  Tube-based model predictive control (MPC) methods bound deviations from a
nominal trajectory due to uncertainties in order to ensure constraint
satisfaction. While techniques that compute the tubes online reduce
conservativeness and increase performance, they suffer from high and
potentially prohibitive computational complexity. This paper presents an
asynchronous computation mechanism for system level tube-MPC (SLTMPC), a
recently proposed tube-based MPC method which optimizes over both the nominal
trajectory and the tubes. Computations are split into a primary and a secondary
process, computing the nominal trajectory and the tubes, respectively. This
enables running the primary process at a high frequency and moving the
computationally complex tube computations to the secondary process. We show
that the secondary process can continuously update the tubes, while retaining
recursive feasibility of the primary process.


  Suppose that a finite-dimensional cube is orthogonally projected onto a
central section of itself by a subspace of one dimension less. Up to dimension
$9$, at least one vertex is projected onto the section, but for dimension $10$
or larger, there are orthogonal projections for which all the vertices are
projected outside the section. In fact, this is the case for "most" orthogonal
projections, as the dimension tends to infinity.


  In this paper, we build an organization of high-dimensional datasets that
cannot be cleanly embedded into a low-dimensional representation due to missing
entries and a subset of the features being irrelevant to modeling functions of
interest. Our algorithm begins by defining coarse neighborhoods of the points
and defining an expected empirical function value on these neighborhoods. We
then generate new non-linear features with deep net representations tuned to
model the approximate function, and re-organize the geometry of the points with
respect to the new representation. Finally, the points are locally z-scored to
create an intrinsic geometric organization which is independent of the
parameters of the deep net, a geometry designed to assure smoothness with
respect to the empirical function. We examine this approach on data from the
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Quality Initiative, and
generate an intrinsic low-dimensional organization of the hospitals that is
smooth with respect to an expert driven function of quality.


  We propose a scheme for the generation of entangled states for two atoms
trapped in separate cavities coupled to each other. The scheme is based on the
competition between the unitary dynamics induced by the classical fields and
the collective decays induced by the dissipation of two delocalized field
modes. Under certain conditions, the symmetric or asymmetric entangled state is
produced in the steady state. The analytical result shows that the distributed
steady entanglement can be achieved with high fidelity independent of the
initial state, and is robust against parameter fluctuations. We also find out
that the linear scaling of $F$ has a quadratic improvement compared to
distributed entangled state preparation protocols based on unitary dynamics.


  In this talk I review some of the key questions that weak lensing
observations of clusters can potentially answer, and sketch the progress that
has been made to date in extracting quantitative estimates of masses and
density profiles. A major difficulty in interpreting these measurements is the
diverse methods that have been used to calibrate the shear-polarization
relation, none of which are completely satisfactory. I describe some recent
developments in the theory of weak lensing calibration. I then present some
results from the UH8K camera and discuss their implication for cosmology.
Finally, I outline a new strategy for obtaining high resolution optical imaging
from the ground using an array of small telescopes, and describe how such an
instrument can greatly improve the power of weak lensing observations


  We analyze the fluctuations in the gross domestic product (GDP) of 152
countries for the period 1950--1992. We find that (i) the distribution of
annual growth rates for countries of a given GDP decays with ``fatter'' tails
than for a Gaussian, and (ii) the width of the distribution scales as a power
law of GDP with a scaling exponent $\beta \approx 0.15$. Both findings are in
surprising agreement with results on firm growth. These results are consistent
with the hypothesis that the evolution of organizations with complex structure
is governed by similar growth mechanisms.


  Charge transport measurements on flexible Mo$_{6}$S$_{3}$I$_{6}$ (MoSI)
nanowires with different diameters in highly imperfect 2-terminal circuits
reveal systematic power law behaviour of the conductivity $\sigma(T,V)$ as a
function of temperature and voltage. On the basis of measurements on a number
of circuits we conclude that the behaviour in \emph{thin} wires can be most
convincingly described by tunneling through Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL)
segments of MoSI wire, which is in some cases modified by environmental Coulomb
blockade (ECB). The latter are proposed to arise from deformations or
imperfections of the MoSI wires, which - in combination with their recognitive
terminal sulfur-based connectivity properties - might be useful for creating
sub-nanometer scale interconnects as well as non-linear elements for molecular
electronics.


  This paper concerns spherical adjunctions of stable $\infty$-categories and
their relation to monadic adjunctions. We begin with a proof of the 2/4
property of spherical adjunctions in the setting of stable $\infty$-categories.
The proof is based on the description of spherical adjunctions as 4-periodic
semiorthogonal decompositions given by Halpern-Leistner, Shipman and by
Dyckerhoff, Kapranov, Schechtman, Soibelman. We then describe a class of
examples of spherical adjunctions arising from local systems on spheres. The
main result of this paper is a characterization of the sphericalness of a
monadic adjunctions in terms of properties of the monad. Namely, a monadic
adjunction is spherical if and only if the twist functor is an equivalence and
commutes with the unit map of the monad. This characterization is inspired by
work of Ed Segal.


  We study the interplay of disorder and bandstructure topology in a Weyl
semimetal with a tilted conical spectrum around the Weyl points. The spectrum
of particles is given by the eigenvalues of a non-Hermitian matrix, which
contains contributions from a Weyl Hamiltonian and complex self-energy due to
electron elastic scattering on disorder. We find that the tilt-induced matrix
structure of the self-energy gives rise to either a flat band or a nodal line
segment at the interface of the electron and hole pockets in the bulk
bandstructure of type-II Weyl semimetals depending on the Weyl cone
inclination. For the tilt in a single direction in momentum space, each Weyl
point expands into a flat band lying on the plane, which is transverse to the
direction of the tilt. The spectrum of the flat band is fully imaginary and is
separated from the in-plane dispersive part of the spectrum by the "exceptional
nodal ring" where the matrix of the Green function in momentum-frequency space
is defective. The tilt in two directions might shrink a flat band into a nodal
line segment with "exceptional edge points". We discuss the connection to the
non-Hermitian topological theory.


  We study the problem of approximation of solutions of the Skorokhod problem
and reflecting stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with jumps by sequences
of solutions of equations with penalization terms. Applications to discrete
approximation of weak and strong solutions of reflecting SDEs are given. Our
proofs are based on new estimates for solutions of equations with penalization
terms and the theory of convergence in the Jakubowski $S$-topology.


  Machine learning (ML) is an increasingly important scientific tool supporting
decision making and knowledge generation in numerous fields. With this, it also
becomes more and more important that the results of ML experiments are
reproducible. Unfortunately, that often is not the case. Rather, ML, similar to
many other disciplines, faces a reproducibility crisis. In this paper, we
describe our goals and initial steps in supporting the end-to-end
reproducibility of ML pipelines. We investigate which factors beyond the
availability of source code and datasets influence reproducibility of ML
experiments. We propose ways to apply FAIR data practices to ML workflows. We
present our preliminary results on the role of our tool, ProvBook, in capturing
and comparing provenance of ML experiments and their reproducibility using
Jupyter Notebooks.


  The possibility of detecting Ultra-high energy (UHE from now on) neutrinos
due to superheavy dark matter are considered by the neutrinos interaction with
the nuclei in the air in the present paper. To reject other standard model
particles, UHE neutrinos, from superheavy dark matter and astrophysical
sources, skimming the Earth are detected at JEM-EUSO. Then the numbers of UHE
neutrinos detected by JEM-EUSO are evaluated at different energies (1 EeV < E <
1 ZeV) in 5 years. If the energy thresholds are taken to be 100 EeV, the
astrophysical neutrino contamination could be negligible in this detection. It
is possible that UHE neutrinos from the decay of superheavy dark matter are
detected at JEM-EUSO when $O(10^{27})s < \tau_{\phi}< O(10^{31})s$. For
example, O($10^4$) UHE neutrino events could be detected by JEM-EUSO at 30 EeV
in 5 years when $\tau_{\phi}=O(10^{27})$s. If so, it may be confirmed that
there may exist superheavy dark matter in the Universe.


  Fibonomial coefficients count the number of specific finite birth
self-similar subposets of an infinite non-tree poset naturally related to the
Fibonacci tree of rabbits growth process.


  Over the last years, new physics in terms of a novel weakly-interacting
massive particle (WIMP) has come more and more under pressure from experimental
null results. While the remaining WIMP parameter space will be probed by next
generation dark matter experiments, models of light new physics have become
increasingly popular over the last decade. In an effort to explore the
parameter space of such light physics, a myriad of custom designed
high-precision/low-energy experiments has been proposed. In this note, however,
I argue that existing LHC multipurpose experiments like ATALS and CMS have a so
far unexploited potential to probe light physics via appearing displaced recoil
jets. In the first part, I discuss the sensitivity of this signature to
(ultra-)light scalar and axionic dark matter, while in the second part I show
its sensitivity to high-energy neutrino scattering.


  Variable selection problems generally present more than a single solution
and, sometimes, it is worth to find as many solutions as possible. The use of
Evolutionary Algorithms applied to this kind of problem proves to be one of the
best methods to find optimal solutions. Moreover, there are variants designed
to find all or almost all local optima, known as Niching Genetic Algorithms
(NGA). There are several different NGA methods developed in order to achieve
this task. The present work compares the behavior of eight different niching
techniques, applied to a climatic database of four weather stations distributed
in Tucuman, Argentina. The goal is to find different sets of input variables
that have been used as the input variable by the estimation method. Final
results were evaluated based on low estimation error and low dispersion error,
as well as a high number of different results and low computational time. A
second experiment was carried out to study the capability of the method to
identify critical variables. The best results were obtained with Deterministic
Crowding. In contrast, Steady State Worst Among Most Similar and Probabilistic
Crowding showed good results but longer processing times and less ability to
determine the critical factors.


  In application domains that are regulated, software vendors must maintain
traceability links between the regulatory items and the code base implementing
them. In this paper, we present a traceability approach based on the intuition
that the regulatory documents and the user-interface of the corresponding
software applications are very close. First, they use the same terminology.
Second, most important regulatory pieces of information appear in the graphical
user-interface because the end-users in those application domains care about
the regulation (by construction). We evaluate our approach in the domain of
green building. The evaluation involves a domain expert, lead architect of a
commercial product within this area. The evaluation shows that the recovered
traceability links are accurate.


  Highly energetic ultrashort electron bunches have the potential to reveal the
ultrafast structural dynamics in relatively thicker in-liquid samples. However,
direct current (DC) voltages higher than 100 kV are exponentially difficult to
attain as surface and vacuum breakdown become an important problem as the
electric field increases. One of the most demanding components in the design of
a high-energy electrostatic ultrafast electron source is the high voltage
feedthrough (HVFT), which must keep the electron gun from discharging against
ground. Electrical discharges can cause irreversible component damage while
voltage instabilities render the instrument inoperative. We report the design,
manufacturing, and conditioning process for a new HVFT that utilizes ultra-high
molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as the insulating material. Our HVFT is
highly customizable, inexpensive, and has proven to be effective in high
voltage applications. After a couple of weeks of gas and voltage conditioning,
we achieved a maximum voltage of 180 kV with a progressively improved vacuum
level of 1.8 x $10^{-8}$ Torr.


  As a generalization of a vector field on a manifold, the notion of an arc
field on a locally complete metric space was introduced in \cite{BC}. In that
paper, the authors proved an analogue of the Cauchy-Lipschitz Theorem i.e they
showed the existence and uniqueness of solution curves for a time independent
arc field. In this paper, we extend the result to the time dependent case,
namely we show the existence and uniqueness of solution curves for a time
dependent arc field. We also introduce the notion of the sum of two time
dependent arc fields and show existence and uniqueness of solution curves for
this sum.


  MBE-grown, 5 nm-thick annealed Ga0.95Mn0.05As films with Tc~90K demonstrate
transition from metallic to insulating state below To~10K, where sheet
resistances Rsh~h/e2 and both longitudinal Rxx and transverse Rxy components
become comparable. Below metal-insulator transition we found giant anisotropic
magnetoresistance (GAMR), which depends on orientation of magnetization to
crystallographic axes and manifests itself in positive magnetoresistance near
50% for Rxx at T=1.7K, H//[110] crystallographic direction and parallel to
current in contrast to smaller and negative magnetoresistance for H//
direction. We connect GAMR with anisotropic spin-orbit interaction resulting in
formation of high- and low- resistance states with different localization along
non-equivalent easy axes.


  Consider the random polytope, that is given by the convex hull of a Poisson
point process on a smooth convex body in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We prove central limit
theorems for continuous motion invariant valuations including the Will's
functional and the intrinsic volumes of this random polytope. Additionally we
derive a central limit theorem for the oracle estimator, that is an unbiased an
minimal variance estimator for the volume of a convex set. Finally we obtain a
multivariate limit theorem for the intrinsic volumes and the components of the
$\mathbf{f}$-vector of the random polytope.


  Hydrogen in rocky planet atmospheres has been invoked in arguments for
extending the habitable zone via N2-H2 and CO2-H2 greenhouse warming, and
providing atmospheric conditions suitable for efficient production of prebiotic
molecules. On Earth and Super-Earth-sized bodies, where H2-rich primordial
envelopes are quickly lost to space, volcanic outgassing can act as a hydrogen
source, provided it balances with the loss rate from the top of the atmosphere.
Here, we show that both Earth-like and Mars-like planets can sustain
atmospheric H2 fractions of several percent across relevant magmatic fO2
ranges. In general this requires hydrogen escape to operate somewhat less
efficiently than the diffusion limit. We use a thermodynamical model of magma
degassing to determine which combinations of magma oxidation, volcanic flux,
and hydrogen escape efficiency can build up appreciable levels of hydrogen in a
planet's secondary atmosphere. On a planet similar to the Archean Earth and
with a similar magmatic fO2, we suggest that the mixing ratio of atmospheric
hydrogen could have been in the range 0.2-3%. A planet erupting magmas around
the Iron-Wustite (IW) buffer (i.e., ~3 log fO2 units lower than Archean
Earth's), but with otherwise similar volcanic fluxes and H2 loss rates to early
Earth, could sustain an atmosphere with approximately 10-20% H2. For an early
Mars-like planet with magmas around IW, but a lower range of surface pressures
and volcanic fluxes compared to Earth, an atmospheric H2 mixing ratio of 2-8%
is possible. On early Mars, this H2 mixing ratio could be sufficient to
deglaciate the planet. However, the sensitivity of these results to primary
magmatic water contents and volcanic fluxes show the need for improved
constraints on the crustal recycling efficiency and mantle water contents of
early Mars.


  This article introduces and solves a general class of fully coupled
forward-backward stochastic dynamics by investigating the associated system of
functional differential equations. As a consequence, we are able to solve many
different types of forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs)
that do not fit in the classical setting. In our approach, the equations are
running in the same time direction rather than in a forward and backward way,
and the conflicting nature of the structure of FBSDEs is therefore avoided.


  We show, by means of a simple compilation of the available experimental
results, that the pT-spectra obtained at RHIC and SPS are strikingly similar up
to pT ~ 1.5-2 GeV. In fact, the discrepancies between various experimental
groups working at the same experiment are of the same size as the differences
between RHIC and SPS. Our observation is complementary to the well known fact
of the equality of the measured R_side and R_out HBT radii at RHIC and SPS. In
essence, it points out that the transverse size of the firecylinder and the
strength of the transverse flow are not significantly changed between SPS and
RHIC. This suggests that a saturation mechanism is effective already at SPS. We
also point out that the dominance of protons over pi^+ at large pT can be seen
not only in the RHIC data, but already in the SPS data.


  We perform classification of activities of daily living (ADL) using a
Frequency-Modulated Continuous Waveform (FMCW) radar. In particular, we
consider contiguous motions that are inseparable in time. Both the
micro-Doppler signature and range-map are used to determine transitions from
translation (walking) to in-place motions and vice versa, as well as to provide
motion onset and the offset times. The possible classes of activities post and
prior to the translation motion can be separately handled by forward and
background classifiers. The paper describes ADL in terms of states and
transitioning actions, and sets a framework to deal with separable and
inseparable contiguous motions. It is shown that considering only the
physically possible classes of motions stemming from the current motion state
improves classification rates compared to incorporating all ADL for any given
time.


  In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of $u$-capacities of small
sets and its application to the analysis of the eigenvalues of the
Dirichlet-Laplacian on a bounded planar domain with a small hole. More
precisely, we consider two (sufficiently regular) bounded open connected sets
$\Omega$ and $\omega$ of $\mathbb{R}^2$, containing the origin. First, if
$\varepsilon$ is positive and small enough and if $u$ is a function defined on
$\Omega$, we compute an asymptotic expansion of the $u$-capacity
$\mathrm{Cap}_\Omega(\varepsilon \omega, u)$ as $\varepsilon \to 0$. As a
byproduct, we compute an asymptotic expansion for the $N$-th eigenvalues of the
Dirichlet-Laplacian in the perforated set $\Omega \setminus (\varepsilon
\overline{\omega})$ for $\varepsilon$ close to $0$. Such formula shows
explicitly the dependence of the asymptotic expansion on the behavior of the
corresponding eigenfunction near $0$ and on the shape $\omega$ of the hole.


  Room-temperature superconductivity was recently discovered in carbonaceous
sulfur hydride (C-S-H) close to 3\,Mbar. We report significant differences in
the superconducting response of C-S-H, with a maximum $T_{C}$ of 191(1)\,K,
below a 1\,Mbar. Variations in intensity of the C-H Raman modes reveal carbon
content can vary between crystals synthesized with the same photo-induced
method. Synchrotron single crystal x-ray diffraction identifies polymorphism
with increasing degrees of covalency. These unique metastable states are highly
sensitive to thermodynamic pathways.


  The discovery of 2D materials opens up unprecedented opportunities to design
new materials with specified properties. In many cases, the design guiding
principle is based on one or another proximity effect, i.e. the
nanoscale-penetration of electronic correlations from one material to another.
In a few layer van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures the proximity regions
occupy the entire system. Here we demonstrate that the physics of magnetic and
superconducting proximity effects in 2D superconductor/ferromagnet vdW
heterostructures is determined by the effects of interface hybridization of the
electronic spectra of both materials. The degree of hybridization can be
adjusted by gating, which makes it possible to achieve a high degree of
controllability of the proximity effect. In particular, we show that this
allows for electrical switching of superconductivity in such structures on and
off, as well as for control of the amplitude and sign of the Zeeman splitting
of superconducting spectra.


  We define harmonic maps between sub-Riemannian manifolds by generalizing
known definitions for Riemannian manifolds. We establish conditions for when a
horizontal map into a Lie group with a left-invariant metric structure is a
harmonic map. We show that sub-Riemannian harmonic maps can be abnormal or
normal, just as sub-Riemannian geodesics. We illustrate our study by presenting
the equations for harmonic maps into the Heisenberg group.


  Theory shows that a slab of a dielectric structurally chiral material (DSCM)
exhibits both linear and circular dichroisms because of its anisotropy and
structural chirality, for normal as well as oblique incidence. This conclusion
was confirmed by fabricating a chiral sculptured thin film and measuring the
spectra of its reflectances and transmittances, both linear and circular.
Signatures of the circular Bragg phenomenon are evident in the spectra of all
reflectances, transmittances, absorptances, and dichroisms. Reversal of the
structural handedness of a DSCM and rotation of the projection of the direction
of propagation of the incident light clockwise instead of counterclockwise
about the axis of helicoidal nonhomogeneity simultaneously changes the sign of
circular dichroism but has no effect on linear dichroism.


  We select a sample of 90 obscured (type2) AGN with 1.45<z<3.05 from the
zCOSMOS-deep galaxy sample by 5 sigma-detection of the high-ionization CIV
{\lambda}1549 narrow emission line. The presence of this feature in a galaxy
spectrum is often associated with nuclear activity, and the selection
effectiveness has been also confirmed by ultraviolet (UV) emission line ratio
diagnostic diagrams. Applying the same selection technique, a sample of 102
unobscured (type 1) AGN was collected. Taking advantage of the large amount of
multi-band data available in the COSMOS field, we investigate the properties of
the CIV-selected type 2 AGN, focusing on their host galaxies, X-ray emission
and UV emission lines. Finally, we investigate the physical properties of the
ionized gas in the Narrow Line Region (NLR) of this type 2 AGN sample,
combining the analysis of strong UV emission lines with predictions from
photo-ionization models. We find that, in order to successfully reproduce the
relative intensity of UV emission lines of the selected high-z type 2 AGN, two
new ingredients in the photo-ionization models are fundamental,i.e. small inner
radii of the NLR (~90pc for LAGN = 10^45erg/s) and the internal dissipative
micro-turbulence of the gas emitting clouds (with vmicr~100km/s). With these
modified models, we compute the gas-phase metallicity of the NLR, and our
measurements indicate a statistically significant evolution of the metal
content with redshift. Finally, we do not observe, in our CIV-selected type 2
AGN sample, a strong relationship between the NLR gas metallicity and the
stellar mass of the host galaxy.


  On this article we show explicity that Supersymmetric Left-Right Models
already satisfy the R-parity. They also respect $L$-parity and $B$-parity.


  We have calculated the energies of the phase-separated states for degenerate
antiferromagnetic semiconductors including the possibility of the existence of
conduction electrons in the antiferromagnetic part of the phase-separated
states. It is demonstrated that, at T=0, the minimum energy corresponds to a
droplet phase with absence of electrons in the antiferromagnetic part.


  Strategies that include the generation of synthetic data are beginning to be
viable as obtaining real data can be logistically complicated, very expensive
or slow. Not only the capture of the data can lead to complications, but also
its annotation. To achieve high-fidelity data for training intelligent systems,
we have built a 3D scenario and set-up to resemble reality as closely as
possible. With our approach, it is possible to configure and vary parameters to
add randomness to the scene and, in this way, allow variation in data, which is
so important in the construction of a dataset. Besides, the annotation task is
already included in the data generation exercise, rather than being a
post-capture task, which can save a lot of resources. We present the process
and concept of synthetic data generation in an automotive context, specifically
for driver and passenger monitoring purposes, as an alternative to real data
capturing.


  The rise of the cosmic ray positron fraction with energy, as first observed
with high confidence by PAMELA, implies that a large flux of high energy
positrons has been recently (or is being currently) injected into the local
volume of the Milky Way. With the new and much more precise measurement of the
positron fraction recently provided by AMS, we revisit the question of the
origin of these high energy positrons. We find that while some dark matter
models (annihilating directly to electrons or muons) no longer appear to be
capable of accommodating these data, other models in which ~1-3 TeV dark matter
particles annihilate to unstable intermediate states could still be responsible
for the observed signal. Nearby pulsars also remain capable of explaining the
observed positron fraction. Future measurements of the positron fraction by AMS
(using a larger data set), combined with their anticipated measurements of
various cosmic ray secondary-to-primary ratios, may enable us to further
discriminate between these remaining scenarios.


  The synthesis of ultrasmall (2-5 nm) nanodiamonds purely from adamantane at
pressure of 12 GPa is reported. Their structural features have been studied by
Raman spectroscopy. The unusual vibration band containing a number of
pronounced maxima at about 1147, 1245, 1344, and 1456 cm-1 was detected in
Raman spectra. The band is confidently identified with the bending vibrational
modes of CHx groups terminating the nanodiamonds surface. Excessively intense
mode at 1344 cm-1 is explained by its coupling with the 1328 cm-1 diamond
phonons. The Raman band found is proposed to be used for express recognition of
ultrasmall nanodiamonds produced from adamantane and other hydrocarbons with a
high hydrogen content. Moreover, polarized CH bonds on a diamond surface are
sensitive to environmental conditions. This opens up opportunities for using
the diamond produced from adamantane as ultrasmall nanosensors in biology,
chemistry, and medicine


  Inverse problems are ubiquitous in nature, arising in almost all areas of
science and engineering ranging from geophysics and climate science to
astrophysics and biomechanics. One of the central challenges in solving inverse
problems is tackling their ill-posed nature. Bayesian inference provides a
principled approach for overcoming this by formulating the inverse problem into
a statistical framework. However, it is challenging to apply when inferring
fields that have discrete representations of large dimensions (the so-called
"curse of dimensionality") and/or when prior information is available only in
the form of previously acquired solutions. In this work, we present a novel
method for efficient and accurate Bayesian inversion using deep generative
models. Specifically, we demonstrate how using the approximate distribution
learned by a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) as a prior in a Bayesian
update and reformulating the resulting inference problem in the low-dimensional
latent space of the GAN, enables the efficient solution of large-scale Bayesian
inverse problems. Our statistical framework preserves the underlying physics
and is demonstrated to yield accurate results with reliable uncertainty
estimates, even in the absence of information about underlying noise model,
which is a significant challenge with many existing methods. We demonstrate the
effectiveness of proposed method on a variety of inverse problems which include
both synthetic as well as experimentally observed data.


  Over the last few years, the data obtained using the Large Area Telescope
(LAT) aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has provided new insights on
high-energy processes in globular clusters, particularly those involving
compact objects such as Millisecond Pulsars (MSPs). Gamma-ray emission in the
100 MeV to 10 GeV range has been detected from more than a dozen globular
clusters in our galaxy, including 47 Tucanae and Terzan 5. Based on a sample of
known gamma-ray globular clusters, the empirical relations between gamma-ray
luminosity and properties of globular clusters such as their stellar encounter
rate, metallicity, and possible optical and infrared photon energy densities,
have been derived. The measured gamma-ray spectra are generally described by a
power law with a cut-off at a few gigaelectronvolts. Together with the
detection of pulsed gamma-rays from two MSPs in two different globular
clusters, such spectral signature lends support to the hypothesis that
gamma-rays from globular clusters represent collective curvature emission from
magnetospheres of MSPs in the clusters. Alternative models, involving
Inverse-Compton (IC) emission of relativistic electrons that are accelerated
close to MSPs or pulsar wind nebula shocks, have also been suggested.
Observations at >100 GeV by using Fermi/LAT and atmospheric Cherenkov
telescopes such as H.E.S.S.-II, MAGIC-II, VERITAS, and CTA will help to settle
some questions unanswered by current data.


  We suggest to augment standard isoelectronic focusing for separation of
proteins in a gradient of pH by a similar focusing in the presence of a
strongly charged polyelectrolyte (PE). Proteins which have the same isoelectric
point but different "hidden" charge of both signs in pI point make complexes
with PE, which focus in different pH. This is a result of charge inversion of
such proteins by adsorbed PE molecules, which is sensitive to the hidden
charge. Hence the hidden charge is a new separation parameter.


  It is proposed a novel design of an X-ray monochromator which uses three
crystals. The exit beam turns in horizontal plane on the angle $2\alpha$ with
respect to the incoming beam. So, this kind of monochromator is suitable for
side beam-lines; several tunable beam-lines can be built for a one fan beam of
synchrotron radiation (from wiggler or bending magnet).
  In contrast to the double-crystal scheme of general position considered
previously (which also suitable for side beam-lines), the new variant does not
lead to a tilt of exit beam profile.


  Let $X$ be a quotient of a bounded domain in $\mathbb C^n$. Under suitable
assumptions, we prove that every subvariety of $X$ not included in the branch
locus of the quotient map is of log general type in some orbifold sense. This
generalizes a recent result by Boucksom and Diverio, which treated the case of
compact, \'etale quotients.
  Finally, in the case where $X$ is compact, we give a sufficient condition
under which there exists a proper analytic subset of $X$ containing all entire
curves and all subvarieties not of general type (meant this time in in the
usual sense as opposed to the orbifold sense).


  Interpreting samples from likelihood or posterior probability density
functions is rarely as straightforward as it seems it should be. Producing
publication-quality graphics of these distributions is often similarly painful.
In this short note I describe pippi, a simple, publicly-available package for
parsing and post-processing such samples, as well as generating high-quality
PDF graphics of the results. Pippi is easily and extensively configurable and
customisable, both in its options for parsing and post-processing samples, and
in the visual aspects of the figures it produces. I illustrate some of these
using an existing supersymmetric global fit, performed in the context of a
gamma-ray search for dark matter. Pippi can be downloaded and followed at
http://github.com/patscott/pippi .


  This work presents an on-going investigation of the control of a pneumatic
soft-robot actuator addressing accurate patient positioning systems in maskless
head and neck cancer radiotherapy. We employ two RGB-D sensors in a sensor
fusion scheme to better estimate a patient's head pitch motion. A system
identification prediction error model is used to obtain a linear time invariant
state space model. We then use the model to design a linear quadratic Gaussian
feedback controller to manipulate the patient head position based on sensed
head pitch motion. Experiments demonstrate the success of our approach.


  We consider the problem of minimization of sum transmission energy in
cellular networks where coupling occurs between cells due to mutual
interference. The coupling relation is characterized by the
signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR) coupling model. Both cell load
and transmission power, where cell load measures the average level of resource
usage in the cell, interact via the coupling model. The coupling is implicitly
characterized with load and power as the variables of interest using two
equivalent equations, namely, non-linear load coupling equation (NLCE) and
non-linear power coupling equation (NPCE), respectively. By analyzing the NLCE
and NPCE, we prove that operating at full load is optimal in minimizing sum
energy, and provide an iterative power adjustment algorithm to obtain the
corresponding optimal power solution with guaranteed convergence, where in each
iteration a standard bisection search is employed. To obtain the algorithmic
result, we use the properties of the so-called standard interference function;
the proof is non-standard because the NPCE cannot even be expressed as a
closed-form expression with power as the implicit variable of interest. We
present numerical results illustrating the theoretical findings for a real-life
and large-scale cellular network, showing the advantage of our solution
compared to the conventional solution of deploying uniform power for base
stations.


  A time-distance helioseismic technique, similar to the one used by Ilonidis
et al (2011), is applied to two independent numerical models of subsurface
sound-speed perturbations to determine the spatial resolution and accuracy of
phase travel time shift measurements. The technique is also used to examine
pre-emergence signatures of several active regions observed by the Michelson
Doppler Imager (MDI) and the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI). In the context
of similar measurements of quiet sun regions, three of the five studied active
regions show strong phase travel time shifts several hours prior to emergence.
These results form the basis of a discussion of noise in the derived phase
travel time maps and possible criteria to distinguish between true and false
positive detection of emerging flux.


  Activity recognition on extreme low-resolution videos, e.g., a resolution of
12*16 pixels, plays a vital role in far-view surveillance and
privacy-preserving multimedia analysis. Low-resolution videos only contain
limited information. Given the fact that one same activity may be represented
by videos in both high resolution (HR) and extreme low resolution (eLR), it is
worth studying to utilize the relevant HR data to improve the eLR activity
recognition. In this work, we propose a novel Confident Spatial-Temporal
Attention Transfer (CSTAT) for eLR activity recognition. CSTAT can acquire
information from HR data by reducing the attention differences with a
transfer-learning strategy. Besides, the credibility of the supervisory signal
is also taken into consideration for a more confident transferring process.
Experimental results on two well-known datasets, i.e., UCF101 and HMDB51,
demonstrate that, the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of
eLR activity recognition and achieve an accuracy of 59.23% on 12*16 videos in
HMDB51, a state-of-the-art performance.


  Astrometric positions of radio-emitting active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be
determined with sub-milliarcsec accuracy using very long baseline
interferometry (VLBI). The usually small apparent proper motion of distant
extragalactic targets allow us to realize the fundamental celestial reference
frame with VLBI observations. However, long-term astrometric monitoring may
reveal extreme changes in some AGN positions. Using new VLBI observations in
2018-2021, we show here that four extragalactic radio sources (3C48, CTA21,
1144+352, 1328+254) have a dramatic shift in their positions by 20-130
milliarcsec over two decades. For all four sources, the apparent positional
shift is caused by their radio structure change.


  In this work, the one-loop renormalization of a theory for fields
transforming in the $(1,0)\oplus(0,1)$ representation of the Homogeneous
Lorentz Group is studied. The model includes an arbitrary gyromagnetic factor
and self-interactions of the spin 1 field, which has mass dimension one. The
model is shown to be renormalizable for any value of the gyromagnetic factor.


  We introduce a connection between entanglement induced by interaction and
geometric phases acquired by a composite quantum spin system. We begin by
analyzing the evaluation of cyclic (Aharonov-Anandan) and non-cyclic
(Mukunda-Simon) geometric phases for general spin chains evolving in the
presence of time-independent magnetic fields. Then, by considering Heisenberg
chains, we show that the interaction geometric phase, namely, the total
geometric phase with subtraction of free spin contributions, is directly
related to the global (Meyer-Wallach) entanglement exhibited by an initially
separable state during its evolution in Hilbert space. This is analytically
shown for N=2 spins and numerically illustrated for larger chains. This
relationship promotes the interaction geometric phase to an indicator of global
entanglement in the system, which may constitute a useful tool for quantum
tasks based on entanglement as a resource to their performance.


  We propose a numerical strategy to generate the anisotropic meshes and select
the appropriate stabilized parameters simultaneously for two dimensional
convection-dominated convection-diffusion equations by stabilized continuous
linear finite elements. Since the discretized error in a suitable norm can be
bounded by the sum of interpolation error and its variants in different norms,
we replace them by some terms which contain the Hessian matrix of the true
solution, convective fields, and the geometric properties such as directed
edges and the area of the triangle. Based on this observation, the shape, size
and equidistribution requirements are used to derive the corresponding metric
tensor and the stabilized parameters. It is easily found from our derivation
that the optimal stabilized parameter is coupled with the optimal metric tensor
on each element. Some numerical results are also provided to validate the
stability and efficiency of the proposed numerical strategy.


  While parallel microchannel based cooling systems have been around for quite
a period of time, employing the same and incorporating them for near active
cooling of microelectronic devices is yet to be implemented and the
implications of the same on thermal mitigation to be understood. The present
article focusses on a specific design of the PMCS such that it can be
implemented at ease on the heat spreader of a modern microprocessor to obtain
near active cooling. Extensive experimental and numerical studies have been
carried out to comprehend the same and three different flow configurations of
PMCS have been adopted for the present investigations. Additional to focussing
on the thermofluidics due to flow configuration, nanofluids have also been
employed to achieve the desired essentials of mitigation of overshoot
temperatures and improving uniformity of cooling. Two modelling methods,
Discrete Phase Modelling and Effective Property Modelling have been employed
for numerical study to model nanofluids as working fluid in micro flow paths
and the DPM predictions have been observed to match accurately with
experiments. To quantify the thermal performance of PMCS, an appropriate Figure
of Merit has been proposed. From the FoM It has been perceived that the Z
configuration employing nanofluid is the best suitable solutions for uniform
thermal loads to achieve uniform cooling as well as reducing maximum
temperature produced with in the device. The present results are very promising
and viable approach for futuristic thermal mitigation of microprocessor
systems.


  A locally compact group $G$ is amenable if and only if it has Reiter's
property $(P_p)$ for $p=1$ or, equivalently, all $p \in [1,\infty)$, i.e.,
there is a net $(m_\alpha)_\alpha$ of non-negative norm one functions in
$L^p(G)$ such that $\lim_\alpha \sup_{x \in K} \| L_{x^{-1}} m_\alpha -
m_\alpha \|_p = 0$ for each compact subset $K \subset G$ ($L_{x^{-1}} m_\alpha$
stands for the left translate of $m_\alpha$ by $x^{-1}$). We extend the
definitions of properties $(P_1)$ and $(P_2)$ from locally compact groups to
locally compact quantum groups in the sense of J. Kustermans and S. Vaes. We
show that a locally compact quantum group has $(P_1)$ if and only if it is
amenable and that it has $(P_2)$ if and only if its dual quantum group is
co-amenable. As a consequence, $(P_2)$ implies $(P_1)$.


  We consider a continuous time simple random walk on a subset of the square
lattice with wired boundary conditions: the walk transitions at unit edge rate
on the graph obtained from the lattice closure of the subset by contracting the
boundary into one vertex. We study the cover time of such walk, namely the time
it takes for the walk to visit all vertices in the graph. Taking a sequence of
subsets obtained as scaled lattice versions of a nice planar domain, we show
that the square root of the cover time normalized by the size of the subset, is
tight around $\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \log N - \frac{1}{4 \sqrt{\pi}} \log \log
N$, where $N$ is the scale parameter. This proves an analog, for the wired
case, of a conjecture by Bramson and Zeitouni from 2009. The proof is based on
comparison with the extremal landscape of the discrete Gaussian free field.


  Differential uniformity is a significant concept in cryptography as it
quantifies the degree of security of S-boxes respect to differential attacks.
Power functions of the form $F(x)=x^d$ with low differential uniformity have
been extensively studied in the past decades due to their strong resistance to
differential attacks and low implementation cost in hardware. In this paper, we
give an affirmative answer to a recent conjecture proposed by Budaghyan,
Calderini, Carlet, Davidova and Kaleyski about the differential uniformity of
$F(x)=x^d$ over $\mathbb{F}_{2^{4n}}$, where $n$ is a positive integer and
$d=2^{3n}+2^{2n}+2^{n}-1$, and we completely determine its differential
spectrum.


  A general energy dispersion relation is developed for metamaterials having
the negative-refraction (NR) property. It is shown that absorption effects are
involved with NR phenomena, and the conditions under which NR occurs are
discussed. Simple equations for NR are developed using Lorentzian models.


  In this paper we solve combinatorial and algebraic problems associated with a
multivariate identity first considered by S. Sherman wich he called an analog
to the Witt identity. We extend previous results obtained for the univariante
case.


  We present new observations of the white dwarf sequence of the old open
cluster NGC 6791. The brighter peak previously observed in the white dwarf
luminosity function (WDLF) is now better delineated, and the second, fainter
peak that we suggested earlier is now confirmed. A careful study suggests that
we have reached the end of the white dwarf sequence. The WDs that create the
two peaks in the WDLF show a significant turn to the blue in the
color-magnitude diagram. The discrepancy between the age from the WDs and that
from the main sequence turnoff remains, and we have an additional puzzle in the
second peak in the WDLF. Canonical WD models seem to fail --at least at
~25%-level-- in reproducing the age of clusters of this metallicity. We discuss
briefly possible ways of arriving at a theoretical understanding of the WDLF.


  Heat diffusion describes the process by which heat flows from areas with
higher temperatures to ones with lower temperatures. This concept was
previously adapted to graph structures, whereby heat flows between nodes of a
graph depending on the graph topology. Here, we combine the graph heat equation
with the stochastic heat equation, which ultimately yields a model for
multivariate time signals on a graph. We show theoretically how the model can
be used to directly compute the diffusion-based connectivity structure from
multivariate signals. Unlike other connectivity measures, our heat model-based
approach is inherently multivariate and yields an absolute scaling factor,
namely the graph thermal diffusivity, which captures the extent of heat-like
graph propagation in the data. On two datasets, we show how the graph thermal
diffusivity can be used to characterise Alzheimer's disease (AD). We find that
the graph thermal diffusivity is lower for AD patients than healthy controls
and correlates with mini mental state examination (MMSE) scores, suggesting
structural impairment in patients in line with previous findings.


  This paper introduces SpeeChain, an open-source Pytorch-based toolkit
designed to develop the machine speech chain for large-scale use. This first
release focuses on the TTS-to-ASR chain, a core component of the machine speech
chain, that refers to the TTS data augmentation by unspoken text for ASR. To
build an efficient pipeline for the large-scale TTS-to-ASR chain, we implement
easy-to-use multi-GPU batch-level model inference, multi-dataloader batch
generation, and on-the-fly data selection techniques. In this paper, we first
explain the overall procedure of the TTS-to-ASR chain and the difficulties of
each step. Then, we present a detailed ablation study on different types of
unlabeled data, data filtering thresholds, batch composition, and
real-synthetic data ratios. Our experimental results on train_clean_460 of
LibriSpeech demonstrate that our TTS-to-ASR chain can significantly improve WER
in a semi-supervised setting.


  Deviation from the I(I+1) rule in the even-even isotopes 62Sm, 64Gd, 66Dy,
68Er, 70Y b, 72Hf, 74W and 76Os nuclei have been studied with a new approach
based on the idea that the rotational nucleus being stretched out along the
symmetry axis, where such stretching is treated according to quantum mechanics.
This approach led to a new formula that describes the dependence of the moment
of inertia on the angular momentum, and such formula works well for all
even-even nuclei in the actinide and rare-earth region in the range 2.9<R<3.3.
The calculations were carried out with the stretched model where the stretching
of the nucleus with the rotation is quantized. The obtained results with a new
derived formula which gives a reasonable agreement with the experimental date
for all I up to 16.


  A preliminary measurement of |Vcb| and the branching fraction BR(B0 -> D* l
nu_l) has been performed based on a sample of about 55,700 B0 -> D* l nu_l
decays recorded with the BaBar detector. The decays are identified in the D* ->
D0 pi final state, with the D0 reconstructed in three different decay modes.
The differential decay rate is measured as a function of the relativistic boost
of the D* in the B0 rest frame. The value of the differential decay rate at
`zero recoil', namely the point at which the D* is at rest in the B0 frame, is
predicted in Heavy Quark Effective Theory as a kinematic factor times
F(1)|Vcb|, where F(1) is the unique form factor governing the decay. We
extrapolate the measured differential decay rate to the zero recoil point and
obtain F(1)|Vcb|=(34.03+-0.24+-1.31) x 10^-3. Using a theoretical calculation
for F(1) we extract |Vcb| = (37.27+-0.26(stat.)+-1.43(syst.)+1.5-1.2(theo.) x
10^-3. From the integrated decay rate we obtain BR(B0 -> D* l nu_l) =
(4.68+-0.03+-0.29)%.


  A new approach for solving the Bethe ansatz (Gaudin-Richardson) equations of
the standard pairing problem is established based on the Heine-Stieltjes
correspondence. For $k$ pairs of valence nucleons on $n$ different
single-particle levels, it is found that solutions of the Bethe ansatz
equations can be obtained from one (k+1)x(k+1) and one (n-1)x(k+1) matrices,
which are associated with the extended Heine-Stieltjes and Van Vleck
polynomials, respectively. Since the coefficients in these polynomials are free
from divergence with variations in contrast to the original Bethe ansatz
equations, the approach thus provides with a new efficient and systematic way
to solve the problem, which, by extension, can also be used to solve a large
class of Gaudin-type quantum many-body problems and to establish a new
efficient angular momentum projection method for multi-particle systems.


  We present PLANET observations of OGLE-1999-BUL-23, a binary-lens
microlensing event towards the Galactic bulge. PLANET observations in the I and
V bands cover the event from just before the first caustic crossing until the
end of the event. In particular, a densely-sampled second caustic crossing
enables us to derive the linear limb-darkening coefficients of the source star;
c_V = 0.786^{+0.080}_{-0.078} and c_I = 0.632^{+0.047}_{-0.037}. Combined
analysis of the light curve and the color-magnitude diagram suggests that the
source star is a G/K subgiant in the Galactic bulge (T_eff = 4800 K). The
resulting linear limb-darkening coefficient of the source is consistent with
theoretical predictions, although it is likely that non-linearity of the
stellar surface brightness profile complicates the interpretation, especially
for the I band. The global light curve fit to the data indicates that the event
is due to a binary lens of a mass ratio q = 0.39 and a projected separation d =
2.42. The lens/source relative proper motion is (22.8 +_ 1.5) km/s/kpc, typical
of bulge/bulge or bulge/disk events.


  We extend a standard stochastic theory to study open quantum systems coupled
to generic quantum environments including the three fundamental classes of
noninteracting particles: bosons, fermions and spins. In this unified
stochastic approach, the generalized stochastic Liouville equation (SLE)
formally captures the exact quantum dissipations when noise variables with
appropriate statistics for different bath models are applied. Anharmonic
effects of a non-Gaussian bath are precisely encoded in the bath multi-time
correlation functions that noise variables have to satisfy. Staring from the
SLE, we devise a family of generalized hierarchical equations by averaging out
the noise variables and expand bath multi-time correlation functions in a
complete basis of orthonormal functions. The general hiearchical equations
constitute systems of linear equations that provide numerically exact
simulations of quantum dynamics. For bosonic bath models, our general
hierarchical equation of motion reduces exactly to an extended version of
hierarchical equation of motion which allows efficient simulation for arbitrary
spectral densities and temperature regimes. Similar efficiency and exibility
can be achieved for the fermionic bath models within our formalism. The spin
bath models can be simulated with two complementary approaches in the presetn
formalism. (I) They can be viewed as an example of non-Gaussian bath models and
be directly handled with the general hierarchical equation approach given their
multi-time correlation functions. (II) Alterantively, each bath spin can be
first mapped onto a pair of fermions and be treated as fermionic environments
within the present formalism.


  We evaluate recombination of electrons and holes in optically pumped graphene
associated with the interband tunneling between electron-hole puddles and
calculate the recombination rate and time. It is demonstrated that this
mechanism can be dominant in a wide range of pumping intensities. We show that
the tunneling recombination rate and time are nonmonotonic functions of the
quasi-Fermi energies of electrons and holes and optical pumping intensity. This
can result in hysteresis phenomena.


  Fluctuation-dissipation relation ensures thermodynamic equilibrium of a
particle immersed in a heat bath. We will show that, under certain
circumstances, the fluctuation-dissipation relation fails to ensure equilibrium
between the immersed system and the heat bath. We consider a symmetry broken
dimer, constrained to move in one dimension, is in compliance with the
requirements of fluctuation-dissipation relation. An exact analytic result
shows a nonzero average velocity of the center of mass of the dimer indicating
that the state of the system is a nonequilibrium one. Based on this new
physical observation, we propose an alternative paradigm for a Brownian motor
which would extract useful energy directly from the heat bath unlike the ones
based on Brownian Ratchet principle.


  With the recent interest in installing building energy management systems,
the availability of data enables calibration of building energy models. This
study compares calibration on eight different temporal resolutions and
contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of each. While calibrating heating and
cooling energy consumption shows less sensitivity to the temporal resolution,
the accuracy of electricity energy consumption and domestic hot water greatly
varies depending on the temporal resolution.


  We show a possibility that strong ``magnetic field'' $\sim 10^{15} $G is
produced by color ferromagnetic quark matter in neutron stars. In the quark
matter a color magnetic field is generated spontaneously owing to Savvidy
mechanism and a gluon condensate arises for the stabilization of the field.
Since the quark matter is electrically charged in the neutron stars, the
rotation of the quarks around the color magnetic field produces the strong
``magnetic field''.


  We prove that for the dyadic maximal operator $\mathrm M$ and every locally
integrable function $f\in L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb R^d)$ with bounded
variation, also $\mathrm M f$ is locally integrable and
$\mathop{\mathrm{var}}\mathrm M f\leq C_d\mathop{\mathrm{var}} f$ for any
dimension $d\geq1$. It means that if $f\in L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb R^d)$ is
a function whose gradient is a finite measure then so is $\nabla \mathrm M f$
and $\|\nabla \mathrm M f\|_{L^1(\mathbb R^d)}\leq C_d\|\nabla f\|_{L^1(\mathbb
R^d)}$.
  We also prove this for the local dyadic maximal operator.


  The Internet is a complex ecosystem composed of thousands of Autonomous
Systems (ASs) operated by independent organizations; each AS having a very
limited view outside its own network. These complexities and limitations impede
network operators to finely pinpoint the causes of service degradation or
disruption when the problem lies outside of their network. In this paper, we
present Chocolatine, a solution to detect remote connectivity loss using
Internet Background Radiation (IBR) through a simple and efficient method. IBR
is unidirectional unsolicited Internet traffic, which is easily observed by
monitoring unused address space. IBR features two remarkable properties: it is
originated worldwide, across diverse ASs, and it is incessant. We show that the
number of IP addresses observed from an AS or a geographical area follows a
periodic pattern. Then, using Seasonal ARIMA to statistically model IBR data,
we predict the number of IPs for the next time window. Significant deviations
from these predictions indicate an outage. We evaluated Chocolatine using data
from the UCSD Network Telescope, operated by CAIDA, with a set of documented
outages. Our experiments show that the proposed methodology achieves a good
trade-off between true-positive rate (90%) and false-positive rate (2%) and
largely outperforms CAIDA's own IBR-based detection method. Furthermore,
performing a comparison against other methods, i.e., with BGP monitoring and
active probing, we observe that Chocolatine shares a large common set of
outages with them in addition to many specific outages that would otherwise go
undetected.


  The superfluid mixture of interacting Bose and Fermi species is a remarkable
many-body quantum system. Dilute degenerate atomic gases, especially for two
species of distinct masses, are excellent candidates for exploring fundamental
features of superfluid mixture. However, producing a mass-imbalance Bose-Fermi
superfluid mixture, providing an unambiguous visual proof of two-species
superfluidity and probing inter-species interaction effects remain challenging.
Here, we report the realization of a two-species superfluid of lithium-6 and
potassium-41. By rotating the dilute gases, we observe the simultaneous
existence of vortex lattices in both species, and thus present a definitive
visual evidence for the simultaneous superfluidity of the two species.
Pronounced effects of the inter-species interaction are demonstrated through a
series of precision measurements on the formation and decay of two-species
vortices. Our system provides a new platform for studying novel macroscopic
quantum phenomena in vortex matter of interacting species.


  Recently, the hydrogen adsorption and diffusion on the CeO2 (111) surface
have been a vividly discussed topic because of its outstanding catalytic
activity and selectivity in hydrogenation reactions. However, for the strongly
reduced CeO2 (111) surface, the structure as well as the stability of hydride
anions are still unclear. By virtue of density functional theory (DFT)
calculations, we show that in the strongly reduced CeO2 (111) surface, the
hydride can be stabilized on the largely metallic surface consisting of Ce3+
when O vacancies are mainly in the outmost layers. For the surface with O
vacancies in deeper layers, the hydride locates in the center of three Ce3+
ions. However, the hydridic phase is not the most stable state
thermodynamically. With the increase of the temperature, the hydride will
transfer from the vacancies to the surface and form hydroxyl group on the
outmost layer.


  The $d$-Fibonacci digraphs $F(d,k)$, introduced here, have the number of
vertices following generalized Fibonacci-like sequences. They can be defined
both as digraphs on alphabets and as iterated line digraphs. Here we study some
of their nice properties. For instance, $F(2,k)$ has diameter $d+k-2$ and is
semi-pancyclic, that is, it has a cycle of every length between 1 and $\ell$,
with $\ell\in\{2k-2,2k-1\}$. Moreover, it turns out that several other numbers
of $F(d,k)$ (of closed $l$-walks, classes of vertices, etc.) also follow the
same linear recurrences as the numbers of vertices of the $d$-Fibonacci
digraphs.


  Graphs are one of the most important data structures for representing
pairwise relations between objects. Specifically, a graph embedded in a
Euclidean space is essential to solving real problems, such as physical
simulations. A crucial requirement for applying graphs in Euclidean spaces to
physical simulations is learning and inferring the isometric transformation
invariant and equivariant features in a computationally efficient manner. In
this paper, we propose a set of transformation invariant and equivariant models
based on graph convolutional networks, called IsoGCNs. We demonstrate that the
proposed model has a competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art
methods on tasks related to geometrical and physical simulation data. Moreover,
the proposed model can scale up to graphs with 1M vertices and conduct an
inference faster than a conventional finite element analysis, which the
existing equivariant models cannot achieve.


  Statistical studies indicate that the 271 point sources of high-energy gamma
rays belong to two groups: a Galactic population and an isotropic extragalactic
population. Many unidentified extragalactic sources are certainly blazars, and
it is the intention of this work to uncover gamma-ray blazars missed by
previous attempts. Until recently, searches for blazar counterparts to
unidentified EGRET sources have focused on finding AGN that have 5-GHz radio
flux densities S_5 near or above 1 Jy. However, the recent blazar
identification of 3EG J2006-2321 (S_5 = 260 mJy) and other work suggest that
careful studies of weaker flat-spectrum sources may be fruitful. In this
spirit, error circles of 4 high-latitude unidentified EGRET sources have been
searched for 5-GHz sources. The gamma-ray sources are 3EG J1133+0033, 3EG
J1212+2304, 3EG J1222+2315, and 3EG J1227+4302. Within the error contours of
each of the four sources are found 6 radio candidates; by observing the
positions of the radio sources with the 0.81-m Tenagra II telescope it is
determined that 14 of these 24 radio sources have optical counterparts with R <
22. Eight of these from two different EGRET sources have been observed in the
B, V, and R bands in more than one epoch and the analysis of these data is
ongoing. Any sources that are found to be variable will be the objects of
multi-epoch polarimetry studies.


  Absolute resistivity measurements as a function of temperature from optimally
doped YBa_2Cu_3O_(7), La_(2-x)Sr_xCuO_4, Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_(8-x), and
(Ca_0.1La_0.9)(Ba_1.65La_0.35)Cu_3O_y thin films are reported. Special
attention is given to the measurement geometrical factors and the resistivity
slope between Tc and T^{*}. The results are compared with a strong coupling
theory for the resistivity derivative near T_c, which is based on hard core
bosons (HCB), and with several weak coupling theories, which are BCS based.
Surprisingly, our results agree with both paradigms. The implications of these
findings and the missing calculations needed to distinguish between the two
paradigms are discussed.


  In this paper, we study the dynamics of epidemic processes taking place in
temporal and adaptive networks. Building on the activity-driven network model,
we propose an adaptive model of epidemic processes, where the network topology
dynamically changes due to both exogenous factors independent of the epidemic
dynamics as well as endogenous preventive measures adopted by individuals in
response to the state of the infection. A direct analysis of the model using
Markov processes involves the spectral analysis of a transition probability
matrix whose size grows exponentially with the number of nodes. To overcome
this limitation, we derive an upper-bound on the decay rate of the number of
infected nodes in terms of the eigenvalues of a $2 \times 2$ matrix. Using this
upper bound, we propose an efficient algorithm to tune the parameters
describing the endogenous preventive measures in order to contain epidemics
over time. We confirm our theoretical results via numerical simulations.


  Quantum walks, in virtue of the coherent superposition and quantum
interference, possess exponential superiority over its classical counterpart in
applications of quantum searching and quantum simulation. The quantum enhanced
power is highly related to the state space of quantum walks, which can be
expanded by enlarging the photon number and/or the dimensions of the evolution
network, but the former is considerably challenging due to probabilistic
generation of single photons and multiplicative loss. Here we demonstrate a
two-dimensional continuous-time quantum walk by using the external geometry of
photonic waveguide arrays, rather than the inner degree of freedoms of photons.
Using femtosecond laser direct writing, we construct a large-scale
three-dimensional structure which forms a two-dimensional lattice with up to
49X49 nodes on a photonic chip. We demonstrate spatial two-dimensional quantum
walks using heralded single photons and single-photon-level imaging. We analyze
the quantum transport properties via observing the ballistic evolution pattern
and the variance profile, which agree well with simulation results. We further
reveal the transient nature that is the unique feature for quantum walks of
beyond one dimension. An architecture that allows a walk to freely evolve in
all directions and a large scale, combining with defect and disorder control,
may bring up powerful and versatile quantum walk machines for classically
intractable problems.


  For precision coherent measurements with ensembles of quantum spins the
relevant Figure-of-Merit (FOM) is the product of polarized spin density and
coherence lifetime, which is generally limited by the dynamics of the spin
environment. Here, we apply a coherent spectroscopic technique to characterize
the dynamics of the composite solid-state spin environment of Nitrogen-Vacancy
(NV) centers in room temperature diamond. For samples of very different NV
densities and impurity spin concentrations, we show that NV FOM values can be
almost an order of magnitude larger than previously achieved in other
room-temperature solid-state spin systems, and within an order of magnitude of
the state-of-the-art atomic system. We also identify a new mechanism for
suppression of electronic spin bath dynamics in the presence of a nuclear spin
bath of sufficient concentration. This suppression could inform efforts to
further increase the FOM for solid-state spin ensemble metrology and collective
quantum information processing.


  Chow rings of toric varieties, which originate in intersection theory,
feature a rich combinatorial structure of independent interest. We survey four
different ways of computing in these rings, due to Billera, Brion,
Fulton--Sturmfels, and Allermann--Rau. We illustrate the beauty and power of
these methods by giving four proofs of Huh and Huh--Katz's formula $\mu^k(M) =
deg_M(\alpha^{r-k} \beta^k)$ for the coefficients of the reduced characteristic
polynomial of a matroid $M$ as the mixed intersection numbers of the hyperplane
and reciprocal hyperplane classes $\alpha$ and $\beta$ in the Chow ring of $M$.
Each of these proofs sheds light on a different aspect of matroid
combinatorics, and provides a framework for further developments in the
intersection theory of matroids. Our presentation is combinatorial, and does
not assume previous knowledge of toric varieties, Chow rings, or intersection
theory.


  We demonstrate that CP violation results in a difference of the partial decay
rates of atoms and antiatoms. The magnitude of this difference is estimated.


  The MONS space experiment will be able to verify some of the most important
topics in the asteroseismologic studies of Delta Sct and Gamma Dor stars. We
discuss how the $\gamma$ Doradus can be considered possible "bridges" between
the opacity driven overstable pulsation and the stochastically excited solar
like oscillation. For this reason the possible inclusion of a Gamma Dor
representative in the MONS main target list is presented and discussed. To
study Delta Sct stars, an appropriate frequency resolution, comparable to or
better than what is currently achieved by ground-based observations, is
necessary and hence two runs are recommended. To avoid over-scheduling of the
Main Camera, a possible combination of observations from the Main Camera and
from the Star Trackers is proposed. As a result, key-objects could be
adequately monitored, affording the possibility to enter into details of
amplitude variations. Simultaneously, the same results could be obtained on two
Gamma Dor stars.


  By averaging over an ensemble of field configurations, a classical field
theory can display many of the characteristics of quantum field theory,
including Lorentz invariance, a loop expansion, and renormalization effects.
There is additional freedom in how the ensemble is chosen. When the field mode
amplitudes have a Gaussian distribution, and the mode phases are randomly
distributed, we review the known differences between the classical and quantum
theories. When the mode amplitudes are fixed, or have a nongaussian
distribution, the quartic and higher correlations among the free fields are
modified, seemingly in a nonlocal way. We show how this in turn affects the
perturbative expansion. We focus on $\lambda\phi^4$ theory in 1+1 dimensions
and use lattice simulations to augment our study. We give examples of how these
nonlocal correlations induce behavior more similar to quantum field theory, at
both weak and strong coupling.


  While human annotations play a crucial role in language technologies,
annotator subjectivity has long been overlooked in data collection. Recent
studies that have critically examined this issue are often situated in the
Western context, and solely document differences across age, gender, or racial
groups. As a result, NLP research on subjectivity have overlooked the fact that
individuals within demographic groups may hold diverse values, which can
influence their perceptions beyond their group norms. To effectively
incorporate these considerations into NLP pipelines, we need datasets with
extensive parallel annotations from various social and cultural groups. In this
paper we introduce the \dataset dataset: a large-scale cross-cultural dataset
of parallel annotations for offensive language in over 4.5K sentences annotated
by a pool of over 4k annotators, balanced across gender and age, from across 21
countries, representing eight geo-cultural regions. The dataset contains
annotators' moral values captured along six moral foundations: care, equality,
proportionality, authority, loyalty, and purity. Our analyses reveal
substantial regional variations in annotators' perceptions that are shaped by
individual moral values, offering crucial insights for building pluralistic,
culturally sensitive NLP models.


  A model for high-energy (>10^14 eV) cosmic rays (HECRs) from galactic and
extragalactic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is summarized. Relativistic outflows in
GRBs are assumed to inject power-law distributions of CR protons and ions to
the highest (>10^20 eV) energies. A diffusive propagation model for HECRs from
a single recent GRB within 1 kpc from Earth explains the CR spectrum near and
above the knee. The CR spectrum at energies above 10^18 eV is fit with a
component from extragalactic GRBs. By normalizing the energy injection rate to
that required to produce the CR flux from extragalactic sources observed
locally, we determine the amount of energy a typical GRB must release in the
form of nonthermal hadrons. Our interpretation of the HECR spectrum requires
that GRBs are hadronically dominated, which would be confirmed by the detection
of HE neutrinos from GRBs.


  In this paper, the linear stability theory of an incompressible asymptotic
suction boundary layer was studied. A small disturbance was introduced
spatially in a streamwise direction to the laminar base flow with various
wavenumber $\alpha = 0.01 - 0.3$ to investigate its temporal stability. A
spectral collocation method was used to solve the fourth-order ordinary
differential equation (ODE) of the generalized eigenvalues problem. From the
neutral stability curve, the result showed that the critical Reynolds number
occurred at $Re_{c}= 47145$ for $\alpha=0.161$. By taking into account that the
disturbance traveled in spanwise direction, the transition can be delayed.


  The ensemble data assimilation of computational fluid dynamics simulations
based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the local ensemble transform
Kalman filter (LETKF) is implemented and optimized on a GPU supercomputer based
on NVIDIA A100 GPUs. To connect the LBM and LETKF parts, data transpose
communication is optimized by overlapping computation, file I/O, and
communication based on data dependency in each LETKF kernel. In two dimensional
forced isotropic turbulence simulations with the ensemble size of $M=64$ and
the number of grid points of $N_x=128^2$, the optimized implementation achieved
$\times3.80$ speedup from the naive implementation, in which the LETKF part is
not parallelized. The main computing kernel of the local problem is the
eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) of $M\times M$ real symmetric dense matrices,
which is computed by a newly developed batched EVD in $\verb|EigenG|$. The
batched EVD in $\verb|EigenG|$ outperforms that in $\verb|cuSOLVER|$, and
$\times65.3$ speedup was achieved.


  Under general boundary conditions we consider the finiteness of the Hausdorff
and fractal dimensions of the global attractor for the strong solution of the
3D moist primitive equations with viscosity. Firstly, we obtain time-uniform
estimates of the first-order time derivative of the strong solutions in
$L^2(\mho)$. Then, to prove the finiteness of the Hausdorff and fractal
dimensions of the global attractor, the common method is to obtain the uniform
boundedness of the strong solution in $H^2(\mho)$ to establish the squeezing
property of the solution operator. But it is difficult to achieve due to the
boundary conditions and complicated structure of the 3D moist primitive
equations. To overcome the difficulties, we try to use the uniform boundedness
of the derivative of the strong solutions with respect to time $t$ in
$L^2(\mho)$ to prove the uniform continuity of the global attractor. Finally,
using the uniform continuity of the global attractor we establish the squeezing
property of the solution operator which implies the finiteness of the Hausdorff
and fractal dimensions of the global attractor.


  Densification and sparsification of temporal networks are attributed to two
fundamental mechanisms: a change in the population in the system and/or a
change in the chances that nodes in the system are connected. In theory, each
of these mechanisms generates a distinctive type of densification scaling, but
in reality both types are generally mixed. Here, we develop a Bayesian
statistical method to identify the extent to which each of these mechanisms is
at play at a given point in time, taking the mixed densification scaling as
input. We apply the method to networks of face-to-face interactions of
individuals and reveal that the main mechanism that causes densification and
sparsification occasionally switches, the frequency of which depending on the
social context. The proposed method uncovers an inherent regime-switching
property of network dynamics, which will provide a new insight into the
mechanics behind evolving social interactions.


  Quantitative limit theorems for non-linear functionals on the Wiener space
are considered. Given the possibly infinite sequence of kernels of the chaos
decomposition of such a functional, an estimate for different probability
distances between the functional and a Gaussian random variable in terms of
contraction norms of these kernels is derived. The applicability of this result
is demonstrated by means of the Breuer-Major theorem, unfolding thereby a new
connection between the Hermite rank of the considered function and a chaotic
gap. Especially, power variations of the fractional Brownian motion and
processes belonging to the Cauchy class are studied.


  We examine the range of rest-mass densities, temperatures and magnetic fields
involved in simulations of binary neutron-star mergers and identify the
conditions under which the ideal-magnetohydrodynamics approximation breaks down
and hence the magnetic-field decay should be accounted for. We use recent
calculations of the conductivities of warm correlated plasma in envelopes of
compact stars and find that the magnetic-field decay timescales are much larger
than the characteristic timescales of the merger process for lengthscales down
to a meter. Because these are smaller than the currently available resolution
in numerical simulations, the ideal-magnetohydrodynamics approximation is
effectively valid for all realistic simulations. At the same time, we find that
the Hall effect can be important at low densities and low temperatures, where
it can induce a non-dissipative rearrangement of the magnetic field. Finally,
we mark the region in temperature and density where the hydrodynamic
description breaks down.


  The structural, elastic, and electronic properties of the very recently
discovered ternary silicide superconductor, Li2IrSi3, have been calculated
using ab-initio technique. We have carried out the plane-wave pseudopotential
approach within the framework of the first-principles density functional theory
(DFT) implemented within the CASTEP code. The calculated structural parameters
show a reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Elastic moduli of
this interesting material have been calculated for the first time. The
electronic band structure and electronic energy density of states indicate the
strong covalent Ir-Si and Si-Si bonding which lead to the formation of the
rigid structure of Li2IrSi3. Strong covalency give rise to a high Debye
temperature in this system. We have discussed the theoretical results in detail
in this paper.


  The main feature of Hom-algebras is that the identities defining the
structures are twisted by linear maps. The purpose of this paper is to
introduce and study a Hom-type generalization of pre-Malcev algebras, called
Hom-pre-Malcev algebras. We also introduce the notion of Kupershmidt operators
of Hom-Malcev and Hom-pre-Malcev algebras and show the connections between
Hom-Malcev and Hom-pre-Malcev algebras using Kupershmidt operators.
Hom-pre-Malcev algebras generalize Hom-pre-Lie algebras to the Hom-alternative
setting and fit into a bigger framework with a close relationship with
Hom-pre-alternative algebras. Finally, we establish a deformation theory of
Kupershmidt operators on a Hom-Malcev algebra in consistence with the general
principles of deformation theories and introduce the notion of Nijenhuis
elements.


  We present an implementation of an optimal CMB trispectrum estimator which
accounts for anisotropic noise and incomplete sky coverage. We use a general
separable mode expansion which can and has been applied to constrain both
primordial and late-time models. We validate our methods on large angular
scales using known analytic results in the Sachs-Wolfe limit. We present the
first near-optimal trispectrum constraints from WMAP data on the cubic term of
local model inflation $ g_{\rm NL} = (1.6 \pm 7.0)\times 10^5$, for the
equilateral model $t_{\rm NL}^{\rm{equil}}=(-3.11\pm 7.5)\times 10^6 $ and for
the constant model $t_{\rm NL}^{\rm{const}}=(-1.33\pm 3.62)$. These results,
particularly the equilateral constraint, are relevant to a number of
well-motivated models (such as DBI and K-inflation) with closely correlated
trispectrum shapes. We also use the trispectrum signal predicted for cosmic
strings to provide a conservative upper limit on the string tension $G\mu \le
1.1\times 10^{-6}$ (at 95% confidence), which is largely background and model
independent. All these new trispectrum results are consistent with a Gaussian
Universe. We discuss the importance of constraining general classes of
trispectra using these methods and the prospects for higher precision with the
Planck satellite.


  We present early WHT ISIS optical spectroscopy of the afterglow of gamma-ray
burst GRB 050730. The spectrum shows a DLA system with the highest measured
hydrogen column to date: N(HI) = 22.1 +/- 0.1 at the third-highest GRB redshift
z = 3.968. Our analysis of the Swift XRT X-ray observations of the early
afterglow show X-ray flares accompanied by decreasing X-ray absorption. From
both the optical and the X-ray spectra we constrain the dust and gas properties
of the host galaxy. We find the host to be a low metallicity galaxy, with low
dust content. Much of the X-ray absorbing gas is situated close to the GRB,
whilst the HI absorption causing the DLA is most likely located further out.


  In this paper, we give several matrix representations for the Horadam
quaternions. We derive several identities related to these quaternions by using
the matrix method. Since quaternion multiplication is not commutative, some of
our results are non-commutative analogues of the well known identities for the
Fibonacci-like integer sequences. Lastly, we derive some binomial-sum
identities for the Horadam quaternions as an application of the matrix method.


  The Tolman-Bondi solution of the Einstein equations is used in order to model
the time evolution of the void observed in Bo\"otes. The present density
contrast of the central region ($\sim -0.75$) and its radius ($\sim 30h^{-1} \
Mpc$) are fixed, while the density parameter of the Universe, the amplitude of
the density contrast inside the void wall, the width of this wall and the
distance from the void centre to the Local Group are appropriately varied. The
microwave background anisotropy produced by Bo\"otes-like voids is estimated
for a significant set of locations. All the voids are placed far from the last
scattering surface. It is shown that the anisotropy generated by these voids
strongly depends on the density parameter, the wall structure and the void
location. The Doppler dipole and quadrupole are subtracted and the residual
anisotropy is calculated. In the case of some isolated Bo\"otes-like voids
placed at redshifts between 1 and 10 in an open universe with density parameter
$\Omega_{0}=0.2$, the residual anisotropy appears to be a few times $10^{-6}$
on scales of a few degrees. This anisotropy is about one order of magnitude
greater than previous estimates corresponding to other cases. The anisotropy
produced by a distribution of voids is qualitatively studied in the light of
this result. Comparisons with previous estimates are discussed.


  We develop and evaluate a neural network-based method for Gibbs artifact and
noise removal. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was designed for artifact
removal in diffusion-weighted imaging data. Two implementations were
considered: one for magnitude images and one for complex images. Both models
were based on the same encoder-decoder structure and were trained by simulating
MRI acquisitions on synthetic non-MRI images. Both machine learning methods
were able to mitigate artifacts in diffusion-weighted images and diffusion
parameter maps. The CNN for complex images was also able to reduce artifacts in
partial Fourier acquisitions. The proposed CNNs extend the ability of artifact
correction in diffusion MRI. The machine learning method described here can be
applied on each imaging slice independently, allowing it to be used flexibly in
clinical applications.


  We investigate the electronic dispersion and transport properties of
graphene/WSe$_{2}$ heterostructures in the presence of a proximity induced
spin-orbit coupling (SOC) using a low-energy Hamiltonian, with different types
of symmetry breaking terms, obtained from a four-band, first and second
nearest-neighbour tight-binding (TB) one. The competition between different
perturbation terms leads to inverted SOC bands. Further, we study the effect of
symmetry breaking terms on ac and dc transport by evaluating the corresponding
conductivities within linear response theory. The scattering-independent part
of the valley-Hall conductivity, as a function of the Fermi energy $E_{F}$, is
mostly negative in the ranges $-\lambda_{R}\leqslant E_{F}$ and
$E_{F}\geqslant\lambda_{R}$ when the strength $\lambda_{R}$ of the Rashba SOC
increases except for a very narrow region around $E_{F}=0$ in which it peaks
sharply upward. The scattering-dependent diffusive conductivity increases
linearly with electron density, is directly proportional to $\lambda_{R}$ in
the low- and high-density regimes, but weakens for $\lambda_{R}=0$. We
investigate the optical response in the presence of a SOC-tunable band gap for
variable $E_{F}$. An interesting feature of this SOC tuning is that it can be
used to switch on and off the Drude-type intraband response. Furthermore, the
ac conductivity exhibits interband responses due to the Rashba SOC. We also
show that the valley-Hall conductivity changes sign when $E_F$ is comparable to
$\lambda_R$ and vanishes at higher values of $E_F$. It also exhibits a strong
dependence on temperature and a considerable structure as a function of the
frequency.


  We investigate one-dimensional Probabilistic Cellular Automata, called
Diploid Elementary Cellular Automata (DECA), obtained as random mixture of two
different Elementary Cellular Automata rules. All the cells are updated
synchronously and the probability for one cell to be $0$ or $1$ at time $t$
depends only on the value of the same cell and that of its neighbors at time
$t-1$. These very simple models show a very rich behavior strongly depending on
the choice of the two Elementary Cellular Automata that are randomly mixed
together and on the parameter which governs probabilistically the mixture. In
particular, we study the existence of phase transition for the whole set of
possible DECA obtained by mixing the null rule which associates $0$ to any
possible local configuration, with any of the other $255$ elementary rule. We
approach the problem analytically via a Mean Field approximation and via the
use of a rigorous approach based on the application of the Dobrushin Criterion.
The distinguishing trait of our result is the possibility to describe the
behavior of the whole set of considered DECA without exploiting the local
properties of the individual models. The results that we find are coherent with
numerical studies already published in the scientific literature and also with
some rigorous results proven for some specific models.


  We investigate leading order deviations from general relativity that violate
the Einstein equivalence principle in the gravitational standard model
extension. We show that redshift experiments based on matter waves and clock
comparisons are equivalent to one another. Consideration of torsion balance
tests, along with matter wave, microwave, optical, and M\"ossbauer clock tests,
yields comprehensive limits on spin-independent Einstein equivalence
principle-violating standard model extension terms at the $10^{-6}$ level.


  Perceiving the physical world in 3D is fundamental for self-driving
applications. Although temporal motion is an invaluable resource to human
vision for detection, tracking, and depth perception, such features have not
been thoroughly utilized in modern 3D object detectors. In this work, we
propose a novel method for monocular video-based 3D object detection which
carefully leverages kinematic motion to improve precision of 3D localization.
Specifically, we first propose a novel decomposition of object orientation as
well as a self-balancing 3D confidence. We show that both components are
critical to enable our kinematic model to work effectively. Collectively, using
only a single model, we efficiently leverage 3D kinematics from monocular
videos to improve the overall localization precision in 3D object detection
while also producing useful by-products of scene dynamics (ego-motion and
per-object velocity). We achieve state-of-the-art performance on monocular 3D
object detection and the Bird's Eye View tasks within the KITTI self-driving
dataset.


  Understood in terms of pure states evolving into mixed states, the
possibility of information loss in black holes is closely related to the global
causal structure of spacetime, as is the existence of event horizons. However,
black holes need not be defined by event horizons, and in fact we argue that in
order to have a fully unitary evolution for black holes, they should be defined
in terms of something else, such as a trapping horizon. The Misner-Sharp mass
in spherical symmetry shows very simply how trapping horizons can give rise to
black hole thermodynamics, Hawking radiation and singularities. We show how the
Misner-Sharp mass can also be used to give insights into the process of
collapse and evaporation of locally defined black holes.


  We consider the possibility that classical dynamical systems display motion
in their lowest energy state, forming a time analogue of crystalline spatial
order. Challenges facing that idea are identified and overcome. We display
arbitrary orbits of an angular variable as lowest-energy trajectories for
nonsingular Lagrangian systems. Dynamics within orbits of broken symmetry
provide a natural arena for formation of time crystals. We exhibit models of
that kind, including a model with traveling density waves.


  Much of the existing work on text novelty detection has been studied at the
topic level, i.e., identifying whether the topic of a document or a sentence is
novel or not. Little work has been done at the fine-grained semantic level (or
contextual level). For example, given that we know Elon Musk is the CEO of a
technology company, the sentence "Elon Musk acted in the sitcom The Big Bang
Theory" is novel and surprising because normally a CEO would not be an actor.
Existing topic-based novelty detection methods work poorly on this problem
because they do not perform semantic reasoning involving relations between
named entities in the text and their background knowledge. This paper proposes
an effective model (called PAT-SND) to solve the problem, which can also
characterize the novelty. An annotated dataset is also created. Evaluation
shows that PAT-SND outperforms 10 baselines by large margins.


  In this article, we address the optomechanical effects in surface-enhanced
resonant Raman scattering (SERRS) from a single molecule in a nano-particle on
mirror (NPoM) nanocavity by developing a quantum master equation theory, which
combines macroscopic quantum electrodynamics and electron-vibration interaction
within the framework of open quantum system theory. We supplement the theory
with electromagnetic simulations and time-dependent density functional theory
calculations in order to study the SERRS of a methylene blue molecule in a
realistic NPoM nanocavity. The simulations allow us not only to identify the
conditions to achieve conventional optomechanical effects, such as vibrational
pumping, non-linear scaling of Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, but also to
discovery distinct behaviors, such as the saturation of exciton population, the
emergence of Mollow triplet side-bands, and higher-order Raman scattering. All
in all, our study might guide further investigations of optomechanical effects
in resonant Raman scattering.


  We develop a virtual analog model of the Klon Centaur guitar pedal circuit,
comparing various circuit modelling techniques. The techniques analyzed include
traditional modelling techniques such as nodal analysis and Wave Digital
Filters, as well as a machine learning technique using recurrent neural
networks. We examine these techniques in the contexts of two use cases: an
audio plug-in designed to be run on a consumer-grade desktop computer, and a
guitar pedal-style effect running on an embedded device. Finally, we discuss
the advantages and disdvantages of each technique for modelling different
circuits, and targeting different platforms.


  We propose a complete proof of the Born rule using an additional postulate
stating that for a short enough time {\Delta}t between two measurements, a
property of a particle will keep its values fixed. This dynamical postulate
allows us to produce the Born rule in its explicit form by improving the result
given in [1]. While the proposed postulate is still not part of the quantum
mechanics postulates, every experiment obeys it, and it can not be deduced
using the standard postulates of quantum mechanics.


  We employ an extension of ergodic theory to the random setting to investigate
the existence of random periodic solutions of random dynamical systems. Given
that a random dynamical system has a dissipative structure, we proved that a
random invariant compact set can be expressed as a union of finite of number of
random periodic curves. The idea in this paper is closely related to the work
recently considered by Zhao and Zheng [46].


  Path integrals are a central tool when it comes to describing quantum or
thermal fluctuations of particles or fields. Their success dates back to
Feynman who showed how to use them within the framework of quantum mechanics.
Since then, path integrals have pervaded all areas of physics where fluctuation
effects, quantum and/or thermal, are of paramount importance. Their appeal is
based on the fact that one converts a problem formulated in terms of operators
into one of sampling classical paths with a given weight. Path integrals are
the mirror image of our conventional Riemann integrals, with functions
replacing the real numbers one usually sums over. However, unlike conventional
integrals, path integration suffers a serious drawback: in general, one cannot
make non-linear changes of variables without committing an error of some sort.
Thus, no path-integral based calculus is possible. Here we identify which are
the deep mathematical reasons causing this important caveat, and we come up
with cures for systems described by one degree of freedom. Our main result is a
construction of path integration free of this longstanding problem, through a
direct time-discretization procedure.


  We report results from a systematic analytic strong-coupling expansion of the
Bose-Hubbard model in one and two spatial dimensions. We obtain numerically
exact results for the dispersion of single particle and single hole excitations
in the Mott insulator. The boundary of the Mott phase can be determined with
previously unattainable accuracy in one and two dimensions. In one dimension we
observe the occurrence of reentrant behavior from the compressible to the
insulating phase in a region close to the critical point which was conjectured
in earlier work. Our calculation can be used as a benchmark for the development
of new numerical techniques for strongly correlated systems.


  Many aspects of the historical relationships between populations in a species
are reflected in genetic data. Inferring these relationships from genetic data,
however, remains a challenging task. In this paper, we present a statistical
model for inferring the patterns of population splits and mixtures in multiple
populations. In this model, the sampled populations in a species are related to
their common ancestor through a graph of ancestral populations. Using
genome-wide allele frequency data and a Gaussian approximation to genetic
drift, we infer the structure of this graph. We applied this method to a set of
55 human populations and a set of 82 dog breeds and wild canids. In both
species, we show that a simple bifurcating tree does not fully describe the
data; in contrast, we infer many migration events. While some of the migration
events that we find have been detected previously, many have not. For example,
in the human data we infer that Cambodians trace approximately 16% of their
ancestry to a population ancestral to other extant East Asian populations. In
the dog data, we infer that both the boxer and basenji trace a considerable
fraction of their ancestry (9% and 25%, respectively) to wolves subsequent to
domestication, and that East Asian toy breeds (the Shih Tzu and the Pekingese)
result from admixture between modern toy breeds and "ancient" Asian breeds.
Software implementing the model described here, called TreeMix, is available at
http://treemix.googlecode.com


  We denote the $n$-th projective space of a topological monoid $G$ by $B_nG$
and the classifying space by $BG$. Let $G$ be a well-pointed topological monoid
of the homotopy type of a CW complex and $G'$ a well-pointed grouplike
topological monoid. We prove the weak equivalence between the pointed mapping
space $\mathrm{Map}_0(B_nG,BG)$ and the space of all $A_n$-maps from $G$ to
$G'$. This fact has several applications. As the first application, we show
that the connecting map $G\rightarrow\mathrm{Map}_0(B_nG,BG)$ of the evaluation
fiber sequence
$\mathrm{Map}_0(B_nG,BG)\rightarrow\mathrm{Map}(B_nG,BG)\rightarrow BG$ is
delooped. As other applications, we consider higher homotopy commutativity,
$A_n$-types of gauge groups, $T_k^f$-spaces by Iwase--Mimura--Oda--Yoon and
homotopy pullback of $A_n$-maps. In particular, we show that the $T_k^f$-space
and the $C_k^f$-space are exactly the same concept and give some new examples
of $T_k^f$-spaces.


  Some problems of the space-time causal structure are discussed using models
with traversable wormholes. For this purpose the conditions of traversable
wormhole matching with the exterior space-time are considered in detail and a
mixed boundary problem for the Einstein equations is formulated and analyzed.
The influence of these matching conditions on the space-time properties and
causal structure is analyzed. These conditions have a non-dynamical nature and
cannot be determined by any physical process. So, the causality violation
cannot be a result of dynamical evolution of some initial hypersurface. It is
also shown that the same conditions which determine the wormhole joining with
the outer space provide the self-consistency of solutions and the absence of
paradoxes in the case of causality violation.