  We propose several heuristics for mitigating one of the main causes of
combinatorial explosion in rank-based complementation of B\"{u}chi automata
(BAs): unnecessarily high bounds on the ranks of states. First, we identify
elevator automata, which is a large class of BAs (generalizing
semi-deterministic BAs), occurring often in practice, where ranks of states are
bounded according to the structure of strongly connected components. The bounds
for elevator automata also carry over to general BAs that contain elevator
automata as a sub-structure. Second, we introduce two techniques for refining
bounds on the ranks of BA states using data-flow analysis of the automaton. We
implement out techniques as an extension of the tool Ranker for BA
complementation and show that they indeed greatly prune the generated state
space, obtaining significantly better results and outperforming other
state-of-the-art tools on a large set of benchmarks.


  There is strong observational evidence for the presence of large-scale
magnetic fields MF in galaxies and clusters, with strength $\sim \mu$G and
coherence lenght on the order of Kpc. However its origin remains as an
outstanding problem. One of the possible explanations is that they have been
generated in the early universe. Recently, it has been proposed that helical
primordial magnetic fields PMFs, could be generated during the EW or QCD phase
transitions, parity-violating processes and predicted by GUT or string theory.
Here we concentrate on the study of two mechanisms to generate PMFs, the first
one is the $\nu$MSM which triggers instability in the Maxwell's equations and
leads to the generation of helical PMFs. The second one is the usual
electroweak baryogenesis scenario. Finally, we calculate the exact power
spectra of these helical PMFs and we show its role in the production of
gravitational waves finding a scale-invariant on large scales and an
oscillatory motion (damping) for $k\eta \gg 1$


  Surprisingly, skew derivations rather than ordinary derivations are more
basic (important) object in study of the Grassmann algebras. Let $\L_n =
K\lfloor x_1, ..., x_n\rfloor$ be the Grassmann algebra over a commutative ring
$K$ with ${1/2}\in K$, and $\d$ be a skew $K$-derivation of $\L_n$. It is
proved that $\d$ is a unique sum $\d = \d^{ev} +\d^{od}$ of an even and odd
skew derivation. Explicit formulae are given for $\d^{ev}$ and $\d^{od}$ via
the elements $\d (x_1), ..., \d (x_n)$. It is proved that the set of all even
skew derivations of $\L_n$ coincides with the set of all the inner skew
derivations. Similar results are proved for derivations of $\L_n$. In
particular, $\Der_K(\L_n)$ is a faithful but not simple $\Aut_K(\L_n)$-module
(where $K$ is reduced and $n\geq 2$). All differential and skew differential
ideals of $\L_n$ are found. It is proved that the set of generic normal
elements of $\L_n$ that are not units forms a single $\Aut_K(\L_n)$-orbit
(namely, $\Aut_K(\L_n)x_1$) if $n$ is even and two orbits (namely,
$\Aut_K(\L_n)x_1$ and $\Aut_K(\L_n)(x_1+x_2... x_n)$) if $n$ is odd.


  The extremely luminous supernova 2006gy (SN 2006gy) is among the most
energetic ever observed. The peak brightness was 100 times that of a typical
supernova and it spent an unheard of 250 days at magnitude -19 or brighter.
Efforts to describe SN 2006gy have pushed the boundaries of current supernova
theory. In this work we aspire to simultaneously reproduce the photometric and
spectroscopic observations of SN 2006gy using a quark nova model. This analysis
considers the supernova explosion of a massive star followed days later by the
quark nova detonation of a neutron star. We lay out a detailed model of the
interaction between the supernova envelope and the quark nova ejecta paying
special attention to a mixing region which forms at the inner edge of the
supernova envelope. This model is then fit to photometric and spectroscopic
observations of SN 2006gy. This QN model naturally describes several features
of SN 2006gy including the late stage light curve plateau, the broad H{\alpha}
line and the peculiar blue H{\alpha} absorption. We find that a progenitor mass
between 20Msun and 40Msun provides ample energy to power SN 2006gy in the
context of a QN.


  The Hammersley process relates to the statistical properties of the maximum
length of all up/right paths connecting random points of a given density in the
unit square from (0,0) to (1,1). This process can also be interpreted in terms
of the height of the polynuclear growth model, or the length of the longest
increasing subsequence in a random permutation. The cumulative distribution of
the longest path length can be written in terms of an average over the unitary
group. Versions of the Hammersley process in which the points are constrained
to have certain symmetries of the square allow similar formulas. The derivation
of these formulas is reviewed. Generalizing the original model to have point
sources along two boundaries of the square, and appropriately scaling the
parameters gives a model in the KPZ universality class. Following works of Baik
and Rains, and Pr\"ahofer and Spohn, we review the calculation of the scaled
cumulative distribution, in which a particular Painlev\'e II transcendent plays
a prominent role.


  We are interested in mesh-free formulas based on the Monte-Carlo methodology
for the approximation of multi-dimensional integrals, and we investigate their
accuracy when the functions belong to a reproducing-kernel space. A kernel
typically captures regularity and qualitative properties of functions "beyond"
the standard Sobolev regularity class. We are interested in the issue whether
quantitative error bounds can be a priori guaranteed in applications (e.g.
mathematical finance but also scientific computing and machine learning). Our
main contribution is a numerical study of the error discrepancy function based
on a comparison between several numerical strategies, when one varies the
choice of the kernel, the number of approximation points, and the dimension of
the problem. We consider two strategies in order to localize to a bounded set
the standard kernels defined in the whole Euclidian space (exponential,
multiquadric, Gaussian, truncated), namely, on one hand the class of periodic
kernels defined via a discrete Fourier transform on a lattice and, on the other
hand, a class of transport-based kernels. First of all, relying on a Poisson
formula on a lattice, together with heuristic arguments, we discuss the
derivation of theoretical bounds for the discrepancy function of periodic
kernels. Second, for each kernel of interest, we perform the numerical
experiments that are required in order to generate the optimal distributions of
points and the discrepancy error functions. Our numerical results allow us to
validate our theoretical observations and provide us with quantitative
estimates for the error made with a kernel-based strategy as opposed to a
purely random strategy.


  In a graph $G$, let $\mu_G(xy)$ denote the number of edges between $x$ and
$y$ in $G$. Let $\lambda K_{v,u}$ be the graph $(V\cup U,E)$ with $|V|=v$,
$|U|=u$, and \[ \mu_G(xy)=\begin{cases} \lambda &\mbox{if $x\in U$ and $y\in V$
or if $x\in V$ and $y\in U$}\\ 0 &\mbox{otherwise.} \\ \end{cases} \] Let $M$
be a sequence of non-negative integers $m_1,m_2,\ldots,m_n$. An $(M)$-cycle
decomposition of a graph $G$ is a partition of the edge set into cycles of
lengths $m_1,m_2,\ldots,m_n$. In this paper, we establish necessary and
sufficient conditions for the existence of an $(M)$-cycle decomposition of
$\lambda K_{v,u}$.


  In this work we generalize the MacDowell-Mansouri theory of gravity using
strict 2-groups. To achieve this, we construct the categorical generalization
of the ISO(4,1) group, which we call the de Sitter 2-group. We then proceed to
generalize the MacDowell-Mansouri theory in two different ways. First, as a
Yang-Mills-type theory, where the symmetry is explicitly broken to obtain an
Einstein-Cartan theory coupled to Kalb-Ramond fields. And second, by using the
categorical generalization of the BF theory, called 2-BF theory, which after
the addition of some symmetry breaking and constraint terms gives the same
Einstein-Cartan theory coupled to Kalb-Ramond fields plus some extra
topological terms.


  We have investigated the electronic and magnetic structures of Sr2FeMoO6
employing site-specific direct probes, namely x-ray absorption spectroscopy
with linearly and circularly polarized photons. In contrast to some previous
suggestions, the results clearly establish that Fe is in the formal trivalent
state in this compound. With the help of circularly polarized light, it is
unambiguously shown that the moment at the Mo sites is below the limit of
detection (< 0.25mu_B), resolving a previous controversy. We also show that the
decrease of the observed moment in magnetization measurements from the
theoretically expected value is driven by the presence of mis-site disorder
between Fe and Mo sites.


  We discuss a flavourful $Z'$ portal model with a coupling to fourth-family
singlet Dirac neutrino dark matter. In the absence of mixing, the $Z'$ is
fermiophobic, having no couplings to the three chiral families, but does couple
to a fourth vector-like family. Due to mixing effects, the $Z'$ gets induced
couplings to second family left-handed lepton doublets and third family
left-handed quark doublets. This model can simultaneously account for the
measured $B$-decay ratios $R_{K}$ and $R_{K^*}$ and for the observed relic
abundance of dark matter. We identify the parameter space where this
explanation is consistent with existing experimental constraints from dark
matter direct and indirect detection, LHC searches, and precision measurements
of flavour mixing and neutrino processes.


  In this paper we investigate the degrees of irrationality of degenerations of
$\epsilon$-lc Fano varieties of arbitrary dimensions. We show that given a
generically $\epsilon$-lc klt Fano fibration $X\to Z$ of dimension $d$ over a
smooth curve $Z$ such that $(X, t F)$ is lc for a positive real number $t$
where $F$ is the reduction of an irreducible central fibre of $X$ over a closed
point $z\in Z$, then $F$ admits a rational dominant map $\pi\colon
F\dashrightarrow C$ to a smooth projective variety $C$ with bounded degree of
irrationality depending only on $\epsilon, d, t$ such that the general fibres
of $\pi$ are irreducible and rational. This proves the generically bounded case
of a conjecture proposed by the first author and Loginov for log Fano
fibrations of dimensions greater than three. One of the key ingredients in our
proof is to modify the generically $\epsilon$-lc klt Fano fibration $X\to Z$ to
a toroidal morphism of toroidal embeddings with bounded general fibres.


  We study visual question answering in a setting where the answer has to be
mined from a pool of relevant and irrelevant images given as a context. For
such a setting, a model must first retrieve relevant images from the pool and
answer the question from these retrieved images. We refer to this problem as
retrieval-based visual question answering (or RETVQA in short). The RETVQA is
distinctively different and more challenging than the traditionally-studied
Visual Question Answering (VQA), where a given question has to be answered with
a single relevant image in context. Towards solving the RETVQA task, we propose
a unified Multi Image BART (MI-BART) that takes a question and retrieved images
using our relevance encoder for free-form fluent answer generation. Further, we
introduce the largest dataset in this space, namely RETVQA, which has the
following salient features: multi-image and retrieval requirement for VQA,
metadata-independent questions over a pool of heterogeneous images, expecting a
mix of classification-oriented and open-ended generative answers. Our proposed
framework achieves an accuracy of 76.5% and a fluency of 79.3% on the proposed
dataset, namely RETVQA and also outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 4.9%
and 11.8% on the image segment of the publicly available WebQA dataset on the
accuracy and fluency metrics, respectively.


  We present a model-independent argument showing that massless particles
interacting with gravity in a Minkowski background space can have at most spin
two. This result is proven by extending a famous theorem due to Weinberg and
Witten to theories that do not possess a gauge-invariant stress-energy tensor.


  The annihilation of TeV-scale leptophilic dark matter into electron-positron
pairs (hereafter $e^+e^-$) will produce a sharp cutoff in the local cosmic-ray
$e^+e^-$ spectrum at an energy matching the dark matter mass. At these high
energies, $e^+e^-$ cool quickly due to synchrotron interactions with magnetic
fields and inverse-Compton scattering with the interstellar radiation field.
These energy losses are typically modelled as a continuous process. However,
inverse-Compton scattering is a stochastic energy-loss process where
interactions are rare but catastrophic. We show that when inverse-Compton
scattering is modelled as a stochastic process, the expected $e^+e^-$ flux from
dark matter annihilation is about a factor of $\sim$2 larger near the dark
matter mass than in the continuous model. This greatly enhances the
detectability of heavy dark matter annihilating to $e^+e^-$ final states.


  Background. Pneumococcal vaccination (PCV13) for children (as well as older
adults) in Russia was introduced in 2014, with no prior PCV7 use. While
pneumonia hospitalization rates, both in children and adults did not decrease
in the following years, respiratory mortality rates did decline with time.
Moreover, there is a strong association between antibiotic, including multidrug
resistance and PCV13 vaccine serotypes for S. pneumoniae in children in Russia,
and presence of S. pneumoniae among sepsis cases in Russia during the recent
years has been very low. Annual variability in influenza circulation may affect
some of the changes in respiratory mortality rates. Methods. We applied the
inference method from our recent study of influenza-associated mortality in
Russia to relate monthly respiratory mortality rates between 09/2010 and
08/2019 to monthly indices of influenza circulation and baseline rates of
mortality not associated with influenza, allowing for a potential trend in the
baseline rates starting 2015. Results. Baseline rates of respiratory mortality
not associated with influenza decreased with time starting from the 2014/15
season (with each season running from September to August), with the 2018/19
baseline rates of respiratory mortality per 100,000 individuals being lower by
12.41 (95% CI (10.6,14.2)) compared to the 2010-2014 period. Conclusions. While
improvement in care might have contributed to the reduction in the rates of
respiratory mortality not associated with influenza in Russia, the above
temporally consistent reduction is compatible with the gradual replacement of
vaccine serotypes in the transmission and carriage of S. pneumoniae following
the introduction of PCV13. Further work is needed to better understand the
impact of PCV13 on the epidemiology of respiratory infections and related
mortality in Russia.


  In this paper we partially resolve Hall's conjecture about the distribution
of random triangles. We consider the probability that three points chosen
uniformly at random, in a bounded convex region of the plane, form an acute
triangle. Hall's conjecture is the "isoprobabilistic inequality" which states
that this probability should be maximized by the disk.
  We first prove that the disk is a weak local maximum for planar regions and
that the ball is a weak local maximum in three dimensional regions. We then
prove a local $C^{2,1/2}$-type estimate on the probability in the Hausdorff
topology. This enables us to prove that the disk is a local maximum in the
Gromov-Hausdorff topology (modulo congruences). Finally, we give an explicit
upper bound on the isoperimetric ratio of the regions which maximize the
probability and show how this reduces verifying the full conjecture to a
finite, though currently intractable, calculation.
  An interesting aspect of our work is the use of tools from outside of
geometric probability. We use an autocorrelation integral to provide the
appropriate framework for the problem. When we study the problem in
$\mathbb{R}^3$, we need non-Abelian harmonic analysis. To set up the proof that
the disk is a strong local maximum, we use the Borsak-Ulam theorem.


  We explicitly compute the Rankin-Selberg type integral introduced by
Piatetski-Shapiro over adeles for vector-valued Siegel cusp forms of
square-free levels $\Gamma_0(N)$. On the way, for particular test functions in
the Bessel models of irreducible admissible representations, exact evaluations
of the local zeta-integrals are given.


  We study the transverse and longitudinal gluon propagators in the
Landau-gauge lattice QCD with gauge group $SU(2)$ at nonzero quark chemical
potential and zero temperature. We show that both propagators demonstrate
substantial dependence on the quark chemical potential. This observation
contradicts to earlier findings by other groups.


  We estimate the form factors that parametrise the hadronic matrix elements of
proton-to-pion transitions with the help of light-cone sum rules. These form
factors are relevant for semi-leptonic proton decay channels induced by
baryon-number violating dimension-six operators, as typically studied in the
context of grand unified theories. We calculate the form factors in a
kinematical regime where the momentum transfer from the proton to the pion is
space-like and extrapolate our final results to the regime that is relevant for
proton decay. In this way, we obtain estimates for the form factors that show
agreement with the state-of-the-art calculations in lattice QCD, if systematic
uncertainties are taken into account. Our work is a first step towards
calculating more involved proton decay channels where lattice QCD results are
not available at present.


  For a finite group $G$, let $\Delta(G)$ denote the character graph built on
the set of degrees of the irreducible complex characters of $G$. In this paper,
we show that if the diameter of $\Delta(G)$ is equal to three, then the
complement of $\Delta(G)$ is bipartite. Also in this case, we determine the
structure of the character graph $\Delta(G)$.


  The realization of an ultra-fast source of heralded single photons emitted at
the wavelength of 1540 nm is reported. The presented strategy is based on
state-of-the-art telecom technology, combined with off-the-shelf fiber
components and waveguide non-linear stages pumped by a 10 GHz repetition rate
laser. The single photons are heralded at a rate as high as 2.1 MHz with a
heralding efficiency of 42%. Single photon character of the source is inferred
by measuring the second-order autocorrelation function. For the highest
heralding rate, a value as low as 0.023 is found. This not only proves
negligible multi-photon contributions but also represents the best measured
value reported to date for heralding rates in the MHz regime. These prime
performances, associated with a device-like configuration, are key ingredients
for both fast and secure quantum communication protocols.


  We compute, at the first order in the fine structure constant, the parameters
of the electromagnetic Lagrangian for the inhomogeneous
Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrell phase in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and in
condensed matter. In particular we compute for QCD with two flavors the
dielectric and the magnetic permeability tensors, and for condensed matter
superconductors the penetration depth of external magnetic fields.


  Grain boundaries (GBs) are defects originating in multi-crystalline silicon
during crystal growth for device Si solar cell fabrication. The presence of GBs
changes the coordination of Si, making it advantageous for charge carriers to
recombine, which brings a significant reduction of carrier lifetimes.
Therefore, GBs can be highly detrimental for device performances. Furthermore,
GBs easily form vacancies with deep defect electronic states and are also
preferential segregation sites for various impurity species, such as C, N, and
O. We studied from first principles the correlation between structural,
energetics, and electronic properties of the $\Sigma$3{111} Si GB with and
without vacancies, and the segregation of C, N, and O atoms. C and O atoms
strongly increase their ability to segregate when vacancies are present.
However, the electronic properties of the $\Sigma$3{111} Si GB are not affected
by the presence of O, while they can strongly change in the case of C. For N
atoms, it is not possible to find a clear trend in the energetics and
electronic properties both with and without vacancies in the GB. In fact, as N
is not isovalent with Si, as C and O, it is more flexible in finding new
chemical arrangements in the GB structure. This implies a stronger difficulty
in controlling the properties of the material in the presence of N impurity
atoms compared to C and O impurities.


  Molecular dynamics simulations of ionic solutions depend sensitively on the
force fields employed for the ions. To resolve the fine differences between
ions of the same valence and roughly similar size and in particular to
correctly describe ion-specific effects, it is clear that accurate force fields
are necessary. In the past, optimization strategies for ionic force fields
either considered single-ion properties (such as the solvation free energy at
infinite dilution or the ion-water structure) or ion-pair properties (in the
form of ion-ion distribution functions). In this paper we investigate
strategies to optimize ionic force fields based on single-ion and ion-pair
properties simultaneously. To that end, we simulate five different salt
solutions, namely CsCl, KCl, NaI, KF, and CsI, at finite ion concentration. The
force fields of these ions are systematically varied under the constraint that
the single-ion solvation free energy matches the experimental value, which
reduces the two-dimensional $\{\sigma,\epsilon\}$ parameter space of the
Lennard Jones interaction to a one dimensional line for each ion. From the
finite-concentration simulations, the pair-potential is extracted and the
osmotic coefficient is calculated, which is compared to experimental data. We
find a strong dependence of the osmotic coefficient on the force field, which
is remarkable as the single-ion solvation free energy and the ion-water
structure remain invariant under the parameter variation. Optimization of the
force field is achieved for the cations Cs$^+$ and K$^+$, while for the anions
I$^-$ and F$^-$ the experimental osmotic coefficient cannot be reached. This
suggests that in the long run, additional parameters might have to be
introduced into the modeling, for example by modified mixing rules.


  In this paper we mainly investigate the Cauchy problem of a two-component
Novikov system. We first prove the local well-posedness of the system in Besov
spaces $B^{s-1}_{p,r}\times B^s_{p,r}$ with
$p,r\in[1,\infty],~s>\max\{1+\frac{1}{p},\frac{3}{2}\}$ by using the
Littlewood-Paley theory and transport equations theory. Then, by virtue of
logarithmic interpolation inequalities and the Osgood lemma, we establish the
local well-posedness of the system in the critical Besov space
$B^{\frac{1}{2}}_{2,1}\times B^{\frac{3}{2}}_{2,1}$. Moreover, we present two
blow-up criteria for the system by making use of the conservation laws.


  We propose methods to infer properties of the execution environment of
machine learning pipelines by tracing characteristic numerical deviations in
observable outputs. Results from a series of proof-of-concept experiments
obtained on local and cloud-hosted machines give rise to possible forensic
applications, such as the identification of the hardware platform used to
produce deep neural network predictions. Finally, we introduce boundary samples
that amplify the numerical deviations in order to distinguish machines by their
predicted label only.


  We have attempted to constrain the progenitors of all supernova types,
through correlations of the positions of historical supernovae with recent star
formation, as traced by H-alpha emission. Through pixel statistics we have
found that a large fraction of the SNII population do not show any association
with current star formation, which we put down to a 'runaway' fraction of these
progenitors. The SNIb/c population accurately traces the H-alpha emission, with
some suggestion that the SNIc progenitors show a higher degree of correlation
than the SNIb, suggesting higher mass progenitors for the former. Overall the
SNIa population only show a weak correlation to the positions of HII regions,
but as many as a half may be associated with a young stellar population.


  The frequent use of Emojis on social media platforms has created a new form
of multimodal social interaction. Developing methods for the study and
representation of emoji semantics helps to improve future multimodal
communication systems. In this paper, we explore the usage and semantics of
emojis over time. We compare emoji embeddings trained on a corpus of different
seasons and show that some emojis are used differently depending on the time of
the year. Moreover, we propose a method to take into account the time
information for emoji prediction systems, outperforming state-of-the-art
systems. We show that, using the time information, the accuracy of some emojis
can be significantly improved.


  One-dimensional (1D) quantum systems, which are predicted to exhibit novel
states of matter in theory, have been elusive in experiment. Here we report a
superlattice method of creating artificial 1D quantum stripes, which offers
dimensional tunability from two- to one-dimensions. As a model system, we have
fabricated 1D iridium (Ir) stripes using a-axis oriented superlattices of a
relativistic Mott insulator Sr2IrO4 and a wide bandgap insulator LaSrGaO4, both
of which are crystals with layered structure. In addition to the successful
formation of 1D Ir-stripe structure, we have observed 1D quantum-confined
electronic states from optical spectroscopy and resonant inelastic x-ray
scattering. Since this 1D superlattice approach can be applied to a wide range
of layered materials, it opens a new era of 1D science.


  A silicon-based fine granularity calorimeter is a potential technology for
the future International Linear Collider ILC, the future circular collider
CEPC, and is also the chosen technology for the upgraded CMS experiment of the
Large Hadron Collider. Active silicon sensing pads are used as MIP counters and
the standard calibration of the calorimeter uses weights based on the average
energy loss, $dEdx$. In this work, the limitations of the dEdx calibration
method in terms of energy linearity, scale and resolution are explored. In the
case of a calorimeter with varying passive layer thickness as the one planned
for CMS, the $dEdx$ method leads to a significant constant term in the
resolution function and a non-linearity of energy response. For these reasons,
a method based on the calorimeter sampling fraction that exploits the per-event
measured shower depth is presented and shown to deliver superior absolute
energy scale, linearity and resolution. Calorimetric designs in which the back
of the shower is sampled less, offer reduced cost without loss in performance.
Therefore, a proper calibration as proposed here is crucial in obtaining the
most cost- and performance-effective silicon-sampling calorimeter design.


  This work investigates intensive vortices, which are characterised by the
existence of a converging radial flow that significantly intensifies the flow
rotation. Evolution and amplification of the vorticity present in the flow play
important roles in the formation of the vortex. When rotation in the flow
becomes sufficiently strong - and this implies validity of the strong swirl
approximation developed by Einstein and Li (1951), Lewellen (1962), Turner
(1966) and Lundgren (1985) - the analysis of Klimenko (2001a-c) and of the
present work determine that further amplification of vorticity is moderated by
interactions of vorticity and velocity. This imposes physical constraints on
the flow resulting in the so-called compensating regime, where the radial
distribution of the axial vorticity is characterised by the 4/3 and 3/2 power
laws. This asymptotic treatment of a strong swirl is based on vorticity
equations and involves higher order terms. This treatment incorporates
multiscale analysis indicating downstream relaxation of the flow to the
compensating regime. The present work also investigates and takes into account
viscous and transient effects. One of the main points of this work is the
applicability of the power laws of the compensating regime to intermediate
regions in large atmospheric vortices, such as tropical cyclones and tornadoes.


  Currently, the processing of scientific data in astroparticle physics is
based on various distributed technologies, the most common of which are Grid
and cloud computing. The most frequently discussed approaches are focused on
large and even very large scientific experiments, such as Cherenkov Telescope
Array. We, by contrast, offer a solution designed for small to medium
experiments such as TAIGA. In such experiments, as a rule, historically
developed specific data processing methods and specialized software are used.
We have specifically designed a distributed (cloud) data storage for
astroparticle physics data collaboration in medium-sized experiments. In this
article, we discuss the current state of our work using the example of the
TAIGA and CASCADE experiments. A feature of our approach is that we provide our
users with scientific data in the form to which they are accustomed to in
everyday work on local resources.


  A method for computing electromagnetic properties of hadrons in lattice QCD
is described and preliminary numerical results are presented. The
electromagnetic field is introduced dynamically, using a noncompact
formulation. Employing enhanced electric charges, the dependence of the
pseudoscalar meson mass on the (anti)quark charges and masses can be accurately
calculated. At $\beta=5.7$ with Wilson action, the $\pi^+-\pi^0$ splitting is
found to be $4.9(3)$ MeV. Using the measured $K^0-K^+$ splitting, we also find
$m_u/m_d = .512(6)$. Systematic errors are discussed.


  Counterfactual explanations have been widely studied in explainability, with
a range of application dependent methods prominent in fairness, recourse and
model understanding. The major shortcoming associated with these methods,
however, is their inability to provide explanations beyond the local or
instance-level. While many works touch upon the notion of a global explanation,
typically suggesting to aggregate masses of local explanations in the hope of
ascertaining global properties, few provide frameworks that are both reliable
and computationally tractable. Meanwhile, practitioners are requesting more
efficient and interactive explainability tools. We take this opportunity to
propose Global & Efficient Counterfactual Explanations (GLOBE-CE), a flexible
framework that tackles the reliability and scalability issues associated with
current state-of-the-art, particularly on higher dimensional datasets and in
the presence of continuous features. Furthermore, we provide a unique
mathematical analysis of categorical feature translations, utilising it in our
method. Experimental evaluation with publicly available datasets and user
studies demonstrate that GLOBE-CE performs significantly better than the
current state-of-the-art across multiple metrics (e.g., speed, reliability).


  Realistic fake videos are a potential tool for spreading harmful
misinformation given our increasing online presence and information intake.
This paper presents a multimodal learning-based method for detection of real
and fake videos. The method combines information from three modalities - audio,
video, and physiology. We investigate two strategies for combining the video
and physiology modalities, either by augmenting the video with information from
the physiology or by novelly learning the fusion of those two modalities with a
proposed Graph Convolutional Network architecture. Both strategies for
combining the two modalities rely on a novel method for generation of visual
representations of physiological signals. The detection of real and fake videos
is then based on the dissimilarity between the audio and modified video
modalities. The proposed method is evaluated on two benchmark datasets and the
results show significant increase in detection performance compared to previous
methods.


  Studies of the clustering of the most distant Kuiper belt objects in the
outer solar system have hinted at the possible existence of a planet beyond
Neptune referred to as Planet Nine (P9). Recent efforts have constrained the
parameter space of the orbital elements of P9, allowing for the creation of a
synthetic catalog of hypothetical P9s. By examining the potential recovery of
such a catalog within numerous sky surveys, it is possible to further constrain
the parameter space for P9, providing direction for a more targeted search. We
examine the ability of the full six years of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) to
recover a synthetic Planet Nine population presented in Brown and Batygin
(2021a) [arXiv:2108.09868]. We find that out of 100,000 simulated objects,
11,709 cross the wide DES survey footprint of which 10,187 (87.0%) are
recovered. This rules out an additional 5% of the parameter space after
accounting for Planets Nine that would have been detected by both the Zwicky
Transient Facility and DES.


  We consider two parameter families of differential equations on a Banach
space X, where the parameters c and $\epsilon$ are such that: (1) when
$\epsilon=0$, the differential equations are symmetric under the action of the
group of one-dimensional translations SE(1) acting on X, whereas when
$\epsilon\neq 0$, this translation symmetry is broken, (2) when $\epsilon=0$,
the symmetric differential equations admit a smooth family of relative
equilibria (travelling waves) parametrized by the drift speed c, with $c=0$
corresponding to steady-states. Under certain hypotheses on the differential
equations and on the Banach space X, we use the center manifold theorem of
Sandstede, Scheel and Wulff to study the effects of the symmetry-breaking
perturbation on the above family of relative equilibria. In particular, we show
that the phenomenon commonly referred to as propagation failure, or wave
blocking occurs in a cone in the $(c,\epsilon)$ parameter space which emanates
from the point $(c,\epsilon)=(0,0)$. We also discuss how our methods can be
adapted to perturbations of parameter-independent differential equations (such
as the Fisher-KPP) which admit families of relative equilibria parametrized by
drift speed.


  Observations of the most luminous quasars at redshift z>6 reveal the
existence of numerous supermasssive black holes (>10^9 Msun) already in place
about twelve billion years ago. In addition, the interstellar medium of the
galaxies hosting these black holes are observed to be chemically mature
systems, with metallicities (Z>Zsun) and dust masses (>10^8 Msun) similar to
that of more evolved, local galaxies. The connection between the rapid growth
of the first supermassive black holes and the fast chemical evolution of the
host galaxy is one of the most puzzling issues for theoretical models. Here we
review state-of-the-art theoretical models that focus on this problem with
particular emphasis on the conditions that lead to the formation of quasar
seeds and their subsequent evolution at z>6.


  We derive the vector supersymmetry and the \L-symmetry transformations for
the fields of a generalized topological $p$-form model of Schwarz-type in $d$
space-time dimensions.


  We develop a framework and unified, compact notation to include neutrino
direct interaction effects with neutrino oscillations for a wide class of
low-energy, effective four-Fermi interactions. Modest flavor-violating
interaction strengths can make significant changes in the boundaries in $\Delta
M^2 \leftrightarrow sin^2 2\theta$ and in $tan^2 \theta_{13} \leftrightarrow
tan^2 \theta_{23} parameter space. We draw examples from the L-R symmetric and
$MSSM + \slash R$ models and find the recently reported decay-at-rest $\mu
\leftrightarrow e$ transition probability can be described without oscillations
in L-R symmetric models.


  Web Image Context Extraction (WICE) consists in obtaining the textual
information describing an image using the content of the surrounding webpage. A
common preprocessing step before performing WICE is to render the content of
the webpage. When done at a large scale (e.g., for search engine indexation),
it may become very computationally costly (up to several seconds per page). To
avoid this cost, we introduce a novel WICE approach that combines Graph Neural
Networks (GNNs) and Natural Language Processing models. Our method relies on a
graph model containing both node types and text as features. The model is fed
through several blocks of GNNs to extract the textual context. Since no labeled
WICE dataset with ground truth exists, we train and evaluate the GNNs on a
proxy task that consists in finding the semantically closest text to the image
caption. We then interpret importance weights to find the most relevant text
nodes and define them as the image context. Thanks to GNNs, our model is able
to encode both structural and semantic information from the webpage. We show
that our approach gives promising results to help address the large-scale WICE
problem using only HTML data.


  Correlated charge inhomogeneity breaks the electron-hole symmetry in
two-dimensional (2D) bilayer heterostructures which is responsible for non-zero
drag appearing at the charge neutrality point. Here we report Coulomb drag in
novel drag systems consisting of a two-dimensional graphene and a one
dimensional (1D) InAs nanowire (NW) heterostructure exhibiting distinct results
from 2D-2D heterostructures. For monolayer graphene (MLG)-NW heterostructures,
we observe an unconventional drag resistance peak near the Dirac point due to
the correlated inter-layer charge puddles. The drag signal decreases
monotonically with temperature ($\sim T^{-2}$) and with the carrier density of
NW ($\sim n_{N}^{-4}$), but increases rapidly with magnetic field ($\sim
B^{2}$). These anomalous responses, together with the mismatched thermal
conductivities of graphene and NWs, establish the energy drag as the
responsible mechanism of Coulomb drag in MLG-NW devices. In contrast, for
bilayer graphene (BLG)-NW devices the drag resistance reverses sign across the
Dirac point and the magnitude of the drag signal decreases with the carrier
density of the NW ($\sim n_{N}^{-1.5}$), consistent with the momentum drag but
remains almost constant with magnetic field and temperature. This deviation
from the expected $T^2$ arises due to the shift of the drag maximum on graphene
carrier density. We also show that the Onsager reciprocity relation is observed
for the BLG-NW devices but not for the MLG-NW devices. These Coulomb drag
measurements in dimensionally mismatched (2D-1D) systems, hitherto not
reported, will pave the future realization of correlated condensate states in
novel systems.


  In cavity optomechanics, radiation pressure and photothermal forces are
widely utilized to cool and control micromechanical motion, with applications
ranging from precision sensing and quantum information to fundamental science.
Here, we realize an alternative approach to optical forcing based on superfluid
flow and evaporation in response to optical heating. We demonstrate optical
forcing of the motion of a cryogenic microtoroidal resonator at a level of 1.46
nN, roughly one order of magnitude larger than the radiation pressure force. We
use this force to feedback cool the motion of a microtoroid mechanical mode to
137 mK. The photoconvective forces demonstrated here provide a new tool for
high bandwidth control of mechanical motion in cryogenic conditions, and have
the potential to allow efficient transfer of electromagnetic energy to motional
kinetic energy.


  We aim to clarify the link between mass accretion and ejection by analyzing
DG Tau's jet observations from optical and near-infrared data spanning 1984 to
2019, alongside photometric variations between 1983 and 2015. We classified 12
moving knot groups among 17 total knot groups based on their constant proper
motions and comparable radial velocities. A strong correlation emerges between
deprojected flow velocities of the knots and the photometric magnitudes of DG
Tau. From 1983 to 1995, as the deprojected ejection velocities surged from
$\sim$ 273 $\pm$ 15 km s$^{-1}$ to $\sim$ 427 $\pm$ 16 km s$^{-1}$, the
photometric magnitudes ($V$) concurrently brightened from 12.3 to 11.4.
Notably, when DG Tau became brighter than 12.2 in the $V$ band, its ($B-V$)
color shifted bluer than its intrinsic color range of K5 to M0. During this
period, the launching point of the jet in the protoplanetary disk moved closer
to 0.06 AU from the star in 1995. Following a $V$ magnitude drop from 11.7 to
13.4 in 1998, the star may have experienced significant extinction due to a
dust wall created by the disk wind during the ejection of the high-velocity
knot in 1999. Since then, the magnitude became fainter than 12.2, the ($B-V$)
and ($V-R$) colors became redder, and the deprojected velocities consistently
remained below 200 km s$^{-1}$. The launching point of the jet then moved away
to $\sim$ 0.45 AU by 2008. The prevailing factor influencing photometric
magnitude appears to be the active mass accretion causing the variable mass
ejection velocities.


  Usuba has asked whether the $\kappa$-mantle, the intersection of all grounds
that extend to $V$ via a forcing of size ${<}\kappa$, is always a model of ZFC.
We give a negative answers by constructing counterexamples where $\kappa$ is a
Mahlo cardinal, $\kappa=\omega_1$ and where $\kappa$ is the successor of a
regular uncountable cardinal.


  Recommendation Systems (SR) suggest items exploring user preferences, helping
them with the information overload problem. Two approaches to SR have received
more prominence, Collaborative Filtering, and Content-Based Filtering.
Moreover, even though studies are indicating their advantages and
disadvantages, few results empirically prove their characteristics,
similarities, and differences. In this work, an experimental methodology is
proposed to perform comparisons between recommendation algorithms for different
approaches going beyond the "precision of the predictions". For the
experiments, three algorithms of recommendation were tested: a baseline for
Collaborative Filtration and two algorithms for Content-based Filtering that
were developed for this evaluation. The experiments demonstrate the behavior of
these systems in different data sets, its main characteristics and especially
the complementary aspect of the two main approaches.


  Multidimensional coherent optical spectroscopy is one of the most powerful
tools for investigating complex quantum mechanical systems. While it was
conceived decades ago in magnetic resonance spectroscopy using micro- and
radio-waves, it has recently been extended into the visible and UV spectral
range. However, resolving MHz energy splittings with ultrashort laser pulses
has still remained a challenge. Here, we analyze two-dimensional Fourier
spectra for resonant optical excitation of resident electrons to localized
trions or donor-bound excitons in semiconductor nanostructures subject to a
transverse magnetic field. Particular attention is devoted to Raman coherence
spectra which allow one to accurately evaluate tiny splittings of the electron
ground state and to determine the relaxation times in the electron spin
ensemble. A stimulated step-like Raman process induced by a sequence of two
laser pulses creates a coherent superposition of the ground state doublet which
can be retrieved only optically due to selective excitation of the same
sub-ensemble with a third pulse. This provides the unique opportunity to
distinguish between different complexes that are closely spaced in energy in an
ensemble. The related experimental demonstration is based on photon echo
measurements in an n-type CdTe/(Cd,Mg)Te quantum well structure detected by a
heterodyne technique. The difference in the sub-$\mu$eV range between the
Zeeman splittings of donor-bound electrons and electrons localized at potential
fluctuations can be resolved even though the homogeneous linewidth of the
optical transitions is larger by two orders of magnitude.


  We introduce the concept of nonlinear graphene metasurfaces employing the
controllable interaction between a graphene layer and a planar metamaterial.
Such hybrid metasurfaces support two types of subradiant resonant modes,
asymmetric modes of structured metamaterial elements ("metamolecules") and
graphene plasmons exhibiting strong mutual coupling and avoided dispersion
crossing. High tunability of graphene plasmons facilitates strong interaction
between the subradiant modes, modifying the spectral position and lifetime of
the associated Fano resonances. We demonstrate that strong resonant
interaction, combined with the subwavelength localization of plasmons, leads to
the enhanced nonlinear response and high efficiency of the second-harmonic
generation.


  We study the realization of supergroup gauge theories using negative branes
in string theory. We show that negative branes are intimately connected with
the possibility of timelike compactification and exotic spacetime signatures
previously studied by Hull. Isolated negative branes dynamically generate a
change in spacetime signature near their worldvolumes, and are related by
string dualities to a smooth M-theory geometry with closed timelike curves.
Using negative D3 branes, we show that $SU(0|N)$ supergroup theories are
holographically dual to an exotic variant of type IIB string theory on
$dS_{3,2} \times \bar S^5$, for which the emergent dimensions are timelike.
Using branes, mirror symmetry and Nekrasov's instanton calculus, all of which
agree, we derive the Seiberg-Witten curve for $\mathcal N=2 ~SU(N|M)$ gauge
theories. Together with our exploration of holography and string dualities for
negative branes, this suggests that supergroup gauge theories may be
non-perturbatively well-defined objects, though several puzzles remain.


  Direct Numerical Simulations of the injection of a pulsed round liquid jet in
a stagnant gas are performed. The Reynolds and Weber numbers and the density
ratio are sufficiently large for reaching a complex high-speed atomization
regime. The Weber number based on grid size is small, an indication that the
simulations are very well resolved. Computations are performed using octree
adaptive mesh refinement using the Basilisk free-code platform, down to a
specified minimum grid size $\Delta$. Qualitative analysis of the flow and its
topology reveal a complex structure of ligaments, sheets, droplets and bubbles
that evolve and interact through impacts, ligament breakup, sheet rupture and
engulfment of air bubbles in the liquid. A rich gallery of images of entangled
structures is produced. Most processes occurring in this type of atomization
are reproduced in detail, except at the instant of thin sheet perforation or
breakup. We analyze drop statistics, showing that as the grid resolution is
increased, the small-scale part of the distribution does not converge, and
contains a large number of droplets close in order of magnitude to the minimum
grid size with a significant peak at $d = 3\Delta$ . This non-convergence
arises from the numerical sheet breakup effect, in which the interface becomes
rough just before it breaks. The rough appearance of the interface is
associated to a high-wavenumber oscillation of the curvature. To recover
convergence, we apply the controlled "manifold death" numerical procedure, in
which thin sheets are detected, and then pierced by fiat before they reach a
set critical thickness $h_c$ that is always larger than $6 \Delta$. This allows
convergence of the droplet frequency above a certain critical diameter $d_c$
above and close to $h_c$. A unimodal distribution is observed in the converged
range.


  For every $p > (1 + \sqrt{5})/2$ we construct a uniformly discrete real
sequence $\{\lambda_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ with $|\lambda_{n+1}| > |\lambda_n|$, a
function $g \in L^p(\mathbb{R})$, and continuous linear functionals $\{g^*_n\}$
on $L^p(\mathbb{R})$, such that every $f \in L^p(\mathbb{R})$ admits a series
expansion \[ f(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} g_n^*(f) g(x-\lambda_n) \] convergent
in the $L^p(\mathbb{R})$ norm. We also prove a similar result for the space
$C_0(\mathbb{R})$, where in this case $\{\lambda_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ is taken to
be the sequence of positive integers.


  AM CVn-type systems are ultra-compact, hydrogen-deficient accreting binaries
with degenerate or semi-degenerate donors. The evolutionary history of these
systems can be explored by constraining the properties of their donor stars. We
present high-speed photometry of Gaia14aae, an AM CVn with a binary period of
49.7 minutes and the first AM CVn in which the central white dwarf is fully
eclipsed by the donor star. Modelling of the lightcurves of this system allows
for the most precise measurement to date of the donor mass of an AM CVn, and
relies only on geometric and well-tested physical assumptions. We find a mass
ratio $q = M_2/M_1 = 0.0287 \pm 0.0020$ and masses $M_1 = 0.87 \pm 0.02
M_\odot$ and $M_2 = 0.0250 \pm 0.0013 M_\odot$. We compare these properties to
the three proposed channels for AM CVn formation. Our measured donor mass and
radius do not fit with the contraction that is predicted for AM CVn donors
descended from white dwarfs or helium stars at long orbital periods. The donor
properties we measure fall in a region of parameter space in which systems
evolved from hydrogen-dominated cataclysmic variables are expected, but such
systems should show spectroscopic hydrogen, which is not seen in Gaia14aae. The
evolutionary history of this system is therefore not clear. We consider a
helium-burning star or an evolved cataclysmic variable to be the most likely
progenitors, but both models require additional processes and/or fine-tuning to
fit the data. Additionally, we calculate an updated ephemeris which corrects
for an anomalous time measurement in the previously published ephemeris.


  We prove two new equivalences of the Feichtinger conjecture that involve
reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. We prove that if for every Hilbert space,
contractively contained in the Hardy space, each Bessel sequence of normalized
kernel functions can be partitioned into finitely many Riesz basic sequences,
then a general bounded Bessel sequence in an arbitrary Hilbert space can be
partitioned into finitely many Riesz basic sequences. In addition, we examine
some of these spaces and prove that for these spaces bounded Bessel sequences
of normalized kernel functions are finite unions of Riesz basic sequences.


  Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have revolutionized performances in
several machine learning tasks such as image classification, object tracking,
and keyword spotting. However, given that they contain a large number of
parameters, their direct applicability into low resource tasks is not
straightforward. In this work, we experiment with an application of CNN models
to gastrointestinal landmark classification with only a few thousands of
training samples through transfer learning. As in a standard transfer learning
approach, we train CNNs on a large external corpus, followed by representation
extraction for the medical images. Finally, a classifier is trained on these
CNN representations. However, given that several variants of CNNs exist, the
choice of CNN is not obvious. To address this, we develop a novel metric that
can be used to predict test performances, given CNN representations on the
training set. Not only we demonstrate the superiority of the CNN based transfer
learning approach against an assembly of knowledge driven features, but the
proposed metric also carries an 87% correlation with the test set performances
as obtained using various CNN representations.


  This article firstly attempts to explore parallel algorithms of learning
distributed representations for both entities and relations in large-scale
knowledge repositories with {\it MapReduce} programming model on a multi-core
processor. We accelerate the training progress of a canonical knowledge
embedding method, i.e. {\it translating embedding} ({\bf TransE}) model, by
dividing a whole knowledge repository into several balanced subsets, and
feeding each subset into an individual core where local embeddings can
concurrently run updating during the {\it Map} phase. However, it usually
suffers from inconsistent low-dimensional vector representations of the same
key, which are collected from different {\it Map} workers, and further leads to
conflicts when conducting {\it Reduce} to merge the various vectors associated
with the same key. Therefore, we try several strategies to acquire the merged
embeddings which may not only retain the performance of {\it entity inference},
{\it relation prediction}, and even {\it triplet classification} evaluated by
the single-thread {\bf TransE} on several well-known knowledge bases such as
Freebase and NELL, but also scale up the learning speed along with the number
of cores within a processor. So far, the empirical studies show that we could
achieve comparable results as the single-thread {\bf TransE} performs by the
{\it stochastic gradient descend} (SGD) algorithm, as well as increase the
training speed multiple times via adapting the {\it batch gradient descend}
(BGD) algorithm for {\it MapReduce} paradigm.


  Spin-polarized neutron matter is studied using chiral two- and three-body
forces. We focus, in particular, on predictions of the energy per particle in
ferromagnetic neutron matter at different orders of chiral effective field
theory and for different choices of the resolution scale. We discuss the
convergence pattern of the predictions and their cutoff dependence. We explore
to which extent fully polarized neutron matter behaves (nearly) like a free
Fermi gas. We also consider the more general case of partial polarization in
neutron matter as well as the presence of a small proton fraction. In other
words, in our calculations, we vary both spin and isospin asymmetries.
Confirming the findings of other microscopic calculations performed with
different approaches, we report no evidence for a transition to a polarized
phase of neutron matter5


  We present an improved calculation on the pionic twist-3 distribution
amplitudes $\phi^{\pi}_{p}$ and $\phi^{\pi}_{\sigma}$, which are studied within
the QCD sum rules. By adding all the uncertainties in quadrature, it is found
that $<\xi^2_p>=0.248^{+0.076}_{-0.052}$, $<\xi^4_p>=0.262^{+0.080}_{-0.055}$,
$<\xi^2_\sigma>=0.102^{+0.035}_{-0.025}$ and
$<\xi^4_\sigma>=0.094^{+0.028}_{-0.020}$. Furthermore, with the help of these
moments, we construct a model for the twist-3 wave functions
$\psi^{\pi}_{p,\sigma}(x,\mathbf{k}_\bot)$, which have better end-point
behavior and are helpful for perturbative QCD approach. The obtained twist-3
distribution amplitudes are adopted to calculate the $B\to\pi$ transition form
factor $f^+_{B\pi}$ within the QCD light-cone sum rules up to next-to-leading
order. By suitable choice of the parameters, we obtain a consistent
$f^+_{B\pi}$ with those obtained in the literature.


  We analyze the wave equation in mixed form, with periodic and/or Dirichlet
homogeneous boundary conditions, and nonconstant coefficients that depend on
the spatial variable. For the discretization, the weak form of the second
equation is replaced by a strong form, written in terms of a projection
operator. The system of equations is discretized with B-splines forming a De
Rham complex along with suitable commutative projectors for the approximation
of the second equation. The discrete scheme is energy conservative when
discretized in time with a conservative method such as Crank-Nicolson. We
propose a convergence analysis of the method to study the dependence with
respect to the mesh size $h$, with focus on the consistency error. Numerical
results show optimal convergence of the error in energy norm, and a relative
error in energy conservation for long-time simulations of the order of machine
precision.


  Listing dense subgraphs in large graphs plays a key task in varieties of
network analysis applications like community detection. Clique, as the densest
model, has been widely investigated. However, in practice, communities rarely
form as cliques for various reasons, e.g., data noise. Therefore, $k$-plex, --
graph with each vertex adjacent to all but at most $k$ vertices, is introduced
as a relaxed version of clique. Often, to better simulate cohesive communities,
an emphasis is placed on connected $k$-plexes with small $k$. In this paper, we
continue the research line of listing all maximal $k$-plexes and maximal
$k$-plexes of prescribed size. Our first contribution is algorithm ListPlex
that lists all maximal $k$-plexes in $O^*(\gamma^D)$ time for each constant
$k$, where $\gamma$ is a value related to $k$ but strictly smaller than 2, and
$D$ is the degeneracy of the graph that is far less than the vertex number $n$
in real-word graphs. Compared to the trivial bound of $2^n$, the improvement is
significant, and our bound is better than all previously known results. In
practice, we further use several techniques to accelerate listing $k$-plexes of
a given size, such as structural-based prune rules, cache-efficient data
structures, and parallel techniques. All these together result in a very
practical algorithm. Empirical results show that our approach outperforms the
state-of-the-art solutions by up to orders of magnitude.


  A dense ionized cloud of gas has been recently discovered to be moving
directly toward the supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, at the Galactic Center. In
June 2013, at the pericenter of its highly eccentric orbit, the cloud will be
approximately 3100 Schwarzschild radii from the black hole and will move
supersonically through the ambient hot gas with a velocity of v_p ~ 5400 km/s.
A bow shock is likely to form in front of the cloud and could accelerate
electrons to relativistic energies. We estimate via particle-in-cell
simulations the energy distribution of the accelerated electrons and show that
the non-thermal synchrotron emission from these electrons might exceed the
quiescent radio emission from Sgr A* by a factor of several. The enhanced radio
emission should be detectable at GHz and higher frequencies around the time of
pericentric passage and in the following months. The bow shock emission is
expected to be displaced from the quiescent radio emission of Sgr A* by ~33
mas. Interferometric observations could resolve potential changes in the radio
image of Sgr A* at wavelengths < 6 cm.


  In this short note, we will show the following weak evidence of S. Lang
conjecture over function fields. Let f : X ---> Y be a projective and
surjective morphism of algebraic varieties over an algebraically closed field k
of characteristic zero, whose generic fiber is geometrically irreducible and of
general type. If f is not birationally trivial, then there are countably many
proper closed varieties { Z_i } of X such that every quasi-section of f is
contained in the union of Z_i.


  The conductivity of graphite is analytically evaluated in the range of
0.1-1.5 eV, where the electron relaxation processes can be neglected, and the
low energy excitations at the "Dirac" points are most essential. The value of
conductivity calculated per one graphite layer is close to the universal
conductivity of graphene. The features of the conductivity are explained in
terms of singularities of the electron dispersion in graphite.


  The Operational Transformation (OT) approach, used in many collaborative
editors, allows a group of users to concurrently update replicas of a shared
object and exchange their updates in any order. The basic idea of this approach
is to transform any received update operation before its execution on a replica
of the object. This transformation aims to ensure the convergence of the
different replicas of the object, even though the operations are executed in
different orders. However, designing transformation functions for achieving
convergence is a critical and challenging issue. Indeed, the transformation
functions proposed in the literature are all revealed incorrect.
  In this paper, we investigate the existence of transformation functions for a
shared string altered by insert and delete operations. From the theoretical
point of view, two properties - named TP1 and TP2 - are necessary and
sufficient to ensure convergence. Using controller synthesis technique, we show
that there are some transformation functions which satisfy only TP1 for the
basic signatures of insert and delete operations. As a matter of fact, it is
impossible to meet both properties TP1 and TP2 with these simple signatures.


  No-cloning theorem forbids perfect cloning of an unknown quantum state. A
universal quantum cloning machine (UQCM), capable of producing two copies of
any input qubit with the optimal fidelity, is of fundamental interest and has
applications in quantum information processing. This is enabled by delicately
tailored nonclassical correlations between the input qubit and the copying
qubits, which distinguish the UQCM from a classical counterpart, but whose
experimental demonstrations are still lacking. We here implement the UQCM in a
superconducting circuit, and investigate these correlations. The measured
entanglements well agree with our theoretical prediction that they are
independent of the input state and thus constitute a universal quantum behavior
of the UQCM that was not previously revealed. Another feature of our experiment
is the realization of deterministic and individual cloning, in contrast to
previously demonstrated UQCMs, which either were probabilistic or did not
constitute true cloning of individual qubits.


  In the setting of a metric space equipped with a doubling measure that
supports a Poincar\'e inequality, we show that a set $E$ is of finite perimeter
if and only if $\mathcal H(\partial^1 I_E)<\infty$, that is, if and only if the
codimension one Hausdorff measure of the \emph{$1$-fine boundary} of the set's
measure theoretic interior $I_E$ is finite.


  Simultaneous planning and control of a large variety of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) is tackled using the harmonic potential field (HPF) approach. A
dense reference velocity field generated from the gradient of an HPF is used to
regulate the velocity of the UAV concerned in a manner that would propel the
UAV to a target point while enforcing the constraints on behavior that were a
priori encoded in the reference field. The regulation process is carried-out
using a novel and simple concept called the: virtual velocity attractor (VVA).
The combined effect of the HPF gradient and the VVA is found able to yield an
efficient, easy to implement, well-behaved and provably-correct
context-sensitive control action that suits a wide variety of UAVs. The
approach is developed and basic proofs of correctness are provided along with
simulation results.


  We present a design and the optimization of an irregular-shaped ring-pair
magnet array that generates a 1D monotonic field pattern for 2D head imaging in
a low-field portable MRI system. The magnet rings are discretized into
fan-shaped ring segments with varying outer diameters for the design and
optimization. Besides, the inner radii of ring-pairs are tapered from outside
in to provide the controlled field inhomogeneity. Genetic algorithm (GA) was
used, and a current model for a fan-shaped ring segment was derived to have a
fast forward calculation in the optimization. A monotonic field pattern is
successfully obtained along the x-direction in a cylindrical field of view
(FoV), with a relatively strong magnetic field (132.98 mT) and the homogeneity
of 151840 ppm. The proposed array was further evaluated by applying its field
as a spatial encoding magnetic field (SEM) for imaging numerically. Due to the
field monotonicity, the reconstructed image by applying the fields of the
proposed array shows clearer features (a higher structural similarity index)
with a reduced error rate compared to that using a sparse dipolar Halbach
array. The proposed magnet array is a promising alternative to supply SEM for
imaging in a permanent-magnet-based low-field portable MRI system.


  Machine learning has been considered a promising approach for indoor
localization. Nevertheless, the sample efficiency, scalability, and
generalization ability remain open issues of implementing learning-based
algorithms in practical systems. In this paper, we establish a zero-shot
learning framework that does not need real-world measurements in a new
communication environment. Specifically, a graph neural network that is
scalable to the number of access points (APs) and mobile devices (MDs) is used
for obtaining coarse locations of MDs. Based on the coarse locations, the
floor-plan image between an MD and an AP is exploited to improve localization
accuracy in a floor-plan-aided deep neural network. To further improve the
generalization ability, we develop a synthetic data generator that provides
synthetic data samples in different scenarios, where real-world samples are not
available. We implement the framework in a prototype that estimates the
locations of MDs. Experimental results show that our zero-shot learning method
can reduce localization errors by around $30$\% to $55$\% compared with three
baselines from the existing literature.


  The spin-to-charge current interconversion in bilayers composed of
ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers with strong spin-orbit coupling has
garnered considerable attention due to its exceptional potential in advancing
spintronics devices for data storage and logic applications. Platinum (Pt)
stands out as one of the most effective materials for generating spin current.
While the spin conversion efficiency is isotropic in polycrystalline Pt
samples, an ongoing debate persists regarding its dependence on the crystalline
direction in single crystalline samples. In this study, we aim to
comprehensively evaluate the in-plane anisotropy of spin-charge interconversion
using an array of complementary Spin Hall and inverse Spin Hall techniques with
both incoherent and coherent excitation. Specifically, we investigate the
spin-to-charge interconversion in epitaxial, (111)-oriented, Co/Pt bilayers
with low surface roughness, as resulted from x-ray experiments. By varying the
thickness of the Pt layer, we gain insights into the spin-charge
interconversion in epitaxial Pt and highlight the effects of the interfaces.
Our results demonstrate an isotropic behavior within the limits of our
detection uncertainty. This finding significantly enhances our understanding of
spin conversion in one of the most relevant systems in spintronics and paves
the way for future research in this field.


  We introduce and study the notion of $\star$-stability with respect to a
semistar operation $\star$ defined on a domain $R$; in particular we consider
the case where $\star$ is the $w$-operation. This notion allows us to
generalize and improve several properties of stable domains and totally
divisorial domains.


  Microscopic theory of the type of Efetov's supermatrix sigma-model is
constructed for the low-lying electron states in a mixed superconductive-normal
system with disorder. The developed technique is used for the study of the
localized states in the core of a vortex in a moderately clean superconductor
(1/\Delta << \tau << 1/\omega_0 = E_F/\Delta^2). At sufficiently low energies E
<< \omega_{Th}, the energy level statistics is described by the
"zero-dimensional" limit of this supermatrix theory, with the effective
"Thouless energy" \omega_{Th} \sim (\omega_0/\tau)^{1/2}. Within this energy
range the result for the density of states is equivalent to that obtained
within Altland-Zirnbauer random matrix model of class C. Nonzero modes of the
sigma-model increase the mean interlevel distance \omega_0 by the relative
amount of the order of [2\ln(1/\omega_0\tau)]^{-1}.


  Let $P^+(n)$ denote the largest prime factor of the integer $n$ and
$P_y^+(n)$ denote the largest prime factor $p$ of $n$ which satisfies
$p\leqslant y$. In this paper, firstly we show that the triple consecutive
integers with the two patterns $P^+(n-1)>P^+(n)<P^+(n+1)$ and
$P^+(n-1)<P^+(n)>P^+(n+1)$ have a positive proportion respectively. More
generally, with the same methods we can prove that for any $J\in \mathbb{Z},
J\geqslant3$, the $J-$tuple consecutive integers with the two patterns
$P^+(n+j_0)= \min\limits_{0\leqslant j\leqslant J-1}P^+(n+j)$ and $P^+(n+j_0)=
\max\limits_{0\leqslant j\leqslant J-1}P^+(n+j)$ also have a positive
proportion respectively. Secondly for $y=x^{\theta}$ with $0<\theta\leqslant 1$
we show that there exists a positive proportion of integers $n$ such that
$P_y^+(n)<P_y^+(n+1)$. Specially, we can prove that the proportion of integers
$n$ such that $P^+(n)<P^+(n+1)$ is larger than 0.1356, which improves the
previous result "0.1063" of the author.


  Radiative transfer out of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) has been
increasingly adressed, mostly numerically, for about six decades now. However
the standard non-LTE problem most often refers to the only deviation of the
distribution of photons from their equilibrium i.e., Planckian, distribution.
Hereafter we revisit after Oxenius (1986) the so-called "full non-LTE" problem,
which considers to couple and therefore to solve self-consistently for
deviations from equilibrium distributions of photons as well as for massive
particles constituting the atmospheric plasma.


  Following the recent work of Jiang and Lin (Linear Algebra Appl. 585 (2020)
45--49), we present more results (bounds) on Harnack type inequalities for
matrices in terms of majorization (i.e., in partial products) of eigenvalues
and singular values. We discuss and compare the bounds derived through
different ways. Jiang and Lin's results imply Tung's version of Harnack's
inequality (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 15 (1964) 375--381); our results %with
simpler proofs are stronger and more general than Jiang and Lin's. We also show
some majorization inequalities concerning Cayley transforms. Some open problems
on spectral norm and eigenvalues are proposed.


  Prior work has shown that combining bootstrap imputation with tree-based
machine learning variable selection methods can provide good performances
achievable on fully observed data when covariate and outcome data are missing
at random (MAR). This approach however is computationally expensive, especially
on large-scale datasets. We propose an inference-based method, called RR-BART,
which leverages the likelihood-based Bayesian machine learning technique,
Bayesian additive regression trees, and uses Rubin's rule to combine the
estimates and variances of the variable importance measures on multiply imputed
datasets for variable selection in the presence of MAR data. We conduct a
representative simulation study to investigate the practical operating
characteristics of RR-BART, and compare it with the bootstrap imputation based
methods. We further demonstrate the methods via a case study of risk factors
for 3-year incidence of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged women using data
from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). The simulation study
suggests that even in complex conditions of nonlinearity and nonadditivity with
a large percentage of missingness, RR-BART can reasonably recover both
prediction and variable selection performances, achievable on the fully
observed data. RR-BART provides the best performance that the bootstrap
imputation based methods can achieve with the optimal selection threshold
value. In addition, RR-BART demonstrates a substantially stronger ability of
detecting discrete predictors. Furthermore, RR-BART offers substantial
computational savings. When implemented on the SWAN data, RR-BART adds to the
literature by selecting a set of predictors that had been less commonly
identified as risk factors but had substantial biological justifications.


  We establish the well-posedness of a strongly damped semilinear wave equation
equipped with nonlinear hyperbolic dynamic boundary conditions. Results are
carried out with the presence of a parameter distinguishing whether the
underlying operator is analytic, $\alpha>0$, or only of Gevrey class,
$\alpha=0$. We establish the existence of a global attractor for each
$\alpha\in[0,1],$ and we show that the family of global attractors is
upper-semicontinuous as $\alpha\rightarrow0.$ Furthermore, for each
$\alpha\in[0,1]$, we show the existence of a weak exponential attractor. A weak
exponential attractor is a finite dimensional compact set in the weak topology
of the phase space. This result insures the corresponding global attractor also
possess finite fractal dimension in the weak topology; moreover, the dimension
is independent of the perturbation parameter $\alpha$. In both settings,
attractors are found under minimal assumptions on the nonlinear terms.


  We investigate which filters on $\omega$ can contain towers, that is, a
modulo finite descending sequence without any pseudointersection (in
$[\omega]^\omega$). We prove the following results:
  - Many classical examples of nice tall filters contain no towers (in ZFC).
  - It is consistent that tall analytic P-filters contain towers of arbitrary
regular height (simultaneously for many regular cardinals as well).
  - It is consistent that all towers generate non-meager filters, in particular
(consistently) Borel filters do not contain towers.
  - The statement "Every ultrafilter contains towers." is independent of ZFC.
  Furthermore, we study many possible logical (non)implications between the
existence of towers in filters, inequalities between cardinal invariants of
filters ($\mbox{add}^*(\mathcal F)$, $\mbox{cof}^*(\mathcal F)$,
$\mbox{non}^*(\mathcal F)$, and $\mbox{cov}^*(\mathcal F)$), and the existence
of Luzin type families (of size $\geq \omega_2$), that is, if $\mathcal F$ is a
filter then $X\subseteq [\omega]^\omega$ is an $\mathcal F$-Luzin family if
$\{A\in X:|A\setminus F|=\omega\}$ is countable for every $F\in \mathcal F$.


  We discuss the categorization of 20 quantum mechanics problems by physics
professors and undergraduate students from two honors-level quantum mechanics
courses. Professors and students were asked to categorize the problems based
upon similarity of solution. We also had individual discussions with professors
who categorized the problems. Faculty members' categorizations were overall
rated higher than those of students by three faculty members who evaluated all
of the categorizations. The categories created by faculty members were more
diverse compared to the categories they created for a set of introductory
mechanics problems. Some faculty members noted that the categorization of
introductory physics problems often involves identifying fundamental principles
relevant for the problem, whereas in upper-level undergraduate quantum
mechanics problems, it mainly involves identifying concepts and procedures
required to solve the problem. Moreover, physics faculty members who evaluated
others' categorizations expressed that the task was very challenging and they
sometimes found another person's categorization to be better than their own.
They also rated some concrete categories such as "hydrogen atom" or "simple
harmonic oscillator" higher than other concrete categories such as "infinite
square well" or "free particle".


  Recently, a convergent series employing a non-Gaussian initial approximation
was constructed and shown to be an effective computational tool for the finite
size lattice models with a polynomial interaction. Here we numerically examine
the applicability of the convergent series method to models defined on infinite
lattices. The comparison of the convergent series computations and the infinite
lattice extrapolations of the Monte Carlo simulations reveals an agreement
between two approaches.


  We present algorithms for distributed verification and silent-stabilization
of a DFS(Depth First Search) spanning tree of a connected network. Computing
and maintaining such a DFS tree is an important task, e.g., for constructing
efficient routing schemes. Our algorithm improves upon previous work in various
ways. Comparable previous work has space and time complexities of $O(n\log
\Delta)$ bits per node and $O(nD)$ respectively, where $\Delta$ is the highest
degree of a node, $n$ is the number of nodes and $D$ is the diameter of the
network. In contrast, our algorithm has a space complexity of $O(\log n)$ bits
per node, which is optimal for silent-stabilizing spanning trees and runs in
$O(n)$ time. In addition, our solution is modular since it utilizes the
distributed verification algorithm as an independent subtask of the overall
solution. It is possible to use the verification algorithm as a stand alone
task or as a subtask in another algorithm. To demonstrate the simplicity of
constructing efficient DFS algorithms using the modular approach, We also
present a (non-sielnt) self-stabilizing DFS token circulation algorithm for
general networks based on our silent-stabilizing DFS tree. The complexities of
this token circulation algorithm are comparable to the known ones.


  We present the results from adaptive optics (AO) assisted imaging in the Ks
band of an area of 15 arcmin^2 for SWAN (Survey of a Wide Area with NACO). We
derive the high resolution near-IR morphology of ~400 galaxies up to Ks~23.5 in
the first 21 SWAN fields around bright guide stars, carefully taking into
account the survey selection effects and using an accurate treatment of the
anisoplanatic AO PSF. The detected galaxies are sorted into two morphological
classes according to their Sersic index. The extracted morphological properties
and number counts of the galaxies are compared with the predictions of
different galaxy formation and evolution models, both for the whole galaxy
population and separately for late-type and early-type galaxies. This is one of
the first times such a comparison has been done in the near-IR, as AO
observations and accurate PSF modeling are needed to obtain reliable
morphological classification of faint field galaxies at these wavelengths. For
early-type galaxies we find that a pure luminosity evolution model, without
evidence for relevant number and size evolution, better reproduces the observed
properties of our Ks-selected sample than current semi-analytic models based on
the hierarchical picture of galaxy formation. In particular, we find that the
observed flattening of elliptical galaxy counts at Ks~20 is quantitatively in
good agreement with the prediction of the pure luminosity evolution model that
was calculated prior to the observation. For late-type galaxies, while both
models are able to reproduce the number counts, we find some hints of a
possible size growth. These results demonstrate the unique power of AO
observations to derive high resolution details of faint galaxies' morphology in
the near-IR and drive studies of galaxy evolution.


  Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are widely used for industrial
automation including safety systems at CERN. The incorrect behaviour of the PLC
control system logic can cause significant financial losses by damage of
property or the environment or even injuries in some cases, therefore ensuring
their correct behaviour is essential. While testing has been for many years the
traditional way of validating the PLC control system logic, CERN developed a
model checking platform to go one step further and formally verify PLC logic.
This platform, called PLCverif, first released internally for CERN usage in
2019, is now available to anyone since September 2020 via an open source
licence. In this paper, we will first give an overview of the PLCverif platform
capabilities before focusing on the improvements done since 2019 such as the
larger support coverage of the Siemens PLC programming languages, the better
support of the C Bounded Model Checker backend (CBMC) and the process of
releasing PLCverif as an open-source software.


  Niggli reduction can be viewed as a series of operations in a six-dimensional
space derived from the metric tensor. An implicit embedding of the space of
Niggli-reduced cells in a higher dimensional space to facilitate calculation of
distances between cells is described. This distance metric is used to create a
program, BGAOL, for Bravais lattice determination. Results from BGAOL are
compared to the results from other metric-based Bravais lattice determination
algorithms.


  Sensory mechanisms in biology, from cells to humans, have the property of
adaptivity, whereby the response produced by the sensor is adapted to the
overall amplitude of the signal; reducing the sensitivity in the presence of
strong stimulus, while increasing it when it is weak. This property is
inherently energy consuming and a manifestation of the non-equilibrium nature
of living organisms. We explore here how adaptivity affects the effective
forces that organisms feel due to others in the context of a uniform swarm,
both in two and three dimensions. The interactions between the individuals are
taken to be attractive and long-range, of power-law form. We find that the
effects of adaptivity inside the swarm are dramatic, where the effective forces
decrease (or remain constant) with increasing swarm density. Linear stability
analysis demonstrates how this property prevents collapse (Jeans instability),
when the forces are adaptive. Adaptivity therefore endows swarms with a natural
mechanism for self-stabilization.


  An approach to clustering is presented that adapts the basic top-down
induction of decision trees method towards clustering. To this aim, it employs
the principles of instance based learning. The resulting methodology is
implemented in the TIC (Top down Induction of Clustering trees) system for
first order clustering. The TIC system employs the first order logical decision
tree representation of the inductive logic programming system Tilde. Various
experiments with TIC are presented, in both propositional and relational
domains.


  We study the origin of broadening of superconducting transition in sputtered
Nb films. From simultaneous tunneling and transport measurements we conclude
that the upper critical field Hc2 always corresponds to the bottom of
transition R~0, while the top R~Rn occurs close to the critical field for
destruction of surface superconductivity Hc3 ~ 1.7 Hc2. The two-dimensional
nature of superconductivity at H>Hc2 is confirmed by cusp-like angular
dependence of magnetoresistance. Our data indicates that surface
superconductivity is remarkably robust even in disordered polycrystalline films
and, surprisingly, even in perpendicular magnetic fields.


  We investigate the space complexity of certain perfect matching problems over
bipartite graphs embedded on surfaces of constant genus (orientable or
non-orientable). We show that the problems of deciding whether such graphs have
(1) a perfect matching or not and (2) a unique perfect matching or not, are in
the logspace complexity class \SPL. Since \SPL\ is contained in the logspace
counting classes $\oplus\L$ (in fact in \modk\ for all $k\geq 2$), \CeqL, and
\PL, our upper bound places the above-mentioned matching problems in these
counting classes as well. We also show that the search version, computing a
perfect matching, for this class of graphs is in $\FL^{\SPL}$. Our results
extend the same upper bounds for these problems over bipartite planar graphs
known earlier. As our main technical result, we design a logspace computable
and polynomially bounded weight function which isolates a minimum weight
perfect matching in bipartite graphs embedded on surfaces of constant genus. We
use results from algebraic topology for proving the correctness of the weight
function.


  We compute the one-level density of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann
zeta-function weighted by $|\zeta(\frac12+it)|^{2k}$ for $k=1$ and, for test
functions with Fourier support in $(-\frac12,\frac12)$, for $k=2$. As a
consequence, for $k=1,2$, we deduce under the Riemann hypothesis that $T(\log
T)^{1-k^2+o(1)}$ non-trivial zeros of $\zeta$, of imaginary parts up to $T$,
are such that $\zeta$ attains a value of size $(\log T)^{k+o(1)}$ at a point
which is within $O(1/\log T)$ from the zero.


  Frenkel-Reshetikhin introduced $q$-characters of finite dimensional
representations of quantum affine algebras. We give a combinatorial algorithm
to compute them for all simple modules. Our tool is $t$-analogue of the
$q$-characters, which is similar to Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials, and our
algorithm has a resemblance with their definition.


  Firstly, we give a partial solution to the isomorphism problem for uniserial
modules of finite length with the help of the morphisms between these modules
over an arbitrary ring. Later, under suitable assumptions on the lattice of the
submodules, we give a method to partially solve the isomorphism problem for
uniserial modules over an arbitrary ring. Particular attention is given to the
natural class of uniserial modules defined over algebras given by quivers.


  This paper summarizes several recent developments in the area of estimation
and robust control of quantum systems and outlines several directions for
future research. Quantum state tomography via linear regression estimation and
adaptive quantum state estimation are introduced and a Hamiltonian
identification algorithm is outlined. Two quantum robust control approaches
including sliding mode control and sampling-based learning control are
illustrated.


  Stellar evolution models of massive stars are important for many areas of
astrophysics, for example nucleosynthesis yields, supernova progenitor models
and understanding physics under extreme conditions. Turbulence occurs in stars
primarily due to nuclear burning at different mass coordinates within the star.
The understanding and correct treatment of turbulence and turbulent mixing at
convective boundaries in stellar models has been studied for decades but still
lacks a definitive solution. This paper presents initial results of a study on
convective boundary mixing (CBM) in massive stars. The 'stiffness' of a
convective boundary can be quantified using the bulk Richardson number
($\textrm{Ri}_B$), the ratio of the potential energy for restoration of the
boundary to the kinetic energy of turbulent eddies. A 'stiff' boundary
($\textrm{Ri}_B \sim 10^4$) will suppress CBM, whereas in the opposite case a
'soft' boundary ($\textrm{Ri}_B \sim 10$) will be more susceptible to CBM. One
of the key results obtained so far is that lower convective boundaries (closer
to the centre) of nuclear burning shells are 'stiffer' than the corresponding
upper boundaries, implying limited CBM at lower shell boundaries. This is in
agreement with 3D hydrodynamic simulations carried out by Meakin and Arnett
[The Astrophysical Journal 667:448-475, 2007]. This result also has
implications for new CBM prescriptions in massive stars as well as for nuclear
burning flame front propagation in Super-Asymptotic Giant Branch stars and also
the onset of novae.


  Working with multiple variables they usually contain difficult to control
complex dependencies. This article proposes extraction of their individual
information, e.g. $\overline{X|Y}$ as random variable containing information
from $X$, but with removed information about $Y$, by using $(x,y)
\leftrightarrow (\bar{x}=\textrm{CDF}_{X|Y=y}(x),y)$ reversible normalization.
One application can be decoupling of individual information of variables:
reversibly transform $(X_1,\ldots,X_n)\leftrightarrow(\tilde{X}_1,\ldots
\tilde{X}_n)$ together containing the same information, but being independent:
$\forall_{i\neq j} \tilde{X}_i\perp \tilde{X}_j, \tilde{X}_i\perp X_j$. It
requires detailed models of complex conditional probability distributions - it
is generally a difficult task, but here can be done through multiple dependency
reducing iterations, using imperfect methods (here HCR: Hierarchical
Correlation Reconstruction). It could be also used for direct mutual
information - evaluating direct information transfer: without use of
intermediate variables. For causality direction there is discussed
multi-feature Granger causality, e.g. to trace various types of individual
information transfers between such decoupled variables, including propagation
time (delay).


  We show that the evaluation of an integral considered by Boros and Moll is a
special case of a convolution result about Student t-densities obtained by the
authors in 2008.


  We study delocalization transition in a many body system in two dimension. We
identify the presence of a complex vector potential that gives rise to this
transition.


  We enumerate the number of staircase diagrams over classically finite
$E$-type Dynkin diagrams, extending the work of Richmond and Slofstra
(Staircase Diagrams and Enumeration of smooth Schubert varieties) and
completing the enumeration of staircase diagrams over finite type Dynkin
diagrams. The staircase diagrams are in bijection to smooth and rationally
smooth Schubert varieties over $E$-type thereby giving an enumeration of these
varieties.


  We present the first detailed chemical abundance study of the ultra-faint
dwarf galaxy Tucana II based on high-resolution Magellan/MIKE spectra of four
red giant stars. The metallicity of these stars ranges from [Fe/H] = -3.2 to
-2.6, and all stars are low in neutron-capture abundances ([Sr/Fe] and [Ba/Fe]
< -1). However, a number of anomalous chemical signatures are present. Three
stars are carbon-enhanced, including the most metal-rich star. This star
([Fe/H]=-2.6) shows [Na,$\alpha$,Sc/Fe] < 0, suggesting an extended star
formation history with contributions from AGB stars and Type Ia supernovae. The
other carbon-enhanced stars have [Fe/H] < -3 and may be consistent with
enrichment by faint supernovae, if such supernovae can produce neutron-capture
elements. A fourth star with [Fe/H] = -3 is carbon-normal, and exhibits
distinct light element abundance ratios from the carbon-enhanced stars. The
carbon-normal star implies that at least two distinct nucleosynthesis sources,
both possibly associated with Population III stars, contributed to the early
chemical enrichment of this galaxy. Despite its very low luminosity, Tucana II
shows a diversity of chemical signatures that preclude it from being a simple
"one-shot" first galaxy, but still provide a window to star and galaxy
formation in the early universe.


  The optimal value computation for turned-based stochastic games with
reachability objectives, also known as simple stochastic games, is one of the
few problems in $NP \cap coNP$ which are not known to be in $P$. However, there
are some cases where these games can be easily solved, as for instance when the
underlying graph is acyclic. In this work, we try to extend this tractability
to several classes of games that can be thought as "almost" acyclic. We give
some fixed-parameter tractable or polynomial algorithms in terms of different
parameters such as the number of cycles or the size of the minimal feedback
vertex set.


  We clarify some aspects of the geometry of a resolution of the orbifold X =
C3/D_27, the noncompact complex manifold underlying the brane quiver standard
model recently proposed by Verlinde and Wijnholt. We explicitly realize a map
between X and the total space of the canonical bundle over a degree 1 quasi del
Pezzo surface, thus defining a desingularization of X. Our analysis relys
essentially on the relationship existing between the normalizer group of D_27
and the Hessian group and on the study of the behaviour of the Hesse pencil of
plane cubic curves under the quotient.


  The reducible K\"ahler coset space G/S\otimesU(1)^k is discussed in a
geometrical approach. We derive the formula which expresses the Riemann
curvature of the reducible K\"ahler coset space in terms of its Killing
vectors. The formula manifests the group structure of G. On the basis of this
formula we establish an algebraic method to evaluate the four-fermi coupling of
the supersymmetric non-linear sigma-model on G/S\otimesU(1)^k at the low-energy
limit. As an application we consider the supersymmetric non-linear sigma-model
on E_7/SU(5)\otimesU(1)^3 which contains the three families of {10} + {5^*} +
{1} of SU(5) as the pseudo NG fermions. The four-fermi coupling constants among
diffferent families of the fermions are explicitly given at the low-energy
limit.


  The entropic uncertainty relations are a very active field of scientific
inquiry. Their applications include quantum cryptography and studies of quantum
phenomena such as correlations and non-locality. In this work we find
entanglement-dependent entropic uncertainty relations in terms of the Tsallis
entropies for states with a fixed amount of entanglement. Our main result is
stated as Theorem~\ref{th:bound}. Taking the special case of von Neumann
entropy and utilizing the concavity of conditional von Neumann entropies, we
extend our result to mixed states. Finally we provide a lower bound on the
amount of extractable key in a quantum cryptographic scenario.


  The upcoming PANDA experiment at FAIR will be among a new generation of
particle physics experiments to employ a novel event filtering system realised
purely in software, i.e. a software trigger. To educate its triggering
decisions, online reconstruction algorithms need to offer outstanding
performance in terms of efficiency and track quality. We present a method to
reconstruct longitudinal track parameters in PANDA's Straw Tube Tracker, which
is general enough to be easily added to other track finding algorithms that
focus on transversal reconstruction. For the pattern recognition part of this
method, three approaches are employed and compared: A combinatorial path
finding approach, a Hough transformation, and a recursive annealing fit. In a
systematic comparison, the recursive annealing fit was found to outperform the
other approaches in every category of quality parameters and reaches a
reconstruction efficacy of 95% and higher.


  In this paper, we present CrudeOilNews, a corpus of English Crude Oil news
for event extraction. It is the first of its kind for Commodity News and serve
to contribute towards resource building for economic and financial text mining.
This paper describes the data collection process, the annotation methodology
and the event typology used in producing the corpus. Firstly, a seed set of 175
news articles were manually annotated, of which a subset of 25 news were used
as the adjudicated reference test set for inter-annotator and system
evaluation. Agreement was generally substantial and annotator performance was
adequate, indicating that the annotation scheme produces consistent event
annotations of high quality. Subsequently the dataset is expanded through (1)
data augmentation and (2) Human-in-the-loop active learning. The resulting
corpus has 425 news articles with approximately 11k events annotated. As part
of active learning process, the corpus was used to train basic event extraction
models for machine labeling, the resulting models also serve as a validation or
as a pilot study demonstrating the use of the corpus in machine learning
purposes. The annotated corpus is made available for academic research purpose
at https://github.com/meisin/CrudeOilNews-Corpus.


  The basic idea and some physical implications of nonlinear supersymmetric
general relativity (NLSUSY GR) are presented. NLSUSY GR may give new insights
into the origin of mass and the mysterious relations between the cosmology and
the low energy particle physics, e.g. the spontaneous SUSY breaking scale, the
cosmological constant, the (dark) energy density of the universe and the
neutrino mass.


  Estimating the State of Health (SOH) of batteries is crucial for ensuring the
reliable operation of battery systems. Since there is no practical way to
instantaneously measure it at run time, a model is required for its estimation.
Recently, several data-driven SOH models have been proposed, whose accuracy
heavily relies on the quality of the datasets used for their training. Since
these datasets are obtained from measurements, they are limited in the variety
of the charge/discharge profiles. To address this scarcity issue, we propose
generating datasets by simulating a traditional battery model (e.g., a
circuit-equivalent one). The primary advantage of this approach is the ability
to use a simulatable battery model to evaluate a potentially infinite number of
workload profiles for training the data-driven model. Furthermore, this general
concept can be applied using any simulatable battery model, providing a fine
spectrum of accuracy/complexity tradeoffs. Our results indicate that using
simulated data achieves reasonable accuracy in SOH estimation, with a 7.2%
error relative to the simulated model, in exchange for a 27X memory reduction
and a =2000X speedup.


  We show that for all $k\geq 4$, $\varepsilon >0$, and $n$ sufficiently large,
every $k$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices in which each set of $k-3$
vertices is contained in at least $(5/8 + \varepsilon) \binom{n}{3}$ edges
contains a tight Hamilton cycle. This is asymptotically best possible.


  Using the quadrature bases that incorporate the spatiotemporal degrees of
freedom, we develop a Wigner functional theory for quantum optics, as an
extension of the Moyal formalism. Since the spatiotemporal quadrature bases
span the complete Hilbert space of all quantum optical states, it does not
require factorization as a tensor product of discrete Hilbert spaces. The
Wigner functions associated with such a space become functionals and operations
are expressed by functional integrals -- the functional version of the star
product. The resulting formalism enables tractable calculations for scenarios
where both spatiotemporal degrees of freedom and particle-number degrees of
freedom are relevant. To demonstrate the approach, we compute examples of
Wigner functionals for a few well-known states and operators.