $\propto n_{ch}^2$), whereas the trend for Pb-Pb collisions is
consistent with the eikonal approximation assumed for the Glauber A-A
centrality model. The $p$-Pb trend is intermediate, transitioning from the
noneikonal $p$-$p$ trend for more-peripheral collisions to an eikonal trend for
more-central collisions. The multiplicity dependence of participant number
$N_{part}$ and binary-collision number $N_{bin}$ inferred from $p$-Pb $\bar
p_t$ data differs strongly from a Glauber Monte Carlo model of that system. The
rapid increase with $n_{ch}$ and large magnitude of $\bar p_t$ for the $p$-$p$
and $p$-Pb systems suggests that minimum-bias jets (TCM hard component)
dominate $\bar p_t$ variation. The trend for $\bar p_{th}$ in Pb-Pb collisions
is consistent with quantitative modification of jet formation in more-central
A-A collisions.


  Causal machine learning methods can be used to search for treatment effect
heterogeneity in high-dimensional datasets even where we lack a strong enough
theoretical framework to select variables or make parametric assumptions about
data. This paper uses causal machine learning methods to estimate heterogeneous
treatment effects in the case of an experimental study carried out in Morocco
which evaluated the effect of conditionalizing a cash transfer program on
several outcomes including maths test scores which is the focus of this work.
We explore treatment effects across a dataset of 1936 pre-treatment variables.
For the most part, heterogeneity is modelled by two different factors,
participation in education (at the baseline) and more general measures of
poverty. Those who are more disadvantaged at the baseline benefit less from any
treatment. While conditioning generally has a negative effect this more
disadvantaged group is also hurt more by conditioning. The second purpose of
this paper is to demonstrate and reflect upon a causal machine learning
approach to policy evaluation. We propose a novel causal tree method for
interpretable modelling of causal effects and reflect on the difficulty of
explaining atheoretical results.


  Pre-training has been investigated to improve the efficiency and performance
of training neural operators in data-scarce settings. However, it is largely in
its infancy due to the inherent complexity and diversity, such as long
trajectories, multiple scales and varying dimensions of partial differential
equations (PDEs) data. In this paper, we present a new auto-regressive
denoising pre-training strategy, which allows for more stable and efficient
pre-training on PDE data and generalizes to various downstream tasks. Moreover,
by designing a flexible and scalable model architecture based on Fourier
attention, we can easily scale up the model for large-scale pre-training. We
train our PDE foundation model with up to 0.5B parameters on 10+ PDE datasets
with more than 100k trajectories. Extensive experiments show that we achieve
SOTA on these benchmarks and validate the strong generalizability of our model
to significantly enhance performance on diverse downstream PDE tasks like 3D
data. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/thu-ml/DPOT}.


  Monitoring is indispensable to check status, activities, or resource usage of
IT services. A combination of Kibana and Elasticsearch is used for monitoring
in many places such as KEK, CC-IN2P3, CERN, and also non-HEP communities.
Kibana provides a web interface for rich visualization, and Elasticsearch is a
scalable distributed search engine. However, these tools do not support
authentication and authorization features by default. In the case of single
Kibana and Elasticsearch services shared among many users, any user who can
access Kibana can retrieve other's information from Elasticsearch. In
multi-user environment, in order to protect own data from others or share part
of data among a group, fine-grained access control is necessary.
  The CERN cloud service group had provided cloud utilization dashboard to each
user by Elasticsearch and Kibana. They had deployed a homemade Elasticsearch
plugin to restrict data access based on a user authenticated by the CERN Single
Sign On system. It enabled each user to have a separated Kibana dashboard for
cloud usage, and the user could not access to other's one. Based on the
solution, we propose an alternative one which enables user/group based
Elasticsearch access control and Kibana objects separation. It is more flexible
and can be applied to not only the cloud service but also the other various
situations. We confirmed our solution works fine in CC-IN2P3. Moreover, a
pre-production platform for CC-IN2P3 has been under construction.
  We will describe our solution for the secure use of Kibana and Elasticsearch
including integration of Kerberos authentication, development of a Kibana
plugin which allows Kibana objects to be separated based on user/group, and
contribution to Search Guard which is an Elasticsearch plugin enabling
user/group based access control. We will also describe the effect on
performance from using Search Guard.


  We consider a special case of the n-component cubic model on the square
lattice, for which an expansion exists in Ising-like graphs. We construct a
transfer matrix and perform a finite-size-scaling analysis to determine the
critical points for several values of n. Furthermore we determine several
universal quantities, including three critical exponents. For n<2, these
results agree well with the theoretical predictions for the critical O(n)
branch. This model is also a special case of the ($N_\alpha,N_\beta$) model of
Domany and Riedel. It appears that the self-dual plane of the latter model
contains the exactly known critical points of the n=1 and 2 cubic models. For
this reason we have checked whether this is also the case for 1<n<2. However,
this possibility is excluded by our numerical results.


  This study presents a universal relation for anisotropic neutron stars,
called the $I-f-C$ relation, which accounts for the local anisotropic pressure
using the Quasi-Local (QL) Model proposed by Horvat et al. \cite{QL_Model} to
describe the anisotropy inside the neutron star. This study analyzes
approximately 60 unified tabulated EoS-ensembles, spanning from relativistic to
non-relativistic mean-field models, that comply with multimessenger constraints
and cover a broad range of stiffness. The results indicate that the
relationship between the parameters becomes more robust with positive
anisotropy, while it weakens with negative anisotropy. With the help of the
GW170817 \& GW190814 tidal deformability limit, a theoretical limit for the
canonical $f$-mode frequency for both isotropic and anisotropic stars is
established. For isotropic case the canonical $f$-mode frequency for event
GW170817 \& GW190814 is $f_{1.4} = 2.605^{+0.487} _ {-0.459}\ \mathrm{kHz}$ and
$ f_{1.4} = 2.093^{+0.150} _ {-0.125} \ \mathrm{kHz}$ respectively. These
established relationships have the potential to serve as a reliable tool to
limit the equation of state of nuclear matter when measurements of relevant
observables are obtained.


  In a dual-frequency liquid crystal (DFLC), when the frequency of the applied
voltage is more than a critical value ($f_c$), the dielectric anisotropy of the
material changes from positive to negative. This causes the director to switch
its orientation from parallel to the field (for $f < f_c$), to perpendicular to
it ($f > f_c$). Hence DFLC can be used in modulating the light by switching the
frequency of an externally applied voltage. We present in this work about
application of DFLCs in full Stokes polarimetery. A polarization modulator has
been worked out based on two DFLCs and two static retarders. The combination of
DFLCs' switching and static retarders are chosen such that more or less equal
weightage is given to all the Stokes parameters. Initial results on the
optimization of position angles of the modulators are presented towards the
goal of achieving polychromatic modulator in the wavelength range 600-900 nm.


  Three-millimeter-wavelength spectra of a number of nearby galaxies have been
obtained at the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO) using a new,
very broadband receiver. This instrument, which we call the Redshift Search
Receiver, has an instantaneous bandwidth of 36 GHz and operates from 74 to
110.5 GHz. The receiver has been built at UMass/FCRAO to be part of the initial
instrumentation for the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) and is intended
primarily for determination of the redshift of distant, dust-obscured galaxies.
It is being tested on the FCRAO 14m by measuring the 3mm spectra of a number of
nearby galaxies. There are interesting differences in the chemistry of these
galaxies.


  Sterile neutrinos with masses in the keV range are viable candidates for the
warm dark matter. We analyze existing data for the extragalactic diffuse X-ray
background for signatures of sterile neutrino decay. The absence of detectable
signal within current uncertainties of background measurements puts
model-independent constraints on allowed values of sterile neutrino mass and
mixing angle, which we present in this work.


  This is a survey of the $cd$-index of Eulerian partially ordered sets. The
$cd$-index is an encoding of the numbers of chains, specified by ranks, in the
poset. It is the most efficient such encoding, incorporating all the affine
relations on the flag numbers of Eulerian posets. Eulerian posets include the
face posets of regular CW spheres (in particular, of convex polytopes),
intervals in the Bruhat order on Coxeter groups, and the lattices of regions of
oriented matroids. The paper discusses inequalities on the $cd$-index,
connections with other combinatorial parameters, computation, and algebraic
approaches.


  This is the second paper of the authors in a series concerned with the
development of a deterministic model for the transfer matrix of a MIMO system.
Starting from the Maxwell equations, we have described in \cite{BCFM} the
generic structure of such a deterministic transfer matrix. In the current paper
we apply the results of \cite{BCFM} in order to study the (Shannon-Foschini)
capacity behavior of a MIMO system as a function of the deterministic spread
function of the environment, and the number of transmitting and receiving
antennas. The antennas are assumed to fill in a given, fixed volume. Under some
generic assumptions, we prove that the capacity grows much more slowly than
linearly with the number of antennas. These results reinforce previous
heuristic results obtained from statistical models of the transfer matrix,
which also predict a sublinear behavior.


  Symmetry-protected topological superconductors (TSCs) can host multiple
Majorana zero modes (MZMs) at their edges or vortex cores, while whether the
Majorana braiding in such systems is non-Abelian in general remains an open
question. Here we uncover in theory the unitary symmetry-protected non-Abelian
statisitcs of MZMs and propose the experimental realization. We show that
braiding two vortices with each hosting $N$ unitary symmetry-protected MZMs
generically reduces to $N$ independent sectors, with each sector braiding two
different Majorana modes. This renders the unitary symmetry-protected
non-Abelian statistics. As a concrete example, we demonstrate the proposed
non-Abelian statistics in a spin-triplet TSC which hosts two MZMs at each
vortex and, interestingly, can be precisely mapped to a quantum anomalous Hall
insulator. Thus the unitary symmetry-protected non-Abelian statistics can be
verified in the latter insulating phase, with the application to realizing
various topological quantum gates being studied. Finally, we propose a novel
experimental scheme to realize the present study in an optical Raman lattice.
Our work opens a new route for Majorana-based topological quantum computation.


  Hints of violation of lepton flavor universality in semileptonic $B$ decays
have prompted a renewed interest in leptoquarks at the low TeV scale. Among the
different scenarios suggested, some happen to violate also lepton number, yet
not much attention has been paid to the expected size of the associated lepton
number violating processes. In this note we examine this issue. We find that
there is a single leptoquark scenario compatible with the current size of the
anomalies which also violates lepton number. In this scenario (Majorana)
neutrino masses are radiatively generated. With the leptoquark parameters
extracted from fitting the flavor anomalies, one actually gets the right order
of magnitude for neutrino masses. We examine the associated effective field
theories both at the electroweak scale and at the hadronic scale and estimate
the size of the most relevant lepton number violating processes.


  We study the gravitational waves in the 10-dimensional target space of the
superstring theory. Some of these waves have unbroken supersymmetries. They
consist of Brinkmann metric and of a 2-form field. Sigma-model duality is
applied to such waves. The corresponding solutions we call dual partners of
gravitational waves, or dual waves. Some of these dual waves upon Kaluza-Klein
dimensional reduction to 4 dimensions become equivalent to the
conformo-stationary solutions of axion-dilaton gravity. Such solutions include
dilaton extreme black holes, axion-dilaton Israel-Werner-Perjes-type spacetimes
and extreme charged axion-dilaton Taub-Nut solutions. The unbroken
supersymmetry of the gravitational waves transfers to the unbroken
supersymmetry of axion-dilaton IWP solutions. More general supersymmetric
4-dimensional configurations derivable from 10-dimensional waves are described.


  Using the coupled cluster method we investigate spin-$s$ $J_{1}$-$J_{2}'$
Heisenberg antiferromagnets (HAFs) on an infinite, anisotropic, triangular
lattice when the spin quantum number $s=1$ or $s=3/2$. With respect to a
square-lattice geometry the model has antiferromagnetic ($J_{1} > 0$) bonds
between nearest neighbours and competing ($J_{2}' > 0$) bonds between
next-nearest neighbours across only one of the diagonals of each square
plaquette, the same one in each square. In a topologically equivalent
triangular-lattice geometry, we have two types of nearest-neighbour bonds:
namely the $J_{2}' \equiv \kappa J_{1}$ bonds along parallel chains and the
$J_{1}$ bonds producing an interchain coupling. The model thus interpolates
between an isotropic HAF on the square lattice at $\kappa = 0$ and a set of
decoupled chains at $\kappa \rightarrow \infty$, with the isotropic HAF on the
triangular lattice in between at $\kappa = 1$. For both the $s=1$ and the
$s=3/2$ models we find a second-order quantum phase transition at
$\kappa_{c}=0.615 \pm 0.010$ and $\kappa_{c}=0.575 \pm 0.005$ respectively,
between a N\'{e}el antiferromagnetic state and a helical state. In both cases
the ground-state energy $E$ and its first derivative $dE/d\kappa$ are
continuous at $\kappa=\kappa_{c}$, while the order parameter for the transition
(viz., the average on-site magnetization) does not go to zero on either side of
the transition. The transition at $\kappa = \kappa_{c}$ for both the $s=1$ and
$s=3/2$ cases is analogous to that observed in our previous work for the
$s=1/2$ case at a value $\kappa_{c}=0.80 \pm 0.01$. However, for the higher
spin values the transition is of continuous (second-order) type, as in the
classical case, whereas for the $s=1/2$ case it appears to be weakly
first-order in nature (although a second-order transition could not be
excluded).


  In this paper we introduce a new procedure, termed by us \emph{energy
formalism}, to deal with dissipative systems in metric theories of gravity.
This approach aims at determining the analytic expression of Rayleigh
dissipation function in the context of the inverse problem in the calculus of
variations. We describe our method in detail, presenting a simple example.
After, we consider as first extensive application the general relativistic
Poynting-Robertson effect. The obtained results and future implications are
discussed.


  This paper presents several stability analyses for grid-forming inverters and
synchronous generators considering the dynamics of transmission lines and
different load models. Load models are usually of secondary importance compared
to generation source models, but as the results show, they play a crucial role
in stability studies with the introduction of inverter-based resources. Given
inverter control time scales, the implications of considering or neglecting
electromagnetic transients of the network are very relevant in the stability
assessments. In this paper, we perform eigenvalue analyses for inverter-based
resources and synchronous machines connected to a load and explore the effects
of multiples models under different network representations. We explore maximum
loadability of inverter-based resources and synchronous machines, while
analyzing the effects of load and network dynamic models on small-signal
stability. The results show that the network representation plays a fundamental
role in the stability of the system of different load models. The resulting
stability regions are significantly different depending on the source and load
model considered.


  Let $M$ be a subset of $\mathbb{R}^k$. It is an important question in the
theory of linear inequalities to estimate the minimal number $h=h(M)$ such that
every system of linear inequalities which is infeasible over $M$ has a
subsystem of at most $h$ inequalities which is already infeasible over $M.$
This number $h(M)$ is said to be the Helly number of $M.$ In view of Helly's
theorem, $h(\mathbb{R}^n)=n+1$ and, by the theorem due to Doignon, Bell and
Scarf, $h(\mathbb{Z}^d)=2^d.$ We give a common extension of these equalities
showing that $h(\mathbb{R}^n \times \mathbb{Z}^d) = (n+1) 2^d.$ We show that
the fractional Helly number of the space $M \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ (with the
convexity structure induced by $\mathbb{R}^d$) is at most $d+1$ as long as
$h(M)$ is finite. Finally we give estimates for the Radon number of mixed
integer spaces.


  Contrary to common belief, the current emitted by a contact embedded in a
two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is quantized in the presence of electric
and magnetic fields. This observation suggests a simple, clearly defined model
for the quantum current through a Hall device that does not invoke disorder or
interactions as the cause of the integer quantum Hall effect (QHE), but is
based on a proper quantization of the classical electron drift motion. The
theory yields a quantitative description of the breakdown of the QHE at high
current densities that is in agreement with experimental data. Furthermore,
several of its key points are in line with recent findings of experiments that
address the dependency of the QHE on the 2DEG bias voltage, results that are
not easily explained within the framework of conventional QHE models.


  We extend a model for turbulence-flame interactions (TFI) to consider
astrophysical flames with a particular focus on combustion in type Ia
supernovae. The inertial range of the turbulent cascade is nearly always
under-resolved in simulations of astrophysical flows, requiring the use of a
model in order to quantify the effects of subgrid-scale wrinkling of the flame
surface. We provide implementation details to extend a well-tested TFI model to
low-Prandtl number flames for use in the compressible hydrodynamics code FLASH.
A local, instantaneous measure of the turbulent velocity is calibrated for
FLASH and verification tests are performed. Particular care is taken to
consider the relation between the subgrid rms turbulent velocity and the
turbulent flame speed, especially for high-intensity turbulence where the
turbulent flame speed is not expected to scale with the turbulent velocity.
Finally, we explore the impact of different TFI models in full-star,
three-dimensional simulations of type Ia supernovae.


  We derive the Enskog equation utilizing orthonormal vielbein fields, enabling
the utilization of arbitrary coordinate systems to characterize spatial
geometry. Additionally, we employ an adapted coordinate system in the momentum
space, connected to the physical space through vielbeins. Within this
framework, the momentum component perpendicular to a curved boundary can be
treated as an independent one, facilitating the application of half-range
Gauss-Hermite quadratures. We develop an appropriate finite-difference Lattice
Boltzmann model and validate it against a DSMC-like particle-based method for
solving the Enskog equation in curvilinear geometries. Our test scenarios
include cylindrical Couette flow, cylindrical Fourier flow between coaxial
cylinders, and spherical Fourier flow between concentric spheres. Excellent
agreement between the two approaches is observed throughout the parameter range
and curvature-specific effects are well captured.