  The precise measurements of the Bd oscillation frequency and the limit on the
Bs one one as well as the determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix
element Vub improve the constraints on the other elements of this matrix.
  A fit to the experimental data and the theory calculations leads to the
determination of the vertex of the unitarity triangle as:
  rho = 0.160 -0.070 +0.094 eta = 0.381 -0.058 +0.061.
  The values of its angles, in their customary definition in terms of sines for
alpha and beta, are found to be:
  sin(2 alpha) = 0.06 -0.42 +0.35 sin(2 beta) = 0.75 +/- 0.09 gamma = 68
-12+11o.
  Indirect information on non-perturbative QCD parameters, on the presence of a
CP violating complex phase in the CKM matrix and on the Bs oscillation
frequency are also extracted.


  Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become commonplace in addressing
major challenges in computer vision. Researchers are not only coming up with
new CNN architectures but are also researching different techniques to improve
the performance of existing architectures. However, there is a tendency to
over-emphasize performance improvement while neglecting certain important
variables such as simplicity, versatility, the fairness of comparisons, and
energy efficiency. Overlooking these variables in architectural design and
evaluation has led to research bias and a significantly negative environmental
impact. Furthermore, this can undermine the positive impact of research in
using deep learning models to tackle climate change. Here, we perform an
extensive and fair empirical study of a number of proposed techniques to gauge
the utility of each technique for segmentation and classification. Our findings
restate the importance of favoring simplicity over complexity in model design
(Occam's Razor). Furthermore, our results indicate that simple standardized
practices can lead to a significant reduction in environmental impact with
little drop in performance. We highlight that there is a need to rethink the
design and evaluation of CNNs to alleviate the issue of research bias and
carbon emissions.


  Several proposed gravitational wave interferometers have a triangular
configuration, such as the Einstein Telescope and the Laser Interferometer
Space Antenna. For such a configuration one can construct a unique null channel
insensitive to gravitational waves from all directions. We expand on earlier
work and describe how to use the null channel formalism to estimate the power
spectral density for the Einstein Telescope interferometers with non-identical
as well as correlated noise sources. The formalism is illustrated with two
examples in the context of the Einstein Telescope, with increasing degrees of
complexity and realism. By using known mixtures of noises we show the formalism
is mathematically correct and internally consistent. Finally we highlight
future research needed to use this formalism as an ingredient for a Bayesian
estimation framework.


  In this manuscript, we study the interplay between symmetry and topology with
a focus on the $Z_2$ topological index of 2D/3D topological insulators and
high-order topological insulators. We show that in the presence of either a
two-fold-rotational symmetry or a mirror symmetry, a gauge-invariant quantity
can be defined for arbitrary 1D lines in the Brillouin zone. Such 1D quantities
provide a new pathway to compute the $Z_2$ index of topological insulators. In
contrast to the generic setup, where the $Z_2$ index generally involves 2D
planes in the Brillouin zone with a globally-defined smooth gauge, this 1D
approach only involves some 1D lines in the Brillouin zone without requiring a
global gauge. Such a simplified approach can be used in any time-reversal
invariant insulators with a two-fold crystalline symmetry, which can be found
in 30 of the 32 point groups. In addition, this 1D quantity can be further
generalized to higher-order topological insulators to compute the
magnetoelectric polarization $P_3$.


  Properties of localized states on array of BEC confined to a potential,
representing superposition of linear and nonlinear optical lattices are
investigated. For a shallow lattice case the coupled mode system has been
derived. The modulational instability of nonlinear plane waves is analyzed. We
revealed new types of gap solitons and studied their stability. For the first
time a moving soliton solution has been found. Analytical predictions are
confirmed by numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with
jointly acting linear and nonlinear periodic potentials.


  The aim of this paper is to to show the admissibility of some class of
Frechet spaces (see Definition 2.3). In particular, this generalizes the main
results of [3]. As an application, we show the admissibility of a large class
modular spaces equipped with F-norms determined in Theorem 4.1. It is worth
noticing that F-norms introduced in Theorem 4.1 generalize the classical
Luxemburg F-norm. Also a linear version of admissibility (so called metric
approximation property) for order continuous symmetric spaces will be
demonstrated (see Theorem 5.1).


  We calculate the full one-loop electroweak radiative corrections to the cross
section of single W-boson inclusive hadroproduction at finite transverse
momentum (p_T). This includes the O(alpha) corrections to W+j production, the
O(alpha_s) corrections to W+gamma production, and the tree-level contribution
from W+j photoproduction with one direct or resolved photon in the initial
state. We present the integrated cross section as a function of a minimum-p_T
cut as well as the p_T distribution for the experimental conditions at the
Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN LHC and estimate the theoretical uncertainties.


  In this paper, we consider the problem of hedging Asian options in financial
markets with transaction costs. For this, we use the asymptotic hedging
approach. The main task of asymptotic hedging in financial markets with
transaction costs is to prove the probability convergence of the terminal value
of the investment portfolio to the payment function when the number of
portfolio revisions tends to be $n$ to infinity. In practice, this means that
the investor, using such a strategy, is able to compensation payments for all
financial transactions, even if their number increases unlimitedly.


  We suggest a possible approach to proving the M\'ezard-Parisi formula for the
free energy in the diluted spin glass models, such as diluted K-spin or random
K-sat model at any positive temperature. In the main contribution of the paper,
we show that a certain small modification of the Hamiltonian in any of these
models forces all finite-RSB asymptotic Gibbs measures in the sense of the
overlaps to satisfy the M\'ezard-Parisi ansatz for the distribution of spins.
Unfortunately, what is still missing is a description of the general full-RSB
asymptotic Gibbs measures. If one could show that the general case can be
approximated by finite-RSB case in the right sense then one could a posteriori
remove the small modification of the Hamiltonian to recover the M\'ezard-Parisi
formula for the original model.


  We thoroughly analyze at the bosonic level, in the framework of Free
Differential Algebras (FDA), the role of 2-form potentials setting in
particular evidence the precise geometric formulation of the anti-Higgs
mechanism giving mass to the tensors. We then construct the (super)-FDA
encoding the coupling of vector-tensor multiplets in D=4, N=2 supergravity, by
solving the Bianchi identities in superspace and thus retrieving the full
theory up to 3-fermions terms in the supersymmetry transformation laws, leaving
the explicit construction of the Lagrangian to future work. We further explore
the extension of the bosonic FDA in the presence of higher p-form potentials,
focussing our attention to the particular case p=3, which would occur in the
construction of D=5, N=2 supergravity where some of the scalars are properly
dualized.


  We study deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of charged leptons from polarised
spin-1/2 hadrons in terms of the gauge/gravity duality. We calculate the
structure functions related to spin-1/2 fermionic operators of ${\cal {N}}=4$
SYM theory in the planar limit and at strong coupling. Specifically, we focus
on the twist-3 operator which is dual to a certain dilatino mode and gives the
leading contribution to the hadronic tensor. We consider the Bjorken variable
within the parametric range $\lambda^{-1/2}_{SYM} \ll x < 1$ where the
supergravity dual description holds. From dimensional reduction of type IIB
supergravity on the five-sphere, we derive the interaction terms involving two
dilatini and a massless vector field mode. This vector field is a linear
combination of certain components of the graviton and the four-form potential.
The angular integrals on the five-sphere lead to selection rules for the
interactions with important consequences on the dynamics. This implies the
existence of new terms contributing to the structure functions that we
explicitly calculate. The leading contribution comes from the Pauli term,
followed by the contributions from the new terms we found.


  In the field of crisis/disaster informatics, social media is increasingly
being used for improving situational awareness to inform response and relief
efforts. Efficient and accurate text classification tools have been a focal
area of investigation in crisis informatics. However, current methods mostly
rely on single-label text classification models, which fails to capture
different insights embedded in dynamic and multifaceted disaster-related social
media data. This study introduces a novel approach to disaster text
classification by enhancing a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) through
instruction fine-tuning targeted for multi-label classification of
disaster-related tweets. Our methodology involves creating a comprehensive
instruction dataset from disaster-related tweets, which is then used to
fine-tune an open-source LLM, thereby embedding it with disaster-specific
knowledge. This fine-tuned model can classify multiple aspects of
disaster-related information simultaneously, such as the type of event,
informativeness, and involvement of human aid, significantly improving the
utility of social media data for situational awareness in disasters. The
results demonstrate that this approach enhances the categorization of critical
information from social media posts, thereby facilitating a more effective
deployment for situational awareness during emergencies. This research paves
the way for more advanced, adaptable, and robust disaster management tools,
leveraging the capabilities of LLMs to improve real-time situational awareness
and response strategies in disaster scenarios.


  Most theoretical models invoke quasar driven outflows to quench star
formation in massive galaxies, this feedback mechanism is required to account
for the population of old and passive galaxies observed in the local universe.
The discovery of massive, old and passive galaxies at z=2, implies that such
quasar feedback onto the host galaxy must have been at work very early on,
close to the reionization epoch. We have observed the [CII]158um transition in
SDSSJ114816.64+525150.3 that, at z=6.4189, is one of the most distant quasars
known. We detect broad wings of the line tracing a quasar-driven massive
outflow. This is the most distant massive outflow ever detected and is likely
tracing the long sought quasar feedback, already at work in the early Universe.
The outflow is marginally resolved on scales of about 16 kpc, implying that the
outflow can really affect the whole galaxy, as required by quasar feedback
models. The inferred outflow rate, dM/dt > 3500 Msun/yr, is the highest ever
found. At this rate the outflow can clean the gas in the host galaxy, and
therefore quench star formation, in a few million years.


  With the development of Internet technology, the Web is becoming more and
more important in our lives so that it has even become an essential element.
The application of the Web has never been limited to computers; it has been
opened to all kinds of intelligent digital devices like mobile ones. In this
paper, we discuss the main and substantial difference between UDP and TCP, and
how to implement Client-Server model. We also discuss the efficiency of
multi-thread server and its relationship with internet.


  Dielectric and magnetic properties of Eu0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25TiO3 are investigated
between 10 K and 300 K in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 THz. A peak in
permittivity revealed near 130 K and observed ferroelectric hysteresis loops
prove the ferroelectric order below thistemperature. The peak in permittivity
is given mainly by softening of the lowest frequency polar phonon (soft mode
revealed in THz and IR spectra) that demonstrates displacive character of the
phase transition. Room-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis reveals cubic
structure, but the IR reflectivity spectra give evidence of a lower crystal
structure, presumably tetragonal I4/mcm with tilted oxygen octahedra as it has
been observed in EuTiO3. The magnetic measurements show that the
antiferromagnetic order occurs below 1.8 K. Eu0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25TiO3 has three
times lower coercive field than Eu0.5Ba0.5TiO3, therefore we propose this
system for measurements of electric dipole moment of electron.


  The alpha-cluster model is based on two assumptions that the proton-neutron
pair interactions are responsible for adherence between alpha-clusters and that
the NN-interaction in the alpha-clusters is isospin independent. It allows one
to estimate the Coulomb energy and the short range inter-cluster bond energy in
dependence on the number of clusters. The charge radii are calculated on the
number of alpha-clusters too. Unlike the Weizsacker formula in this model the
binding energies of alpha-clusters and excess neutrons are estimated
separately. The calculated values are in a good agreement with the experimental
data.


  Lossy compression algorithms take advantage of the inherent limitations of
the human eye and discard information that cannot be seen. In the present
paper, a technique termed as Lossy Data Compression using Logarithm (LDCL) is
proposed to compress incoming binary data in the form of a resultant matrix
containing the logarithmic values of different chosen numeric sets. The
proposed method is able to achieve compression ratio up to 60 in many major
cases.
  Keywords: LDCL, Lossy Data Compression, Binary Reduction, Logarithmic
Approach


  Professor Cadogan at the University of the West Indies identified special
starting points that yield long subsequences where the normalization constant,
k, is always one. I studied these special sequences and found an implicit mixed
integer equation in closed form which if solved would produce seed values in
cycling subsequences. Such cycles only occur among extremely large numbers,
causing the equation to be difficult to solve numerically.


  A constraint on a long-range spin-dependent interaction
$\alpha^{\prime\prime}({\bf s}_1\cdot{\bf s}_2)\,{\rm e}^{-\lambda r}/r$, which
can be induced by a pseudovector light boson, is presented. We study
theoretical and experimental data on a specific difference $8\times E_{\rm
hfs}(2s)-E_{\rm hfs}(1s)$ for light two-body atoms. The spin-dependent coupling
constant $\alpha^{\prime\prime}$ of electron-nucleus interaction in hydrogen,
deuterium and helium-3 ion is constrained at the level below a part in
$10^{16}$. The derived constraints are related to the range of masses below
$4\;{\rm keV}/c^2$.


  We consider the impact of dynamical dark energy (DDE) in the possible
solution of the existing tensions in the $\Lambda$CDM. We test both interacting
and non-interacting DE models with dark matter (DM). Among the former, the
running vacuum model (RVM) interacting with DM appears as a favored option. The
non-interacting scalar field model based on the potential $V\sim
\phi^{-\alpha}$, and the generic XCDM parametrization, also provide consistent
signs of DDE. The important novelty of our analysis with respect to the
existing ones in the literature is that we use the matter bispectrum, together
with the power spectrum. Using a complete and updated set of cosmological
observations on $SNIa+BAO+H(z)+LSS+CMB$, we find that the crucial triad
$BAO+LSS+CMB$ (i.e. baryonic acoustic oscillations, large scale structure
formation data and the cosmic microwave background) provide the bulk of the
signal. The bispectrum data is instrumental to get hold of the DDE signal, as
our analysis shows. If the bispectrum is not included, the DDE signal could not
be currently perceived at a significant confidence level.


  High frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is an invaluable
tool for identification and characterization of spin systems. Nanoscale ESR
using the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center has been demonstrated down to the level
of a single spin. However, NV-detected ESR has exclusively been studied at low
magnetic fields, where spectral overlap prevents clear identification of
spectral features. Within this work, we demonstrate NV-detected ESR
measurements of single-substitutional nitrogen impurities in diamond at a NV
Larmor frequency of 115 GHz and the corresponding magnetic field of 4.2 Tesla.
The NV-ESR measurements utilize a double electron-electron resonance sequence
and are performed using both ensemble and single NV spin systems. In the single
NV experiment, chirp pulses are used to improve the population transfer and for
NV-ESR measurements. This work provides the basis for NV-based ESR measurements
of external spins at high magnetic fields.


  The magma ocean concept was first conceived to explain the geology of the
Moon, but hemispherical or global oceans of silicate melt could be a widespread
"lava world" phase of rocky planet accretion, and could persist on planets on
short-period orbits around other stars. The formation and crystallization of
magma oceans could be a defining stage in the assembly of a core, origin of a
crust, initiation of tectonics, and formation of an atmosphere. The last decade
has seen significant advances in our understanding of this phenomenon through
analysis of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples, planetary missions, and
astronomical observations of exoplanets. This review describes the energetic
basis of magma oceans and lava worlds and the lava lake analogs available for
study on Earth and Io. It provides an overview of evidence for magma oceans
throughout the Solar System and considers the factors that control the rocks
these magma oceans leave behind. It describes research on theoretical and
observed exoplanets that could host extant magma oceans and summarizes efforts
to detect and characterize them. It reviews modeling of the evolution of magma
oceans as a result of crystallization and evaporation, the interaction with the
underlying solid mantle, and the effects of planetary rotation. The review also
considers theoretical investigations on the formation of an atmosphere in
concert with the magma ocean and in response to irradiation from the host star,
and possible end-states. Finally, it describes needs and gaps in our knowledge
and points to future opportunities with new planetary missions and space
telescopes to identify and better characterize lava worlds around nearby stars.


  Reliable estimation of illuminant chromaticity is crucial for simulating
color constancy and for white balancing digital images. However, estimating
illuminant chromaticity from a single image is an ill-posed task, in general,
and existing solutions typically employ a variety of assumptions and
heuristics. In this paper, we present a new, physically-based, approach for
estimating illuminant chromaticity from interreflections of light between
diffuse surfaces. Our approach assumes that all of the direct illumination in
the scene has the same chromaticity, and that at least two areas where
interreflections between Lambertian surfaces occur may be detected in the
image. No further assumptions or restrictions on the illuminant chromaticty or
the shading in the scene are necessary. Our approach is based on representing
interreflections as lines in a special 2D color space, and the chromaticity of
the illuminant is estimated from the approximate intersection between two or
more such lines. Experimental results are reported on a dataset of illumination
and surface reflectance spectra, as well as on real images we captured. The
results indicate that our approach can yield state-of-the-art results when the
interreflections are significant enough to be captured by the camera.


  PKS1830-211 is an unusually radio-loud gravitationally lensed quasar. In the
radio, the system appears as two compact, dominant features surrounded by
relatively extended radio emission which forms an Einstein Ring. As the line of
sight to it passes close to our Galactic center, PKS1830-211 has not been
detected in wave-bands other than the radio and X-ray so far. Here we present
X-ray data of PKS1830-211 observed with ROSAT PSPC. The X-ray spectrum shows
that absorption in excess of the Galactic contribution is highly likely, which
at the redshift of the lensing galaxy ($z_l=0.886$) corresponds to
N$_H=3.5^{+0.6}_{-0.5}\times 10^{22}$ atoms cm$^{-2}$. The effective optical
extinction is large, A$_V$(observed)\gax5.8. When corrected for this additional
extinction, the two point optical to X-ray slope \aox\ of PKS1830-211 lies just
within the observed range of quasars. It is argued here that both compact
images must be covered by the X-ray absorber(s) which we infer to be the
lensing galaxy(galaxies). The dust to gas ratio along the line of sight within
the lensing galaxy is likely to be somewhat larger than for our Galaxy.


  Investigating Friedel oscillations in ultracold gases would complement the
studies performed on solid state samples with scanning-tunneling microscopes.
In atomic quantum gases interactions and external potentials can be tuned
freely and the inherently slower dynamics allow to access non-equilibrium
dynamics following a potential or interaction quench. Here, we examine how
Friedel oscillations can be observed in current ultracold gas experiments under
realistic conditions. To this aim we numerically calculate the amplitude of the
Friedel oscillations which a potential barrier provokes in a 1D Fermi gas and
compare it to the expected atomic and photonic shot noise in a density
measurement. We find that to detect Friedel oscillations the signal from
several thousand one-dimensional systems has to be averaged. However, as up to
100 parallel one-dimensional systems can be prepared in a single run with
present experiments, averaging over about 100 images is sufficient.


  Previous work indicates that tropical forest can exist as an alternative
stable state to savanna. Therefore, perturbation by climate change or human
impact may lead to crossing of a tipping point beyond which there is rapid
forest dieback that is not easily reversed. A hypothesised mechanism for such
bistability is a feedback between fire and vegetation, where fire spreads as a
contagion process on grass patches. Theoretical models have largely implemented
this mechanism implicitly, by assuming a threshold dependence of fire spread on
flammable vegetation. Here, we show how the nonlinear dynamics and bistability
emerge spontaneously, without assuming equations or thresholds for fire spread.
We find that the forest geometry causes the nonlinearity that induces
bistability. We demonstrate this in three steps. First, we model forest and
fire as interacting contagion processes on grass patches, %using a cellular
automaton showing that spatial structure emerges due to two counteracting
effects on the forest perimeter: forest expansion by dispersal, and forest
erosion by fires originating in adjacent grassland. Then, we derive a
landscape-scale balance equation in which these two effects link forest
geometry and dynamics: forest expands proportionally to its perimeter, while it
shrinks proportionally to its perimeter weighted by adjacent grassland area.
Finally, we show that these perimeter quantities introduce nonlinearity in our
balance equation and lead to bistability. Relying on the link between structure
and dynamics, we propose a forest resilience indicator that could be used for
targeted conservation or restoration.


  I. Hambleton, L. Taylor and B. Williams conjectured a general formula in
spirit of H. Lenstra for the decomposition of $G_n(RG)$ for any finite group
$G$ and noetherian ring $R.$ The conjectured decomposition was shown to hold
for some large classes of finite groups. D. Webb and D. Yao discovered that the
conjecture failed for the symmetric group $S_5$, but remarked that it still
might be reasonable to expect the HTW-decomposition for solvable groups. In
this paper we show that the solvable group $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{F}_3)$ is
also a counterexample to the conjectured HTW-decomposition. Furthermore, we
prove that for any finite group $G$ the rank of $G_1(\mathbb{Z}G)$ does not
exceed the rank of the expression in the HTW-decomposition.


  We provide a general method for constructing moduli stacks whose points are
diagrams of vector bundles over a fixed base, indexed by a fixed simplicial set
-- that is, quiver bundles of a fixed shape. We discuss some constraints on the
base for these moduli stacks to be algebraic and observe that a large class of
interesting schemes satisfy these constraints. Using this construction, we
provide an alternate construction of moduli stacks of Higgs bundles along with
a proof of algebraicity following readily from the algebraicity of moduli
stacks of quiver bundles. One feature of our approach is that, for each of the
moduli stacks we discuss, there are algebraic moduli stacks parametrizing
morphisms of the objects being classified. We discuss some potential
applications of this in categorifying non-abelian Hodge theory in a sense we
will make precise. We also discuss potential applications of our methods and
perspectives to the subjects of quiver modifications, abstract moduli theory,
and homotopy theory.


  Let $A$ be either a simplicial complex $K$ or a small category $\mathcal C$
with $V(A)$ as its set of vertices or objects. We define a twisted structure on
$A$ with coefficients in a simplicial group $G$ as a function $$ \delta\colon
V(A)\longrightarrow \operatorname{End}(G), \quad v\mapsto \delta_v $$ such that
$\delta_v\circ \delta_w=\delta_w\circ \delta_v$ if there exists an edge in $A$
joining $v$ with $w$ or an arrow either from $v$ to $w$ or from $w$ to $v$. We
give a canonical construction of twisted simplicial group as well as twisted
homology for $A$ with a given twisted structure. Also we determine the homotopy
type of of this simplicial group as the loop space over certain twisted smash
product.


  In this work we study the phase diagram of Kekul\'{e}-Kitaev model. The model
is defined on a honeycomb lattice with bond dependent anisotropic exchange
interactions making it exactly solvable in terms of Majorana representation of
spins in close analogy to the Kitaev model. However, the energy spectrum of
Majorana fermions has a multi-band structure characterized by Chern numbers 0,
$\pm$1, and $\pm2$. We obtained the phase diagram of the model in the plane of
exchange couplings and in the presence of a magnetic field and found chiral
topological and trivial spin-liquid ground states. In the absence of magnetic
field most part of the phase diagram is a trivial gapped phase continuously
connected to an Abelian phase, while in the presence of the magnetic field a
topological phase arises. Furthermore, motivated by recent thermal measurements
on the spin-liquid candidate $\alpha$-RuCl$_{3}$, we calculated the thermal
Hall conductivity at different regimes of parameters and temperatures and found
the latter is quantized over a wide range of temperatures.


  The spatial non-locality (dispersion) of the transport equations results in a
nonlinear dependence of the voltage drop $U$ on the distance between the points
of measuring. Therefore the results of the usual two-probe measurements of the
conductivity depend essentially on the relation between the sample linear size
$L$ and the spatial dispersion scale $R$ of the generalized diffusion
coefficient $D(q,\omega)$. This makes it possible to get information on the
character of the spatial non-locality of $D(q,\omega)$ in the Anderson
localization regime and, in particular, on the correlation multifractal
dimension $D_{2}$ of the electron wave functions near the mobility edge.


  Disks of collisionless particles are important models for certain galaxies
and accretion disks in astrophysics. We present here a solution to the
stationary axisymmetric Einstein equations which represents an infinitesimally
thin dust disk consisting of two streams of particles circulating with constant
angular velocity in opposite directions. These streams have the same density
distribution but their relative density may vary continuously. In the limit of
only one component of dust, we get the solution for the rigidly rotating dust
disk previously given by Neugebauer and Meinel, in the limit of identical
densities, the static disk of Morgan and Morgan is obtained. We discuss the
Newtonian and the ultrarelativistic limit, the occurrence of ergospheres, and
the regularity of the solution.


  A generalization of a well-known relation between the Riemann zeta function
$\zeta(s)$ and Bernoulli numbers $B_n$ is obtained. The formula is a new
representation of the Riemann zeta function in terms of a nested series of
Bernoulli numbers.


  In 1969 Harold Widom published his seminal paper, which gave a complete
description of orthogonal and Chebyshev polynomials on a system of smooth
Jordan curves. When there were Jordan arcs present the theory of orthogonal
polynomials turned out to be just the same, but for Chebyshev polynomials
Widom's approach proved only an upper estimate, which he conjectured to be the
correct asymptotic behavior. In this note we make some clarifications which
will show that the situation is more complicated.


  We propose an interband tunneling picture to explain and predict the
interlayer twist angle dependence of the induced spin-orbit coupling in
heterostructures of graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
(TMDCs). We obtain a compact analytic formula for the induced valley Zeeman and
Rashba spin-orbit coupling in terms of the TMDC band structure parameters and
interlayer tunneling matrix elements. We parametrize the tunneling matrix
elements with few parameters, which in our formalism are independent of the
twist angle between the layers. We estimate the value of the tunneling
parameters from existing DFT calculations at zero twist angle and we use them
to predict the induced spin-orbit coupling at non-zero angles. Provided that
the energy of the Dirac point of graphene is close to the TMDC conduction band,
we expect a sharp increase of the induced spin-orbit coupling around a twist
angle of 18 degrees.


  We aim to reproduce the DCO$^+$ emission in the disk around HD163296 using a
simple 2D chemical model for the formation of DCO$^+$ through the cold
deuteration channel and a parametric treatment of the warm deuteration channel.
We use data from ALMA in band 6 to obtain a resolved spectral imaging data cube
of the DCO$^+$ $J$=3--2 line in HD163296 with a synthesized beam of
0."53$\times$ 0."42. We adopt a physical structure of the disk from the
literature that reproduces the spectral energy distribution. We then apply a
simplified chemical network for the formation of DCO$^+$ that uses the physical
structure of the disk as parameters along with a CO abundance profile, a
constant HD abundance and a constant ionization rate. Finally, from the
resulting DCO$^+$ abundances, we calculate the non-LTE emission using the 3D
radiative transfer code LIME. The observed DCO$^+$ emission is reproduced by a
model with cold deuteration producing abundances up to $1.6\times 10^{-11}$.
Warm deuteration, at a constant abundance of $3.2\times 10^{-12}$, becomes
fully effective below 32 K and tapers off at higher temperatures, reproducing
the lack of DCO$^+$ inside 90 AU. Throughout the DCO$^+$ emitting zone a CO
abundance of $2\times 10^{-7}$ is found, with $\sim$99\% of it frozen out below
19 K. At radii where both cold and warm deuteration are active, warm
deuteration contributes up to 20\% of DCO$^+$, consistent with detailed
chemical models. The decrease of DCO$^+$ at large radii is attributed to a
temperature inversion at 250 AU, which raises temperatures above values where
cold deuteration operates. Increased photodesorption may also limit the radial
extent of DCO$^+$. The corresponding return of the DCO$^+$ layer to the
midplane, together with a radially increasing ionization fraction, reproduces
the local DCO$^+$ emission maximum at $\sim$260 AU.


  Theoretical views on particle acceleration in astrophysical sources and
propagation of cosmic rays (CR) depend very much on the quality of the data,
which become increasingly accurate each year and therefore more constraining.
On the other hand, direct measurements of CR are possible in only one location
on the outskirts of the Milky Way and present only a snapshot of very dynamic
processes. The theoretical papers presented during the conference offer
exciting insights into the physics of cosmic accelerators and processes which
underlie the measured abundances and spectra of CR species.
  This paper is based on a rapporteur talk given at the 28th International
Cosmic Ray Conference held on July 31-August 7, 2003 at Tsukuba. It covers the
sessions OG 1.3 Cosmic ray propagation, OG 1.4 Acceleration of cosmic rays, and
a part of HE 1.2 Theory and simulations (including origins of the knee).


  We consider a mass-conserving bistable equation with a saturating flux on an
interval. This is the quasilinear analogue of the Rubinstein-Steinberg
equation, suitable for description of order parameter conserving solid-solid
phase transitions in the case of large spatial gradients in the order
parameter. We discuss stationary solutions and investigate the change in
bifurcation diagrams as the mass constraint and the length of the interval are
varied.


  In light of the need for design and analysis of intermodal transportation
systems, we propose an algorithmic framework to determine the system optimum of
an intermodal transportation system. To this end, we model an intermodal
transportation system by combining two core principles of network optimization
- layered-graph structures and (partially) time-expanded networks - to
formulate our problem on a graph that allows us to implicitly encode problem
specific constraints related to intermodality. This enables us to solve a
standard integer minimum-cost multi-commodity flow problem to obtain the system
optimum for an intermodal transportation system. To solve this integer
minimum-cost multi-commodity flow problem efficiently, we present a column
generation approach to find continuous minimum-cost multi-commodity flow
solutions, which we combine with a price-and-branch procedure to obtain integer
solutions. To speed up our column generation, we further develop a pricing
filter and an admissible distance approximation to utilize the $A^*$ algorithm
for solving the pricing problems. We show the efficiency of our framework by
applying it to a real-world case study for the city of Munich, where we solve
instances with up to 56,295 passengers to optimality, and show that the
computation time of our algorithm can be reduced by up to 60\% through the use
of our pricing filter and by up to additional 90\% through the use of the
$A^*$-based pricing algorithm.


  We prove that distribution dependent (also called McKean--Vlasov) stochastic
delay equations of the form \begin{equation*} \mathrm{d}X(t)=
b(t,X_t,\mathcal{L}_{X_t})\mathrm{d}t+
\sigma(t,X_t,\mathcal{L}_{X_t})\mathrm{d}W(t) \end{equation*} have unique
(strong) solutions in finite as well as infinite dimensional state spaces if
the coefficients fulfill certain monotonicity assumptions.


  We study M(n), the number of distinct values taken by multinomial
coefficients with upper entry n, and some closely related sequences. We show
that both pP(n)/M(n) and M(n)/p(n) tend to zero as n goes to infinity, where
pP(n) is the number of partitions of n into primes and p(n) is the total number
of partitions of n. To use methods from commutative algebra, we encode
partitions and multinomial coefficients as monomials.


  In this paper, we propose an adaptation to the area under the curve (AUC)
metric to measure the adversarial robustness of a model over a particular
$\epsilon$-interval $[\epsilon_0, \epsilon_1]$ (interval of adversarial
perturbation strengths) that facilitates unbiased comparisons across models
when they have different initial $\epsilon_0$ performance. This can be used to
determine how adversarially robust a model is to different image distributions
or task (or some other variable); and/or to measure how robust a model is
comparatively to other models. We used this adversarial robustness metric on
models of an MNIST, CIFAR-10, and a Fusion dataset (CIFAR-10 + MNIST) where
trained models performed either a digit or object recognition task using a
LeNet, ResNet50, or a fully connected network (FullyConnectedNet) architecture
and found the following: 1) CIFAR-10 models are inherently less adversarially
robust than MNIST models; 2) Both the image distribution and task that a model
is trained on can affect the adversarial robustness of the resultant model. 3)
Pretraining with a different image distribution and task sometimes carries over
the adversarial robustness induced by that image distribution and task in the
resultant model; Collectively, our results imply non-trivial differences of the
learned representation space of one perceptual system over another given its
exposure to different image statistics or tasks (mainly objects vs digits).
Moreover, these results hold even when model systems are equalized to have the
same level of performance, or when exposed to approximately matched image
statistics of fusion images but with different tasks.


  Given two Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi graphs with $n$ vertices whose edges are
correlated through a latent vertex correspondence, we study complexity lower
bounds for the associated correlation detection problem for the class of
low-degree polynomial algorithms. We provide evidence that any
degree-$O(\rho^{-1})$ polynomial algorithm fails for detection, where $\rho$ is
the edge correlation. Furthermore, in the sparse regime where the edge density
$q=n^{-1+o(1)}$, we provide evidence that any degree-$d$ polynomial algorithm
fails for detection, as long as $\log d=o\big( \frac{\log n}{\log nq} \wedge
\sqrt{\log n} \big)$ and the correlation $\rho<\sqrt{\alpha}$ where
$\alpha\approx 0.338$ is the Otter's constant. Our result suggests that several
state-of-the-art algorithms on correlation detection and exact matching
recovery may be essentially the best possible.


  The ability to explain decisions made by machine learning models remains one
of the most significant hurdles towards widespread adoption of AI in highly
sensitive areas such as medicine, cybersecurity or autonomous driving. Great
interest exists in understanding which features of the input data prompt model
decision making. In this contribution, we propose a novel approach to identify
relevant features of the input data, inspired by methods from the energy
landscapes field, developed in the physical sciences. By identifying conserved
weights within groups of minima of the loss landscapes, we can identify the
drivers of model decision making. Analogues to this idea exist in the molecular
sciences, where coordinate invariants or order parameters are employed to
identify critical features of a molecule. However, no such approach exists for
machine learning loss landscapes. We will demonstrate the applicability of
energy landscape methods to machine learning models and give examples, both
synthetic and from the real world, for how these methods can help to make
models more interpretable.


  Degenerate tri-Hamiltonian structures of Shivamoggi and generalized
Raychaudhuri equations are exhibited. For certain specific values of the
parameters, it is shown that hyperchaotic L\"{u} and Qi systems are
superintegrable and admit tri-Hamiltonian structures.


  The field of evolutionary robotics uses principles of natural evolution to
design robots. In this paper, we study the effect of adding a new module
inspired by the skeletal muscle to the existing RoboGen framework: the linear
actuator. Additionally, we investigate how robots evolved in a plain
environment differ from robots evolved in a rough environment. We consider the
task of directed locomotion for comparing evolved robot morphologies. The
results show that the addition of the linear actuator does not have a
significant impact on the performance and morphologies of robots evolved in a
plain environment. However, we find significant differences in the morphologies
of robots evolved in a plain environment and robots evolved in a rough
environment. We find that more complex behavior and morphologies emerge when we
change the terrain of the environment.


  The possible existence of Majorana neutrinos can be tested through the study
of processes where the total lepton number $L$ is violated by two units
($\Delta L=2$). In this work, the production of an on-shell Majorana neutrino
with a mass around $\sim$ 0.2 GeV to a few GeV is studied in $\Delta L= 2$
decays of the $B_c$ meson. We focus on the same-sign di-muon channels:
three-body $B_c^- \to \pi^+\mu^-\mu^-$ and four-body $B_c^- \to J/\psi
\pi^+\mu^-\mu^-$ and their experimental sensitivity at the LHCb. In both
channels, we find that sensitivities on the branching fraction of the order
$\lesssim 10^{-7} \ (10^{-8})$ might be accessible at the LHC run 2 (future LHC
run 3), allowing us to set additional and complementary constraints on the
parameter space associated with the mass and mixings of the Majorana neutrino.
In particular, bounds can be obtained on the mixing $|V_{\mu N}|^2 \sim
\mathcal{O}(10^{-5}-10^{-4})$ that are similar or better than the ones obtained
from heavy meson $\Delta L=2$ decays: $D_{(s)}^- \to \pi^+\mu^-\mu^-$ and $B^-
\to \pi^+\mu^-\mu^- \ (D^0\pi^+\mu^-\mu^-)$.


  This paper presents a generic web-based database interface implemented in
Prolog. We discuss the advantages of the implementation platform and
demonstrate the system's applicability in providing access to integrated
biochemical data. Our system exploits two libraries of SWI-Prolog to create a
schema-transparent interface within a relational setting. As is expected in
declarative programming, the interface was written with minimal programming
effort due to the high level of the language and its suitability to the task.
We highlight two of Prolog's features that are well suited to the task at hand:
term representation of structured documents and relational nature of Prolog
which facilitates transparent integration of relational databases. Although we
developed the system for accessing in-house biochemical and genomic data the
interface is generic and provides a number of extensible features. We describe
some of these features with references to our research databases. Finally we
outline an in-house library that facilitates interaction between Prolog and the
R statistical package. We describe how it has been employed in the present
context to store output from statistical analysis on to the database.


  We study phase contributions of wave functions that occur in the evolution of
Gaussian surface gravity water wave packets with nonzero initial momenta
propagating in the presence and absence of an effective external linear
potential. Our approach takes advantage of the fact that in contrast to matter
waves, water waves allow us to measure both their amplitudes and phases.


  Achieving both high-performance and wide field-of-view (FOV) super-resolution
imaging has been attracting increasing attention in recent years. However, such
goal suffers from long reconstruction time and huge storage space. Parallel
compressive imaging (PCI) provides an efficient solution, but the
super-resolution quality and imaging speed are strongly dependent on precise
optical transfer function (OTF), modulation masks and reconstruction algorithm.
In this work, we propose a wide FOV parallel compressive super-resolution
imaging approach based on physics enhanced network. By training the network
with the prior OTF of an arbitrary 128x128-pixel region and fine-tuning the
network with other OTFs within rest regions of FOV, we realize both mask
optimization and super-resolution imaging with up to 1020x1500 wide FOV.
Numerical simulations and practical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness
and superiority of the proposed approach. We achieve high-quality
reconstruction with 4x4 times super-resolution enhancement using only three
designed masks to reach real-time imaging speed. The proposed approach promotes
the technology of rapid imaging for super-resolution and wide FOV, ranging from
infrared to Terahertz.


  The Hadamard walk is a typical model of the discrete-time quantum walk. We
investigate sojourn times of the Hadamard walk on a line by a path counting
method.


  We have measured the full counting statistics (FCS) of current fluctuations
in a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) by real-time detection of single electron
tunneling with a quantum point contact (QPC). This method gives direct access
to the distribution function of current fluctuations. Suppression of the second
moment (related to the shot noise) and the third moment (related to the
asymmetry of the distribution) in a tunable semiconductor QD is demonstrated
experimentally. With this method we demonstrate the ability to measure very low
current and noise levels.


  A problem that is simple to state in the context of spherical geometry, and
that seems rather interesting, appears to have been unexamined to date in the
mathematical literature. The problem can also be recast as a problem in the
real projective plane. The problem on the sphere involves four great circles
and their intersections. A substantial claim is made concerning this problem,
and subsequently proved by relating the spherical problem to a compelling
problem in solid geometry. This latter problem essentially concerns
relationships between the angles of a tetrahedron, and has practical
applications, particularly in connection with the Perspective 3-Point (Pose)
Problem.


  We report on an X-ray observation of the 166 Myr old radio pulsar J0108-1431
with XMM-Newton. The X-ray spectrum can be described by a power-law model with
a relatively steep photon index Gamma~3 or by a combination of thermal and
non-thermal components, e.g., a power-law component with fixed photon index
Gamma~2 plus a blackbody component with a temperature of kT=0.11 keV. The
two-component model appears more reasonable considering different estimates for
the hydrogen column density. The non-thermal X-ray efficiency in the single
power-law model is eta^PL (1-10 keV) = L^PL (1-10 keV) / Edot ~ 0.003, higher
than in most other X-ray detected pulsars. In the case of the combined model,
the non-thermal and thermal X-ray efficiencies are even higher, eta^PL (1-10
keV) ~ eta^bb ~ 0.006. We detected X-ray pulsations at the radio period of
P=0.808s with significance of 7sigma. The pulse shape in the folded X-ray
lightcurve (0.15-2 keV) is asymmetric, with statistically significant
contributions from up to 5 leading harmonics. Pulse profiles at two different
energy ranges differ slightly: the profile is asymmetric at low energies,
0.15-1 keV, while at higher energies, 1-2 keV, it has a nearly sinusodial
shape. The radio pulse peak leads the 0.15-2 keV X-ray pulse peak by delta phi
= 0.06 +/- 0.03.


  WFIRST will be capable of providing Hubble-quality imaging performance over
several thousand square degrees of the sky. The wide-area, high spatial
resolution survey data from WFIRST will be unsurpassed for many decades into
the future. With the current baseline design, the WFIRST filter complement will
extend from the bluest wavelength allowed by the optical design to a reddest
filter (F184W) that has a red cutoff at 2.0 microns. In this white paper, we
outline some of the science advantages for adding a Ks filter with a 2.15
micron central wavelength in order to extend the wavelength coverage for WFIRST
as far to the red as the possible given the thermal performance of the
observatory and the sensitivity of the detectors.


  Recent neural supervised topic segmentation models achieve distinguished
superior effectiveness over unsupervised methods, with the availability of
large-scale training corpora sampled from Wikipedia. These models may, however,
suffer from limited robustness and transferability caused by exploiting simple
linguistic cues for prediction, but overlooking more important inter-sentential
topical consistency. To address this issue, we present a discourse-aware neural
topic segmentation model with the injection of above-sentence discourse
dependency structures to encourage the model make topic boundary prediction
based more on the topical consistency between sentences. Our empirical study on
English evaluation datasets shows that injecting above-sentence discourse
structures to a neural topic segmenter with our proposed strategy can
substantially improve its performances on intra-domain and out-of-domain data,
with little increase of model's complexity.


  This paper describes a novel algorithmic framework to minimize a finite-sum
of functions available over a network of nodes. The proposed framework, that we
call~\GTVR, is stochastic and decentralized, and thus is particularly suitable
for problems where large-scale, potentially private data, cannot be collected
or processed at a centralized server. The \GTVR~framework leads to a family of
algorithms with two key ingredients: (i) \textit{local variance reduction},
that enables estimating the local batch gradients from arbitrarily drawn
samples of local data; and, (ii) \textit{global gradient tracking}, which fuses
the gradient information across the nodes. Naturally, combining different
variance reduction and gradient tracking techniques leads to different
algorithms of interest with valuable practical tradeoffs and design
considerations.
  Our focus in this paper is on two instantiations of the~$\GTVR$ framework,
namely~\textbf{\texttt{GT-SAGA}} and~\textbf{\texttt{GT-SVRG}}, that, similar
to their centralized counterparts (\SAGA~and~\SVRG), exhibit a compromise
between space and time. We show that both~\textbf{\texttt{GT-SAGA}}
and~\textbf{\texttt{GT-SVRG}} achieve accelerated linear convergence for smooth
and strongly convex problems and further describe the regimes in which they
achieve non-asymptotic, network-independent linear convergence rates that are
faster with respect to the existing decentralized first-order schemes.
Moreover, we show that both algorithms achieve a linear speedup in such
regimes, in that, the total number of gradient computations required at each
node is reduced by a factor of $1/n$, where $n$ is the number of nodes,
compared to their centralized counterparts that process all data at a single
node. Extensive simulations illustrate the convergence behavior of the
corresponding algorithms.


  Effects of electron correlation on the electronic structure and magnetic
properties of the Gd(0001) surface are investigated using of the full-potential
linearized augmented plane wave implementation of correlated band theory
("LDA+U"). The use of LDA+U instead of LDA (local density approximation) total
energy calculations produces the correct ferromagnetic ground state for both
bulk Gd and the Gd surface. Surface strain relaxation leads to an 90 %
enhancement of the interlayer surface-to-bulk effective exchange coupling.
Application of a Landau-Ginzburg type theory yields a 30 % enhancement of the
Curie temperature at the surface, in very good agreement with the experiment.


  We develop separability criteria to identify non-$k$-separability $(k =
2,3,\ldots,n)$ and genuine multipartite entanglement in different classes of
mixed $n$-partite quantum states using elements of density matrices. With the
help of these criteria, we detect non-$k$-separability in $n$-qudit GHZ and W
states respectively added with white noise. We also discuss the experimental
implementation of our criteria by means of local observables.


  In 1982, Tamaki Yano proposed a conjecture predicting how is the set of
$b$-exponents of an irreducible plane curve singularity germ which is generic
in its equisingularity class. In 1986, Pi.~Cassou-Nogu\`es proved the
conjecture for the one Puiseux pair case. In a previous work the authors proved
the conjecture for two Puiseux pairs germs whose complex algebraic monodromy
has distinct eigenvalues. A natural problem induced by Yano's conjecture is,
for a generic equisingular deformation of an isolated plane curve singularity
germ to study how the set of $b$-exponents depends on the topology of the
singularity. The natural generalization suggested by Yano's approach holds in
suitable examples (for the case of isolated singularites which are Newton
non-degenerated, commode and whose set of spectral numbers are all distincts).
Morevover we show with an example that this natural generalization is not
correct. We restrict to germs whose complex algebraic monodromy has distinct
eigenvalues such that the embedded resolution graph has vertices of valency at
most 3 and we discuss some examples with multiple eigenvalues.


  Twisted magnetic fields should be ubiquitous in flare-producing active
regions where the magnetic fields are strongly non-potential. It has been shown
that reconnection in helical magnetic coronal loops results in plasma heating
and particle acceleration distributed within a large volume, including the
lower coronal and chromospheric sections of the loops. This scenario can be an
alternative to the standard flare model, where particles are accelerated only
in a small volume located in the upper corona. We use a combination of MHD
simulations and test-particle methods, which describe the development of kink
instability and magnetic reconnection in twisted coronal loops using resistive
compressible MHD, and incorporate atmospheric stratification and large-scale
loop curvature. The resulting distributions of hot plasma let us estimate
thermal X-ray emission intensities. The electric and magnetic fields obtained
are used to calculate electron trajectories using the guiding-centre
approximation. These trajectories combined with the MHD plasma density
distributions let us deduce synthetic HXR bremsstrahlung intensities. Our
simulations emphasise that the geometry of the emission patterns produced by
hot plasma in flaring twisted coronal loops can differ from the actual geometry
of the underlying magnetic fields. The twist angles revealed by the emission
threads (SXR) are consistently lower than the field-line twist present at the
onset of the kink-instability. HXR emission due to the interaction of energetic
electrons with the stratified background are concentrated at the loop
foot-points in these simulations, even though the electrons are accelerated
everywhere within the coronal volume of the loop. The maximum of HXR emission
consistently precedes that of SXR emission, with the HXR light-curve being
approximately proportional to the temporal derivative of the SXR light-curve.


  This paper investigates the scaling dependencies between measures of
"activity" and of "size" for companies included in the FTSE 100. The "size" of
companies is measured by the total market capitalization. The "activity" is
measured with several quantities related to trades (transaction value per
trade, transaction value per hour, tick rate), to the order queue (total number
of orders, total value), and to the price dynamic (spread, volatility). The
outcome is that systematic scaling relations are observed: 1) the value
exchanged by hour and value in the order queue have exponents lower than 1
respectively 0.90 and 0.75; 2) the tick rate and the value per transaction
scale with the exponents 0.39 and 0.44; 3) the annualized volatility is
independent of the size, and the tick-by-tick volatility decreases with the
market capitalization with an exponent -0.23; 4) the spread increases with the
volatility with an exponent 0.94. A theoretical random walk argument is given
that relates the volatility exponents with the exponents in points 1 and 2.


  The main objective of the present article is to characterize regular Fredholm
pairs and chains in terms of Fredholm operators.


  Systematic and multifactor risk models are revisited via methods which were
already successfully developed in signal processing and in automatic control.
The results, which bypass the usual criticisms on those risk modeling, are
illustrated by several successful computer experiments.


  When prior partial information about a state to be cloned is available, it
can be cloned with a fidelity higher than that of universal quantum cloning. We
experimentally verify this intriguing relationship between the cloning fidelity
and the prior information by reporting the first experimental optimal quantum
state-dependent cloning, using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Our
experiments may further have important implications into many quantum
information processing protocols.


  We compute the von Neumann dimensions of the kernels of adjacency operators
on free lamplighter groups and show that they are irrational, thus providing an
elementary constructive answer to a question of Atiyah.


  Modern information processing relies on the axiom that high-dimensional data
lie near low-dimensional geometric structures. This paper revisits the problem
of data-driven learning of these geometric structures and puts forth two new
nonlinear geometric models for data describing "related" objects/phenomena. The
first one of these models straddles the two extremes of the subspace model and
the union-of-subspaces model, and is termed the metric-constrained
union-of-subspaces (MC-UoS) model. The second one of these models---suited for
data drawn from a mixture of nonlinear manifolds---generalizes the kernel
subspace model, and is termed the metric-constrained kernel union-of-subspaces
(MC-KUoS) model. The main contributions of this paper in this regard include
the following. First, it motivates and formalizes the problems of MC-UoS and
MC-KUoS learning. Second, it presents algorithms that efficiently learn an
MC-UoS or an MC-KUoS underlying data of interest. Third, it extends these
algorithms to the case when parts of the data are missing. Last, but not least,
it reports the outcomes of a series of numerical experiments involving both
synthetic and real data that demonstrate the superiority of the proposed
geometric models and learning algorithms over existing approaches in the
literature. These experiments also help clarify the connections between this
work and the literature on (subspace and kernel k-means) clustering.


  The existence of hidden sectors weakly coupled to the visible one has been
extensively studied as a way to extend the Standard Model (SM) and to provide a
good dark matter candidate. In this work we analyze two models in which gauge
and scalar hidden fields interact with the visible sector which, for simplicity
we take as an Abelian Higgs model. In one of them, the hidden sector consists
of an uncharged scalar. The connection with the visible Abelian Higgs sector is
in this case provided by the interaction between the scalars in the two sectors
and also by the coupling between the hidden scalar and the visible squared
field strength. This model can be seen as an extension of previously studied
ones both in high energy and in condensed matter physics and the solutions that
we find indicate that it could be relevant in connection to establishing the
dark matter relic density. In the second model, both sectors correspond to
spontaneously broken gauge theories and hence they feature classical vortex
solutions. Introducing three different portals between the two sectors, we
analyze the dependence of the model dynamics on the portal parameters and
discuss the physical implications in connection with dark matter and
gravitational radiation issues.


  This paper is dedicated to design a direct sampling method of inverse
electromagnetic scattering problems, which uses multi-frequency sparse
backscattering far field data for reconstructing the boundary of perfectly
conducting obstacles. We show that a smallest strip containing the unknown
object can be approximately determined by the multi-frequency backscattering
far field data at two opposite observation directions. The proof is based on
the Kirchhoff approximation and Fourier transform. Such a strip is then
reconstructed by an indicator, which is the absolute value of an integral of
the product of the data and some properly chosen function over the frequency
interval. With the increase of the number of the backscattering data, the
location and shape of the underlying object can be reconstructed. Numerical
examples are conducted to show the validity and robustness of the proposed
sampling method. The numerical examples also show that the concave part of the
underlying object can be well reconstructed, and the different connected
components of the underlying object can be well separated.


  Accurate line lists are calculated for aluminium monoxide covering the pure
rotation, rotation-vibration and electronic (B -- X blue-green and A -- X
infrared bands) spectrum. Line lists are presented for the main isotopologue,
$^{27}$Al$^{16}$O, as well as for $^{27}$Al$^{17}$O, $^{27}$Al$^{18}$O and
$^{26}$Al$^{16}$O. These line lists are suitable for high temperatures (up to
8000 K) including those relevant to exoplanetary atmospheres and cool stars. A
combination of empirical and \textit{ab initio} methods is used: the potential
energy curves were previously determined to high accuracy by fitting to
extensive data from analysis of laboratory spectra; a high quality {\it ab
initio} dipole moment curve is calculated using quadruple zeta basis set and
the multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) method. Partition
functions plus full line lists of transitions are made available in an
electronic form as supplementary data to this article and at
\url{www.exomol.com}.


  We construct Green's functions for second order parabolic operators of the
form $Pu=\partial_t u-{\rm div}({\bf A} \nabla u+ \boldsymbol{b}u)+
\boldsymbol{c} \cdot \nabla u+du$ in $(-\infty, \infty) \times \Omega$, where
$\Omega$ is an open connected set in $\mathbb{R}^n$. It is not necessary that
$\Omega$ to be bounded and $\Omega = \mathbb{R}^n$ is not excluded. We assume
that the leading coefficients $\bf A$ are bounded and measurable and the lower
order coefficients $\boldsymbol{b}$, $\boldsymbol{c}$, and $d$ belong to
critical mixed norm Lebesgue spaces and satisfy the conditions $d-{\rm div}
\boldsymbol{b} \ge 0$ and ${\rm div}(\boldsymbol{b}-\boldsymbol{c}) \ge 0$. We
show that the Green's function has the Gaussian bound in the entire $(-\infty,
\infty) \times \Omega$.


  Causal questions are omnipresent in many scientific problems. While much
progress has been made in the analysis of causal relationships between random
variables, these methods are not well suited if the causal mechanisms only
manifest themselves in extremes. This work aims to connect the two fields of
causal inference and extreme value theory. We define the causal tail
coefficient that captures asymmetries in the extremal dependence of two random
variables. In the population case, the causal tail coefficient is shown to
reveal the causal structure if the distribution follows a linear structural
causal model. This holds even in the presence of latent common causes that have
the same tail index as the observed variables. Based on a consistent estimator
of the causal tail coefficient, we propose a computationally highly efficient
algorithm that estimates the causal structure. We prove that our method
consistently recovers the causal order and we compare it to other
well-established and non-extremal approaches in causal discovery on synthetic
and real data. The code is available as an open-access R package.


  Intrinsic optical transition energies for isolated and individual single wall
carbon nanotubes grown over trenches are measured using tunable resonant Raman
scattering. Previously measured E22_S optical transitions from nanotubes in
surfactants are blue shifted 70-90 meV with respect to our measurements of
nanotubes in air. This large shift in the exciton energy is attributed to a
larger change of the exciton binding energy than the band-gap renormalization
as the surrounding dielectric constant increases.


  Based on the work of Ringel and Green, one can define the (Drinfeld) double
Ringel--Hall algebra ${\mathscr D}(Q)$ of a quiver $Q$ as well as its highest
weight modules. The main purpose of the present paper is to show that the basic
representation $L(\Lambda_0)$ of ${\mathscr D}(\Delta_n)$ of the cyclic quiver
$\Delta_n$ provides a realization of the $q$-deformed Fock space
$\bigwedge^\infty$ defined by Hayashi. This is worked out by extending a
construction of Varagnolo and Vasserot. By analysing the structure of nilpotent
representations of $\Delta_n$, we obtain a decomposition of the basic
representation $L(\Lambda_0)$ which induces the Kashiwara--Miwa--Stern
decomposition of $\bigwedge^\infty$ and a construction of the canonical basis
of $\bigwedge^\infty$ defined by Leclerc and Thibon in terms of certain
monomial basis elements in ${\mathscr D}(\Delta_n)$.


  This work is devoted to the formulation and derivation of the
$\kappa-\mu$/gamma distribution which corresponds to A physical fading model.
This distribution is composite and is based on the well known $\kappa-\mu$
generalized multipath model and the gamma shadowing model. A special case of
the derived model constitutes the $\kappa-\mu$ Extreme/gamma model which
accounts for severe multipath and shadowing effects. These models provide
accurate characterisation of the simultaneous occurrence of multipath fading
and shadowing effects. This is achieved thanks to the remarkable flexibility of
their named parameters which render them capable of providing good fittings to
experimental data associated with realistic communication scenarios. This is
additionally justified by the fact that they include as special cases the
widely known composite fading models such as Rice/gamma, Nakagami-m/gamma and
Rayleigh/gamma. Novel analytic expressions are derived for the envelope and
power probability density function of these distributions which are expressed
in a relatively simple algebraic form which is convenient to handle both
analytically and numerically. As a result, they can be meaningfully utilized in
the derivation of numerous vital measures in investigations related to the
analytic performance evaluation of digital communications over composite
multipath/shadowing fading channels.


  Efforts directed towards promoting Open Government Data (OGD) have gained
significant traction across various governmental tiers since the mid-2000s. As
more datasets are published on OGD portals, finding specific data becomes
harder, leading to information overload. Complete and accurate documentation of
datasets, including association of proper tags with datasets is key to
improving dataset findability and accessibility. Analysis conducted on the
Estonian Open Data Portal, revealed that 11% datasets have no associated tags,
while 26% had only one tag assigned to them, which underscores challenges in
data findability and accessibility within the portal, which, according to the
recent Open Data Maturity Report, is considered trend-setter. The aim of this
study is to propose an automated solution to tagging datasets to improve data
findability on OGD portals. This paper presents Tagify - a prototype of tagging
interface that employs large language models (LLM) such as GPT-3.5-turbo and
GPT-4 to automate dataset tagging, generating tags for datasets in English and
Estonian, thereby augmenting metadata preparation by data publishers and
improving data findability on OGD portals by data users. The developed solution
was evaluated by users and their feedback was collected to define an agenda for
future prototype improvements.


  Digital computers carry out algorithms coded in high level programs. These
abstract entities determine what happens at the physical level: they control
whether electrons flow through specific transistors at specific times or not,
entailing downward causation in both the logical and implementation
hierarchies. This paper explores how this is possible in the light of the
alleged causal completeness of physics at the bottom level, and highlights the
mechanism that enables strong emergence (the manifest causal effectiveness of
application programs) to occur. Although synchronic emergence of higher levels
from lower levels is manifestly true, diachronic emergence is generically not
the case; indeed we give specific examples where it cannot occur because of the
causal effectiveness of higher level variables.


  $k$-core is a subgraph where every node has at least $k$ neighbors within the
subgraph. The $k$-core subgraphs has been employed in large platforms like
Network Repository to comprehend the underlying structures and dynamics of the
network. Existing studies have primarily focused on finding $k$-core groups
without considering their size, despite the relevance of solution sizes in many
real-world scenarios. This paper addresses this gap by introducing the
size-prescribed $k$-core search (SPCS) problem, where the goal is to find a
subgraph of a specified size that has the highest possible core number. We
propose two algorithms, namely the {\it TSizeKcore-BU} and the {\it
TSizeKcore-TD}, to identify cohesive subgraphs that satisfy both the $k$-core
requirement and the size constraint. Our experimental results demonstrate the
superiority of our approach in terms of solution quality and efficiency. The
{\it TSizeKcore-BU} algorithm proves to be highly efficient in finding
size-prescribed $k$-core subgraphs on large datasets, making it a favorable
choice for such scenarios. On the other hand, the {\it TSizeKcore-TD} algorithm
is better suited for small datasets where running time is less critical.


  The surface of Europa contains many quasi-circular morphologies called
lenticulae. Although the formation mechanism of lenticulae is not understood,
sill intrusion from the subsurface ocean is one promising hypothesis. However,
it remains unclear how vertical cracks from the ocean deflect horizontally to
allow sill intrusion in Europa. In this study, the critical stress intensity
factor of Europan ice required for deflection was evaluated by considering
crack theory at the interface between dissimilar materials and experimental
results on ice. For deflection to occur at the interface between two dissimilar
ices, the ratio of the critical stress intensity factor of the interface to
that of the upper layer should be at most 0.45--0.5. This critical ratio may be
attained if the interface is caused by brine-containing ice with a volume
fraction of >30 ppt (3%) and pure (no-brine) ice. Thus, a region with a
temperature equal to the eutectic point (e.g., an area of approximately 240 K
in the convective layer) is a candidate for the region in which the deflection
occurs.


  The stratification near the base of the Sun's convective envelope is governed
by processes of convective overshooting and element diffusion, and the region
is widely believed to play a key role in the solar dynamo. The stratification
in that region gives rise to a characteristic signal in the frequencies of
solar p modes, which has been used to determine the depth of the solar
convection zone and to investigate the extent of convective overshoot. Previous
helioseismic investigations have shown that the Sun's spherically symmetric
stratification in this region is smoother than that in a standard solar model
without overshooting, and have ruled out simple models incorporating
overshooting, which extend the region of adiabatic stratification and have a
more-or-less abrupt transition to subadiabatic stratification at the edge of
the overshoot region. In this paper we consider physically motivated models
which have a smooth transition in stratification bridging the region from the
lower convection zone to the radiative interior beneath. We find that such a
model is in better agreement with the helioseismic data than a standard solar
model.


  Quantum confinement at complex oxide interfaces establishes an intricate
hierarchy of the strongly correlated $d$-orbitals which is widely recognized as
a source of emergent physics. The most prominent example is the (001)
LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$(LAO/STO) interface, which features a dome-shaped phase
diagram of superconducting critical temperature and spin-orbit coupling (SOC)
as a function of electrostatic doping, arising from a selective occupancy of
$t_{2g}$ orbitals of different character. Here we study (111)-oriented LAO/STO
interfaces - where the three $t_{2g}$ orbitals contribute equally to the
sub-band states caused by confinement - and investigate the impact of this
unique feature on electronic transport. We show that transport occurs through
two sets of electron-like sub-bands, and the carrier density of one of the sets
shows a non-monotonic dependence on the sample conductance. Using tight-binding
modeling, we demonstrate that this behavior stems from a band inversion driven
by on-site Coulomb interactions. The balanced contribution of all $t_{2g}$
orbitals to electronic transport is shown to result in strong SOC with reduced
electrostatic modulation.


  We discuss a general method of revealing both space-space and space-time
noncommuting structures in various models in particle mechanics exhibiting
reparametrisation symmetry. Starting from the commuting algebra in the
conventional gauge, it is possible to obtain a noncommuting algebra in a
nonstandard gauge. The change of variables relating the algebra in the two
gauges is systematically derived using gauge/reparametrisation transformations.


  High-resolution individual geolocation data passively collected from mobile
phones is increasingly sold in private markets and shared with researchers.
This data poses significant security, privacy, and ethical risks: it's been
shown that users can be re-identified in such datasets, and its collection
rarely involves their full consent or knowledge. This data is valuable to
private firms (e.g. targeted marketing) but also presents clear value as a
public good. Recent public interest research has demonstrated that
high-resolution location data can more accurately measure segregation in cities
and provide inexpensive transit modeling. But as data is aggregated to mitigate
its re-identifiability risk, its value as a good diminishes. How do we rectify
the clear security and safety risks of this data, its high market value, and
its potential as a resource for public good? We extend the recently proposed
concept of a tradeoff curve that illustrates the relationship between dataset
utility and privacy. We then hypothesize how this tradeoff differs between
private market use and its potential use for public good. We further provide
real-world examples of how high resolution location data, aggregated to varying
degrees of privacy protection, can be used in the public sphere and how it is
currently used by private firms.


  High-precision measurements by the ATLAS Collaboration are presented of
inclusive $W^+\to\ell^+\nu$, $W^-\to\ell^-\bar{\nu}$ and
$Z/\gamma^*\to\ell\ell$ ($\ell=e,\mu$) Drell-Yan production cross sections at
the LHC. The data were collected in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7$
TeV with an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb$^{-1}$. Differential $W^+$ and
$W^-$ cross sections are measured in a lepton pseudorapidity range
$|\eta_{\ell}| = 2.5$. Differential $Z/\gamma^*$ cross sections are measured as
a function of the absolute dilepton rapidity, for $|y_{\ell\ell}| < 3.6$, for
three intervals of dilepton mass, $m_{\ell\ell}$, extending from 46 to 150 GeV.
The integrated and differential electron- and muon-channel cross sections are
combined and compared to theoretical predictions using recent sets of parton
distribution functions. The data, together with the final inclusive $e^{\pm}p$
scattering cross-section data from H1 and ZEUS, are interpreted in a
next-to-next-to-leading-order QCD analysis, and a new set of parton
distribution functions, ATLAS-epWZ16, is obtained. The ratio of
strange-to-light sea-quark densities in the proton is determined more
accurately than in previous determinations based on collider data only, and is
established to be close to unity in the sensitivity range of the data. A new
measurement of the CKM matrix element $|V_{cs}|$ is also provided.


  We consider two nonperturbative methods originally used to derive shell model
effective interactions in nuclei. These methods have been applied to the two
nucleon sector to obtain an energy independent effective interaction V_{low k},
which preserves the low momentum half-on-shell T matrix and the deuteron pole,
with a sharp cutoff imposed on all intermediate state momenta. We show that
V_{low k} scales with the cutoff precisely as one expects from renormalization
group arguments. This result is a step towards reformulating traditional model
space many-body calculations in the language of effective field theories and
the renormalization group. The numerical scaling properties of V_{low k} are
observed to be in excellent agreement with our exact renormalization group
equation.


  In this work, we propose a novel framework named Coconditional Autoencoding
Adversarial Networks (CocoAAN) for Chinese font learning, which jointly learns
a generation network and two encoding networks of different feature domains
using an adversarial process. The encoding networks map the glyph images into
style and content features respectively via the pairwise substitution
optimization strategy, and the generation network maps these two kinds of
features to glyph samples. Together with a discriminative network conditioned
on the extracted features, our framework succeeds in producing
realistic-looking Chinese glyph images flexibly. Unlike previous models relying
on the complex segmentation of Chinese components or strokes, our model can
"parse" structures in an unsupervised way, through which the content feature
representation of each character is captured. Experiments demonstrate our
framework has a powerful generalization capacity to other unseen fonts and
characters.


  Using the Pauli-Villars regularization and arguments from convex analysis, we
construct solutions to the classical time-independent Maxwell equations in
Dirac's vacuum, in the presence of small external electromagnetic sources. The
vacuum is not an empty space, but rather a quantum fluctuating medium which
behaves as a nonlinear polarizable material. Its behavior is described by a
Dirac equation involving infinitely many particles. The quantum corrections to
the usual Maxwell equations are nonlinear and nonlocal. Even if photons are
described by a purely classical electromagnetic field, the resulting vacuum
polarization coincides to first order with that of full Quantum
Electrodynamics.


  We prove that consistency of the holographic dictionary implies a hallmark
prediction of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture: that in classical gravity,
trapped surfaces lie behind event horizons. In particular, the existence of a
trapped surface implies the existence of an event horizon, and that furthermore
this event horizon must be outside of the trapped surface. More precisely, we
show that the formation of event horizons outside of a strong gravity region is
a direct consequence of causal wedge inclusion, which is required by
entanglement wedge reconstruction. We make few assumptions beyond the absence
of evaporating singularities in strictly classical gravity. We comment on the
implication that spacetimes with naked trapped surfaces do not admit a
holographic dual, note a possible application to holographic complexity, and
speculate on the dual CFT interpretation of a trapped surface.


  The Hall and Seebeck coefficients, electrical resistivity and thermal
conductivity of polycrystalline NiSi3P4 were characterized from 2 to 775K.
Undoped NiSi3P4 behaves like a narrow gap semiconductor, with activated
electrical resistivity \rho below room temperature and a large Seebeck
coefficient of ~400uV/K at 300K. Attempts to substitute boron for silicon
resulted in the production of extrinsic holes, yielding moderately-doped
semiconductor behavior with \rho increasing with increasing temperature above
~150\,K. Hall carrier densities are limited to approximately 5x10^{19}/cm^3 at
200K, which would suggest the solubility limit of boron is reached if boron is
indeed incorporated into the lattice. These extrinsic samples have a Hall
mobility of ~12cm^2/V/s at 300K, and a parabolic band equivalent effective mass
of ~3.5 times the free electron mass. At 700,K, the thermoelectric figure of
merit zT reaches ~0.1. Further improvements in thermoelectric performance would
require reaching higher carrier densities, as well as a mechanism to further
reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, which is ~5W/m/K at 700K. Alloying in
Ge results in a slight reduction of the thermal conductivity at low
temperatures, with little influence observed at higher temperatures.


  The dynamics of neutrally buoyant particles transported by a turbulent flow
is investigated for spherical particles with radii of the order of the
Kolmogorov dissipative scale or larger. The pseudo-penalisation spectral method
that has been proposed by Pasquetti et al. (2008) is adapted to integrate
numerically the simultaneous dynamics of the particle and of the fluid. Such a
method gives a unique handle on the limit of validity of point-particle
approximations, which are generally used in applicative situations. Analytical
predictions based on such models are compared to result of very well resolved
direct numerical simulations. Evidence is obtained that Faxen corrections give
dominant finite-size corrections to velocity and acceleration fluctuations for
particle diameters up to four times the Kolmogorov scale. The dynamics of
particles with larger diameters is dominated by inertial-range physics, and is
consistent with predictions obtained from dimensional analysis.


  Recently, Dohrau et al. studied a zero-player game on switch graphs and
proved that deciding the termination of the game is in NP $\cap$ coNP. In this
short paper, we show that the search version of this game on switch graphs,
i.e., the task of finding a witness of termination (or of non-termination) is
in PLS.


  We describe an explicit relationship between strand diagrams and
piecewise-linear functions for elements of Thompson's group F. Using this
correspondence, we investigate the dynamics of elements of F, and we show that
conjugacy of one-bump functions can be described by a Mather-type invariant.


  We present a system to translate natural language sentences to formulas in a
formal or a knowledge representation language. Our system uses two inverse
lambda-calculus operators and using them can take as input the semantic
representation of some words, phrases and sentences and from that derive the
semantic representation of other words and phrases. Our inverse lambda operator
works on many formal languages including first order logic, database query
languages and answer set programming. Our system uses a syntactic combinatorial
categorial parser to parse natural language sentences and also to construct the
semantic meaning of the sentences as directed by their parsing. The same parser
is used for both. In addition to the inverse lambda-calculus operators, our
system uses a notion of generalization to learn semantic representation of
words from the semantic representation of other words that are of the same
category. Together with this, we use an existing statistical learning approach
to assign weights to deal with multiple meanings of words. Our system produces
improved results on standard corpora on natural language interfaces for robot
command and control and database queries.


  We use the macroscopic fluctuation theory to determine the statistics of
large currents in the Kipnis-Marchioro-Presutti (KMP) model in a ring geometry.
About 10 years ago this simple setting was instrumental in identifying a
breakdown of the additivity principle in a class of lattice gases at currents
exceeding a critical value. Building on earlier work, we assume that, for
supercritical currents, the optimal density profile, conditioned on the given
current, has the form of a traveling wave (TW). For the KMP model we find this
TW analytically, in terms of elliptic functions, for any supercritical current
$I$. Using this TW solution, we evaluate, up to a pre-exponential factor, the
probability distribution $P(I)$. We obtain simple asymptotics of the TW and of
$P(I)$ for currents close to the critical current, and for currents much larger
than the critical current. In the latter case we show that $-\ln P (I) \sim
I\ln I$, whereas the optimal density profile acquires a soliton-like shape. Our
analytic results are in a very good agreement with Monte-Carlo simulations and
numerical solutions of Hurtado and Garrido (2011).


  We study a class of two-dimensional models of classical hard-core particles
with Vicsek-type "exchange interaction" that aligns the directions of motion of
nearby particles. By extending the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem for the
absence of spontaneous magnetization and the McBryan-Spencer bound for
correlation functions, we prove that the models do not spontaneously break the
rotational symmetry in their equilibrium states at any nonzero temperature. We
thus conclude that the mobility of particles alone does not account for the
spontaneous symmetry breaking in Vicsek type models. The origin of the symmetry
breaking must be sought in the absence of detailed balance condition, or,
equivalently, in the nonequilibrium nature.


  Dark soliton is usually seen as one of the simplest topological solitons, due
to the phase jump across its density dip. We investigate the phase jump
properties of dark solitons in a single mode optical fiber with the third-order
dispersion and delayed nonlinear response, based on exact analytical solutions
of Hirota equation. Our analysis indicates that a single-valley dark soliton
(SVDS) can admit two distinct phase jumps at the same velocity, in sharp
contrast to the dark soliton with only the second-order dispersion and
self-phase modulation, which admits a one-to-one match between the velocity and
phase jump. We further uncover the different topological vector potentials
underlying the distinct phase jumps. The relations between phase jump and
velocity of the SVDS can explain the generation of the previously reported
double-valley dark soliton (DVDS). The detailed analysis on the two phase jumps
characters of the DVDS with one identical velocity enables us to obtain
U-shaped type or double-step type phase distribution. We further explore
collision properties of the DVDSs by analyzing their topological phase, which
can be considered as the generalization of topological phase (Phys. Rev. E 103,
L040204). Strikingly, the inelastic collision can lead to the conversion
between the two types of phase distributions for DVDS. The results reveal that
inelastic or elastic collision can be judged by analyzing the magnetic monopole
fields.


  We convert, within polynomial-time and sequential processing, NP-Complete
Problems into a problem of deciding feasibility of a given system S of linear
equations with constants and coefficients of binary-variables that are 0, 1, or
-1. S is feasible, if and only if, the NP-Complete problem has a feasible
solution. We show separate polynomial-time conversions to S, from the
SUBSET-SUM and 3-SAT problems, both of which are NP-Complete. The number of
equations and variables in S is bounded by a polynomial function of the size of
the NP-Complete problem, showing that deciding the feasibility of S is
strongly-NP-Complete. We also show how to apply the approach used for the
SUBSET-SUM problem to decide the feasibility of Integer Linear Programs, as it
involves reducing the coefficient-magnitudes of variables to the logarithm of
their initial values, though the number of variables and equations are
increased.


  We consider spinfoam quantum gravity on a spacetime decomposition with many
4-simplices, in the double scaling limit in which the Immirzi parameter
$\gamma$ is sent to zero (flipped limit) and the physical area in Planck units
($\gamma$ times the spin quantum number $j$) is kept constant. We show that the
quantum amplitude takes the form of a Regge-like path integral and enforces
Einstein equations in the semiclassical regime. In addition to quantum
corrections which vanish when the Planck constant goes to zero, we find new
corrections due to the discreteness of geometric spectra which is controlled by
the Immirzi parameter.


  Optical imaging and spectroscopic observations of the z = 0.245 double galaxy
cluster Abell 2465 are described. This object appears to be undergoing a major
merger. It is a double X-ray source and is detected in the radio at 1.4 GHz.
This paper investigates signatures of the interaction of the two components.
Redshifts were measured to determine velocity dispersions and virial radii of
each component. The technique of fuzzy clustering was used to assign membership
weights to the galaxies in each clump. Using redshifts of 93 cluster members
within 1.4 Mpc of the subcluster centres, the virial masses and anisotropy
parameters are derived. 37% of the spectroscopically observed galaxies show
emission lines and are predominantly star forming in the diagnostic diagram. No
strong AGN sources were found. The emission line galaxies tend to lie between
the two cluster centres with more near the SW clump. The luminosity functions
of the two subclusters differ. The NE component is similar to many rich
clusters, while the SW component has more faint galaxies. The NE clump's light
profile follows a single NFW profile with c = 10 while the SW is better fit
with an extended outer region and a compact inner core, consistent with
available X-ray data indicating that the SW clump has a cooling core. The
observed differences and properties of the two components of Abell 2465 are
interpreted to have been caused by a collision 2-4 Gyr ago, after which they
have moved apart and are now near their apocentres, although the start of a
merger remains a possibility. The number of emission line galaxies gives weight
to the idea that galaxy cluster collisions trigger star formation.


  Recently, the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves
(NANOGrav) claimed the detection of a stochastic common-spectrum process of the
pulsar timing array (PTA) time residuals from their 12.5 year data, which might
be the first detection of the stochastic background of gravitational waves
(GWs). We show that the amplitude and the power index of such waves imply that
they could be the secondary GWs induced by the peaked curvature perturbation
with a dust-like post inflationary era with $-0.091\lesssim w\lesssim0.048$.
Such stochastic background of GWs naturally predicts substantial existence of
planet-mass primordial black holes (PBHs), which can be the lensing objects for
the ultrashort-timescale microlensing events observed by the Optical
Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE).


  We show that electron--electron scattering gives a positive contribution to
the resistivity of ballistic multimode wires whose width is much smaller than
their length. This contribution is not exponentially small at low temperatures
and therefore may be experimentally observable. It scales with temperature as
$T^2$ for three-dimensional channels and as $T^{5/2}$ for two-dimensional ones.


  In one of his papers, the author introduces the class of Farkas-related
vectors for which a version of Farkas' lemma over integers is derived. In this
paper, two similar classes are introduced and studied.


  In this work, we consider the sum rate performance of joint processing
coordinated multi-point transmission network (JP-CoMP, a.k.a Network MIMO) in a
so-called distributed channel state information (D-CSI) setting. In the D-CSI
setting, the various transmitters (TXs) acquire a local, TX-dependent, estimate
of the global multi-user channel state matrix obtained via terminal feedback
and limited backhauling. The CSI noise across TXs can be independent or
correlated, so as to reflect the degree to which TXs can exchange information
over the backhaul, hence allowing to model a range of situations bridging fully
distributed and fully centralized CSI settings. In this context we aim to study
the price of CSI distributiveness in terms of sum rate at finite SNR when
compared with conventional centralized scenarios. We consider the family of
JP-CoMP precoders known as regularized zero-forcing (RZF). We conduct our study
in the large scale antenna regime, as it is currently envisioned to be used in
real 5G deployments. It is then possible to obtain accurate approximations on
so-called deterministic equivalents of the signal to interference and noise
ratios. Guided by the obtained deterministic equivalents, we propose an
approach to derive a RZF scheme that is robust to the distributed aspect of the
CSI, whereby the key idea lies in the optimization of a TX-dependent power
level and regularization factor. Our analysis confirms the improved robustness
of the proposed scheme with respect to CSI inconsistency at different TXs, even
with moderate number of antennas and receivers (RXs).


  Most prior motion prediction endeavors in autonomous driving have
inadequately encoded future scenarios, leading to predictions that may fail to
accurately capture the diverse movements of agents (e.g., vehicles or
pedestrians). To address this, we propose FutureNet, which explicitly
integrates initially predicted trajectories into the future scenario and
further encodes these future contexts to enhance subsequent forecasting.
Additionally, most previous motion forecasting works have focused on predicting
independent futures for each agent. However, safe and smooth autonomous driving
requires accurately predicting the diverse future behaviors of numerous
surrounding agents jointly in complex dynamic environments. Given that all
agents occupy certain potential travel spaces and possess lane driving
priority, we propose Lane Occupancy Field (LOF), a new representation with lane
semantics for motion forecasting in autonomous driving. LOF can simultaneously
capture the joint probability distribution of all road participants' future
spatial-temporal positions. Due to the high compatibility between lane
occupancy field prediction and trajectory prediction, we propose a novel
network with future context encoding for the joint prediction of these two
tasks. Our approach ranks 1st on two large-scale motion forecasting benchmarks:
Argoverse 1 and Argoverse 2.


  We study the Sturm--Liouville operator $$
  T(\varepsilon)y=-\frac{1}{\varepsilon}y''+ p(x)y, $$ with concrete
$\mathcal{PT}$-- symmetric potential $p(x) = ix$ and Dirichlet boundary
conditions on the segment $[-1,1]$. Here $\varepsilon \in (0, \infty)$ is a
physical parameter. We explicitly describe a beautiful phenomenon of the
eigenvalue behavior when $\varepsilon$ changes from $0$ to $\infty$. All the
critical values of $\varepsilon$ which determine the eigenvalue dynamics, are
found in terms of the special Airy functions.


  Electric Network Frequency (ENF) acts as a fingerprint in multimedia
forensics applications. In indoor environments, ENF variations affect the
intensity of light sources connected to power mains. Accordingly, the light
intensity variations captured by sensing devices can be exploited to estimate
the ENF. A first optical sensing device based on a photodiode is developed for
capturing ENF variations in indoor lighting environments. In addition, a device
that captures the ENF directly from power mains is implemented. This device
serves as a ground truth ENF collector. Video recordings captured by a camera
are also employed to estimate the ENF. The camera serves as a second optical
sensor. The factors affecting the ENF estimation are thoroughly studied. The
maximum correlation coefficient between the ENF estimated by the two optical
sensors and that estimated directly from power mains is used to measure the
estimation accuracy. The paper's major contribution is in the disclosure of
extensive experimental evidence on ENF estimation in scenes ranging from static
ones capturing a white wall to non-static ones, including human activity.


  Positivity properties of the Hadamard powers of the matrix
$\begin{bmatrix}1+x_ix_j\end{bmatrix}$ for distinct positive real numbers
$x_1,\ldots,x_n$ and the matrix
$\begin{bmatrix}|\cos((i-j)\pi/n)|\end{bmatrix}$ are studied. In particular, it
is shown that $\begin{bmatrix}(1+x_ix_j)^r\end{bmatrix}$ is not positive
semidefinite for any positive real number $r<n-2$ that is not an integer, and
$\begin{bmatrix}|\cos((i-j)\pi/n)|^r\end{bmatrix}$ is positive semidefinite for
every odd integer $n\ge 3$ and $n-3\le r<n-2.$


  Visible-light photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2) was successfully prepared
via a novel and facile single-mode microwave assisted synthesis process. In
this one-step synthesis, Ti as target material selectively oxides in magnetic
field throughout rapid heating, whose process requires less energy consumption
and short time. In obtained TiO2, self-doping of Ti3+ was confirmed, which
makes TiO2 performed sufficient light absorption in visible region with
wavelength above 400 nm. Such Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 exhibits much narrower
optical bandgap (2.14 eV) to compare with stoichiometric TiO2 (3.0-3.2 eV). The
synthesized TiO2 also shows superior photocatalytic activity to commercially
available TiO2 towards the degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light
irradiation.


  Supernovae Ia (SNe Ia) light curves have been used to prove the universe is
expanding. As standard candles, SNe Ia appear to indicate the rate of expansion
has increased in the past and is now decreasing. This independent evaluation of
SNe Ia light curves demonstrates a Malmquist Type II bias exists in the body of
supernova data. If this bias is properly addressed, there is very little budget
for time dilation in the light curves of supernova. A non-relativistic distance
modulus is proposed, which is based on the predictable attenuation of light by
an intergalactic CREIL (Coherent Raman Effects on Incoherent Light) radiation
transfer functions.