  Trust is often cited as an essential criterion for the effective use and
real-world deployment of AI. Researchers argue that AI should be more
transparent to increase trust, making transparency one of the main goals of
XAI. Nevertheless, empirical research on this topic is inconclusive regarding
the effect of transparency on trust. An explanation for this ambiguity could be
that trust is operationalized differently within XAI. In this position paper,
we advocate for a clear distinction between behavioral (objective) measures of
reliance and attitudinal (subjective) measures of trust. However, researchers
sometimes appear to use behavioral measures when intending to capture trust,
although attitudinal measures would be more appropriate. Based on past
research, we emphasize that there are sound theoretical reasons to keep trust
and reliance separate. Properly distinguishing these two concepts provides a
more comprehensive understanding of how transparency affects trust and
reliance, benefiting future XAI research.


  A substantial amount of research, as well as media hype, has surrounded RFID
technology and its privacy implications. Currently, researchers and the media
focus on the privacy threats posed by RFID, while consumer groups choose to
boycott products bearing RFID tags. At the same, however, a very similar
technology has quietly become part of our everyday lives: Bluetooth. In this
paper we highlight the fact that Bluetooth is a widespread technology that has
real privacy implications. Furthermore, we explore the applicability of
RFID-based solutions to address these privacy implications.


  In this paper the modified Klein - Gordon equation for market processes is
proposed and solved. It is argued that the oscillations in market propagate
with the light velocity. The initial pulse in the market is damped and for very
large time diffused according to the Fourier law.


  We present a comparison of the lithium abundances of stars with and without
planetary-mass companions. New lithium abundances are reported in 79 planet
hosts and 38 stars from a comparison sample. When the Li abundances of planet
host stars are compared with the 157 stars in the sample of field stars of Chen
et al. (2001) we find that the Li abundance distribution is significantly
different, and that there is a possible excess of Li depletion in planet host
stars with effective temperatures in the range 5600--5850 K, whereas we find no
significant differences in the temperature range 5850--6350 K. We have searched
for statistically significant correlations between the Li abundance of parent
stars and various parameters of the planetary companions. We do not find any
strong correlation, although there are may be a hint of a possible gap in the
Li distribution of massive planet host stars.


  Non-helical tracks are the smoking gun signature of charged and/or colored
quirks, which are pairs of particles bound by a new, long-range confining
force. We propose a method to efficiently search for these non-helical tracks
at the LHC, without the need to fit their trajectories. We show that the hits
corresponding to quirky trajectories can be selected efficiently by searching
for co-planar hits in the inner layers of the ATLAS and CMS trackers, even in
the presence of on average 50 pile-up vertices. We further argue that
backgrounds from photon conversions and unassociated pile-up hits can be
removed almost entirely, while maintaining a signal reconstruction efficiency
as high as 70%. With the 300 fb$^{-1}$ dataset, this implies a discovery
potential for string tension between 100 eV and 30 keV, and colored
(electroweak charged) quirks as heavy as 1600 (650) GeV may be discovered.


  We observed -7.2 dB quadrature squeezing at 860 nm by using a sub-threshold
continuous-wave pumped optical parametric oscillator with a periodically-poled
KTiOPO4 crystal as a nonlinear optical medium. The squeezing level was measured
with the phase of homodyne detection locked at the quadrature. The blue light
induced infrared absorption was not observed in the experiment.


  We study the sensitivity of transverse flow towards the different density
dependence of symmetry energy in Fermi energy region. Our results show that
transverse flow shows sensitivity to different density dependence of symmetry
energy. The mechanism for sensitivity towards different density dependence of
symmetry energy is also discussed.


  In this paper we present and discuss the great difference in OH absorption
spectra against PSR B1849+00 and SNR G33.6+0.1 along the same line-of-sight.
This finding is important as it clearly demonstrates that statistics of
absorbing molecular gas depends on the size of the background source.


  The universal hypermultiplet moduli space metric in the type-IIA superstring
theory compactified on a Calabi-Yau threefold is related to integrable systems.
The instanton corrections in four dimensions arise due to multiple wrapping of
BPS membranes and fivebranes around certain (supersymmetric) cycles of
Calabi-Yau. The exact (non-perturbative) metrics can be calculated in the
special cases of (i) the D-instantons (or the wrapped D2-branes) in the absence
of fivebranes, and (ii) the fivebrane instantons with vanishing charges, in the
absence of D-instantons. The solutions of the first type are governed by the
three-dimensional Toda equation, whereas the solutions of the second type are
governed by the particular Painleve VI equation.


  A mode parabolic equation method for resonantly interacted modes was
developed. The flow of acoustic energy is conserved for the derived equations
with an accuracy adequate to the used approximation. The testing calculations
were done for ASA wedge benchmark and proved excellent agreement with COUPLE
program.


  This review article revisits and outlines the perfectly matched layer (PML)
method and its various formulations developed over the past 25 years for the
numerical modeling and simulation of wave propagation in unbounded media. Based
on the concept of complex coordinate stretching, an efficient mixed
displacement-strain unsplit-field PML formulation for second-order
(displacementbased) linear elastodynamic equations is then proposed for
simulating the propagation and absorption of elastic waves in unbounded
(infinite or semi-infinite) domains. Both time-harmonic (frequency-domain) and
time-dependent (timedomain) PML formulations are derived for two-and
three-dimensional linear elastodynamic problems. Through the introduction of
only a few additional variables governed by low-order auxiliary differential
equations, the resulting mixed timedomain PML formulation is second-order in
time, thereby allowing the use of standard time integration schemes commonly
employed in computational structural dynamics and thus facilitating the
incorporation into existing displacementbased finite element codes. For
computational efficiency, the proposed timedomain PML formulation is
implemented using a hybrid approach that couples a mixed (displacement-strain)
formulation for the PML region with a classical (displacement-based)
formulation for the physical domain of interest, using a standard Galerkin
finite element method (FEM) for spatial discretization and a Newmark time
scheme coupled with a finite difference (Crank-Nicolson) time scheme for time
sampling. Numerical experiments show the performances of the PML method in
terms of accuracy, efficiency and stability for two-dimensional linear
elastodynamic problems in single-and multi-layer isotropic homogeneous elastic
media.


  Fast identification of new network attack patterns is crucial for improving
network security. Nevertheless, identifying an ongoing attack in a
heterogeneous network is a non-trivial task. Federated learning emerges as a
solution to collaborative training for an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The
federated learning-based IDS trains a global model using local machine learning
models provided by federated participants without sharing local data. However,
optimization challenges are intrinsic to federated learning. This paper
proposes the Federated Simulated Annealing (FedSA) metaheuristic to select the
hyperparameters and a subset of participants for each aggregation round in
federated learning. FedSA optimizes hyperparameters linked to the global model
convergence. The proposal reduces aggregation rounds and speeds up convergence.
Thus, FedSA accelerates learning extraction from local models, requiring fewer
IDS updates. The proposal assessment shows that the FedSA global model
converges in less than ten communication rounds. The proposal requires up to
50% fewer aggregation rounds to achieve approximately 97% accuracy in attack
detection than the conventional aggregation approach.


  The Bethe-Salpeter equation provides the most widely used technique to
extract bound states and resonances in a relativistic Quantum Field Theory.
Nevertheless a thorough discussion how to identify its solutions with physical
states is still missing. The occurrence of complex eigenvalues of the
homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation complicates this issue further. Using a
perturbative expansion in the mass difference of the constituents we
demonstrate for scalar fields bound by a scalar exchange that the underlying
mechanism which results in complex eigenvalues is the crossing of a normal (or
abnormal) with an abnormal state. Based on an investigation of the
renormalization of one-particle properties we argue that these crossings happen
beyond the applicability region of the ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation. The
implications for a fermion-antifermion bound state in QED are discussed, and a
consistent interpretation of the bound state spectrum of QED is proposed.


  Much of the published work regarding the Isotropic Singularity is performed
under the assumption that the matter source for the cosmological model is a
barotropic perfect fluid, or even a perfect fluid with a $\gamma$-law equation
of state. There are, however, some general properties of cosmological models
which admit an Isotropic Singularity, irrespective of the matter source. In
particular, we show that the Isotropic Singularity is a point-like singularity
and that vacuum space-times cannot admit an Isotropic Singularity. The
relationships between the Isotropic Singularity, and the energy conditions, and
the Hubble parameter is explored. A review of work by the authors, regarding
the Isotropic Singularity, is presented.


  It has been suggested that the accelerated expansion of the Universe is due
to backreaction of small scale density perturbations on the large scale
spacetime geometry. While evidence against this suggestion has accumulated, it
has not yet been definitively ruled out. Many investigations of this issue have
focused on the Buchert formalism, which computes spatial averages of quantities
in synchronous comoving gauge. We argue that, for the deceleration parameter of
this formalism to agree with observations, the spatial average of the three
dimensional Ricci scalar (spatial curvature) must be large today, with an
$\Omega_k$ in the range of $1 \le \Omega_k \le 1.3$. We argue that this
constraint is difficult to reconcile with observations of the location of the
first Doppler peak of the CMBR. We illustrate the argument with a simple toy
model for the effect of backreaction, which we show is generically incompatible
with observations.


  Renormalized versions of cosmological perturbation theory have been very
successful in recent years in describing the evolution of structure formation
in the weakly non-linear regime. The concept of multi-point propagators has
been introduced as a tool to quantify the relation between the initial matter
distribution and the final one and to push the validity of the approaches to
smaller scales. We generalize the n-point propagators that have been considered
until now to include a new class of multi-point propagators that are relevant
in the framework of the renormalization group formalism. The large-k results
obtained for this general class of multi-point propagators match the results
obtained earlier both in the case of Gaussian and non-Gaussian initial
conditions. We discuss how the large-k results can be used to improve on the
accuracy of the calculations of the power spectrum and bispectrum in the
presence of initial non-Gaussianities.


  We construct the higher order terms of curvatures in Lagrangians of the scale
factor for the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe, which are linear
in the second derivative of the scale factor with respect to cosmic time. It is
shown that they are composed from the Lovelock tensors at the first step;
iterative construction yields arbitrarily high order terms. The relation to the
former work on higher order gravity is discussed. Despite the absence of scalar
degrees of freedom in cosmological models which come from our Lagrangian, it is
shown that an inflationary behavior of the scale factor can be found. The
application to the thick brane solutions is also studied.


  The competition graph of a digraph D is a (simple undirected) graph which has
the same vertex set as D and has an edge between x and y if and only if there
exists a vertex v in D such that (x,v) and (y,v) are arcs of D. For any graph
G, G together with sufficiently many isolated vertices is the competition graph
of some acyclic digraph. The competition number k(G) of G is the smallest
number of such isolated vertices. In general, it is hard to compute the
competition number k(G) for a graph G and it has been one of important research
problems in the study of competition graphs to characterize a graph by its
competition number. A hole of a graph is a cycle of length at least 4 as an
induced subgraph. It holds that the competition number of a graph cannot exceed
one plus the number of its holes if G satisfies a certain condition. In this
paper, we show that the competition number of a graph with exactly h holes any
two of which share at most one edge is at most h+1, which generalizes the
existing results on this subject.


  Propagation of positive streamers in dielectric liquids, modeled by the
electron avalanche mechanism, is simulated in a needle-plane gap. The streamer
is modeled as an RC-circuit where the channel is a resistor and the extremities
of the streamer have a capacitance towards the plane. The addition of the
RC-model introduces a time constant to the propagation model. Increase in
capacitance as a streamer branch propagates reduces its potential, while
conduction through the streamer channel increases its potential, as a function
of the time constant of the RC-system. Streamer branching also increases the
capacitance and decreases the potential of the branches. If the electric field
within the streamer channel exceeds a threshold, a breakdown occurs in the
channel, and the potential of the streamer is equalized with the needle
electrode. This is interpreted as a re-illumination. According to this model, a
low conductive streamer branch can propagate some distance before its potential
is reduced to below the propagation threshold, and then the RC time constant
controls the streamer propagation speed. Channel breakdowns, or
re-illuminations, are less frequent when the channels are conductive and more
frequent for more branched streamers.


  The connection between the spin distribution and the topological structure of
the baryon is an open and important problem. Here we address it using QCD in
$(1+1)$ spacetime dimensions, which is exactly solvable at large number of
colors $N$. It is found that the distribution of chirality inside a baryon is
drastically different from a chirality distribution inside states with zero
baryon number, ``mesons". This difference is shown to arise from the
topological structure of the baryon -- at large $N$, all of the baryon's
chirality is concentrated near $x=0$, whereas in a meson state it vanishes in
the small $x$ limit. Our results illustrate how the constituent features of the
baryon reemerge and are tied to the topological features of the bosonized
solitonic solution. Possible implications for QCD in $(3+1)$ dimensions and for
deep inelastic scattering experiments are discussed.


  Thurston boundary of the universal Teichm\"uller space $T(\mathbb{D})$ is the
space $PML_{bdd}(\mathbb{D})$ of projective bounded measured laminations of
$\mathbb{D}$. A geodesic ray in $T(\mathbb{D})$ is of generalized Teichm\"uller
type if it shrinks the vertical foliation of a holomorphic quadratic
differential. We provide the first examples of generalized Teichm\"uller rays
which diverge near Thurston boundary $PLM_{bdd}(\mathbb{D})$. Moreover, for
every $k\geq 1$ we construct examples of rays with limit sets homeomorphic to
$k$-dimensional cubes. For the latter result we utilize the classical Kronecker
approximation theorem from number theory which states that if
$\theta_1,\ldots,\theta_k$ are rationally independent reals then the sequence
$(\{\theta_1 n\},\ldots,\{\theta_k n\})$ is dense in the $k$-torus
$\mathbb{T}^k$.


  In this paper, we present a solution to the problem of the analytic
classification of germs of plane curves with several irreducible components.
Our algebraic approach follows precursive ideas of Oscar Zariski and as a
subproduct allow us to recover some particular cases found in the literature.


  We have used a suite of simplified spectrophotometric spiral galaxy evolution
models to argue that there are substantial variations in stellar mass-to-light
ratios (M/Ls) within and among galaxies, amounting to factors of between 3 and
7 in the optical, and factors of 2 in the near-infrared. Under the assumption
of a universal spiral galaxy IMF, our models show a strong and robust
correlation between stellar M/L and the optical colors of the integrated
stellar populations. Using observed maximum disk M/Ls we conclude that a
Salpeter Initial Mass Function (IMF) has too many low-mass stars per unit
luminosity, but that an IMF similar to the Salpeter IMF at the high-mass end
with less low-mass stars (giving stellar M/Ls 30% or more lower than the
Salpeter value) is consistent with the maximum disk constraints. We apply the
model trends in stellar M/L with color to the Tully-Fisher (TF) relation. We
find that the stellar mass TF relation is relatively steep and has modest
scatter, and is independent of the passband and color used to derive the
stellar masses. The difference in slope between the optical (especially blue)
and near-infrared TF relations is due to the combined effects of dust
attenuation and stellar M/L variations with galaxy mass. We find that the
baryonic TF relation has a slope of 3.5 (with random and systematic errors of
+/- 0.2 each). Since we have normalized the stellar M/L to be as high as can
possibly be allowed by maximum disk constraints, the slope of the baryonic TF
relation will be somewhat shallower than 3.5 if all disks are substantially
sub-maximal. [Abridged]


  In this paper a new multiple access algorithm for cognitive radio networks
based on game theory is presented. We address the problem of a multiple access
system where the number of users and their types are unknown. In order to do
this, the framework is modelled as a non-cooperative Poisson game in which all
the players are unaware of the total number of devices participating
(population uncertainty). We propose a scheme where failed attempts to transmit
(collisions) are penalized. In terms of this, we calculate the optimum
penalization in mixed strategies. The proposed scheme conveys to a Nash
equilibrium where a maximum in the possible throughput is achieved.


  Measurement is the only part of a general quantum system that has yet to be
characterized experimentally in a complete manner. Detector tomography provides
a procedure for doing just this; an arbitrary measurement device can be fully
characterized, and thus calibrated, in a systematic way without access to its
components or its design. The result is a reconstructed POVM containing the
measurement operators associated with each measurement outcome. We consider two
detectors, a single-photon detector and a photon-number counter, and propose an
easily realized experimental apparatus to perform detector tomography on them.
We also present a method of visualizing the resulting measurement operators.


  We calculate the zero temperature phase diagram of a polarized two-component
Fermi gas in an array of weakly-coupled parallel one-dimensional (1D) 'tubes'
produced by a two-dimensional optical lattice. Increasing the lattice strength
drives a crossover from three-dimensional (3D) to 1D behavior, stabilizing the
Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) modulated superfluid phase. We argue
that the most promising regime for observing the FFLO phase is in the quasi-1D
regime, where the atomic motion is largely 1D but there is weak tunneling in
the other directions that stabilizes long range order. In the FFLO phase, we
describe a phase transition where the quasiparticle spectrum changes from
gapless near the 3D regime to gapped in quasi-1D.


  We present a comprehensive study on the use of autoencoders for modelling
text data, in which (differently from previous studies) we focus our attention
on the following issues: i) we explore the suitability of two different models
bDA and rsDA for constructing deep autoencoders for text data at the sentence
level; ii) we propose and evaluate two novel metrics for better assessing the
text-reconstruction capabilities of autoencoders; and iii) we propose an
automatic method to find the critical bottleneck dimensionality for text
language representations (below which structural information is lost).


  Integral equations for meson-baryon scattering amplitudes are obtained by
utilizing time-ordered perturbation theory for a manifestly Lorentz-invariant
formulation of baryon chiral perturbation theory. Effective potentials are
defined as sums of two-particle irreducible contributions of time-ordered
diagrams and the scattering amplitudes are obtained as solutions of integral
equations. Ultraviolet renormalizability is achieved by solving integral
equations for the leading order amplitude and including higher order
corrections perturbatively. As an application of the developed formalism,
pion-nucleon scattering is considered.


  We show that the transition matrix from the standard basis to the web basis
for a Specht module of the Hecke algebra is unitriangular and satisfies a
strong positivity property whenever the Specht module is labeled by a partition
with at most two parts. This generalizes results of Russell--Tymoczko and
Rhoades.


  From measurements of the magnetic penetration depth, $\lambda(T)$, from 1.6 K
to $T_c$ in films of electron-doped cuprates La$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_{4-y}$ and
Pr$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_{4-y}$ we obtain the normalized density of states,
$N_s(E)$ at T=0 by using a simple model. In this framework, the flat behavior
of $\lambda^{-2}(T)$ at low $T$ implies $N_s(E)$ is small, possibly gapped, at
low energies. The upward curvature in $\lambda^{-2}(T)$ near $T_c$ seen in
overdoped films implies that superfluid comes from an anomalously small energy
band within about $3k_BT_c$ of the Fermi surface.


  (Abridged) The abundances of alpha-elements are a powerful diagnostic of the
star formation history and chemical evolution of a galaxy. Sulphur, being
moderately volatile, can be reliably measured in the interstellar medium (ISM)
of damped Ly-alpha galaxies and extragalactic HII regions. Measurements in
stars of different metallicity in our Galaxy can then be readily compared to
the abundances in external galaxies. Such a comparison is not possible for Si
or Ca that suffer depletion onto dust in the ISM. Furthermore, studying sulphur
is interesting because it probes nucleosynthetic conditions that are very
different from those of O or Mg. The measurements in star clusters are a
reliable tracers of the Galactic evolution of sulphur. We find
<A(S)>NLTE=6.11+/-0.04 for M 4, <A(S)>NLTE=7.17+/-0.02 for NGC 2477, and
<A(S)>NLTE=7.13+/-0.06 for NGC 5822. For the only star studied in Trumpler 5 we
find A(S)NLTE=6.43+/-0.03 and A(S)LTE=6.94+/-0.05. Our measurements show that,
by and large, the S abundances in Galactic clusters trace reliably those in
field stars. The only possible exception is Trumpler 5, for which the NLTE
sulphur abundance implies an [S/Fe] ratio lower by roughly 0.4 dex than
observed in field stars of comparable metallicity, even though its LTE sulphur
abundance is in line with abundances of field stars. Moreover the LTE sulphur
abundance is consistent only with the abundance of another alpha-element, Mg,
in the same star, while the low NLTE value is consistent with Si and Ca. The S
abundances in our sample of stars in clusters imply that the clusters are
chemically homogeneous for S within 0.05 dex.


  We characterize the role of the spin-orbit coupling between electrons and the
confining potential of the edge in nonequilibrium 2D homogeneous electronic
gas. We derive a simple analytical result for the magnitude of the current
induced spin polarization at the edge and prove that it is independent of the
details of the confinement edge potential and the electronic density within
realistic values of the parameters of the considered models. While the
amplitude of the spin accumulation is comparable to the experimental values of
extrinsic spin Hall effect in similar samples, the spatial extent of edge
induced effect is restricted to the distances of the order of Fermi wavelength
($\sim$ 10nm).


  We present optical photometric and spectroscopic studies of three supernovae
(SNe) SN 2013bz, PSN J0910+5003 and ASASSN-16ex. UV-optical photometric data of
ASASSN-16ex obtained with Swift-UVOT are also analyzed. These objects were
initially classified as 09dc-like type Ia SNe. The decline rate parameters
($\Delta m_{15}(B)_{true}$) are derived as 0.92 $\pm$ 0.04 (SN 2013bz), 0.70
$\pm$ 0.05 (PSN J0910+5003) and 0.73 $\pm$ 0.03 (ASASSN-16ex). The estimated
$B$ band absolute magnitudes at maximum: $-$19.61 $\pm$ 0.20 mag for SN 2013bz,
$-$19.44 $\pm$ 0.20 mag for PSN J0910+5003 and $-$19.78 $\pm$ 0.20 mag for
ASASSN-16ex indicate that all the three objects are relatively bright. The peak
bolometric luminosities for these objects are derived as $\log
L_\text{bol}^\text{max} =$ 43.38 $\pm$ 0.07 erg s$^{-1}$, 43.26 $\pm$ 0.07 erg
s$^{-1}$ and 43.40 $\pm$ 0.06 erg s$^{-1}$, respectively. The spectral and
velocity evolution of SN 2013bz is similar to a normal SN Ia, hence it appears
to be a luminous, normal type Ia supernova. On the other hand, the light curves
of PSN J0910+5003 and ASASSN-16ex are broad and exhibit properties similar to
09dc-like SNe Ia. Their spectroscopic evolution shows similarity with 09dc-like
SNe, strong CII lines are seen in the pre-maximum spectra of these two events.
Their photospheric velocity evolution is similar to SN 2006gz. Further, in the
UV bands, ASASSN-16ex is very blue like other 09dc-like SNe Ia.


  We calculate the spectral properties of the one-dimensional Holstein and
breathing polarons using the self-consistent Born approximation. The Holstein
model electron-phonon coupling is momentum independent while the breathing
coupling increases monotonically with the phonon momentum. We find that for a
linear or tight binding electron dispersion: i) for the same value of the
dimensionless coupling the quasiparticle renormalization at small momentum in
the breathing polaron is much smaller, ii) the quasiparticle renormalization at
small momentum in the breathing polaron increases with phonon frequency unlike
in the Holstein model where it decreases, iii) in the Holstein model the
quasiparticle dispersion displays a kink and a small gap at an excitation
energy equal to the phonon frequency w0 while in the breathing model it
displays two gaps, one at excitation energy w0 and another one at 2w0. These
differences have two reasons: first, the momentum of the relevant scattered
phonons increases with increasing polaron momentum and second, the breathing
bare coupling is an increasing function of the phonon momentum. These result in
an effective electron-phonon coupling for the breathing model which is an
increasing function of the total polaron momentum, such that the small momentum
polaron is in the weak coupling regime while the large momentum one is in the
strong coupling regime. However the first reason does not hold if the free
electron dispersion has low energy states separated by large momentum, as in a
higher dimensional system for example, in which situation the difference
between the two models becomes less significant.


  Neural text generation models are typically trained by maximizing
log-likelihood with the sequence cross entropy (CE) loss, which encourages an
exact token-by-token match between a target sequence with a generated sequence.
Such training objective is sub-optimal when the target sequence is not perfect,
e.g., when the target sequence is corrupted with noises, or when only weak
sequence supervision is available. To address the challenge, we propose a novel
Edit-Invariant Sequence Loss (EISL), which computes the matching loss of a
target n-gram with all n-grams in the generated sequence. EISL is designed to
be robust to various noises and edits in the target sequences. Moreover, the
EISL computation is essentially an approximate convolution operation with
target n-grams as kernels, which is easy to implement and efficient to compute
with existing libraries. To demonstrate the effectiveness of EISL, we conduct
experiments on a wide range of tasks, including machine translation with noisy
target sequences, unsupervised text style transfer with only weak training
signals, and non-autoregressive generation with non-predefined generation
order. Experimental results show our method significantly outperforms the
common CE loss and other strong baselines on all the tasks. EISL has a simple
API that can be used as a drop-in replacement of the CE loss:
https://github.com/guangyliu/EISL.


  The aim of this paper is to study the wellposedness and $L^2$-regularity,
firstly for a linear heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions by using
the approach of sesquilinear forms, and secondly for its backward adjoint
equation using the Galerkin approximation and the extension semigroup to a
negative Sobolev space.


  We construct SUGRA solutions of brane configurations of intersecting Dp and
NS branes. These solutions are semi-localized in the sense that one of the
intersecting branes is smeared along the world volume of the other, while the
second is localized. We examine the gauge theory that lives on the localized
brane, and the various descriptions possible via T and S dualities, and
M-theory.


  Our current knowledge of BR(B -> Xs gamma) is briefly summarized, with
particular attention to uncertain non-perturbative effects.


  The modified Macdonald polynomials, introduced by Garsia and Haiman (1996),
have many astounding combinatorial properties. One such class of properties
involves applying the related $\nabla$ operator of Bergeron and Garsia (1999)
to basic symmetric functions. The first discovery of this type was the
(recently proven) Shuffle Conjecture of Haglund, Haiman, Loehr, Remmel, and
Ulyanov (2005), which relates the expression $\nabla e_n$ to parking functions.
In (2007), Loehr and Warrington conjectured a similar expression for $\nabla
p_n$ in terms of labeled square paths. In this paper, we extend Haglund and
Loehr's (2005) notion of schedules to labeled square paths and apply this
extension to prove the Square Paths Conjecture.


  We provide a fully nonlinear port-Hamiltonian formulation for discrete
elastodynamical systems as well as a structure-preserving time discretization.
The governing equations are obtained in a variational manner and represent
index-1 differential algebraic equations. Performing an index reduction one
obtains the port-Hamiltonian state space model, which features the nonlinear
strains as an independent state next to position and velocity. Moreover,
hyperelastic material behavior is captured in terms of a nonlinear stored
energy function. The model exhibits passivity and losslessness and has an
underlying symmetry yielding the conservation of angular momentum. We perform
temporal discretization using the midpoint discrete gradient, such that the
beneficial properties are inherited by the developed time stepping scheme in a
discrete sense. The numerical results obtained in a representative example are
demonstrated to validate the findings.


  We study the spectrum of vibrational modes in metal nanoparticles with a
dielectric core. Vibrational modes are excited by the rapid heating of the
particle lattice that takes place after laser excitation, and can be monitored
by means of pump-probe spectroscopy as coherent oscillations of transient
optical spectra. In nanoshells, the presence of two metal surfaces results in a
substantially different energy spectrum of acoustic vibrations than for solid
particles. We calculated the energy spectrum as well as the damping of
nanoshell vibrational modes. The oscillator strength of fundamental breathing
mode is larger than that in solid nanoparticles. At the same time, in very thin
nanoshells, the fundamental mode is overdamped due to instantaneous energy
transfer to the surrounding medium.


  We prove two new reverse Cauchy--Schwarz inequalities of additive and
multiplicative types in a space equipped with a positive sesquilinear form with
values in a C*-algebra. We apply our results to get some norm and integral
inequalities. As a consequence, we improve a celebrated reverse Cauchy--Schwarz
inequality due to G Polya and G. Szego.


  While the 3d Ising model has defied analytic solution, various numerical
methods like Monte Carlo, MCRG and series expansion have provided precise
information about the phase transition. Using Monte Carlo simulation that
employs the Wolff cluster flipping algorithm with both 32-bit and 53-bit random
number generators and data analysis with histogram reweighting and quadruple
precision arithmetic, we have investigated the critical behavior of the simple
cubic Ising Model, with lattice sizes ranging from 163 to 10243. By analyzing
data with cross correlations between various thermodynamic quantities obtained
from the same data pool, e.g. logarithmic derivatives of magnetization and
derivatives of magnetization cumulants, we have obtained the critical inverse
temperature Kc = 0.221 654 626(5) and the critical exponent of the correlation
length {\nu} = 0.629 912(86) with precision that exceeds all previous Monte
Carlo estimates.


  We prove the existence of the exact density-functional theory formalism for
open electronic systems, and develop subsequently an exact time-dependent
density-functional theory (TDDFT) formulation for the dynamic response. The
TDDFT formulation depends in principle only on the electron density of the
reduced system. Based on the nonequilibrium Green's function technique, it is
expressed in the form of the equation of motion for the reduced single-electron
density matrix, and this provides thus an efficient numerical approach to
calculate the dynamic properties of open electronic systems. In the
steady-state limit, the conventional first-principles nonequilibrium Green's
function formulation for the current is recovered.


  In this paper, a inflationary model from the rotation of D4-brane is
constructed. We show that for a very wide rage of parameter, this model
satisfies the observation and find that regarded as inflaton, the rotation of
branes may be more nature than the distance between branes. Our model offers a
new avenue for brane inflation.


  A search for the associated production of a heavy resonance with a top-quark
or a top-antitop-quark pair, and decaying into a $t\bar{t}$ pair is presented.
The search uses the data recorded by the ATLAS detector in $pp$ collisions at
$\sqrt{s}= 13$ TeV at the Large Hadron Collider during the years 2015-2018,
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$. Events containing
exactly one electron or muon are selected. The two hadronically decaying top
quarks from the resonance decay are reconstructed using jets clustered with a
large radius parameter of $R=1$. The invariant mass spectrum of the two top
quark candidates is used to search for a resonance signal in the range of 1.0
TeV to 3.2 TeV. The presence of a signal is examined using an approach with
minimal model dependence followed by a model-dependent interpretation. No
significant excess is observed over the background expectation. Upper limits on
the production cross section times branching ratio at 95% confidence level are
provided for a heavy $Z^\prime$ boson based on a simplified model, for
$Z^\prime$ mass between 1.0 TeV and 3.0 TeV. The observed (expected) limits
range from 21 (14) fb to 119 (86) fb depending on the choice of model
parameters.


  We prove a conjecture of Lalley and Sellke [Ann. Probab. 15 (1987)] asserting
that the empirical (time-averaged) distribution function of the maximum of
branching Brownian motion converges almost surely to a double exponential, or
Gumbel, distribution with a random shift. The method of proof is based on the
decorrelation of the maximal displacements for appropriate time scales. A
crucial input is the localization of the paths of particles close to the
maximum that was previously established by the authors [Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
64 (2011)].


  Vanna-Volga is a popular method for the interpolation/extrapolation of
volatility smiles. The technique is widely used in the FX markets context, due
to its ability to consistently construct the entire Lognormal smile using only
three Lognormal market quotes. However, the derivation of the Vanna-Volga
method itself is free of distributional assumptions. With this is mind, it is
surprising there have been no attempts to apply the method to Normal
volatilities (the current standard for interest rate markets). We show how the
method can be modified to build Normal volatility smiles. As it turns out, only
minor modifications are required compared to the Lognormal case. Moreover, as
the inversion of Normal volatilities from option prices is easier in the Normal
case, the smile construction can occur at a machine-precision level using
analytical formulae, making the approximations via Taylor-series unnecessary.
Apart from being based on practical and intuitive hedging arguments, the
Vanna-Volga has further important advantages. In comparison to the Normal SABR
model, the Vanna-Volga can easily fit both classical convex and atypical
concave smiles (frowns). Concave smile patterns are sometimes observed around
ATM strikes in the interest rate markets, particularly in the situations of
anticipated jumps (with an unclear outcome) in interest rates. Besides,
concavity is often observed towards the lower/left end of the Normal volatility
smiles of interest rates. At least in these situations, the Vanna-Volga can be
expected to interpolate/extrapolate better than SABR.


  We present a graphical analysis of the mechanisms underlying the occurrences
of bubbling sequences and bistability regions in the bifurcation scenario of a
special class of one dimensional two parameter maps. The main result of the
analysis is that whether it is bubbling or bistability is decided by the sign
of the third derivative at the inflection point of the map function.


  We develop a theoretical framework for the description of light emission from
plasmonic contacts based on the nonequilibrium Green function formalism. Our
theory establishes a fundamental link between the finite-frequency quantum
noise and AC conductance of the contact and the light emission. Calculating the
quantum noise to higher orders in the electron-plasmon interaction, we identify
a plasmon-induced electron-electron interaction as the source of experimentally
observed above-threshold light emission from biased STM contacts. Our findings
provide important insight into the effect of interactions on the light emission
from atomic-scale contacts.


  The main result of the present paper is bounded elementary generation of the
Steinberg groups $\mathrm{St}(\Phi,R)$ for simply laced root systems $\Phi$ of
rank $\ge 2$ and arbitrary Dedekind rings of arithmetic type. Also, we prove
bounded generation of $\mathrm{St}(\Phi,\mathbb F_{q}[t,\,t^{-1}])$ for all
root systems $\Phi$, and bounded generation of $\mathrm{St}(\Phi,\mathbb
F_{q}[t])$ for all root systems $\Phi\neq\mathsf A_1$.
  The proofs are based on a theorem on bounded elementary generation for the
corresponding Chevalley groups, where we provide uniform bounds.


  Origin of linear instability resulting in rotating sheared accretion flows
has remained a controversial subject for long. While some explanations of such
non-normal transient growth of disturbances in the Rayleigh stable limit were
available for magnetized accretion flows, similar instabilities in absence of
magnetic perturbations remained unexplained. This dichotomy was resolved in two
recent publications by Chattopadhyay, {\it et al} where it was shown that such
instabilities, especially for non-magnetized accretion flows, were introduced
through interaction of the inherent stochastic noise in the system (even a
\enquote{cold} accretion flow at 3000K is too \enquote{hot} in the statistical
parlance and is capable of inducing strong thermal modes) with the underlying
Taylor-Couette flow profiles. Both studies, however, excluded the additional
energy influx (or efflux) that could result from nonzero cross-correlation of a
noise perturbing the velocity flow, say, with the noise that is driving the
vorticity flow (or equivalently the magnetic field and magnetic vorticity flow
dynamics). In this article we show that nonzero noise cross-correlations
essentially renormalize the strength of temporal correlations. Apart from an
overall boost in the energy rate (both for spatial and temporal correlations,
and hence in the ensemble averaged energy spectra), this results in mutual
competition in growth rates of affected variables often resulting in
suppression of oscillating Alfven waves at small times while leading to faster
saturations at relatively longer time scales. The effects are seen to be more
pronounced with magnetic field fluxes where the noise cross-correlation
magnifies the strength of the field concerned.


  This study proposes a novel approach based on reinforcement learning (RL) to
enhance the sorting efficiency of scrap metal using delta robots and a
Pick-and-Place (PaP) process, widely used in the industry. We use three
classical model-free RL algorithms (TD3, SAC and PPO) to reduce the time to
sort metal scraps. We learn the release position and speed needed to throw an
object in a bin instead of moving to the exact bin location, as with the
classical PaP technique. Our contribution is threefold. First, we provide a new
simulation environment for learning RL-based Pick-and-Throw (PaT) strategies
for parallel grippers. Second, we use RL algorithms for learning this task in
this environment resulting in 89% accuracy while speeding up the throughput by
51% in simulation. Third, we evaluate the performances of RL algorithms and
compare them to a PaP and a state-of-the-art PaT method both in simulation and
reality, learning only from simulation with domain randomisation and without
fine tuning in reality to transfer our policies. This work shows the benefits
of RL-based PaT compared to PaP or classical optimization PaT techniques used
in the industry.


  We investigate numerically different phases that can occur at half filling in
the lowest and the first excited Landau levels in wide-well twodimensional
electron systems exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field. Within a
twocomponent model that takes into account only the two lowest electronic
subbands of the quantum well, we derive a phase diagram that compares favorably
with an experimental one by Shabani et al. [Phys. Rev. B 88, 245413 (2013)]. In
addition to the compressible composite-fermion Fermi liquid in narrow wells
with a substantial subband gap and the incompressible twocomponent (331)
Halperin state, we identify in the lowest Landau level a rectangular Wigner
crystal occupying the second subband. This crystal may be the origin of the
experimentally observed insulating phase in the limit of wide wells and high
electronic densities. In the second Landau level, the incompressible Pfaffian
state, which occurs in narrow wells and large subband gaps, is also separated
by an intermediate region from a large-well limit in which a similar
rectangular Wigner crystal in the excited subband is the ground state, as for
the lowest Landau level. However, the intermediate region is characterized by
an incompressible state that consists of two four-flux Pfaffians in each of the
components.


  We study multiple eigenvalues of a magnetic Aharonov-Bohm operator with
Dirichlet boundary conditions in a planar domain. In particular, we study the
structure of the set of the couples position of the pole-circulation which keep
fixed the multiplicity of a double eigenvalue of the operator with the pole at
the origin and half-integer circulation. We provide sufficient conditions for
which this set is made of an isolated point. The result confirms and validates
a lot of numerical simulations available in preexisting literature.


  Measuring the size distribution of small (km-scale) KBOs can help constrain
models of Solar System formation and planetary migration. Such small, distant
bodies are hard to detect with current or planned telescopes, but can be
identified as sub-second occultations of background stars. We present the
analysis of data from the Weizmann Fast Astronomical Survey Telescope (W-FAST),
consisting of fast photometry of ~10^6 star hours at a frame rate of 10-25 Hz.
Our pipeline utilizes a matched-filter approach with a large template bank,
including red-noise treatment, and injection of simulated events for estimating
the detection efficiency. The KBO radius at which our survey is 10% (50%)
efficient is 1.1 (2.0) km. The data from 2020-2021 observing seasons were
analyzed and no occultations were identified. We discuss a sample of sub-second
false-positive events, both occultation-like and flare-like, which are still
not fully understood but could be instructive for future surveys looking for
short-duration events. We use our null-detection result to set limits on the
km-scale KBO number density. Our individual radius bin limits are consistent
with most previous works, with N(r>1km) <=10^6 deg^-2 (95% confidence limit).
Our integrated (all size) limits, assuming a power law normalized to large (~45
km) KBOs gives a power law index q<3.93 (95% confidence limit). Finally, our
results are in tension with a recently reported KBO detection from the ground,
at the p=4x10^-4 level.


  We consider the noisy power method algorithm, which has wide applications in
machine learning and statistics, especially those related to principal
component analysis (PCA) under resource (communication, memory or privacy)
constraints. Existing analysis of the noisy power method shows an
unsatisfactory dependency over the "consecutive" spectral gap
$(\sigma_k-\sigma_{k+1})$ of an input data matrix, which could be very small
and hence limits the algorithm's applicability. In this paper, we present a new
analysis of the noisy power method that achieves improved gap dependency for
both sample complexity and noise tolerance bounds. More specifically, we
improve the dependency over $(\sigma_k-\sigma_{k+1})$ to dependency over
$(\sigma_k-\sigma_{q+1})$, where $q$ is an intermediate algorithm parameter and
could be much larger than the target rank $k$. Our proofs are built upon a
novel characterization of proximity between two subspaces that differ from
canonical angle characterizations analyzed in previous works. Finally, we apply
our improved bounds to distributed private PCA and memory-efficient streaming
PCA and obtain bounds that are superior to existing results in the literature.


  In this paper, a closed-form solution minimizing the Godard or Constant
Modulus (CM) cost function under the practical conditions of finite SNR and
finite equalizer length is derived. While previous work has been reported by
Zeng et al., IEEE Trans. Information Theory. 1998, to establish the link
between the constant modulus and Wiener receivers, we show that under the
Gaussian approximation of intersymbol interference at the output of the
equalizer, the CM finite-length receiver is equivalent to the nonblind MMSE
equalizer up to a complex gain factor. Some simulation results are provided to
support the Gaussian approximation assumption.


  The outburst and spin-down glitch of magnetars are modeled from the
magnetospheric point of view. We try to discuss the following four questions:
(1) Which pulsar on the period and peirod-derivative diagram are more likely to
show magnetar outburst? (2) Which outburst will make the glitch that triggered
the outburst to become a spin-down glitch? (3) Can we model the outburst and
spin-down glitch in PSR J1119$-$6127 simultaneously? (4) Why the torque
variation is delayed compared with the peak of the X-ray luminosity in 1E
1048.1$-$5937 and PSR J1119$-$6127? It is found that both the global and local
twisted magnetic field will affect the radiation and timing behaviors of
magnetars. Especially, the delay of torque variations may due to the combined
effect of increasing twist in the j-bundle and untwisting of the global
magnetosphere. A toy model is build for magnetar outburst and torque
variations. It can catch the general trend of magnetar outburst: decaying flux,
shrinking hot spot, and torque variations.


  We prove that large cardinals need not generally exhibit their large cardinal
nature in HOD. For example, a supercompact cardinal $\kappa$ need not be weakly
compact in HOD, and there can be a proper class of supercompact cardinals in
$V$, none of them weakly compact in HOD, with no supercompact cardinals in HOD.
Similar results hold for many other types of large cardinals, such as
measurable and strong cardinals.


  We consider killed planar random walks on isoradial graphs. Contrary to the
lattice case, isoradial graphs are not translation invariant, do not admit any
group structure and are spatially non-homogeneous. Despite these crucial
differences, we compute the asymptotics of the Martin kernel, deduce the Martin
boundary and show that it is minimal. Similar results on the grid $\mathbb Z^d$
are derived in a celebrated work of Ney and Spitzer.


  Diffusion-based generative models have achieved remarkable success in various
domains. It trains a shared model on denoising tasks that encompass different
noise levels simultaneously, representing a form of multi-task learning (MTL).
However, analyzing and improving diffusion models from an MTL perspective
remains under-explored. In particular, MTL can sometimes lead to the well-known
phenomenon of negative transfer, which results in the performance degradation
of certain tasks due to conflicts between tasks. In this paper, we first aim to
analyze diffusion training from an MTL standpoint, presenting two key
observations: (O1) the task affinity between denoising tasks diminishes as the
gap between noise levels widens, and (O2) negative transfer can arise even in
diffusion training. Building upon these observations, we aim to enhance
diffusion training by mitigating negative transfer. To achieve this, we propose
leveraging existing MTL methods, but the presence of a huge number of denoising
tasks makes this computationally expensive to calculate the necessary per-task
loss or gradient. To address this challenge, we propose clustering the
denoising tasks into small task clusters and applying MTL methods to them.
Specifically, based on (O2), we employ interval clustering to enforce temporal
proximity among denoising tasks within clusters. We show that interval
clustering can be solved using dynamic programming, utilizing signal-to-noise
ratio, timestep, and task affinity for clustering objectives. Through this, our
approach addresses the issue of negative transfer in diffusion models by
allowing for efficient computation of MTL methods. We validate the efficacy of
proposed clustering and its integration with MTL methods through various
experiments, demonstrating 1) improved generation quality and 2) faster
training convergence of diffusion models.


  Motivated by the Sard conjecture in sub-Riemannian geometry, and more
specifically on Carnot groups, we consider the set of maps defined on a Hilbert
space $H$: \[\mathscr{P}_{d}^m(H)=\bigg\{f:H\to \mathbb{R}^m\,\bigg|\,
\forall\, E\subset H, \,\dim(E)<\infty \implies f|_{E} \textrm{ is a polynomial
map of degree $d$}\bigg\}.
  \] Example of maps belonging to this class are: the map $f:\ell^2\to
\mathbb{R}$ constructed by Kukpa as a counterexample for the Sard theorem in
infinite dimension; the Endpoint maps of Carnot groups.
  We prove that, for infinite-dimensional subspaces $V \subset H$ satisfying
quantitative assumptions on their Kolmogorov $n$-width, the restriction of $f$
on $V$ has the Sard property, i.e. the set of critical values of $f|_{V}$ has
measure zero in $\mathbb{R}^m$. We prove various quantitative versions of this
result, allowing to study the Sard property also for the case $V=H$. By
constructing suitable examples, we prove the sharpness of our $n$-width
assumptions.
  We apply these results to sub-Riemannian geometry, proving that on Carnot
groups the Sard property holds true for the restriction of the Endpoint map on
the set of real-analytic controls with large enough radius of convergence. This
is a more functional-analytic approach to the Sard conjecture that, unlike
previous ones, does not resort to reduction to finite-dimensions.


  We have studied the field dependence of the magnetization in epilayers of the
diluted magnetic semiconductor Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As for 0.0135 < x < 0.083.
Measurements of the low temperature magnetization in fields up to 3 T show a
significant deficit in the total moment below that expected for full saturation
of all the Mn spins. These results suggest that the spin state of the
non-ferromagnetic Mn spins is energetically well separated from the
ferromagnetism of the bulk of the spins. We have also studied the coercive
field (Hc) as a function of temperature and Mn concentration, finding that Hc
decreases with increasing Mn concentration as predicted theoretically.


  In this work we demonstrate how one can, in a generic approach, derive a set
of $N$ simple quadratic Bethe equations for integrable Richardson-Gaudin (RG)
models built out of $N$ spins-1/2. These equations depend only on the $N$
eigenvalues of the various conserved charges so that any solution of these
equations defines, indirectly through the corresponding set of eigenvalues, one
particular eigenstate.
  The proposed construction covers the full class of integrable RG models of
the XYZ (including the subclasses of XXZ and XXX models) type realised in terms
of spins-1/2, coupled with one another through $\sigma_i^x \sigma_j^x $,
$\sigma_i^y \sigma_j^y $, $\sigma_i^z \sigma_j^z $ terms, including, as well,
magnetic field-like terms linear in the Pauli matrices.
  The approach exclusively requires integrability, defined here only by the
requirement that $N$ conserved charges $R_i$ (with $i = 1,2 \dots N$) such that
$\left[R_i,R_j\right] =0 \ (\forall \ i,j)$ exist . The result is therefore
valid, and equally simple, for models with or without $U(1)$ symmetry, with or
without a properly defined pseudo-vacuum as well as for models with non-skew
symmetric couplings.


  We discuss the existence and nonexistence of solutions to the steady-state
Gierer-Meinhardt system $$ \begin{cases} \displaystyle -\Delta
u=\frac{u^p}{v^q}+\lambda \rho(x) \,, u>0 &\quad\mbox{ in
}\mathbb{R}^N\setminus K,\\[0.1in] \displaystyle -\Delta v=\frac{u^m}{v^s} \,,
v>0 &\quad\mbox{ in }\mathbb{R}^N\setminus K,\\[0.1in] \displaystyle \;\;\;
\frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial \nu}=0 &\quad\mbox{
on }\partial K,\\[0.1in] \displaystyle \;\;\; u(x), v(x)\to 0 &\quad\mbox{ as
}|x|\to \infty, \end{cases} $$ where $K\subset \mathbb{R}^N$ $(N\geq 2)$ is a
compact set, $\rho\in C^{0,\gamma}_{loc}(\overline{\mathbb{R}^N\setminus K})$,
$\gamma\in (0,1)$, is a nonnegative function and $p,q,m,s, \lambda>0$.
Combining fixed point arguments with suitable barrier functions, we construct
solutions with a prescribed asymptotic growth at infinity. Our approach can be
extended to many other classes of semilinear elliptic systems with various sign
of exponents.


  It is pointed out that every renormalizable supersymmetric field theory has a
symmetry which is hidden in plain sight, but is usually broken by soft terms
which obey supersymmetry. On the other hand, the terms which break
supersymmetry softly may or may not break this symmetry. Implications for the
minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) are discussed.


  There has been a recent flurry of interest in the possibility of condensates
of $\alpha$-particles in nuclei. In this letter we discuss occurrence
conditions for such states. Using the quantality condition of Mottelson we show
that condensates are only marginally expected in $\alpha$-particle states. We
proceed to demonstrate that few-body nuclear condensates are ill-defined, and
emphasize the conflict between $\alpha$-localization and $\alpha$-condensate
formation. We also explore the connection between Ikeda diagrams, linear
chains, and Tonks-Girardeau gases. Our findings show that no new information is
contained in the approximations of nuclear states as $\alpha$-cluster
condensates. Furthermore, condensates of more than three $\alpha$-particles are
very unlikely to exist due to couplings to other degrees of freedom.


  Given that the accuracy of range-based positioning techniques generally
increases with the number of available anchor nodes, it is important to secure
more of these nodes. To this end, this paper studies an unsupervised learning
technique to obtain the coordinates of unknown nodes that coexist with anchor
nodes. As users use the location services in an area of interests, the proposed
method automatically discovers unknown nodes and estimates their coordinates.
In addition, this method learns an appropriate calibration curve to correct the
distortion of raw distance measurements. As such, the positioning accuracy can
be greatly improved using more anchor nodes and well-calibrated distance
measurements. The performance of the proposed method was verified using
commercial Wi-Fi devices in a practical indoor environment. The experiment
results show that the coordinates of unknown nodes and the calibration curve
are simultaneously determined without any ground truth data.


  We investigate the acceleration of electrons and positrons by
magnetic-field-aligned electric fields in the polar funnel of an accreting
black hole (BH). Applying the pulsar outer-gap theory to BH magnetospheres, we
find that such a lepton accelerator arises in the immediate vicinity of the
event horizon due to frame-dragging, and that their gamma-ray luminosity
increases with decreasing accretion rate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the
gamma-ray flux is enhanced along the rotation axis by more than an order of
magnitude if the BH spin increases from $a=0.90M$ to $a=0.9999M$. As a result,
if a ten-solar-mass, almost-maximally rotating BH is located within 3 kpc, when
its accretion rate is between 0.005% and 0.01% of the Eddington rate, its
high-energy flare becomes detectable with the Fermi/Large Area Telescope,
provided that the flare lasts longer than 1.2 months and that we view the
source nearly along the rotation axis. In addition, its very-high-energy flux
is marginally detectable with the Cherenkov Telescope Array, provided that the
flare lasts longer than a night and that our viewing angle is about 45 degrees
with respect to the rotation axis.


  We have theoretically and experimentally studied the dispersive signal of the
Rydberg atomic electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) - Autler-Townes
(AT) splitting spectra obtained using amplitude modulation of the microwave
(MW) field. In addition to the two zero-crossing points, the dispersion signal
has two positive maxima with an interval defined as the shoulder interval of
the dispersion signal $\Delta f_{\text{sho}}$. The relationship of MW field
strength $E_{\text{MW}}$ and $\Delta f_{\text{sho}}$ are studied at the MW
frequencies of 31.6 GHz, 22.1 GHz, and 9.2 GHz respectively. The results show
that $\Delta f_{\text{sho}}$ can be used to character the much weaker
$E_{\text{MW}}$ than the interval of two zero-crossing points $\Delta
f_{\text{zeros}}$ and the traditional EIT-AT splitting interval $\Delta
f_{\text{m}}$, the minimum $E_{\text{MW}}$ measured by $\Delta f_{\text{sho}}$
is about 30 times smaller than that by $\Delta f_{\text{m}}$. As an example,
the minimum $E_{\text{MW}}$ at 9.2 GHz that can be characterized by $\Delta
f_{\text{sho}}$ is 0.056 mV/cm, which is the minimum value characterized by
frequency interval using vapour cell without adding any auxiliary fields. The
proposed method can improve the weak limit and sensitivity of $E_{\text{MW}}$
measured by spectral frequency interval, which is important in the direct
measurement of weak $E_{\text{MW}}$.


  The example of disk galaxy rotation curves is given for inferring dark matter
from redundant computational procedure because proper care of astrophysical and
computational context was not taken. At least three attempts that take the
context into account have not found adequate voice because of haste in wrongly
concluding existence of dark matter on the part of even experts. This firmly
entrenched view, prevalent for about 3/4ths of a century, has now become
difficult to correct. The right context must be borne in mind at every step to
avoid such a situation. Perhaps other examples exist. Keywords: dark matter;
disk galaxy; rotation curve; context-awareness. Topics: Algorithms;
Applications.


  The Toda criterion of the Gaussian curvature is applied to calculate
analytically the transition energy from regular to chaotic motion in a
schematic model describing the interaction between collective dipole and
quadrupole modes in atomic nuclei.


  Inspired by the octopus and other animals living in water, soft robots should
naturally lend themselves to underwater operations, as supported by encouraging
validations in deep water scenarios. This work deals with equipping soft arms
with the intelligence necessary to move precisely in wave-dominated
environments, such as shallow waters where marine renewable devices are
located. This scenario is substantially more challenging than calm deep water
since, at low operational depths, hydrodynamic wave disturbances can represent
a significant impediment. We propose a control strategy based on Nonlinear
Model Predictive Control that can account for wave disturbances explicitly,
optimising control actions by considering an estimate of oncoming hydrodynamic
loads. The proposed strategy is validated through a set of tasks covering
set-point regulation, trajectory tracking and mechanical failure compensation,
all under a broad range of varying significant wave heights and peak spectral
periods. The proposed control methodology displays positional error reductions
as large as 84% with respect to a baseline controller, proving the
effectiveness of the method. These initial findings present a first step in the
development and deployment of soft manipulators for performing tasks in
hazardous water environments.


  A total of 628$\invpb$ of data collected with the ALEPH detector at
centre-of-mass energies from 189 to 209 GeV is analysed in the search for gauge
mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB) topologies. These topologies include two
acoplanar photons, non-pointing single photons, acoplanar leptons, large impact
parameter leptons, detached slepton decay vertices, heavy stable charged
sleptons and multi-leptons plus missing energy final states. No evidence is
found for new phenomena, and lower limits on masses of supersymmetric particles
are derived. A scan of a minimal GMSB parameter space is performed and lower
limits are set for the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP) mass at
54$\gevcc$ and for the mass scale parameter $\Lambda$ at 10$\tevcc$,
independently of the NLSP lifetime. Including the results from the neutral
Higgs boson searches, a NLSP mass limit of 77$\gevcc$ is obtained and values of
$\Lambda$ up to 16$\tevcc$ are excluded.


  We use more than two years of data from the Pierre Auger Observatory to
search for anisotropies on large scales in different energy windows. We account
for various systematics in the acceptance, in particular due to the array
growth and weather variations. We present the results of analyses and
consistency checks looking for patterns in the right ascension modulation of
the cosmic ray distribution. No significant anisotropies of this kind are
observed.


  We study the regularity of the De Gregorio (DG) model $\omega_t + u\omega_x =
u_x \omega$ on $S^1$ for initial data $\omega_0$ with period $\pi$ and in class
$X$: $\omega_0$ is odd and $\omega_0 \leq 0 $ (or $\omega_0 \geq 0$) on
$[0,\pi/2]$. These sign and symmetry properties are the same as those of the
smooth initial data that lead to singularity formation of the De Gregorio model
on $\mathbb{R}$ or the generalized Constantin-Lax-Majda (gCLM) model on
$\mathbb{R}$ or $S^1$ with a positive parameter. Thus, to establish global
regularity of the DG model for general smooth initial data, which is a
conjecture on the DG model, an important step is to rule out potential finite
time blowup from smooth initial data in $X$. We accomplish this by establishing
a one-point blowup criterion and proving global well-posedness for initial data
$ \omega_0 \in H^1 \cap X$ with $\omega_0(x) x^{-1} \in L^{\infty}$. On the
other hand, for any $ \alpha \in (0,1)$, we construct a finite time blowup
solution from a class of initial data with $\omega_0 \in C^{\alpha} \cap
C^{\infty}(S^1 \backslash \{0\}) \cap X$. Our results imply that singularities
developed in the DG model and the gCLM model on $S^1$ can be prevented by
stronger advection.


  Heterogeneity is often natural in many contemporary applications involving
massive data. While posing new challenges to effective learning, it can play a
crucial role in powering meaningful scientific discoveries through the
understanding of important differences among subpopulations of interest. In
this paper, we exploit multiple networks with Gaussian graphs to encode the
connectivity patterns of a large number of features on the subpopulations. To
uncover the heterogeneity of these structures across subpopulations, we suggest
a new framework of tuning-free heterogeneity pursuit (THP) via large-scale
inference, where the number of networks is allowed to diverge. In particular,
two new tests, the chi-based test and the linear functional-based test, are
introduced and their asymptotic null distributions are established. Under mild
regularity conditions, we establish that both tests are optimal in achieving
the testable region boundary and the sample size requirement for the latter
test is minimal. Both theoretical guarantees and the tuning-free feature stem
from efficient multiple-network estimation by our newly suggested approach of
heterogeneous group square-root Lasso (HGSL) for high-dimensional
multi-response regression with heterogeneous noises. To solve this convex
program, we further introduce a tuning-free algorithm that is scalable and
enjoys provable convergence to the global optimum. Both computational and
theoretical advantages of our procedure are elucidated through simulation and
real data examples.


  A simple model of random Brownian walk of a spherical mesoscopic particle in
viscous liquids is proposed. The model can be both solved analytically and
simulated numerically. The analytic solution gives the known
Eistein-Smoluchowski diffusion law $<r^2> = Dt$ where the diffusion constant
$D$ is expressed by the mass and geometry of a particle, the viscosity of a
liquid and the average effective time between consecutive collisions of the
tracked particle with liquid molecules. The latter allows to make a simulation
of the Perrin experiment and verify in detailed study the influence of the
statistics on the expected theoretical results. To avoid the problem of small
statistics causing departures from the diffusion law we introduce in the second
part of the paper the idea of so called Artificially Increased Statistics (AIS)
and prove that within this method of experimental data analysis one can confirm
the diffusion law and get a good prediction for the diffusion constant even if
trajectories of just few particles immersed in a liquid are considered.


  Recent analyses by the CDF and D0 Collaborations of jet data produced in
proton-antiproton collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider are presented.
These include new studies of the inclusive jet production cross section, a
measurement of the strong coupling constant, the first measurement of subjet
multiplicity of quark and gluon jets, examination of ratios of multijet cross
sections and their implications for choice of renormalization scale, and a
study of charged jet evolution and energy flow in the underlying event. The
results are compared to theoretical predictions.


  We present results from an analytic calculation of thermal meson spectral
functions in the infinite temperature (free field) limit. We compare spectral
functions for various lattice fermion formulations used at present in studies
of in-medium properties of hadrons based on the maximum entropy method (MEM).
In particular, we will present a new calculation of spectral functions
performed with extended quark sources.


  Mining the silent members of an online community, also called lurkers, has
been recognized as an important problem that accompanies the extensive use of
online social networks (OSNs). Existing solutions to the ranking of lurkers can
aid understanding the lurking behaviors in an OSN. However, they are limited to
use only structural properties of the static network graph, thus ignoring any
relevant information concerning the time dimension. Our goal in this work is to
push forward research in lurker mining in a twofold manner: (i) to provide an
in-depth analysis of temporal aspects that aims to unveil the behavior of
lurkers and their relations with other users, and (ii) to enhance existing
methods for ranking lurkers by integrating different time-aware properties
concerning information-production and information-consumption actions. Network
analysis and ranking evaluation performed on Flickr, FriendFeed and Instagram
networks allowed us to draw interesting remarks on both the understanding of
lurking dynamics and on transient and cumulative scenarios of time-aware
ranking.


  We study the propagation of radiative heat (Marshak) waves, using modified
$P_1$-approximation equations. In relatively optically-thin media the heat
propagation is supersonic,~i.e. hydrodynamic motion is negligible, and thus can
be described by the radiative transfer Boltzmann equation, coupled with the
material energy equation. However, the exact thermal radiative transfer problem
is still difficult to solve and requires massive simulation capabilities.
Hence, there still exists a need for adequate approximations that are
comparatively easy to carry out. Classic approximations, such as the classic
diffusion and classic $P_1$, fail to describe the correct heat wave velocity,
when the optical depth is not sufficiently high. Therefore, we use the recently
developed discontinuous asymptotic $P_1$ approximation, which is a
time-dependent analogy for the adjustment of the discontinuous asymptotic
diffusion for two different zones. This approximation was tested via several
benchmarks, showing better results than other common approximations, and has
also demonstrated a good agreement with a main Marshak wave experiment and its
Monte-Carlo gray simulation. Here we derive energy expansion of the
discontinuous asymptotic $P_1$ approximation in slab geometry, and test it with
numerous experimental results for propagating Marshak waves inside low density
foams. The new approximation describes the heat wave propagation with good
agreement. Furthermore, a comparison of the simulations to exact implicit
Monte-Carlo slab-geometry multi-group simulations, in this wide range of
experimental conditions, demonstrates the superiority of this approximation to
others.


  We develop a theory of `non-abelian higher special elements' in the
non-commutative exterior powers of the Galois cohomology of $p$-adic
representations. We explore their relation to the theory of organising matrices
and thus to the Galois module structure of Selmer modules. In concrete
applications, we relate our general theory to the formulation of refined
conjectures of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer type and to the Galois structure of
Tate-Shafarevich and Selmer groups of abelian varieties.


  We consider the question whether there is an infinitary analogue of the
Church-Turing-thesis. To this end, we argue that there is an intuitive notion
of transfinite computability and build a canonical model, called Idealized
Agent Machines ($IAM$s) of this which will turn out to be equivalent in
strength to the Ordinal Turing Machines defined by P. Koepke.


  In this paper we propose and analyze finite element discontinuous Galerkin
methods for the one- and two-dimensional stochastic Maxwell equations with
multiplicative noise. The discrete energy law of the semi-discrete DG methods
were studied. Optimal error estimate of the semi-discrete method is obtained
for the one-dimensional case, and the two-dimensional case on both rectangular
meshes and triangular meshes under certain mesh assumptions. Strong Taylor 2.0
scheme is used as the temporal discretization. Both one- and two-dimensional
numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis results.


  We present the first high resolution spectroscopic observations of one red
giant star in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Segue 2, which has the lowest total
mass (including dark matter) estimated for any known galaxy. These observations
were made using the MIKE spectrograph on the Magellan II Telescope at Las
Campanas Observatory. We perform a standard abundance analysis of this star,
SDSS J021933.13+200830.2, and present abundances of 21 species of 18 elements
as well as upper limits for 25 additional species. We derive [Fe/H] = -2.9, in
excellent agreement with previous estimates from medium resolution
spectroscopy. Our main result is that this star bears the chemical signatures
commonly found in field stars of similar metallicity. The heavy elements
produced by neutron-capture reactions are present, but they are deficient at
levels characteristic of stars in other ultra-faint dwarf galaxies and a few
luminous dwarf galaxies. The otherwise normal abundance patterns suggest that
the gas from which this star formed was enriched by metals from multiple Type
II supernovae reflecting a relatively well-sampled IMF. This adds to the
growing body of evidence indicating that Segue 2 may have been substantially
more massive in the past.


  Spontaneous emission of an excited atom in a featureless continuum of
electromagnetic modes is a fundamental process in quantum electrodynamics
associated with an exponential decay of the quantum emitter to its ground state
accompanied by an irreversible emission of a photon. However, such a simple
scenario is deeply modified when considering a $^{\prime}$giant$^{\prime}$
atom, i.e an atom whose dimension is larger than the wavelength of the emitted
photon. In such an unconventional regime, non-Markovian effects and strong
deviations from an exponential decay are observed owing to interference effects
arising from non-local light-atom coupling. Here we suggest a photonic
simulation of non-Markovian giant atom decay, based on light escape dynamics in
an optical waveguide non-locally-coupled to a waveguide lattice. Major effects
such as non-exponential decay, enhancement or slowing down of the decay, and
formation of atom-field dark states can be emulated in this system


  Length scales probed by large scale structure surveys are becoming closer to
the horizon scale. Further, it has been recently understood that
non-Gaussianity in the initial conditions could show up in a scale dependence
of the bias of galaxies at the largest distances. It is therefore important to
include General Relativistic effects. Here we provide a General Relativistic
generalization of the bias, valid both for Gaussian and non-Gaussian initial
conditions. The collapse of objects happens on very small scales, while
long-wavelength modes are always in the quasi linear regime. Around every
collapsing region, it is therefore possible to find a reference frame that is
valid for all times and where the space time is almost flat: the Fermi frame.
Here the Newtonian approximation is applicable and the equations of motion are
the ones of the N-body codes. The effects of long-wavelength modes are encoded
in the mapping from the cosmological frame to the local frame. For the linear
bias, the effect of the long-wavelength modes on the dynamics is encoded in the
local curvature of the Universe, which allows us to define a General
Relativistic generalization of the bias in the standard Newtonian setting. We
show that the bias due to this effect goes to zero as the squared ratio of the
physical wavenumber with the Hubble scale for modes longer than the horizon, as
modes longer than the horizon have no dynamical effects. However, the bias due
to non-Gaussianities does not need to vanish for modes longer than the Hubble
scale, and for non-Gaussianities of the local kind it goes to a constant. As a
further application, we show that it is not necessary to perform large N-body
simulations to extract information on long-wavelength modes: N-body simulations
can be done on small scales and long-wavelength modes are encoded simply by
adding curvature to the simulation and rescaling the coordinates.


  This paper presents an efficient algorithm to solve the sleeping bandit with
multiple plays problem in the context of an online recommendation system. The
problem involves bounded, adversarial loss and unknown i.i.d. distributions for
arm availability. The proposed algorithm extends the sleeping bandit algorithm
for single arm selection and is guaranteed to achieve theoretical performance
with regret upper bounded by $\bigO(kN^2\sqrt{T\log T})$, where $k$ is the
number of arms selected per time step, $N$ is the total number of arms, and $T$
is the time horizon.


  Prompt-Tuning is a new paradigm for finetuning pre-trained language models in
a parameter-efficient way. Here, we explore the use of HyperNetworks to
generate hyper-prompts: we propose HyperPrompt, a novel architecture for
prompt-based task-conditioning of self-attention in Transformers. The
hyper-prompts are end-to-end learnable via generation by a HyperNetwork.
HyperPrompt allows the network to learn task-specific feature maps where the
hyper-prompts serve as task global memories for the queries to attend to, at
the same time enabling flexible information sharing among tasks. We show that
HyperPrompt is competitive against strong multi-task learning baselines with as
few as $0.14\%$ of additional task-conditioning parameters, achieving great
parameter and computational efficiency. Through extensive empirical
experiments, we demonstrate that HyperPrompt can achieve superior performances
over strong T5 multi-task learning baselines and parameter-efficient adapter
variants including Prompt-Tuning and HyperFormer++ on Natural Language
Understanding benchmarks of GLUE and SuperGLUE across many model sizes.


  Recent results from a multiwavelength survey of spatially resolved outflows
in nearby active galaxies are presented. Optical Fabry-Perot and long-slit
spectroscopic data are combined with VLA and ROSAT images, when available, to
probe the warm, relativistic and hot gas components involved in the outflow.
The emphasis is put on objects which harbor wide-angle galactic-scale outflows
but also show evidence at radio or optical wavelengths for collimated jet-like
phenomena (e.g., Circinus, NGC 4388, and to a lesser extent NGC 2992). Our
results are compared with the predictions from published jet-driven thermal
wind models.


  It has been experimentally proven that realizing universal quantum gates
using higher-radices logic is practically and technologically possible. We
developed a Parallel Genetic Algorithm that synthesizes Boolean reversible
circuits realized with a variety of quantum gates on qudits with various
radices. In order to allow synthesizing circuits of medium sizes in the higher
radix quantum space we performed the experiments using a GPU accelerated
Genetic Algorithm. Using the accelerated GA we compare heuristic improvements
to the mutation process based on cost minimization, on the adaptive cost of the
primitives and improvements due to Baldwinian vs. Lamarckian GA. We also
describe various fitness function formulations that allowed for various
realizations of well known universal Boolean reversible or
quantum-probabilistic circuits.


  We disprove a folklore conjecture stating that a sequence in $[0,1]$ with
exponential gap distribution must necessarily be uniformly distributed.


  Recently, the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) electroweak corrections
with fermion loops to the Higgsstrahling process were computed. Here we present
numerical results for polarized electron/positron beams, as well as for two
input parameter schemes known as the $\alpha(0)$ and $G_\mu$ schemes. The size
of the NNLO corrections strongly depends on the beam polarization, leading to
an increase of the $ZH$ cross-section by 0.76% for $e^+_{\rm L} e^-_{\rm R}$
beams, and a decrease of 0.04% for $e^+_{\rm R} e^-_{\rm L}$ beams.
Furthermore, inclusion of the NNLO corrections is found to significantly reduce
the discrepancy between the results in the $\alpha(0)$ and $G_\mu$ schemes.
Using the remaining difference, together with other methods, the theory
uncertainty from missing bosonic electroweak corrections is estimated to be
less than 0.3%.


  In the framework of the heavy quark effective theory, the leading order
Isgur-Wise functions relevant to semileptonic decays of the orbitally $P$-wave
excited $B_{s}$ meson states $B^{**}_{s}$, including the newly found narrow
$B_{s1}(5830)$ and $B^{*}_{s2}(5840)$ states, into the ($D_{s1}(2536)$,
$D^{*}_{s2}(2573)$) doublet are calculated from QCD sum rules. With these
universal form factors, the decay rates and branching ratios are also
estimated.


  Given an one-dimensional positive recurrent diffusion governed by the
Stratonovich SDE \[ X_t=x+\int_0^t\sigma(X_s)\strat db(s)+\int_0^t m(X_s) ds,
\] we show that the associated stochastic flow of diffeomorphisms focuses as
fast as $ \mathrm{exp}(-2t\int_{R}\frac{m^2}{\sigma^2} d\Pi)$, where $d\Pi$ is
the finite stationary measure. Moreover, if the drift is reversed and the
diffeomorphism is inverted, then the path function so produced tends,
independently of its starting point, to a single (random) point whose
distribution is $d\Pi$. Applications to stationary solutions of $X_t$,
asymptotic behavior of solutions of SPDEs and random attractors are offered.


  A possibility of semiphenomenological description of vacuum effects in QCD
quantized on the Light Front (LF) is discussed. A modification of the canonical
LF Hamiltonian for QCD is proposed, basing on the detailed study of the exact
description of vacuum condensate in QED(1+1) that uses correct form of LF
Hamiltonian.


  A Fourier-type integral representation for Bessel's function of the first
kind and complex order is obtained by using the Gegenbuaer extension of
Poisson's integral representation for the Bessel function along with a
trigonometric integral representation of Gegenbauer's polynomials. This
representation lets us express various functions related to the incomplete
gamma function in series of Bessel's functions. Neumann series of Bessel
functions are also considered and a new closed-form integral representation for
this class of series is given. The density function of this representation is
simply the analytic function on the unit circle associated with the sequence of
coefficients of the Neumann series. Examples of new closed-form integral
representations of special functions are also presented.


  It has been shown recently that inhomogenous spin chains can exhibit exotic
phenomena such as the breaking of the area law of the entanglement entropy. An
example is given by the rainbow model where the exchange coupling constants
decrease from the center of the chain. Here we show that by folding the chain
around its center, the long-range entanglement becomes short-range which can
lead to topological phases protected by symmetries (SPT). The phases are
trivial for bond-centered foldings, and non trivial for site-centered ones. In
the latter case, the folded spin 1/2 chain with $U(1)$ symmetry belongs to the
Su-Schrieffer-Heeger class, while the folded chain with $SU(2)$ symmetry is in
the Haldane phase. Finally, we extend these results to higher spin chains where
we find a correspondence between the symmetry protection of gapped and gapless
phases.


  The low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) IGR J17480-2446 in the globular cluster
Terzan 5 harbors an 11 Hz accreting pulsar. This is the first object discovered
in a globular cluster with a pulsar spinning at such low rate. The accreting
pulsar is anomalous because its characteristics are very different from the
other five known slow accreting pulsars in galactic LMXBs. Many features of the
11 Hz pulsar are instead very similar to those of accreting millisecond
pulsars, spinning at frequencies >100 Hz. Understanding this anomaly is
valuable because IGR J17480-2446 can be the only accreting pulsar discovered so
far which is in the process of becoming an accreting millisecond pulsar. We
first verify that the neutron star (NS) in IGR J17480-2446 is indeed spinning
up by carefully analyzing X-ray data with coherent timing techniques that
account for the presence of timing noise. We then study the present Roche lobe
overflow epoch and the two previous spin-down epochs dominated by magneto
dipole radiation and stellar wind accretion. We find that IGR J17480-2446 is
very likely a mildly recycled pulsar and suggest that it has started a spin-up
phase in an exceptionally recent time, that has lasted less than a few 10^7 yr.
We also find that the total age of the binary is surprisingly low (<10^8 yr)
when considering typical parameters for the newborn NS and propose different
scenarios to explain this anomaly.


  Computing derivatives of tensor expressions, also known as tensor calculus,
is a fundamental task in machine learning. A key concern is the efficiency of
evaluating the expressions and their derivatives that hinges on the
representation of these expressions. Recently, an algorithm for computing
higher order derivatives of tensor expressions like Jacobians or Hessians has
been introduced that is a few orders of magnitude faster than previous
state-of-the-art approaches. Unfortunately, the approach is based on Ricci
notation and hence cannot be incorporated into automatic differentiation
frameworks from deep learning like TensorFlow, PyTorch, autograd, or JAX that
use the simpler Einstein notation. This leaves two options, to either change
the underlying tensor representation in these frameworks or to develop a new,
provably correct algorithm based on Einstein notation. Obviously, the first
option is impractical. Hence, we pursue the second option. Here, we show that
using Ricci notation is not necessary for an efficient tensor calculus and
develop an equally efficient method for the simpler Einstein notation. It turns
out that turning to Einstein notation enables further improvements that lead to
even better efficiency.
  The methods that are described in this paper have been implemented in the
online tool www.MatrixCalculus.org for computing derivatives of matrix and
tensor expressions.
  An extended abstract of this paper appeared as "A Simple and Efficient Tensor
Calculus", AAAI 2020.


  Purpose: Task-based assessment of image quality in undersampled magnetic
resonance imaging provides a way of evaluating the impact of regularization on
task performance. In this work, we evaluated the effect of total variation (TV)
and wavelet regularization on human detection of signals with a varying
background and validated a model observer in predicting human performance.
  Approach: Human observer studies used two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC)
trials with a small signal known exactly task but with varying backgrounds for
fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images reconstructed from undersampled
multi-coil data. We used a 3.48 undersampling factor with TV and a wavelet
sparsity constraints. The sparse difference-of-Gaussians (S-DOG) observer with
internal noise was used to model human observer detection.
  Results: We observed a trend that the human observer detection performance
remained fairly constant for a broad range of values in the regularization
parameter before decreasing at large values. A similar result was found for the
normalized ensemble root mean squared error. Without changing the internal
noise, the model observer tracked the performance of the human observers as the
regularization was increased but overestimated the PC for large amounts of
regularization for TV and wavelet sparsity, as well as the combination of both
parameters.
  Conclusions: For the task we studied, the S-DOG observer was able to
reasonably predict human performance with both TV and wavelet sparsity
regularizers over a broad range of regularization parameters. We observed a
trend that task performance remained fairly constant for a range of
regularization parameters before decreasing for large amounts of
regularization.


  To generalize inferences from a randomized trial to the target population of
all trial-eligible individuals, investigators can use nested trial designs,
where the randomized individuals are nested within a cohort of trial-eligible
individuals, including those who are not offered or refuse randomization. In
these designs, data on baseline covariates are collected from the entire
cohort, and treatment and outcome data need only be collected from randomized
individuals. In this paper, we describe nested trial designs that improve
research economy by collecting additional baseline covariate data after
sub-sampling non-randomized individuals (i.e., a two-stage design), using
sampling probabilities that may depend on the initial set of baseline
covariates available from all individuals in the cohort. We propose an
estimator for the potential outcome mean in the target population of all
trial-eligible individuals and show that our estimator is doubly robust, in the
sense that it is consistent when either the model for the conditional outcome
mean among randomized individuals or the model for the probability of trial
participation is correctly specified. We assess the impact of sub-sampling on
the asymptotic variance of our estimator and examine the estimator's
finite-sample performance in a simulation study. We illustrate the methods
using data from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS).


  We study dynamical properties of the anisotropic triangular quantum
antiferromagnet Cs_2CuCl_4. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements have
established that the dynamical spin correlations cannot be understood within a
linear spin wave analysis. We go beyond linear spin wave theory by taking
interactions between magnons into account in a 1/S expansion. We determine the
dynamical structure factor and carry out extensive comparisons with
experimental data. We find that compared to linear spin wave theory a
significant fraction of the scattering intensity is shifted to higher energies
and strong scattering continua are present. However, the 1/S expansion fails to
account for the experimentally observed large quantum renormalization of the
exchange energies.


  We present seven theorems on the structure of prime order torsion points on
CM elliptic curves defined over number fields. The first three results refine
bounds of Silverberg and Prasad-Yogananda by taking into account the class
number of the CM order and the splitting of the prime in the CM field. In many
cases we can show that our refined bounds are optimal or asymptotically
optimal. We also derive asymptotic upper and lower bounds on the least degree
of a CM-point on X_1(N). Upon comparison to bounds for the least degree for
which there exist infinitely many rational points on X_1(N), we deduce that,
for sufficiently large N, X_1(N) will have a rational CM point of degree
smaller than the degrees of at least all but finitely many non-CM points.


  We study an extension of the classical Paley-Wiener space structure, which is
based on bilinear expansions of integral kernels into biorthogonal sequences of
functions. The structure includes both sampling expansions and Fourier-Neumann
type series as special cases, and it also provides a bilinear expansion for the
Dunkl kernel (in the rank 1 case) which is a Dunkl analogue of Gegenbauer's
expansion of the plane wave and the corresponding sampling expansions. In fact,
we show how to derive sampling and Fourier-Neumann type expansions from the
results related to the bilinear expansion for the Dunkl kernel.


  We consider a continuous path of bounded symmetric Fredholm bilinear forms
with arbitrary endpoints on a real Hilbert space, and we prove a formula that
gives the spectral flow of the path in terms of the spectral flow of the
restriction to a finite codimensional closed subspace. We also discuss the case
of restrictions to a continuous path of finite codimensional closed subspaces.
As an application of the formula, we introduce the notion of spectral flow for
a periodic semi-Riemannian geodesic, and we compute its value in terms of the
Maslov index.


  We present a table of 58 cataclysmic binary orbital periods determined using
data from MDM Observatory. Most are heretofore unpublished; some are
refinements of previously published periods.


  Spectroscopy of the low mass X-ray binary Ser X-1 using the Gran Telescopio
Canarias have revealed a ~2 hr periodic variability that is present in the
three strongest emission lines. We tentatively interpret this variability as
due to orbital motion, making it the first indication of the orbital period of
Ser X-1. Together with the fact that the emission lines are remarkably narrow,
but still resolved, we show that a main sequence K-dwarf together with a
canonical 1.4Msun neutron star gives a good description of the system. In this
scenario the most likely place for the emission lines to arise is the accretion
disk, instead of a localized region in the binary (such as the irradiated
surface or the stream-impact point), and their narrowness is due instead to the
low inclination (<10 degrees) of Ser X-1.


  There is more and more evidence that machine learning can be successfully
applied in materials science and related fields. However, datasets in these
fields are often quite small ($\ll1000$ samples). It makes the most advanced
machine learning techniques remain neglected, as they are considered to be
applicable to big data only. Moreover, materials informatics methods often rely
on human-engineered descriptors, that should be carefully chosen, or even
created, to fit the physicochemical property that one intends to predict. In
this article, we propose a new method that tackles both the issue of small
datasets and the difficulty of task-specific descriptors development. The
SMILES-X is an autonomous pipeline for molecular compounds characterisation
based on a \{Embed-Encode-Attend-Predict\} neural architecture with a
data-specific Bayesian hyper-parameters optimisation. The only input to the
architecture -- the SMILES strings -- are de-canonicalised in order to
efficiently augment the data. One of the key features of the architecture is
the attention mechanism, which enables the interpretation of output predictions
without extra computational cost. The SMILES-X shows new state-of-the-art
results in the inference of aqueous solubility ($\overline{RMSE}_{test} \simeq
0.57 \pm 0.07$ mols/L), hydration free energy ($\overline{RMSE}_{test} \simeq
0.81 \pm 0.22$ kcal/mol, which is $\sim 24.5\%$ better than molecular dynamics
simulations), and octanol/water distribution coefficient
($\overline{RMSE}_{test} \simeq 0.59 \pm 0.02$ for LogD at pH 7.4) of molecular
compounds. The SMILES-X is intended to become an important asset in the toolkit
of materials scientists and chemists. The source code for the SMILES-X is
available at
\href{https://github.com/GLambard/SMILES-X}{github.com/GLambard/SMILES-X}.


  We present a technique for decomposing Cepheid light curves into their
fundamental constituent parts; that is, their radius and temperature
variations. We demonstrate that any given pair of optical luminosity and color
curves can be used to predict the shape, amplitude and phase of a Cepheid's
light variation at any other wavelength. With such predictions in hand, a
single new observation at any given new wavelength can be used to normalize the
properties of the predicted light curve, and in specific, derive a precise
value of the time-averaged mean. We suggest that this method will be of great
advantage in efficiently observing and precisely obtaining the mean properties
of known Cepheids scheduled to be observed at new wavelengths, specifically in
the mid-infrared where JWST will be operating.


  This paper proposes a method for analyzing count time series with inflation
or deflation of zeros. In particular, zero-modified Poisson and zero-modified
negative binomial series with intensities generated by non-negative Markov
sequences are studied in detail. Parameters of the model are estimated by the
method of estimating equations which is facilitated by expressing the model in
a generalized state space form. The latent intensities required for estimation
are extracted using generalized Kalman filter. The applications of proposed
model and its estimation methods are illustrated using simulated and real data
sets.


  We present analytical and numerical results on the heat conduction in a
linear mixing system. In particular we consider a quasi one dimensional channel
with triangular scatterers with internal angles irrational multiples of pi and
we show that the system obeys Fourier law of heat conduction. Therefore
deterministic diffusion and normal heat transport which are usually associated
to full hyperbolicity, actually take place in systems without exponential
instability.