  We study ranked list truncation (RLT) from a novel "retrieve-then-re-rank"
perspective, where we optimize re-ranking by truncating the retrieved list
(i.e., trim re-ranking candidates). RLT is crucial for re-ranking as it can
improve re-ranking efficiency by sending variable-length candidate lists to a
re-ranker on a per-query basis. It also has the potential to improve re-ranking
effectiveness. Despite its importance, there is limited research into applying
RLT methods to this new perspective. To address this research gap, we reproduce
existing RLT methods in the context of re-ranking, especially newly emerged
large language model (LLM)-based re-ranking. In particular, we examine to what
extent established findings on RLT for retrieval are generalizable to the
"retrieve-then-re-rank" setup from three perspectives: (i) assessing RLT
methods in the context of LLM-based re-ranking with lexical first-stage
retrieval, (ii) investigating the impact of different types of first-stage
retrievers on RLT methods, and (iii) investigating the impact of different
types of re-rankers on RLT methods. We perform experiments on the TREC 2019 and
2020 deep learning tracks, investigating 8 RLT methods for pipelines involving
3 retrievers and 2 re-rankers. We reach new insights into RLT methods in the
context of re-ranking.


  For a given testing problem, let $U_1,...,U_n$ be individually valid and
conditionally on the data i.i.d.\ P-variables (often called P-values). For
example, the data could come in groups, and each $U_i$ could be based on
subsampling just one datum from each group in order to satisfy an independence
assumption under the hypothesis. The problem is then to deterministically
combine the $U_i$ into a valid summary P-variable. Restricting here our
attention to functions of a given order statistic $U_{k:n}$ of the $U_i$, we
compute the function $f_{n,k}$ which is smallest among all increasing functions
$f$ such that $f(U_{k:n})$ is always a valid P-variable under the stated
assumptions. Since $f_{n,k}(u)\le 1\wedge (\frac {n}{k} u)$, with the right
hand side being a good approximation for the left when $k$ is large, one may in
particular always take the minimum of 1 and twice the left sample median of the
given P-variables.
  We sketch the original application of the above in a recent study of
associations between various primate species by Astaras et al.


  We have collected over 30M messages from the publicly available /pol/ message
boards on 4chan and 8chan, and compiled them into a model of toxic language
use. The trained word embeddings (0.4GB) are released for free and may be
useful for further study on toxic discourse or to boost hate speech detection
systems: https://textgain.com/8chan.


  We present recent results from very deep MERLIN/VLA 1.4GHz observations of an
8.5-by-8.5 arcminute field centred on the the Hubble Deep Field North, in
conjunction with BVIz catalogues of GOODS/ACS sources detected in this field.
In an extension of work by Muxlow et al. (also presented at this conference) on
the statistical properties of over 8000 sources, the results presented here
take advantage of the deep (rms: 3.3 microJy/bm), sub-arcsecond radio imaging
of this field to characterise the properties at 1.4GHz of a number of
individual radio counterparts to GOODS/ACS sources.


  Neuromorphic event-based dynamic vision sensors (DVS) have much faster
sampling rates and a higher dynamic range than frame-based imagers. However,
they are sensitive to background activity (BA) events which are unwanted. we
propose a new criterion with little computation overhead for defining real
events and BA events by utilizing the global space and time information rather
than the local information by Gaussian convolution, which can be also used as a
filter. We denote the filter as GF. We demonstrate GF on three datasets, each
recorded by a different DVS with different output size. The experimental
results show that our filter produces the clearest frames compared with
baseline filters and run fast.


  The images of supermassive black holes captured by the Event Horizon
Telescope (EHT) collaboration have allowed us to have access to the physical
processes that occur in the vicinity of the event horizons of these objects.
This has enabled us to learn more about the state of rotation of black holes,
about the formation of relativistic jets in their vicinity, about the magnetic
field in the regions close to them, and even about the existence of the photon
ring. Furthermore, black hole imaging gives rise to a new way of testing
general relativity in the strong field regime. This has initiated a line of
research aimed at probing different physical scenarios. While many scenarios
have been proposed in the literature that yield distortion effects that would
be a priori detectable at the resolution achieved by future EHT observations,
the vast majority of those scenarios involve strange objects or exotic matter
content. Here, we consider a less heterodox scenario which, involving
non-exotic matter, in the sense that it satisfies all energy conditions and is
dynamically stable, also leads to a deformation of the black hole shadow. We
consider a specific concentration of non-emitting, relativistic matter of zero
optical depth forming a bubble around the black hole. Due to gravitational
refraction, such a self-interacting -- dark -- matter concentration may produce
sub-annular images, i.e. subleading images inside the photon ring. We calculate
the ray tracing in the space-time geometry produced by such a matter
configuration and obtain the corresponding black hole images. While for
concreteness we restrict our analysis to a specific matter distribution,
modeling the bubble as a thin-shell, effects qualitatively similar to those
described here are expected to occur for more general density profiles.


  Wideband spectrum sensing is a significant challenge in cognitive radios
(CRs) due to requiring very high-speed analog- to-digital converters (ADCs),
operating at or above the Nyquist rate. Here, we propose a very low-complexity
zero-block detection scheme that can detect a large fraction of spectrum holes
from the sub-Nyquist samples, even when the undersampling ratio is very small.
The scheme is based on a block sparse sensing matrix, which is implemented
through the design of a novel analog-to- information converter (AIC). The
proposed scheme identifies some measurements as being zero and then verifies
the sub-channels associated with them as being vacant. Analytical and
simulation results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed method in reliable detection of spectrum holes with complexity much
lower than existing schemes. This work also introduces a new paradigm in
compressed sensing where one is interested in reliable detection of (some of
the) zero blocks rather than the recovery of the whole block sparse signal.


  Circular motion of particles, dust grains and fluids in the vicinity of
compact objects has been investigated as a model for accretion of gaseous and
dusty environment. Here we further discuss, within the framework of general
relativity, figures of equilibrium of matter under the influence of combined
gravitational and large-scale magnetic fields, assuming that the accreted
material acquires a small electric charge due to interplay of plasma processes
and photoionization. In particular, we employ an exact solution describing the
massive magnetic dipole and we identify the regions of stable motion. We also
investigate situations when the particle dynamics exhibits the onset of chaos.
In order to characterize the measure of chaoticness we employ techniques of
Poincar\'e surfaces of section and of recurrence plots.


  Utilizing a non-equilibrium Green function like the generalized Kadanoff-Baym
ansatz, a systematic perturbative method is presented to calculate the
expectation value of an arbitrary physical quantity under the restriction that
the Wigner distribution function is fixed. It is shown that, in the
diagrammatic expression of the quantity, a certain part of contributions can be
eliminated due to the restriction. Together with the quantum kinetic equation,
this method provides a basis for the kinetic-theoretical description.


  Antiferromagnetic magnons possess a distinctive feature absent in their
ferromagnetic counterparts: the presence of two distinct handedness modes, the
right-handed (RH) and left-handed (LH) precession modes. The magnon handedness
determines the sign of spin polarization carried by the propagating magnon,
which is indispensable for harnessing the diverse functionalities. However, the
control of coherently propagating magnon handedness in antiferromagnets has
remained elusive so far. Here we demonstrate the manipulation and electrical
readout of propagating magnon handedness in perpendicularly magnetized
synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF). We find that the antiferromagnetic magnon
handedness can be directly identified by measuring the inverse spin Hall effect
(ISHE) voltage, which arises from the spin pumping effect caused by the
propagating antiferromagnetic magnons in the SAF structure. The RH and LH modes
of the magnon can be distinguishable particularly when the SAF structure is
sandwiched by heavy metals with the same sign of spin Hall angle. Moreover, we
succeed in controlling the handedness of propagating antiferromagnetic magnons
by tuning the excitation microwave frequency. This work unveils promising
avenues for harnessing magnon unique properties in antiferromagnet-based
magnonic applications.


  Fluctuations-driven complex oscillations are experimentally observed in
cellular systems such as hepatocytes, cardiac cells, neuronal cells, etc. These
systems are generally operating in regimes far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
To study nonequilibrium thermodynamic properties such as energy dissipation in
stochastic complex oscillations, we consider stochastic modeling of two
nonlinear biological oscillators, namely, the intracellular calcium (Ca$^{2+}$)
oscillation model and the Hindmarsh-Rose model for neuronal dynamics. These
models exhibit various types of complex oscillations like bursting and
quasi-periodic oscillations for various system parameter values. In this work,
we formulate open chemical reaction schemes for the two model systems driving
the systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. We then analyze the
steady-state total entropy production rate (EPR) in the various types of
stochastic complex oscillations. Our results show higher values of steady-state
total EPR in stochastic complex oscillations than simple periodic oscillations.
Moreover, in the Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal model, we observe an order-to-disorder
transition from periodic (organized) bursts of spikes to chaotic (unorganized)
oscillations with distinct behaviors of steady-state total EPR. Our results
reveal that stochastic complex oscillations are produced at the cost of higher
energy consumption and that it requires a higher thermodynamic cost to maintain
the periodic bursts than chaotic oscillations. Our findings indicate that
complex cellular regulatory or signaling processes by Ca$^{2+}$ that help
perform complex tasks of the nervous system or rich information coding by
neurons involve a higher thermodynamic cost. The results deepen our
understanding of energy dissipation in nonlinear, nonequilibrium biological
systems with stochastic complex oscillatory dynamics.


  In a general, multi-mode scattering setup, we show how the permutation
symmetry of a many-particle input state determines those scattering unitaries
which exhibit strictly suppressed many-particle transition events. We formulate
purely algebraic suppression laws that identify these events and show that the
many-particle interference at their origin is robust under weak disorder and
imperfect indistinguishability of the interfering particles. Finally, we
demonstrate that all suppression laws so far described in the literature are
embedded in the general framework that we here introduce.


  One of the most important tasks in high energy physics is search for the
exotic states, such as glueball, hybrid and multi-quark states. The transitions
$\psi(ns)\to \psi(ms)+\pi\pi$ and $\Upsilon(ns)\to \Upsilon(ms)+\pi\pi$ attract
great attentions because they may reveal characteristics of hybrids. In this
work, we analyze those transition modes in terms of the theoretical framework
established by Yan and Kuang. It is interesting to notice that the intermediate
states between the two gluon-emissions are hybrids, therefore by fitting the
data, we are able to determine the mass spectra of hybrids. The ground hybrid
states are predicted as 4.23 GeV (for charmonium) and 10.79 GeV (for bottonium)
which do not correspond to any states measured in recent experiments, thus it
may imply that very possibly, hybrids mix with regular quarkonia to constitute
physical states. Comprehensive comparisons of the potentials for hybrids whose
parameters are obtained in this scenario with the lattice results are
presented.


  Synaptic Sampling Machine (SSM) is a type of neural network model that
considers biological unreliability of the synapses. We propose the circuit
design of the SSM neural network which is realized through the memristive-CMOS
crossbar structure with the synaptic sampling cell (SSC) being used as a basic
stochastic unit. The increase in the edge computing devices in the Internet of
things era, drives the need for hardware acceleration for data processing and
computing. The computational considerations of the processing speed and
possibility for the real-time realization pushes the synaptic sampling
algorithm that demonstrated promising results on software for hardware
implementation.


  It is shown that geometric optical description of electromagnetic wave with
account of its polarization in curved space-time can be obtained
straightforwardly from the classical variational principle for electromagnetic
field. For this end the entire functional space of electromagnetic fields must
be reduced to its subspace of locally plane monochromatic waves. We have
formulated the constraints under which the entire functional space of
electromagnetic fields reduces to its subspace of locally plane monochromatic
waves. These constraints introduce variables of another kind which specify a
field of local frames associated to the wave and contain some congruence of
null-curves. The Lagrangian for constrained electromagnetic field contains
variables of two kinds, namely, a congruence of null-curves and the field
itself. This yields two kinds of Euler-Lagrange equations. Equations of first
kind are trivial due to the constraints imposed. Variation of the curves yields
the Papapetrou equations for a classical massless particle with helicity 1.


  UV photochemistry in the surface layers of protoplanetary disks dramatically
alters their composition relative to previous stages of star formation. The
abundance ratio CN/HCN has long been proposed to trace the UV field in various
astrophysical objects, however to date the relationship between CN, HCN, and
the UV field in disks remains ambiguous. As part of the ALMA Large Program MAPS
(Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales), we present observations of CN
N=1-0 transitions at 0.3'' resolution towards five disk systems. All disks show
bright CN emission within $\sim$50-150 au, along with a diffuse emission shelf
extending up to 600 au. In all sources we find that the CN/HCN column density
ratio increases with disk radius from about unity to 100, likely tracing
increased UV penetration that enhances selective HCN photodissociation in the
outer disk. Additionally, multiple millimeter dust gaps and rings coincide with
peaks and troughs, respectively, in the CN/HCN ratio, implying that some
millimeter substructures are accompanied by changes to the UV penetration in
more elevated disk layers. That the CN/HCN ratio is generally high (>1) points
to a robust photochemistry shaping disk chemical compositions, and also means
that CN is the dominant carrier of the prebiotically interesting nitrile group
at most disk radii. We also find that the local column densities of CN and HCN
are positively correlated despite emitting from vertically stratified disk
regions, indicating that different disk layers are chemically linked. This
paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal
Supplement.


  The validity of small damping approximation (SDA) for the quasi-classical
description of the averaged properties of nuclei at high temperatures is
studied within the framework of collisional kinetic theory. The isoscalar
collective quadrupole vibrations in hot nuclei are considered. We show that the
extension of the SDA, by accounting for the damping of the distribution
function $\delta f$ in the collision integral reduces the rate of variation
with temperature of the Fermi surface distortion effects. The damping of the
$\delta f$ in the collision integral increases significantly the collisional
width of the giant quadrupole resonance (GQR) for small enough values of the
relaxation time. The temperature dependence of the eigenenergy of the GQR
becomes much more weaker than in the corresponding SDA case.


  The presence of off-plane Ca II ions in the Beta Pictoris disk, and the
non-detection of off-plane Na I atoms, can be explained as a consequence of the
evaporation process of Falling Evaporating Bodies (FEBs). In the star-grazing
regime, the FEBs are subject to inclination oscillations up to 30 - 40 degrees
that causes most metallic species released by sublimation to move off plane The
ions are be stopped at about 100 AU from the star. We show that collisions with
a neutral medium can stop the ions. The required H I column density is reduced
to 10^17 cm^-2, one order of magnitude below present detection limits. We also
investigate the possibility that the ions are slowed down magnetically. While
the sole action of a magnetic field of the order of 1 microGauss is not
effective, the combined effect of magnetic and collisional deceleration
processes lead to an additional lowering of the required H I column density.


  We exhibit invariants of smooth projective algebraic varieties with integer
values, whose nonvanishing modulo p prevents the existence of an action without
fixed points of certain finite p-groups. The case of base fields of
characteristic p is included. Counterexamples are systematically provided to
test the sharpness of our results.


  It has recently been proposed that Na4Ir3O8 is a weak Mott insulator at
ambient pressure, supporting a three-dimensional spin liquid phase with a
spinon Fermi surface. This proposal is consistent with recent experimental
findings that the material becomes a metal upon increasing pressure or doping.
In this work, we investigate the effect of the spin-orbit coupling arising from
5d Ir moments both in the metallic and spin liquid phases of Na4Ir3O8. The
effective Hubbard model in terms of pseudospin j=1/2 Ir states is derived and
its consequences to both metallic and spin liquid phases are studied. In
particular, the model leads to enhanced Wilson ratio and strong temperature
dependence of the Hall coefficient.


  We study Faddeev formulation of gravity, in which the metric is composed of
vector fields or the tetrad of the ten-dimensional fields, $f^A_\lambda$, where
$\lambda = 1, 2, 3, 4$ and $A = 1, ..., 10$ is vector index w. r. t. the
Euclidean (or Minkowsky) ten-dimensional spacetime. We propose representation
of the type of the Cartan-Weyl one. It is based on extending the set of
variables by introducing the infinitesimal SO(10) connection. Excluding this
connection via equations of motion we reproduce the original Faddeev action. A
peculiar feature of this representation is occurrence of the local SO(10)
symmetry violating condition so that SO(10) symmetry is only global one in full
correspondence with that the original Faddeev formulation just possesses SO(10)
symmetry w. r. t. the global SO(10) rotation of the Euclidean ten-dimensional
spacetime. We also consider analog of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter which can
be naturally introduced in the considered representation.


  Let $G$ be a connected reductive group over a finite extension of
$\mathbb{Q}_p$. We show that for each $b \in B(G)$, the strongly regular locus
of the inertia stack of $\mathrm{Bun}_G^b$ is open in the inertia stack of
$\mathrm{Bun}_G$. As a consequence, we extend the computation of
Hansen--Kaletha--Weinstein of trace distributions of the cohomology of local
shtuka spaces $\mathrm{Sht}_{G,b,\mu}$ to non-basic $b$ and in some cases
beyond the elliptic locus. If $b$ is closed in $B(G,\mu)$, then we compute the
trace distribution of the entire strongly regular locus.


  In this paper, we deal with the problem of estimating the intervention effect
in the statistical causal analysis using the structural equation model and the
causal diagram. The intervention effect is defined as a causal effect on the
response variable $Y$ when the causal variable $X$ is fixed to a certain value
by an external operation and is defined based on the causal diagram. The
intervention effect is defined as a function of the probability distributions
in the causal diagram, however, generally these probability distributions are
unknown, so it is required to estimate them from data. In other words, the
steps of the estimation of the intervention effect using the causal diagram are
as follows: 1. Estimate the causal diagram from the data, 2. Estimate the
probability distributions in the causal diagram from the data, 3. Calculate the
intervention effect. However, if the problem of estimating the intervention
effect is formulated in the statistical decision theory framework, estimation
with this procedure is not necessarily optimal. In this study, we formulate the
problem of estimating the intervention effect for the two cases, the case where
the causal diagram is known and the case where it is unknown, in the framework
of statistical decision theory and derive the optimal decision method under the
Bayesian criterion. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method through
numerical simulations.


  This study addresses the challenge of achieving real-time Universal
Self-Learning Control (USLC) in nonlinear dynamic systems with uncertain
models. The proposed control method incorporates a Universal Self-Learning
module, which introduces a model-free online executor-evaluator framework to
enable controller adaptation in the presence of unknown disturbances. By
leveraging a neural network model trained on historical system performance
data, the controller can autonomously learn to approximate optimal performance
during each learning cycle. Consequently, the controller's structural
parameters are incrementally adjusted to achieve a performance threshold
comparable to human-level performance. Utilizing nonlinear system stability
theory, specifically in the context of three-dimensional manifold space, we
demonstrate the stability of USLC in Lipschitz continuous systems. We
illustrate the USLC framework numerically with two case studies: a low-order
circuit system and a high-order morphing fixed-wing attitude control system.
The simulation results verify the effectiveness and universality of the
proposed method.


  We study a diagonal 2-orbital ladder model of the Fe based superconductors
using the density matrix renormalization group method. At half filling, we find
a close competition between a "spin-striped" state and a non-collinear
"spin-checkerboard" state, as well as significant nematic correlations. Upon
finite hole or electron doping, the dominant pairing correlations are found to
have A$_{1,g}$ ($S-$wave) symmetry.


  We propose the measurement of the ratio $R_{CSS}(Q_T^{\min}) \equiv
\frac{\sigma (Q_T>Q_T^{\min})}{\sigma _{Total}}$ to study the effects of the
multiple soft gluon radiation, predicted by QCD, on the transverse momentum
($Q_T$) distribution of the weak gauge bosons $W^{\pm }$ and $Z^0$ produced at
the Tevatron. We compare the prediction of the extended Collins-Soper-Sterman
resummation formalism with the next-to-leading and next-to-next-to-leading
order calculations. We show that both the rich dynamics of the QCD multiple
soft gluon radiation and the non-perturbative sector of QCD can be tested by
measuring $R_{CSS}$.


  We consider a class of singular perturbations to the stochastic heat equation
or semilinear variations thereof. The interesting feature of these
perturbations is that, as the small parameter epsilon tends to zero, their
solutions converge to the 'wrong' limit, i.e. they do not converge to the
solution obtained by simply setting epsilon = 0. A similar effect is also
observed for some (formally) small stochastic perturbations of a deterministic
semilinear parabolic PDE.
  Our proofs are based on a detailed analysis of the spatially rough component
of the equations, combined with a judicious use of Gaussian concentration
inequalities.


  Traditional wave forecasting models, although based on energy conservation
equations, are computationally expensive. On the other hand, existing deep
learning geophysical fluid models, while computationally efficient, often
suffer from issues such as energy dissipation in long-term forecasts. This
paper proposes a novel energy-balanced deep learning wave forecasting model
called OceanCastNet (OCN). By incorporating wind fields at the current,
previous, and future time steps, as well as wave fields at the current and
previous time steps as input variables, OCN maintains energy balance within the
model. Furthermore, the model employs adaptive Fourier operators as its core
components and designs a masked loss function to better handle the impact of
land-sea boundaries. A series of experiments on the ERA5 dataset demonstrate
that OCN can achieve short-term forecast accuracy comparable to traditional
models while exhibiting an understanding of the wave generation process. In
comparative experiments under both normal and extreme conditions, OCN
consistently outperforms the widely used WaveWatch III model in the industry.
Even after long-term forecasting, OCN maintains a stable and energy-rich state.
By further constructing a simple meteorological model, OCN-wind, which
considers energy balance, this paper confirms the importance of energy
constraints for improving the long-term forecast performance of deep learning
meteorological models. This finding provides new ideas for future research on
deep learning geophysical fluid models.


  We consider a Yule process until the total population reaches size $n\gg 1$,
and assume that neutral mutations occur with high probability $1-p$ (in the
sense that each child is a new mutant with probability $1-p$, independently of
the other children), where $p=p_n\ll 1$. We establish a general strategy for
obtaining Poisson limit laws for the number of subpopulations exceeding a given
size and apply this to some mutation regimes of particular interest. Finally,
we give an application to subcritical Bernoulli bond percolation on random
recursive trees with percolation parameter $p_n$ tending to zero.


  Modern applications and Operating Systems vary greatly with respect to how
they register and identify different types of content. These discrepancies lead
to exploits and inconsistencies in user experience. In this paper, we highlight
the issues arising in the modern content handling ecosystem, and examine how
the operating system can be used to achieve unified and consistent content
identification.


  This document demonstrates that the efficient approach for diagnosis of Petri
nets via integer linear programming may be unable to detect a fault even if the
system is diagnosable.


  Electron transport and tunneling across the superconductor-insulator (SI)
transition have been measured simultaneously for quench-condensed ultrathin
amorphous beryllium films. The anomalous negative magnetoresistance previously
observed in insulating films disappears when Mn impurities are introduced to
the films, restoring a rather clean Efros-Shklovskii type hopping behavior. The
combination of transport and tunneling data allows us to determine,
independently and up to a constant on the order of unity, the localization
length, \xi_{L}, and the dielectric constant, \kappa, for the films. As the
normal-state sheet resistance of the films at 20 K is reduced with increasing
film thickness, \xi_{L} increases exponentially. The SI transition occurs when
\xi_{L} crosses the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length, \xi_{S}.


  We discuss the convergence of cosmological perturbation theory. We prove that
the polynomial enhancement of the non-linear corrections expected from the
effects of soft modes is absent in equal-time correlators like the power or
bispectrum. We first show this at leading order by resumming the most important
corrections of soft modes to an arbitrary skeleton of hard fluctuations. We
derive the same result in the eikonal approximation, which also allows us to
show the absence of enhancement at any order. We complement the proof by an
explicit calculation of the power spectrum at two-loop order, and by further
numerical checks at higher orders. Using these insights, we argue that the
modification of the power spectrum from soft modes corresponds at most to
logarithmic corrections. Finally, we discuss the asymptotic behavior in the
large and small momentum regimes and identify the expansion parameter pertinent
to non-linear corrections.


  We summarize the physics case for the International Linear Collider (ILC). We
review the key motivations for the ILC presented in the literature, updating
the projected measurement uncertainties for the ILC experiments in accord with
the expected schedule of operation of the accelerator and the results of the
most recent simulation studies.


  Context: Rotation plays a key role in the life cycles of stars with masses
above 8 Msun. Hence, accurate knowledge of the rotation rates of such massive
stars is critical for understanding their properties and for constraining
models of their evolution. Aims: This paper investigates the reliability of
current methods used to derive projected rotation speeds v sin i from
line-broadening signatures in the photospheric spectra of massive stars,
focusing on stars that are not rapidly rotating. Methods: We use slowly
rotating magnetic O-stars with well-determined rotation periods to test the
Fourier transform (FT) and goodness-of-fit (GOF) methods typically used to
infer projected rotation rates of massive stars. Results: For our two magnetic
test stars with measured rotation periods longer than one year, i.e., with v
sin i < 1 km/s, we derive v sin i ~ 40-50 km/s from both the FT and GOF
methods. These severe overestimates are most likely caused by an insufficient
treatment of the competing broadening mechanisms referred to as microturbulence
and macroturbulence. Conclusions: These findings warn us not to rely
uncritically on results from current standard techniques to derive projected
rotation speeds of massive stars in the presence of significant additional line
broadening, at least when v sin i <~ 50 km/s. This may, for example, be crucial
for i) determining the statistical distribution of observed rotation rates of
massive stars, ii) interpreting the evolutionary status and spin-down histories
of rotationally braked B-supergiants, and iii) explaining the deficiency of
observed O-stars with spectroscopically inferred v sin i ~ 0 km/s. Further
investigations of potential shortcomings of the above techniques are presently
under way.


  Biermann battery magnetic field generation driven by high power laser-solid
interactions is explored in experiments performed with the OMEGA EP laser
system. Proton deflectometry captures changes to the strength, spatial profile,
and temporal dynamics of the self-generated magnetic fields as the target
material or laser intensity is varied. Measurements of the magnetic flux during
the interaction are used to help validate extended magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
simulations. Results suggest that kinetic effects cause suppression of the
Biermann battery mechanism in laser-plasma interactions relevant to both direct
and indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. Experiments also find that more
magnetic flux is generated as the target atomic number is increased, which is
counter to a standard MHD understanding.


  Let $X$ be an algebraic K3 surface, $v=(r,H,s)$ a primitive isotropic Mukai
vector on $X$ and $M_X(v)$ the moduli of sheaves over $X$ with $v$. Let $N(X)$
be Picard lattice of $X$.
  In math.AG/0309348 and math.AG/0606289, all divisors in moduli of $(X,H)$ (i.
e. pairs $H\in N(X)$ with $\rk N(X)=2$) implying $M_X(v)\cong X$ were
described. They give some Mukai's correspondences of $X$ with itself.
  Applying these results, we show that there exists $v$ and a codimension 2
submoduli in moduli of $(X,H)$ (i. e. a pair $H\in N(X)$ with $\rk N(X)=3$)
implying $M_X(v)\cong X$, but this submoduli cannot be extended to a divisor in
moduli with the same property. There are plenty of similar examples.
  We discuss the general problem of description of all similar submoduli and
defined by them Mukai's correspondences of $X$ with itself and their
compositions, trying to outline a possible general theory.


  The eigenenergies $\epsilon^{(N)}(m;\{n_i,l_i\})$ of a system of $N$
identical particles with a mass $m$ are functions of the various radial quantum
numbers $n_i$ and orbital quantum numbers $l_i$. Approximations $E^{(N)}(m;Q)$
of these eigenenergies, depending on a principal quantum number
$Q(\{n_i,l_i\})$, can be obtained in the framework of the auxiliary field
method. We demonstrate the existence of numerous exact duality relations
linking quantities $E^{(N)}(m;Q)$ and $E^{(p)}(m';Q')$ for various forms of the
potentials (independent of $m$ and $N$) and for both nonrelativistic and
semirelativistic kinematics. As the approximations computed with the auxiliary
field method can be very close to the exact results, we show with several
examples that these duality relations still hold, with sometimes a good
accuracy, for the exact eigenenergies $\epsilon^{(N)}(m;\{n_i,l_i\})$.


  Bayesian inference is applied to the level fluctuations of two coupled
microwave billiards in order to extract the coupling strength. The coupled
resonators provide a model of a chaotic quantum system containing two coupled
symmetry classes of levels. The number variance is used to quantify the level
fluctuations as a function of the coupling and to construct the conditional
probability distribution of the data. The prior distribution of the coupling
parameter is obtained from an invariance argument on the entropy of the
posterior distribution.


  The action for a class of three-dimensional dilaton-gravity theories, with an
electromagnetic Maxwell field and a cosmological constant, can be recast in a
Brans-Dicke-Maxwell type action, with its free $\omega$ parameter. For a
negative cosmological constant, these theories have static, electrically
charged, and spherically symmetric black hole solutions. Those theories with
well formulated asymptotics are studied through a Hamiltonian formalism, and
their thermodynamical properties are found. The theories studied are general
relativity, a dimensionally reduced cylindrical four-dimensional general
relativity theory, and a theory representing a class of theories, all with a
Maxwell term. The Hamiltonian formalism is setup in three dimensions through
foliations on the right region of the Carter-Penrose diagram, with the
bifurcation 1-sphere as the left boundary, and anti-de Sitter infinity as the
right one. The metric functions on the hypersurfaces and the radial component
of the vector potential one-form are the canonical coordinates. The Hamiltonian
action is written, the Hamiltonian being a sum of constraints. One finds a new
action which yields an unconstrained theory with two pairs of canonical
coordinates ${M,P_M; Q,P_Q}$, where $M$ is the mass parameter, which needs
renormalization, $P_M$ its conjugate momenta, $Q$ is the charge parameter, and
$P_Q$ its conjugate momentum. The resulting Hamiltonian is a sum of boundary
terms only. A quantization of the theory is performed. The Schr\"odinger
evolution operator is constructed, the trace is taken, and the partition
function of the grand canonical ensemble is obtained, the chemical potential
being the electric potential. The charged black hole entropies differ, in
general, from the usual quarter of the horizon area due to the dilaton.


  Hot subdwarf B stars are core-helium burning objects that have undergone
envelope stripping, likely by a binary companion. Using high-speed photometry
from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, we have discovered the hot
subdwarf BPM 36430 is a hybrid sdBV_rs pulsator exhibiting several
low-amplitude g-modes and a strong p-mode pulsation. The latter shows a clear,
periodic variation in its pulse arrival times. Fits to this phase oscillation
imply BPM 36430 orbits a barycenter approximately 10 light-seconds away once
every 3.1 d. Using the CHIRON echelle spectrograph on the CTIO 1.5-m telescope,
we confirm the reflex motion by detecting a radial velocity variation with
semi-amplitude, period, and phase in agreement with the pulse timings. We
conclude that a white dwarf companion with minimum mass of 0.42 Msun orbits BPM
36430. Our study represents only the second time a companion orbiting a
pulsating hot subdwarf or white dwarf has been detected from pulse timings and
confirmed with radial velocities.


  Studying the internal structure of exoplanet-host stars compared to that of
similar stars without detected planets is particularly important for the
understanding of planetary formation. The observed average overmetallicity of
stars with planets is an interesting point in that respect. In this framework,
asteroseismic studies represent an excellent tool to determine the structural
differences between stars with and without detected planets. It also leads to
more precise values of the stellar parameters like mass, gravity, effective
temperature, than those obtained from spectroscopy alone. Interestingly enough,
the detection of stellar oscillations is obtained with the same instruments as
used for the discovery of exoplanets, both from the ground and from space. The
time scales however are very different, as the oscillations of solar type stars
have periods around five to ten minutes, while the exoplanets orbits may go
from a few days up to many years. Here I discuss the asteroseismology of
exoplanet-host stars, with a few examples.


  Piecewise linearization is a key technique for solving nonlinear problems in
transportation network design and other optimization fields, in which
generating breakpoints is a fundamental task. This paper proposes an optimal
breakpoint selection method, rotational adjusting method (RAM), to minimize the
approximation error between the original function and the piecewise linear
function with limited number of pieces, applicable to both convex or concave
function. RAM rotationally adjusts the location of breakpoints based on its
adjacent breakpoints, and the optimal positions would be reached after several
iterations. The optimality of the method is proved. Numerical experiments are
conducted on the logarithmic function.


  This paper studies the phenomenon of invasion for heterogeneous
reaction-diffusion equations in periodic domains with monostable and combustion
reaction terms. We give an answer to a question rised by Berestycki, Hamel and
Nadirashvili in [5] concerning the connection between the speed of invasion and
the speed of fronts. To do so, we extend the classical Freidlin-Gartner formula
to such equations, using a geometrical argument devised by Rossi in [17], and
derive some bounds on the speed of fronts using estimates on the heat kernel.


  Molecular emission lines are essential tools to shed lights on many questions
regarding star formation in galaxies. Multiple molecular lines are particularly
useful to probe different phases of star-forming molecular clouds. In this
study, we investigate the physical properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs)
using multiple lines of CO, i.e. CO(1-0, 2-1, 3-2) and $^{13}$CO(1-0), obtained
at selected 20 positions in the disc of NGC 0628. Eleven positions were
selected over the radial cut, including the centre, and remaining nine
positions were selected across the southern and northern arms of the galaxy. 13
out of 20 positions are brighter at 24micron and ultraviolet (UV) emission and
hosting significantly more HII regions compared to the rest of the positions
indicating opposite characteristics. Our line ratio analysis shows that the gas
gets warmer and thinner as a function of radius from the galaxy centre up to
1.7 kpc, and then the ratios start to fluctuate. Our empirical and model
results suggest that the UV-bright positions have colder and thinner CO gas
with higher hydrogen and CO column densities. However, the UV-dim positions
have relatively warmer CO gas with lower densities bathed in GMCs surrounded by
less number of HII regions. Analysis of multi-wavelength infrared and UV data
indicates that the UV-bright positions have higher star formation efficiency
than that of the UV-dim positions.


  This paper presents a proof-of-principle scheme for the protective
measurement of a single photon. In this scheme, the photon is looped
arbitrarily many times through an optical stage that implements a weak
measurement of a polarization observable followed by a strong measurement
protecting the state. The ability of this scheme to realize a large number of
such interaction-protection steps means that the uncertainty in the measurement
result can be drastically reduced while maintaining a sufficient probability
for the photon to survive the measurement.


  This study demonstrates the potential to generate a soft X-ray single-cycle
attosecond pulse using a single-cycle mid-infrared pulse from the advanced
dual-chirped optical parametric amplification. Supercontinuum high harmonic
(HH) spectrum was generated in argon (80 eV - 160 eV) and neon (150 eV - 270
eV). The experimental spectra reasonably agree with those calculated by the
strong-field approximation model and Maxwell's equations. In addition,
simulation results indicate that the dispersion of HHs in argon can be
compensated using a 207-nm Zr filter to obtain 40 as pulses (1.1 cycles at 118
eV). For neon, a 278-nm Sn filter can compensate for dispersion of HH and
create 23 as pulses (1.1 cycles at 206 eV). This soft X-ray single-cycle
attosecond pulse is expected to be highly valuable for ultrafast science and
applications in quantum information science.


  Recent works have demonstrated that large quantum circuits can be cut and
decomposed into smaller clusters of quantum circuits with fewer qubits that can
be executed independently on a small quantum computer. Classical
post-processing then combines the results from each cluster to reconstruct the
output of the original quantum circuit. However, the runtime for such hybrid
quantum-classical algorithms is exponential in the number of cuts on a circuit.
We propose Rotation-Inspired Circuit Cut Optimization (RICCO), an alternative
method which reduces the post-processing overhead of circuit cutting, at the
cost of having to solve an optimization problem. RICCO introduces unitary
rotations at cut locations to rotate the quantum state such that expectation
values with respect to one set of observables are maximized and others are set
to zero. We demonstrate practical application of RICCO to VQE by classically
simulating a small instance of VQE and comparing it to one of the existing
circuit-cutting methods.


  Structural and magnetic chiralities are found to coexist in a small group of
materials in which they produce intriguing phenomenologies such as the recently
discovered skyrmion phases. Here, we describe a previously unknown
manifestation of this interplay in MnSb2O6, a trigonal oxide with a chiral
crystal structure. Unlike all other known cases, the MnSb2O6 magnetic structure
is based on co-rotating cycloids rather than helices. The coupling to the
structural chirality is provided by a magnetic axial vector, related to the
so-called vector chirality. We show that this unique arrangement is the
magnetic ground state of the symmetric-exchange Hamiltonian, based on ab-initio
theoretical calculations of the Heisenberg exchange interactions, and is
stabilised by out-of-plane anisotropy. MnSb2O6 is predicted to be multiferroic
with a unique ferroelectric switching mechanism.


  Effect of anharmonicity of a cage potential for a magnetic ion vibrating in a
metal is investigated by the numerical renormalization group method. The cage
potential is assumed to be one-dimensional and of the double-well type. In the
absence of the Coulomb interaction, we find continuous crossover among the
three limiting cases: Yu-Anderson-type Kondo regime, the double-well-type Kondo
one, and the renormalized Fermi chain one. In the entire parameter space of the
double-well potential, the ground state is described by a local Fermi liquid.
In the Yu-Anderson-type Kondo regime, a quantum phase transition to the ground
state with odd parity takes place passing through the two-channel Kondo fixed
point when the Coulomb interaction increases. Therefore, the vibration of a
magnetic ion in an oversized cage structure is a promising route to the
two-channel Kondo effect.


  We translate the paper De Integralibus quibusdam definitis, seriebusque
infinitis


  LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) is an innovative radio telescope optimized for
the frequency range 30-240 MHz. The telescope is realized as a phased aperture
array without any moving parts. Digital beam forming allows the telescope to
point to any part of the sky within a second. Transient buffering makes
retrospective imaging of explosive short-term events possible. The scientific
focus of LOFAR will initially be on four key science projects (KSPs): 1)
detection of the formation of the very first stars and galaxies in the universe
during the so-called epoch of reionization by measuring the power spectrum of
the neutral hydrogen 21-cm line (Shaver et al. 1999) on the ~5' scale; 2)
low-frequency surveys of the sky with of order $10^8$ expected new sources; 3)
all-sky monitoring and detection of transient radio sources such as gamma-ray
bursts, x-ray binaries, and exo-planets (Farrell et al. 2004); and 4) radio
detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos (Falcke & Gorham 2003)
allowing for the first time access to particles beyond 10^21 eV (Scholten et
al. 2006). Apart from the KSPs open access for smaller projects is also
planned. Here we give a brief description of the telescope.


  In this paper we aim at constructing a sequence
$\{\mathsf{M}_n^k(x)\}_{n\ge0}$ of $\mathbb R_{0,m}$-valued polynomials which
are monogenic in $\mathbb R^{m+1}$ satisfying the Appell condition (i.e. the
hypercomplex derivative of each polynomial in the sequence equals, up to a
multiplicative constant, its preceding term) but whose first term
$\mathsf{M}_0^k(x)=\mathbf{P}_k(\underline x)$ is a $\mathbb R_{0,m}$-valued
homogeneous monogenic polynomial in $\mathbb R^m$ of degree $k$ and not a
constant like in the classical case. The connection of this sequence with the
so-called Fueter's theorem will also be discussed.


  SS433, located at the center of the supernova remnant W50, is a close
proximity binary system consisting of a compact star and a normal star. Jets of
material are directed outwards from the vicinity of the compact star
symmetrically to the east and west. Non-thermal hard X-ray emission is detected
from lobes lying on both sides. Shock accelerated electrons are expected to
generate sub-TeV gamma rays through the inverse-Compton process in the lobes.
Observations of the western X-ray lobe region of SS433/W50 system have been
performed to detect sub-TeV gamma-rays using the 10m CANGAROO-II telescope in
August and September, 2001, and July and September, 2002. The total observation
times are 85.2 hours for ON source, and 80.8 hours for OFF source data. No
significant excess of sub-TeV gamma rays has been found at 3 regions of the
western X-ray lobe of SS433/W50 system. We have derived 99% confidence level
upper limits to the fluxes of gamma rays and have set constraints on the
strengths of the magnetic fields assuming the synchrotron/inverse-Compton model
for the wide energy range of photon spectrum from radio to TeV. The derived
lower limits are 4.3 microgauss for the center of the brightest X-ray emission
region and 6.3 microgauss for the far end from SS433 in the western X-ray lobe.
In addition, we suggest that the spot-like X-ray emission may provide a major
contribution to the hardest X-ray spectrum in the lobe.


  We study the formation of spontaneous spin polarization in inhomogeneous
electron systems with pair interaction localized in a small region that is not
separated by a barrier from surrounding gas of non-interacting electrons. Such
a system is interesting as a minimal model of a quantum point contact, in which
the electron-electron interaction is strong in a small constriction coupled to
electron reservoirs without barriers. Based on the analysis of the grand
potential within the self-consistent field approximation, we find that the
formation of the polarized state strongly differs from the Bloch or Stoner
transition in homogeneous interacting systems. The main difference is that a
metastable state appears in the critical point in addition to the globally
stable state, so that when the interaction parameter exceeds a critical value,
two states coexist. One state has spin polarization and the other is
unpolarized. Another feature is that the spin polarization increases
continuously with the interaction parameter and has a square-root singularity
in the critical point. We study the critical conditions and the grand
potentials of the polarized and unpolarized states for one-dimensional and
two-dimensional models in the case of extremely small size of the interaction
region.


  We study the effect of parameter fluctuations on synchronization of a coupled
chaotic system. The fluctuations to the parameter can be random or it can be a
periodic modulation. For random fluctuations we introduce a new quantity, the
\emph{rate of fluctuations}, apart from the statistical features of the
fluctuations. Fluctuation rate in our study refers to the number of random
modifications to parameters occurring in unit time. With a periodic modulation,
the fluctuation rates can be the frequency of the modulating term. It is found
that with high fluctuation rates the synchronization is stable irrespective of
the statistical or mathematical features of fluctuation. It was also found that
the low fluctuation rates can destroy synchronization even with a small
amplitude. We analytically explain the observed phenomenon using the dynamical
equations and numerically verified with a coupled system of Rossler attractor
as an example. We also numerically quantify the relation between
synchronization error and fluctuation rates.


  High-energy backward ($u$-channel) reactions can involve very large momentum
transfers to the target baryons, shifting them by many units of rapidity. These
reactions are difficult to understand in conventional models in which baryon
number is carried by the valence quarks. Backward Compton scattering is an
especially attractive experimental target, because of its simple final state.
There is currently limited data on this process, and that data is at low
center-of-mass energies. In this paper, we examine the prospects for studying
backward Compton scattering at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). We model
the cross-section and kinematics using the limited data on backward Compton
scattering and backward meson production, and then simulate Compton scattering
at EIC energies, in a simple model of the ePIC detector. Generally, the proton
is scattered toward mid-rapidity, while the produced photon is in the
far-forward region, visible in a Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC). We show that
the background from backward $\pi^0$ production can be rejected using a
high-resolution, well-segmented ZDC.


  The breaking of orbital degeneracy on a transition metal cation and the
resulting unequal electronic occupations of these orbitals provide a powerful
lever over electron density and spin ordering inmetal oxides. Here, we use ab
initio calculations to show that reversibly modulating the orbital populations
on Mn atoms can be achieved at ferroelectric/manganite interfaces by the
presence of ferroelectric polarization on the nanoscale. The change in orbital
occupation can be as large as 10%, greatly exceeding that of bulk manganites.
This reversible orbital splitting is in large part controlled by the
propagation of ferroelectric polar displacements into the interfacial region, a
structural motif absent in the bulk and unique to the interface. We use
epitaxial thin film growth and scanning transmission electron microscopy to
verify this key interfacial polar distortion and discuss the potential of
reversible control of orbital polarization via nanoscale ferroelectrics.


  We derive a mixture theory-based mathematical model of the degradation of a
poroelastic solid immersed in a fluid bath. The evolution of the solid's
mechanical and transport properties are also modeled. The inspiration for the
model is the study of the temporal evolution of biodegradable Tissue Engineered
Nerve Guides (TENGs), which are surgical implants supporting the alignment and
re-growth of damaged nerves. The model comprises of the degrading solid, the
degradation reaction products, and the fluid in which the solid is immersed.
The weak formulation of the partial differential equations (PDEs) so derived is
numerically implemented using a Finite Element Method (FEM). The numerical
model is studied for stability and convergence rates using the Method of
Manufactured Solutions.


  Suppose $G$ is a real reductive group. The determination of the irreducible
unitary representations of $G$ is one of the major unsolved problem in
representation theory. There is evidence to suggest that every irreducible
unitary representation of $G$ can be constructed through a sequence of
well-understood operations from a finite set of building blocks, called the
unipotent representations. These representations are `attached' (in a certain
mysterious sense) to the nilpotent orbits of $G$ on the dual space of its Lie
algebra. Inside this finite set is a still smaller set, consisting of the
unipotent representations attached to non-induced nilpotent orbits. In this
paper, we prove that in many cases this smaller set generates (through a
suitable kind of induction) all unipotent representations.


  A recent D-brane model designed to accommodate a phenomenologically
acceptable fourth generation of chiral fermions was noted to produce an
unexpected additional unbroken nonanomalous U(1) gauge group at the string
scale. We show that the corresponding charges acting on MSSM fields count
baryon and lepton numbers. If broken spontaneously at lower scales, these
U(1)_B and U(1)_L symmetries provide potential avenues for preserving
baryogenesis while nonetheless explaining the suppression of proton decay
(without the need for R parity), as well as the smallness of right-handed
neutrino Majorana masses compared to the string scale.


  Nuclear resonant x-ray diffraction in grazing incidence geometry is used to
determine the lateral magnetic configuration in a one-dimensional lattice of
ferromagnetic nanostripes. During magnetic reversal, strong nuclear
superstructure diffraction peaks appear in addition to the electronic ones due
to an antiferromagnetic order in the nanostripe lattice. We show that the
analysis of the angular distribution of the resonantly diffracted x-rays
together with the time-dependence of the coherently diffracted nuclear signal
reveals surface spin structures with very high sensitivity. This novel
scattering technique provides a unique access to laterally correlated spin
configurations in magnetically ordered nanostructures and, in perspective, also
to their dynamics.


  In this article we present a novel staggered semi-implicit hybrid
finite-volume/finite-element (FV/FE) method for the resolution of weakly
compressible flows in two and three space dimensions. The pressure-based
methodology introduced in Berm\'udez et al. 2014 and Busto et al. 2018 for
viscous incompressible flows is extended here to solve the compressible
Navier-Stokes equations. Instead of considering the classical system including
the energy conservation equation, we replace it by the pressure evolution
equation written in non-conservative form. To ease the discretization of
complex spatial domains, face-type unstructured staggered meshes are
considered. A projection method allows the decoupling of the computation of the
density and linear momentum variables from the pressure. Then, an explicit
finite volume scheme is used for the resolution of the transport diffusion
equations on the dual mesh, whereas the pressure system is solved implicitly by
using continuous finite elements defined on the primal simplex mesh.
Consequently, the CFL stability condition depends only on the flow velocity,
avoiding the severe time restrictions that might be imposed by the sound
velocity in the weakly compressible regime. High order of accuracy in space and
time of the transport diffusion stage is attained using a local ADER (LADER)
methodology. Moreover, also the CVC Kolgan-type second order in space and first
order in time scheme is considered. To prevent spurious oscillations in the
presence of shocks, an ENO-based reconstruction, the minmod limiter or the
Barth-Jespersen limiter are employed. To show the validity and robustness of
our novel staggered semi-implicit hybrid FV/FE scheme, several benchmarks are
analysed, showing a good agreement with available exact solutions and numerical
reference data from low Mach numbers, up to Mach numbers of the order of unity.


  We study the problem of generating keyphrases that summarize the key points
for a given document. While sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models have achieved
remarkable performance on this task (Meng et al., 2017), model training often
relies on large amounts of labeled data, which is only applicable to
resource-rich domains. In this paper, we propose semi-supervised keyphrase
generation methods by leveraging both labeled data and large-scale unlabeled
samples for learning. Two strategies are proposed. First, unlabeled documents
are first tagged with synthetic keyphrases obtained from unsupervised keyphrase
extraction methods or a selflearning algorithm, and then combined with labeled
samples for training. Furthermore, we investigate a multi-task learning
framework to jointly learn to generate keyphrases as well as the titles of the
articles. Experimental results show that our semi-supervised learning-based
methods outperform a state-of-the-art model trained with labeled data only.


  We present the complete calculation of the transverse momentum distribution
for the decay b-> s gamma. The contributions of the leading operator O_7 are
computed: infrared logarithms are resummed with next-to-leading accuracy
according to usual techniques of resummation. Non logarithmic terms are
evaluated to O(alpha_S) by calculating one loop diagrams.


  This essay discusses some geometric effects associated with gravitomagnetic
fields and gravitomagnetic charge as well as the gravity theory of the latter.
Gravitomagnetic charge is the duality of gravitoelectric charge (mass) and is
therefore also termed the dual mass which represents the topological property
of gravitation. The field equation of gravitomagnetic matter is suggested and a
static spherically symmetric solution of this equation is offered. A possible
explanation of the anomalous acceleration acting on Pioneer spacecrafts are
briefly proposed.


  We developed a method to calculate positions and widths of three-body
resonances. The method combines the hyperspherical adiabatic approach, slow
variable discretization method (Tolstikhin et al., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt.
Phys. 29, L389 (1996)), and a complex absorbing potential. The method can be
used to obtain resonances having short-range or long-range wave functions. In
particular, we applied the method to obtain very shallow three-body Efimov
resonances for a model system (Nielsen et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 012705 (2002)).


  We highlight the general notion of a relative quantum field theory, which
occurs in several contexts. One is in gauge theory based on a compact Lie
algebra, rather than a compact Lie group. This is relevant to the maximal
superconformal theory in six dimensions.


  In this paper, we study the relation between the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY)
formula and the maximal-helicity-violating (MHV) amplitudes of Yang-Mills and
gravity in four dimensions. We prove that only one special rational solution of
the scattering equations found by Weinzierl support the MHV amplitudes. Namely,
localized at this solution, the integrated CHY formula reproduces the
Parke-Taylor formula for Yang-Mills amplitudes as well as the Hodges formula
for gravitational amplitudes. This is achieved by developing techniques, in a
manifestly M\"obius covariant formalism, to explicitly compute relevant reduced
Pfaffians/determinants. We observe and prove two interesting properties (or
identities), which facilitate the computations. We also check that all the
other $(n-3)!-1$ solutions to the scattering equations do not support the MHV
amplitudes, and prove analytically that this is indeed true for the other
special rational solution proposed by Weinzierl, that actually supports the
anti-MHV amplitudes.


  We have searched nearly 40,000 inorganic solids in the Inorganic Crystal
Structural Database to identify compounds containing a transition metal or rare
earth kagom\'e sublattice, a geometrically magnetically frustrated lattice,
ultimately identifying $\sim$500 materials. A broad analysis of the chemical
and structural trends of these materials shows three types of kagom\'e sheet
stacking and several classes of magnetic complexity. Following the search and
classification, we rapidly screen the magnetic properties of a subset of the
materials using density functional theory to eliminate those that are unlikely
to exhibit magnetic frustration. From the results of our computational
screening, we rediscover six materials that have previously been explored for
their low temperature magnetic behavior, albeit showing symmetry breaking
distortions, spin glass behavior, or magnetic ordering. However, all are
materials with antiferromagnetic behavior, which we correctly predict. Finally,
we also report three materials that appear to be unexplored for their magnetic
properties.


  What does human gaze reveal about a users' intents and to which extend can
these intents be inferred or even visualized? Gaze was proposed as an implicit
source of information to predict the target of visual search and, more
recently, to predict the object class and attributes of the search target. In
this work, we go one step further and investigate the feasibility of combining
recent advances in encoding human gaze information using deep convolutional
neural networks with the power of generative image models to visually decode,
i.e. create a visual representation of, the search target. Such visual decoding
is challenging for two reasons: 1) the search target only resides in the user's
mind as a subjective visual pattern, and can most often not even be described
verbally by the person, and 2) it is, as of yet, unclear if gaze fixations
contain sufficient information for this task at all. We show, for the first
time, that visual representations of search targets can indeed be decoded only
from human gaze fixations. We propose to first encode fixations into a semantic
representation and then decode this representation into an image. We evaluate
our method on a recent gaze dataset of 14 participants searching for clothing
in image collages and validate the model's predictions using two human studies.
Our results show that 62% (Chance level = 10%) of the time users were able to
select the categories of the decoded image right. In our second studies we show
the importance of a local gaze encoding for decoding visual search targets of
user


  It is shown that the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra over any field has no
one 15-dimensional subalgebra. Canonical bases are used throughout the
determination.


  In this work, a novel Dynamic Movement Primitive (DMP) formulation is
proposed which supports reversibility, i.e. backwards reproduction of a learned
trajectory. Apart from sharing all favourable properties of the original DMP,
decoupling the teaching of position and velocity profiles and bidirectional
drivability along the encoded path are also supported. Original DMP have been
extensively used for encoding and reproducing a desired motion pattern in
several robotic applications. However, they lack reversibility, which is a
useful and expedient property that can be leveraged in many scenarios. The
proposed formulation is analyzed theoretically and its practical usefulness is
showcased in an assembly by insertion experimental scenario.


  Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality can give values between the classical
bound, 2, and Tsirelson's bound, 2 \sqrt 2. However, for a given set of local
observables, there are values in this range which no quantum state can attain.
We provide the analytical expression for the corresponding bound for a
parametrization of the local observables introduced by Filipp and Svozil, and
describe how to experimentally trace it using a source of singlet states. Such
an experiment will be useful to identify the origin of the experimental errors
in Bell's inequality-type experiments and could be modified to detect
hypothetical correlations beyond those predicted by quantum mechanics.


  The concept of matrix rigidity was introduced by Valiant(independently by
Grigoriev) in the context of computing linear transformations. A matrix is
rigid if it is far(in terms of Hamming distance) from any matrix of low rank.
Although we know rigid matrices exist, obtaining explicit constructions of
rigid matrices have remained a long-standing open question. This decade has
seen tremendous progress towards understanding matrix rigidity. In the past,
several matrices such as Hadamard matrices and Fourier matrices were
conjectured to be rigid. Very recently, many of these matrices were shown to
have low rigidity. Further, several explicit constructions of rigid matrices in
classes such as $E$ and $P^{NP}$ were obtained recently. Among other things,
matrix rigidity has found striking connections to areas as disparate as
communication complexity, data structure lower bounds and error-correcting
codes. In this survey, we present a selected set of results that highlight
recent progress on matrix rigidity and its remarkable connections to other
areas in theoretical computer science.


  The goal of constrained multiobjective evolutionary optimization is to obtain
a set of well-converged and welldistributed feasible solutions. To complete
this goal, there should be a tradeoff among feasibility, diversity, and
convergence. However, it is nontrivial to balance these three elements
simultaneously by using a single tradeoff model since the importance of each
element varies in different evolutionary phases. As an alternative, we adapt
different tradeoff models in different phases and propose a novel algorithm
called ATM-R. In the infeasible phase, ATM-R takes the tradeoff between
diversity and feasibility into account, aiming to move the population toward
feasible regions from diverse search directions. In the semi-feasible phase,
ATM-R promotes the transition from "the tradeoff between feasibility and
diversity" to "the tradeoff between diversity and convergence", which can
facilitate the discovering of enough feasible regions and speed up the search
for the feasible Pareto optima in succession. In the feasible phase, the
tradeoff between diversity and convergence is considered to attain a set of
well-converged and well-distributed feasible solutions. It is worth noting that
the merits of reference points are leveraged in ATM-R to accomplish these
tradeoff models. Also, in ATM-R, a multiphase mating selection strategy is
developed to generate promising solutions beneficial to different evolutionary
phases. Systemic experiments on a wide range of benchmark test functions
demonstrate that ATM-R is effective and competitive, compared against five
state-of-the-art constrained multiobjective optimization evolutionary
algorithms.


  Adiabatic regularization is a method to remove UV divergences in quantum
fields in curved spacetime. For relic gravitational wave generated during
inflation, regularization on all $k$-modes of the power spectrum to 2nd
adiabatic order, and of the energy density and pressure to 4th order,
respectively, causes low-frequency distortions. To avoid these, we regularize
only the short modes inside the horizon during inflation (corresponding to the
present frequencies $f \gtrsim 10^{9}$Hz), and keep the long modes intact.
Doing this does not violate the energy conservation since the $k$-modes of RGW
are independent of each other during inflation. The resulting spectra are UV
convergent and simultaneously free of low-frequency distortion, and these
properties remain in the present spectra after evolution, in contrast to
regularization at the present time which has some distortion or irregularities.
The spectra generally exhibit quick oscillations in frequency domain, even if
the initial spectra during inflation have no oscillations. This pattern is due
to the interference between the positive and negative frequency modes developed
during cosmic expansion, and may be probed by future RGW detections.


  (ABRIDGED) We show that Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are formed within both
very young and old stellar populations, with observed rates that depend on the
stellar mass and mean star-formation rates (SFRs) of their host galaxies.
Models where the SN Ia rate depends solely on host galaxy stellar mass are
ruled out with 99% confidence. Our analysis is based on 100
spectroscopically-confirmed SNe Ia, plus 24 photometrically-classified events,
all from the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) and distributed over 0.2<z<0.75.
Using multi-band photometry, we estimate stellar masses and SFRs for the SN Ia
host galaxies by fitting their broad-band spectral energy distributions with
the galaxy spectral synthesis code, PEGASE.2. We show that the SN Ia rate per
unit mass is proportional to the specific SFR of the parent galaxies -- more
vigorously star-forming galaxies host more SNe Ia per unit stellar mass,
broadly equivalent to the trend of increasing SN Ia rate in later-type galaxies
seen in the local universe. Following earlier suggestions for a simple
"two-component" model approximating the SN Ia rate, we find bivariate linear
dependencies of the SN Ia rate on both the stellar masses and the mean SFRs of
the host systems. We also demonstrate a dependence of distant SN Ia light-curve
shapes on star-formation in the host galaxy, similar to trends observed
locally. Passive galaxies, with no star-formation, preferentially host
faster-declining/dimmer SNe Ia, while slower-declining/brighter events are only
found in systems with ongoing star-formation. We model the light-curve width
distribution in star-forming galaxies as the sum of a young component, and an
old component taken from the distribution in non-star-forming galaxies.


  A graph is $(d_1, ..., d_r)$-colorable if its vertex set can be partitioned
into $r$ sets $V_1, ..., V_r$ so that the maximum degree of the graph induced
by $V_i$ is at most $d_i$ for each $i\in \{1, ..., r\}$. For a given pair $(g,
d_1)$, the question of determining the minimum $d_2=d_2(g; d_1)$ such that
planar graphs with girth at least $g$ are $(d_1, d_2)$-colorable has attracted
much interest. The finiteness of $d_2(g; d_1)$ was known for all cases except
when $(g, d_1)=(5, 1)$. Montassier and Ochem explicitly asked if $d_2(5; 1)$ is
finite. We answer this question in the affirmative with $d_2(5; 1)\leq 10$;
namely, we prove that all planar graphs with girth at least $5$ are $(1,
10)$-colorable. Moreover, our proof extends to the statement that for any
surface $S$ of Euler genus $\gamma$, there exists a $K=K(\gamma)$ where graphs
with girth at least $5$ that are embeddable on $S$ are $(1, K)$-colorable. On
the other hand, there is no finite $k$ where planar graphs (and thus embeddable
on any surface) with girth at least $5$ are $(0, k)$-colorable.


  The properties of the vacuum are addressed in the two- and four-dimensional
quark models for QCD. It is demonstrated that the two-dimensional QCD ('t Hooft
model) possesses only one possible vacuum state - the solution to the mass-gap
equation, which provides spontaneous breaking of the chiral symmetry (SBCS). On
the contrary, the four-dimensional theory with confinement modeled by the
linear potential supplied by the Coulomb OGE interaction, not only has the
chirally-noninvariant ground vacuum state, but it possesses an excited vacuum
replica, which also exhibits SBCS and can realize as a metastable intermediate
state of hadronic systems. We discuss the influence of the latter on physical
observables as well as on the possibility to probe the vacuum background fields
in QCD.


  We present a new numerical code to compute non-axisymmetric eigenmodes of
rapidly rotating relativistic stars by adopting spatially conformally flat
approximation of general relativity. The approximation suppresses the radiative
degree of freedom of relativistic gravity and the field equations are cast into
a set of elliptic equations. The code is tested against the low-order f- and
p-modes of slowly rotating stars for which a good agreement is observed in
frequencies computed by our new code and those computed by the full theory.
Entire sequences of the low order counter-rotating f-modes are computed, which
are susceptible to an instability driven by gravitational radiation.


  The $\Delta$-isobar degrees of freedom are included in the covariant
  density functional (CDF) theory to study the equation of state (EoS)
  and composition of dense matter in compact stars. In addition to
  $\Delta$'s we include the full octet of baryons, which allows us to
  study the interplay between the onset of delta isobars and hyperonic
  degrees of freedom. Using both the Hartree and Hartree-Fock
  approximation we find that $\Delta$'s appear already at densities
  slightly above the saturation density of nuclear matter for a wide
  range of the meson-$\Delta$ coupling constants. This delays the
  appearance of hyperons and significantly affects the gross
  properties of compact stars. Specifically, $\Delta$'s soften the
  EoS at low densities but stiffen it at high densities. This
  softening reduces the radius of a canonical $1.4 M_\odot$ star by up
  to 2~km for a reasonably attractive $\Delta$ potential in matter,
  while the stiffening results in larger maximum masses of compact
  stars. We conclude that the hypernuclear CDF parametrizations that
  satisfy the 2$M_\odot$ maximum mass constraint remain valid when
  $\Delta$ isobars are included, with the important consequence that
  the resulting stellar radii are shifted toward lower values, which
  is in agreement with the analysis of neutron star radii.


  We consider a modified Lotka-Volterra model applied to the predator-prey
system that can also be applied to other areas, for instance the bank system.
We show that the model is well-posed (non-negativity of solutions and
conservation law) and study the local stability using different methods.
Firstly we consider the continuous model, after which the numerical schemes of
Euler and Mickens are investigated. Finally, the model is described using
Caputo fractional derivatives. For the fractional model, besides well-posedness
and local stability, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solution.
Throughout the work we compare the results graphically and present our
conclusions. To represent graphically the solutions of the fractional model we
use the modified trapezoidal method that involves the modified Euler method.


  Recent progress in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) has seen the latest
models outperform human performance on many standard tasks. These impressive
results have led the community to introspect on dataset limitations, and
iterate on more nuanced challenges. In this paper, we introduce the task of
HeadLine Grouping (HLG) and a corresponding dataset (HLGD) consisting of 20,056
pairs of news headlines, each labeled with a binary judgement as to whether the
pair belongs within the same group. On HLGD, human annotators achieve high
performance of around 0.9 F-1, while current state-of-the art Transformer
models only reach 0.75 F-1, opening the path for further improvements. We
further propose a novel unsupervised Headline Generator Swap model for the task
of HeadLine Grouping that achieves within 3 F-1 of the best supervised model.
Finally, we analyze high-performing models with consistency tests, and find
that models are not consistent in their predictions, revealing modeling limits
of current architectures.


  In this article, we develop a new adaptive event-triggered asymptotic control
scheme for strict-feedback systems with fast time-varying parameters. To deal
with time-varying parameters with unknown variation boundaries in the feedback
path and the input path, we construct three adaptive laws for parameter
estimation, two for the uncertain parameters in the feedback path and one for
the uncertain parameters in the input path. In particular, two sets of tuning
functions are introduced to avoid over-parametrization. Additionally, an
event-triggering mechanism is embedded in this adaptive control framework to
reduce the data transmission from the controller to the actuator. We also
introduce a soft sign function to handle the perturbations caused by sampling
errors to achieve asymptotic stability and avoid the so-called parameter drift.
The stability analysis shows that the closed-loop system is globally uniformly
asymptotically stable and the Zeno behavior can be excluded. Simulation results
verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed adaptive scheme.


  We analyzed the combined near-infrared spectrum of a star-planet system with
thermal emission atmospheric models, based on the composition and physical
parameters of the system. The main objective of this work is to obtain the
inclination of the orbit, the mass of the exoplanet, and the planet-to-star
flux ratio. We present the results of our routines on the planetary system HD
217107, which was observed with the high-resolution spectrograph Phoenix at
2.14 microns. We revisited and tuned a correlation method to directly search
for the high-resolution signature of a known non-transiting extrasolar planet.
We could not detect the planet with our current data, but we present
sensitivity estimates of our method and the respective constraints on the
planetary parameters. With a confidence level of 3--$\sigma$ we constrain the
HD 217107 b planet-to-star flux ratio to be less than $5 \times 10^{-3}$. We
also carried out simulations on other planet candidates to assess the
detectability limit of atmospheric water on realistically simulated data sets
for this instrument, and we outline an optimized observational and selection
strategy to increase future probabilities of success by considering the optimal
observing conditions and the most suitable candidates.


  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a versatile technique used to image
samples at the nanoscale. Conventional imaging by this technique relies on
finding the average intensity of the signal generated on a detector by
secondary electrons (SEs) emitted from the sample and is subject to noise due
to variations in the voltage signal from the detector. This noise can result in
degradation of the SEM image quality for a given imaging dose. SE count
imaging, which uses the direct count of SEs detected from the sample instead of
the average signal intensity, would overcome this limitation and lead to
improvement in SEM image quality. In this paper, we implement an SE count
imaging scheme by synchronously outcoupling the detector and beam scan signals
from the microscope and using custom code to count detected SEs. We demonstrate
a ~30% increase in the image signal-to-noise-ratio due to SE counting compared
to conventional imaging. The only external hardware requirement for this
imaging scheme is an oscilloscope fast enough to accurately sample the detector
signal for SE counting, making the scheme easily implementable on any SEM.


  What sorts of structure might enable a learner to discover classes from
unlabeled data? Traditional approaches rely on feature-space similarity and
heroic assumptions on the data. In this paper, we introduce unsupervised
learning under Latent Label Shift (LLS), where we have access to unlabeled data
from multiple domains such that the label marginals $p_d(y)$ can shift across
domains but the class conditionals $p(\mathbf{x}|y)$ do not. This work
instantiates a new principle for identifying classes: elements that shift
together group together. For finite input spaces, we establish an isomorphism
between LLS and topic modeling: inputs correspond to words, domains to
documents, and labels to topics. Addressing continuous data, we prove that when
each label's support contains a separable region, analogous to an anchor word,
oracle access to $p(d|\mathbf{x})$ suffices to identify $p_d(y)$ and
$p_d(y|\mathbf{x})$ up to permutation. Thus motivated, we introduce a practical
algorithm that leverages domain-discriminative models as follows: (i) push
examples through domain discriminator $p(d|\mathbf{x})$; (ii) discretize the
data by clustering examples in $p(d|\mathbf{x})$ space; (iii) perform
non-negative matrix factorization on the discrete data; (iv) combine the
recovered $p(y|d)$ with the discriminator outputs $p(d|\mathbf{x})$ to compute
$p_d(y|x) \; \forall d$. With semi-synthetic experiments, we show that our
algorithm can leverage domain information to improve upon competitive
unsupervised classification methods. We reveal a failure mode of standard
unsupervised classification methods when feature-space similarity does not
indicate true groupings, and show empirically that our method better handles
this case. Our results establish a deep connection between distribution shift
and topic modeling, opening promising lines for future work.


  Conversational recommendation system (CRS) is emerging as a user-friendly way
to capture users' dynamic preferences over candidate items and attributes.
Multi-shot CRS is designed to make recommendations multiple times until the
user either accepts the recommendation or leaves at the end of their patience.
Existing works are trained with reinforcement learning (RL), which may suffer
from unstable learning and prohibitively high demands for computing. In this
work, we propose a simple and efficient CRS, MInimalist Non-reinforced
Interactive COnversational Recommender Network (MINICORN). MINICORN models the
epistemic uncertainty of the estimated user preference and queries the user for
the attribute with the highest uncertainty. The system employs a simple network
architecture and makes the query-vs-recommendation decision using a single
rule. Somewhat surprisingly, this minimalist approach outperforms
state-of-the-art RL methods on three real-world datasets by large margins. We
hope that MINICORN will serve as a valuable baseline for future research.


  We analyze the convergence to equilibrium in a family of Kac-like kinetic
equations in multiple space dimensions. These equations describe the change of
the velocity distribution in a spatially homogeneous gas due to binary
collisions between the particles. We consider a general linear mechanism for
the exchange of the particles' momenta, with interaction coefficients that are
random matrices with a distribution that is {independent} of the velocities of
the colliding particles. Applying a synthesis of probabilistic methods and
Fourier analysis, we are able to identify sufficient conditions for the
existence and uniqueness of a stationary state, we characterize this stationary
state as a mixture of Gaussian distributions, and we prove equilibration of
transient solutions under minimal hypotheses on the initial conditions. In
particular, we are able to classify the high-energy tails of the stationary
distribution, which might be of Pareto type. We also discuss several examples
to which our theory applies, among them models with a non-symmetric stationary
state.


  In the early 1880s, Henri Poincar\'e discovered a new equilibrium figure for
uniformly-rotating fluid masses -- the pear, or piriform figure -- and
speculated that in certain circumstances the pear splits into two unequal
parts, and provides thereby a model for the origin of binary stars. The
contemporary emergence of photometric and spectroscopic studies of variable
stars fueled the first models of eclipsing binaries, and provided empirical
support for a realist view of equilibrium figures -- including the pear -- in
the cosmic realm. The paper reviews astrophysical interpretation of the
Poincar\'e pear and the Poincar\'e-Darwin fission hypothesis with respect to
research on variable stars from 1885 to 1901.


  In this work we study Liouville conformal blocks with degenerate primaries
and one operator in an irregular representation of the Virasoro algebra. Using
an algebraic approach, we derive modified BPZ equations satisfied by such
blocks and subsequently construct corresponding integral representations based
on integration over non-compact Lefschetz cycles. The integral representations
are then used to derive novel types of flat connections on the irregular
conformal block bundle.


  We study the cyclic $U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$-module generated by the $l$-th power
of the $\alpha$-determinant. When $l$ is a non-negative integer, for all but
finite exceptional values of $alpha$, one shows that this cyclic module is
isomorphic to the $n$-th tensor space $(S^l(\mathbb{C}^n))^{\otimes n}$ of the
symmetric $l$-th tensor space of $\mathbb{C}^n$. If $alpha$ is exceptional,
then the structure of the module changes drastically, i.e. some irreducible
representations which are the irreducible components of the decomposition of
$(S^l(\mathbb{C}^n))^{\otimes n}$ disappear in the decomposition of the cyclic
module. The degeneration of each isotypic component of the cyclic module is
described by a matrix whose size is given by a Kostka number and entries are
polynomials in $alpha$ with rational coefficients. As a special case, we
determine the matrix in a full of the detail for the case where $n=2$; the
matrix becomes a scalar and is essentially given by the classical Jacobi
polynomial. Moreover, we prove that these polynomials are unitary.


  Numerical simulations play an important role in current astronomy researches.
Previous dark-matter-only simulations have represented the large-scale
structure of the Universe. However, nowadays, hydro-dynamical simulations with
baryonic models, which can directly present realistic galaxies, may twist these
results from dark-matter-only simulations. In this chapter, we mainly focus on
these three statistical methods: power spectrum, two-point correlation function
and halo mass function, which are normally used to characterize the large-scale
structure of the Universe. We review how these baryon processes influence the
cosmology structures from very large scale to quasi-linear and non-linear
scales by comparing dark-matter-only simulations with their hydro-dynamical
counterparts. At last, we make a brief discussion on the impacts coming from
different baryon models and simulation codes.


  We propose a novel mechanism to reproduce the observed mass hierarchy for the
scalar mesons lighter than 1 GeV (called the inverse hierarchy) regarding them
as mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark ($q\bar{q}$ mesons). The source is
provided by the SU(3)-flavor symmetry-breaking induced by U(1) axial anomaly.
In particular, the anomaly term including the explicit-chiral symmetry-breaking
plays a significant role for the light scalar meson spectrum. To be concrete,
we construct a linear sigma model for the scalar mesons of $q\bar{q}$ type
together with their pseudoscalar chiral partners, including an anomaly-induced
explicit-chiral symmetry-breaking term. We find that, due to the proposed
mechanism, the inverse hierarchy, i.e., $m\left[ a_0 (980) \right] \simeq
m\left[ f_0 (980) \right] > m \left[ K_0^\ast (700) \right] > m \left[ f_0(500)
\right]$ is indeed realized. Consequently, the quark content of $f_0 (500)$ is
dominated by the isoscalar $\bar uu+ \bar dd$ component, and $f_0 (980)$ is by
the strange quark bilinear's, $s\bar{s}$.


  Version identification systems aim to detect different renditions of the same
underlying musical composition (loosely called cover songs). By learning to
encode entire recordings into plain vector embeddings, recent systems have made
significant progress in bridging the gap between accuracy and scalability,
which has been a key challenge for nearly two decades. In this work, we propose
to further narrow this gap by employing a set of data distillation techniques
that reduce the embedding dimensionality of a pre-trained state-of-the-art
model. We compare a wide range of techniques and propose new ones, from
classical dimensionality reduction to more sophisticated distillation schemes.
With those, we obtain 99% smaller embeddings that, moreover, yield up to a 3%
accuracy increase. Such small embeddings can have an important impact in
retrieval time, up to the point of making a real-world system practical on a
standalone laptop.


  This paper presents an analysis of building blocks propagation in
Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithm, which belongs to a new class of
metaheuristics drawing their inspiration from both biological evolution and
unitary evolution of quantum systems. The expected number of quantum
chromosomes matching a schema has been analyzed and a random variable
corresponding to this issue has been introduced. The results have been compared
with Simple Genetic Algorithm. Also, it has been presented how selected binary
quantum chromosomes cover a domain of one-dimensional fitness function.


  The present paper is a contribution to categorial index theory. Its main
result is the calculation of the Pfaffian line bundle of a certain family of
real Dirac operators as an object in the category of line bundles. Furthermore,
it is shown how string structures give rise to trivialisations of that
Pfaffian.


  We study the influence of proton-neutron (p-n) correlations on alpha-decay
width. It is shown from the analysis of alpha Q values that the p-n
correlations increase the penetration of the alpha particle through the Coulomb
barrier in the treatment following Gamow's formalism, and enlarges the total
alpha-decay width significantly.
  In particular, the isoscalar p-n interactions play an essential role in
enlarging the alpha-decay width.
  The so-called "alpha-condensate" in Z > 84 isotopes are related to the strong
p-n correlations.


  A quantum measuring instrument is constructed that utilises symmetry breaking
to enhance a microscopic signal. The entire quantum system consists of a
system-apparatus-environment triad that is composed of a small set of spin-1/2
particles. The apparatus is a ferromagnet that measures the $z$-component of a
single spin. A full quantum many-body calculation allows for a careful
examination of the loss of phase coherence, the formation and amplification of
system-apparatus correlations, the irreversibility of registration, the fault
tolerance, and the bias of the device.


  We discuss how greenhouse gases affect radiation transfer in Earth's
atmosphere. We explain how greenhouse gases like water vapor or carbon dioxide,
differ from non-greenhouse gases like nitrogen or oxygen. Using simple
thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, we show that a planet with sufficiently
high concentrations of greenhouse gases must develop a convecting troposphere.
The planet must also develop a non-convecting stratosphere above the
tropopause. In the simplest approximation of an atmosphere that is transparent
to sunlight and has frequency-independent opacity for thermal radiation, one
can find simple formulas for the tropopause altitude, and for the altitude
profiles of pressure and temperature. The troposphere is nearly isentropic and
the stratosphere is nearly isothermal. Earth's real atmosphere is much more
complicated but it does have a troposphere and a stratosphere. Between the
surface and the tropopause the entropy per kilogram of real tropospheric air
increases slowly with altitude. The entropy increases much more rapidly with
altitude in the stratosphere. The stratosphere has a nearly isothermal lower
part and a hotter upper part due to absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation
by ozone. The thermal opacity of the real atmosphere has a complicated
frequency dependence due to the hundreds of thousands of vibration-rotation
transitions of its greenhouse molecules. Unlike the simple model where nearly
all radiation to space originates at the tropopause altitude, radiation to
space from Earth's real atmosphere originates from both the surface and all
altitudes in the troposphere. A small additional amount of radiation originates
in the stratosphere. When these complications are taken into account, model
calculations of the thermal radiation spectrum at the top of the atmosphere can
hardly be distinguished from satellite observations.


  One-way quantum computation, also known as Cluster State Quantum Computation,
provides a robust and efficient tool to perform universal quantum computation
using only single-qubit projective measurements, given a highly entangled
cluster state. The cluster-state approach to quantum computation also leads to
certain practical advantages such as robustness against errors. In this paper,
we propose a SAW-driven One-Way Quantum Computation approach that is realizable
using a mentioned architecture and elements.


  Kaplan et al. and Hoffmann et al. developed influential scaling laws for the
optimal model size as a function of the compute budget, but these laws yield
substantially different predictions. We explain the discrepancy by reproducing
the Kaplan scaling law on two datasets (OpenWebText2 and RefinedWeb) and
identifying three factors causing the difference: last layer computational
cost, warmup duration, and scale-dependent optimizer tuning. With these factors
corrected, we obtain excellent agreement with the Hoffmann et al. (i.e.,
"Chinchilla") scaling law. Counter to a hypothesis of Hoffmann et al., we find
that careful learning rate decay is not essential for the validity of their
scaling law. As a secondary result, we derive scaling laws for the optimal
learning rate and batch size, finding that tuning the AdamW $\beta_2$ parameter
is essential at lower batch sizes.


  We introduce two notions of hyperbolicity for not necessarily K\"ahler even
balanced $n$-dimensional compact complex manifolds $X$. The first, called {\it
SKT hyperbolicity}, generalises Gromov's K\"ahler hyperbolicity by means of SKT
metrics. The second, called {\it Gauduchon hyperbolicity} by means of Gauduchon
metrics. Our first main result in this paper asserts that every SKT hyperbolic
$X$ is also Kobayashi/Brody hyperbolic and every Gauduchon hyperbolic $X$ is
divisorially hyperbolic. The second main result is to prove a vanishing theorem
for the $L^2$ harmonic spaces on the universal cover of a SKT hyperbolic
manifold.


  In heavy-ion collision experiments, the global collectivity of final-state
particles can be quantified by anisotropic flow coefficients ($v_n$). The
first-order flow coefficient, also referred to as the directed flow ($v_{1}$),
describes the collective sideward motion of produced particles and nuclear
fragments in heavy-ion collisions. It carries information on the very early
stage of the collision, especially at large pseudorapidity ($\eta$), where it
is believed to be generated during the nuclear passage time. Directed flow
therefore probes the onset of bulk collective dynamics during thermalization,
providing valuable experimental guidance to models of the pre-equilibrium
stage. In 2018, the Event Plane Detector (EPD) was installed in STAR and used
for the Beam Energy Scan phase-II (BES-II) data taking. The combination of EPD
($2.1 <|\eta|< 5.1$) and high-statistics BES-II data enables us to extend the
$v_{1}$ measurement to the forward and backward $\eta$ regions. In this paper,
we present the measurement of $v_{1}$ over a wide $\eta$ range in Au+Au
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 19.6 and 27 GeV using the STAR EPD. The results
of the analysis at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$19.6 GeV exhibit excellent consistency with
the previous PHOBOS measurement, while elevating the precision of the overall
measurement. The increased precision of the measurement also revealed finer
structures in heavy-ion collisions, including a potential observation of the
first-order event-plane decorrelation. Multiple physics models were compared to
the experimental results. Only a transport model and a three-fluid hybrid model
can reproduce a sizable $v_{1}$ at large $\eta$ as was observed experimentally.
The model comparison also indicates $v_{1}$ at large $\eta$ might be sensitive
to the QGP phase transition.


  Opinion dynamics is of paramount importance as it provides insights into the
complex dynamics of opinion propagation and social relationship adjustment. It
is assumed in most of the previous works that social relationships evolve much
faster than opinions. This is not always true in reality. We propose an
analytical approximation to study this issue for arbitrary time scales between
opinion adjustment and network evolution. To this end, the coefficient of
determination in statistics is introduced and a one-dimensional stable manifold
is analytically found, i.e., the most likely trajectory. With the aid of the
stable manifold, we further obtain the fate of opinions and the consensus time,
i.e., fixation probability and fixation time. We find that for in-group bias,
the more likely individuals are to adopt the popular opinion, the less likely
the majority opinion takes over the population, i.e., conformity inhibits the
domination of popular opinions. This counter-intuitive result can be
interpreted from a game perspective, in which in-group bias refers to a
coordination game and rewiring probability refers to a rescaling of the
selection intensity. Our work proposes an efficient approximation method to
foster the understanding of opinion dynamics in dynamical networks.