  We show that the Raychaudhuri equation remains form invariant for certain
solutions of scalar fields $\phi$ whose Lagrangian is non-canonical and of the
form $\mathcal{L}(X,\phi)=-V(\phi)F(X)$, with $X=\frac{1}{2} g_{\mu\nu}
\nabla^{\mu}\phi \nabla^{\nu} \phi$ and $V(\phi)$ the potential. Solutions
exist for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous fields that are like inflatons.
Certain recent observations indicate that the cosmos is inhomogeneous and thus
our results are in sync with the latest observations. So the Raychaudhuri
equation can accommodate primordial inhomogeneities as well as cosmologically
relevant scenarios.


  We present results derived from VLT-FORS2 spectra of 24 different globular
clusters associated with the lenticular galaxy NGC3115. A subsample of 17
globular clusters have sufficiently high signal-to-noise to allow precision
measurements of absorption line-strengths. Comparing these indices to new
stellar population models by Thomas et al. we determine ages, metallicities and
element abundance ratios. Our data are also compared with the Lick/IDS
observations of Milky Way and M31 globular clusters. Unpublished higher order
Balmer lines (HgammaA,F and HdeltaA,F) from the Lick/IDS observations are given
in the Appendix. Our best age estimates show that the observed clusters which
sample the bimodal colour distribution of NGC3115 are coeval within our
observational errors (2-3 Gyr). Our best calibrated age/metallicity diagnostic
diagram (Hbeta vs [MgFe]) indicates an absolute age of 11-12 Gyr. We confirm
with our accurate line-strength measurements that the (V-I) colour is a good
metallicity indicator within the probed metallicity range. The abundance ratios
for globular clusters in NGC3115 give an inhomogeneous picture. We find a range
from solar to super-solar ratios for both blue and red clusters. From our
accurate recession velocities we detect, independent of metallicity, clear
rotation in the sample of globular clusters. In order to explain the
metallicity and abundance ratio pattern, particularly the range in abundance
ratios for the metal rich globular clusters in NGC3115, we favour a formation
picture with more than two distinct formation episodes.(Abridged)


  Much recent attention has been devoted to gradient descent algorithms where
the steepest descent step size is replaced by a similar one from a previous
iteration or gets updated only once every second step, thus forming a {\em
faster gradient descent method}. For unconstrained convex quadratic
optimization these methods can converge much faster than steepest descent. But
the context of interest here is application to certain ill-posed inverse
problems, where the steepest descent method is known to have a smoothing,
regularizing effect, and where a strict optimization solution is not necessary.
  Specifically, in this paper we examine the effect of replacing steepest
descent by a faster gradient descent algorithm in the practical context of
image deblurring and denoising tasks. We also propose several highly efficient
schemes for carrying out these tasks independently of the step size selection,
as well as a scheme for the case where both blur and significant noise are
present.
  In the above context there are situations where many steepest descent steps
are required, thus building slowness into the solution procedure. Our general
conclusion regarding gradient descent methods is that in such cases the faster
gradient descent methods offer substantial advantages. In other situations
where no such slowness buildup arises the steepest descent method can still be
very effective.


  Recording of events in National Hockey League rinks is done through the Real
Time Scoring System. This system records events such as hits, shots, faceoffs,
etc., as part of the play-by-play files that are made publicly available.
Several previous studies have found that there are inconsistencies in the
recording of these events from rink to rink. In this paper, we propose a
methodology for estimation of the rink effects for each of the rinks in the
National Hockey League. Our aim is to build a model which accounts for the
relative differences between rinks. We use log-linear regression to model
counts of events per game with several predictors including team factors and
average score differential. The estimated rink effects can be used to reweight
recorded events so that can have comparable counts of events across rinks.
Applying our methodology to data from six regular seasons, we find that there
are some rinks with rink effects that are significant and consistent across
these seasons for multiple events.


  In the present Letter we investigate the heat and momentum fluxes radiated by
a hot magneto-optical nanoparticle in its surrounding under the action of an
external magnetic field. We show that the flux lines circulate in a confined
region at nanometric distance from the particle around the axis of magnetic
field in a vortex-like configuration. Moreover we prove that the spatial
orientation of these vortices (clockwise or counterclockwise) is associated to
the contribution of optical resonances with topological charges m = +1 or m =
-1 to the thermal emission. This work paves the way to a geometric description
of heat and momentum transport in lattices of magneto-optical particles.
Moreover it could have important applications in the field of energy storage as
well as in thermal management at nanoscale.


  The microscopic properties of superconducting cubic skutterudite-like
material Y$_3$Ru$_4$Ge$_{13}$ are investigated using muon spin relaxation and
rotation ($\mu$SR) measurements. Zero-field $\mu$SR measurements reveal the
presence of a spontaneous internal field with a magnitude of $\approx$ 0.18~mT
below the superconducting transition temperature, indicating broken
time-reversal symmetry in the ground state. In line with previous experiments,
transverse-field $\mu$SR measurements are consistent with a fully developed
superconductivity gap in Y$_3$Ru$_4$Ge$_{13}$. Our observations point towards
the relevance of electronic correlations beyond electron-phonon coupling as
origin and indicate that spin-orbit coupling is likely not the key driving
force behind the spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in this system.


  We revisit and generalize the notion of dilation distance ${\rm d_{D}}(u,v)$
between unitary tuples and study its relation to the natural Haagerup-R{\o}rdam
distance ${\rm d_{HR}}(u,v) = \inf\{\|\pi(u) - \rho(v)\|\}$, where the infimum
is taken over all pairs of faithful representations $\pi \colon C^*(u) \to
B(\mathcal{H})$, $\rho \colon C^*(v) \to B(\mathcal{H})$. We show that ${\rm
d_{HR}}(u,v)\leq 10\operatorname{d_{rD}}(u,v)^{1/2}$, where ${\rm d_{rD}}(u,v)$
is a relaxed dilation distance, improving and extending earlier results. For an
antisymmetric matrix $\Theta$, we show via a concrete dilation construction
that a tuple of unitaries $u$ that almost commutes according to $\Theta$ (i.e.,
$\|u_\ell u_k - e^{i \theta_{k,\ell}} u_k u_\ell\|$ is small) can be nearly
dilated to a tuple of unitaries $v$ that commutes according to $\Theta$ (i.e.,
$v_\ell v_k - e^{i \theta_{k,\ell}} v_k v_\ell = 0$). We show that the dilation
can be "reversed" by a second application of the dilation construction, which
leads to a rotated version of the original tuple. Thus, a gauge invariant
almost $\Theta$-commuting unitary tuple can be approximated (in some faithful
representation) by a $\Theta$-commuting unitary tuple. Moreover, when $\Theta$
is ergodic, a $\Theta$-commuting tuple is shown to be {\em almost} gauge
invariant, and it follows from the results above that these can be approximated
in norm by $\Theta$-commuting tuples. In particular, we obtain the following
counterpart of Lin's theorem on almost commuting unitaries: if $q \in
\mathbb{T}$ is {\em not} a root of unity, then for every $\varepsilon >0$ there
exists $\delta > 0$ such that for every pair of unitaries $u_1,u_2 \in
B(\mathcal{H})$ for which $\|u_1 u_2 - qu_2 u_1\| < \delta$, there exists two
$q$-commuting unitaries $v_1, v_2 \in B(\mathcal{H} \otimes \ell^2)$ such that
$\|v_i - u_i \otimes 1\| < \varepsilon$ ($i=1,2$).


  Generalizing the work of Farahat-Higman on symmetric groups, we describe the
structures of the even centers Z_n of integral spin symmetric group
superalgebras, which lead to universal algebras termed as the spin FH-algebras.
A connection between the odd Jucys-Murphy elements and the Catalan numbers is
developed and then used to determine the algebra generators of the spin
FH-algebras and of the even centers Z_n.


  We present the first complete high-precision QCD corrections to the inclusive
decay width $\mathrm{\Gamma}_t$, the $W$-helicity fractions
$f_{\mathrm{L,R,0}}$ and semi-inclusive distributions for the top-quark decay
process $t \rightarrow b + W^+ + X_{\mathrm{\tiny QCD}}$ at NNNLO in the strong
coupling constant $\alpha_s$. In particular, the pure NNNLO QCD correction
decreases the $\mathrm{\Gamma}_t$ by about $0.8\%$ of the previous NNLO result
at the top-quark pole mass scale, exceeding the error estimated by the usual
scale-variation prescription. After taking into account all sources of errors,
we get $\mathrm{\Gamma}_t = 1.3148^{+0.003}_{-0.005} + 0.027\,(m_t -
172.69)\,\text{GeV} $, the error of which meets the request by future
colliders. On the other hand, the NNNLO QCD effects on $f_{\mathrm{L,R,0}}$ are
found to be much smaller, at the level of one per-mille for the dominating
$f_{0}$, predestining them to act as precision observables for the top-quark
decay process.


  A random forest is a popular tool for estimating probabilities in machine
learning classification tasks. However, the means by which this is accomplished
is unprincipled: one simply counts the fraction of trees in a forest that vote
for a certain class. In this paper, we forge a connection between random
forests and kernel regression. This places random forest probability estimation
on more sound statistical footing. As part of our investigation, we develop a
model for the proximity kernel and relate it to the geometry and sparsity of
the estimation problem. We also provide intuition and recommendations for
tuning a random forest to improve its probability estimates.


  Conspiracy Theory Identication task is a new shared task proposed for the
first time at the Evalita 2023. The ACTI challenge, based exclusively on
comments published on conspiratorial channels of telegram, is divided into two
subtasks: (i) Conspiratorial Content Classification: identifying conspiratorial
content and (ii) Conspiratorial Category Classification about specific
conspiracy theory classification. A total of fifteen teams participated in the
task for a total of 81 submissions. We illustrate the best performing
approaches were based on the utilization of large language models. We finally
draw conclusions about the utilization of these models for counteracting the
spreading of misinformation in online platforms.


  In these notes we review the calculation of Jones polynomials using a matrix
representation of the braid group and Temperley-Lieb algebra. The pseudounitary
representation that we consider allows constructing ``states'' from the
group/algebra matrices and compute the knot invariants as matrix elements,
rather than traces. In comparison with a more standard way of computing the
invariants through traces, the matrix element method is more interesting and
complete from the point of view of applications. As a byproduct of the
discussion we prove a general formula for pretzel knots.


  The downtrack responses of a differential reader to various magnetic patterns
have been investigated micromagnetically. The differential signals can well
discriminate the "0" and "1" readback bits and the waveforms obtained resemble
the counterparts for longitudinal media or for perpendicular media after
differentiation. Pulse shapes are found Gaussian. With decreasing head media
spacing, free layer thickness, and gap length, PW50 roughly linearly decreases
and the maximum signal exponentially increases. These properties, together with
small inter-symbol interference, are essential for future high density magnetic
recording.


  This paper studies the non-holomorphic Eisenstein series E(z,s) for the
modular surface, and shows that integration with respect to certain
non-negative measures gives meromorphic functions of s that have all their
zeros on the critical line Re(s) = 1/2. For the constant term of the Eisenstein
series it shows that all zeros are on the critical line for fixed y= Im(z) \ge
1, except possibly for two real zeros, which are present if and only if y > 4
\pi e^{-\gamma} = 7.0555+. It shows the Riemann hypothesis holds for all
truncation integrals with truncation parameter T \ge 1. For T=1 this proves the
Riemann hypothesis for a zeta function recently introduced by Lin Weng,
attached to rank 2 semistable lattices over the rationals.


  We prove optimality conditions for different variational functionals
containing left and right Caputo fractional derivatives. A sufficient condition
of minimization under an appropriate convexity assumption is given. An
Euler-Lagrange equation for functionals where the lower and upper bounds of the
integral are distinct of the bounds of the Caputo derivative is also proved.
Then, the fractional isoperimetric problem is formulated with an integral
constraint also containing Caputo derivatives. Normal and abnormal extremals
are considered.


  Korean-Chinese is a low resource language pair, but Korean and Chinese have a
lot in common in terms of vocabulary. Sino-Korean words, which can be converted
into corresponding Chinese characters, account for more than fifty of the
entire Korean vocabulary. Motivated by this, we propose a simple linguistically
motivated solution to improve the performance of the Korean-to-Chinese neural
machine translation model by using their common vocabulary. We adopt Chinese
characters as a translation pivot by converting Sino-Korean words in Korean
sentences to Chinese characters and then train the machine translation model
with the converted Korean sentences as source sentences. The experimental
results on Korean-to-Chinese translation demonstrate that the models with the
proposed method improve translation quality up to 1.5 BLEU points in comparison
to the baseline models.


  This paper reports the first ATLAS measurement of the $B_s^0 \to \mu\mu$
effective lifetime. The measurement is based on the data collected in
2015-2016, amounting to 26.3 fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV LHC proton-proton collisions.
The proper decay-time distribution of $58\pm13$ background-subtracted signal
candidates is fit with simulated signal templates parameterised as a function
of the $B_s^0$ effective lifetime, with statistical uncertainties extracted
through a Neyman construction. The resulting effective measurement of the
$B_s^0 \to \mu\mu$ lifetime is $0.99^{+0.42}_{-0.07} \, (\text{stat.})\pm 0.17
\text{ (syst.)}\,\mathrm{ps}$ and it is found to be consistent with the
Standard Model.


  Unlike traditional file transfer where only total delay matters, streaming
applications impose delay constraints on each packet and require them to be in
order. To achieve fast in-order packet decoding, we have to compromise on the
throughput. We study this trade-off between throughput and in-order decoding
delay, and in particular how it is affected by the frequency of block-wise
feedback to the source. When there is immediate feedback, we can achieve the
optimal throughput and delay simultaneously. But as the feedback delay
increases, we have to compromise on at least one of these metrics. We present a
spectrum of coding schemes that span different points on the throughput-delay
trade-off. Depending upon the delay-sensitivity and bandwidth limitations of
the application, one can choose an appropriate operating point on this
trade-off.


  A Kohn-Sham time-dependent local-density-functional scheme is utilized to
predict attosecond time delays of xenon 4d photoionization that involves the 4d
giant dipole resonance and Cooper minimum. The fundamental effect of electron
correlations to uniquely determine the delay at both regions is demonstrated.
In particular, for the giant dipole resonance, the delay underpins strong
collective effect, emulating the recent prediction at C60 giant plasmon
resonance [T. Barillot et al, Phys. Rev. A 91, 033413 (2015)]. For the Cooper
minimum, a qualitative similarity with a photorecombination experiment near
argon 3p minimum [S. B. Schoun et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 153001 (2014)] is
found. The result should encourage attosecond measurements of Xe 4d
photoemission.


  We study a possible connection between different non-thermal emissions from
the inner few parsecs of the Galaxy. We analyze the origin of the gamma-ray
source 2FGL J1745.6-2858 (or 3FGL J1745.6-2859c) in the Galactic Center and the
diffuse hard X-ray component recently found by NuSTAR, as well as the radio
emission and processes of hydrogen ionization from this area. We assume that a
source in the GC injected energetic particles with power-law spectrum into the
surrounding medium in the past or continues to inject until now. The energetic
particles may be protons, electrons or a combination of both. These particles
diffuse to the surrounding medium and interact with gas, magnetic field and
background photons to produce non-thermal emissions. We study the spectral and
spatial features of the hard X-ray emission and gamma-ray emission by the
particles from the central source. Our goal is to examine whether the hard
X-ray and gamma-ray emissions have a common origin. Our estimations show that
in the case of pure hadronic models the expected flux of hard X-ray emission is
too low. Despite protons can produce a non-zero contribution in gamma-ray
emission, it is unlikely that they and their secondary electrons can make a
significant contribution in hard X-ray flux. In the case of pure leptonic
models it is possible to reproduce both X-ray and gamma-ray emissions for both
transient and continuous supply models. However, in the case of continuous
supply model the ionization rate of molecular hydrogen may significantly exceed
the observed value.


  Tropical geometry and its applications indicate a "theory of syzygies" over
polytope semirings. Taking cue from this indication, we study a notion of
syzygies over the polytope semiring. We begin our exploration with the concept
of Newton basis, an analogue of Gr\"obner basis that captures the image of an
ideal under the Newton polytope map. The image ${\rm New}(I)$ of a graded ideal
$I$ under the Newton polytope is a graded sub-semimodule of the polytope
semiring. Analogous to the Hilbert series, we define the notion of
Newton-Hilbert series that encodes the rank of each graded piece of ${\rm
New}(I)$. We prove the rationality of the Newton-Hilbert series for
sub-semimodules that satisfy a property analogous to Cohen-Macaulayness. We
define notions of regular sequence of polytopes and syzygies of polytopes. We
show an analogue of the Koszul property characterizing the syzygies of a
regular sequence of polytopes.


  In this paper, we consider the quasineutral limit of the Euler-Poisson
equation for a clod, ion-acoustic plasma when the Debye length tends to zero.
When the ion-acoustic plasma is cold, the Euler-Poisson equation is
pressureless and hence fails to be Friedrich symmetrisable, which excludes the
application of the classical energy estimates method. This brings new
difficulties in proving uniform estimates independent of $\varepsilon$. The
main novelty in this article is to introduce new $\varepsilon$-weighted norms
of the unknowns and to combine energy estimates in different levels with
weights depending on $\varepsilon$. Finally, that the quasineutral regimes are
the incompressible Euler equations is proven for well prepared initial data.


  Eigenvalues and eigenfunction of two-boson 2x2 Hamiltonians in the framework
of the superalgebra osp(2,1) are determined by presenting a similarity
transformation. The Hamiltonians include two bosons and one fermion have been
transformed in the form of the one variable differential equations and the
conditions for its solvability have been discussed. It is observed that the
Hamiltonians of the various physical systems can be written in terms of the
generators of the osp(2,1) superalgebra and under some certain conditions their
eigenstates can exactly be obtained. In particular, the procedure given here is
useful in determining eigenstates of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonians.


  Experiments by Gittings, Bandyopadhyay, and Durian [Europhys. Lett.\
\textbf{65}, 414 (2004)] demonstrate that light possesses a higher probability
to propagate in the liquid phase of a foam due to total reflection. The authors
term this observation photon channelling which we investigate in this article
theoretically. We first derive a central relation in the work of Gitting {\em
et al.} without any free parameters. It links the photon's path-length fraction
$f$ in the liquid phase to the liquid fraction $\epsilon$. We then construct
two-dimensional Voronoi foams, replace the cell edges by channels to represent
the liquid films and simulate photon paths according to the laws of ray optics
using transmission and reflection coefficients from Fresnel's formulas. In an
exact honeycomb foam, the photons show superdiffusive behavior. It becomes
diffusive as soon as disorder is introduced into the foams. The dependence of
the diffusion constant on channel width and refractive index is explained by a
one-dimensional random-walk model. It contains a photon channelling state that
is crucial for the understanding of the numerical results. At the end, we
shortly comment on the observation that photon channelling only occurs in a
finite range of $\epsilon$.


  A search for events containing an isolated electron or muon and missing
transverse momentum produced in ep collisions is performed with the H1 and ZEUS
detectors at HERA. The data were taken in the period 1994-2007 and correspond
to an integrated luminosity of 0.98 fb^-1. The observed event yields are in
good overall agreement with the Standard Model prediction, which is dominated
by single W production. In the e+p data, at large hadronic transverse momentum
PtX >25 GeV, a total of 23 events are observed compared to a prediction of 14.0
\pm 1.9. The total single W boson production cross section is measured as 1.06
\pm 0.16 (stat.) \pm 0.07 (sys) pb, in agreement with an SM expectation of 1.26
\pm 0.19 pb.


  A delicate balance between various factors such as site occupancy,
composition and magnetic ordering seems to affect the stability of the
martensitic phase in Mn$_{2}$Ni$_{1+x}$Sn$_{1-x}$. Using first-principles DFT
calculations, we explore the impacts of each one of these factors on the
martensitic stability of this system. Our results on total energies, magnetic
moments and electronic structures upon changes in the composition, the magnetic
configurations and the site occupancies show that the occupancies at the 4d
sites in the Inverse Heusler crystal structure play the most crucial role. The
presence of Mn at the 4d sites originally occupied by Sn and it's interaction
with the Mn atoms at other sites decide the stability of the martensitic
phases. This explains the discrepancy between the experiments and earlier DFT
calculations regarding phase stability in Mn$_{2}$NiSn. Our results
qualitatively explain the trends observed experimentally with regard to
martensitic phase stability and the magnetisations in Ni-excess, Sn-deficient
Mn$_{2}$NiSn system.


  Cellular materials not only show interesting static properties but can also
be used to manipulate dynamic mechanical waves. In this contribution, the
existence of phononic band gaps in periodic cellular structures is
experimentally shown via sonic transmission experiment. Cellular structures
with varying numbers of cells are excited by piezoceramic actuators and the
transmitted waves are measured by piezoceramic sensors. The minimum number of
cells necessary to form a clear band gap is determined. A rotation of the cells
does not have an influence on the formation of the gap, indicating a complete
phononic band gap. The experimental results are in good agreement with the
numerically obtained dispersion relation.


  We study a three-body system, formed by two identical heavy bosons and a
light particle, in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for an arbitrary
dimension $D$. We restrict $D$ to the interval $2\,<\,D\,<\,4$, and derive the
heavy-heavy $D$-dimensional effective potential proportional to $1/R^2$ ($R$ is
the relative distance between the heavy particles), which is responsible for
the Efimov effect. We found that the Efimov states disappear once the critical
strength of the heavy-heavy effective potential $1/R^2$ approaches the limit
$-(D-2)^2/4$. We obtained the scaling function for the
$^{133}$Cs-$^{133}$Cs-$^6$Li system as the limit cycle of the correlation
between the energies of two consecutive Efimov states as a function of $D$ and
the heavy-light binding energy $E^{D}_2$. In addition, we found that the energy
of the $(N+1)^{\rm th}$ excited state reaches the two-body continuum
independently of the dimension $D$ when $\sqrt{E^{D}_2/E_3^{(N)}}=0.89$, where
$E_3^{(N)}$ is the $N^{\rm th}$ excited three-body binding energy.


  Let $F$ be a $2$-regular graph of order $v$. The Oberwolfach problem,
$OP(F)$, asks for a $2$-factorization of the complete graph on $v$ vertices in
which each $2$-factor is isomorphic to $F$. In this paper, we give a complete
solution to the Oberwolfach problem over infinite complete graphs, proving the
existence of solutions that are regular under the action of a given involution
free group $G$. We will also consider the same problem in the more general
contest of graphs $F$ that are spanning subgraphs of an infinite complete graph
$\mathbb{K}$ and we provide a solution when $F$ is locally finite. Moreover, we
characterize the infinite subgraphs $L$ of $F$ such that there exists a
solution to $OP(F)$ containing a solution to $OP(L)$.


  Unstable nonchaotic solutions embedded in the chaotic attractor can provide
significant new insight into chaotic dynamics of both low- and high-dimensional
systems. In particular, in turbulent fluid flows, such unstable solutions are
referred to as exact coherent structures (ECS) and play an important role in
both initiating and sustaining turbulence. The nature of ECS and their role in
organizing spatiotemporally chaotic dynamics, however, is reasonably well
understood only for systems on relatively small spatial domains lacking
continuous Euclidean symmetries. Construction of ECS on large domains and in
the presence of continuous translational and/or rotational symmetries remains a
challenge. This is especially true for models of excitable media which display
spiral turbulence and for which the standard approach to computing ECS
completely breaks down. This paper uses the Karma model of cardiac tissue to
illustrate a potential approach that could allow computing a new class of ECS
on large domains of arbitrary shape by decomposing them into a patchwork of
solutions on smaller domains, or tiles, which retain Euclidean symmetries
locally.


  A recent experiment by Shahar et al, on the phase transitions between quantum
Hall states and the insulator, found that the current-voltage characteristics
in the two phases are related by symmetry. It was suggested in this work that
this is evidence for charge-flux duality near quantum Hall transitions. Here we
provide details of this analysis. (Appearances notwithstanding, this is a
theoretical paper.)


  Machine Learning algorithms are good tools for both classification and
prediction purposes. These algorithms can further be used for scientific
discoveries from the enormous data being collected in our era. We present ways
of discovering and understanding astronomical phenomena by applying machine
learning algorithms to data collected with radio telescopes. We discuss the use
of supervised machine learning algorithms to predict the free parameters of
star formation histories and also better understand the relations between the
different input and output parameters. We made use of Deep Learning to capture
the non-linearity in the parameters. Our models are able to predict with low
error rates and give the advantage of predicting in real time once the model
has been trained. The other class of machine learning algorithms viz.
unsupervised learning can prove to be very useful in finding patterns in the
data. We explore how we use such unsupervised techniques on solar radio data to
identify patterns and variations, and also link such findings to theories,
which help to better understand the nature of the system being studied. We
highlight the challenges faced in terms of data size, availability, features,
processing ability and importantly, the interpretability of results. As our
ability to capture and store data increases, increased use of machine learning
to understand the underlying physics in the information captured seems
inevitable.


  The goal of this paper is to describe and clarify as much as possible the
3-dimensional topology underlying the Helmholtz cuts method, which occurs in a
wide theoretic and applied literature about Electromagnetism, Fluid dynamics
and Elasticity on domains of the ordinary space. We consider two classes of
bounded domains that satisfy mild boundary conditions and that become "simple"
after a finite number of disjoint cuts along properly embedded surfaces. For
the first class (Helmholtz), "simple" means that every curl-free smooth vector
field admits a potential. For the second (weakly-Helmholtz), we only require
that a potential exists for the restriction of every curl-free smooth vector
field defined on the whole initial domain. By means of classical and rather
elementary facts of 3-dimensional geometric and algebraic topology, we give an
exhaustive description of Helmholtz domains, realizing that their topology is
forced to be quite elementary (in particular, Helmholtz domains with connected
boundary are just possibly knotted handlebodies, and the complement of any
non-trivial link is not Helmholtz). The discussion about weakly-Helmholtz
domains is a bit more advanced, and their classification appears to be a quite
difficult issue. Nevertheless, we provide several interesting characterizations
of them and, in particular, we point out that the class of links with
weakly-Helmholtz complements eventually coincides with the class of the
so-called homology boundary links, that have been widely studied in Knot
Theory.


  This book provides an introduction to string field theory (SFT). String
theory is usually formulated in the worldsheet formalism, which describes a
single string (first-quantization). While this approach is intuitive and could
be pushed far due to the exceptional properties of two-dimensional theories, it
becomes cumbersome for some questions or even fails at a more fundamental
level. These motivations have led to the development of SFT, a description of
string theory using the field theory formalism (second-quantization). As a
field theory, SFT provides a rigorous and constructive formulation of string
theory.
  The main objective is to construct the closed bosonic SFT and to explain how
to assess the consistency of string theory with it. The accent is put on
providing the reader with the foundations, conceptual understanding and
intuition of what SFT is. After reading this book, they should be able to study
the applications from the literature.
  The book is organized in two parts. The first part reviews the topics of the
worldsheet theory that are necessary to build SFT (worldsheet path integral,
CFT and BRST quantization). The second part starts by introducing general
concepts of SFT from the BRST quantization. Then, it introduces off-shell
string amplitudes before providing a Feynman diagrams interpretation from which
the building blocks of SFT are extracted. After constructing the closed SFT, it
is used to outline the proofs of several important consistency properties, such
as background independence, unitarity and crossing symmetry. Finally, the
generalization to the superstring is also discussed.
  This book grew up from lecture notes for a course given at the
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at LMU (winter semesters 2017-2018 and
2018-2019). The current document is the draft of the manuscript published by
Springer.


  The rheology of cohesive granular materials, under a constant pressure
condition, is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Depending on the
shear rate, pressure, and interparticle cohesiveness, the system exhibits four
distinctive phases: uniform shear, oscillation, shear-banding, and clustering.
The friction coefficient is found to increase with the inertial number,
irrespective of the cohesiveness. The friction coefficient becomes larger for
strong cohesion. This trend is explained by the anisotropies of the
coordination number and angular distribution of the interparticle forces. In
particular, we demonstrate that the second-nearest neighbors play a role in the
rheology of cohesive systems.


  Let $K/k$ be an extension of number fields. We describe theoretical results
and computational methods for calculating the obstruction to the Hasse norm
principle for $K/k$ and the defect of weak approximation for the norm one torus
$R^1_{K/k} \mathbb{G}_m$. We apply our techniques to give explicit and
computable formulae for the obstruction to the Hasse norm principle and the
defect of weak approximation when the normal closure of $K/k$ has symmetric or
alternating Galois group.


  Two incorrect arguments against MOND in elliptical galaxies could be that the
equivalent circular velocity curves tend to become flat at much larger
accelerations than in spiral galaxies, and that the Newtonian dark matter halos
are more concentrated than in spirals. Here, we compare published scaling
relations for the dark halos of elliptical galaxies to the scaling relations
expected for MONDian phantom halos. We represent the baryonic content of
galaxies by spherical profiles, and their corresponding MONDian phantom halos
by logarithmic halos. We then derive the surface densities, central densities,
and phase space densities and compare them with published scaling relations. We
conclude that it is possible to get flat circular velocity curves at high
acceleration in MOND, and that this happens for baryonic distributions
described by Jaffe profiles in the region where the circular velocity curve is
flat. Moreover, the scaling relations of dark halos of ellipticals are
remarkably similar to the scaling relations of phantom halos of MOND.


  We summarize recent machine translation (MT) research at the Information
Sciences Institute of USC, and we describe its application to the development
of a Japanese-English newspaper MT system. Our work aims at scaling up
grammar-based, knowledge-based MT techniques. This scale-up involves the use of
statistical methods, both in acquiring effective knowledge resources and in
making reasonable linguistic choices in the face of knowledge gaps.


  The stability question of the Lane-Emden stationary gaseous star
configurations is an interesting problem arising in astrophysics. We establish
both linear and nonlinear dynamical instability results for the Lane-Emden
solutions in the framework of the Navier-Stokes-Poisson system with adiabatic
exponent $6/5 < \gamma < 4/3$.


  In this paper we provide a wildness criterion for any finite dimensional Hopf
algebra with finitely generated cohomology. This generalizes a result of
Farnsteiner to not necessarily cocommutative Hopf algebras over ground fields
of arbitrary characteristic. Our proof uses the theory of support varieties for
modules, one of the crucial ingredients being a tensor product property for
some special modules. As an application we prove a conjecture of Cibils stating
that small quantum groups of rank at least two are wild.


  Wastewater monitoring is an effective approach for the early detection of
viral and bacterial disease outbreaks. It has recently been used to identify
the presence of individuals infected with COVID-19. To monitor large
communities and accurately localize buildings with infected individuals with a
limited number of sensors, one must carefully choose the sampling locations in
wastewater networks. We also have to account for concentration requirements on
the collected wastewater samples to ensure reliable virus presence test
results. We model this as a sensor placement problem. Although sensor placement
for source localization arises in numerous problems, most approaches use
application-specific heuristics and fail to consider multiple source scenarios.
To address these limitations, we develop a novel approach that combines
Bayesian networks and discrete optimization to efficiently identify informative
sensor placements and accurately localize virus sources. Our approach also
takes into account concentration requirements on wastewater samples during
optimization. Our simulation experiments demonstrate the quality of our sensor
placements and the accuracy of our source localization approach. Furthermore,
we show the robustness of our approach to discrepancies between the virus
outbreak model and the actual outbreak rates.


  Robotic surgery and novel surgical instrumentation present great potentials
towards safer, more accurate and consistent minimally invasive surgery.
However, their adoption is dependent to the access to training facilities and
extensive surgical training. Robotic instruments require different dexterity
skills compared to open or laparoscopic. Surgeons, therefore, are required to
invest significant time by attending extensive training programs. Contrary,
hands on experiences represent an additional operational cost for hospitals as
the availability of robotic systems for training purposes is limited. All these
technological and financial barriers for surgeons and hospitals hinder the
adoption of robotic surgery. In this paper, we present a mobile dexterity
training kit to develop basic surgical techniques within an affordable setting.
The system could be used to train basic surgical gestures and to develop the
motor skills needed for manoeuvring robotic instruments. Our work presents the
architecture and components needed to create a simulated environment for
training sub-tasks as well as a design for portable mobile manipulators that
can be used as master controllers of different instruments. A preliminary study
results demonstrate usability and skills development with this system.


  Let $k$ be a field and let $A$ be a finitely generated $k$-algebra. The
algebra $A$ is said to be cancellative if whenever $B$ is another $k$-algebra
with the property that $A[x]\cong B[x]$ then we necessarily have $A\cong B$. An
important result of Abhyankar, Eakin, and Heinzer shows that if $A$ is a
finitely generated commutative integral domain of Krull dimension one then it
is cancellative. We consider the question of cancellation for finitely
generated not-necessarily-commutative domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension
one, and show that such algebras are necessarily cancellative when the
characteristic of the base field is zero. In particular, this recovers the
cancellation result of Abhyankar, Eakin, and Heinzer in characteristic zero
when one restricts to the commutative case. We also provide examples that show
affine domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension one need not be cancellative when
the base field has positive characteristic, giving a counterexample to a
conjecture of Tang, the fourth-named author, and Zhang. In addition, we prove a
skew analogue of the result of Abhyankar-Eakin-Heinzer, in which one works with
skew polynomial extensions as opposed to ordinary polynomial rings.


  We used a dataset of archival Hubble Space Telescope images obtained through
the F555W, F814W and F656N filters, to perform a complete search for objects
showing $H\alpha$ emission in the globular cluster NGC 6397. As photometric
diagnostic, we used the $(V-H\alpha)_0$ color excess in the
$(V-H\alpha)_0$-$(V-I)_0$ color-color diagram. In the analysed field of view,
we identified 53 $H\alpha$ emitters. In particular, we confirmed the optical
counterpart to 20 X-ray sources (7 cataclysmic variables, 2 millisecond pulsars
and 11 active binaries) and identified 33 previously unknown sources, thus
significantly enlarging the population of known active binaries in this
cluster. We report the main characteristics for each class of objects.
Photometric estimates of the equivalent width of the $H\alpha$ emission line,
were derived from the $(V-H\alpha)_0$-excess and, for the first time, compared
to the spectroscopic measurements obtained from the analysis of MUSE spectra.
The very good agreement between the spectroscopic and photometric measures
fully confirmed the reliability of the proposed approach to measure the
$H\alpha$ emission. The search demonstrated the efficiency of this novel
approach to pinpoint and measure $H\alpha$-emitters, thus offering a powerful
tool to conduct complete census of objects whose formation and evolution can be
strongly affected by dynamical interactions in star clusters.


  Trajectory planning is challenging for autonomous cars since they operate in
unpredictable environments with limited sensor horizons. To incorporate new
information as it is sensed, planning is done in a loop, with the next plan
being computed as the previous plan is executed. The recent Reachability-based
Trajectory Design (RTD) is a provably safe, real-time algorithm for trajectory
planning. RTD consists of an offline component, where a Forward Reachable Set
(FRS) is computed for the vehicle tracking parameterized trajectories; and an
online part, where the FRS is used to map obstacles to constraints for
trajectory optimization in a provably-safe way. In the literature, RTD has only
been applied to small mobile robots. The contribution of this work is applying
RTD to a passenger vehicle in CarSim, with a full powertrain model, chassis and
tire dynamics. RTD produces safe trajectory plans with the vehicle traveling up
to 15 m/s on a two-lane road, with randomly-placed obstacles only known to the
vehicle when detected within its sensor horizon. RTD is compared with a
Nonlinear Model-Predictive Control (NMPC) and a Rapidly-exploring Random Tree
(RRT) approach. The experiment demonstrates RTD's ability to plan safe
trajectories in real time, in contrast to the existing state-of-the-art
approaches.


  We define and explore in-depth the notion of {\it UQ rings} by showing their
important properties and by comparing their behavior with that of the
well-known classes of UU rings and JU rings, respectively. Specifically, among
the other established results, we prove that UQ rings are always Dedekind
finite (often named directly finite) as well as that, for semipotent rings $R$,
the following equivalence hold: $R/J(R)$ is UQ $\iff$ $R$ is UQ having the
property that the set $QN(R)$ of quasinilpotent elements of $R$ coincides with
the Jacobson radical $J(R)$ of $R$.


  In this paper, we study a novel Stochastic Network Utility Maximization (NUM)
problem where the utilities of agents are unknown. The utility of each agent
depends on the amount of resource it receives from a network
operator/controller. The operator desires to do a resource allocation that
maximizes the expected total utility of the network. We consider threshold type
utility functions where each agent gets non-zero utility if the amount of
resource it receives is higher than a certain threshold. Otherwise, its utility
is zero (hard real-time). We pose this NUM setup with unknown utilities as a
regret minimization problem. Our goal is to identify a policy that performs as
`good' as an oracle policy that knows the utilities of agents. We model this
problem setting as a bandit setting where feedback obtained in each round
depends on the resource allocated to the agents. We propose algorithms for this
novel setting using ideas from Multiple-Play Multi-Armed Bandits and
Combinatorial Semi-Bandits. We show that the proposed algorithm is optimal when
all agents have the same utility. We validate the performance guarantees of our
proposed algorithms through numerical experiments.


  This work aims to prove the small time large deviation principle (LDP) for a
class of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) with locally
monotone coefficients in generalized variational framework. The main result
could be applied to demonstrate the small time LDP for various quasilinear and
semilinear SPDEs such as stochastic porous media equations, stochastic
$p$-Laplace equations, stochastic Burgers type equation, stochastic 2D
Navier-Stokes equation, stochastic power law fluid equation and stochastic
Ladyzhenskaya model. In particular, our small time LDP result seems to be new
in the case of general quasilinear SPDEs with multiplicative noise.


  We show that the production of a Higgs boson in association with a jet in
proton-proton collisions is sensitive to the linear polarization of gluons
inside unpolarized protons. We present the analytical expressions, at leading
order in perturbative QCD, for various transverse momentum dependent
observables, which can be measured at the LHC. Since there are no experimental
constraints on the linearly polarized gluon distribution, its effects are
studied by adopting two different models. In particular, we find that the
$\cos2\phi$ azimuthal asymmetry is a very promising observable because it could
give access to the sign of this new distribution.


  Background: Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a central nervous system
disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder, an
increasing number of genetic epidemiological studies show clear link between AD
and T2DM. The current approach to uncovering the shared pathways between AD and
T2DM involves association analysis; however, such analyses lack power to
discover the mechanisms of the diseases. Methods: We develop novel statistical
methods to shift the current paradigm of genetic analysis from association
analysis to deep causal inference for uncovering the shared mechanisms between
AD and T2DM, and develop pipelines to infer multilevel omics causal networks
which lead to shifting the current paradigm of genetic analysis from genetic
analysis alone to integrated causal genomic, epigenomic, transcriptional and
phenotypic data analysis. To discover common causal paths from genetic variants
to AD and T2DM, we also develop algorithms that can automatically search the
causal paths from genetic variants to diseases and Results: The proposed
methods and algorithms are applied to ROSMAP dataset with 432 individuals who
simultaneously had genotype, RNA-seq, DNA methylation and some phenotypes. We
construct multi-omics causal networks and identify 13 shared causal genes, 16
shared causal pathways between AD and T2DM, and 754 gene expression and 101
gene methylation nodes that were connected to both AD and T2DM in multi-omics
causal networks. Conclusions: The results of application of the proposed
pipelines for identifying causal paths to real data analysis of AD and T2DM
provided strong evidence to support the link between AD and T2DM and unraveled
causal mechanism to explain this link.


  Electric Vehicles (EVs) are promising to provide frequency regulation
services due to their fast regulating characteristics. However, when EVs
participate in Supplementary Frequency Regulation (SFR), it is challenging to
simultaneously achieve the dispatch of the control center and the expected
State of Charge (SOC) levels of EV batteries. To solve this problem, in this
paper we propose a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) control strategy, in which an
uncertain dispatch is implemented in the control center without detailed EV
charging/discharging information. The regulation from the control center is
achieved by allocating the regulation task within the frequency regulation
capacity (FRC) of EVs. The expected SOC levels of EV batteries are guaranteed
by a real-time correction of their scheduled V2G power in EV charging stations.
Simulations on an interconnected two-area power system validate the
effectiveness of the proposed V2G control in achieving both the frequency
regulation and the expected SOC levels of EVs.


  We use correlation potential and many-body perturbation theory techniques to
calculate spin-independent and nuclear spin-dependent parts of the parity
nonconserving amplitudes of the transitions between the $6s_{1/2}$ ground state
and the $5d_{3/2}$ excited state of Ba$^+$ and Yb$^+$ and between the
$7s_{1/2}$ ground state and the $6d_{3/2}$ excited state of Ra$^+$. The results
are presented in a form convenient for extracting of the constants of
nuclear-spin-dependent interaction (such as, e.g., anapole moment) from the
measurements.


  We report on a recent investigation on heavy quarkonium hybrids that goes
beyond the usual Born-Oppenheimer approximation by including not only the
mixing between nearby hybrid states but also the mixing with quarkonium states.
We use a systematic effective field theory framework based on NRQCD together
with lattice QCD inputs. Short and long distance constraints from weak coupling
pNRQCD and the QCD effective string theory are also employed. We calculate the
quarkonium and hybrid spectrum for charmonium and bottomonium, and estimate a
number of decay widths. Most of the isospin zero $XYZ$ resonances fit in our
spectrum either as quarkonia or as hybrid states. The mixing of hybrid states
with quarkonia produces enhanced spin symmetry violations, which are
instrumental to understand certain decays. We also present new results on the
hyperfine splittings.


  Matter-antimatter asymmetry is one of the major unsolved problems in physics
that can be probed through precision measurements of charge-parity symmetry
violation at current and next-generation neutrino oscillation experiments. In
this work, we demonstrate the capability of variational autoencoders and
normalizing flows to approximate the generative distribution of simulated data
for water Cherenkov detectors commonly used in these experiments. We study the
performance of these methods and their applicability for semi-supervised
learning and synthetic data generation.


  In the present paper the authors construct normal numbers in base $q$ by
concatenating $q$-adic expansions of prime powers $\lfloor\alpha
p^\theta\rfloor$ with $\alpha>0$ and $\theta>1$.


  How to effectively explore spatial-temporal features is important for video
colorization. Instead of stacking multiple frames along the temporal dimension
or recurrently propagating estimated features that will accumulate errors or
cannot explore information from far-apart frames, we develop a memory-based
feature propagation module that can establish reliable connections with
features from far-apart frames and alleviate the influence of inaccurately
estimated features. To extract better features from each frame for the
above-mentioned feature propagation, we explore the features from
large-pretrained visual models to guide the feature estimation of each frame so
that the estimated features can model complex scenarios. In addition, we note
that adjacent frames usually contain similar contents. To explore this property
for better spatial and temporal feature utilization, we develop a local
attention module to aggregate the features from adjacent frames in a
spatial-temporal neighborhood. We formulate our memory-based feature
propagation module, large-pretrained visual model guided feature estimation
module, and local attention module into an end-to-end trainable network (named
ColorMNet) and show that it performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods
on both the benchmark datasets and real-world scenarios. The source code and
pre-trained models will be available at
\url{https://github.com/yyang181/colormnet}.


  The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) targets a nanometre beam size at the
collision point. Realising this beam size requires the generation and transport
of ultra-low emittance beams. Dynamic imperfections can deflect the colliding
beams, leading to a collision with a relative offset. They can also degrade the
emittance of each beam. Both of these effects can significantly impact the
luminosity of CLIC. In this paper, we examine a newly considered dynamic
imperfection: stray magnetic fields. Measurements of stray magnetic fields in
the Large Hadron Collider tunnel are presented and used to develop a
statistical model that can be used to realistically generate stray magnetic
fields in simulations. The model is used in integrated simulations of CLIC at
380GeV including mitigation systems for stray magnetic fields to evaluate their
impact on luminosity.


  This paper is devoted to the design and analysis of some structure-preserving
finite element schemes for the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system. The main
feature of the method is that it naturally preserves the important Gauss law,
namely $\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{B}=0$. In contrast to most existing approaches
that eliminate the electrical field variable $\boldsymbol{E}$ and give a direct
discretization of the magnetic field, our new approach discretizes the electric
field $\boldsymbol{E}$ by N\'{e}d\'{e}lec type edge elements for
$H(\mathrm{curl})$, while the magnetic field $\boldsymbol{B}$ by Raviart-Thomas
type face elements for $H(\mathrm{div})$. As a result, the divergence-free
condition on the magnetic field holds exactly on the discrete level. For this
new finite element method, an energy stability estimate can be naturally
established in an analogous way as in the continuous case. Furthermore,
well-posedness is rigorously established in the paper for both the Picard and
Newton linearization of the fully nonlinear systems by using the Brezzi theory
for both the continuous and discrete cases. This well-posedness naturally leads
to robust (and optimal) preconditioners for the linearized systems.


  We show that deformed relativistic kinematics, expected to emerge in a
flat-spacetime limit of quantum gravity, predicts different lifetimes for
particles and their antiparticles. This phenomenon is a consequence of
Planck-scale modifications of the action of discrete symmetries. In particular
we focus on deformations of the action of CPT derived from the kappa-Poincare
algebra, the most studied example of Planck-scale deformation of relativistic
symmetries. Looking at lifetimes of muons and anti-muons we are able to derive
an experimental bound on the deformation parameter of kappa > 4x10^14 GeV from
measurements at the LHC. Such bound has the potential to reach the value of
kappa > 2x10^16 GeV using measurements at the planned Future Circular Collider
(FCC).


  A ternary/binary data coding algorithm and conditions under which Hopfield
networks implement optimal convolutional or Hamming decoding algorithms has
been described. Using the coding/decoding approach (an optimal Binary Signal
Detection Theory, BSDT) introduced a Neural Network Assembly Memory Model
(NNAMM) is built. The model provides optimal (the best) basic memory
performance and demands the use of a new memory unit architecture with
two-layer Hopfield network, N-channel time gate, auxiliary reference memory,
and two nested feedback loops. NNAMM explicitly describes the dependence on
time of a memory trace retrieval, gives a possibility of metamemory simulation,
generalized knowledge representation, and distinct description of conscious and
unconscious mental processes. A model of smallest inseparable part or an "atom"
of consciousness is also defined. The NNAMM's neurobiological backgrounds and
its applications to solving some interdisciplinary problems are shortly
discussed. BSDT could implement the "best neural code" used in nervous tissues
of animals and humans.


  We study the evolution of giant clumps in high-z disc galaxies using AMR
cosmological simulations at redshifts z=6-1. Our sample consists of 34
galaxies, of halo masses 10^{11}-10^{12}M_s at z=2, run with and without
radiation pressure (RP) feedback from young stars. While RP has little effect
on the sizes and global stability of discs, it reduces the amount of
star-forming gas by a factor of ~2, leading to a decrease in stellar mass by a
similar factor by z~2. Both samples undergo violent disc instability (VDI) and
form giant clumps of masses 10^7-10^9M_s at a similar rate, though RP
significantly reduces the number of long-lived clumps. When RP is (not)
included, clumps with circular velocity <40(20)km/s, baryonic surface density
<200(100)M_s/pc^2 and baryonic mass <10^{8.2}(10^{7.3})M_s are short-lived,
disrupted in a few free-fall times. The more massive and dense clumps survive
and migrate toward the disc centre over a few disc orbital times. In the RP
simulations, the distribution of clump masses and star-formation rates (SFRs)
normalized to their host disc is very similar at all redshifts. They exhibit a
truncated power-law with a slope slightly shallower than -2. Short-lived clumps
preferentially have young stellar ages, low masses, high gas fractions and
specific SFRs (sSFR), and they tend to populate the outer disc. The sSFR of
massive, long-lived clumps declines with age as they migrate towards the disc
centre, producing gradients in mass, stellar age, gas fraction, sSFR and
metallicity that distinguish them from short-lived clumps. Ex situ mergers make
up ~37% of the mass in clumps and ~29% of the SFR. They are more massive and
with older stellar ages than the in situ clumps, especially near the disc edge.
Roughly half the galaxies at redshifts z=4-1 are clumpy over a wide range of
stellar mass, with clumps accounting for ~3-30% of the SFR but ~0.1-3% of the
stellar mass.


  Recently, various algorithms for data-driven simulation and control have been
proposed based on the Willems' fundamental lemma. However, when collected data
are noisy, these methods lead to ill-conditioned data-driven model structures.
In this work, we present a maximum likelihood framework to obtain an optimal
data-driven model, the signal matrix model, in the presence of output noise.
Data compression and noise level estimation schemes are also proposed to apply
the algorithm efficiently to large datasets and unknown noise level scenarios.
Two approaches in system identification and receding horizon control are
developed based on the derived optimal estimator. The first one identifies a
finite impulse response model. This approach improves the least-squares
estimator with less restrictive assumptions. The second one applies the signal
matrix model as the predictor in predictive control. The control performance is
shown to be better than existing data-driven predictive control algorithms,
especially under high noise levels. Both approaches demonstrate that the
derived estimator provides a promising framework to apply data-driven
algorithms to noisy data.


  Based on the time-dependent Gutzwiller approximation we study the possibility
that the diagonal incommensurate spin scattering in strongly underdoped
lanthanum cuprates originates from antiferromagnetic domain walls (stripes).
Calculation of the dynamic spin response for stripes in the diagonal phase
yields the characteristic hour glass dispersion with the crossing of low energy
Goldstone and high-energy branches at a characteristic energy Ecross at the
antiferromagnetic wave-vector Q_{AF}. The high energy part is close to the
parent antiferromagnet. Our results suggest that inelastic neutron scattering
experiments on strongly underdoped lanthanum cuprates can be understood as due
to a mixture of bond centered and site centered stripe configurations with
substantial disorder.


  Content : 1) The leading twist pion wave function, 2) "Improved" QCD sum
rules with non-local condensates, 3) Pion and kaon form factors and charmonium
decays: theory vs experiment, 4) \gamma^{*}\gamma\pi^{o} - form factor, 5) The
new non-local axial anomaly, 6) Cross sections \gamma\gamma --> \pi^+\pi^-,
K^+K^-, K_S K_S .


  The subject of lepton-hadron scattering is discussed from its earliest
beginnings, concentrating on what we have learnt from the HERA electron-proton
storage ring. A brief selection of the HERA I results most relevant to LHC are
discussed. The HERA and ZEUS upgrades are outlined, together with the HERA II
physics programme. The impact of HERA results on LHC is discussed, in
particular in the areas of luminosity measurement, background estimates and
possible signatures of new physics. Finally, possible future developments in
lepton-proton physics beyond HERA II are discussed.


  Background: In this paper, we present an approach to understand how the
basic, clinical and patent knowledge on Ebola is organized and
intercommunicated and what leading factor could be shaping the evolution of the
knowledge translation process for this disease. Methodology: A combination of
citation network analysis; analysis of Medical heading Subject (MeSH) and Gene
Ontology (GO) terms, and quantitative content analysis for patents and
scientific literature, aimed to map the organization of Ebola research was
carried out. Results: We found six putative research fronts (i.e. clusters of
high interconnected papers). Three research fronts are basic research on Ebola
virus structural proteins: glycoprotein, VP40 and VP35, respectively. There is
a fourth research front of basic research papers on pathogenesis, which is the
organizing hub of Ebola research. A fifth research front is pre-clinical
research focused on vaccines and glycoproteins. Finally, a
clinical-epidemiology research front related to the disease outbreaks was
identified. The network structure of patent families shows that the dominant
design is the use of Ebola virus proteins as targets of vaccines and other
immunological treatments. Therefore, patents network organization resembles the
organization of the scientific literature. Specifically, the knowledge on Ebola
would flow from higher (clinical-epidemiology) to intermediated
(cellular-tissular pathogenesis) to lower (molecular interactions) levels of
organization. Conclusion: Our results suggest a strong reductionist approach
for Ebola research probably influenced by the lethality of the disease. On the
other hand, the ownership profile of the patent families network and the main
researches relationship with the United State Army suggest a strong involvement
of this military institution in Ebola research.


  We investigate a Gepner-like superstring model described by a combination of
multiple minimal models and an N=2 Liouville theory. This model is thought to
be equivalent to the superstring theory on a singular noncompact Calabi-Yau
manifold. We construct the modular invariant partition function of this model,
and confirm the validity of an appropriate GSO projection. We also calculate
the elliptic genus and Witten index of the model. We find that the elliptic
genus factorises into a rather trivial factor and a non-trivial one, and the
non-trivial one has the information on the positively curved base manifold of
the cone.


  We consider the hard thermal loops of QCD for a moving quark-gluon plasma.
Generalizing from this we suggest a candidate for the magnetic mass term. This
term may also be useful in understanding the mass gap of three-dimensional
non-Abelian gauge theories.


  In this paper we present a new approach to control variates for improving
computational efficiency of Ensemble Monte Carlo. We present the approach using
simulation of paths of a time-dependent nonlinear stochastic equation. The core
idea is to extract information at one or more nominal model parameters and use
this information to gain estimation efficiency at neighboring parameters. This
idea is the basis of a general strategy, called DataBase Monte Carlo (DBMC),
for improving efficiency of Monte Carlo. In this paper we describe how this
strategy can be implemented using the variance reduction technique of Control
Variates (CV). We show that, once an initial setup cost for extracting
information is incurred, this approach can lead to significant gains in
computational efficiency. The initial setup cost is justified in projects that
require a large number of estimations or in those that are to be performed
under real-time constraints.


  In this paper we consider all possible generalizations of the B-type Hecke
algebras, namely the cyclotomic and what we call 'generalized', and we
construct Markov traces on each of them, so as to obtain all possible different
levels of homfly-pt analogues in the solid torus related to the (Hecke)
algebras of B-type.


  To reach ultra-low detection thresholds necessary to probe unprecedentedly
low Dark Matter masses, target material alternatives and novel detector designs
are essential. One such target material is superfluid $^4$He which has the
potential to probe so far uncharted light Dark Matter parameter space at
sub-GeV masses. The new ``Direct search Experiment for Light dark matter'',
DELight, will be using superfluid helium as active target, instrumented with
magnetic micro-calorimeters. It is being designed to reach sensitivity to
masses well below 100\,MeV in Dark Matter-nucleus scattering interactions.


  Nuclear reactor inspections are critical to ensure the safety and reliability
of a nuclear facility's operation. In Canada, Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is used
to inspect the health of pressure tubes which are part of Canada's Deuterium
Uranium (CANDU) reactor's fuel channels. Currently, analysis of UT scans is
performed by manual visualization and measurement to locate, characterize, and
disposition flaws. Therefore, there is motivation to develop an automated
method that is fast and accurate. In this paper, a proof of concept (PoC) that
automates the detection of flaws in nuclear fuel channel UT scans using a
convolutional neural network (CNN) is presented. The CNN model was trained
after constructing a dataset using historical UT scans and the corresponding
inspection results. The requirement for this prototype was to identify the
location of at least a portion of each flaw in UT scans while minimizing false
positives (FPs). The proposed CNN model achieves this target by automatically
identifying at least a portion of each flaw where further manual analysis is
performed to identify the width, the length, and the type of the flaw.


  A common approach to analyzing categorical correlated time series data is to
fit a generalized linear model (GLM) with past data as covariate inputs. There
remain challenges to conducting inference for short time series length. By
treating the historical data as covariate inputs, standard errors of estimates
of GLM parameters computed using the empirical Fisher information do not fully
account the auto-correlation in the data. To overcome this serious limitation,
we derive the exact conditional Fisher information matrix of a general logistic
autoregressive model with endogenous covariates for any series length $T$.
Moreover, we also develop an iterative computational formula that allows for
relatively easy implementation of the proposed estimator. Our simulation
studies show that confidence intervals derived using the exact Fisher
information matrix tend to be narrower than those utilizing the empirical
Fisher information matrix while maintaining type I error rates at or below
nominal levels. Further, we establish that the exact Fisher information matrix
approaches, as T tends to infinity, the asymptotic Fisher information matrix
previously derived for binary time series data. The developed exact conditional
Fisher information matrix is applied to time-series data on respiratory rate
among a cohort of expectant mothers where it is found to provide narrower
confidence intervals for functionals of scientific interest and lead to greater
statistical power when compared to the empirical Fisher information matrix.


  Simulating time-domain observations of gravitational wave (GW) detector
environments will allow for a better understanding of GW sources, augment
datasets for GW signal detection and help in characterizing the noise of the
detectors, leading to better physics. This paper presents a novel approach to
simulating fixed-length time-domain signals using a three-player Wasserstein
Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN), called DVGAN, that includes an auxiliary
discriminator that discriminates on the derivatives of input signals. An
ablation study is used to compare the effects of including adversarial feedback
from an auxiliary derivative discriminator with a vanilla two-player WGAN. We
show that discriminating on derivatives can stabilize the learning of GAN
components on 1D continuous signals during their training phase. This results
in smoother generated signals that are less distinguishable from real samples
and better capture the distributions of the training data. DVGAN is also used
to simulate real transient noise events captured in the advanced LIGO GW
detector.


  In this part, we prove several quantitative results concerning with the Szego
minimum problem for classes of measure on the unit circle concentrated on small
subsets. As a by-product, we refute one conjecture of Nevai.
  This note can be read independently from the first one.


  Traditional approaches for color propagation in videos rely on some form of
matching between consecutive video frames. Using appearance descriptors, colors
are then propagated both spatially and temporally. These methods, however, are
computationally expensive and do not take advantage of semantic information of
the scene. In this work we propose a deep learning framework for color
propagation that combines a local strategy, to propagate colors frame-by-frame
ensuring temporal stability, and a global strategy, using semantics for color
propagation within a longer range. Our evaluation shows the superiority of our
strategy over existing video and image color propagation methods as well as
neural photo-realistic style transfer approaches.


  The mass function of galaxy clusters is a powerful tool to constrain
cosmological parameters, e.g., the mass fluctuation on the scale of 8 h^{-1}
Mpc, sigma_8, and the abundance of total matter, Omega_m. We first determine
the scaling relations between cluster mass and cluster richness, summed r-band
luminosity and the global galaxy number within a cluster radius. These
relations are then used to two complete volume-limited rich cluster samples
which we obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We estimate the
masses of these clusters and determine the cluster mass function. Fitting the
data with a theoretical expression, we get the cosmological parameter
constraints in the form of sigma_8(Omega_m/0.3)^{alpha}=beta and find out the
parameters of alpha=0.40-0.50 and beta=0.8-0.9, so that sigma_8=0.8-0.9 if
Omega_m=0.3. Our sigma_8 value is slightly higher than recent estimates from
the mass function of X-ray clusters and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP) data, but consistent with the weak lensing statistics.


  We show that for every supercyclic strongly continuous operator semigroup
${T_t}_{t\geq 0}$ acting on a complex $\F$-space, every $T_t$ with $t>0$ is
supercyclic. Moreover, the set of supercyclic vectors of each $T_t$ with $t>0$
is exactly the set of supercyclic vectors of the entire semigroup.


  Given a Lie groupoid, we can form its orbit space, which carries a natural
diffeology. More generally, we have a quotient functor from the
Hilsum-Skandalis category of Lie groupoids to the category of diffeological
spaces. We introduce the notion of a lift-complete Lie groupoid, and show that
the quotient functor restricts to an equivalence of the categories: of
lift-complete Lie groupoids with isomorphism classes of surjective submersive
bibundles as arrows, and of quasi-\'{e}tale diffeological spaces with
surjective local subductions as arrows. In particular, the Morita equivalence
class of a lift-complete Lie groupoid, alternatively a lift-complete
differentiable stack, is determined by its diffeological orbit space. Examples
of lift-complete Lie groupoids include quasifold groupoids and \'{e}tale
holonomy groupoids of Riemannian foliations.


  The influence of the atomic-scale inhomogeneities of the pairing interaction
strength on the superconducting order parameter and the conductance spectra
measurable by STM is studied in the framework of weak-coupling BCS-like theory
for two-dimensional lattice model. First of all, it is found that the
inhomogeneity having the form of atomic-scale regions of enhanced pair
interaction increases the ratio of the local low-temperature gap in
differential conductance spectra to the local temperature of vanishing the gap
$2\Delta_g/T_p$. Even in the framework of mean-field treatment this ratio is
shown to be larger than the one corresponding to the homogeneous case. It is
shown that the effect of thermal phase fluctuations of the superconducting
order parameter can further increase this ratio. Taking them into account in
the framework of a toy model we obtained the ratio $2\Delta_g/T_p$ to be $\sim
7-8$. It is found that the additional atomic-scale hopping element disorder and
weak potential scatterers, which can also take place in cuprate materials, have
no considerable effect on the statistical properties of the system, including
the distribution of the gaps, $T_p$ and the ratio $2\Delta_g/T_p$. The second
consequence of the atomic-scale order parameter inhomogeneity is the
anticorrelation between the low-temperature gap and the high-temperature
zero-bias conductance. The obtained results could bear a relation to recent STM
measurements.


  We discuss a hybrid equation of state (EoS) that fulfills constraints for
mass-radius relationships and cooling of compact stars. The quark matter EoS is
obtained from a Polyakov-loop Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model with color
superconductivity, and the hadronic one from a relativistic mean-field (RMF)
model with density-dependent couplings (DD-RMF). For the construction of the
phase transition regions we employ here for simplicity a Maxwell construction.
We present the phase diagram for symmetric matter which exhibits two remarkable
features: (1) a "nose"-like structure of the hadronic-to-quark matter phase
border with an increase of the critical density at temperatures below T ~ 150
MeV and (2) a high critical temperature for the border of the two-flavor color
superconducting (2SC) phase, T_c > 160 MeV. We show the trajectories of
heavy-ion collisions in the plane of excitation energy vs. baryon density
calculated using the UrQMD code and conjecture that for incident energies of 4
... 8 A GeV as provided, e.g., by the Nuclotron-M at JINR Dubna or by lowest
energies at the future heavy-ion collision experiments CBM@FAIR and NICA@JINR,
the color superconducting quark matter phase becomes accessible.


  In this paper we use the full Maxwell equations for light propagation in
order to analyze plasmonic resonances for nanoparticles. We mathematically
define the notion of plasmonic resonance and analyze its shift and broadening
with respect to changes in size, shape, and arrangement of the nanoparticles,
using the layer potential techniques associated with the full Maxwell
equations. We present an effective medium theory for resonant plasmonic systems
and derive a condition on the volume fraction under which the Maxwell-Garnett
theory is valid at plasmonic resonances.


  We study the structure of strictly singular non-compact operators between
$L_p$ spaces. Answering a question raised in [Adv. Math. 316 (2017), 667-690],
it is shown that there exist operators $T$, for which the set of points
$(\frac1p,\frac1q)\in(0,1)\times (0,1)$ such that $T:L_p\rightarrow L_q$ is
strictly singular but not compact contains a line segment in the triangle
$\{(\frac1p,\frac1q):1<p<q<\infty\}$ of any positive slope. This will be
achieved by means of Riesz potential operators between metric measure spaces
with different Hausdorff dimension. The relation between compactness and strict
singularity of regular operators defined on subspaces of $L_p$ is also
explored.


  The exploration of large-scale many-body phenomena in quantum materials has
produced many important experimental discoveries, including novel states of
entanglement, topology and quantum order as found for example in quantum spin
ices, topological insulators and semimetals, complex magnets, and high-$T_c$
superconductors. Yet, the sheer scale of solid-state systems and the difficulty
of exercising exacting control of their quantum mechanical degrees of freedom
limit the pace of rational progress in advancing the properties of these and
other materials. With extraordinary effort to counteract natural processes of
dissipation, precisely engineered ultracold quantum simulators could point the
way to exotic new materials. Here, we look instead to the quantum mechanical
character of the arrested state formed by a quenched ultracold molecular
plasma. This novel class of system arises spontaneously, without a deliberate
engineering of interactions, and evolves naturally from state-specified initial
conditions, to a long-lived final state of canonical density, in a process that
conflicts with classical notions of plasma dissipation and neutral
dissociation. We take information from experimental observations to develop a
conceptual argument that attempts to explain this state of arrested relaxation
in terms of a minimal phenomenological model of randomly interacting dipoles of
random energies. This model of the plasma forms a starting point to describe
its observed absence of relaxation in terms of many-body localization (MBL).
The large number of accessible Rydberg and excitonic states gives rise to an
unconventional web of many-body interactions that vastly exceeds the complexity
of MBL in a conventional few-level scheme. This experimental platform thus
opens an avenue for the coupling of dipoles in disordered environments that
will demand the development of new theoretical tools.


  Electromagnetic quantities such as energy density, momentum, spin, and
helicity bring meaning and intuition to electromagnetism and possess intricate
interrelations, particularly prominent in complex non-paraxial near-fields.
These quantities are conventionally expressed using electric and magnetic field
vectors, yet the electric-magnetic basis is one among other often overlooked
alternatives, including parallel-antiparallel and right-left-handed helicity
bases, related to the parity and duality symmetries of electromagnetism.
Projecting time-harmonic electromagnetic fields into a variety of bases allows
re-interpreting established quantities and reveals underlying mathematical
structures: a Bloch sphere which describes asymmetries in electromagnetic
energy, a systematic path to unify and uncover relations between
electromagnetic quantities, and the unlocking of symmetry-driven equations in
light-matter interaction.


  In this note we consider certain elliptic curves defined over real quadratic
fields isogenous to their Galois conjugate. We give a construction of algebraic
points on these curves defined over almost totally real number fields. The main
ingredient is the system of Heegner points arising from Shimura curve
uniformizations. In addition, we provide an explicit $p$-adic analytic formula
which allows for the effective, algorithmic calculation of such points.


  In this article we prove some interesting results on field generated by
division points of several formal groups of same height, already implicit in
the treatment in appendix-A of my M.Sc thesis (Points of Small Height in
Certain Nonabelian Extensions). More precisely, under suitable hypothesis we
show that the field generated by the division points of several formal groups
is equal to the field generated by division points of an individual formal
group among them, after a fixed finite unramified extension of base field.


  The past decade has witnessed numerous discoveries of two-dimensional (2D)
semimetals and insulators, whereas 2D metals are rarely identified. Borophene,
a monolayer boron sheet, has recently emerged as a perfect 2D metal with unique
structure and electronic properties. Here we study collective excitations in
borophene, which exhibit two major plasmon modes with low damping rates
extending from infrared to ultraviolet regime. The anisotropic 1D plasmon
originates from electronic excitations of tilted Dirac cones in borophene,
analogous to that in heavily doped Dirac semimetals. These features make
borophene promising to realize directional polariton transportation and
broadband optical communications for next-generation optoelectronic devices.


  We study a perturbed Floquet Hamiltonian $K+\beta V$ depending on a coupling
constant $\beta$. The spectrum $\sigma(K)$ is assumed to be pure point and
dense. We pick up an eigen-value, namely $0\in\sigma(K)$, and show the
existence of a function $\lambda(\beta)$ defined on $I\subset\R$ such that
$\lambda(\beta) \in \sigma(K+\beta V)$ for all $\beta\in I$, 0 is a point of
density for the set $I$, and the Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation series
represents an asymptotic series for the function $\lambda(\beta)$. All ideas
are developed and demonstrated when treating an explicit example but some of
them are expected to have an essentially wider range of application.


  We prove that the Novikov conjecture holds for any discrete group admitting
an isometric and metrically proper action on an admissible Hilbert-Hadamard
space. Admissible Hilbert-Hadamard spaces are a class of (possibly
infinite-dimensional) non-positively curved metric spaces that contain dense
sequences of closed convex subsets isometric to Riemannian manifolds. Examples
of admissible Hilbert-Hadamard spaces include Hilbert spaces, certain simply
connected and non-positively curved Riemannian-Hilbertian manifolds and
infinite\-/dimensional symmetric spaces. Thus our main theorem can be
considered as an infinite-dimensional analogue of Kasparov's theorem on the
Novikov conjecture for groups acting properly and isometrically on complete,
simply connected and non-positively curved manifolds. As a consequence, we show
that the Novikov conjecture holds for geometrically discrete subgroups of the
group of volume preserving diffeomorphisms of a closed smooth manifold. This
result is inspired by Connes' theorem that the Novikov conjecture holds for
higher signatures associated to the Gelfand-Fuchs classes of groups of
diffeormorphisms.


  We analyzed in a systematic way the public INTEGRAL observations spanning
from December 2002 to September 2016, to investigate the hard X-ray properties
of about 60 High Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs). We considered both persistent and
transient sources, hosting either a Be star (Be/XRBs) or a blue supergiant
companion (SgHMXBs, including Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients, SFXTs), a
neutron star or a black hole. INTEGRAL X-ray light curves (18-50 keV), sampled
at a bin time of about 2 ks, were extracted for all HMXBs to derive the
cumulative distribution of their hard X-ray luminosity, their duty cycle, the
range of variability of their hard X-ray luminosity. This allowed us to obtain
an overall and quantitative characterization of the long-term hard X-ray
activity of the HMXBs in our sample. Putting the phenomenology observed with
INTEGRAL into context with other known source properties (e.g. orbital
parameters, pulsar spin periods) together with observational constraints coming
from softer X-rays (1-10 keV), enabled the investigation of the way the
different HMXB sub-classes behave (and sometimes overlap). For given source
properties, the different sub-classes of massive binaries seem to cluster in a
suggestive way. However, for what concerns supergiant systems (SgHMXBs versus
SFXTs), several sources with intermediate properties exist, suggesting a smooth
transition between the two sub-classes.


  Nuclei exhibit both single-particle and collective degrees of freedom, with
the latter often subdivided into vibrational and rotational motions.
Experimentally identifying the relative roles of these collective modes is
extremely challenging, particularly in the face of possible shape coexistence.
Model-independent, invariant quantities describing the deformation of a nucleus
in the intrinsic frame have long been known but their determination potentially
requires a large quantity of experimental data to achieve convergence. Through
comparison with the nuclear shell model, the question of convergence will be
addressed. Shell-model calculations performed in the $sd$- and $pf$-shell model
spaces are used to determine electric-quadrupole matrix elements for a
multitude of low-lying states. Relative contributions to the rotationally
invariant quantities from multiple states can therefore be determined. It is
found that on average, the inclusion of four intermediate states results in the
leading-order invariant, $\left<Q^2\right>$, converging to within 10% of its
true value and the triaxiality term, $\left<\cos{\left(3\delta\right)}\right>$,
converging to its true value, though some variance remains. Higher-order
quantities relating to the softness of the nuclear shape are found to converge
more slowly. The convergence of quadrupole rotationally invariant sum rules was
quantified in the $sd$- and $pf$-shell model spaces and indicates the challenge
inherent in a full determination of nuclear shape. The present study is limited
to relatively small valence spaces. Larger spaces, such as the rare-earth
region, potentially offer faster convergence.


  In this work, we consider solving a distributed optimization problem in a
multi-agent network with multiple clusters. In each cluster, the involved
agents cooperatively optimize a separable composite function with a common
decision variable. Meanwhile, a global cost function of the whole network is
considered associated with an affine coupling constraint across the clusters.
To solve this problem, we propose a cluster-based dual proximal gradient
algorithm by resorting to the dual problem, where the global cost function is
optimized when the agents in each cluster achieve an agreement on the optimal
strategy and the global coupling constraint is satisfied. In addition, the
proposed algorithm allows the agents to only communicate with their immediate
neighbors. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm with
simple-structured cost functions is discussed and an ergodic convergence with
rate O(1/T) is guaranteed (T is the index of iterations).


  The absolute separation of a polynomial is the minimum nonzero difference
between the absolute values of its roots. In the case of polynomials with
integer coefficients, it can be bounded from below in terms of the degree and
the height (the maximum absolute value of the coefficients) of the polynomial.
We improve the known bounds for this problem and related ones. Then we report
on extensive experiments in low degrees, suggesting that the current bounds are
still very pessimistic.


  Motion estimation is one of the important procedures in the all video
encoders. Most of the complexity of the video coder depends on the complexity
of the motion estimation step. The original motion estimation algorithm has a
remarkable complexity and therefore many improvements were proposed to enhance
the crude version of the motion estimation. The basic idea of many of these
works were to optimize some distortion function for mean squared error (MSE) or
sum of absolute difference (SAD) in block matching But it is shown that these
metrics do not conclude the quality as it is, on the other hand, they are not
compatible with the human visual system (HVS). In this paper we explored the
usage of the image quality metrics in the video coding and more specific in the
motion estimation. We have utilized the perceptual image quality metrics
instead of MSE or SAD in the block based motion estimation. Three different
metrics have used: structural similarity or SSIM, complex wavelet structural
similarity or CW-SSIM, visual information fidelity or VIF. Experimental results
showed that usage of the quality criterions can improve the compression rate
while the quality remains fix and thus better quality in coded video at the
same bit budget.


  This paper is devoted to the complete convergence study of the finite-element
approximation of Maxwell's equations in the case where the magnetic
permeability is constant. Standard linear finite elements for the space
discretization are combined with a well-known explicit finite-difference scheme
for the time discretization. The analysis applies to the particular case where
the dielectric permittivity has a constant value outside a sub-domain, whose
closure does not intersect the boundary of the problem-definition domain.
Optimal convergence results are established in natural norms under reasonable
assumptions, provided a classical CFL condition holds. A numerical validation
of the theoretical results is provided.


  The main energy-generating mechanisms in galaxies are black hole (BH)
accretion and star formation (SF) and the interplay of these processes is
driving the evolution of galaxies. MIR/FIR spectroscopy are able to distinguish
between BH accretion and SF, as it was shown in the past by infrared
spectroscopy from the space by the Infrared Space Observatory and Spitzer.
Spitzer and Herschel spectroscopy together can trace the AGN and the SF
components in galaxies, with extinction free lines, almost only in the local
Universe, except for a few distant objects. One of the major goals of the study
of galaxy evolution is to understand the history of the luminosity source of
galaxies along cosmic time. This goal can be achieved with far-IR spectroscopic
cosmological surveys. SPICA in combination with ground based large single dish
submillimeter telescopes, such as CCAT, will offer a unique opportunity to do
this. We use galaxy evolution models linked to the observed MIR-FIR counts
(including Herschel) to predict the number of sources and their IR lines
fluxes, as derived from observations of local galaxies. A shallow survey in an
area of 0.5 square degrees, with a typical integration time of 1 hour per
pointing, will be able to detect thousands of galaxies in at least three
emission lines, using SAFARI, the far-IR spectrometer onboard of SPICA.


  A modified RSJ-model for the coupling of intrinsic Josephson oscillations and
c-axis phonons in the high-T_c superconductors Tl_2Ba_2Ca_2Cu_3O_{10+\delta}
and Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_{8+\delta} is deveoped. This provides a very good
explanation for recently reported subgap structures in the I-V-characteristic
of the c-axis transport. It turns out that the voltages of these structures
coincide with the eigenfrequencies of longitudinal optical phonons, providing a
new measurement technique for this quantity. The significantly enhanced
microwave emission at the subgap structures in both the GHz and THz region is
discussed.


  Over the last years, many 'explainable artificial intelligence' (xAI)
approaches have been developed, but these have not always been objectively
evaluated. To evaluate the quality of heatmaps generated by various saliency
methods, we developed a framework to generate artificial data with synthetic
lesions and a known ground truth map. Using this framework, we evaluated two
data sets with different backgrounds, Perlin noise and 2D brain MRI slices, and
found that the heatmaps vary strongly between saliency methods and backgrounds.
We strongly encourage further evaluation of saliency maps and xAI methods using
this framework before applying these in clinical or other safety-critical
settings.


  Extensive particle-in-cell simulations of fast electron beams injected in a
background magnetised plasma with a decreasing density profile were carried
out. These simulations were intended to further shed light on a newly proposed
mechanism for the generation of electromagnetic waves in type III solar radio
bursts [D. Tsiklauri, Phys. Plasmas, 18, 052903 (2011)]. The numerical
simulations were carried out using different density profiles and fast electron
distribution functions. It is shown that electromagnetic L and R modes are
excited by the transverse current, initially imposed on the system. In the
course of the simulations no further interaction of the electron beam with the
background plasma could be observed.


  We prove that the modular component $\mathcal M(r)$, constructed in the Main
Theorem of a former paper of us (published in Adv. Math on 2024), paramatrizing
(isomorphism classes of) Ulrich vector bundles of rank $r$ and given Chern
classes, on suitable $3$-fold scrolls $X_e$ over Hirzebruch surfaces
$\mathbb{F}_{e\geq 0}$, which arise as tautological embeddings of
projectivization of very-ample vector bundles on $\mathbb{F}_e$, is generically
smooth and unirational. A stronger result holds for the suitable associated
moduli space $\mathcal M_{\mathbb F_e}(r)$ of vector bundles of rank $r$ and
given Chern classes on $\mathbb{F}_e$, Ulrich w.r.t. the very ample
polarization $c_1({\mathcal E}_e) = \mathcal O_{\mathbb F_e}(3, b_e),$ which
turns out to be generically smooth, irreducible and unirational.


  We report on recent progress concerning the relationship that exists between
the algebraic structure of a finite group and certain features of its
class-size prime graph.


  The aim of this paper is the computing one of topological indices of
One-pentagonal carbon Nanocone. One-pentagonal carbon nanocone consists of one
pentagone as its core surrounded by layers of hexagons .if there are n
layers,then the graph of this molecules is denoted by G_n .In This paper our
aim is to calculate the hyper-Wiener index of G_n explicitly .


  We propose a non-parametric link prediction algorithm for a sequence of graph
snapshots over time. The model predicts links based on the features of its
endpoints, as well as those of the local neighborhood around the endpoints.
This allows for different types of neighborhoods in a graph, each with its own
dynamics (e.g, growing or shrinking communities). We prove the consistency of
our estimator, and give a fast implementation based on locality-sensitive
hashing. Experiments with simulated as well as five real-world dynamic graphs
show that we outperform the state of the art, especially when sharp
fluctuations or non-linearities are present.


  This paper characterises the boundedness and compactness of Agler--McCarthy
monomial operators by reducing them to weighted composition operators and
deriving explicit Carleson measure criteria on the half-plane. The results are
illustrated by examples.


  Summary: Polymerase chain reaction-based assays are the current gold standard
for detecting and diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. However, as SARS-CoV-2 mutates, we
need to constantly assess whether existing PCR-based assays will continue to
detect all known viral strains. To enable the continuous monitoring of
SARS-CoV-2 assays, we have developed a web-based assay validation algorithm
that checks existing PCR-based assays against the ever-expanding genome
databases for SARS-CoV-2 using both thermodynamic and edit-distance metrics.
The assay screening results are displayed as a heatmap, showing the number of
mismatches between each detection and each SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence. Using a
mismatch threshold to define detection failure, assay performance is summarized
with the true positive rate (recall) to simplify assay comparisons.
Availability: https://covid19.edgebioinformatics.org/#/assayValidation.
Contact: Jason Gans<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Patrick Chain<EMAIL_ADDRESS>


  Lattice Boltzmann schemes are efficient numerical methods to solve a broad
range of problems under the form of conservation laws. However, they suffer
from a chronic lack of clear theoretical foundations. In particular, the
consistency analysis and the derivation of the modified equations are still
open issues. This has prevented, until today, to have an analogous of the Lax
equivalence theorem for Lattice Boltzmann schemes. We propose a rigorous
consistency study and the derivation of the modified equations for any lattice
Boltzmann scheme under acoustic and diffusive scalings. This is done by passing
from a kinetic (lattice Boltzmann) to a macroscopic (Finite Difference) point
of view at a fully discrete level in order to eliminate the non-conserved
moments relaxing away from the equilibrium. We rewrite the lattice Boltzmann
scheme as a multi-step Finite Difference scheme on the conserved variables, as
introduced in our previous contribution. We then perform the usual analyses for
Finite Difference by exploiting its precise characterization using matrices of
Finite Difference operators. Though we present the derivation of the modified
equations until second-order underacoustic scaling, we provide all the elements
to extend it to higher orders, since the kinetic-macroscopic connection is
conducted at the fully discrete level. Finally, we show that our strategy
yields, in a more rigorous setting, the same results as previous works in the
literature.


  We study the self-dual Yang-Mills equations in split signature. We give a
special solution, called the basic split instanton, and describe the ADHM
construction in the split signature. Moreover a split version of t'Hooft ansatz
is described.


  Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers show great potentials for nanoscale bio-sensing
and bio-imaging. Nevertheless, their envisioned bio-applications suffer from
intrinsic background noise due to unavoidable light scattering and
autofluorescence in cells and tissues. Herein, we develop a novel all-optical
modulated imaging method via physically-enabled classifier, for on-demand and
direct access to NV fluorescence at pixel resolution while effectively
filtering out background noise. Specifically, NV fluorescence can be modulated
optically to exhibit sinusoid-like variations, providing basis for
classification. We validate our method in various complex biological scenarios
with fluorescence interference, ranging from cells to organisms. Notably, our
classification-based approach achieves almost 10^6 times enhancement of
signal-to-background ratio (SBR) for fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in neural
protein imaging. We also demonstrate 4-fold contrast improvement in
optically-detected magnetic resonance measurements (ODMR) of FNDs inside
stained cells. Our technique offers a generic, explainable and robust solution,
applicable for realistic high-fidelity imaging and sensing in challenging
noise-laden scenarios.