  ISDB-T International standard is currently adopted by most Latin America
countries and is already installed in most TV sets sold in recent years in the
region. To support interactive applications in Digital TV receivers, ISDB-T
defines the middleware Ginga. Similar to Digital TV, Digital Radio standards
also provide the means to carry interactive applications; however, their
specifications for interactive applications are usually more restricted than
the ones used in Digital TV. Also, interactive applications for Digital TV and
Digital Radio are usually incompatible. Motivated by such observations, this
report considers the importance of interactive applications for both TV and
Radio Broadcasting and the advantages of using the same middleware and
languages specification for Digital TV and Radio. More specifically, it
establishes the signaling and definitions on how to transport and execute
Ginga-NCL and Ginga-HTML5 applications over DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale)
transmission. Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication of
Brazil is carrying trials with Digital Radio Mondiale standard in order to
define the reference model of the Brazilian Digital Radio System (Portuguese:
Sistema Brasileiro de R\'adio Digital - SBRD).


  An infinite word has the property $R_m$ if every factor has exactly $m$
return words. Vuillon showed that $R_2$ characterizes Sturmian words. We prove
that a word satisfies $R_m$ if its complexity function is $(m-1)n+1$ and if it
contains no weak bispecial factor. These conditions are necessary for $m=3$,
whereas for $m=4$ the complexity function need not be $3n+1$. New examples of
words satisfying $R_m$ are given by words related to digital expansions in real
bases.


  We consider a particle undergoing run and tumble dynamics, in which its
velocity stochastically reverses, in one dimension. We study the addition of a
Poissonian resetting process occurring with rate $r$. At a reset event the
particle's position is returned to the resetting site $X_r$ and the particle's
velocity is reversed with probability $\eta$. The case $\eta = 1/2$ corresponds
to position resetting and velocity randomization whereas $\eta =0$ corresponds
to position-only resetting. We show that, beginning from symmetric initial
conditions, the stationary state does not depend on $\eta$ i.e. it is
independent of the velocity resetting protocol. However, in the presence of an
absorbing boundary at the origin, the survival probability and mean time to
absorption do depend on the velocity resetting protocol. Using a renewal
equation approach, we show that the the mean time to absorption is always less
for velocity randomization than for position-only resetting.


  The dissipation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) has already taken on pandemic proportions, affecting over 100
countries in a couple of weeks. The evolution of the disease and its economic
impact is highly uncertain, which brings challenges for newly created software
companies. Software startups are companies that create innovative software
products and services in a dynamic and fast-growing market. Agile Software
Methods aims to enable startups in responding to uncertainty caused by
Covid-19. This paper investigates the impact of Covid-19 in a real software
startup context to understand how they have reacted against uncertainties
caused by Covid-19. As a research methodology, action research within Di2Win, a
Brazilian software startup, has been applied. The study was carried out
throughout six sprints, during the quarantine. Practices employed to mitigate
threats while simultaneously allowing teams to remain open to opportunities and
challenges are detailed. This paper shares lessons learned that could help
agile software startups improve their way of work in an uncertain environment
caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.


  Charmonium production and suppression in In+In and Pb+Pb reactions at SPS
energies is investigated with the HSD transport approach within the 'hadronic
comover model' as well as the 'QGP threshold scenario'. The results of the
transport calculations for J/Psi suppression and the Psi prime to J/Psi ratio
are compared with the recent data of the NA50 and NA60 Collaborations. We find
that the comover absorption model - with a single parameter |M_0|^2 for the
matrix element squared for charmonium-meson dissociation - performs best with
respect to all data sets. The 'threshold scenario' - within different
assumptions for the melting energy densities - yields a reasonable suppression
for J/Psi but fails in reproducing the Psi prime to J/Psi ratio for Pb+Pb at
158 A GeV. Predictions for Au+Au reactions are presented for a bombarding
energy of 25 A GeV in the different scenarios which will allow for a clear
distinction between the models from the experimental side at the future FAIR
facility.


  Based on the definition of the apparent horizon in a general two-dimensional
dilaton gravity theory, we analyze the tunnelling phenomenon of the apparent
horizon by using Hamilton-Jacobi method. In this theory the definition of the
horizon is very different from those in higher-dimensional gravity theories.
The spectrum of the radiation is obtained and the temperature of the radiation
is read out from this spectrum and it satisfies the usual relationship with the
surface gravity. Besides, the calculation with Parikh's null geodesic method
for a simple example conforms to our result in general stationary cases.


  Beam search is universally used in full-sentence translation but its
application to simultaneous translation remains non-trivial, where output words
are committed on the fly. In particular, the recently proposed wait-k policy
(Ma et al., 2019a) is a simple and effective method that (after an initial
wait) commits one output word on receiving each input word, making beam search
seemingly impossible. To address this challenge, we propose a speculative beam
search algorithm that hallucinates several steps into the future in order to
reach a more accurate decision, implicitly benefiting from a target language
model. This makes beam search applicable for the first time to the generation
of a single word in each step. Experiments over diverse language pairs show
large improvements over previous work.


  The phenomenon of fast radio bursts (FRBs) was discovered in 2007. These are
powerful (0.1-100 Jy) single radio pulses with durations of several
milliseconds, large dispersion measures, and record high brightness
temperatures suggesting coherent emission mechanism. As of time of writing, 32
FRBs were recorded. There is also one repeating source from which already
hundreds of bursts have been detected. The FRB rate is estimated to amount up
to several thousand per day over the sky, and their isotropic sky distribution
likely suggests a cosmological origin. Since the discovery, different
hypotheses on the possible FRB nature have been proposed, however up to now the
origin of these transient events remains obscure. The most prospective models
treat them as being related to a bursting emission from magnetars -- neutron
stars whose activity is due to their magnetic field dissipation, -- or as being
analogs of giant pulses observed from several radio pulsars . Future increase
in the statistics of the observed FRBs and an improvement upon the FRB
population characteristics will make possible to use them as a new tool to
probe the intergalactic medium and to test fundamental physical theories.


  Cosmic microwave background experiments have experienced an exponential
increase in complexity, data size and sensitivity. One of the goals of current
and future experiments is to characterize the B-mode power spectrum, which
would be considered a strong evidence supporting inflation. The signal
associated with inflationary B-modes is very weak, and so a successful
detection requires exquisite control over systematic effects, several of which
might arise due to the interaction between the electromagnetic properties of
the telescope beam, the scanning strategy and the sky model. In this work, we
present the Pixel Space COnvolver (PISCO), a new software tool capable of
producing mock data streams for a general CMB experiment. PISCO uses a fully
polarized representation of the electromagnetic properties of the telescope.
PISCO also exploits the massively parallel architecture of Graphic Processing
Units to accelerate the main calculation. This work shows the results of
applying PISCO in several scenarios, included a realistic simulation of an
ongoing experiment, the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor.


  The ternary cluster decay of heavy nuclei has been observed in several
experiments with binary coincidences between two fragments using detector
telescopes (the FOBOS-detectors, JINR, Dubna) placed on the opposite sides from
the source of fissioning nuclei. The binary coincidences at a relative angle of
180$^0$ deg. correspond to binary fission or to the decay into three cluster
fragments by registration of two nuclei with different masses
(e.g.$^{132}$Sn,$^{52-48}$Ca,$^{68-72}$Ni). This marks a new step in the
physics of fission-phenomena of heavy nuclei. These experimental results for
the collinear cluster tripartition (CCT), refer to the decay into three
clusters of comparable masses. In the present work we discuss the various
aspects of this ternary fission (FFF) mode. The question of collinearity is
analysed on the basis of recent publications. Further insight into the possible
decay modes is obtained by the discussion of the path towards larger
deformation, towards hyper-deformation and by inspecting details of the
potential energy surfaces (PES). In the path towards the extremely deformed
states leading to ternary fission, the concept of deformed shells is most
important. At the scission configuration the phase space determined by the
PES's leads to the final mass distributions. The possibility of formation of
fragments of almost equal size ($Z_i$ = 32, 34, 32, for $Z$=98) and the
observation of several other fission modes in the same system can be predicted
by the PES. The PES's show pronounced minima and valleys, namely for several
mass/charge combinations of ternary fragments, which correspond to a variety of
collinear ternary fission (multi-modal) decays. The case of the decay of
$^{252}$Cf(sf,fff) turns out to be unique due to the presence of deformed
shells in the total system and of closed shells in all three nuclei in the
decay.


  Currently, software industries are using different SDLC (software development
life cycle) models which are designed for specific purposes. The use of
technology is booming in every perspective of life and the software behind the
technology plays an enormous role. As the technical complexities are
increasing, successful development of software solely depends on the proper
management of development processes. So, it is inevitable to introduce improved
methodologies in the industry so that modern human centred software
applications development can be managed and delivered to the user successfully.
So, in this paper, we have explored the facts of different SDLC models and
perform their comparative analysis.


  We introduce the notion of an operation $\mathcal{P}$ and a
$\mathcal{P}$-determined space. It is shown that a category is a coreflective
full subcategory of $\bf Top$ if and only if it is equal to $\bf
Top_{\mathcal{P}}$ for some idempotent and consistent operation $\mathcal{P}$,
where $\bf Top_{\mathcal{P}}$ is the category of all $\mathcal{P}$-determined
spaces. As concrete examples of $\mathcal{P}$-determined spaces, several
classes of topological spaces determined by monotone convergence classes are
investigated in detail. By the tool of $\mathbb{C}$-generated spaces, it is
shown uniformly that categories of these examples of $\mathcal{P}$-determined
spaces are all cartesian closed. Moreover, the exponential objects and
categorical products of some categories in domain theory are shown to be
closely related to those of $\bf DTop$, the category of directed spaces.


  The analysis of certain singularities in scalar-tensor gravity contained in a
recent paper is completed, and situations are pointed out in which these
singularities cannot occur.


  For Green-Schwarz superstring sigma-model on curved backgrounds, we introduce
a non-metric measure $\Phi \equiv \epsilon^{i j} \epsilon^{I J} (\partial_i
\varphi^I) (\partial_j \varphi^J)$ with two scalars $\varphi^I (I = 1, 2)$ used
in Two Measure Theory (TMT). As in the flat-background case, the string tension
$T= (2 \pi \alpha ' )^{-1}$ emerges as an integration constant for the
A_i-field equation. This mechanism is further generalized to supermembrane
theory, and to super p-brane theory, both on general curved backgrounds. This
shows the universal applications of dynamical measure of TMT to general
supersymmetric extended objects on general curved backgrounds.


  Fractal geometry proved to be an effective mathematical tool for exploring
real geographical space based on digital maps and remote sensing images.
Whether the fractal theory tool can be applied to abstract geographical space
has not been reported. An abstract space can be defined by multivariable
distance metrics, which is frequently met in scientific research. Based on the
ideas from fractals, this paper is devoted to developing correlation dimension
analysis method for generalized geographical space by means of mathematical
derivation and empirical analysis. Defining a mathematical distance or
statistical distance, we can construct a generalized correlation function. If
the relationship between correlation function and correlation lengths follows a
power law, the power exponent can be demonstrated to associate with correlation
dimension. Thus fractal dimension can be employed to analyze the structure and
nature of generalized geographical space. This suggests that fractal geometry
can be generalized to explore scale-free abstract geographical space. The
theoretical model was proved mathematically, and the analytical method was
illustrated by using observational data. This research is helpful to expand the
application of fractal theory in geographical analysis, and the results and
conclusions can be extended to other scientific fields.


  Structural alpha relaxation in liquid orthoterphenyl is studied by means of
coherent neutron time-of-flight and backscattering spectroscopy over a large
temperature range. Not only amplitude and relaxation time but also the spectral
line shape show a significant variation with wavenumber. As expected from mode
coupling theory, these variations are correlated with the static structure
factor. Even far above the melting point, alpha relaxation remains
non-exponential.


  This paper presents a hybrid continuum discrete macro modelling strategy with
a multiscale calibration procedure for realistic simulations of brick masonry
bridges. The response of these structures is affected by the intrinsic
nonlinearity of the masonry material, which in turn depends upon the mechanical
properties of units and mortar joints and the bond characteristics. Finite
element approaches based upon homogenised representations are widely employed
to assess the nonlinear behaviour up to collapse, as they are generally
associated with a limited computational demand. However, such models require an
accurate calibration of model material parameters to properly allow for masonry
bond. According to the proposed approach, the macroscale material parameters
are determined by an advanced multi objective strategy with genetic algorithms
from the results of mesoscale virtual tests through the minimisation of
appropriate functionals of the scale transition error. The developed continuum
discrete finite element macroscale description and the calibration procedure
are applied to simulate the nonlinear behaviour up to collapse of multi ring
arch bridge specimens focusing on the 2D planar response. The results obtained
are compared to those achieved using detailed mesoscale models confirming the
effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach for realistic nonlinear
simulations of masonry arch bridges.


  The MIPP experiment operating with an upgraded data acquisition system will
be capable of acquiring data at the rate of 3000 events per second. Currently
we are limited to a rate of 30 Hz due to the bottlenecks in the data
acquisition electronics of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC). With the speeded
up DAQ, MIPP will be capable of acquiring data at the rate of $\approx$5
million events per day. This assumes a conservative beam duty cycle of 4~sec
spill every 2 minutes with a 42% downtime for main injector beam manipulations
for the $\bar{p}$ source. We show that such a setup is capable of producing
tagged neutron, anti-neutron and $K^0_L$ beams that are produced in the MIPP
cryogenic hydrogen target using proton, anti-proton and $K^{\pm}$ beams. These
tagged beams can be used to study calorimeter responses for use in studies
involving the Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA). The energy of these tagged beams
will be known to better than 2% on a particle by particle level by means of
constrained fitting. We expect a tagged beam rate in the tens of thousands a
day. The MIPP spectrometer thus offers a unique opportunity to study the
response of calorimeters to neutral particles.


  Korn's inequality plays an important role in linear elasticity theory. This
inequality bounds the norm of the derivatives of the displacement vector by the
norm of the linearized strain tensor. The kernel of the linearized strain
tensor are the infinitesimal rigid-body translations and rotations (Killing
vectors). We generalize this inequality by replacing the linearized strain
tensor by its trace free part. That is, we obtain a stronger inequality in
which the kernel of the relevant operator are the conformal Killing vectors.
The new inequality has applications in General Relativity.


  A variable-length code is a fix-free code if no codeword is a prefix or a
suffix of any other codeword. In a fix-free code any finite sequence of
codewords can be decoded in both directions, which can improve the robustness
to channel noise and speed up the decoding process. In this paper we prove a
new sufficient condition of the existence of fix-free codes and improve the
upper bound on the redundancy of optimal fix-free codes.


  Paraxial ray tracing procedures have become widely accepted techniques for
acoustic models in seismology and underwater acoustics. To date a generic form
of these procedures including fluid motion and time dependence has not appeared
in the literature. A detailed investigation of the characteristic curves of the
equations of hydrodynamics allows for an immediate generalization of the
procedure to be extracted from the equation form geodesic deviation. The
general paraxial ray trace equations serve as an ideal supplement to ordinary
ray tracing in predicting the deformation of acoustic beams in random
environments. The general procedure is derived in terms of affine
parameterization and in a coordinate time parameterization ideal for
application to physical acoustic ray propagation. The formalism is applied to
layered media, where the deviation equation reduces to a second order
differential equation for a single field with a general solution in terms of a
depth integral along the ray path. Some features are illustrated through
special cases which lead to exact solutions in terms of either ordinary or
special functions.


  In this paper, we provide a time-series distribution test system. This test
system is a fully observable distribution grid in Midwest U.S. with smart
meters (SM) installed at all end users. Our goal is to share a real U.S.
distribution grid model without modification. This grid model is comprehensive
and representative since it consists of both overhead lines and underground
cables, and it has standard distribution grid components such as capacitor
banks, line switches, substation transformers with load tap changer and
secondary distribution transformers. An important uniqueness of this grid model
is it has one-year smart meter measurements at all nodes, thus bridging the gap
between existing test feeders and quasi-static time-series based distribution
system analysis.


  We present H-alpha rotation curves of two low luminosity field galaxies with
r-band absolute magnitudes M_r=-13.9^{+0.8}_{-0.5} and M_r=-14.7^{+0.3}_{-0.2}
(for h=0.7; the large error bars reflect distance uncertainties). Most
previously studied galaxies in this luminosity range are members of groups
defined by brighter galaxies, but these two systems, selected from Blanton et
al.'s (2004) sample of low luminosity galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
(SDSS), appear to have no bright companions. The measured rotation speeds at
the outer extent of the H-alpha rotation curves, 34.8+/-3.8 km/s and 30.9+/-7.2
km/s, are larger than the values of 16.0^{+6.1}_{-5.4} km/s and
20.9^{+6.2}_{-5.2} km/s predicted by extrapolating the inverse Tully-Fisher
relation of luminous SDSS galaxies to these faint luminosities. However, a
previous HI measurement of the first galaxy shows that it has a gas mass
similar to its stellar mass, and the total baryonic mass is consistent with
that predicted by McGaugh et al.'s (2000) "baryonic Tully-Fisher relation." We
find r-band dynamical mass-to-light ratios within the radii of the last H-alpha
data points (about 1.8 disk scale lengths in each case) of 12.6^{+4.7}_{-4.5}
Msun/Lsun and 4.8^{+2.5}_{-2.1} Msun/Lsun, much higher than the values ~ 1
Msun/Lsun expected for the stellar populations. The dynamical properties of
these galaxies, including the rotation speeds and evidence for high gas
fractions and dark matter domination within the luminous extent of the galaxy,
are consistent with those of previously studied faint galaxies in nearby
groups. Further studies of the SDSS sample will allow characterization of low
luminosity galaxies over the full range of environments in which they reside.


  Usually, in optical spectra of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) weak
van der Waals coupling between the layers leads only to a small shift of
transition energies with respect to their values in pristine single-walled
nanotubes. However, recent results have shown that the Rayleigh spectrum of the
DWCNT (12,11)@(17,16) contains additional peaks. Using the tight binding
approximation, we demonstrate that in specific DWCNTs the interlayer coupling
can slightly modify the band structure of pristine nanotubes in such a way that
the unconventional inter-tube electronic transitions become possible and
additional peaks in the DWCNT optical spectrum appear. Using the known
experimental data on 118 optical transitions in DWCNTs, in addition to the
recently published case we reveal six more DWCNTs with inter-tube transitions
and obtain geometrical selection rules permitting them. In few dozens of DWCNTs
our approach yields the energies of electronic transitions close to the
experimentally observed ones and may be useful for structural identification of
this-type nanotubes.


  The neural-network interatomic potential for crystalline and liquid Si has
been developed using the forward stepwise regression technique to reduce the
number of bases with keeping the accuracy of the potential. This approach of
making the neural-network potential enables us to construct the accurate
interatomic potentials with less and important bases selected systematically
and less heuristically. The evaluation of bulk crystalline properties, and
dynamic properties of liquid Si show good agreements between the neural-network
potential and ab-initio results.


  The remarkably small shear viscosity to entropy density ratio $\eta/s < 0.5$
of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is a key insight from heavy ion experiments.
Nonetheless, the basic understanding of this `observable' still seems to be
rudimentary, with existing perturbative QCD estimates suggesting $\eta/s > 1$,
a view that we scrutinize here. In order to extrapolate the available
perturbative approach to phenomenologically relevant temperatures, we consider
carefully controllable higher-order corrections: We adapt the leading-order
effective kinetic scheme (instead of the catchy next-to-leading log formula
$\eta_{_{{\rm NLL}}} \propto [\alpha^2 \log(c/\alpha)]^{-1}$), by using cross
sections with a running coupling. This effect should be pertinent (for a QGP)
and we argue for a choice of scale-dependence that makes it consistent with
thermal screening. We conclude that $\eta/s \approx 0.2$ does not indicate
genuine non-perturbative effects, it may rather be understood within
resummation-improved perturbative QCD, with some uncertainties from deploying
kinetic theory near to its limit.


  We investigate the long-term dynamical evolution of star clusters in a steady
tidal field produced by its parent galaxy. In this paper, we focus on the
influence of mass profile of the parent galaxy. The previous studies were done
with the simplification where the parent galaxy was expressed by point mass. We
express different mass profiles of the parent galaxy by the tidal fields in
which the ratios of the epicyclic frequency to the angular velocity are
different. We compare the mass-loss timescale of star clusters whose tidal
radii are identical but in parent galaxies with different mass profile, by
means of orbits calculations in fixed cluster potential and N-body simulations.
In this situation, a cluster rotates around the parent galaxy more rapidly as
the parent galaxy has shallower mass profile. We found that the mass-loss
timescale increase 20% and 50% for the cases that the mass density profile of
the parent galaxies are proportional to R^-2 and R^-1.5 where R is the distance
from the galaxy center, compared to the point-mass case, in moderately strong
tidal field. Counterintuitively, a cluster which rotates around the parent
galaxy more rapidly has a longer lifetime. The increase of lifetime is due to
the fact that the fraction occupied by regular-like orbit increases in
shallower profile. Finally, we derive an evaluation formula for the mass-loss
timescale of clusters. Our formula can explain a property of the population of
the observed galactic globular clusters that their half-mass radii become
smaller as their distances from the galactic center become smaller.


  Emotion recognition (ER) is an important task in Natural Language Processing
(NLP), due to its high impact in real-world applications from health and
well-being to author profiling, consumer analysis and security. Current
approaches to ER, mainly classify emotions independently without considering
that emotions can co-exist. Such approaches overlook potential ambiguities, in
which multiple emotions overlap. We propose a new model "SpanEmo" casting
multi-label emotion classification as span-prediction, which can aid ER models
to learn associations between labels and words in a sentence. Furthermore, we
introduce a loss function focused on modelling multiple co-existing emotions in
the input sentence. Experiments performed on the SemEval2018 multi-label
emotion data over three language sets (i.e., English, Arabic and Spanish)
demonstrate our method's effectiveness. Finally, we present different analyses
that illustrate the benefits of our method in terms of improving the model
performance and learning meaningful associations between emotion classes and
words in the sentence.


  We derive a new 3D model for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) that is able to
incorporate realistic magnetic fields in the reconstruction process. In real
MPI scanners, the generated magnetic fields have distortions that lead to
deformed magnetic low-field volumes (LFV) with the shapes of ellipsoids or
bananas instead of ideal field-free points (FFP) or lines (FFL), respectively.
Most of the common model-based reconstruction schemes in MPI use however the
idealized assumption of an ideal FFP or FFL topology and, thus, generate
artifacts in the reconstruction. Our model-based approach is able to deal with
these distortions and can generally be applied to dynamic magnetic fields that
are approximately parallel to their velocity field. We show how this new 3D
model can be discretized and inverted algebraically in order to recover the
magnetic particle concentration. To model and describe the magnetic fields, we
use decompositions of the fields in spherical harmonics. We complement the
description of the new model with several simulations and experiments.


  Flavor symmetries successfully explain lepton and quark masses and mixings
yet it is usually hard to distinguish different models that predict the same
mixing angles. Further experimental input could be available, if the agents of
flavor breaking are sufficiently low in mass and detectable or if new physics
with non-trivial flavor charges is sufficiently low in mass and detectable. The
recent hint for lepton-nonuniversality in the ratio of branching fractions $B
\to K \mu \mu$ over $B \to K e e$, $R_K$, suggests the latter, at least for
indirect detection via rare decays. We demonstrate the discriminating power of
the rare decay data on flavor model building taking into account viable
leptonic mixings and show how correlations with other observables exist in
leptoquark models. We give expectations for branching ratios $B \to K \ell
\ell^\prime, B_{(s)} \to \ell \ell^\prime$ and $\ell \to \ell^\prime \gamma$,
and Higgs decays $h \to \ell \ell^\prime$.


  Amyloid fibrillation is a protein self-assembly phenomenon that is intimately
related to well-known human neurodegenerative diseases. During the past few
decades, striking advances have been achieved in our understanding of the
physical origin of this phenomenon and they constitute the contents of this
review. Starting from a minimal model of amyloid fibrils, we explore
systematically the equilibrium and kinetic aspects of amyloid fibrillation in
both dilute and semi-dilute limits. We then incorporate further molecular
mechanisms into the analyses. We also discuss the mathematical foundation of
kinetic modeling based on chemical mass-action equations, the quantitative
linkage with experimental measurements, as well as the procedure to perform
global fitting.


  The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) near-IR channel
is extensively used in time-resolved observations, especially for transiting
exoplanet spectroscopy and brown dwarf and directly imaged exoplanet rotational
phase mapping. The ramp effect is the dominant source of systematics in the
WFC3 for time-resolved observations, which limits its photometric precision.
Current mitigation strategies are based on empirical fits and require
additional orbits "to help the telescope reach a thermal equilibrium". We show
that the ramp effect profiles can be explained and corrected with high fidelity
using charge trapping theories. We also present a model for this process that
can be used to predict and to correct charge trap systematics. Our model is
based on a very small number of parameters that are intrinsic to the detector.
We find that these parameters are very stable between the different datasets,
and we provide best-fit values. Our model is tested with more than 120 orbits
($\sim40$ visits) of WFC3 observations and is proved to be able to provide near
photon noise limited corrections for observations made with both staring and
scanning modes of transiting exoplanets as well as for starting-mode
observations of brown dwarfs. After our model correction, the light curve of
the first orbit in each visit has the same photometric precision as subsequent
orbits, so data from the first orbit need no longer be discarded. Near IR
arrays with the same physical characteristics (e.g., JWST/NIRCam) may also
benefit from the extension of this model, if similar systematic profiles are
observed.


  Making use of focused Ga-ion beam (FIB) fabrication technology, the evolution
with device dimension of the low-temperature electrical properties of Nb
nanowires has been examined in a regime where crossover from Josephson-like to
insulating behaviour is evident. Resistance-temperature data for devices with a
physical width of order 100 nm demonstrate suppression of superconductivity,
leading to dissipative behaviour that is shown to be consistent with the
activation of phase-slip below Tc. This study suggests that by exploiting the
Ga-impurity poisoning introduced by the FIB into the periphery of the nanowire,
a central superconducting phase-slip nanowire with sub-10 nm dimensions may be
engineered within the core of the nanowire.


  We investigate a tight binding quantum walk on a graph. Repeated stroboscopic
measurements of the position of the particle yield a measured "trajectory", and
a combination of classical and quantum mechanical properties for the walk are
observed. We explore the effects of the measurements on the spreading of the
packet on a one dimensional line, showing that except for the Zeno limit, the
system converges to Gaussian statistics similarly to a classical random walk. A
large deviation analysis and an Edgeworth expansion yield quantum corrections
to this normal behavior. We then explore the first passage time to a target
state using a generating function method, yielding properties like the
quantization of the mean first return time. In particular, we study the effects
of certain sampling rates which cause remarkable change in the behavior in the
system, like divergence of the mean detection time in finite systems and a
decomposition of the phase space into mutually exclusive regions, an effect
that mimics ergodicity breaking, whose origin here is the destructive
interference in quantum mechanics. For a quantum walk on a line we show that in
our system the first detection probability decays classically like
$(\text{time})^{-3/2}$, this is dramatically different compared to local
measurements which yield a decay rate of $(\text{time})^{-3}$, indicating that
the exponents of the first passage time depends on the type of measurements
used.


  This paper aims to briefly survey deep learning methods for visual navigation
of underwater robotics. The scope of this paper includes the visual perception
of underwater robotics with deep learning methods, the available visual
underwater datasets, imitation learning, and reinforcement learning methods for
navigation. Additionally, relevant works will be categorized under the
imitation learning or deep learning paradigm for underwater robots for clarity
of the training methodologies in the current landscape. Literature that uses
deep learning algorithms to process non-visual data for underwater navigation
will not be considered, except as contrasting examples.


  We utilize a model of Wilson-Cowan oscillators to investigate
structure-function relationships in the human brain by means of simulations of
the spontaneous dynamics of brain networks generated through human connectome
data. This allows us to establish relationships between the global excitability
of such networks and global structural network quantities for connectomes of
two different sizes for a number of individual subjects. We compare the
qualitative behavior of such correlations between biological networks and
shuffled networks, the latter generated by shuffling the pairwise
connectivities of the former while preserving their distribution. Our results
point towards a remarkable propensity of the brain's to achieve a trade-off
between low network wiring cost and strong functionality, and highlight the
unique capacity of brain network topologies to exhibit a strong transition from
an inactive state to a globally excited one.


  In this study, we find the points of transition between elliptic and
hyperbolic regimes for the axisymmetric extended magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
equilibrium equations. The ellipticity condition is expressed via a single
inequality but is more involved than the corresponding two-fluid ones due to
the imposition of the quasineutrality condition and is also more complicated
than the Hall MHD ellipticity condition, due to electron inertia. In fact, the
inclusion of electron inertia is responsible for peculiar results; namely, even
the static equilibrium equations can become hyperbolic.


  Let $G/P$ be a generalized flag variety, where $G$ is a complex semisimple
connected Lie group and $P\subset G$ a parabolic subgroup. Let also $X\subset
G/P$ be a Schubert variety. We consider the canonical embedding of $X$ into a
projective space, which is obtained by identifying $G/P$ with a coadjoint orbit
of the compact Lie group $K$, where $G=K^{\mathbb C}$. The maximal torus $T$ of
$K$ acts linearly on the projective space and it leaves $X$ invariant: let
$\Psi: X \to {\rm Lie}(T)^*$ be the restriction of the moment map relative to
the Fubini-Study symplectic form. By a theorem of Atiyah, $\Psi(X)$ is a convex
polytope in ${\rm Lie}(T)^*$. In this paper we show that all pre-images
$\Psi^{-1}(\mu)$, $\mu\in \Psi(X)$, are connected subspaces of $X$. We then
consider a one-dimensional subtorus $S\subset T$, and the map $f: X\to {\mathbb
R}$, which is the restriction of the $S$ moment map to $X$. We study quotients
of the form $f^{-1}(r)/S$, where $r\in {\mathbb R}$. We show that under certain
assumptions concerning $X$, $S$, and $r$, these symplectic quotients are (new)
examples of spaces for which the Kirwan surjectivity theorem and Tolman and
Weitsman's presentation of the kernel of the Kirwan map hold true (combined
with a theorem of Goresky, Kottwitz, and MacPherson, these results lead to an
explicit description of the cohomology ring of the quotient). The singular
Schubert variety in the Grassmannian $G_2({\mathbb C}^4)$ of 2 planes in
${\mathbb C}^4$ is discussed in detail.


  A family of rank-n (n=5,6,7,8) three-qubit mixed states are constructed. The
explicit expressions for the three-tangle and optimal decompositions for all
these states are given. The CKW relations for these states are also discussed.


  Establishing an information-theoretic secret key between two parties using a
quantum key distribution (QKD) system is only possible when an accurate
characterization of the quantum channel and proper device calibration routines
are combined. Indeed, security loopholes due to inappropriate calibration
routines have been shown for discrete-variable QKD. Here, we propose and
provide experimental evidence of an attack targeting the local oscillator
calibration routine of a continuous-variable QKD system. The attack consists in
manipulating the classical local oscillator pulses during the QKD run in order
to modify the clock pulses used at the detection stage. This allows the
eavesdropper to bias the shot noise estimation usually performed using a
calibrated relationship. This loophole can be used to perform successfully an
intercept-resend attack. We characterize the loophole and suggest possible
countermeasures.


  A common optimization tool used in deep reinforcement learning is momentum,
which consists in accumulating and discounting past gradients, reapplying them
at each iteration. We argue that, unlike in supervised learning, momentum in
Temporal Difference (TD) learning accumulates gradients that become doubly
stale: not only does the gradient of the loss change due to parameter updates,
the loss itself changes due to bootstrapping. We first show that this
phenomenon exists, and then propose a first-order correction term to momentum.
We show that this correction term improves sample efficiency in policy
evaluation by correcting target value drift. An important insight of this work
is that deep RL methods are not always best served by directly importing
techniques from the supervised setting.


  The self assembly of core-corona discs interacting via anisotropic potentials
is investigated using Monte Carlo computer simulations. A minimal interaction
potential that incorporates anisotropy in a simple way is introduced. It
consists in a core-corona architecture in which the center of the core is
shifted with respect to the center of the corona. Anisotropy can thus be tuned
by progressively shifting the position of the core. Despite its simplicity, the
system self organize in a rich variety of structures including stripes,
triangular and rectangular lattices, and unusual plastic crystals. Our results
indicate that the amount of anisotropy does not alter the lattice spacing and
only influences the type of clustering (stripes, micells, etc.) of the
individual particles.


  We investigate asymptotics for the minimal spanning acycles of the
(Alpha)-Delaunay complex on a stationary Poisson process on $\mathbb{R}^d, d
\geq 2$. Minimal spanning acycles are topological (or higher-dimensional)
generalization of minimal spanning trees. We establish a central limit theorem
for total weight of the minimal spanning acycle on a Poisson-Delaunay complex.
Our approach also allows us to establish central limit theorems for sum of
birth times and lifetimes in the persistent diagram of the Delaunay complex.
The key to our proof is in showing the so-called weak stabilization of minimal
spanning acycles which proceeds by establishing suitable chain maps and uses
matroidal properties of minimal spanning acycles. In contrast to the proof of
weak-stabilization for Euclidean minimal spanning trees via
percolation-theoretic estimates, our weak-stabilization proof is algebraic in
nature and provides an alternative proof even in the case of minimal spanning
trees.


  We give another proof, using tools from Geometric Invariant Theory, of a
result due to S. Sam and A. Snowden in 2014, concerning the stability of
Kro-necker coefficients. This result states that some sequences of Kronecker
coefficients eventually stabilise, and our method gives a nice geometric bound
from which the stabilisation occurs. We perform the explicit computation of
such a bound on two examples, one being the classical case of Murnaghan's
stability. Moreover, we see that our techniques apply to other coefficients
arising in Representation Theory: namely to some plethysm coefficients and in
the case of the tensor product of representations of the hyperoctahedral group.


  The past few years has witnessed the great success of recommender systems,
which can significantly help users find relevant and interesting items for them
in the information era. However, a vast class of researches in this area mainly
focus on predicting missing links in bipartite user-item networks (represented
as behavioral networks). Comparatively, the social impact, especially the
network structure based properties, is relatively lack of study. In this paper,
we firstly obtain five corresponding network-based features, including user
activity, average neighbors' degree, clustering coefficient, assortative
coefficient and discrimination, from social and behavioral networks,
respectively. A hybrid algorithm is proposed to integrate those features from
two respective networks. Subsequently, we employ a machine learning process to
use those features to provide recommendation results in a binary classifier
method. Experimental results on a real dataset, Flixster, suggest that the
proposed method can significantly enhance the algorithmic accuracy. In
addition, as network-based properties consider not only the social activities,
but also take into account user preferences in the behavioral networks,
therefore, it performs much better than that from either social or behavioral
networks. Furthermore, since the features based on the behavioral network
contain more diverse and meaningfully structural information, they play a vital
role in uncovering users' potential preference, which, might show light in
deeply understanding the structure and function of the social and behavioral
networks.


  Knowledge distillation is an effective method for training lightweight vision
models. However, acquiring teacher supervision for training samples is often
costly, especially from large-scale models like vision transformers (ViTs). In
this paper, we develop a simple framework to reduce the supervision cost of ViT
distillation: masking out a fraction of input tokens given to the teacher. By
masking input tokens, one can skip the computations associated with the masked
tokens without requiring any change to teacher parameters or architecture. We
find that masking patches with the lowest student attention scores is highly
effective, saving up to 50% of teacher FLOPs without any drop in student
accuracy, while other masking criterion leads to suboptimal efficiency gains.
Through in-depth analyses, we reveal that the student-guided masking provides a
good curriculum to the student, making teacher supervision easier to follow
during the early stage and challenging in the later stage.


  In the scenario where only superpartners were produced at the Large Hadron
Collider, how one could determine whether the supersymmetric model pointed out
is 4-dimensional or higher-dimensional ? We propose and develop a series of
tests for discriminating between a pure supersymmetry (SUSY) and a SUSY
realized within the well-motivated warped geometry a la Randall-Sundrum (RS).
Two of these tests make use of some different patterns arising in the
squark/slepton mass spectrum. The other distinctive RS SUSY feature is the
possibly larger (even dominant) Higgs boson decay branching ratios into
sleptons, compared to pure SUSY. Techniques for pinning up the presence of soft
SUSY breaking terms on the TeV-brane are also suggested, based on the analysis
of stop pair production at the International Linear Collider. For all these
phenomenological studies, we had first to derive the 4-dimensional (4D)
effective couplings and mass matrices of the sfermions and Higgs bosons in RS
SUSY. The localization of Higgs bosons, characteristic of RS, leads to
singularities in their couplings which are regularized by the exchange
contribution of infinite towers of Kaluza-Klein (KK) scalar modes with
Dirichlet-Dirichlet boundary conditions. A general method is provided for this
regularization, based on the completeness relation. The sfermion masses are
obtained either from integrating out those specific KK towers or by treating
their mixing effects. Finally, we show at the one-loop level how all quadratic
divergences in the Higgs mass cancel out for any cut-off, due to 5D SUSY and to
5D anomaly cancellation; the analytical way followed here also allows a
justification of the infinite KK summation required for the so-called KK
regularization in 5D SUSY, which has motivated a rich literature.


  We study isometric embeddings of $C^2$ Riemannian manifolds in the Euclidean
space and we establish that the H\"older space $C^{1,\frac{1}{2}}$ is critical
in a suitable sense: in particular we prove that for $\alpha > \frac{1}{2}$ the
Levi-Civita connection of any isometric immersion is induced by the Euclidean
connection, whereas for any $\alpha < \frac{1}{2}$ we construct $C^{1,\alpha}$
isometric embeddings of portions of the standard $2$-dimensional sphere for
which such property fails.


  In order to investigate the hypothesis that dust aggregates were transformed
to meteoritic chondrules by nebular lightning, we exposed silicatic and
metallic dust samples to electric discharges with energies of 120 to 500 J in
air at pressures between 10 and 10^5 Pa. The target charges consisted of
powders of micrometer-sized particles and had dimensions of mm. The dust
samples generally fragmented leaving the major fraction thermally unprocessed.
A minor part formed sintered aggregates of 50 to 500 micrometer. In a few
experiments melt spherules having sizes smaller than 180 micrometer in diameter
(and, generally, interior voids) were formed; the highest spherule fraction was
obtained with metallic Ni. Our experiments indicate that chondrule formation by
electric current or by particle bombardment inside a discharge channel is
unlikely.


  Fresnel diffraction calculation on an arbitrary shape surface is proposed.
This method is capable of calculating Fresnel diffraction from a source surface
with an arbitrary shape to a planar destination surface. Although such
calculation can be readily calculated by the direct integral of a diffraction
calculation, the calculation cost is proportional to $O(N^2)$ in one
dimensional or $O(N^4)$ in two dimensional cases, where $N$ is the number of
sampling points. However, the calculation cost of the proposed method is $O(N
\log N)$ in one dimensional or $O(N^2 \log N)$ in two dimensional cases using
non-uniform fast Fourier transform.


  An exciting development over the past few decades has been the use of
high-throughput computational screening as a means of identifying promising
candidate materials for a variety of structural or functional properties.
Experimentally, it is often found that the highest-performing materials contain
substantial atomic site disorder. These are frequently overlooked in
high-throughput computational searches however, due to difficulties in dealing
with materials that do not possess simple, well-defined crystallographic unit
cells. Here we demonstrate that the screening of magnetocaloric materials with
the help of the density functional theory-based magnetic deformation proxy can
be extended to systems with atomic site disorder. This is accomplished by
thermodynamic averaging of the magnetic deformation for ordered supercells
across a solid solution. We show that the highly non-monotonic magnetocaloric
properties of the disordered solid solutions Mn(Co$_{1-x}$Fe$_x$)Ge and
(Mn$_{1-x}$Ni$_x$)CoGe are successfully captured using this method.


  We present the calculation of the Feynman path integral in real time for
tunneling in quantum mechanics and field theory, including the first quantum
corrections. For this purpose, we use the well-known fact that Euclidean saddle
points in terms of real fields can be analytically continued to complex saddles
of the action in Minkowski space. We also use Picard-Lefschetz theory in order
to determine the middle-dimensional steepest-descent surface in the complex
field space, constructed from Lefschetz thimbles, on which the path integral is
to be performed. As an alternative to extracting the decay rate from the
imaginary part of the ground-state energy of the false vacuum, we use the
optical theorem in order to derive it from the real-time amplitude for forward
scattering. While this amplitude may in principle be obtained by analytic
continuation of its Euclidean counterpart, we work out in detail how it can be
computed to one-loop order at the level of the path integral, i.e. evaluating
the Gau{\ss}ian integrals of fluctuations about the relevant complex saddle
points. To that effect, we show how the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions on a
thimble can be obtained by analytic continuation of the Euclidean eigensystem,
and we determine the path-integral measure on thimbles. This way, using
real-time methods, we recover the one-loop result by Callan and Coleman for the
decay rate. We finally demonstrate our real-time methods explicitly, including
the construction of the eigensystem of the complex saddle, on the archetypical
example of tunneling in a quasi-degenerate quartic potential.


  We measure the quasiparticle weight in the heavy-fermion compound
CeCu$_{6-x}$Au$_{x}$ ($x=0,\ 0.1$) by time-resolved THz spectroscopy for
temperatures from 2 up to 300\,K. This method distinguishes contributions from
the heavy Kondo band and from the crystal-electric-field satellite bands by
different THz response delay times. We find that the formation of heavy bands
is controlled by an exponentially enhanced, high-energy Kondo scale once the
crystal-electric-field states become thermally occupied. We corroborate these
observations by temperature-dependent dynamical mean-field calculations for the
multi-orbital Anderson lattice model and discuss consequences for quantum
critical scenarios.


  The phenomena of exchange anisotropy is well known in terms of static
magnetization properties such as enhanced coercivity and magnetization loop
shifts. These effects are primarily associated with effective anisotropies
introduced into the ferromagnet by exchange coupling with a strongly
anisotropic antiferromagnet. These effective anisotropies can be understood as
manifestations of a more fundamental exchange induced susceptibility. We show
that a consequence of this view is that a class of unusual dynamic effects
associated with the exchange susceptibility should also exist. The effects
become apparent near the ordering temperature of the antiferromagnet and affect
domain wall velocities, domain wall resonances, and precessional switching of
the ferromagnet.


  Under broken time reversal symmetry such as in the presence of external
magnetic field or internal magnetization, a transverse voltage can be
established in materials perpendicular to both longitudinal current and applied
magnetic field, known as classical Hall effect. However, this symmetry
constraint can be relaxed in the nonlinear regime, thereby enabling nonlinear
anomalous Hall current in time-reversal invariant materials - an underexplored
realm with exciting new opportunities beyond classical linear Hall effect.
Here, using group theory and first-principles theory, we demonstrate a
remarkable ferroelectric nonlinear anomalous Hall effect in time-reversal
invariant few-layer WTe$_2$ where nonlinear anomalous Hall current switches in
odd-layer WTe$_2$ while remaining invariant in even-layer WTe$_2$ upon
ferroelectric transition. This even-odd oscillation of ferroelectric nonlinear
anomalous Hall effect was found to originate from the absence and presence of
Berry curvature dipole reversal and shift dipole reversal due to distinct
ferroelectric transformation in even and odd-layer WTe$_2$. Our work not only
treats Berry curvature dipole and shift dipole on an equal footing to account
for intraband and interband contributions to nonlinear anomalous Hall effect,
but also establishes Berry curvature dipole and shift dipole as new order
parameters for noncentrosymmetric materials. The present findings, therefore,
suggest that ferroelectric metals and Weyl semimetals may offer unprecedented
opportunities for the development of nonlinear quantum electronics.


  We present the project Asteroids@home that uses distributed computing to
solve the time-consuming inverse problem of shape reconstruction of asteroids.
The project uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
framework to distribute, collect, and validate small computational units that
are solved independently at individual computers of volunteers connected to the
project. Shapes, rotational periods, and orientations of the spin axes of
asteroids are reconstructed from their disk-integrated photometry by the
lightcurve inversion method.


  The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regional Radio Conference
(RRC06) established in 2006 a new frequency plan for the introduction of
digital broadcasting in European, African, Arab, CIS countries and Iran. The
preparation of the plan involved complex calculations under short deadline and
required dependable and efficient computing capability. The ITU designed and
deployed in-situ a dedicated PC farm, in parallel to the European Organization
for Nuclear Research (CERN) which provided and supported a system based on the
EGEE Grid. The planning cycle at the RRC06 required a periodic execution in the
order of 200,000 short jobs, using several hundreds of CPU hours, in a period
of less than 12 hours. The nature of the problem required dynamic
workload-balancing and low-latency access to the computing resources. We
present the strategy and key technical choices that delivered a reliable
service to the RRC06.


  Since the initial investigation by Matsui and Satz heavy quark bound states
at finite temperature have been subject to numerous studies. The derivation of
a finite-temperature potential from first principles was attempted only
recently however, by generalising the Schroedinger equation which is
successfully employed for the description of quarkonia at zero temperature to a
thermal setting. In this note the finite-temperature static potential is
derived to leading order using resummed perturbation theory. The modification
of the heavy quarkonium spectral function by an imaginary part of the potential
appearing at finite temperature is discussed. Additionally, the extent of
possible corrections due to non-perturbative processes is assessed by employing
real-time lattice techniques based on kinetic theory.


  This paper describes SMES, an information extraction core system for real
world German text processing. The basic design criterion of the system is of
providing a set of basic powerful, robust, and efficient natural language
components and generic linguistic knowledge sources which can easily be
customized for processing different tasks in a flexible manner.


  Rapid inverse Compton cooling sets in when the brightness temperature (T_B)
of a self-absorbed synchrotron source with power-law electrons reaches ~10^{12}
K. However, T_B inferred from observations of intra-day variable sources (IDV)
are well above the "Compton catastrophe" limit. This can be understood if the
underlying electron distribution cuts off at low energy. We approximate a
low-energy cut-off with monoenergetic electrons. We compute the synchrotron
self-Compton (SSC) spectrum of such distribution, and using the IDV source
S5~0716+714 as an example, we compare it to the observed SED of S5~0716+714.
The hard radio spectrum is well-fitted by this model, and the optical data can
be accommodated by a power-law extension to the electron spectrum. We therefore
examine the scenario of an injection of electrons that is a double power law in
energy with a hard low-energy component that does not contribute to the
synchrotron opacity. We show that the double power-law injection model is in
good agreement with the observed SED of S5~0716+714. For intrinsic variability,
we find that a Doppler factor of D\geq30 can explain the observed SED provided
that low-frequency (<32 GHz) emission originates from a larger region than the
higher-frequency emission. To fit the entire spectrum, D\geq65 is needed. We
find the constraint imposed by induced Compton scattering at high T_B is
insignificant in our model. We confirm that electron distribution with a
low-energy cut-off can explain the high T_B in compact radio sources. We show
that synchrotron spectrum from such distributions naturally accounts for the
observed hard radio continuum with a softer optical component, without the need
for an inhomogeneous source.


  The effects of quenched disorder on the critical properties of itinerant
quantum antiferromagnets and ferromagnets are considered. Particular attention
is paid to locally ordered spatial regions that are formed in the presence of
quenched disorder even when the bulk system is still in the paramagnetic phase.
These rare regions or local moments are reflected in the existence of spatially
inhomogeneous saddle points of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson functional. We derive
an effective theory that takes into account small fluctuations around all of
these saddle points. The resulting free energy functional contains a new term
in addition to those obtained within the conventional perturbative approach,
and it comprises what would be considered non-perturbative effects within the
latter. A renormalization group analysis shows that in the case of
antiferromagnets, the previously found critical fixed point is unstable with
respect to this new term, and that no stable critical fixed point exists at
one-loop order. This is contrasted with the case of itinerant ferromagnets,
where we find that the previously found critical behavior is unaffected by the
rare regions due to an effective long-ranged interaction between the order
parameter fluctuations.


  Wigner distributions for quantum mechanical systems whose configuration space
is a finite group of odd order are defined so that they correctly reproduce the
marginals and have desirable transformation properties under left and right
translations. While for the Abelian case we recover known results, though from
a different perspective, for the non Abelian case, our results appear to be
new.


  The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is providing precise
time-series photometry for most star clusters in the solar neighborhood. Using
the TESS images, we have begun a Cluster Difference Imaging Photometric Survey
(CDIPS), in which we are focusing both on stars that are candidate cluster
members, and on stars that show indications of youth. Our aims are to discover
giant transiting planets with known ages, and to provide light curves suitable
for studies in stellar astrophysics. For this work, we made 159,343 light
curves of candidate young stars, across 596 distinct clusters. Each light curve
represents between 20 and 25 days of observations of a star brighter than
$G_{\rm Rp}=16$, with 30-minute sampling. We describe the image subtraction and
time-series analysis techniques we used to create the light curves, which have
noise properties that agree with theoretical expectations. We also comment on
the possible utility of the light curve sample for studies of stellar rotation
evolution, and binary eccentricity damping. The light curves, which cover about
one sixth of the galactic plane, are available as a MAST High Level Science
Product at https://doi.org/10.17909/t9-ayd0-k727 .


  Radiative corrections to the charged current Drell-Yan processes are
revisited. Complete one-loop electroweak corrections are calculated within the
automatic SANC system. Electroweak scheme dependence and the choice of the
factorization scale are discussed. Comparisons with earlier calculations are
presented.


  Differential Evolution (DE) is quite powerful for real parameter single
objective optimization. However, the ability of extending or changing search
area when falling into a local optimum is still required to be developed in DE
for accommodating extremely complicated fitness landscapes with a huge number
of local optima. We propose a new flow of DE, termed DE with individuals
redistribution, in which a process of individuals redistribution will be called
when progress on fitness is low for generations. In such a process, mutation
and crossover are standardized, while trial vectors are all kept in selection.
Once diversity exceeds a predetermined threshold, our opposition replacement is
executed, then algorithm behavior returns to original mode. In our experiments
based on two benchmark test suites, we apply individuals redistribution in ten
DE algorithms. Versions of the ten DE algorithms based on individuals
redistribution are compared with not only original version but also version
based on complete restart, where individuals redistribution and complete
restart are based on the same entry criterion. Experimental results indicate
that, for most of the DE algorithms, version based on individuals
redistribution performs better than both original version and version based on
complete restart.


  We characterize composition and structure of ultrathin nickel silicide during
formation from 3 nm Ni films on Si(100) using in-situ high resolution ion
scattering and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. We show the
transition to occur in discrete steps, in which an intermediate phase is
observed within a narrow range of temperature from 230 oC to 290 oC. The film
composition of this intermediate phase is found to be 50% Ni:50% Si, without
evidence for long-range structure, indicating the film to be a homogeneous
monosilicide NiSi phase. The final phase is resemblant of the cubic disilicide
NiSi2, but with slightly off-stoichiometric composition of 38% Ni and 62% Si.
Along the [100] axis, the lattices of the film and the substrate are found in
perfect alignment. Due to the epitaxial growth of the silicide, a contraction
of the c lattice constant of the film by 0.7-1% is detected.


  We observe the radio galaxy PKS 1934-63 (at $z=0.1825$) using MUSE (Multi
Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The radio
source is GigaHertz Peaked Spectrum and compact (0.13 kpc), implying an early
stage of evolution ($\leq 10^4$ yr). Our data show an interacting pair of
galaxies, projected separation 9.1 kpc, velocity difference $\Delta(v)=216$ km
$\rm s^{-1}$. The larger galaxy is a $\rm M_{*}\simeq 10^{11}M_{\odot}$
spheroidal with the emission-line spectrum of a high-excitation young radio
AGN, e.g. strong [OI]6300 and [OIII]5007. Emission-line ratios indicate a large
contribution to the line luminosity from high-velocity shocks ($\simeq 550$ km
$\rm s^{-1}$) . The companion is a non-AGN disk galaxy, with extended $\rm
H\alpha$ emission from which its star-formation rate is estimated as $\rm
0.61~M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$.
  Both galaxies show rotational velocity gradients in $\rm H\alpha$ and other
lines, with the interaction being prograde-prograde. The SE-NW velocity
gradient of the AGN host is misaligned from the E-W radio axis, but aligned
with a previously discovered central ultraviolet source, and a factor 2 greater
in amplitude in $\rm H\alpha$ than in other (forbidden) lines (e.g.
[OIII]5007). This could be produced by a fast rotating (100-150 km $\rm
s^{-1}$) disk with circumnuclear star-formation. We also identify a broad
component of [OIII]5007 emission, blueshifted with a velocity gradient aligned
with the radio jets, and associated with outflow. However, the broad component
of [OI]6300 is redshifted. In spectral fits, both galaxies have old stellar
populations plus $\sim 0.1\%$ of very young stars, consistent with the galaxies
undergoing first perigalacticon, triggering infall and star-formation from
$\sim 40$ Myr ago followed by the radio outburst.


  A unified approach to total cross-sections, based on the QCD contribution to
the rise with energy, is presented for the processes $pp$, $p{\bar p}$, $\gamma
p, \gamma \gamma, e^+e^- \to hadrons$. For proton processes, a discussion of
the role played by soft gluon summation in taming the fast rise due to
mini-jets is presented. For photon-photon processes, a comparison with other
models indicates the need for precision measurements in both the low and high
energy region, likely only with measurements at future Linear Colliders.


  We study the response of diquark wave function in \Lambda-type baryons to
strong magnetic fields. It is found that quantum state of J=0 diquark (ud) in
the magnetic field changes due to magnetic polarizability, and constituent
quarks in (ud) diquark become polarized. The phenomenon influences polarized
quark distribution functions \Delta u(x) and \Delta d(x), which therefore may
be sensitive to the internal electromagnetic fields in hypernuclei. We also
speculate, that strange quark polarization in nucleon may originate from the
interaction of virtual (ss') quark pairs with the intrinsic magnetic field of
nucleon B $\approx$ 10^13 T.


  Previous works for PCB defect detection based on image difference and image
processing techniques have already achieved promising performance. However,
they sometimes fall short because of the unaccounted defect patterns or
over-sensitivity about some hyper-parameters. In this work, we design a deep
model that accurately detects PCB defects from an input pair of a detect-free
template and a defective tested image. A novel group pyramid pooling module is
proposed to efficiently extract features of a large range of resolutions, which
are merged by group to predict PCB defect of corresponding scales. To train the
deep model, a dataset is established, namely DeepPCB, which contains 1,500
image pairs with annotations including positions of 6 common types of PCB
defects. Experiment results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the
proposed model by achieving $98.6\%$ mAP @ 62 FPS on DeepPCB dataset. This
dataset is now available at: https://github.com/tangsanli5201/DeepPCB.


  We investigate topological AE(0) -groups class of which contains the class of
Polish groups as well as the class of all locally compact groups. We establish
the existence of an universal AE(0) -group of a given weight as well as the
existence of an universal action of AE(0) -group of a given weight on a AE(0)
-space of the same weight. A complete characterization of closed subgroups of
powers of the symmetric group is obtained. It is also shown that every AE
(0)-group is Baire isomorphic to the product of Polish groups. These results
are obtained by using the spectral descriptions of AE(0)-groups which are
presented in Section 3.


  This paper is devoted to the study of stellar evolution of compact objects
whose energy density and pressure of the fluid are interlinked by means of MIT
bag model and a realistic polytropic equation of state in the scenario of
$f(R,T,Q)$ gravity, where $Q=R_{ab}T^{ab}$. We derive the field equations as
well as the hydrostatic equilibrium equation and analyze their solutions
numerically for $R+\delta Q$ functional form with $\delta$ being a coupling
parameter. We discuss the dependence of various physical properties such as
pressure, energy density, total mass and surface redshift on the chosen values
of the model parameter. The physical acceptability of the proposed model is
examined by checking the validity of energy conditions, causality condition,
and adiabatic index. We also study the effects arising due to matter-curvature
coupling on the compact stellar system. It is found that maximum mass point
lies within the observational range which indicates that our model is
appropriate to describe dense stellar objects.


  In contrast to single-component superconductors, which are described at the
level of Ginzburg-Landau theory by a single parameter \kappa and are divided in
type-I \kappa<1/\sqrt{2} and type-II \kappa>1/\sqrt{2} classes, two-component
systems in general possess three fundamental length scales and have been shown
to possess a separate "type-1.5" superconducting state. In that state, as a
consequence of the extra fundamental length scale, vortices attract one another
at long range but repel at shorter ranges, and therefore should form clusters
in low magnetic fields. In this work we investigate the appearance of type-1.5
superconductivity and the interpretation of the fundamental length scales in
the case of two bands with substantial interband couplings such as intrinsic
Josephson coupling, mixed gradient coupling and density-density interactions.
We show that in the presence of substantial intercomponent interactions of the
above types the system supports type-1.5 superconductivity with fundamental
length scales being associated with the mass of the gauge field and two masses
of normal modes represented by mixed combinations of the density fields.


  Single-image human relighting aims to relight a target human under new
lighting conditions by decomposing the input image into albedo, shape and
lighting. Although plausible relighting results can be achieved, previous
methods suffer from both the entanglement between albedo and lighting and the
lack of hard shadows, which significantly decrease the realism. To tackle these
two problems, we propose a geometry-aware single-image human relighting
framework that leverages single-image geometry reconstruction for joint
deployment of traditional graphics rendering and neural rendering techniques.
For the de-lighting, we explore the shortcomings of UNet architecture and
propose a modified HRNet, achieving better disentanglement between albedo and
lighting. For the relighting, we introduce a ray tracing-based per-pixel
lighting representation that explicitly models high-frequency shadows and
propose a learning-based shading refinement module to restore realistic shadows
(including hard cast shadows) from the ray-traced shading maps. Our framework
is able to generate photo-realistic high-frequency shadows such as cast shadows
under challenging lighting conditions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that
our proposed method outperforms previous methods on both synthetic and real
images.


  Finding a rationale behind the observed pattern of neutrino mixings has been
at the focus of neutrino flavor model building. Many different approaches have
been put forward including models based on symmetries. Among the most
predictive models based on symmetries are models which predict not only the
mixing parameters but also correlations between them. These mixing sum rules
allow to probe flavor models in the future. In this white paper we collect the
predictions for the mixing parameters from flavor models based on discrete
symmetries broken to certain residual symmetries of the lepton mass matrices
and from models with modular symmetries to contrast them with bounds from
current and future oscillations experiments.


  Recently Deyo et al. [\prb {\bf 106}, 104502 (2022)] suggested that the
surface resistance $R_s(H_0)$ of a superconductor under strong electromagnetic
field can be affected by field-induced quasiparticle bound states at the
surface. This Comment shows that the existence of such bound states and their
contribution to $R_s$ are not substantiated and the phenomenological models of
Ref. \cite{corn} give incorrect field and temperature dependencies of
$R_s(T,H_0)$.


  We make an attempt at unveiling the thermodynamic "signature" of a specific
class of electronic systems, the so called nearly-flat-band paramagnets and
ferromagnets that can theoretically be described by appropriate versions of the
Hubbard model.


  We use a general circulation model to study the three-dimensional (3-D) flow
and temperature distributions of atmospheres on tidally synchronized extrasolar
planets. In this work, we focus on the sensitivity of the evolution to the
initial flow state, which has not received much attention in 3-D modeling
studies. We find that different initial states lead to markedly different
distributions-even under the application of strong forcing (large day-night
temperature difference with a short "thermal drag time") that may be
representative of close-in planets. This is in contrast with the results or
assumptions of many published studies. In general, coherent jets and vortices
(and their associated temperature distributions) characterize the flow, and
they evolve differently in time, depending on the initial condition. If the
coherent structures reach a quasi- stationary state, their spatial locations
still vary. The result underlines the fact that circulation models are
currently unsuitable for making quantitative predictions (e.g., location and
size of a "hot spot") without better constrained, and well posed, initial
conditions.


  The question on whether or not weakly bound states should be effectively
incorporated in a hadronic representation of the QCD partition function is
addressed by analyzing the example of the $X(3872)$, a resonance close to the
$D\bar D^*$ threshold which has been suggested as an example of a loosely bound
molecule. This can be decided by studying the $D \bar D^*$ scattering
phase-shifts in the $J^{PC}=1^{++}$ channel and their contribution to the level
density in the continuum, which also gives information on its abundance in a
hot medium. In this work, it is shown that, in a purely molecular picture, the
bound state contribution cancels the continuum, resulting in a null occupation
number density at finite temperature, which implies the $X(3872)$ does not
count below the Quark-Gluon Plasma crossover ($T \sim 150$MeV). However, if a
non-zero $c \bar c$ component is present in the $X(3872)$ wave function such
cancellation does not occur for temperatures above $T\gtrsim 250$MeV.


  We consider the evaporation of a thin liquid layer which consists of a binary
mixture of volatile liquids. The mixture is on top of a heated substrate and in
contact with the gas phase that consists of the same vapour as the binary
mixture. The effect of thermocapillarity, solutocapillarity and the van der
Waals interactions are considered. We derive the long-wave evolution equations
for the free interface and the volume fraction that govern the two-dimensional
stability of the layer subject to the above coupled mechanisms and perform a
linear stability analysis. Our results demonstrate two modes of instabilities,
a monotonic instability mode and an oscillatory instability mode. We supplement
our results from stability analysis with transient simulations to examine the
dynamics in the nonlinear regime and analyse how these instabilities evolve
with time. More precisely we discuss how the effect of relative volatility
along with the competition between thermal and solutal Marangoni effect defines
the mode of instability that develops during the evaporation of the liquid
layer due to preferential evaporation of one of the components.


  In the last few years, it became possible to observationally resolve galaxies
with two distinct nuclei in their centre. For separations smaller than 10kpc,
dual and offset active galactic nuclei (AGN) are distinguished: in dual AGN,
both nuclei are active, whereas in offset AGN only one nucleus is active. To
study the origin of such AGN pairs, we employ a cosmological, hydrodynamic
simulation with a large volume of (182Mpc)^3 from the set of Magneticum
Pathfinder Simulations. The simulation self-consistently produces 35 resolved
black hole (BH) pairs at redshift z=2, with a comoving distance smaller than
10kpc. 14 of them are offset AGN and nine are dual AGN, resulting in a fraction
of (1.2 \pm 0.3)% AGN pairs with respect to the total number of AGN. In this
paper, we discuss fundamental differences between the BH and galaxy properties
of dual AGN, offset AGN and inactive BH pairs and investigate their different
triggering mechanisms. We find that in dual AGN the BHs have similar masses and
the corresponding BH from the less massive progenitor galaxy always accretes
with a higher Eddington ratio. In contrast, in offset AGN the active BH is
typically more massive than its non-active counterpart. Furthermore, dual AGN
in general accrete more gas from the intergalactic medium than offset AGN and
non-active BH pairs. This highlights that merger events, particularly minor
mergers, do not necessarily lead to strong gas inflows and thus, do not always
drive strong nuclear activity.


  We obtain phase diagrams of regular and irregular finite connectivity
spin-glasses. Contact is firstly established between properties of the phase
diagram and the performances of low density parity check codes (LDPC) within
the Replica Symmetric (RS) ansatz. We then study the location of the dynamical
and critical transition of these systems within the one step Replica Symmetry
Breaking theory (RSB), extending similar calculations that have been performed
in the past for the Bethe spin-glass problem. We observe that, away from the
Nishimori line, in the low temperature region, the location of the dynamical
transition line does change within the RSB theory, in comparison with the (RS)
case. For LDPC decoding over the binary erasure channel we find, at zero
temperature and rate R=1/4 an RS critical transition point located at p_c =
0.67 while the critical RSB transition point is located at p_c = 0.7450, to be
compared with the corresponding Shannon bound 1-R. For the binary symmetric
channel (BSC) we show that the low temperature reentrant behavior of the
dynamical transition line, observed within the RS ansatz, changes within the
RSB theory; the location of the dynamical transition point occurring at higher
values of the channel noise. Possible practical implications to improve the
performances of the state-of-the-art error correcting codes are discussed.


  Context: Repeated observations of exoplanet transits allow us to refine the
planetary parameters and probe them for any time dependent variations. In
particular deviations of the period from a strictly linear ephemeris, transit
timing variations (TTVs), can indicate the presence of additional bodies in the
planetary system.
  Aims: Our goal was to reexamine the largely unstudied OGLE2-TR-L9 system with
high cadence, multi-color photometry in order to refine the planetary
parameters and probe the system for TTVs.
  Methods: We observed five full transits of OGLE2-TR-L9 with the GROND
instrument at the ESO/MPG 2.2 m telescope at La Silla Observatory. GROND is a
multichannel imager that allowed us to gather simultaneous light curves in the
g', r', i', and z' filters.
  Results: From our analysis we find that the semi-major axis and the
inclination differ from the previously published values. With the newly
observed transits, we were able to refine the ephemeris to 2454492.80008(+/-
0.00014) + 2.48553417(+/- 6.4) x 10^-7 E. The newly derived parameters are
a=0.0418 (+/- 0.0015) AU, r_p =1.67 (+/- 0.05) R_j, and inc=82.47{\deg} (+/-
0.12), differing significantly in a and inc from the previously published
values. Within our data, we find indications for TTVs.


  Network analysis has been applied in diverse application domains. In this
paper, we consider an example from protein dynamics, specifically residue
interaction networks (RINs). In this context, we use NetworKit -- an
established package for network analysis -- to build a cloud-based environment
that enables domain scientists to run their visualization and analysis
workflows on large compute servers, without requiring extensive programming
and/or system administration knowledge. To demonstrate the versatility of this
approach, we use it to build a custom Jupyter-based widget for RIN
visualization. In contrast to existing RIN visualization approaches, our widget
can easily be customized through simple modifications of Python code, while
both supporting a good feature set and providing near real-time speed. It is
also easily integrated into analysis pipelines (e.g., that use Python to feed
RIN data into downstream machine learning tasks).


  We consider two mean-field models of structural glasses, the random energy
model (REM) and the $p$-spin model (PSM), and we show that the finite-size
fluctuations of the freezing temperature are described by extreme-value
statistics (EVS) distributions, establishing an unprecedented connection
between EVS and the freezing transition of structural glasses. For the REM, the
freezing-temperature fluctuations are described by the Gumbel EVS distribution,
while for the PSM the freezing temperature fluctuates according to the
Tracy-Widom (TW) EVS distribution, which has been recently discovered within
the theory of random matrices. For the PSM, we provide an analytical argument
showing that the emergence of the TW distribution can be understood in terms of
the statistics of glassy metastable states.


  We investigate the proposed connection between de Sitter spacetime and the
MERA (Multiscale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz) tensor network, and ask
what can be learned via such a construction. We show that the quantum state
obeys a cosmic no-hair theorem: the reduced density operator describing a
causal patch of the MERA asymptotes to a fixed point of a quantum channel, just
as spacetimes with a positive cosmological constant asymptote to de Sitter. The
MERA is potentially compatible with a weak form of complementarity (local
physics only describes single patches at a time, but the overall Hilbert space
is infinite-dimensional) or, with certain specific modifications to the tensor
structure, a strong form (the entire theory describes only a single patch plus
its horizon, in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space). We also suggest that de
Sitter evolution has an interpretation in terms of circuit complexity, as has
been conjectured for anti-de Sitter space.


  I summarize and discuss some of the experimental results on the low and
intermediate mass dileptons and direct photons presented at Quark Matter 2014.


  There exists the duality between normal family theory and value distribution
theory of meromorphic functions, which is called the Bloch principle. Zalcman
formulated a more precise statement on it. In this paper, based on the Zalcman
and Ros work, we comprehend the phenomenon of the trinity among normal family
theory, value distribution theory and minimal surface theory and give a
systematic description to the relationship among the Montel theorem, the
Liuoville theorem and the Bernstein theorem as well as the
Carath\'{e}odory-Montel theorem, the Picard little theorem and the Fujimoto
theorem. We call this phenomenon Bloch-Ros principle. We also generalize the
Bloch-Ros principle to various classes of surfaces, for instance, maxfaces in
the Lorentz-Minkowski $3$-space, improper affine fronts in the affine $3$-space
and flat fronts in the hyperbolic $3$-space. In particular, we give an
effective criterion to determine which properties for meromorphic functions
that play a role of the Gauss maps of these classes of surfaces satisfy the
Gaussian curvature estimate.


  We construct a simple invariant of free link valued in a certain group by
using parity.


  In our problem, we are given access to a number of sequences of nonnegative
i.i.d. random variables, whose realizations are observed sequentially. All
sequences are of the same finite length. The goal is to pick one element from
each sequence in order to maximize a reward equal to the expected value of the
sum of the selections from all sequences. The decision on which element to pick
is irrevocable, i.e., rejected observations cannot be revisited. Furthermore,
the procedure terminates upon having a single selection from each sequence. Our
observation constraint is that we cannot observe the current realization of all
sequences at each time instant. Instead, we can observe only a smaller, yet
arbitrary, subset of them. Thus, together with a stopping rule that determines
whether we choose or reject the sample, the solution requires a sampling rule
that determines which sequence to observe at each instant. The problem can be
solved via dynamic programming, but with an exponential complexity in the
length of the sequences. In order to make the solution computationally
tractable, we introduce a decoupling approach and determine each stopping time
using either a single-sequence dynamic programming, or a Prophet Inequality
inspired threshold method, with polynomial complexity in the length of the
sequences. We prove that the decoupling approach guarantees at least 0.745 of
the optimal expected reward of the joint problem. In addition, we describe how
to efficiently compute the optimal number of samples for each sequence, and
its' dependence on the variances.


  A family of stable mixed finite elements for the linear elasticity on
tetrahedral grids are constructed, where the stress is approximated by
symmetric $H(\d)$-$P_k$ polynomial tensors and the displacement is approximated
by $C^{-1}$-$P_{k-1}$ polynomial vectors, for all $k\ge 4$. Numerical tests are
provided.


  The area law of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black hole suggests that
the black hole should have a lower-dimensional holographic description. It has
been found recently that a large class of rotating and charged black holes
could be holographically described a two-dimensional (2D) conformal field
theory (CFT). We show that the universal information of the dual CFT, including
the central charges and the temperatures, is fully encoded in the
thermodynamics laws of both outer and inner horizons. These laws,
characterizing how the black hole responds under the perturbation, allows us to
read different dual pictures with respect to different kinds of perturbations.
The remarkable effectiveness of this thermodynamics method suggest that the
inner horizon could play a key role in the study of holographic description of
the black hole.


  We prove that alternating links with two totally geodesic checkerboard
surfaces are three links with projection the 1-skeleton of the octahedron, the
cuboctahedron and the icosidodecahedron. We also characterize these links as
right-angled completely realisable links and show that all hyperbolic weaving
knots with two exceptions have both checkerboard surfaces not totally geodesic.


  Direct detection of dark energy or modified gravity may finally be within
reach due to ultrasensitive instrumentation such as atom interferometry capable
of detecting incredibly small scale accelerations. Forecasts, constraints and
measurement bounds can now too perhaps be estimated from accurate numerical
simulations of the fifth force and its Laplacian field at solar system scales.
The cubic Galileon gravity scalar field model (CGG), which derives from the DGP
braneworld model, describes modified gravity incorporating a Vainshtein
screening mechanism. The nonlinear derivative interactions in the CGG equation
suppress the field near regions of high density, thereby restoring general
relativity (GR) while far from such regions, field enhancement is comparable to
GR and the equation is dominated by a linear term. This feature of the
governing PDE poses some numerical challenges for computation of the scalar
potential, force and Laplacian fields even under stationary conditions. Here we
present a numerical method based on finite differences for solution of the
static CGG scalar field for a 2D axisymmetric Sun-Earth system and a 3D
Cartesian Sun-Earth-Moon system. The method relies on gradient descent of an
integrated residual based on the normal attractive branch of the CGG equation.
The algorithm is shown to be stable, accurate and rapidly convergent toward the
global minimum state. We hope this numerical study, which can easily be
extended to include smaller bodies such as detection satellites, will prove
useful to future measurement of modified gravity force fields at solar system
scales.


  Recent advancements in vision models have greatly improved their ability to
handle complex chart understanding tasks, like chart captioning and question
answering. However, it remains challenging to assess how these models process
charts. Existing benchmarks only roughly evaluate model performance without
evaluating the underlying mechanisms, such as how models extract image
embeddings. This limits our understanding of the model's ability to perceive
fundamental graphical components. To address this, we introduce a novel
evaluation framework to assess the graphical perception of image embedding
models. For chart comprehension, we examine two main aspects of channel
effectiveness: accuracy and discriminability of various visual channels.
Channel accuracy is assessed through the linearity of embeddings, measuring how
well the perceived magnitude aligns with the size of the stimulus.
Discriminability is evaluated based on the distances between embeddings,
indicating their distinctness. Our experiments with the CLIP model show that it
perceives channel accuracy differently from humans and shows unique
discriminability in channels like length, tilt, and curvature. We aim to
develop this work into a broader benchmark for reliable visual encoders,
enhancing models for precise chart comprehension and human-like perception in
future applications.


  Galaxy mergers are believed to play a key role in transforming star-forming
disk galaxies into quenched ellipticals. Most of our theoretical knowledge
about such morphological transformations does, however, rely on idealised
simulations where processes such as cooling of hot halo gas into the disk and
gas accretion in the post-merger phase are not treated in a self-consistent
cosmological fashion. In this paper we study the morphological evolution of the
stellar components of four major mergers occurring at z=0.5 in cosmological
hydrodynamical zoom-simulations. In all simulations the merger reduces the disk
mass-fraction, but all galaxies simulated at our highest resolution regrow a
significant disk by z=0 (with a disk fraction larger than 24%). For runs with
our default physics model, which includes galactic winds from star formation
and black hole feedback, none of the merger remnants are quenched, but in a set
of simulations with stronger black hole feedback we find that major mergers can
indeed quench galaxies. We conclude that major merger remnants commonly evolve
into star-forming disk galaxies, unless sufficiently strong AGN feedback
assists in the quenching of the remnant.


  We analyze the instantaneous growth of analyticity radius for three
dimensional generalized Navier-Stokes equations. For the subcritical
$H^{\gamma}(\mathbb R^3)$ case with $\gamma>\frac12,$ we prove that there
exists a positive time $t_0$ so that for any $t\in]0, t_0]$, the radius of
analyticity of the solution $u$ satisfies the pointwise-in-time lower bound
$${\mathrm{rad}}(u)(t)\ge \sqrt{(2\gamma-1)t\bigl(|\ln t|+\ln|\ln
t|+K_t\bigr)},$$ where $K_t \to \infty$ as $t\to 0^+$. This in particular gives
a nontrivial improvement of the previous result by Herbst and Skibsted in
\cite{HS} for the case $\gamma\in ]1/2,3/2[$ and also settles the decade-long
open question in \cite{HS}, namely, whether or not
  $\liminf_{t\to 0^+}\frac {{\mathrm{ rad}}(u)(t)}{\sqrt{t|\ln t|}}\ge
\sqrt{2\gamma-1}$ for all $\gamma\ge \frac32$. For the critical case $H^{\frac
12}(\mathbb R^3)$, we prove that there exists $t_1>0$ so that for any $t\in ]0,
t_1],$ ${\mathrm {rad}}(u)(t)\ge \lambda(t)\sqrt{t}$ with $\lambda(t)$
satisfying $\lim_{t\to 0^+}\lambda(t)=\infty.$


  Unsupervised dimensionality reduction is one of the commonly used techniques
in the field of high dimensional data recognition problems. The deep
autoencoder network which constrains the weights to be non-negative, can learn
a low dimensional part-based representation of data. On the other hand, the
inherent structure of the each data cluster can be described by the
distribution of the intraclass samples. Then one hopes to learn a new low
dimensional representation which can preserve the intrinsic structure embedded
in the original high dimensional data space perfectly. In this paper, by
preserving the data distribution, a deep part-based representation can be
learned, and the novel algorithm is called Distribution Preserving Network
Embedding (DPNE). In DPNE, we first need to estimate the distribution of the
original high dimensional data using the $k$-nearest neighbor kernel density
estimation, and then we seek a part-based representation which respects the
above distribution. The experimental results on the real-world data sets show
that the proposed algorithm has good performance in terms of cluster accuracy
and AMI. It turns out that the manifold structure in the raw data can be well
preserved in the low dimensional feature space.


  Let $G$ be a finite group and $H\subseteq G$ be its subgroup. We prove that
if a smooth del Pezzo surface over an algebraically closed field is
$H$-birationally rigid then it is also $G$-birationally rigid, answering a
geometric version of Koll\'{a}r's question in dimension 2 by positive.


  Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a
global public health concern. A great proportion of the world needs to be
vaccinated in order to stop the rapid spread of the disease. In addition to
prioritising vulnerable sections of the population to receive the vaccine, an
ideal degree-based vaccination strategy uses fine-grained contact networks to
prioritise vaccine recipients. This strategy is costly and impractical due to
the enormous amount of specific contact information needed. It also does not
capture indirect famine or aerosol-based transmission. We recently proposed a
new vaccination strategy called Individual's Movement-based Vaccination (IMV),
which takes into account both direct and indirect transmission and is based on
the types of places people visit. IMV was shown to be cost-efficient in the
case of influenza-like diseases. This paper studies the application of IMV to
COVID-19 using its documented transmission parameters. We conduct large scale
computer simulations based on a city-wide empirical mobility dataset to
evaluate the performance and practicability of the strategy. Results show that
the proposed strategy achieves nearly five times the efficiency of random
vaccination and performs comparably to the degree-based strategy, while
significantly reducing the data collection requirements.


  Experimental result regarding the maximum limit of the radius of the electron
\sim 10^{-16} cm and a few of the theoretical works suggest that the
gravitational mass which is a priori a positive quantity in Newtonian mechanics
may become negative in general theory of relativity. It is argued that such a
negative gravitational mass and hence negative energy density also can be
obtained with a better physical interpretation in the framework of
Einstein-Cartan theory.


  This paper presents a novel parameter calibration approach for power system
stability models using automatic data generation and advanced deep learning
technology. A PMU-measurement-based event playback approach is used to identify
potential inaccurate parameters and automatically generate extensive simulation
data, which are used for training a convolutional neural network (CNN). The
accurate parameters will be predicted by the well-trained CNN model and
validated by original PMU measurements. The accuracy and effectiveness of the
proposed deep learning approach have been validated through extensive
simulation and field data.


  We present the detection of 89 low surface brightness (LSB), and thus low
stellar density galaxy candidates in the Perseus cluster core, of the kind
named "ultra-diffuse galaxies", with mean effective V-band surface brightnesses
24.8-27.1 mag arcsec$^{-2}$, total V-band magnitudes -11.8 to -15.5 mag, and
half-light radii 0.7-4.1 kpc. The candidates have been identified in a deep
mosaic covering 0.3 square degrees, based on wide-field imaging data obtained
with the William Herschel Telescope. We find that the LSB galaxy population is
depleted in the cluster centre and only very few LSB candidates have half-light
radii larger than 3 kpc. This appears consistent with an estimate of their
tidal radius, which does not reach beyond the stellar extent even if we assume
a high dark matter content (M/L=100). In fact, three of our candidates seem to
be associated with tidal streams, which points to their current disruption.
Given that published data on faint LSB candidates in the Coma cluster - with
its comparable central density to Perseus - show the same dearth of large
objects in the core region, we conclude that these cannot survive the strong
tides in the centres of massive clusters.