  Thanks to works by M. Kontsevich and A. Zorich followed by C. Boissy, we have
a classification of all Rauzy Classes of any given genus. It follows from these
works that Rauzy Classes are closed under the operation of inverting the
permutation. In this paper, we shall prove the existence of self-inverse
permutations in every Rauzy Class by giving an explicit construction of such an
element satisfying the sufficient conditions. We will also show that
self-inverse permutations are Lagrangian, meaning any suspension has its
vertical cycles span a Lagrangian subspace in homology. This will simplify the
proof of a lemma in a work by G. Forni. W. A. Veech proved a bound on the
number of distinct ergodic probability measures for a given minimal interval
exchange transformation. We verify that this bound is sharp by construcing
examples in each Rauzy Class.


  In the early phases of the product life cycle, the costs controls became a
major decision tool in the competitiveness of the companies due to the world
competition. After defining the problems related to this control difficulties,
we will present an approach using a concept of cost entity related to the
design and realization activities of the product. We will try to apply this
approach to the fields of the sand casting foundry. This work will highlight
the enterprise modelling difficulties (limits of a global cost modelling) and
some specifics limitations of the tool used for this development. Finally we
will discuss on the limits of a generic approach.


  A vector space S of linear operators between finite-dimensional vector spaces
U and V is called locally linearly dependent (in abbreviate form: LLD) when
every vector x in U is annihilated by a non-zero operator in S. By a duality
argument, one sees that studying LLD operator spaces amounts to studying vector
spaces of matrices with rank less than the number of columns, or,
alternatively, vector spaces of non-injective operators.
  In this article, this insight is used to obtain classification results for
LLD spaces of small dimension or large essential range (the essential range
being the sum of all the ranges of the operators in S). We show that such
classification theorems can be obtained by translating into the context of LLD
spaces Atkinson's classification of primitive spaces of bounded rank matrices;
we also obtain a new classification theorem for such spaces that covers a range
of dimensions for the essential range that is roughly twice as large as that in
Atkinson's theorem. In particular, we obtain a classification of all
4-dimensional LLD operator spaces for fields with more than 3 elements
(beforehand, such a classification was known only for algebraically closed
fields and in the context of primitive spaces of matrices of bounded rank).
  These results are applied to obtain improved upper bounds for the maximal
rank in a minimal LLD operator space.


  We investigate the linewidth of a quasi-continuous atom laser within a
semiclassical framework. In the high flux regime, the lasing mode can exhibit a
number of undesirable features such as density fluctuations. We show that the
output therefore has a complicated structure that can be somewhat simplified
using Raman outcoupling methods and energy-momentum selection rules. In the
weak outcoupling limit, we find that the linewidth of an atom laser is
instantaneously Fourier limited, but, due to the energy `chirp' associated with
the draining of a condensate, the long-term linewidth of an atom laser is
equivalent to the chemical potential of the condensate source. We show that
correctly sweeping the outcoupling frequency can recover the Fourier-limited
linewidth.


  We examine the Universe's transparency to gamma rays within a Lorentz
Invariance Violation (LIV) framework, focusing on photon subluminal quadratic
corrections driven by a high-energy scale. Based on an explicit calculation, we
provide a new expression for the cross section that overcomes the limitations
of previous approaches and refines existing constraints for the LIV scale,
while we introduce a new approximation that may be useful in LIV scenarios
beyond effective field theory. These improvements appear essential for setting
constraints on LIV effects with future observations at ultra-high energies,
where previous approximations may fall short.


  We study nuclear spin frequency shifts in a $^{3}$He-$^{129}$Xe
comagnetometer caused by spin polarization of $^{3}$He. We use stemless
cylindrical cells to systematically vary the cell geometry and separately
measure the cell shape-dependent and shape-independent frequency shifts. We
find that a certain aspect ratio for a cylindrical cell cancels the dipolar
effects of $^3$He magnetization in the regime of fast spin diffusion. Using
this control we observe a scalar $^{3}$He-$^{129}$Xe collisional frequency
shift characterized by an enhancement factor $\kappa_{\text{HeXe}} =
-0.011\pm0.001$ in excellent agreement with theoretical calculation.


  In this paper we are studying the scattering of massless Dirac fermions by
Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes. This is done by applying
the partial wave analysis to the scattering modes obtained after solving the
massless Dirac equation in the asymptotic regions of the two black hole
geometries. We succeed to obtain analytic phase shifts with the help of which
the scattering cross section is computed. The glory and spiral scattering
phenomena are showed to be present like in the case of massive fermion
scattering by black holes.


  We consider a probe codimension-2 brane inflation scenario in a warped
six-dimensional flux compactification. Our background model is Salam-Sezgin
gauged supergravity with codimension-2 brane sources, which preserve N=1
supersymmetry. The model has a modulus, which is stabilised by means of a cap
regularisation of the codimension-2 singularities, with appropriate dilaton
potentials on the ring interface of the caps with the bulk. We discuss the
cosmological evolution of the world-volume of a probe codimension-2 brane when
it moves along the radial direction of the internal space. In order to have
slow-roll inflation, one needs the warping of the internal space to be weak, in
contrast to the recent string inflation constructions with strong warping. We
discuss the parameter range that the inflation is in agreement with the
observationally inferred parameters and which furthermore is consistent with
the probe brane approximation. We provide arguments pointing that the probe
brane approximation is a good assumption if the probe brane is not exactly
conical and show with a multibrane solution that the mild warping needed for a
slow-roll inflation is not spoiled by the probe brane.


  Characterizing what types of exoskeleton gaits are comfortable for users, and
understanding the science of walking more generally, require recovering a
user's utility landscape. Learning these landscapes is challenging, as walking
trajectories are defined by numerous gait parameters, data collection from
human trials is expensive, and user safety and comfort must be ensured. This
work proposes the Region of Interest Active Learning (ROIAL) framework, which
actively learns each user's underlying utility function over a region of
interest that ensures safety and comfort. ROIAL learns from ordinal and
preference feedback, which are more reliable feedback mechanisms than absolute
numerical scores. The algorithm's performance is evaluated both in simulation
and experimentally for three non-disabled subjects walking inside of a
lower-body exoskeleton. ROIAL learns Bayesian posteriors that predict each
exoskeleton user's utility landscape across four exoskeleton gait parameters.
The algorithm discovers both commonalities and discrepancies across users' gait
preferences and identifies the gait parameters that most influenced user
feedback. These results demonstrate the feasibility of recovering gait utility
landscapes from limited human trials.


  We use an entanglement measure that respects the superselection of particle
number to study the non-local properties of symmetry-protected topological edge
states. Considering half-filled M-leg Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) ladders as an
example, we show that the topological properties and the operational
entanglement extractable from the boundaries are intimately connected.
Topological phases with at least two filled edge states have the potential to
realize genuine, non-bipartite, many-body entanglement which can be transferred
to a quantum register. The entanglement is extractable when the filled edge
states are sufficiently localized on the lattice sites controlled by the users.
We show, furthermore, that the onset of entanglement between the edges can be
inferred from local particle number spectroscopy alone and present an
experimental protocol to study the breaking of Bell's inequality.


  The Chandra X-ray data of the central Virgo cluster are re-examined to reveal
a triple-ring structure around the galaxy M87, reminiscent of the spectacular
triple-ring pattern of the SN1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). In the
sky plane, the two apparent smaller ellipses are roughly aligned along the M87
jets; the larger ring centers at the M87 nucleus and is likely a circle roughly
perpendicular to the M87 jet. Certain similarities of these two triple-ring
structures might hint at similar processes that operate in these two systems
with entirely different sizes and mass scales. We suspect that a major merging
event of two galaxies with nuclear supermassive black holes (SMBHs) might
create such a triple-ring structure and drove acoustic and internal gravity
waves far and near. The M87 jets are perhaps powered by a spinning SMBH
resulting from this catastrophic merging event.


  I contemplate the idea that the subjective world and quantum state reductions
are one and the same. If true, this resolves with one stroke both the quantum
mechanical measurement problem and the hard problem of consciousness.


  We report the results of a set of high precision simulations performed in the
3d gauge Ising model. We evaluated the interquark potential and the first few
energy levels and compared them with the predictions obtained with the
effective Nambu-Goto string and with the free bosonic string. The data are
precise enough to unambiguously distinguish between the free string predictions
and those obtained using the N-G effective string. At large distances we find a
remarkable agreement between Monte Carlo data and N-G predictions for the first
excited energy level, while the free string picture is definitely excluded. As
the interquark distance is decreased (and/or the finite temperature becomes
higher) the Monte Carlo results show larger and larger deviations both from the
N-G and from the free string predictions. In order to better understand this
behaviour we re-derived the effective Nambu-Goto theory result for the Polyakov
loop correlator using a covariant quantization. We chose as boundary conditions
those of an open string attached to two D0-branes at spatial distance $R$, in a
target space with compact euclidean time. Obviously our treatment is fully
consistent only in $d=26$. The extension to generic $d$ requires taking into
account the Liouville mode of Polyakov's formulation. The analogy with the
standard light cone calculation suggests that the contribution due to the
Liouville field can be neglected for large $R$. At shorter scales, the
Liouville mode cannot be neglected and its contribution to the interquark
potential might be the source of the discrepancies with respect to the
effective N-G results that we observe in our Monte Carlo simulations.


  Molecules containing one or a few hydrogen atoms and a heavier atom
(hydrides) have been predicted to trace FUV radiation. In some chemical models,
FUV emission by the central object or protostar of a star forming region
greatly enhances some of the hydride abundances. Two massive regions, W3 IRS5
and AFGL 2591, have been observed in hydride lines by HIFI onboard the {\it
Herschel Space Observatory}. We use published results as well as new
observations of CH$^+$ towards W3 IRS5. Molecular column densities are derived
from ground state absorption lines, radiative transfer modeling or rotational
diagrams. Models assuming no internal FUV are compared with two-dimensional
models including FUV irradiation of outflow walls. We confirm that the effect
of FUV is clearly noticeable and greatly improves the fit. The most sensitive
molecules to FUV irradiation are CH$^+$ and OH$^+$, enhanced in abundance by
many orders of magnitude. Modeling in addition also full line radiative
transfer, Bruderer et al (2010b) achieve good agreement of a two-dimensional
FUV model with observations of CH$^+$ in AFGL 2591. It is concluded that CH$^+$
and OH$^+$ are good FUV tracers in star-forming regions.


  Image captioning attempts to generate a sentence composed of several
linguistic words, which are used to describe objects, attributes, and
interactions in an image, denoted as visual semantic units in this paper. Based
on this view, we propose to explicitly model the object interactions in
semantics and geometry based on Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs), and fully
exploit the alignment between linguistic words and visual semantic units for
image captioning. Particularly, we construct a semantic graph and a geometry
graph, where each node corresponds to a visual semantic unit, i.e., an object,
an attribute, or a semantic (geometrical) interaction between two objects.
Accordingly, the semantic (geometrical) context-aware embeddings for each unit
are obtained through the corresponding GCN learning processers. At each time
step, a context gated attention module takes as inputs the embeddings of the
visual semantic units and hierarchically align the current word with these
units by first deciding which type of visual semantic unit (object, attribute,
or interaction) the current word is about, and then finding the most correlated
visual semantic units under this type. Extensive experiments are conducted on
the challenging MS-COCO image captioning dataset, and superior results are
reported when comparing to state-of-the-art approaches.


  Ever since the inception of mobile telephony, the downlink and uplink of
cellular networks have been coupled, i.e. mobile terminals have been
constrained to associate with the same base station (BS) in both the downlink
and uplink directions. New trends in network densification and mobile data
usage increase the drawbacks of this constraint, and suggest that it should be
revisited. In this paper we identify and explain five key arguments in favor of
Downlink/Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) based on a blend of theoretical,
experimental, and logical arguments. We then overview the changes needed in
current (LTE-A) mobile systems to enable this decoupling, and then look ahead
to fifth generation (5G) cellular standards. We believe the introduced paradigm
will lead to significant gains in network throughput, outage and power
consumption at a much lower cost compared to other solutions providing
comparable or lower gains.


  Previous work on surgical skill assessment using intraoperative tool motion
in the operating room (OR) has focused on highly-structured surgical tasks such
as cholecystectomy. Further, these methods only considered generic motion
metrics such as time and number of movements, which are of limited instructive
value. In this paper, we developed and evaluated an automated approach to the
surgical skill assessment of nasal septoplasty in the OR. The obstructed field
of view and highly unstructured nature of septoplasty precludes trainees from
efficiently learning the procedure. We propose a descriptive structure of
septoplasty consisting of two types of activity: (1) brushing activity directed
away from the septum plane characterizing the consistency of the surgeon's
wrist motion and (2) activity along the septal plane characterizing the
surgeon's coverage pattern. We derived features related to these two activity
types that classify a surgeon's level of training with an average accuracy of
about 72%. The features we developed provide surgeons with personalized,
actionable feedback regarding their tool motion.


  We show that for the generic sequence (a) of elements in a subset A of a
separable locally convex metrisable space V, the sequences [T^k(a)]_n,
n=1,2,... are dense in the convex hull convA of A for all k=1,2,...; where T is
the Cesaro operator. Further, if convA is dense in V, then for every sequence
x_k of elements of V, k=1,2,... there exists a sequence of indices l_n,
n=1,2,..., such that, we have the simultaneous approximation that
[T^k(a)]_(l_n) converges to x_k as n tends to infinity for all k=1,2,... These
phenomena are topologically generic and in the case where A is a vector space
they are algebraically generic.


  We generalise a method of Xiao Gang to construct 'prototypes' of fibred
surfaces with maximal irregularity without being a product. This enables us, in
the case of fibre genus g=3 to describe the possible singular fibres and to
calculate the invariants of these surfaces. We also prove structure theorems on
the moduli space for fibred surfaces with fibre genus g=2 and g=3.


  In image recognition, there are many cases where training samples cannot
cover all target classes. Zero-shot learning (ZSL) utilizes the class semantic
information to classify samples of the unseen categories that have no
corresponding samples contained in the training set. In this paper, we propose
an end-to-end framework, called Global Semantic Consistency Network (GSC-Net
for short), which makes complete use of the semantic information of both seen
and unseen classes, to support effective zero-shot learning. We also adopt a
soft label embedding loss to further exploit the semantic relationships among
classes. To adapt GSC-Net to a more practical setting, Generalized Zero-shot
Learning (GZSL), we introduce a parametric novelty detection mechanism. Our
approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both ZSL and GZSL tasks
over three visual attribute datasets, which validates the effectiveness and
advantage of the proposed framework.


  Motivated by the properties of the descent polynomials, which enumerate
permutations of $S_n$ with a fixed descent set, we define descent polynomials
for labeled rooted trees. We give recursive and explicit formulas for these
polynomials and show when known properties of the descent polynomials carry
over to the setting of trees.


  Change-points are a routine feature of 'big data' observed in the form of
high-dimensional data streams. In many such data streams, the component series
possess group structures and it is natural to assume that changes only occur in
a small number of all groups. We propose a new change point procedure, called
'groupInspect', that exploits the group sparsity structure to estimate a
projection direction so as to aggregate information across the component series
to successfully estimate the change-point in the mean structure of the series.
We prove that the estimated projection direction is minimax optimal, up to
logarithmic factors, when all group sizes are of comparable order. Moreover,
our theory provide strong guarantees on the rate of convergence of the
change-point location estimator. Numerical studies demonstrates the competitive
performance of groupInspect in a wide range of settings and a real data example
confirms the practical usefulness of our procedure.


  The Boolean algebra of regular closed sets is prominent in topology,
particularly as a dual for the Stone-Cech compactification. This algebra is
also central for the theory of geometric computation, as a representation for
combinatorial operations on geometric sets. However, the issue of computational
approximation introduces unresolved subtleties that do not occur within "pure"
topology. One major effort towards reconciling this mathematical theory with
computational practice is our ongoing I-TANGO project. The acronym I-TANGO is
an abbreviation for "Intersections - Topology, Accuracy and Numerics for
Geometric Objects". The long-range goals and initial progress of the I-TANGO
team in development of computational topology are presented.


  Due to the predominantly surface character of graphene, it is highly suitable
for functionalization with external atoms and/or molecules leading to a
plethora of new and interesting phenomena. Here we show ferromagnetic
properties of hydrogen-functionalized epitaxial graphene on SiC. Ferromagnetism
in such a material is not directly evident as it is inherently composed of only
non-magnetic constituents. Our results nevertheless show strong ferromagnetism,
which cannot be explained by simple magnetic impurities. The ferromagnetism is
unique to hydrogenated epitaxial graphene on SiC, where interactions with the
interfacial buffer layer play a crucial role. We argue that the origin of the
observed ferromagnetism is governed by electron correlation effects of the
narrow Si-dangling-bond (Si-DB) states in the buffer layer exchange-coupled to
localized states in the hydrogenated graphene layer. This forms a
quasi-three-dimensional ferromagnet with a Curie temperature higher than 300 K.


  Branched neural networks have been used extensively for a variety of tasks.
Branches are sub-parts of the model that perform independent processing
followed by aggregation. It is known that this setting induces a phenomenon
called Branch Specialization, where different branches become experts in
different sub-tasks. Such observations were qualitative by nature. In this
work, we present a methodological analysis of Branch Specialization. We explain
the role of gradient descent in this phenomenon. We show that branched
generative networks naturally decompose animal images to meaningful channels of
fur, whiskers and spots and face images to channels such as different
illumination components and face parts.


  Grid-based technologies are emerging as a potential open-source
standards-based solution for managing and collabo-rating distributed resources.
In view of these new computing solutions, the Mammogrid project is developing a
service-based and Grid-aware application which manages a Euro-pean-wide
database of mammograms. Medical conditions such as breast cancer, and
mammograms as images, are ex-tremely complex with many dimensions of
variability across the population. An effective solution for the management of
disparate mammogram data sources is a federation of autonomous multi-centre
sites which transcends national boundaries. The Mammogrid solution utilizes the
Grid tech-nologies to integrate geographically distributed data sets. The
Mammogrid application will explore the potential of the Grid to support
effective co-working among radiologists through-out the EU. This paper outlines
the Mammogrid service-based approach in managing a federation of grid-connected
mam-mography databases.


  We estimate the energy density and the gluon distribution associated with the
classical fields describing the early-time dynamics of the heavy-ion
collisions. We first decompose the energy density into the momentum components
exactly in the McLerran-Venugopalan model, with the use of the Wilson line
correlators. Then we evolve the energy density with the free-field equation,
which is justified by the dominance of the ultraviolet modes near the collision
point. We also discuss the improvement with inclusion of nonlinear terms into
the time evolution. Our numerical results at RHIC energy are fairly consistent
with the empirical values.


  We investigate the relations between the (completely bounded) local
Coulhon-Varopoulos dimension and the spectral dimension of spectral triples
associated to sub-Markovian semigroups (or Dirichlet forms) acting on classical
(or noncommutative) $\mathrm{L}^p$-spaces associated to finite measure spaces.
More precisely, we prove that the completely bounded local Coulhon-Varopoulos
dimension $d$ exceeds the spectral dimension and even implies that the
associated Hodge-Dirac operator is $d^+$-summable. We explore different
settings to compare these two values: compact Riemannian manifolds, compact Lie
groups, sublaplacians, metric measure spaces, noncommutative tori and quantum
groups. Specifically, we prove that, while very often equal in smooth compact
settings, these dimensions can diverge. Finally, we show that the existence of
a symmetric sub-Markovian semigroup on a von Neumann algebra with finite
completely bounded local Coulhon-Varopoulos dimension implies that the von
Neumann algebra is necessarily injective.


  By a systematic survey of the parameter space we confirm our
surmise\cite{gmblm} that the Minimal Supersymmetric GUT(MSGUT) based on the
${\bf{210\oplus 126\oplus {\bar {126}}\oplus 10}}$ Higgs system is incompatible
with the generic Type I and Type II seesaw mechanisms. The incompatibility of
the Type II seesaw mechanism with this MSGUT is due to its generic extreme
sub-dominance with respect to the Type I contribution. The Type I mechanism
although dominant over Type II is itself unable to provide Neutrino masses
larger than $ \sim 10^{-3}$ eV anywhere in the parameter space. Our
Renormalization Group based analysis shows the origin of these difficulties to
lie in a conflict between baryon stability and neutrino oscillation. The MSGUT
completed with a {\bf{120}}-plet Higgs is the natural next to minimal
candidate. We propose a scenario where the {\bf{120}}-plet collaborates with
the {\bf{10}}-plet to fit the charged fermion masses. The freed
{{\bf{126}}}-plet couplings can then give sub-dominant contributions to charged
fermion masses {\textit{and}} enhance the Type I seesaw masses sufficiently to
provide a viable seesaw mechanism. We give formulae required to verify this
scenario.


  Based on recently synthesized Ni3C12S12 class 2D metal-organic frameworks, we
predict electronic properties of M3C12S12 and M3C12O12, where M is Zn, Cd, Hg,
Be, or Mg with no M orbital contributions to bands near Fermi level. For
M3C12S12, their band structures exhibit double Dirac cones with different Fermi
velocities that are n and p type, respectively, which are switchable by
few-percent strain. The crossing of two cones are symmetry-protected to be
non-hybridizing, leading to two independent channels in 2D node-line semimetals
at the same k-point akin to spin-channels in spintronics, rendering conetronics
device possible. The node line rings right at their crossing, which are both
electron and hole pockets at the Fermi level, can give rise to
magnetoresistance that will not saturate when the magnetic field is infinitely
large, due to perfect n-p compensation. For M3C12O12, together with conjugated
metal-tricatecholate polymers M3(HHTP)2, the spin-polarized slow Dirac cone
center is pinned precisely at the Fermi level, making the systems conducting in
only one spin or cone channel. Quantum anomalous Hall effect can arise in MOFs
with non-negligible spin-orbit coupling like Cu3C12O12. Compounds of M3C12S12
and M3C12O12 with different M, can be used to build spintronic and
cone-selecting heterostructure devices, tunable by strain or electrostatic
gating.


  Hints of lepton flavor violation have been observed by LHCb in the rate of
the decay $B\to K\mu^+\mu^-$ relative to that of $B\to K e^+e^-$. This can be
explained by new scalars and fermions which couple to standard model particles
and contribute to these processes at loop level. We explore a simple model of
this kind, in which one of the new fermions is a dark matter candidate, while
the other is a heavy vector-like quark and the scalar is an inert Higgs
doublet. We explore the constraints on this model from flavor observables, dark
matter direct detection, and LHC run II searches, and find that, while
currently viable, this scenario will be directly tested by future results from
all three probes.


  Using analytical tools from linear response theory, we systematically assess
the accuracy of several microscopic derivations of Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics
near local equilibrium. This allows us to "rank" the different approaches in
decreasing order of accuracy as follows: Inverse Reynolds Dominance (IReD),
Denicol-Niemi-Moln\'ar-Rischke (DNMR), second-order gradient expansion, and
14-moment approximation. We find that IReD theory is far superior to
Navier-Stokes, being very accurate both in the asymptotic regime (i.e., for
slow processes) and in the transient regime (i.e., on timescales comparable to
the relaxation time). Also, the high accuracy of DNMR is confirmed, but
neglecting second-order terms in the Knudsen number, which would render the
equations parabolic, introduces serious systematic errors. Finally, in most
cases, the second-order gradient expansion (a.k.a. non-resummed BRSSS) is found
to be more inaccurate than Navier-Stokes in the transient regime. Overall, this
analysis shows that Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics is falsifiable, and the
relaxation time is observable, shedding new light on the debate on the
viability of transient hydrodynamics as a well-defined physical theory
distinguished from Navier-Stokes.


  Previous studies [Malara et al ApJ, 533, 523 (2000)] considered
small-amplitude Alfven wave (AW) packets in Arnold-Beltrami-Childress (ABC)
magnetic field using WKB approximation. In this work linearly polarised Alfven
wave dynamics in ABC magnetic field via direct 3D MHD numerical simulation is
studied for the first time. Gaussian AW pulse with length-scale much shorter
than ABC domain length and harmonic AW with wavelength equal to ABC domain
length are studied for four different resistivities. While it is found that AWs
dissipate quickly in the ABC field, surprisingly, AW perturbation energy
increases in time. In the case of the harmonic AW perturbation energy growth is
transient in time, attaining peaks in both velocity and magnetic perturbation
energies within timescales much smaller than resistive time. In the case of the
Gaussian AW pulse velocity perturbation energy growth is still transient in
time, attaining a peak within few resistive times, while magnetic perturbation
energy continues to grow. It is also shown that the total magnetic energy
decreases in time and this is governed by the resistive evolution of the
background ABC magnetic field rather than AW damping. On contrary, when
background magnetic field is uniform, the total magnetic energy decrease is
prescribed by AW damping, because there is no resistive evolution of the
background. By considering runs with different amplitudes and by analysing
perturbation spectra, possible dynamo action by AW perturbation-induced
peristaltic flow and inverse cascade of magnetic energy have been excluded.
Therefore, the perturbation energy growth is attributed to a new instability.
The growth rate appears to be dependent on the value of the resistivity and
spatial scale of the AW disturbance. Thus, when going beyond WKB approximation,
AW damping, described by full MHD equations, does not guarantee decrease of
perturbation energy.


  We survey the main ideas in the early history of the subjects on which
Riemann worked and that led to some of his most important discoveries. The
subjects discussed include the theory of functions of a complex variable,
elliptic and Abelian integrals, the hypergeometric series, the zeta function,
topology, differential geometry, integration, and the notion of space. We shall
see that among Riemann's predecessors in all these fields, one name occupies a
prominent place, this is Leonhard Euler. The final version of this paper will
appear in the book \emph{From Riemann to differential geometry and relativity}
(L. Ji, A. Papadopoulos and S. Yamada, ed.) Berlin: Springer, 2017.


  Ionospheric tomography using GPS data has been reported in the literature and
even the application to radar altimeter calibration was succesfully carried out
in a recent work. We here present a new software tool, called Global
Ionospheric Stochastic Tomography software (GIST), and its powerful capability
for ingesting GPS data from different sources (ground stations, receivers on
board LEO for navigation and occultation purposes) and other data such as
altimetry data to yield global maps with dense coverage and inherent
calibration of the instruments. We show results obtained including 106 IGS
ground stations, GPS/MET low rate occultation data, TOPEX/POSEIDON GPS data
from the navigation antenna and NASA Radar Altimeter with the additional
benefit of a direct estimation of the NRA bias. The possibility of ingesting
different kinds of ionospheric data into the tomographic model suggest a way to
accurately monitor the ionosphere with direct application to single frequency
instrument calibration.


  The proton-neutron interaction is investigated by solving the Schrodinger
equation, where a Yukawa type of potential with one pion exchanging between the
proton and the neutron is assumed. Since the deutron is the unique bound state
of the proton-neutron system, the coupling constant is fixed according to the
binding energy of the deutron. The scattering process of the proton and the
neutron is studied when the outgoing wave condition is taken into account, and
two proton-neutron resonance states are obtained by solving the Schrodinger
equation, which lie at $1905-i13$MeV and $2150-i342$MeV on the complex energy
plane, respectively. It is no doubt that the calculation results would give
some hints on the experimental research on the proton-neutron interaction in
future.


  A semiconductor nanowire brought in proximity to a superconductor can form
discrete, particle-hole symmetric states, known as Andreev bound states (ABSs).
An ABS can be found in its ground or excited states of different spin and
parity, such as a spin-zero singlet state with an even number of electrons or a
spin-1/2 doublet state with an odd number of electrons. Considering the
difference between spin of the even and odd states, spin-filtered measurements
have the potential to reveal the underlying ground state. To directly measure
the spin of single-electron excitations, we probe an ABS using a spin-polarized
quantum dot that acts as a bipolar spin filter, in combination with a
non-polarized tunnel junction in a three-terminal circuit. We observe a
spin-polarized excitation spectrum of the ABS, which in some cases is fully
spin-polarized, despite the presence of strong spin-orbit interaction in the
InSb nanowires. In addition, decoupling the hybrid from the normal lead blocks
the ABS relaxation resulting in a current blockade where the ABS is trapped in
an excited state. Spin-polarized spectroscopy of hybrid nanowire devices, as
demonstrated here, is proposed as an experimental tool to support the
observation of topological superconductivity.


  Realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction induce correlations to the nuclear
many-body system which lead to a fragmentation of the single-particle strength
over a wide range of energies and momenta. We address the question of how this
fragmentation affects the thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter. In
particular, we show that the entropy can be computed with the help of a
spectral function which can be evaluated in terms of the self-energy obtained
in the Self-Consistent Green's Function approach. Results for the density and
temperature dependences of the entropy per particle for symmetric nuclear
matter are presented and compared to the results of lowest order finite
temperature Brueckner--Hartree--Fock calculations. The effects of correlations
on the calculated entropy are small, if the appropriate quasi-particle
approximation is used. The results demonstrate the thermodynamical consistency
of the self-consistent T-matrix approximation for the evaluation of the Green's
functions.


  Positron lifetime spectra were measured in liquid water at temperatures
between 0c and 50c. The long lifetime of ortho-positronium atoms (o-Ps)
determined by electron pick-off in molecular substances decreases smoothly by
10% as the temperature is raised. This lifetime temperature dependence can be
explained by combining the Ps-bubble model and the mixture state model of
liquid water.


  We observe that the Poincare duality isomorphism for a string manifold is an
isomorphism of modules over the subalgebra A(2) of the modulo 2 Steenrod
algebra. In particular, the pattern of the operations Sq^1, Sq^2, and Sq^4 on
the cohomology of a string manifold has a symmetry around the middle dimension.
We characterize this kind of cohomology operation duality in term of the
annihilator of the Thom class of the negative tangent bundle, and in terms of
the vanishing of top-degree cohomology operations. We also indicate how the
existence of such an operation-preserving duality implies the integrality of
certain polynomials in the Pontryagin classes of the manifold.


  In recent years, much study has been made by applying the {\it non-extensive
statistics} (NES) to various non-extensive systems where the entropy and/or
energy are not necessarily proportional to the number of their constituent
subsystems. The non-extensivity may be realized in many systems such as
physical, chemical and biological ones, and also in small-scale nanosystems.
  After briefly reviewing the recent development in nanomagnetism and the NES,
I have discussed, in this article, NES calculations of thermodynamical
properties of a nanocluster containing noninteracting $M$ dimers. With bearing
in mind a transition-metal nanocluster, each of the dimers is assume to be
described by the two-site Hubbard model ({\it a Hubbard dimer}). The
temperature and magnetic-field dependences of the specific heat, magnetization
and susceptibility have been calculated by changing M=1, 2, 3 and $\infty$,
results for $M=\infty$ corresponding to those of the conventional
Boltzman-Gibbs statistics (BGS). It has been shown that the thermodynamical
property of nanoclusters containing a small number of dimers is considerably
different from that of macroscopic counterparts calculated within the BGS The
specific heat and susceptibility of spin dimers described by the Heisenberg
model have been discussed also by employing the NES.


  Crowdsourcing provides a popular paradigm for data collection at scale. We
study the problem of selecting subsets of workers from a given worker pool to
maximize the accuracy under a budget constraint. One natural question is
whether we should hire as many workers as the budget allows, or restrict on a
small number of top-quality workers. By theoretically analyzing the error rate
of a typical setting in crowdsourcing, we frame the worker selection problem
into a combinatorial optimization problem and propose an algorithm to solve it
efficiently. Empirical results on both simulated and real-world datasets show
that our algorithm is able to select a small number of high-quality workers,
and performs as good as, sometimes even better than, the much larger crowds as
the budget allows.


  We examine the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of one
dimensional nonlinear (anharmonic) lattices with and without on-site potential.
It is found from computer simulation that the heat conductivity depends on
temperature via the strength of nonlinearity. Based on this correlation, we
make a conjecture in the effective phonon theory that the mean-free-path of the
effective phonon is inversely proportional to the strength of nonlinearity. We
demonstrate analytically and numerically that the temperature behavior of the
heat conductivity $\kappa\propto1/T$ is not universal for 1D harmonic lattices
with a small nonlinear perturbation. The computer simulations of temperature
dependence of heat conductivity in general 1D nonlinear lattices are in good
agreements with our theoretic predictions. Possible experimental test is
discussed.


  The problem of destination accessibility is a vital concern in the
sustainable tourism development in the emerging regions due to the increasing
numbers of tourism business growth in the recent times. Tourism is one of the
potential foreign exchange earning sectors, which place sustainability as one
of the main success metrics for benchmarking the industry's overall
development. On the other hand, there are several destinations, which are
inaccessible to tourists due to several reasons. Underutilization of potential
destinations in both pre purchase and consumption stages is a strategic
disadvantage for emerging countries on leading their tourism industry towards
sustainability. A virtual world model to increase the destination accessibility
of tourism products has been proposed. The model has to be designed with visual
and auditory experience to tourists. The model is expected to enhance the
accessibility of destinations for users of different categories. Elderly users,
users with panic disorders, users with mobility impairments also will be able
to enjoy traveling experience just same as other, through the proposed model.


  Let $G$ be a finite group and $K$ a number field. We construct a
$G$-extension $E/F$, with $F$ of transcendence degree $2$ over $K$, that
specializes to all $G$-extensions of $K_\mathfrak{p}$, where $\mathfrak{p}$
runs over all but finitely many primes of $K$. If furthermore $G$ has a generic
extension over $K$, we show that the extension $E/F$ has the so-called
Hilbert-Grunwald property. These results are compared to the notion of
essential dimension of $G$ over $K$, and its arithmetic analogue.


  This paper proves the separation between source-network coding and channel
coding in networks of noisy, discrete, memoryless channels. We show that the
set of achievable distortion matrices in delivering a family of dependent
sources across such a network equals the set of achievable distortion matrices
for delivering the same sources across a distinct network which is built by
replacing each channel by a noiseless, point-to-point bit-pipe of the
corresponding capacity. Thus a code that applies source-network coding across
links that are made almost lossless through the application of independent
channel coding across each link asymptotically achieves the optimal performance
across the network as a whole.


  We measured the thermonuclear burning efficiency as a function of accretion
rate for the Type I X-ray bursts of five low-mass X-ray binary systems. We
chose sources with measured neutron star spins and a substantial population of
bursts from a large observational sample. The general trend for the burst rate
is qualitatively the same for all sources; the burst rate first increases with
the accretion rate up to a maximum, above which the burst rate declines,
despite the increasing accretion rate. At higher accretion rates, when the
burst rate decreases, the {\alpha}-value (the ratio of accretion energy and
burst energy) increases by up to a factor of 10 above that in the rising burst
rate regime. These observations are contrary to the predictions of 1D numerical
models, but can be explained as the consequence of a zone of stable burning on
the neutron star surface, which expands with increasing accretion rate. The
stable burning also "pollutes" the unstable burning layer with ashes,
contributing to the change in burst properties measured in the falling burst
rate regime. We find that the mass accretion rate at which the burst rate
begins to decrease is anti-correlated with the spin of the neutron star. We
conclude that the neutron star spin is a key factor, moderating the nuclear
burning stability, via the local accretion rate and fuel composition over the
star.


  The stability of current sheets in collisionless relativistic pair plasma was
studied via two-dimensional two-fluid relativistic magnetohydrodynamic
simulations with vanishing internal friction between fluids. In particular, we
investigated the linear growth of the tearing and drift-kink modes in the
current sheets both with and without the guide field and obtained the growth
rates which are very similar to what has been found in the corresponding PIC
simulations. This suggests that the two-fluid simulations can be useful in
studying the large-scale dynamics of astrophysical relativistic plasmas in
problems involving magnetic reconnection.


  We provide bounds on the error between dynamics of an infinite dimensional
bilinear Schr\"odinger equation and of its finite dimensional Galerkin
approximations. Standard averaging methods are used on the finite dimensional
approximations to obtain constructive controllability results. As an
illustration, the methods are applied on a model of a 2D rotating molecule.


  The performance of deep models, including Vision Transformers, is known to be
vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Many existing defenses against these
attacks, such as adversarial training, rely on full-model fine-tuning to induce
robustness in the models. These defenses require storing a copy of the entire
model, that can have billions of parameters, for each task. At the same time,
parameter-efficient prompt tuning is used to adapt large transformer-based
models to downstream tasks without the need to save large copies. In this
paper, we examine parameter-efficient prompt tuning of Vision Transformers for
downstream tasks under the lens of robustness. We show that previous
adversarial defense methods, when applied to the prompt tuning paradigm, suffer
from gradient obfuscation and are vulnerable to adaptive attacks. We introduce
ADAPT, a novel framework for performing adaptive adversarial training in the
prompt tuning paradigm. Our method achieves competitive robust accuracy of ~40%
w.r.t. SOTA robustness methods using full-model fine-tuning, by tuning only ~1%
of the number of parameters.


  Elastic $^{6}$He+$^4$He data measured at $E_{\rm c.m.}=11.6,$ 15.9, and 60.3
MeV have been analyzed within the coupled reaction channels (CRC) formalism,
with the elastic-scattering and two-neutron ($2n$) transfer amplitudes
coherently included. Contributions from the direct (one-step) and sequential
(two-step) $2n$-transfers were treated explicitly based on a realistic
assumption for the $2n$-transfer form factor. The oscillatory pattern observed
in $^4$He($^6$He,$^6$He)$^4$He angular distribution at low energies was found
to be due to an interference between the elastic scattering and $2n$-transfer
amplitudes. Our CRC analysis shows consistently that the direct $2n$-transfer
strongly dominates over the sequential transfer and thus confirms the dominance
of 2$n-^4$He configuration over the $n-^5$He one in the $^6$He wave function.
This result suggests a strong clusterization of the two valence neutrons and
allows, therefore, a reliable estimate for the \emph{di-neutron} spectroscopic
amplitude.


  Using photometry and proper motions from Gaia Early Data Release 3, we detect
a 45 degree-long trailing stellar debris stream associated with the old,
metal-poor globular cluster NGC 7089. With a width on the order of 100 pc, the
extended stream appears to be as dynamically cold as the coldest known streams
found to date. There is some evidence for an extended leading tail extending
between 28 and 37 degrees from the cluster, though the greater distance of this
tail, combined with proper motions that are virtually indistinguishable from
those of foreground stars, make the detection much less certain. The proper
motion profile and the path on the sky of the trailing tail are not well
matched using a simple Galactic potential comprised purely of a disk, bulge,
and spherical halo. However, the addition of a moving, massive (M = 1.88 x
10^(11) solar masses) Large Magellanic Cloud brings the model predictions into
much better agreement with the observables. We provide tables of the most
highly ranked candidate stream stars for follow-up by ongoing and future
spectroscopic surveys.


  We argue that surface magnetization of a metallic ferromagnet can be turned
on and off isothermally by an applied voltage. For this, the material's
electron subsystem must be close enough to the boundary between para- and
ferromagnetic regions on the electron density scale. For the 3d series, the
boundary is between Ni and Cu, which makes their alloy a primary candidate.
Using Ginzburg-Landau functional, which we build from Ni_(1-x)Cu_x empirical
properties, ab-initio parameters of Ni and Cu, and orbital-free LSDA, we show
that the proposed effect is experimentally observable.


  The mergings of energy levels associated with the breaking of PT symmetry in
the model of Bender and Boettcher, and in its generalisation to incorporate a
centrifugal term, are analysed in detail. Even though conventional WKB
techniques fail, it is shown how the ODE/IM correspondence can be used to
obtain a systematic approximation scheme which captures all previously-observed
features. Nonperturbative effects turn out to play a crucial role, governing
the behaviour of almost all levels once the symmetry-breaking transition has
been passed. In addition, a novel treatment of the radial Schrodinger equation
is used to recover the values of local and non-local conserved charges in the
related integrable quantum field theories, without any need for resummation
even when the angular momentum is nonzero.


  Adapting an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system to unseen noise
environments is crucial. Integrating adapters into neural networks has emerged
as a potent technique for transfer learning. This study thoroughly investigates
adapter-based ASR adaptation in noisy environments. We conducted experiments
using the CHiME--4 dataset. The results show that inserting the adapter in the
shallow layer yields superior effectiveness, and there is no significant
difference between adapting solely within the shallow layer and adapting across
all layers. The simulated data helps the system to improve its performance
under real noise conditions. Nonetheless, when the amount of data is the same,
the real data is more effective than the simulated data. Multi-condition
training is still useful for adapter training. Furthermore, integrating
adapters into speech enhancement-based ASR systems yields substantial
improvements.


  The Manin conjecture is established for a split singular del Pezzo surface of
degree four, with singularity type A_4.


  We investigate the diffusion asymptotics of the Boltzmann equation for
gaseous mixtures, in the perturbative regime around a local Maxwellian vector
whose fluid quantities solve a flux-incompressible Maxwell-Stefan system. Our
framework is the torus and we consider hard-potential collision kernels with
angular cutoff. As opposed to existing results about hydrodynamic limits in the
mono-species case, the local Maxwellian we study here is not a local
equilibrium of the mixture due to cross-interactions. By means of a
hypocoercive formalism and introducing a suitable modified Sobolev norm, we
build a Cauchy theory which is uniform with respect to the Knudsen number
$\eps$. In this way, we shall prove that the Maxwell-Stefan system is stable
for the Boltzmann multi-species equation, ensuring a rigorous derivation in the
vanishing limit $\eps\to 0$.


  In this paper we are going to show the existence of a nontrivial solution to
the following model problem,
  $\{\begin{array}{lll} - \Delta (u) =
2uln(1+u^2)+\frac{|u|^2}{1+u^2}2u+usin(u) {a.e. on} \Omega
  \frac{\partial u}{\partial \eta} = 0 {a.e. on} \partial \Omega. \end{array}
\}$
  As one can see the right hand side is superlinear. But we can not use an
Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition in order to obtain that the corresponding
energy functional satisfies (PS) condition. However, it follows that the energy
functional satisfies the Cerami (PS) condition.


  Suppose that $N_1$ and $N_2$ are closed smooth manifolds of dimension $n$
that are homeomorphic. We prove that the spaces of smooth knots $Emb(S^1, N_1)$
and $Emb(S^1, N_2)$ have the same homotopy $(2n-7)$-type. In the 4-dimensional
case this means that the spaces of smooth knots in homeomorphic 4-manifolds
have sets $\pi_0$ of components that are in bijection, and the corresponding
path components have the same fundamental groups $\pi_1$. The result about
$\pi_0$ is well-known and elementary, but the result about $\pi_1$ appears to
be new. The result gives a negative partial answer to a question of Oleg Viro.
Our proof uses the Goodwillie-Weiss embedding tower. We give a new model for
the quadratic stage of the Goodwillie-Weiss tower, and prove that the homotopy
type of the quadratic approximation of the space of knots in $N$ does not
depend on the smooth structure on $N$. Our results also give a lower bound on
$\pi_2 Emb(S^1, N)$. We use our model to show that for every choice of
basepoint, each of the homotopy groups $\pi_1$ and $\pi_2$ of $Emb(S^1,
S^1\times S^3)$ contains an infinitely generated free abelian group.


  In this communication, the feasibility of the nonlocal strain gradient theory
for fields of applied mechanics is investigated. It is demonstrated that the
nonlocal strain gradient theory is physically incorrect. It is proved that each
of the nonlocal theory and the strain gradient theory can model, both,
hardening and softening behaviors of materials. Moreover, it is proved that the
nonlocal theory and the strain gradient theory describe the same physical
phenomena, and hence the strain gradient theory cannot be merged with the
nonlocal theory in a unified model. This short communication comments on a
series of papers in which the nonlocal strain gradient theory was utilized in
different areas of applied mechanics.


  This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and
understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows,
ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore
algorithmic methods and metrics to assess LLM performance, identify weaknesses,
and guide development towards more trustworthy applications. Key evaluation
metrics include Perplexity Measurement, NLP metrics (BLEU, ROUGE, METEOR,
BERTScore, GLEU, Word Error Rate, Character Error Rate), Zero-Shot and Few-Shot
Learning Performance, Transfer Learning Evaluation, Adversarial Testing, and
Fairness and Bias Evaluation. We introduce innovative approaches like LLMMaps
for stratified evaluation, Benchmarking and Leaderboards for competitive
assessment, Stratified Analysis for in-depth understanding, Visualization of
Blooms Taxonomy for cognitive level accuracy distribution, Hallucination Score
for quantifying inaccuracies, Knowledge Stratification Strategy for
hierarchical analysis, and Machine Learning Models for Hierarchy Generation.
Human Evaluation is highlighted for capturing nuances that automated metrics
may miss. These techniques form a framework for evaluating LLMs, aiming to
enhance transparency, guide development, and establish user trust. Future
papers will describe metric visualization and demonstrate each approach on
practical examples.


  Currently ~36 different absorption bands have been detected in the infrared
spectra of cold, dense interstellar and circumstellar environments. These are
attributed to the vibrational transitions of ~17 different molecules frozen on
dust grains. We review identification issues and summarize the techniques
required to extract information on the physical and chemical evolution of these
ices. Both laboratory simulations and line of sight studies are essential.
Examples are given for ice bands observed toward high mass protostars, fields
stars and recent work on ices in disks surrounding low mass protostars. A
number of clear trends have emerged in recent years. One prominent ice
component consists of an intimate mixture between H2O, CH3OH and CO2 molecules.
Apparently a stable balance exists between low temperature hydrogenation and
oxidation reactions on grain surfaces. In contrast, an equally prominent ice
component, consisting almost entirely of CO, must have accreted directly from
the gas phase. Thermal processing, i.e. evaporation and crystallization, proves
to be readily traceable in both these ice components. The spectroscopic
signatures of energetic processing by cosmic rays and high energy photons from
nearby protostars are weaker and not as well understood. A fundamental
limitation in detecting complex, energetically produced (and also some simple)
species is blending of weak features in the spectra of protostars.
Sophisticated techniques are required to extract information from blended
features. We conclude with a summary of key goals for future research and
prospects for observations of ices using future instrumentation, including
SIRTF/IRS.


  The notion that elementary systems correspond to irreducible representations
of the Poincare group is the starting point for this paper, which then goes on
to discuss how a semigroup for the time evolution of unstable states and
resonances could emerge from the underlying Poincare symmetry. Important tools
in this analysis are the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for the Poincare group.


  Theories of classification distinguish classes with some good structure
theorem from those for which none is possible. Some classes (dense linear
orders, for instance) are non-classifiable in general, but are classifiable
when we consider only countable members. This paper explores such a notion for
classes of computable structures by working out several examples. One
motivation is to see whether some classes whose set of countable models is very
complex become classifiable when we consider only computable members.
  We follow recent work by Goncharov and Knight in using the degree of the
isomorphism problem for a class to distinguish classifiable classes from non-
classifiable. For some classes (undirected graphs, fields of fixed
characteristic, and real closed fields) we show that the isomorphism problem is
\Sigma^1_1 complete (the maximum possible), and for others it is of relatively
low complexity. For instance, for algebraically closed fields, archimedean real
closed fields, and vector spaces, we show that the isomorphism problem is
\Pi^0_3 complete.


  We explore the role of complex multipolar magnetic fields in determining
physical processes near the surface of rotation powered pulsars. We model the
actual magnetic field as the sum of global dipolar and star-centered multipolar
fields. In configurations involving axially symmetric and uniform multipolar
fields, 'neutral points' and 'neutral lines' exist close to the stellar
surface. Also, the curvature radii of magnetic field lines near the stellar
surface can never be smaller than the stellar radius, even for very high order
multipoles. Consequently, such configurations are unable to provide an
efficient pair creation process above pulsar polar caps, necessary for plasma
mechanisms of generation of pulsar radiation. In configurations involving
axially symmetric and non-uniform multipoles, the periphery of the pulsar polar
cap becomes fragmented into symmetrically distributed narrow sub-regions where
curvature radii of complex magnetic field lines are less than the radius of the
star. The pair production process is only possible just above these
'favourable' sub-regions. As a result, the pair plasma flow is confined within
narrow filaments regularly distributed around the margin of the open magnetic
flux tube. Such a magnetic topology allows us to model the system of twenty
isolated sub-beams observed in PSR B0943+10 by Deshpande & Rankin (1999, 2001).
We suggest a physical mechanism for the generation of pulsar radio emission in
the ensemble of finite sub-beams, based on specific instabilities. We propose
an explanation for the subpulse drift phenomenon observed in some long-period
pulsars.


  In sentiment analysis of longer texts, there may be a variety of topics
discussed, of entities mentioned, and of sentiments expressed regarding each
entity. We find a lack of studies exploring how such texts express their
sentiment towards each entity of interest, and how these sentiments can be
modelled. In order to better understand how sentiment regarding persons and
organizations (each entity in our scope) is expressed in longer texts, we have
collected a dataset of expert annotations where the overall sentiment regarding
each entity is identified, together with the sentence-level sentiment for these
entities separately. We show that the reader's perceived sentiment regarding an
entity often differs from an arithmetic aggregation of sentiments at the
sentence level. Only 70\% of the positive and 55\% of the negative entities
receive a correct overall sentiment label when we aggregate the
(human-annotated) sentiment labels for the sentences where the entity is
mentioned. Our dataset reveals the complexity of entity-specific sentiment in
longer texts, and allows for more precise modelling and evaluation of such
sentiment expressions.


  Compared with the rich studies on the motor brain-computer interface (BCI),
the recently emerging affective BCI presents distinct challenges since the
brain functional connectivity networks involving emotion are not well
investigated. Previous studies on emotion recognition based on
electroencephalography (EEG) signals mainly rely on single-channel-based
feature extraction methods. In this paper, we propose a novel emotion-relevant
critical subnetwork selection algorithm and investigate three EEG functional
connectivity network features: strength, clustering coefficient, and
eigenvector centrality. The discrimination ability of the EEG connectivity
features in emotion recognition is evaluated on three public emotion EEG
datasets: SEED, SEED-V, and DEAP. The strength feature achieves the best
classification performance and outperforms the state-of-the-art differential
entropy feature based on single-channel analysis. The experimental results
reveal that distinct functional connectivity patterns are exhibited for the
five emotions of disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and neutrality.
Furthermore, we construct a multimodal emotion recognition model by combining
the functional connectivity features from EEG and the features from eye
movements or physiological signals using deep canonical correlation analysis.
The classification accuracies of multimodal emotion recognition are 95.08/6.42%
on the SEED dataset, 84.51/5.11% on the SEED-V dataset, and 85.34/2.90% and
86.61/3.76% for arousal and valence on the DEAP dataset, respectively. The
results demonstrate the complementary representation properties of the EEG
connectivity features with eye movement data. In addition, we find that the
brain networks constructed with 18 channels achieve comparable performance with
that of the 62-channel network in multimodal emotion recognition and enable
easier setups for BCI systems in real scenarios.


  A comparative study of the growth of S.aureus in different types of weak
magnetic field shows that the growth of the bacteria is initially suppressed
after inoculation in a new medium and then increased in the same pattern with
or without magnetic field. However, the rate of growth and death of bacteria
depend on the variation in the magnetic field for comparable strength. Magnetic
field effect on the ionic motion plays a key role in the growth rate. It is
shown that the concentration of bacteria reduces initially and then it starts
increasing after some time. Multiplication and death of bacterial cells is
related to its interaction with the nutrients which is managed by the magnetic
field direction, strength and variation at room temperature.


  Reliable and stable 6D pose estimation of uncooperative space objects plays
an essential role in on-orbit servicing and debris removal missions.
Considering that the pose estimator is sensitive to background interference,
this paper proposes a counterfactual analysis framework named CASpaceNet to
complete robust 6D pose estimation of the spaceborne targets under complicated
background. Specifically, conventional methods are adopted to extract the
features of the whole image in the factual case. In the counterfactual case, a
non-existent image without the target but only the background is imagined. Side
effect caused by background interference is reduced by counterfactual analysis,
which leads to unbiased prediction in final results. In addition, we also carry
out lowbit-width quantization for CA-SpaceNet and deploy part of the framework
to a Processing-In-Memory (PIM) accelerator on FPGA. Qualitative and
quantitative results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our
proposed method. To our best knowledge, this paper applies causal inference and
network quantization to the 6D pose estimation of space-borne targets for the
first time. The code is available at
https://github.com/Shunli-Wang/CA-SpaceNet.


  This paper studies the lower bound for the blow-up time $T^{*}$ of the heat
equation $u_t=\Delta u$ in a bounded convex domain $\Omega$ in
$\mathbb{R}^{N}(N\geq 2)$ with positive initial data $u_{0}$ and a local
nonlinear Neumann boundary condition: the normal derivative $\partial
u/\partial n=u^{q}$ on partial boundary $\Gamma_1\subseteq\partial\Omega$ for
some $q>1$, while $\partial u/\partial n=0$ on the other part. For any
$\alpha<\frac{1}{N-1}$, we obtain a lower bound for $T^{*}$ which is of order
$|\Gamma_{1}|^{-\alpha}$ as $|\Gamma_{1}|\rightarrow 0^{+}$, where
$|\Gamma_{1}|$ represents the surface area of $\Gamma_{1}$. As
$|\Gamma_{1}|\rightarrow 0^{+}$, this result significantly improves the
previous lower bound $\ln\big(|\Gamma_1|^{-1}\big)$ and is almost optimal in
dimension $N=2$, since the existing upper bound is of order $|\Gamma_{1}|^{-1}$
as $|\Gamma_{1}|\rightarrow 0^{+}$. In addition, the optimal asymptotic order
of the lower bound for $T^{*}$ on $q$ (as $q\rightarrow 1^{+}$) and on $M_{0}$
(as $M_{0}\rightarrow 0^{+}$) are obtained, where $M_{0}$ denotes the maximum
of $u_{0}$.


  We present timing analysis of {\emph{RXTE}}-PCA and {\emph{INTEGRAL}}-ISGRI
observations of X Per between 1998 and 2010. All pulse arrival times obtained
from the {\emph{RXTE}}-PCA observations are phase connected and a timing
solution is obtained using these arrival times. We update the long-term pulse
frequency history of the source by measuring its pulse frequencies using
{\emph{RXTE}}-PCA and {\emph{INTEGRAL}}-ISGRI data. From the {\emph{RXTE}}-PCA
data, the relation between frequency derivative and X-ray flux suggests
accretion via the companion's stellar wind. On the other hand, detection of the
transient QPO feature peaking at $\sim 0.2$ Hz suggests the existence of an
accretion disc. We find that double break models fit the average power spectra
well, which suggests that the source has at least two different accretion flow
components dominating the overall flow. From the power spectrum of frequency
derivatives, we measure a power law index of $\sim -1$ which implies that on
short time scales disc accretion dominates over noise, while on time scales
longer than the viscous time scales the noise dominates. From pulse profiles,
we find a correlation between pulse fraction and count rate of the source.


  Frege's Grundgesetze was one of the 19th century forerunners to contemporary
set theory which was plagued by the Russell paradox. In recent years, it has
been shown that subsystems of the Grundgesetze formed by restricting the
comprehension schema are consistent. One aim of this paper is to ascertain how
much set theory can be developed within these consistent fragments of the
Grundgesetze, and our main theorem shows that there is a model of a fragment of
the Grundgesetze which defines a model of all the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel
set theory with the exception of the power set axiom. The proof of this result
appeals to G\"odel's constructible universe of sets, which G\"odel famously
used to show the relative consistency of the continuum hypothesis. More
specifically, our proofs appeal to Kripke and Platek's idea of the projectum
within the constructible universe as well as to a weak version of
uniformization (which does not involve knowledge of Jensen's fine structure
theory). The axioms of the Grundgesetze are examples of abstraction principles,
and the other primary aim of this paper is to articulate a sufficient condition
for the consistency of abstraction principles with limited amounts of
comprehension. As an application, we resolve an analogue of the joint
consistency problem in the predicative setting.


  This review concentrates on the multifrequency behaviour of RS Ophiuchi and
in particular during its latest outburst. Confirmation of the 1945 outburst,
bipolar outflows and its possible fate as a Type Ia Supernova are discussed.


  I present the results of first principles calculations of the phonon
dispersions and electron-phonon coupling for BaTi$_2$Sb$_2$O. The phonon
dispersions show a weak lattice instability near the zone corners that leads to
a charge-density wave phase. The calculations of the electron-phonon coupling
reveal strong coupling, especially to the in-plane Ti modes. The total coupling
is large enough to readily explain the superconductivity in this compound. As
the Fermi surfaces are disconnected with different orbital character weights,
this compound is likely to host a multiband superconductivity.


  This paper is concerned with the study of the consistency of a variational
method for probability measure quantization, deterministically realized by
means of a minimizing principle, balancing power repulsion and attraction
potentials. The proof of consistency is based on the construction of a target
energy functional whose unique minimizer is actually the given probability
measure \omega to be quantized. Then we show that the discrete functionals,
defining the discrete quantizers as their minimizers, actually \Gamma-converge
to the target energy with respect to the narrow topology on the space of
probability measures. A key ingredient is the reformulation of the target
functional by means of a Fourier representation, which extends the
characterization of conditionally positive semi-definite functions from points
in generic position to probability measures. As a byproduct of the Fourier
representation, we also obtain compactness of sublevels of the target energy in
terms of uniform moment bounds, which already found applications in the
asymptotic analysis of corresponding gradient flows. To model situations where
the given probability is affected by noise, we additionally consider a modified
energy, with the addition of a regularizing total variation term and we
investigate again its point mass approximations in terms of \Gamma-convergence.
We show that such a discrete measure representation of the total variation can
be interpreted as an additional nonlinear potential, repulsive at a short
range, attractive at a medium range, and at a long range not having effect,
promoting a uniform distribution of the point masses.


  The current success of Reinforcement Learning algorithms for its performance
in complex environments has inspired many recent theoretical approaches to
cognitive science. Artistic environments are studied within the cognitive
science community as rich, natural, multi-sensory, multi-cultural environments.
In this work, we propose the introduction of Reinforcement Learning for
improving the control of artistic robot applications. Deep Q-learning Neural
Networks (DQN) is one of the most successful algorithms for the implementation
of Reinforcement Learning in robotics. DQN methods generate complex control
policies for the execution of complex robot applications in a wide set of
environments. Current art painting robot applications use simple control laws
that limits the adaptability of the frameworks to a set of simple environments.
In this work, the introduction of DQN within an art painting robot application
is proposed. The goal is to study how the introduction of a complex control
policy impacts the performance of a basic art painting robot application. The
main expected contribution of this work is to serve as a first baseline for
future works introducing DQN methods for complex art painting robot frameworks.
Experiments consist of real world executions of human drawn sketches using the
DQN generated policy and TEO, the humanoid robot. Results are compared in terms
of similarity and obtained reward with respect to the reference inputs


  Recent observations of UV-/optically selected, massive star forming galaxies
at z~2 indicate that the baryonic mass assembly and star formation history is
dominated by continuous rapid accretion of gas and internal secular evolution,
rather than by major mergers. We use the Millennium Simulation to build new
halo merger trees, and extract halo merger fractions and mass accretion rates.
We find that even for halos not undergoing major mergers the mass accretion
rates are plausibly sufficient to account for the high star formation rates
observed in z~2 disks. On the other hand, the fraction of major mergers in the
Millennium Simulation is sufficient to account for the number counts of
submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), in support of observational evidence that these
are major mergers. When following the fate of these two populations in the
Millennium Simulation to z=0, we find that subsequent mergers are not frequent
enough to convert all z~2 turbulent disks into elliptical galaxies at z=0.
Similarly, mergers cannot transform the compact SMGs/red sequence galaxies at
z~2 into observed massive cluster ellipticals at z=0. We argue therefore, that
secular and internal evolution must play an important role in the evolution of
a significant fraction of z~2 UV-/optically and submillimeter selected galaxy
populations.


  If the negative cosmological constant is treated as a dynamical pressure and
if the volume be its thermodynamically conjugate variable then the
gravitational mass can be expressed as the total gravitational enthalpy rather
than the energy. Under these circumstances, a new phenomena emerges in the
context of extended phase space thermodynamics. We \emph{examine} here these
features for recently discovered Van-der-Waal (VDW) black hole (BH)
\cite{mann15} which is analogous to the VDW fluid. We show that the
thermodynamic volume is \emph{greater} than the naive geometric volume. We also
show that the \emph{Smarr-Gibbs-Duhem} relation is satisfied for this BH.
Furthermore, by computing the thermal specific heat we find the local
thermodynamic stability criterion for this BH. It has been observed that the BH
does \emph{not} possess any kind of second order phase transition. This is an
interesting feature of VDW BH by its own right. Moreover, we also derive
\emph{Cosmic-Censorship-Inequality} for this class of BH. In addition finally,
we compute the \emph{logarithmic correction} to the entropy of this BH due to
the quantum fluctuations around the thermal equilibrium.


  It is shown that the efficiency of the universe heating by an inflaton field
depends not only on the possible presence of parametric resonance in the
production of scalar particles but also strongly depends on the character of
the inflaton approach to its mechanical equilibrium point. In particular, when
the inflaton oscillations deviate from pure harmonic ones toward a succession
of step functions, the production probability rises by several orders of
magnitude. This in turn leads to a much higher temperature of the universe
after the inflaton decay, in comparison to the harmonic case. An example of the
inflaton potential is presented which creates a proper modification of the
evolution of the inflaton toward equilibrium and does not destroy the nice
features of inflation.


  The general solution of Einstein's gravity equation in $D$ dimensions for an
anisotropic and spherically symmetric matter distribution is calculated in a
bulk with position dependent cosmological constant. Results for $n$ concentric
$(D-2)-$branes with arbitrary mass, radius and pressure with different
cosmological constant between branes are found. It is shown how the difference
between the cosmological constant contributes to the effective mass of each
brane, and it is also shown that the equation of state for each brane
influences the dynamics of branes, which can be divided into eras according to
the dominant matter. This scenario can be used to model the universe in the D=5
case, which may presents a richer phenomenology than the current models. The
evolution law of the branes is studied, and the anisotropic pressure that
remove divergences is found. The Randall-Sundrum metric in an outside region in
the flat branes limit is also derived.


  Mn ions' doping site and valence were studied in PbTiO$_{3}$ (PT) with the
native vacancy defects by the first-principles calculations. Firstly, the
native vacancy defects of Pb, O and Ti in PT were investigated and it was found
that Pb vacancy is preferred to others. And then the growth of Mn doped PT
should be preferred to Mn ion substituting for an A-site Pb ion with +3 valence
when Pb is deficient under equilibrium conditions driven solely by minimization
of the formation energy, and this could result in a larger lattice distortion
of PT. In addition, when Mn enters the Pb site, the electronegativity of O
becomes weaker which makes the domain movement easier in PT to improve the
performance of PT, while Mn ion substitution for a B-site Ti ion is the
opposite.


  This is a brief introduction on the graduate level to mechanics of various
spin relativistic particles with oscillatorlike interaction. This mathematical
model proposed by M. Moshinsky could have considerable physical applications
for describing processes mediated by tensor fields and in bound state theory.


  A method for constructing semianalytical strongly correlated wave functions
for single and molecular quantum dots is presented. It employs a two-step
approach of symmetry breaking at the Hartree-Fock level and of subsequent
restoration of total spin and angular momentum symmetries via Projection
Techniques. Illustrative applications are presented for the case of a
two-electron helium-like single quantum dot and a hydrogen-like quantum dot
molecule.


  We study the behavior of the Rabi oscillations of a driven central spin
(qubit) coupled to an antiferromagnetic spin bath (environment). It is found
that the decoherence behavior of the central spin depends on the detuning,
driving strength, the qubit-bath coupling and an important factor, associated
with the number of the coupled atoms, the detailed lattice structure, and the
temperature of the environment. If the detuning exists, the Rabi oscillations
may show the behavior of collapses and revivals; however, if the detuning is
zero, such a behavior will not appear. We investigate the weighted frequency
distribution of the time evolution of the central spin inversion and give this
phenomenon of collapses and revivals a reasonable explanation. We also discuss
the decoherence and the pointer states of the qubit from the perspectives of
the von Neumann entropy. It is found that the eigenstates of the qubit
self-Hamiltonian emerge as the pointer states in the weak system-environment
coupling limit.


  Proof terms are syntactic expressions that represent computations in term
rewriting. They were introduced by Meseguer and exploited by van Oostrom and de
Vrijer to study equivalence of reductions in (left-linear) first-order term
rewriting systems. We study the problem of extending the notion of proof term
to higher-order rewriting, which generalizes the first-order setting by
allowing terms with binders and higher-order substitution. In previous works
that devise proof terms for higher-order rewriting, such as Bruggink's, it has
been noted that the challenge lies in reconciling composition of proof terms
and higher-order substitution (\b{eta}-equivalence). This led Bruggink to
reject "nested" composition, other than at the outermost level. In this paper,
we propose a notion of higher-order proof term we dub rewrites that supports
nested composition. We then define two notions of equivalence on rewrites,
namely permutation equivalence and projection equivalence, and show that they
coincide. We also propose a standardization procedure, that computes a
canonical representative of the permutation equivalence class of a rewrite.


  Let $H$ be a norm of ${\bf R}^N$ and $H_0$ the dual norm of $H$. Denote by
$\Delta_H$ the Finsler-Laplace operator defined by
$\Delta_Hu:=\mbox{div}\,(H(\nabla u)\nabla_\xi H(\nabla u))$. In this paper we
prove that the Finsler-Laplace operator $\Delta_H$ acts as a linear operator to
$H_0$-radially symmetric smooth functions. Furthermore, we obtain an optimal
sufficient condition for the existence of the solution to the Cauchy problem
for the Finsler heat equation $$ \partial_t u=\Delta_H u,\qquad x\in{\bf
R}^N,\quad t>0, $$ where $N\ge 1$ and $\partial_t:=\partial/\partial t$.


  Since its launch, the X-ray and gamma-ray observatory INTEGRAL satellite has
revealed a new class of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB) displaying fast flares
and hosting supergiant companion stars. Optical and infrared (OIR) observations
in a multi-wavelength context are essential to understand the nature and
evolution of these newly discovered celestial objects. The goal of this
multiwavelength study (from ultraviolet to infrared) is to characterise the
properties of IGR J16465-4507, to confirm its HMXB nature and that it hosts a
supergiant star. We analysed all OIR, photometric and spectroscopic
observations taken on this source, carried out at ESO facilities. Using
spectroscopic data, we constrained the spectral type of the companion star
between B0.5 and B1 Ib, settling the debate on the true nature of this source.
We measured a high rotation velocity of v = 320 +/- 8 km/s from fitting
absorption and emission lines in a stellar spectral model. We then built a
spectral energy distribution from photometric observations to evaluate the
origin of the different components radiating at each energy range. We finally
show that, having accurately determined the spectral type of the early-B
supergiant in IGR J16465-4507, we firmly support its classification as an
intermediate supergiant fast X-ray transient (SFXT).


  We investigate the entanglement properties of the valence-bond-solid states
with generic integer-spin $S$. Using the Schwinger boson representation of the
valence-bond-solid states, the entanglement entropy, the von Neumann entropy of
a subsystem, is obtained exactly and its relationship with the usual
correlation function is clarified. The saturation value of the entanglement
entropy, $2 \log_2 (S+1)$, is derived explicitly and is interpreted in terms of
the edge-state picture. The validity of our analytical results and the
edge-state picture is numerically confirmed. We also propose a novel
application of the edge state as a qubit for quantum computation.


  Poincar\'e-Einstein's synchronization convention is transitive, and thus
leads to a consistent synchronization, only if some form of round-trip property
is satisfied. An improved version is given here which does not suffer from this
limitation and which therefore may find application in physics, computer
science and communication theory. As for the application to physics, the
round-trip condition required by the Poincar\'e-Einstein's synchronization
convention corresponds to a vanishing Sagnac effect and thus to the selection
of an irrotational frame. The corrected method applies also to rotating frames
and shows that there is a consistent synchronization for every given measure on
space. The correction to Poincar\'e-Einstein's amounts to an average of the
Sagnac holonomy over all the possible triangular paths. The mathematics used is
reminiscent of Alexander cohomology theory.


  Although pervasive spread of misinformation on social media platforms has
become a pressing challenge, existing platform interventions have shown limited
success in curbing its dissemination. In this study, we propose a stance-aware
graph neural network (stance-aware GNN) that leverages users' stances to
proactively predict misinformation spread. As different user stances can form
unique echo chambers, we customize four information passing paths in
stance-aware GNN, while the trainable attention weights provide explainability
by highlighting each structure's importance. Evaluated on a real-world dataset,
stance-aware GNN outperforms benchmarks by 32.65% and exceeds advanced GNNs
without user stance by over 4.69%. Furthermore, the attention weights indicate
that users' opposition stances have a higher impact on their neighbors'
behaviors than supportive ones, which function as social correction to halt
misinformation propagation. Overall, our study provides an effective predictive
model for platforms to combat misinformation, and highlights the impact of user
stances in the misinformation propagation.


  We present high precision K-band photometry of the transit and secondary
eclipse of extrasolar planet OGLE-TR-113, using the SOFI near-infrared
instrument on ESO's NTT. Data were taken in 5 second exposures over two periods
of 3-4 hours, using random jitter position offsets. In this way, a relative
photometric precision of ~1% per frame was achieved, avoiding systematic
effects that seem to become dominant at precisions exceeding this level, and
resulting in an overall accuracy of 0.1% per ~10 minutes. The observations of
the transit show a flat bottom light-curve indicative of a significantly lower
stellar limb-darkening at near-infrared than at optical wavelengths. The
observations of the secondary eclipse result in a 3 sigma detection of emission
from the exoplanet at 0.17+-0.05%. However, residual systematic errors make
this detection rather tentative.


  We study masked implementation's security when an adversary randomly probes
each of its internal variables, intending to recover non-trivial knowledge
about its secrets. We introduce a novel metric called Secret Recovery
Probability (SRP) for assessing the informativeness of the probing leakages
about the masked secrets. To evaluate SRP, our starting point is to describe
the relations of the intermediate variables with a parity equation system where
the target secret is an unknown of this system ...


  We present a novel buckling instability relevant to membrane budding in
eukaryotic cells. In this mechanism, curved filaments bind to a lipid bilayer
without changing its intrinsic curvature. As more and more filaments adsorb,
newly added ones are more and more strained, which destabilizes the flat
membrane. We perform a linear stability analysis of filament-dressed membranes
and find that the buckling threshold is within reasonable in vivo parameter
values. We account for the formation of long tubes previously observed in cells
and in purified systems. We study strongly deformed dressed membranes and their
bifurcation diagram numerically. Our mechanism could be validated by a simple
experiment.


  The forward-backward multiplicity correlation strength is calculated for
arbitrary nucleus-nucleus collision in the framework of the wounded nucleon
model. Discussion of our results in the context of the recent STAR data in
Au+Au collisions at sqrt{s}=200 GeV is presented. It is suggested that the
observed (i) growth of the correlation coefficient with centrality and (ii)
approximately flat pseudorapidity dependence of the correlation strength for
central collisions are due to the fluctuations of the number of wounded
nucleons at a given centrality bin.


  Primary Cyclic matrices were used (but not named) by Holt and Rees in their
version of Parker's MEAT-AXE algorithm to test irreducibility of finite matrix
groups and algebras. They are matrices $X$ with at least one cyclic component
in the primary decomposition of the underlying vector space as an $X$-module.
Let $\operatorname{M}(c,q^b)$ be an irreducible subalgebra of
$\operatorname{M}(n,q)$, where $n=bc >c$. We prove a generalisation of the
Kung-Stong Cycle Index, and use it to obtain a lower bound for the proportion
of primary cyclic matrices in $\operatorname{M}(c,q^b)$. This extends work of
Glasby and the second author on the case $b=1$.


  We review the physics potential of a next generation search for solar axions:
the International Axion Observatory (IAXO). Endowed with a sensitivity to
discover axion-like particles (ALPs) with a coupling to photons as small as
$g_{a\gamma}\sim 10^{-12}$ GeV$^{-1}$, or to electrons $g_{ae}\sim$10$^{-13}$,
IAXO has the potential to find the QCD axion in the 1 meV$\sim$1 eV mass range
where it solves the strong CP problem, can account for the cold dark matter of
the Universe and be responsible for the anomalous cooling observed in a number
of stellar systems. At the same time, IAXO will have enough sensitivity to
detect lower mass axions invoked to explain: 1) the origin of the anomalous
"transparency" of the Universe to gamma-rays, 2) the observed soft X-ray excess
from galaxy clusters or 3) some inflationary models. In addition, we review
string theory axions with parameters accessible by IAXO and discuss their
potential role in cosmology as Dark Matter and Dark Radiation as well as their
connections to the above mentioned conundrums.


  Current hyperspectral anomaly detection (HAD) benchmark datasets suffer from
low resolution, simple background, and small size of the detection data. These
factors also limit the performance of the well-known low-rank representation
(LRR) models in terms of robustness on the separation of background and target
features and the reliance on manual parameter selection. To this end, we build
a new set of HAD benchmark datasets for improving the robustness of the HAD
algorithm in complex scenarios, AIR-HAD for short. Accordingly, we propose a
generalized and interpretable HAD network by deeply unfolding a
dictionary-learnable LLR model, named LRR-Net$^+$, which is capable of
spectrally decoupling the background structure and object properties in a more
generalized fashion and eliminating the bias introduced by vital interference
targets concurrently. In addition, LRR-Net$^+$ integrates the solution process
of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) optimizer with the
deep network, guiding its search process and imparting a level of
interpretability to parameter optimization. Additionally, the integration of
physical models with DL techniques eliminates the need for manual parameter
tuning. The manually tuned parameters are seamlessly transformed into trainable
parameters for deep neural networks, facilitating a more efficient and
automated optimization process. Extensive experiments conducted on the AIR-HAD
dataset show the superiority of our LRR-Net$^+$ in terms of detection
performance and generalization ability, compared to top-performing rivals.
Furthermore, the compilable codes and our AIR-HAD benchmark datasets in this
paper will be made available freely and openly at
\url{https://sites.google.com/view/danfeng-hong}.


  The discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) opens a new window for exploring
the physics of the early universe. Identifying the source of GWs and their
spectra today turn out to be the important tasks so as to assist the
experimental detection of stochastic GWs. In this paper, we investigate the
oscillations of the ultralight dark photon (ULDP) into GWs in the dark halo.
Assuming dark matter is composed of the ULDP and there are primordial dark
magnetic fields (PDMFs) arising from the axion inflation and/or the dark phase
transition, then the ULDP can oscillate into the GW when it passes through an
environment of PDMFs. We derive the local energy density of GWs in the galaxy
cluster induced by the instaneous oscillation of ULDP in the PDMFs. These
stochastic local GWs exhibit a pulse-like spectrum, with frequency depending on
the mass of the ULDP, and can be detected in Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) or
future space-based interferometers. We also find that the low-frequency GW
signal observed by the NANOGrav collaboration and other PTA experiments can be
explained by the oscillation of the ULDP in the PDMFs in the early universe.


  For a finite group $G$, denote by $\alpha(G)$ the minimum number of vertices
of any graph $\Gamma$ having $\text{Aut}(\Gamma)\cong G$. In this paper, we
prove that $\alpha(G)\leq |G|$, with specified exceptions. The exceptions
include four infinite families of groups, and 17 other small groups.
Additionally, we compute $\alpha(G)$ for the groups $G$ such that $\alpha(G)>
|G|$ where the value $\alpha(G)$ was previously unknown.


  Search-based procedural content generation uses stochastic global
optimization algorithms to search for game content. However, standard tree
search algorithms can be competitive with evolution on some optimization
problems. We investigate the applicability of several tree search methods to
level generation and compare them systematically with several optimization
algorithms, including evolutionary algorithms. We compare them on three
different game level generation problems: Binary, Zelda, and Sokoban. We
introduce two new representations that can help tree search algorithms deal
with the large branching factor of the generation problem. We find that in
general, optimization algorithms clearly outperform tree search algorithms, but
given the right problem representation certain tree search algorithms perform
similarly to optimization algorithms, and in one particular problem, we see
surprisingly strong results from MCTS.


  We compute the nuclear dimension of separable, simple, unital, nuclear,
Z-stable C*-algebras. This makes classification accessible from Z-stability and
in particular brings large classes of C*-algebras associated to free and
minimal actions of amenable groups on finite dimensional spaces within the
scope of the Elliott classification programme.


  To make sense of the world our brains must analyze high-dimensional datasets
streamed by our sensory organs. Because such analysis begins with
dimensionality reduction, modelling early sensory processing requires
biologically plausible online dimensionality reduction algorithms. Recently, we
derived such an algorithm, termed similarity matching, from a Multidimensional
Scaling (MDS) objective function. However, in the existing algorithm, the
number of output dimensions is set a priori by the number of output neurons and
cannot be changed. Because the number of informative dimensions in sensory
inputs is variable there is a need for adaptive dimensionality reduction. Here,
we derive biologically plausible dimensionality reduction algorithms which
adapt the number of output dimensions to the eigenspectrum of the input
covariance matrix. We formulate three objective functions which, in the offline
setting, are optimized by the projections of the input dataset onto its
principal subspace scaled by the eigenvalues of the output covariance matrix.
In turn, the output eigenvalues are computed as i) soft-thresholded, ii)
hard-thresholded, iii) equalized thresholded eigenvalues of the input
covariance matrix. In the online setting, we derive the three corresponding
adaptive algorithms and map them onto the dynamics of neuronal activity in
networks with biologically plausible local learning rules. Remarkably, in the
last two networks, neurons are divided into two classes which we identify with
principal neurons and interneurons in biological circuits.


  A major bottleneck in the fabrication of efficient bio-organic nanoelectronic
devices resides in the strong charge recombination that is present at the
different interfaces forming the complex system. An efficient way to overcome
this bottleneck is to add a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of molecules between
the biological material and the electrode that promotes an efficient direct
electron transfer whilst minimising wasteful processes of charge recombination.
In this work, the presence of a pyrene-nitrilotriacetic acid layer carrying
different metal centers as SAM physisorbed on graphene is fully described by
mean of electrochemical analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy,
photoelectrochemical characterisation and theoretical calculations. Our
multidisciplinary study reveals that the metal center holds the key role for
the efficient electron transfer at the interface. While Ni2+ is responsible for
an electron transfer from SAM to graphene, Co2+ and Cu2+ force an opposite
transfer, from graphene to SAM. Moreover, since Cu2+ inhibits the electron
transfer due to a strong charge recombination, Co2+ seems the transition metal
of choice for the efficient electron transfer.


  Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) has previously shown capabilities in
image processing tasks by evolving programs with a function set specialized for
computer vision. A similar approach can be applied to Atari playing. Programs
are evolved using mixed type CGP with a function set suited for matrix
operations, including image processing, but allowing for controller behavior to
emerge. While the programs are relatively small, many controllers are
competitive with state of the art methods for the Atari benchmark set and
require less training time. By evaluating the programs of the best evolved
individuals, simple but effective strategies can be found.


  We have calculated the next-to-leading order cross section for the inclusive
production of charm quarks as a function of the transverse momentum p_T and the
rapidity in two approaches using massive or massless charm quarks. For the
single-resolved cross section we have derived the massless limit from the
massive theory. We find that this limit differs from the genuine massless
version with MS-bar factorization by finite corrections. By adjusting
subtraction terms we establish a massive theory with MS-bar subtraction which
approaches the massless theory very fast with increasing transverse momentum.
With these results and including the equivalent results for the direct cross
section obtained previously as well as double-resolved contributions, we
calculate the inclusive D*+- cross section in gamma-gamma collisions using
realistic evolved non-perturbative fragmentation functions and compare with
recent data from the LEP collaborations ALEPH, L3 and OPAL. We find good
agreement.


  In this paper, we consider the Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole to
investigate the process of scalar wave scattering by the black hole in a
spacetime of (d + 1) dimensions and also with the generalized uncertainty
principle (GUP). In this scenario, we analytically determine the phase shift
and explore the effect of extra dimensions by calculating the differential
scattering and absorption cross-section by applying the partial wave method at
low and high-frequency limits. We show at high dimensions that the absorption
is not zero as the mass parameter approaches zero.


  In 1964 Vizing proved that starting from any k-edge-coloring of a graph G one
can reach, using only Kempe swaps, a ($\Delta$ + 1)-edge-coloring of G where
$\Delta$ is the maximum degree of G. One year later he conjectured that one can
also reach a $\Delta$-edge-coloring of G if there exists one. Bonamy et. al
proved that the conjecture is true for the case of triangle-free graphs. In
this paper we prove the conjecture for all graphs.