  Network traffic analytics technology is a cornerstone for cyber security
systems. We demonstrate its use through three popular and contemporary cyber
security applications in intrusion detection, malware analysis and botnet
detection. However, automated traffic analytics faces the challenges raised by
big traffic data. In terms of big data's three characteristics --- volume,
variety and velocity, we review three state of the art techniques to mitigate
the key challenges including real-time traffic classification, unknown traffic
classification, and efficiency of classifiers. The new techniques using
statistical features, unknown discovery and correlation analytics show
promising potentials to deal with big traffic data. Readers are encouraged to
devote to improving the performance and practicability of automatic traffic
analytic in cyber security.


  In the present paper we give an explicit formula which allows us immediately
to describe a unique Gauss circuit on a framed 4-valent graph (a graph with a
structure of opposite edges) from an arbitrary Euler tour on the graph whenever
the Gauss circuit exists. This formula only depends on the adjacency matrix of
an Euler tour and also tells us whether there exists a Gauss tour on a framed
4-valent graph or not. It turns out that the results are also valid for all
symmetric matrices (not just realisable by a chord diagram).


  We present maps in several molecular emission lines of a 1 square-degree
region covering the W40 and Serpens South molecular clouds belonging to the
Aquila Rift complex. The observations were made with the 45 m telescope at the
Nobeyama Radio Observatory. We found that the $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO emission
lines consist of several velocity components with different spatial
distributions. The component that forms the main cloud of W40 and Serpens
South, which we call the "main component", has a velocity of $V_{\rm LSR}\simeq
7$ km s$^{-1}$. There is another significant component at $V_{\rm LSR}\simeq
40$ km s$^{-1}$, which we call the "40 km s$^{-1}$ component". The latter
component is mainly distributed around two young clusters: W40 and Serpens
South. Moreover, the two components look spatially anti-correlated. Such
spatial configuration suggests that the star formation in W40 and Serpens South
was induced by the collision of the two components. We also discuss a
possibility that the 40 km s$^{-1}$ component consists of gas swept up by
superbubbles created by SNRs and stellar winds from the Scorpius-Centaurus
Association.


  We present a new method to estimate the fraction of stars with chemical
composition of first and second(s) generation(s) currently hosted in Galactic
globular clusters (GCs). We compare cluster and field stars of similar
metallicity in the [Fe/H]-[Na/H] plane. Since the phenomenon of multiple
populations is only restricted to the cluster environment, the number of GC
stars whose location coincides with that of field stars provides the fraction
of first generation stars in that cluster. By exclusion, the fraction of second
generation stars is derived. We assembled a dataset of 1891 field stars of the
thin disk, thick disk, and halo of the Milky Way in the metallicity range -3.15
<= [Fe/H] <= +0.48 dex and with Na abundance from high resolution spectra. They
are mostly dwarfs, but include also giants. Considering only the range in
metallicity spanned by most GCs extensively studied for the Na-O
anticorrelation (-2.36 <= [Fe/H] <= -0.33 dex), we have 804 stars. The total
sample is homogeneized by offsets in [Fe/H] and [Na/H] with respect to a
reference sample using the same line list and NLTE correction for Na adopted in
a recent extensive survey of GC stars. This fully accounts for offsets among
analyses due to different temperature scales, line lists, adopted (or
neglected) corrections for departures from LTE. We illustrate our method
estimating the fraction of first and second generation stars in the well
studied GC NGC 6752. As a by-product, the comparison of [Na/H] values in GC and
field stars suggests that at least two classes of old stellar systems probably
contributed to the halo assembly: one group with characteristics similar to the
currently existing GCs, and the other more similar to the present-day dwarf
satellite galaxies.


  We discuss the basic difficulties in understanding the origin of the highest
energy particles in the Universe - the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR). It
is difficult to imagine the sources they are accelerated in. Because of the
strong attenuation of UHECR on their propagation from the sources to us these
sources should be at cosmologically short distance from us but are currently
not identified. We also give information of the most recent experimental
results including the ones reported at this conference and compare them to
models of the UHECR origin.


  We explain the basics of conformal theory using the language of chiral
algebras of Beilinson and Drinfeld.


  The notion of a geometric crystal was introduced by A.Berenstein and
D.Kazhdan, motivated by the needs of representation theory of p-adic groups. It
was shown by A.Braverman, A.Berenstein, and D.Kazhdan that some particular
geometric crystals give rise to an interesting birational automorphism R of the
Cartesian square of an n-dimensional torus, which satisfies the quantum
Yang-Baxter equation and the unitarity condition. On the other hand, unitary
set-theoretical solutions of the quantum Yang-Baxter equation were studied by
Schedler, Soloviev, and the author. It was shown that the theory is especially
nice if the solution satisfies an additional nondegeneracy condition. In
particular, in this situation one can define the so called reduced structure
group, whose complexity characterizes the complexity of the solution. In this
note we show that the map R is nondegenerate, and give a new proof that it
satisfies the quantum Yang-Baxter equation and the unitarity condition. Then we
calculate the reduced structure group of R, and show that it is a subgroup of
the "loop group" PGL(n,C(t))$. We also give a new, direct proof of a Theorem of
Braverman and Kazhdan on the commutativity of two symmetric group actions on
the space of matrices.


  We present a laboratory study on the instability of internal wave attractors
in a trapezoidal fluid domain filled with uniformly stratified fluid. Energy is
injected into the system via standing-wave-type motion of a vertical wall.
Attractors are found to be destroyed by parametric subharmonic instability
(PSI) via a triadic resonance which is shown to provide a very efficient energy
pathway from long to short length scales. This study provides an explanation
why attractors may be difficult or impossible to observe in natural systems
subject to large amplitude forcing.


  Open World Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (OW-CZSL) is known to be an
extremely challenging task, which aims to recognize unseen compositions formed
from seen attributes and objects without any prior assumption of the output
space. In order to achieve this goal, a model has to be "smart" and
"knowledgeable". To be smart, a model should be good at reasoning the
interactions between attributes and objects from the seen compositions. While
"knowledgeable" means the model owns "common sense" to the open world that can
"foresee" some features of the unseen compositions. Most previous work focuses
on the "smart" part, while few of them provided an effective solution to
achieve the "knowledgeable" goal. In this paper, we proposed a framework named
Multi-Modal Prompt Tuning (MMPT) to inherit the "knowledgeable" property from
the large pre-trained vision-language model. Extensive experiments show that
our proposed MMPT obtains new state-of-the-art results in OW-CZSL task. On the
UT-Zappos dataset, MMPT pushes the AUC score to $29.8$, while the previous best
score is $26.5$. On the more challenging MIT-States dataset, the AUC score of
MMPT is 1.5 times better than the current state-of-the-art.


  We have carried out 200,000 N-body simulations of three identical stellar
embryos with masses from a Chabrier IMF and embedded in a molecular core. The
bodies are initially non-hierarchical and undergo chaotic motions, while
accreting using Bondi-Hoyle accretion. The coupling of dynamics and accretion
often leads to one or two dominant bodies controlling the center of the cloud
core, while banishing the other(s) to the lower-density outskirts, leading to
stunted growth. Eventually each system transforms either to a bound
hierarchical configuration or breaks apart into separate single and binary
components. The orbital motion is followed for 100 Myr. To illustrate the
simulations we introduce the 'triple diagnostic diagram', which plots two
dimensionless numbers against each other, representing the binary mass ratio
and the mass ratio of the third body to the total system mass. Numerous
freefloating BD binaries are formed in these simulations. The separation
distribution function is in good correspondence with observations, showing a
steep rise at close separations, peaking around 13 AU and then declining more
gently. Unresolved BD triple systems may appear as wider BD binaries. Mass
ratios are strongly peaked towards unity, as observed, but this is partially
due to the initial assumptions. Eccentricities gradually increase towards
higher values, due to the lack of viscous interactions in the simulations,
which would both shrink the orbits and decrease their eccentricities. The main
threat to newly born triple systems is internal instabilities, not external
perturbations. Dynamical interactions in newborn triple systems of stellar
embryos embedded in and accreting from a cloud core naturally form a population
of freefloating BD binaries, and this mechanism may constitute a significant
pathway for the formation of BD binaries. (Abstract abbreviated).


  The motivation of this work is to define cohomology classes in the space of
knots that are both easy to find and to evaluate, by reducing the problem to
simple linear algebra. We achieve this goal by defining a combinatorial graded
cochain complex, such that the elements of an explicit submodule in the
cohomology define algebraic intersections with some "geometrically simple"
strata in the space of knots. Such strata are endowed with explicit
co-orientations, that are canonical in some sense. The combinatorial tools
involved are natural generalisations (degeneracies) of usual methods using
arrow diagrams.


  Modularity and efficiency are often contradicting requirements, such that
programers have to trade one for the other. We analyze this dilemma in the
context of programs operating on collections. Performance-critical code using
collections need often to be hand-optimized, leading to non-modular, brittle,
and redundant code. In principle, this dilemma could be avoided by automatic
collection-specific optimizations, such as fusion of collection traversals,
usage of indexing, or reordering of filters. Unfortunately, it is not obvious
how to encode such optimizations in terms of ordinary collection APIs, because
the program operating on the collections is not reified and hence cannot be
analyzed.
  We propose SQuOpt, the Scala Query Optimizer--a deep embedding of the Scala
collections API that allows such analyses and optimizations to be defined and
executed within Scala, without relying on external tools or compiler
extensions. SQuOpt provides the same "look and feel" (syntax and static typing
guarantees) as the standard collections API. We evaluate SQuOpt by
re-implementing several code analyses of the Findbugs tool using SQuOpt, show
average speedups of 12x with a maximum of 12800x and hence demonstrate that
SQuOpt can reconcile modularity and efficiency in real-world applications.


  Operator learning techniques have recently emerged as a powerful tool for
learning maps between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. Trained under
appropriate constraints, they can also be effective in learning the solution
operator of partial differential equations (PDEs) in an entirely
self-supervised manner. In this work we analyze the training dynamics of deep
operator networks (DeepONets) through the lens of Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK)
theory, and reveal a bias that favors the approximation of functions with
larger magnitudes. To correct this bias we propose to adaptively re-weight the
importance of each training example, and demonstrate how this procedure can
effectively balance the magnitude of back-propagated gradients during training
via gradient descent. We also propose a novel network architecture that is more
resilient to vanishing gradient pathologies. Taken together, our developments
provide new insights into the training of DeepONets and consistently improve
their predictive accuracy by a factor of 10-50x, demonstrated in the
challenging setting of learning PDE solution operators in the absence of paired
input-output observations. All code and data accompanying this manuscript are
publicly available at
\url{https://github.com/PredictiveIntelligenceLab/ImprovedDeepONets.}


  Energetic nonthermal particles (cosmic rays, CRs) are accelerated in
supernova remnants, relativistic jets and other astrophysical objects. The CR
energy density is typically comparable with that of the thermal components and
magnetic fields. In this review we discuss mechanisms of magnetic field
amplification due to instabilities induced by CRs. We derive CR kinetic and
magnetohydrodynamic equations that govern cosmic plasma systems comprising the
thermal background plasma, comic rays and fluctuating magnetic fields to study
CR-driven instabilities. Both resonant and non-resonant instabilities are
reviewed, including the Bell short-wavelength instability, and the firehose
instability. Special attention is paid to the longwavelength instabilities
driven by the CR current and pressure gradient. The helicity production by the
CR current-driven instabilities is discussed in connection with the dynamo
mechanisms of cosmic magnetic field amplification.


  In this paper we identify and analyze in detail the subleading contributions
in the 1/N expansion of random tensors, in the simple case of a quartically
interacting model. The leading order for this 1/N expansion is made of graphs,
called melons, which are dual to particular triangulations of the D-dimensional
sphere, closely related to the "stacked" triangulations. For D<6 the subleading
behavior is governed by a larger family of graphs, hereafter called cherry
trees, which are also dual to the D-dimensional sphere. They can be resummed
explicitly through a double scaling limit. In sharp contrast with random matrix
models, this double scaling limit is stable. Apart from its unexpected upper
critical dimension 6, it displays a singularity at fixed distance from the
origin and is clearly the first step in a richer set of yet to be discovered
multi-scaling limits.


  Apart from math.AG/0608569, it contains the following applications of it. Let
M be a simply connected, irreducible smooth complex projective variety of
dimension $n$ such that the Picard number of $M$ is one. If the canonical line
bundle $K_M$ is ample, then the algebraic holonomy of $TM$ is $\text{GL}(n,
{\mathbb C})$. If $K^{-1}_M$ is ample, $\text{rank}(\text{NS}(M)) = 1$, the
biholomorphic automorphism group of $M$ is finite, and $M$ admits a
K\"ahler--Einstein metric, then the algebraic holonomy of $TM$ is ${\rm GL}(n,
{\mathbb C})$.


  A good initialization of deep learning models is essential since it can help
them converge better and faster. However, pretraining large models is
unaffordable for many researchers, which makes a desired prediction for initial
parameters more necessary nowadays. Graph HyperNetworks (GHNs), one approach to
predicting model parameters, have recently shown strong performance in
initializing large vision models. Unfortunately, predicting parameters of very
wide networks relies on copying small chunks of parameters multiple times and
requires an extremely large number of parameters to support full prediction,
which greatly hinders its adoption in practice. To address this limitation, we
propose LoGAH (Low-rank GrAph Hypernetworks), a GHN with a low-rank parameter
decoder that expands to significantly wider networks without requiring as
excessive increase of parameters as in previous attempts. LoGAH allows us to
predict the parameters of 774-million large neural networks in a
memory-efficient manner. We show that vision and language models (i.e., ViT and
GPT-2) initialized with LoGAH achieve better performance than those initialized
randomly or using existing hypernetworks. Furthermore, we show promising
transfer learning results w.r.t. training LoGAH on small datasets and using the
predicted parameters to initialize for larger tasks. We provide the codes in
https://github.com/Blackzxy/LoGAH .


  Network embedding has been widely used in social recommendation and network
analysis, such as recommendation systems and anomaly detection with graphs.
However, most of previous approaches cannot handle large graphs efficiently,
due to that (i) computation on graphs is often costly and (ii) the size of
graph or the intermediate results of vectors could be prohibitively large,
rendering it difficult to be processed on a single machine. In this paper, we
propose an efficient and effective distributed algorithm for network embedding
on large graphs using Apache Spark, which recursively partitions a graph into
several small-sized subgraphs to capture the internal and external structural
information of nodes, and then computes the network embedding for each subgraph
in parallel. Finally, by aggregating the outputs on all subgraphs, we obtain
the embeddings of nodes in a linear cost. After that, we demonstrate in various
experiments that our proposed approach is able to handle graphs with billions
of edges within a few hours and is at least 4 times faster than the
state-of-the-art approaches. Besides, it achieves up to $4.25\%$ and $4.27\%$
improvements on link prediction and node classification tasks respectively. In
the end, we deploy the proposed algorithms in two online games of Tencent with
the applications of friend recommendation and item recommendation, which
improve the competitors by up to $91.11\%$ in running time and up to $12.80\%$
in the corresponding evaluation metrics.


  An old problem raised independently by Jacobson and Sch\"onheim asks to
determine the maximum $s$ for which every graph with $m$ edges contains a pair
of edge-disjoint isomorphic subgraphs with $s$ edges. In this paper we
determine this maximum up to a constant factor. We show that every $m$-edge
graph contains a pair of edge-disjoint isomorphic subgraphs with at least $c
(m\log m)^{2/3}$ edges for some absolute constant $c$, and find graphs where
this estimate is off only by a multiplicative constant. Our results improve
bounds of Erd\H{o}s, Pach, and Pyber from 1987.


  Efficient sound transmission across the water-air interface has always been
expected in the field of ocean exploration. However, the existing researches
are mainly concentrated on the narrow-band transmission based on resonance,
which greatly limits the transmission capacity and efficiency. Here, we
combined the air-based and water-based metafluids to realize an exponential
gradient impedance matching layer for broadband water-air sound transmission.
By cooperatively adjusting the sound velocity and thickness in the matching
layers, we modulated the required acoustic parameters of each layer into a
reasonable range, which can be conveniently achieved by the proposed
metafluids. A matching layer sample was constructed and validated in a water
tank. Experimental results show that the proposed matching layer can achieve an
average sound energy transmission enhancement above 16.7dB from 880Hz to 1760Hz
across the water-air interface. Moreover, we use the proposed matching layer to
demonstrate a multicolor picture transmission from air to water, which shows
extremely high communication capacity and accuracy. Our work is promising for
more applications based on water-air transmission and opens a new avenue to the
design and implementation of the extreme impedance matching case.


  In this paper, we propose a model-simulation framework for virtual tensile
strength tests of random fiber structures, as they appear in nonwoven
materials. The focus is on the efficient handling with respect to the
problem-inherent multi-scales and randomness. In particular, the interplay of
the random microstructure and deterministic structural production-related
features on the macro-scale makes classical homogenization-based approaches
computationally complex and costly. In our approach we model the fiber
structure to be graph-based and of truss-type, equipped with a nonlinear
elastic material law. Describing the tensile strength test by a sequence of
force equilibria with respect to varied boundary conditions, its embedding into
a singularly perturbed dynamical system is advantageous with regard to
statements about solution theory and convergence of numerical methods. A
problem-tailored data reduction provides additional speed-up, Monte-Carlo
simulations account for the randomness. This work serves as a proof of concept
and opens the field to optimization.


  Solid electrolytes with fast ion transport are one of the key challenges for
solid state lithium metal batteries. To improve ion conductivity, chemical
doping has been the most effective strategy, and atomistic simulation with
machine-learning potential helps find optimized doping by predicting ion
conductivity for arbitrary composition. Yet most existing machine-learning
models are trained on narrow chemistry, and new model has to be trained for
each system, wasting transferable knowledge and incurring significant cost.
Here, we propose a pre-trained deep potential model purpose-built for sulfide
electrolytes with attention mechanism, known as DPA-SSE. The training set
encompasses 15 elements and consists of both equilibrium and extensive
out-of-equilibrium configurations. DPA-SSE achieves a high energy resolution of
less than 2 meV/atom for dynamical trajectories up to 1150 K, and reproduces
experimental ion conductivity of sulfide electrolytes with remarkable accuracy.
DPA-SSE exhibits good transferability, covering a range of complex electrolytes
with mixes of cation and anion atoms. Highly efficient dynamical simulation
with DPA-SSE can be realized by model distillation which generates a faster
model for given systems. DPA-SSE also serves as a platform for continuous
learning, and the model fine-tune requires only a portion of downstream data.
These results demonstrate the possibility of a new pathway for AI-driven
development of solid electrolytes with exceptional performance.


  We discuss the relationship between the large order behavior of the
perturbative series for the average plaquette in pure gauge theory and
singularities in the complex coupling plane. We discuss simple extrapolations
of the large order for this series. We point out that when these extrapolated
series are subtracted from the Monte Carlo data, one obtains (naive) estimates
of the gluon condensate that are significantly larger than values commonly used
in the continuum for phenomelogical purpose. We present numerical results
concerning the zeros of the partition function in the complex coupling plane
(Fisher's zeros). We report recent attempts to solve this problem using the
density of states. We show that weak and strong coupling expansions for the
density of states agree surprisingly well for values of the action relevant for
the crossover regime.


  Adaptive social networks, in which nodes and network structure co-evolve, are
often described using a mean-field system of equations for the density of node
and link types. These equations constitute an open system due to dependence on
higher order topological structures. We propose a new approach to moment
closure based on the analytical description of the system in an asymptotic
regime. We apply the proposed approach to two examples of adaptive networks:
recruitment to a cause model and adaptive epidemic model. We show a good
agreement between the improved mean-field prediction and simulations of the
full network system.


  Physical systems that dissipate, mix and develop turbulence also irreversibly
transport statistical density. In statistical physics, laws for these processes
have a mathematical form and tractability that depends on whether the
description is classical or quantum mechanical. Here, we establish a theory for
density transport in any classical dynamical system that is analogous to the
density matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. Defining states in terms of a
classical density matrix leads to generalizations of Liouville's theorem and
Liouville's equation, establishing an alternative computationally-tractable
basis for nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The formalism is complete with
classical commutators and anti-commutators that embed measures of local
instability and chaos and are directly related to Poisson brackets when the
dynamics are Hamiltonian. It also recovers the traditional Liouville equation
and the Liouville theorem by imposing trace preservation or Hamiltonian
dynamics. Applying to systems that are driven, transient, dissipative, regular,
and chaotic, this formalism has the potential for broad applications.


  This paper continues the study of generalized amalgamation properties. Part
of the paper provides a finer analysis of the groupoids that arise from failure
of 3-uniqueness in a stable theory. We show that such groupoids must be abelian
and link the binding group of the groupoids to a certain automorphism group of
the monster model, showing that the group must be abelian as well.
  We also study connections between n-existence and n-uniqueness properties for
various "dimensions" n in the wider context of simple theories. We introduce a
family of weaker existence and uniqueness properties. Many of these properties
did appear in the literature before; we give a category-theoretic formulation
and study them systematically. Finally, we give examples of first-order simple
unstable theories showing, in particular, that there is no straightforward
generalization of the groupoid construction in an unstable context.


  In this work, orthogonal polynomials satisfying $R_I$ type recurrence
relation %$\mathcal{P}_{n+1}(z) = (z-c_n)\mathcal{P}_n(z)-\lambda_n
(z-a_n)\mathcal{P}_{n-1}(z),$ with $\mathcal{P}_{-1}(z) = 0$ and
$\mathcal{P}_0(z) = 1$ are analyzed when the recurrence coefficients are
modified. The structural relationship between the perturbed and the unperturbed
polynomials along with the spectral properties and spectral transformation of
continued fraction are investigated. It is demonstrated that the transfer
matrix method is computationally more efficient than the classical method for
obtaining perturbed $R_I$ polynomials. Further, an interesting consequence of
co-dilation on the Carath\'eodary function is presented. Finally, the study of
co-recursion and co-dilation in connection to the unit circle is carried out
with the help of an illustration. The interlacing and monotonicity of zeros
between L-Jacobi polynomials and their perturbed forms are demonstrated.


  We propose a model of quantum gravity in arbitrary dimensions defined in
terms of the BV quantization of a supersymmetric, infinite dimensional matrix
model. This gives an (AKSZ-type) Chern-Simons theory with gauge algebra the
space of observables of a quantum mechanical Hilbert space H. The model is
motivated by previous attempts to formulate gravity in terms of
non-commutative, phase space, field theories as well as the Fefferman-Graham
curved analog of Dirac spaces for conformally invariant wave equations. The
field equations are flat connection conditions amounting to zero curvature and
parallel conditions on operators acting on H. This matrix-type model may give a
better defined setting for a quantum gravity path integral. We demonstrate that
its underlying physics is a summation over Hamiltonians labeled by a conformal
class of metrics and thus a sum over causal structures. This gives in turn a
model summing over fluctuating metrics plus a tower of additional modes-we
speculate that these could yield improved UV behavior.


  We propose to regulate the infinities of eternal inflation by relating a late
time cut-off in the bulk to a short distance cut-off on the future boundary.
The light-cone time of an event is defined in terms of the volume of its future
light-cone on the boundary. We seek an intrinsic definition of boundary volumes
that makes no reference to bulk structures. This requires taming the fractal
geometry of the future boundary, and lifting the ambiguity of the conformal
factor. We propose to work in the conformal frame in which the boundary Ricci
scalar is constant. We explore this proposal in the FRW approximation for
bubble universes. Remarkably, we find that the future boundary becomes a round
three-sphere, with smooth metric on all scales. Our cut-off yields the same
relative probabilities as a previous proposal that defined boundary volumes by
projection into the bulk along timelike geodesics. Moreover, it is equivalent
to an ensemble of causal patches defined without reference to bulk geodesics.
It thus yields a holographically motivated and phenomenologically successful
measure for eternal inflation.


  The 100+ free parameters of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM)
make it computationally difficult to compare systematically with data,
motivating the study of specific parameter reductions such as the cMSSM and
pMSSM. Here we instead study the reductions of parameter space implied by using
minimal flavour violation (MFV) to organise the R-parity conserving MSSM, with
a view towards systematically building in constraints on flavour-violating
physics. Within this framework the space of parameters is reduced by expanding
soft supersymmetry-breaking terms in powers of the Cabibbo angle, leading to a
24-, 30- or 42-parameter framework (which we call MSSM-24, MSSM-30, and MSSM-42
respectively), depending on the order kept in the expansion. We provide a
Bayesian global fit to data of the MSSM-30 parameter set to show that this is
manageable with current tools. We compare the MFV reductions to the
19-parameter pMSSM choice and show that the pMSSM is not contained as a subset.
The MSSM-30 analysis favours a relatively lighter TeV-scale pseudoscalar Higgs
boson and $\tan \beta \sim 10$ with multi-TeV sparticles.


  Population protocols are a model of distributed computing, in which $n$
agents with limited local state interact randomly, and cooperate to
collectively compute global predicates. An extensive series of papers, across
different communities, has examined the computability and complexity
characteristics of this model. Majority, or consensus, is a central task, in
which agents need to collectively reach a decision as to which one of two
states $A$ or $B$ had a higher initial count. Two complexity metrics are
important: the time that a protocol requires to stabilize to an output
decision, and the state space size that each agent requires.
  It is known that majority requires $\Omega(\log \log n)$ states per agent to
allow for poly-logarithmic time stabilization, and that $O(\log^2 n)$ states
are sufficient. Thus, there is an exponential gap between the upper and lower
bounds.
  We address this question. We provide a new lower bound of $\Omega(\log n)$
states for any protocol which stabilizes in $O( n^{1-c} )$ time, for any $c >
0$ constant. This result is conditional on basic monotonicity and output
assumptions, satisfied by all known protocols. Technically, it represents a
significant departure from previous lower bounds. Instead of relying on dense
configurations, we introduce a new surgery technique to construct executions
which contradict the correctness of algorithms that stabilize too fast.
Subsequently, our lower bound applies to general initial configurations.
  We give an algorithm for majority which uses $O(\log n)$ states, and
stabilizes in $O(\log^2 n)$ time. Central to the algorithm is a new leaderless
phase clock, which allows nodes to synchronize in phases of $\Theta(n \log{n})$
consecutive interactions using $O(\log n)$ states per node. We also employ our
phase clock to build a leader election algorithm with $O(\log n )$ states,
which stabilizes in $O(\log^2 n)$ time.


  Weak field gravitational wave solutions are investigated in Brans-Dicke (BD)
theory in the presence of a cosmological constant. In this setting the
background geometry is not flat but asymptotically de-Sitter. We investigate
the linearised field equations, and their gravitational wave solutions in a
certain gauge choice. We will show that this theory leads to massless scalar
waves as in original BD theory and in contrast to massive BD theory. The
effects of these waves on free particles and their polarization properties are
studied extensively and effects of the cosmological constant is analyzed in
these phenomena in detail. The energy flux of these waves are also discussed in
this background. By analyzing this flux, we obtain a critical distance where
the waves cannot propagate further, which extends Cosmic no Hair Conjecture
(CNC) to BD theory with a cosmological constant.


  We investigate the hypothesized tidal disruption of the Hercules ultra-faint
dwarf galaxy (UFD). Previous tidal disruption studies of the Hercules UFD have
been hindered by the high degree of foreground contamination in the direction
of the dwarf. We bypass this issue by using RR Lyrae stars, which are standard
candles with a very low field-volume density at the distance of Hercules. We
use wide-field imaging from the Dark Energy Camera on CTIO to identify
candidate RR Lyrae stars, supplemented with observations taken in coordination
with the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey on the Bok Telescope. Combining color,
magnitude, and light-curve information, we identify three new RR Lyrae stars
associated with Hercules. All three of these new RR Lyrae stars lie outside its
published tidal radius. When considered with the nine RR Lyrae stars already
known within the tidal radius, these results suggest that a substantial
fraction of Hercules' stellar content has been stripped. With this degree of
tidal disruption, Hercules is an interesting case between a visibly disrupted
dwarf (such as the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy) and one in dynamic
equilibrium. The degree of disruption also shows that we must be more careful
with the ways we determine object membership when estimating dwarf masses in
the future. One of the three discovered RR Lyrae stars sits along the minor
axis of Hercules, but over two tidal radii away. This type of debris is
consistent with recent models that suggest Hercules' orbit is aligned with its
minor axis.


  In this paper we study para-Hermitian rational matrices and the associated
structured rational eigenvalue problem (REP). Para-Hermitian rational matrices
are square rational matrices that are Hermitian for all $z$ on the unit circle
that are not poles. REPs are often solved via linearization, that is, using
matrix pencils associated to the corresponding rational matrix that preserve
the spectral structure. Yet, non-constant polynomial matrices cannot be
para-Hermitian. Therefore, given a para-Hermitian rational matrix $R(z)$, we
instead construct a $*$-palindromic linearization for $(1+z)R(z)$, whose
eigenvalues that are not on the unit circle preserve the symmetries of the
zeros and poles of $R(z)$. This task is achieved via M\"{o}bius
transformations. We also give a constructive method that is based on an
additive decomposition into the stable and anti-stable parts of $R(z)$.
Analogous results are presented for para-skew-Hermitian rational matrices,
i.e., rational matrices that are skew-Hermitian upon evaluation on those points
of the unit circle that are not poles.


  The thin plate spline, as introduced by Duchon, interpolates a smooth surface
through scattered data. It is computationally expensive when there are many
data points. The finite element thin plate spline (TPSFEM) possesses similar
smoothing properties and is efficient for large data sets. Its efficiency is
further improved by adaptive refinement that adapts the precision of the finite
element grid. Adaptive refinement processes and error indicators developed for
partial differential equations may not apply to the TPSFEM as it incorporates
information about the scattered data. This additional information results in
features not evident in partial differential equations. An iterative adaptive
refinement process and five error indicators were adapted for the TPSFEM. We
give comprehensive depictions of the process in this article and evaluate the
error indicators through a numerical experiment with a model problem and two
bathymetric surveys in square and L-shaped domains.


  We investigate the origin of the arrow of time in quantum mechanics in the
context of quantum cosmology. The ``Copenhagen'' quantum mechanics of measured
subsystems incorporates a fundamental arrow of time. Extending discussions of
Aharonov, Bergmann and Lebovitz, Griffiths, and others we investigate a
generalized quantum mechanics for cosmology that utilizes both an initial and a
final density matrix to give a time-neutral formulation without a fundamental
arrow of time. Time asymmetries can arise for particular universes from
differences between their initial and final conditions. Theories for both would
be a goal of quantum cosmology. A special initial condition and a final
condition of indifference would be sufficient to explain the observed time
asymmetries of the universe. In this essay we ask under what circumstances a
completely time symmetric universe, with T-symmetric initial and final
condition, could be consistent with the time asymmetries of the limited domain
of our experience. We discuss the approach to equilibrium, the electromagnetic
system, and T-violation in the weak interactions in such universes.
  The decoherence of alternatives that is necessary for the prediction of
probabilities in the quantum mechanics of closed systems is the origin of a
fundamental limitation on quantum cosmologies with initial and final
conditions. The initial and final density matrices cannot both be pure; if they
are there is no decoherence and no prediction.


  In this communication we analyze the stability, reactivity and possible
aromatic behavior of two recently reported clusters (Reveles J. U.; Khanna S.
N.; Roach P. J.; Castleman A. W. jr. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2006, 103, 18405),
viz., Al7C- and Al7O- in the light of the principles of the maximum hardness
and minimum electrophilicity as well as the nucleus independent chemical shift
values.


  This paper describes the development of an auto-active verification technique
in the Frama-C framework. We outline the lemma functions method and present the
corresponding ACSL extension, its implementation in Frama-C, and evaluation on
a set of string-manipulating functions from the Linux kernel. We illustrate the
benefits our approach can bring concerning the effort required to prove lemmas,
compared to the approach based on interactive provers such as Coq. Current
limitations of the method and its implementation are discussed.


  We study a hybrid nano-mechanical system coupled to a spin ensemble as a
quantum simulator to favor a quantum interference effect, the
electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This system consists of two
nano-mechanical resonators (NAMRs), each of which coupled to a nuclear spin
ensemble. It could be regarded as a crucial element in the quantum network of
NAMR arrays coupled to spin ensembles. Here, the nuclear spin ensembles behave
as a long-lived transducer to store and transfer the NAMRs' quantum
information. This system shows the analog of EIT effect under the driving of a
probe microwave field. The double-EIT phenomenon emerges in the large $N$ (the
number of the nuclei) limit with low excitation approximation, because the
interactions between the spin ensemble and the two NAMRs are reduced to the
coupling of three harmonic oscillators. Furthermore, the group velocity is
reduced in the two absorption windows.


  We study theoretically the two Kitaev chains put in parallel, i.e., Kitaev
ladder, coupled by Josephson junction. The $\pi$-junction between the Majorana
bound states at the ends of the chains competes with the usual Josephson
coupling along the chain, and this frustration leads to the modulation of the
phase difference of the superconducting order parameter between the two chains.
We show that this modulation gives the double degeneracy of the ground states,
which can be manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields.


  Using the IRAM 30m telescope, we report the detection of the CO(3--2),
CO(4--3), CO(5--4) and CO(6--5) lines in the gravitational lensed submm galaxy
SMM J16359+6612 at z=2.5. The CO lines have a double peak profile in all
transitions. From a Gaussian decomposition of the spectra we show that the CO
line ratios, and therefore the underlying physical conditions of the gas, are
similar for the blue and the redshifted component. The CO line Spectral Energy
Distribution (SED; i.e. flux density vs. rotational quantum number) turns over
already at the CO(5--4) transition which shows that the molecular gas is less
excited than in nearby starburst galaxies and high--z QSOs. This difference
mainly arises from a lower average H2 density, which indicates that the gas is
less centrally concentrated than in nuclear starburst regions in local
galaxies. We suggest that the bulk of the molecular gas in SMM J16359+6612 may
arise from an overlap region of two merging galaxies. The low gas density and
clear velocity separation may reflect an evolutionary stage of the merger event
that is in between those seen in the Antennae and in the more evolved
ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) like e.g. Mrk231.


  We derive core-level spectra for doped free-standing bilayer graphene.
Numerical results are presented for all nine combinations of the doping
concentrations $10^{12}\rm{cm}^{-2}$, $10^{13}\rm{cm}^{-2}$, and
$10^{14}\rm{cm}^{-2}$ in the two graphene sheets and we compare the results to
the reference spectra for monolayer graphene. We furthermore discuss the
spectrum of single-particle inter-band and intra-band excitations in the
$\omega q$-plane, and show how the dispersion curves of the collective modes
are modified in the bilayer system.


  The stability of ferromagnetism at the surface at finite temperatures is
investigated within the strongly correlated Hubbard model on a semi-infinite
lattice. Due to the reduced surface coordination number the effective Coulomb
correlation is enhanced at the surface compared to the bulk. Therefore, within
the well-known Stoner-picture of band ferromagnetism one would expect the
magnetic stability at the surface to be enhanced as well. However, by taking
electron correlations into account well beyond the Hartree-Fock (Stoner) level
we find the opposite behavior: As a function of temperature the magnetization
of the surface layer decreases faster than in the bulk. By varying the hopping
integral within the surface layer this behavior becomes even more pronounced. A
reduced hopping integral at the surface tends to destabilize surface
ferromagnetism whereas the magnetic stability gets enhanced by an increased
hopping integral. This behavior represents a pure correlation effect and can be
understood in terms of general arguments which are based on exact results in
the limit of strong Coulomb interaction.


  Let $\mathcal{W}_N$ be a quantized Borel subalgebra of $U_q(sl(2,\mc))$,
specialized at a primitive root of unity $\omega = \exp(2i\pi/N)$ of odd order
$N >1$. One shows that the $6j$-symbols of cyclic representations of
$\mathcal{W}_N$ are representations of the canonical element of a certain
extension of the Heisenberg double of $\mathcal{W}_N$. This canonical element
is a twisted $q$-dilogarithm. In particular, one gives explicit formulas for
these $6j$-symbols, and one constructs partial symmetrizations of them, the
c-$6j$-symboles. The latters are at the basis of the construction of the
quantum hyperbolic invariants of 3-manifolds.


  In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive study of the Next-to-Minimal
Composite Higgs Model (NMCHM) extended with a dilaton field $\chi$ (denoted as
NMCHM$_\chi$). A pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) $\eta$, resulting from the
SO(6)$\to$SO(5) breaking, serves as a dark matter (DM) candidate. The inclusion
of the dilaton field is helpful for evading the stringent constraints from dark
matter direct detection, as it allows for an accidental cancellation between
the amplitudes of DM-nucleon scattering, an outcome of the mixing between the
dilaton and Higgs fields. The presence of the dilaton field also enriches the
phase transition patterns in the early universe. We identify two types of phase
transitions: (i) a 1-step phase transition, where the chiral symmetry and
electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) occur simultaneously, and (ii) a 2-step
phase transition, where the chiral symmetry breaking transition takes place
first, followed by a second phase transition corresponding to EWSB. Since the
first-order phase transitions can be strong due to supercooling in our model,
we also examine the stochastic background of gravitational waves generated by
these phase transitions. We find that these gravitational waves hold promise
for detection in future space-based gravitational wave experiments, such as
LISA, Taiji, BBO, and DECIGO.


  The nonlinear model of pionic condensate in nuclei by G. Preparata can be
efficiently verified by investigation of the quasielastic knockout process of
pions out of nuclei by high energy electrons. First, a momentum distribution
(MD) of the collective pions has a bright maximum at q=0.3 Gev.Second the
excitation spectrum of a recoil nucleus is concentrated at low energies E
lesser than 1MeV. The results for the pion knockout from mesonic clouds of
individual nucleons are absolutely different. The latter results are presented
both for pion and rho-meson clouds localized on nucleons.


  We address the problem of free fermions interacting with frozen gauge fields.
In particular, we consider a tight-binding model of fermions on the square
lattice in which (i) flux 0 or $\pi$ is threaded through each plaquette and
(ii) each nearest-neighbor link is decorated with an Ising degree of freedom
that describes the local modulation of the hopping amplitude. Following the
standard Ruderman--Kittel--Kasuya--Yosida (RKKY) approach, we compute an
effective spin model in the coupling strength order by order. Unlike the
original RRKY result for site-centered SU(2) spins in which the leading
contribution is an effective exchange term at the second-order, perturbation
theory in link-centered Z$_2$ case produces a first-order term that favors a
collective ferromagnetic moment. If, by some means, an antiferromagnetic
configuration can be stabilized, the energetics of ground state is controlled
by an effective Ising interaction acting pairwise at the long range across the
system.


  The importance of the sea ice retreat in the polar regions for the global
warming and the role of ice-albedo feedback was recognized by various authors
[1,2]. Similar to a recent study of the phenomenon in the Arctic [3] we present
a semi-quantitative estimate of the mechanism for the Southern Hemisphere (SH).
Using a simple model, we estimate the contribution of ice-albedo feedback to
the mean temperature increase in the SH to be 0.5 +/- 0.1 K in the years 1955
to 2015, while from the simultaneous growth of the greenhouse gases (GHG) we
derive a direct warming of only 0.2 +/- 0.05 K in the same period. These
numbers are in nice accordance with the reported mean temperature rise of 0.75
+/- 0.1 K of the SH in 2015 since 1955 (and relative to 1880). Our data also
confirm previously noticed correlations between the annual fluctuations of
solar intensity and El Nino observations on the one hand and the annual
variability of the SH surface temperature on the other hand. Our calculations
indicate a slowing down of the temperature increase during the past few years
that is likely to persist. Assuming a continuation of the present trends for
the southern sea ice and GHG concentration we predict the further temperature
rise to decrease by 33 % in 2015 to 2025 as compared to the previous decade.


  Quantum-logic techniques used to manipulate quantum systems are now
increasingly being applied to molecules. Previous experiments on single trapped
diatomic species have enabled state detection with excellent fidelities and
highly precise spectroscopic measurements. However, for complex molecules with
a dense energy-level structure improved methods are necessary. Here, we
demonstrate an enhanced quantum protocol for molecular state detection using
state-dependent forces. Our approach is based on interfering a reference and a
signal force applied to a single atomic and molecular ion, respectively, in
order to extract their relative phase. We use this phase information to
identify states embedded in a dense molecular energy-level structure and to
monitor state-to-state inelastic scattering processes. This method can also be
used to exclude a large number of states in a single measurement when the
initial state preparation is imperfect and information on the molecular
properties is incomplete. While the present experiments focus on N$_2^+$, the
method is general and is expected to be of particular benefit for polyatomic
systems.


  Although time is one of our most intuitive physical concepts, its
understanding at the fundamental level is still an open question in physics.
For instance, time in quantum mechanics and general relativity are two distinct
and incompatible entities. While relativity deals with events (points in
spacetime), with time being observer-dependent and dynamical, quantum mechanics
describes physical systems by treating time as an independent parameter. To
resolve this conflict, in this work, we extend the classical concept of an
event to the quantum domain by defining an event as a transfer of information
between physical systems. Then, by describing the universe from the perspective
of a certain observer, we introduce quantum states of events with
space-time-symmetric wave functions that predict the joint probability
distribution of a measurement (observation) at $ (t, {\vec x}) $. Under these
circumstances, we propose that a well-defined instant of time, like any other
observable, arises from a single event, thus being an observer-dependent
property. As a result, a counterfactual asymmetry along a particular sequence
of events within a stationary quantum state gives rise to the flow of time as
being successive "snapshots" from the observer's perspective. In this proposal,
it is the many distinguishable states in which the observer stores information
that makes the existence of time possible.


  We study approximations of reflected It\^o diffusions on convex subsets $D$
of $\Rd$ by solutions of stochastic differential equations with penalization
terms. We assume that the diffusion coefficients are merely measurable
(possibly discontinuous) functions. In the case of Lipschitz continuous
coefficients we give the rate of $L^p$ approximation for every $p\geq1$. We
prove that if $D$ is a convex polyhedron then the rate is $O((\frac{\ln
n}n)^{1/2})$, and in the general case the rate is $O((\frac{\ln n}n)^{1/4})$.


  We report contributions to cosmic infrared background (CIB) intensities
originating from known galaxies and their faint companions at submillimeter
wavelengths. Using the publicly-available UltraVISTA catalog, and maps at 250,
350, and 500 {\mu}m from the \emph{Herschel} Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey
(HerMES), we perform a novel measurement that exploits the fact that
uncatalogued sources may bias stacked flux densities --- particularly if the
resolution of the image is poor --- and intentionally smooth the images before
stacking and summing intensities. By smoothing the maps we are capturing the
contribution of faint (undetected in K_S ~ 23.4) sources that are physically
associated, or correlated, with the detected sources. We find that the
cumulative CIB increases with increased smoothing, reaching 9.82 +- 0.78, 5.77
+- 0.43, and 2.32 +- 0.19$\, \rm nW m^{-2} sr^{-1}$ at 250, 350, and 500 {\mu}m
at 300 arcsec FWHM. This corresponds to a fraction of the fiducial CIB of 0.94
+- 0.23, 1.07 +- 0.31, and 0.97 +- 0.26 at 250, 350, and 500 {\mu}m, where the
uncertainties are dominated by those of the absolute CIB. We then propose, with
a simple model combining parametric descriptions for stacked flux densities and
stellar mass functions, that emission from galaxies with log(M/Msun) > 8.5 can
account for the most of the measured total intensities, and argue against
contributions from extended, diffuse emission. Finally, we discuss prospects
for future survey instruments to improve the estimates of the absolute CIB
levels, and observe any potentially remaining emission at z > 4.


  Using recent results in topos theory, two systems of higher-order logic are
shown to be complete with respect to sheaf models over topological
spaces---so-called ``topological semantics''. The first is classical
higher-order logic, with relational quantification of finitely high type; the
second system is a predicative fragment thereof with quantification over
functions between types, but not over arbitrary relations. The second theorem
applies to intuitionistic as well as classical logic.


  The main purpose of this paper is to develop some methods to investigate the
Schwarz type lemmas of holomorphic mappings and pluriharmonic mappings in
Hilbert and Banach spaces. Initially, we extend the classical Schwarz lemmas of
holomorphic mappings to Hilbert and Banach spaces. Furthermore, we improve and
generalize the classical Schwarz lemmas of planar harmonic mappings into the
sharp forms of Banach spaces, and present some applications to sharp boundary
Schwarz type lemmas for pluriharmonic mappings in Hilbert and Banach spaces and
the obtained results provide the improvements and generalizations of some
latest corresponding results in this subject. In the last section we studied
harmonic and hyperbolical-harmonic function mapping unit ball in Euclidial
n-space, to unit ball in Euclidial m-space, taking prescribed value in the
origin, which improved some previous results.


  In this paper, we give a simple polynomial-time reduction of {L(p)-Labeling}
on graphs with a small diameter to {Metric (Path) TSP}, which enables us to use
numerous results on {(Metric) TSP}. On the practical side, we can utilize
various high-performance heuristics for TSP, such as Concordo and LKH, to solve
our problem. On the theoretical side, we can see that the problem for any p
under this framework is 1.5-approximable, and it can be solved by the Held-Karp
algorithm in O(2^n n^2) time, where n is the number of vertices, and so on.


  Let $(N_{n})_{n\ge 0}$ be Narayana's cows sequence given by a recurrence
relation $ N_{n+3}=N_{n+2}+N_n $ for all $ n\ge 0 $, with initial conditions $
N_0=0 $, and $ N_1= N_2=1 $. In this paper, we find all members in Narayana's
cow sequence that are palindromic concatenations of two distinct repdigits. Our
proofs use techniques on Diophantine approximation which include the theory of
linear forms in logarithms of algebraic numbers and Baker's reduction method.
We show that $595$ is the only member in Narayana's cow sequence that is a
palindromic concatenation of two distinct repdigits in base $10$.


  The recent growing interest in nonlinear optical spectroscopy in optically
active medium demands the three-dimensional rotational average of high-rank
tensors. In the present paper, we present a new method for finding the
rotational average of odd-rank tensors in an overcomplete basis of isotropic
tensors. The method is successfully applied to the rotational averages of
tensors of rank 5,7,9,11.


  We consider star formation properties of dwarf galaxies in Cen A group
observed within our HST/ACS projects number 9771 and 10235. We model
color-magnitude diagrams of the galaxies under consideration and measure star
formation rate and metallicity dependence on time. We study environmental
dependence of the galaxy evolution and probable origin of the dwarf galaxies in
the group.


  We present an analytic formulation for the equilibrium gas density profile of
early-type galaxies that explicitly includes the contribution of stars in the
gravitational potential. We build a realistic model for an isolated elliptical
galaxy and explore the equilibrium gas configurations as a function of multiple
parameters. For an assumed central gas temperature k_B*T_0=0.6 keV, we find
that neglecting the gravitational effects of stars, which can contribute
substantially in the innermost regions, leads to an underestimate of the
enclosed baryonic gas mass by up to ~65% at the effective radius, and by up to
~15% at the NFW scale radius, depending on the stellar baryon fraction. This
formula is therefore important for estimating the baryon fraction in an
unbiased fashion. These new hydrostatic equilibrium solutions, derived for the
isothermal and polytropic cases, can also be used to generate more realistic
initial conditions for simulations of elliptical galaxies. Moreover, the new
formulation is relevant when interpreting X-ray data. We compare our composite
isothermal model to the standard beta-model used to fit X-ray observations of
early-type galaxies, to determine the value of the NFW scale radius r_s.
Assuming a 10% stellar baryon fraction, we find that the exclusion of stars
from the gravitational potential leads to (i) an underestimate of r_s by ~80%,
and to (ii) an overestimate of the enclosed dark matter at r_s by a factor of
~2, compared to the equivalent beta-model fit results when stars are not taken
into account. For higher stellar mass fractions, a beta-model is unable to
accurately reproduce our solution, indicating that when the observed surface
brightness profile of an isolated elliptical galaxy is found to be well fitted
by a beta-model, the stellar mass fraction cannot be much greater than ~10%.


  We construct locally defined symplectic torus actions on ribbon graph
complexes. Symplectic reduction techniques allow for a recursive formula for
the symplectic volumes of these spaces. Taking the Laplace transform results in
the Eynard-Orantin recursion formulas for the Airy curve x = y^2 / 2.


  We investigate the effect of the circumstellar medium density profile on the
X-ray emission from outer ejecta knots in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant
using the 1 Ms Chandra observation. The spectra of a number of radial series of
ejecta knots at various positions around the remnant are analyzed using
techniques similar to those devised in previous papers. We can obtain a
reasonable match to our data for a circumstellar density profile proportional
to r^-2 as would arise from the steady dense wind of a red supergiant, but the
agreement is improved if we introduce a small (0.2-0.3 pc) central cavity
around the progenitor into our models. Such a profile might arise if the
progenitor emitted a fast tenuous stellar wind for a short period immediately
prior to explosion. We review other lines of evidence supporting this
conclusion. The spectra also indicate the widespread presence of Fe-enriched
plasma that was presumably formed by complete Si burning during the explosion,
possibly via alpha-rich freezeout. This component is typically associated with
hotter and more highly ionized gas than the bulk of the O- and Si-rich ejecta.


  We prove Roth type theorems in finite groups. Our main tool is the Triangle
Removal Lemma of Ruzsa and Szemer\'edi.


  In circular colliders, as well as in damping rings and synchrotron radiation
light sources, beam halo is one of the critical issues limiting the performance
as well as potentially causing component damage and activation. It is
imperative to clearly understand the mechanisms that lead to halo formation and
to test the available theoretical models. Elastic beam-gas scattering can drive
particles to large oscillation amplitudes and be a potential source of beam
halo. In this paper, numerical estimation and Monte Carlo simulations of this
process at the ATF of KEK are presented. Experimental measurements of beam halo
in the ATF2 beam line using a diamond sensor detector are also described, which
clearly demonstrates the influence of the beam-gas scattering process on the
transverse halo distribution.


  Monolayer FeSe on SrTiO$_3$ superconducts with reported $T_\mathrm{c}$ as
high as 100 K, but the dramatic interfacial $T_\mathrm{c}$ enhancement remains
poorly understood. Oxygen vacancies in SrTiO$_3$ are known to enhance the
interfacial electron doping, electron-phonon coupling, and superconducting gap,
but the detailed mechanism is unclear. Here we apply scanning transmission
electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to
FeSe/SrTiO$_3$ to image the diffusion of selenium into SrTiO$_3$ to an
unexpected depth of several unit cells, consistent with the simultaneously
observed depth profile of oxygen vacancies. Our density functional theory (DFT)
calculations support the crucial role of oxygen vacancies in facilitating the
thermally driven Se diffusion. In contrast to excess Se in the FeSe monolayer
or FeSe/SrTiO$_3$ interface that is typically removed during post-growth
annealing, the diffused Se remains in the top few unit cells of the SrTiO$_3$
bulk after the extended post-growth annealing that is necessary to achieve
superconductivity. Thus, the unexpected Se in SrTiO$_3$ may contribute to the
interfacial electron doping and electron-phonon coupling that enhance
$T_\mathrm{c}$, suggesting another important role for oxygen vacancies as
facilitators of Se diffusion.


  We present a numerical investigation of the gravitational collapse of
horizon-size density fluctuations to primordial black holes (PBHs) during the
radiation-dominated phase of the Early Universe. The collapse dynamics of three
different families of initial perturbation shapes, imposed at the time of
horizon crossing, is computed. The perturbation threshold for black hole
formation, needed for estimations of the cosmological PBH mass function, is
found to be $\delta_{\rm c} \approx 0.7$ rather than the generally employed
$\delta_{\rm c} \approx 1/3$, if $\delta$ is defined as $\Delta M/\mh$, the
relative excess mass within the initial horizon volume. In order to study the
accretion onto the newly formed black holes, we use a numerical scheme that
allows us to follow the evolution for long times after formation of the event
horizon. In general, small black holes (compared to the horizon mass at the
onset of the collapse) give rise to a fluid bounce that effectively shuts off
accretion onto the black hole, while large ones do not. In both cases, the
growth of the black hole mass owing to accretion is insignificant. Furthermore,
the scaling of black hole mass with distance from the formation threshold,
known to occur in near-critical gravitational collapse, is demonstrated to
apply to primordial black hole formation.


  Visual navigation by mobile robots is classically tackled through SLAM plus
optimal planning, and more recently through end-to-end training of policies
implemented as deep networks. While the former are often limited to waypoint
planning, but have proven their efficiency even on real physical environments,
the latter solutions are most frequently employed in simulation, but have been
shown to be able learn more complex visual reasoning, involving complex
semantical regularities. Navigation by real robots in physical environments is
still an open problem. End-to-end training approaches have been thoroughly
tested in simulation only, with experiments involving real robots being
restricted to rare performance evaluations in simplified laboratory conditions.
In this work we present an in-depth study of the performance and reasoning
capacities of real physical agents, trained in simulation and deployed to two
different physical environments. Beyond benchmarking, we provide insights into
the generalization capabilities of different agents training in different
conditions. We visualize sensor usage and the importance of the different types
of signals. We show, that for the PointGoal task, an agent pre-trained on wide
variety of tasks and fine-tuned on a simulated version of the target
environment can reach competitive performance without modelling any sim2real
transfer, i.e. by deploying the trained agent directly from simulation to a
real physical robot.


  In this paper, we transform tag recommendation into a word-based text
generation problem and introduce a sequence-to-sequence model. The model
inherits the advantages of LSTM-based encoder for sequential modeling and
attention-based decoder with local positional encodings for learning relations
globally. Experimental results on Zhihu datasets illustrate the proposed model
outperforms other state-of-the-art text classification based methods.


  We prove that a surjective isometry between the unit spheres of two uniform
algebras is extended to a surjective real-linear isometry between the uniform
algebras. It provides the first positive solution for Tingley's problem on a
Banach space of analytic functions.


  This contribution to a special issue on "Computer-aided processing of
intertextuality" in ancient texts will illustrate how using digital tools to
interact with the Hebrew Bible offers new promising perspectives for
visualizing the texts and for performing tasks in education and research. This
contribution explores how the corpus of the Hebrew Bible created and maintained
by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer can support new methods for
modern knowledge workers within the field of digital humanities and theology be
applied to ancient texts, and how this can be envisioned as a new field of
digital intertextuality. The article first describes how the corpus was used to
develop the Bible Online Learner as a persuasive technology to enhance language
learning with, in, and around a database that acts as the engine driving
interactive tasks for learners. Intertextuality in this case is a matter of
active exploration and ongoing practice. Furthermore, interactive
corpus-technology has an important bearing on the task of textual criticism as
a specialized area of research that depends increasingly on the availability of
digital resources. Commercial solutions developed by software companies like
Logos and Accordance offer a market-based intertextuality defined by the
production of advanced digital resources for scholars and students as useful
alternatives to often inaccessible and expensive printed versions. It is
reasonable to expect that in the future interactive corpus technology will
allow scholars to do innovative academic tasks in textual criticism and
interpretation. We have already seen the emergence of promising tools for text
categorization, analysis of translation shifts, and interpretation. Broadly
speaking, interactive tools and tasks within the three areas of language
learning, textual criticism, and Biblical studies illustrate a new kind of
intertextuality emerging within digital humanities.


  Epitaxial strain has been shown to drive structural phase transitions along
with novel functionalities in perovskite-based thin-films. Aliovalent doping at
the A-site can drive an insulator-to-metal and magnetic transitions in
perovskites along with a variety of interesting structural and electronic
phenomena. Using first-principles calculations, we demonstrate here, how
coupling epitaxial strain with A-site hole doping in a multiferroic double
perovskite, Bi2FeCrO6, could lead to mitigation of issues related to anti-site
defects and lowered magnetisation in thin-films of the material. We also show
that epitaxial strain can be used to manipulate the hole states created by
doping to induce half-metal to insulator, antipolar to polar, antiferromagnetic
to ferromagnetic, orbital ordering and charge ordering transitions. We also
predict the formation of a half-metallic polar phase with a large magnetic
moment which could be of immense fundamental and technological significance.


  We present a continuum random phase approximation approach to study electron-
and neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections, in the kinematic region where
quasielastic scattering is the dominant process. We show the validity of the
formalism by confronting inclusive ($e,e'$) cross sections with the available
data. We calculate flux-folded cross sections for charged-current quasielastic
antineutrino scattering off $^{12}$C and compare them with the MiniBooNE
cross-section measurements. We pay special emphasis to the contribution of
low-energy nuclear excitations in the signal of accelerator-based
neutrino-oscillation experiments.


  Given an octonion algebra over a field k, its automorphism group G is an
algebraic semisimple k-group of type G_2. We study the maximal tori of G in
terms of the algebra C.


  A random composition of $n$ appears when the points of a random closed set
$\widetilde{\mathcal{R}}\subset[0,1]$ are used to separate into blocks $n$
points sampled from the uniform distribution. We study the number of parts
$K_n$ of this composition and other related functionals under the assumption
that $\widetilde{\mathcal{R}}=\phi(S_{\bullet})$, where $(S_t,t\geq0)$ is a
subordinator and $\phi:[0,\infty]\to[0,1]$ is a diffeomorphism. We derive the
asymptotics of $K_n$ when the L\'{e}vy measure of the subordinator is regularly
varying at 0 with positive index. Specializing to the case of exponential
function $\phi(x)=1-e^{-x}$, we establish a connection between the asymptotics
of $K_n$ and the exponential functional of the subordinator.


  We study the secret key rate (SKR) of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) system operating at
terahertz (THz) frequencies, accounting for the effects of channel estimation.
We propose a practical channel estimation scheme for the THz MIMO CVQKD system
which is necessary to realize transmit-receive beamforming between Alice and
Bob. We characterize the input-output relation between Alice and Bob during the
key generation phase, by incorporating the effects of additional noise terms
arising due to the channel estimation error and detector noise. Furthermore, we
analyze the SKR of the system and study the effect of channel estimation error
and overhead. Our simulation results reveal that the SKR may degrade
significantly as compared to the SKR upper bound that assumes perfect channel
state information, particularly at large transmission distances.


  For a nonempty polyhedral set $P\subset \mathbb R^d$, let $\mathcal F(P)$
denote the set of faces of $P$, and let $N(P,F)$ be the normal cone of $P$ at
the nonempty face $F\in\mathcal F(P)$. We prove that the function
$\sum_{F\in\mathcal F(P)}(-1)^{\text{dim} F} 1_{F-N(P,F)}$ equals $1$ if $P$ is
bounded, or $0$ if $P$ is unbounded and line-free. Previously, this formula was
known to hold everywhere outside some exceptional set of Lebesgue measure $0$
or for polyhedral cones. The case of a not necessarily line-free polyhedral set
is also covered by our general theorem.


  Using optical tweezers and a haptic device, microspheres having diameters
ranging from 3 to 4 um (floating in a fluid solution) are manipulated in order
to form patterns of coupled optical microresonators by assembling the spheres
via chemical binding. For this purpose, biotin-coated microspheres trapped by a
laser beam are steered and chemically attached to an immobilized
streptavidin-coated sphere (i.e. anchor sphere) one by one using an XYZ piezo
scanner controlled by a haptic device. The positions of all spheres in the
scene are detected using a CCD camera and a collision-free path for each
manipulated sphere is generated using the potential field approach. The forces
acting on the manipulated particle due to the viscosity of the fluid and the
artificial potential field are scaled and displayed to the user through the
haptic device for better guidance and control during steering. In addition, a
virtual fixture is implemented such that the desired angle of approach and
strength are achieved during the binding phase. Our experimental studies in
virtual and real environments with 8 human subjects show that haptic feedback
significantly improves the user performance by reducing the task completion
time, the number of undesired collisions during steering, and the positional
errors during binding. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a haptic
device is coupled with OT to guide the user during an optical manipulation task
involving steering and assembly of microspheres to construct a coupled
microresonator.


  We investigate the ground state properties of one-dimensional hard-core
bosons interacting via a variable long-range potential using the density matrix
renormalization group. We demonstrate that restoring energy extensivity in the
system, which is done by rescaling the interaction potential with a suitable
size-dependent factor known as Kac's prescription, has a profound influence on
the low-energy properties in the thermodynamic limit. While an insulating phase
is found in the absence of Kac's rescaling, the latter leads to a new metallic
phase that does not fall into the conventional Luttinger liquid paradigm. Our
results in one dimension illustrate the subtlety of determining the
thermodynamic properties of generic long-range quantum systems.


  Can we discover dialog structure by dividing utterances into labelled
clusters. Can these labels be generated from the data. Typically for dialogs we
need an ontology and use that to discover structure, however by using
unsupervised classification and self-labelling we are able to intuit this
structure without any labels or ontology. In this paper we apply SCAN (Semantic
Clustering using Nearest Neighbors) to dialog data. We used BERT for pretext
task and an adaptation of SCAN for clustering and self labeling. These clusters
are used to identify transition probabilities and create the dialog structure.
The self-labelling method used for SCAN makes these structures interpretable as
every cluster has a label. As the approach is unsupervised, evaluation metrics
is a challenge, we use statistical measures as proxies for structure quality


  Biometric-based identification has drawn a lot of attention in the recent
years. Among all biometrics, palmprint is known to possess a rich set of
features. In this paper we have proposed to use DCT-based features in parallel
with wavelet-based ones for palmprint identification. PCA is applied to the
features to reduce their dimensionality and the majority voting algorithm is
used to perform classification. The features introduced here result in a
near-perfectly accurate identification. This method is tested on a well-known
multispectral palmprint database and an accuracy rate of 99.97-100\% is
achieved, outperforming all previous methods in similar conditions.


  We examine the problem of computing the highest density region (HDR) in a
computational context where the user has access to a density function and
quantile function for the distribution (e.g., in the statistical language R).
We examine several common classes of continuous univariate distributions based
on the shape of the density function; this includes monotone densities,
quasi-concave and quasi-convex densities, and general multimodal densities. In
each case we show how the user can compute the HDR from the quantile and
density functions by framing the problem as a nonlinear optimisation problem.
We implement these methods in R to obtain general functions to compute HDRs for
classes of distributions, and for commonly used families of distributions. We
compare our method to existing R packages for computing HDRs and we show that
our method performs favourably in terms of both accuracy and average speed.


  In many metropolitan areas efforts are made to count the homeless to ensure
proper provision of social services. Some areas are very large, which makes
spatial sampling a viable alternative to an enumeration of the entire terrain.
Counts are observed in sampled regions but must be imputed in unvisited areas.
Along with the imputation process, the costs of underestimating and
overestimating may be different. For example, if precise estimation in areas
with large homeless c ounts is critical, then underestimation should be
penalized more than overestimation in the loss function. We analyze data from
the 2004--2005 Los Angeles County homeless study using an augmentation of $L_1$
stochastic gradient boosting that can weight overestimates and underestimates
asymmetrically. We discuss our choice to utilize stochastic gradient boosting
over other function estimation procedures. In-sample fitted and out-of-sample
imputed values, as well as relationships between the response and predictors,
are analyzed for various cost functions. Practical usage and policy
implications of these results are discussed briefly.


  We show that in a finite tensor category, the tensor product property holds
for support varieties if and only if it holds between indecomposable periodic
objects. We apply this to certain Hopf algebras in the form of skew group
algebras. In particular, we show that the tensor product property holds for all
objects in a symmetric finite tensor category over an algebraically closed
field of characteristic zero.


  Let $M$ be a closed K-contact $(2n+1)$-manifold equipped with a quasi-regular
K-contact structure. Rukimbira proved that the Reeb vector field $\xi$ of this
structure has at least $n+1$ closed characteristics. We note that $\xi$ has at
least $2n+1$ closed characteristics provided that the space of leaves of the
foliation determined by $\xi$ is symplectically aspherical.


  Logic Obfuscation is a well renowned design-for-trust solution to protect an
Integrated Circuit (IC) from unauthorized use and illegal overproduction by
including key-gates to lock the design. This is particularly necessary for ICs
manufactured at untrusted third-party foundries getting exposed to security
threats. In the past, several logic obfuscation methodologies have been
proposed that are vulnerable to attacks such as the Boolean Satisfiability
Attack. Many of these techniques are implemented at the gate level that may
involve expensive re-synthesis cycles. In this paper, we present an
interconnect obfuscation scheme at the Register-Transfer Level (RTL) using
Switch Boxes (SBs) constructed of Polymorphic Transistors. A polymorphic SB can
be designed using the same transistor count as its
Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor based counterpart, thereby no increased
area in comparison, but serving as an advantage in having more key-bit
combinations for an attacker to correctly identify and unlock each polymorphic
SB. Security-aware high-level synthesis algorithms have also been presented to
increase RTL interconnects to Functional Units impacting multiple outputs such
that when a polymorphic SB is strategically inserted, those outputs would be
corrupted upon incorrect key-bit identification. Finally, we run the SMT
(Satisfiability Modulo Theories)-based RTL Logic Attack on the obfuscated
design to examine its robustness.


  A recent line of work in NLP focuses on the (dis)ability of models to
generalise compositionally for artificial languages. However, when considering
natural language tasks, the data involved is not strictly, or locally,
compositional. Quantifying the compositionality of data is a challenging task,
which has been investigated primarily for short utterances. We use recursive
neural models (Tree-LSTMs) with bottlenecks that limit the transfer of
information between nodes. We illustrate that comparing data's representations
in models with and without the bottleneck can be used to produce a
compositionality metric. The procedure is applied to the evaluation of
arithmetic expressions using synthetic data, and sentiment classification using
natural language data. We demonstrate that compression through a bottleneck
impacts non-compositional examples disproportionately and then use the
bottleneck compositionality metric (BCM) to distinguish compositional from
non-compositional samples, yielding a compositionality ranking over a dataset.


  We derive a general quantum formula giving the mean-square displacement of a
diffusing particle as a function of time. Near {\bf 0 K} we find a universal
logarithmic behavior (valid for times longer than the relaxation time), and
deviations from classical behavior can also be significant at larger values of
time and temperature. Our derivation depends neither on the specific
composition of the heat bath nor on the strength of the coupling between the
bath and the particle. An experimental regime of microseconds and microdegrees
Kelvin would elicit the pure logarithmic diffusion.


  Context. The observation of >100 MeV {\gamma}-rays in the minutes to hours
following solar flares suggests that high-energy particles interacting in the
solar atmosphere can be stored and/or accelerated for long time periods. The
occasions when {\gamma}-rays are detected even when the solar eruptions
occurred beyond the solar limb as viewed from Earth provide favorable viewing
conditions for studying the role of coronal shocks driven by coronal mass
ejections (CMEs) in the acceleration of these particles.
  Aims: In this paper, we investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of the
coronal shocks inferred from stereoscopic observations of behind-the-limb
flares to determine if they could be the source of the particles producing the
{\gamma}-rays.
  Methods: We analyzed the CMEs and early formation of coronal shocks
associated with {\gamma}-ray events measured by the Fermi-Large Area Telescope
(LAT) from three eruptions behind the solar limb as viewed from Earth on 2013
Oct. 11, 2014 Jan. 06 and Sep. 01. We used a 3D triangulation technique, based
on remote-sensing observations to model the expansion of the CME shocks from
above the solar surface to the upper corona. Coupling the expansion model to
various models of the coronal magnetic field allowed us to derive the
time-dependent distribution of shock Mach numbers and the magnetic connection
of particles produced by the shock to the solar surface visible from Earth.
  Results: The reconstructed shock fronts for the three events became
magnetically connected to the visible solar surface after the start of the
flare and just before the onset of the >100 MeV {\gamma}-ray emission. The
shock surface at these connections also exhibited supercritical Mach numbers
required for significant particle energization.
  [...] (Abridged)


  A complete description of the multitudinous ways in which quantum particles
can be entangled requires the use of high-dimensional abstract mathematical
spaces. We report here a particularly interesting feature of the
nine-dimensional convex set-endowed with Hilbert-Schmidt (Euclidean/flat)
measure-composed of two-rebit (4 x 4) density matrices (rho). To each rho is
assigned the product of its (nonnegative) determinant |rho| and the determinant
of its partial transpose |rho^{PT}| -negative values of which, by the results
of Peres and Horodecki, signify the entanglement of rho. Integrating this
product, |rho| |rho^{PT}| =|rho rho^{PT}|, over the nine-dimensional space,
using the indicated (HS) measure, we obtain the result zero. The two
determinants, thus, form a pair of multivariate orthogonal polynomials with
respect to HS measure. It is hypothesized that the analogous two determinants
for the standard fifteen-dimensional convex set of two-qubit density matrices
are similarly orthogonal. However, orthogonality does not hold, we find, if the
symmetry of the nine-dimensional two-rebit scenario is broken slightly, nor
with the use of non-flat measures, such as the prominent Bures (minimal
monotone) measure-nor in the full HS extension to the 15-dimensional convex set
of two-qubit density matrices. We discuss relations-involving the HS moments of
|\rho^{PT}|-to the long-standing problem of determining the probability that a
generic pair of rebits/qubits is separable.


  We study rational step function skew products over certain rotations of the
circle proving ergodicity and bounded rational ergodicity when rotation number
is a quadratic irrational. The latter arises from a consideration of the
asymptotic temporal statistics of an orbit as modelled by an associated affine
random walk.


  In this paper, we study on the primeness and semiprimeness of a Morita
context related to the rings and modules. Necessary and sufficient conditions
are investigated for an ideal of a Morita context to be a prime ideal and a
semiprime ideal. In particular, we determine the conditions under which a
Morita context is prime and semiprime.


  The terahertz (THz) spectral domain offers a myriad of applications spanning
chemical spectroscopy, medicine, security and imaging[1]. It has also recently
become a playground for fundamental studies of light-matter interactions [2-6].
THz science and technology could benefit from optomechanical approaches, which
harness the interaction of light with miniature mechanical resonators [7,8]. So
far, optomechanics has mostly focused on the optical and microwave domains,
leading to new types of quantum experiments [9-11] and to the development of
optical-microwave converters [12-14]. Here we demonstrate an integrated
meta-atom [15] THz resonator with a flexible part acting as a mechanical
oscillator. In this device free space THz photons are collected by the
resonator and induce high frequency currents and charges that, in turn, couple
to the mechanical degrees of freedom. The resulting mechanical motion is
read-out optically, allowing our device to function as a compact and efficient
terahertz detector at room temperature. Furthermore the device operates at high
modulation frequencies (>10MHz), well beyond the cut-off frequencies of Golay
cells, pyroelectric detectors and cryogenic semiconductor bolometers [16,17].
Notably, our experiments unambiguously reveal an instantaneous THz detection
mechanism arising from a nano-scale Coulomb interaction, with a Noise
Equivalent Power that is potentially frequency independent. Alongside this
effect, our compact geometry allows for an uncooled bolometric detection [18]
with extremely short heat diffusion times (few microseconds) and high
detectivity.


  Akyol M.A. [Conformal anti-invariant submersions from cosymplectic manifolds,
Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistic, 46(2), (2017), 177-192.]
defined and studied conformal anti-invariant submersions from cosymplectic
manifolds. The aim of the present paper is to define and study the notion of
conformal slant submersions (it means the Reeb vector field $\xi$ is a vertical
vector field) from almost contact metric manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds as
a generalization of Riemannian submersions, horizontally conformal submersions,
slant submersions and conformal anti-invariant submersions. More precisely, we
mention lots of examples and obtain the geometries of the leaves of
$\ker\pi_{*}$ and $(\ker\pi_{*})^\perp,$ including the integrability of the
distributions, the geometry of foliations, some conditions related to totally
geodesicness and harmonicty of the submersions. Finally, we consider a
decomposition theorem on total space of the new submersion.


  We study energy measures of canonical Dirichlet forms on inhomogeneous
Sierpinski gaskets. We prove that the energy measures and suitable reference
measures are mutually singular under mild assumptions.


  Let $V$ be a finite dimensional vector space. Given a decomposition $V\otimes
V=\oplus_i^n I_i$, define $n$ quadratic algebras $(V, J_m)$ where
$J_m=\oplus_{i\neq m} I_i$. This decomposition defines also the quantum
semigroup $M(V;I_1,...,I_n)$ which acts on all these quadratic algebras. With
the decomposition we associate a family of associative algebras
$A_k=A_k(I_1,...I_n)$, $k\geq 2$. In the classical case, when $V\otimes V$
decomposes into the symmetric and skewsymmetric tensors, $A_k$ coincides with
the group algebra of the symmetric group $S_k$. Let $I_{ih}$ be deformations of
the subspaces $I_i$. In the paper we give a criteria for flatness of the
corresponding deformations of the quadratic algebras $(V[[h]],J_{ih}$ and the
quantum semigroup $M(V[[h]];I_{1h},...,I_{nh})$. It says that the deformations
will be flat if the algebras $A_k(I_1,...,I_n)$ are semisimple and under the
deformation their dimension does not change.
  Usually, the decomposition into $I_i$ is defined by a given Yang-Baxter
operator $S$ on $V\otimes V$, for which $I_i$ are its eigensubspaces, and the
deformations $I_{ih}$ are defined by a deformation $S_h$ of $S$. We consider
the cases when $S_h$ is a deformation of Hecke or Birman-Wenzl symmetry, and
also the case when $S_h$ is the Yang-Baxter operator which appears by a
representation of the Drinfeld-Jimbo quantum group. Applying the flatness
criteria we prove that in all these cases we obtain flat deformations of the
quadratic algebras and the corresponding quantum semigroups.


  The importance of a isospin dependent nuclear mean field (IDMF) in regard to
the pion production mechanism is studied for the reaction $Au+Au$ at 1
GeV/nucleon using the Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model. In particular,
the effect of the IDMF on pion spectra and the charged pion ratio are analyzed.
It is found that the inclusion of a IDMF considerably suppresses the low$-p_t$
pions, thus, leading to a better agreement with the data on pion spectra.
Moreover, the rapidity distribution of the charged pion ratio appears to be
sensitive to the isospin dependence of the nuclear mean field.


  We present Vax-a-Net; a technique for immunizing convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) against adversarial patch attacks (APAs). APAs insert visually
overt, local regions (patches) into an image to induce misclassification. We
introduce a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) architecture that
simultaneously learns to synthesise patches for use in APAs, whilst exploiting
those attacks to adapt a pre-trained target CNN to reduce its susceptibility to
them. This approach enables resilience against APAs to be conferred to
pre-trained models, which would be impractical with conventional adversarial
training due to the slow convergence of APA methods. We demonstrate
transferability of this protection to defend against existing APAs, and show
its efficacy across several contemporary CNN architectures.


  We followed the Shastry--Shraiman formulation of Raman scattering in Hubbard
systems and considered the Raman intensity profile in the spin-1/2 "perfect"
kagome lattice herbertsmithite ZnCu_3(OH)_6Cl_2, assuming the ground state is
well-described by the U(1) Dirac spin-liquid state. In the derivation of the
Raman T-matrix, we found that the spin chirality term appears in the A_{2g}
channel in the kagome lattice at the t^4/(\omega_i-U)^3 order, but (contrary to
the claims by Shastry and Shraiman) vanishes in the square lattice to that
order. In the ensuing calculations on the spin-1/2 kagome lattice, we found
that the Raman intensity profile in the E_g channel is invariant under an
arbitrary rotation in the kagome plane, and that in all (A_{1g}, E_g, and
A_{2g}) symmetry channels the Raman intensity profile contains broad continua
that display power-law behaviors at low energy, with exponent approximately
equal to 1 in the A_{2g} channel and exponent approximately equal to 3 in the
E_g and the A_{1g} channels. For the A_{2g} channel, the Raman profile also
contains a characteristic 1/\omega singularity, which arose in our model from
an excitation of the emergent U(1) gauge field.


  The aim of this paper is to provide an analogue of the Ball-Rivoal theorem
for $p$-adic $L$-values of Dirichlet characters. More precisely, we prove for a
Dirichlet character $\chi$ and a number field $K$ the formula
$\dim_{K}(K+\sum_{i=2}^{s+1} L_p(i,\chi\omega^{1-i}) K )\geq
\frac{(1-\epsilon)\log (s)}{2[K:\mathbb{Q}](1+\log 2)}$. As a byproduct, we
establish an asymptotic linear independence result for the values of the
$p$-adic Hurwitz zeta function.


  We study weak and strong survival for branching random walks on multigraphs.
We prove that, for a large class of multigraphs, weak survival is related to a
geometrical parameter of the multigraph and that the existence of a pure weak
phase is equivalent to nonamenability. Finally we study weak and strong
critical behaviors of the branching random walk.


  We aim to use microlensing taking place in the lensed quasar Q2237+0305 to
study the structure of the broad line region and measure the size of the region
emitting the CIV and CIII] lines.
  Methods: Based on 39 spectrophotometric monitoring data points obtained
between Oct. 2004 and Dec. 2007, we derived lightcurves for the CIV and CIII]
emission lines. We used three different techniques to analyse the microlensing
signal. Different components of the lines (narrow, broad and very broad) are
identified and studied. We built a library of simulated microlensing
lightcurves that reproduce the signal observed in the continuum and in the
lines provided only the source size is changed. A Bayesian analysis scheme is
then developed to derive the size of the various components of the BLR.
  Results: 1. The half-light radius of the region emitting the CIV line is
found to be R_CIV ~ 66^{+110}_{-46} lt-days = 0.06$^{+0.09}_{-0.04}$ pc =
1.7$^{+2.8}_{-1.1}$\,10$^{17}$ cm (at 68.3% CI). Similar values are obtained
for CIII]. Relative sizes of the carbon-line and V-band continuum
emitting-regions are also derived with median values of R(line)/R(cont) in the
range 4 to 29, depending of the FWHM of the line component.
  2. The size of the CIV emitting region agrees with the Radius-Luminosity
relationship derived from reverberation mapping. Using the virial theorem we
derive the mass of the black hole in Q2237+0305 to be M_BH ~ 10^{8.3+/-0.3}
M_sun.
  3. We find that the CIV and CIII] lines are produced in at least 2 spatially
distinct regions, the most compact one giving rise to the broadest component of
the line. The broad and narrow line profiles are slightly different for CIV and
CIII].
  4. Our analysis suggests a different structure for the CIV and FeII+III
emitting regions, with the latter produced in the inner part of the BLR or in a
less extended emitting region than CIV.


  The Ad Types Problem (without gap rules) is a special case of the assignment
problem in which there are $k$ types of nodes on one side (the ads), and an
ordered set of nodes on the other side (the slots). The edge weight of an ad
$i$ of type $\theta$ to slot $j$ is $v_i\cdot \alpha^{\theta}_j$ where $v_i$ is
an advertiser-specific value and each ad type $\theta$ has a discount curve
$\alpha^{(\theta)}_{1} \ge \alpha^{(\theta)}_{2} \ge ... \ge 0$ over the slots
that is common for ads of type $\theta$. We present two contributions for this
problem: 1) we give an algorithm that finds the maximum weight matching that
runs in $O(n^2(k + \log n))$ time for $n$ slots and $n$ ads of each type---cf.
$O(kn^3)$ when using the Hungarian algorithm---, and 2) we show to do VCG
pricing in asymptotically the same time, namely $O(n^2(k + \log n))$, and apply
reserve prices in $O(n^3(k + \log n))$.
  The Ad Types Problem (with gap rules) includes a matrix $G$ such that after
we show an ad of type $\theta_i$, the next $G_{ij}$ slots cannot show an ad of
type $\theta_j$. We show that the problem is hard to approximate within $k^{1-
\epsilon}$ for any $\epsilon > 0$ (even without discount curves) by reduction
from Maximum Independent Set. On the positive side, we show a Dynamic Program
formulation that solves the problem (including discount curves) optimally and
runs in $O(k\cdot n^{2k + 1})$ time.


  The population of small, close-in exoplanets is bifurcated into super-Earths
and sub-Neptunes. We calculate physically motivated mass-radius relations for
sub-Neptunes, with rocky cores and H/He dominated atmospheres, accounting for
their thermal evolution, irradiation and mass-loss. For planets $\lesssim
10~$M$_\oplus$, we find that sub-Neptunes retain atmospheric mass fractions
that scale with planet mass and show that the resulting mass-radius relations
are degenerate with results for `water-worlds' consisting of a 1:1
silicate-to-ice composition ratio. We further demonstrate that our derived
mass-radius relation is in excellent agreement with the observed exoplanet
population orbiting M-dwarfs and that planet mass and radii alone are
insufficient to determine the composition of some sub-Neptunes. Finally, we
highlight that current exoplanet demographics show an increase in the ratio of
super-Earths to sub-Neptunes with both stellar mass (and therefore luminosity)
and age, which are both indicative of thermally driven atmospheric escape
processes. Therefore, such processes should not be ignored when making
compositional inferences in the mass-radius diagram.


  In this paper we give a proof of Enomoto's conjecture for graphs of
sufficiently large order. Enomoto's conjecture states that, if $G$ is a graph
of order $n$ with minimum degree $\delta(G)\geq \frac{n}{2}+1$, then for any
pair of vertices $x$, $y$ in $G$, there is a Hamiltonian cycle $C$ of $G$ such
that $d_C(x,y)=\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor$. The main tools of our proof are
Regularity Lemma of Szemer\'edi and Blow-up Lemma of Koml\'os et al.


  For general ferromagnetic Ising models whose coupling matrix has bounded
spectral radius, we show that the log-Sobolev constant satisfies a simple bound
expressed only in terms of the susceptibility of the model. This bound implies
very generally that the log-Sobolev constant is uniform in the system size up
to the critical point (including on lattices), without using any mixing
conditions. Moreover, if the susceptibility satisfies the mean-field bound as
the critical point is approached, our bound implies that the log-Sobolev
constant depends polynomially on the distance to the critical point and on the
volume. In particular, this applies to the Ising model on subsets of
$\mathbb{Z}^d$ when $d>4$.
  The proof uses a general criterion for the log-Sobolev inequality in terms of
the Polchinski (renormalisation group) equation, a recently proved remarkable
correlation inequality for Ising models with general external fields, the
Perron--Frobenius theorem, and the log-Sobolev inequality for product Bernoulli
measures.


  The following deals with the $T(b)$ theorems of David, Journ\'e, and Semmes
\cite{DJS} considered in a dyadic setting. We find sharp growth estimates for a
global and a local dyadic $T(b)$ Theorem. We use multiscale analysis and Haar
wavelets in the local case.