  Robust visual localization under a wide range of viewing conditions is a
fundamental problem in computer vision. Handling the difficult cases of this
problem is not only very challenging but also of high practical relevance,
e.g., in the context of life-long localization for augmented reality or
autonomous robots. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on a joint
3D geometric and semantic understanding of the world, enabling it to succeed
under conditions where previous approaches failed. Our method leverages a novel
generative model for descriptor learning, trained on semantic scene completion
as an auxiliary task. The resulting 3D descriptors are robust to missing
observations by encoding high-level 3D geometric and semantic information.
Experiments on several challenging large-scale localization datasets
demonstrate reliable localization under extreme viewpoint, illumination, and
geometry changes.


  Partial-label learning (PLL) is an important weakly supervised learning
problem, which allows each training example to have a candidate label set
instead of a single ground-truth label. Identification-based methods have been
widely explored to tackle label ambiguity issues in PLL, which regard the true
label as a latent variable to be identified. However, identifying the true
labels accurately and completely remains challenging, causing noise in pseudo
labels during model training. In this paper, we propose a new method called
CroSel, which leverages historical predictions from the model to identify true
labels for most training examples. First, we introduce a cross selection
strategy, which enables two deep models to select true labels of partially
labeled data for each other. Besides, we propose a novel consistency
regularization term called co-mix to avoid sample waste and tiny noise caused
by false selection. In this way, CroSel can pick out the true labels of most
examples with high precision. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority
of CroSel, which consistently outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on
benchmark datasets. Additionally, our method achieves over 90\% accuracy and
quantity for selecting true labels on CIFAR-type datasets under various
settings.


  Though anomaly detection (AD) can be viewed as a classification problem
(nominal vs. anomalous) it is usually treated in an unsupervised manner since
one typically does not have access to, or it is infeasible to utilize, a
dataset that sufficiently characterizes what it means to be "anomalous." In
this paper we present results demonstrating that this intuition surprisingly
seems not to extend to deep AD on images. For a recent AD benchmark on
ImageNet, classifiers trained to discern between normal samples and just a few
(64) random natural images are able to outperform the current state of the art
in deep AD. Experimentally we discover that the multiscale structure of image
data makes example anomalies exceptionally informative.


  We study deformations of associative submanifolds $Y^3\subset M^7$ of a $G_2$
manifold $M^7$. We show that the deformation space can be perturbed to be
smooth, and it can be made compact and zero dimensional by constraining it with
an additional equation. This allows us to associate local invariants to
associative submanifolds of $M$. The local equations at each associative $Y$
are restrictions of a global equation on a certain associated Grassmann bundle
over $ M$.


  Background: Zipf's discovery that word frequency distributions obey a power
law established parallels between biological and physical processes, and
language, laying the groundwork for a complex systems perspective on human
communication. More recent research has also identified scaling regularities in
the dynamics underlying the successive occurrences of events, suggesting the
possibility of similar findings for language as well.
  Methodology/Principal Findings: By considering frequent words in USENET
discussion groups and in disparate databases where the language has different
levels of formality, here we show that the distributions of distances between
successive occurrences of the same word display bursty deviations from a
Poisson process and are well characterized by a stretched exponential (Weibull)
scaling. The extent of this deviation depends strongly on semantic type -- a
measure of the logicality of each word -- and less strongly on frequency. We
develop a generative model of this behavior that fully determines the dynamics
of word usage.
  Conclusions/Significance: Recurrence patterns of words are well described by
a stretched exponential distribution of recurrence times, an empirical scaling
that cannot be anticipated from Zipf's law. Because the use of words provides a
uniquely precise and powerful lens on human thought and activity, our findings
also have implications for other overt manifestations of collective human
dynamics.


  We describe the screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) method and the
third-generation linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method for solving the
single-particle Schroedinger equation for a MT potential. The simple and
popular formalism which previously resulted from the atomic-spheres
approximation (ASA) now holds in general, that is, it includes downfolding and
the combined correction. Downfolding to few-orbital, possibly short-ranged,
low-energy, and possibly orthonormal Hamiltonians now works exceedingly well,
as is demonstrated for a high-temperature superconductor. First-principles sp3
and sp3d5 TB Hamiltonians for the valence and lowest conduction bands of
silicon are derived. Finally, we prove that the new method treats overlap of
the potential wells correctly to leading order and we demonstrate how this can
be exploited to get rid of the empty spheres in the diamond structure.


  In dimensions one to three, the fundamental solution to the free wave
equation is positive. Therefore, there exists a simple positivity criterion for
solutions. We use this to obtain large global solutions to two well-studied
energy-supercritical semilinear wave equations, as well as some new results in
the subcritical and critical cases.


  Image-based virtual try-on for fashion has gained considerable attention
recently. The task requires trying on a clothing item on a target model image.
An efficient framework for this is composed of two stages: (1) warping
(transforming) the try-on cloth to align with the pose and shape of the target
model, and (2) a texture transfer module to seamlessly integrate the warped
try-on cloth onto the target model image. Existing methods suffer from
artifacts and distortions in their try-on output. In this work, we present
SieveNet, a framework for robust image-based virtual try-on. Firstly, we
introduce a multi-stage coarse-to-fine warping network to better model
fine-grained intricacies (while transforming the try-on cloth) and train it
with a novel perceptual geometric matching loss. Next, we introduce a try-on
cloth conditioned segmentation mask prior to improve the texture transfer
network. Finally, we also introduce a dueling triplet loss strategy for
training the texture translation network which further improves the quality of
the generated try-on results. We present extensive qualitative and quantitative
evaluations of each component of the proposed pipeline and show significant
performance improvements against the current state-of-the-art method.


  If quenched to zero temperature, the one-dimensional Ising spin chain
undergoes coarsening, whereby the density of domain walls decays algebraically
in time. We show that this coarsening process can be interrupted by exerting a
rapidly oscillating periodic field with enough strength to compete with the
spin-spin interaction. By analyzing correlation functions and the distribution
of domain lengths both analytically and numerically, we observe nontrivial
correlation with more than one length scale at the threshold field strength.


  We present GeoSynth, a model for synthesizing satellite images with global
style and image-driven layout control. The global style control is via textual
prompts or geographic location. These enable the specification of scene
semantics or regional appearance respectively, and can be used together. We
train our model on a large dataset of paired satellite imagery, with
automatically generated captions, and OpenStreetMap data. We evaluate various
combinations of control inputs, including different types of layout controls.
Results demonstrate that our model can generate diverse, high-quality images
and exhibits excellent zero-shot generalization. The code and model checkpoints
are available at https://github.com/mvrl/GeoSynth.


  This contribution presents a Bayesian approach to the issue of linking of the
results from key comparison measurements. A mathematical treatment based on
Bayesian statistics for the analysis of the results from two comparisons with
some joint participants is described. This robust statistical analysis provides
expressions and standard uncertainties for the key comparison reference value
(KCRV) and the degree of equivalence (DOE) as well as a conformity check
without any assumption on a priority of one of the comparisons. In addition to
the derivation of the mathematical formulae to be used for this type of
"distributed linking", we also present one synthetic and one real linking
example and discuss possible applications of this new linking procedure.


  Transversity distribution is one of the three fundamental parton
distributions that completely describe polarized spin 1/2 nucleon. Its chiral
odd nature prevented for many years its experimental exploration, however
presently we have obtained great deal of information about this distribution.
This includes experimental data from Semi Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering,
knowledge of scale dependence and phenomenological extractions. I will discuss
main features of this distribution and indicate the future improvements of our
knowledge.


  We analyze asymptotic convergence properties of Newton's method for a class
of evolutive Mean Field Games systems with non-separable Hamiltonian arising in
mean field type models with congestion. We prove the well posedness of the Mean
Field Game system with non-separable Hamiltonian and of the linear system
giving the Newton iterations. Then, by forward induction and assuming that the
initial guess is sufficiently close to the solution of problem, we show a
quadratic rate of convergence for the approximation of the Mean Field Game
system by Newton's method. We also consider the case of a nonlocal coupling,
but with separable Hamiltonian, and we show a similar rate of convergence.


  In this article we discuss the design and implementation of a novel
microstrip resonator which allows for the absolute control of the microwaves
polarization degree for frequencies up to 30 GHz. The sensor is composed of two
half-wavelength microstrip line resonators, designed to match the 50 Ohms
impedance of the lines on a high dielectric constant GaAs substrate. The line
resonators cross each other perpendicularly through their centers, forming a
cross. Microstrip feed lines are coupled through small gaps to three arms of
the cross to connect the resonator to the excitation ports. The control of the
relative magnitude and phase between the two microwave stimuli at the input
ports of each line allows for tuning the degree and type of polarization of the
microwave excitation at the center of the cross resonator. The third (output)
port is used to measure the transmitted signal, which is crucial to work at low
temperatures, where reflections along lengthy coaxial lines mask the signal
reflected by the resonator. EPR spectra recorded at low temperature in an S=
5/2 molecular magnet system show that 82%-fidelity circular polarization of the
microwaves is achieved over the central area of the resonator.


  In this paper, we deal with the differential properties of the scalar flux
defined over a two-dimensional bounded convex domain, as a solution to the
integral radiation transfer equation. Estimates for the derivatives of the
scalar flux near the boundary of the domain are given based on Vainikko's
regularity theorem. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the
implication of the solution smoothness on the convergence behavior of the
diamond difference method.


  The main purpose of this paper is to prove that the extensions of a nilpotent
block algebra and its Glauberman correspondent block algebra are Morita
equivalent under an additional group-theoretic condition. In particular, Harris
and Linckelman's theorem and Koshitani and Michler's theorem are covered. The
ingredient to carry out our purpose is the two main results in K\"ulshammer and
Puig's work "Extensions of nilpotent blocks"; we actually revisited them,
giving completely new proofs of both and slightly improving the second one.


  Given a stationary state for a noncommutative flow, we study a boundedness
condition, depending on a positive parameter beta, which is weaker than the KMS
equilibrium condition at inverse temperature beta. This condition is equivalent
to a holomorphic property closely related to the one recently considered by
Ruelle and D'Antoni-Zsido and shared by a natural class of non-equilibrium
steady states. Our holomorphic property is stronger than the Ruelle's one and
thus selects a restricted class of non-equilibrium steady states. We also
introduce the complete boundedness condition and show this notion to be
equivalent to the Pusz-Woronowicz complete passivity property, hence to the KMS
condition.
  In Quantum Field Theory, the beta-boundedness condition can be interpreted as
the property that localized state vectors have energy density levels increasing
beta-subexponentially, a property which is similar in the form and weaker in
the spirit than the modular compactness-nuclearity condition. In particular,
for a Poincare' covariant net of C*-algebras on the Minkowski spacetime, the
beta-boundedness property, for beta greater equal than 2 pi, for the boosts is
shown to be equivalent to the Bisognano-Wichmann property. The Hawking
temperature is thus minimal for a thermodynamical system in the background of a
Rindler black hole within the class of beta-holomorphic states. More generally,
concerning the Killing evolution associated with a class of stationary quantum
black holes, we characterize KMS thermal equilibrium states at Hawking
temperature in terms of the boundedness property and the existence of a
translation symmetry on the horizon.


  We develop the construction of fermionic fields in terms of bosonic ones to
describe free and interaction models in the circle, using thermofielddynamics.
The description in the case of finite temperature is developed for both normal
modes and zero modes. The treatment extends the thermofield-bosonization for
periodic space.


  The microphysics of ~GeV cosmic ray (CR) transport on galactic scales remain
deeply uncertain, with almost all studies adopting simple prescriptions (e.g.
constant-diffusivity). We explore different physically-motivated, anisotropic,
dynamical CR transport scalings in high-resolution cosmological FIRE
simulations of dwarf and ~$L_{\ast}$ galaxies where scattering rates vary with
local plasma properties motivated by extrinsic turbulence (ET) or
self-confinement (SC) scenarios, with varying assumptions about e.g. turbulent
power spectra on un-resolved scales, Alfven-wave damping, etc. We
self-consistently predict observables including $\gamma$-rays ($L_{\gamma}$),
grammage, residence times, and CR energy densities to constrain the models. We
demonstrate many non-linear dynamical effects (not captured in simpler models)
tend to enhance confinement. For example, in multi-phase media, even allowing
arbitrary fast transport in neutral gas does not substantially reduce CR
residence times (or $L_{\gamma}$), as transport is rate-limited by the ionized
WIM and 'inner CGM' gaseous halo ($10^{4}-10^{6}$ K gas within 10-30 kpc), and
$L_{\gamma}$ can be dominated by trapping in small 'patches.' Most physical ET
models contribute negligible scattering of ~1-10 GeV CRs, but it is crucial to
account for anisotropy and damping (especially of fast modes) or else
scattering rates would violate observations. We show that the most
widely-assumed scalings for SC models produce excessive confinement by factors
>100 in the WIM and inner CGM, where turbulent and Landau damping dominate.
This suggests either a breakdown of quasi-linear theory used to derive the CR
transport parameters in SC, or that other novel damping mechanisms dominate in
intermediate-density ionized gas.


  Integrated GPS receivers have become a basic module in today's mobile
devices. While serving as the cornerstone for location based services, GPS
modules have a serious battery drain problem due to high computation load. This
paper aims to reveal the impact of key software parameters on hardware energy
consumption, by establishing an energy model for a standard GPS receiver
architecture as found in both academic and industrial designs. In particular,
our measurements show that the receiver's energy consumption is in large part
linear with the number of tracked satellites. This leads to a design of
selective tracking algorithm that provides similar positioning accuracy (around
12m) with a subset of selected satellites, which translates to an energy saving
of 20.9-23.1\% on the Namuru board.


  Home page of the workshop proceedings, with pointers to the individually
archived papers. Includes front matter from the printed version of the
proceedings.


  We show that arbitrary functions of continuous variables, e.g. position and
momentum, can be used to generate tests that distinguish quantum theory from
local hidden variable theories. By optimising these functions, we obtain more
robust violations of local causality than obtained previously. We analytically
calculate the optimal function and include the effect of nonideal detectors and
noise, revealing that optimized functional inequalities are resistant to
standard forms of decoherence. These inequalities could allow a loophole-free
Bell test with efficient homodyne detection.


  Working constructively, we study continuous directed complete posets (dcpos)
and the Scott topology. Our two primary novelties are a notion of intrinsic
apartness and a notion of sharp elements. Being apart is a positive formulation
of being unequal, similar to how inhabitedness is a positive formulation of
nonemptiness. To exemplify sharpness, we note that a lower real is sharp if and
only if it is located. Our first main result is that for a large class of
continuous dcpos, the Bridges-V\^i\c{t}\v{a} apartness topology and the Scott
topology coincide. Although we cannot expect a tight or cotransitive apartness
on nontrivial dcpos, we prove that the intrinsic apartness is both tight and
cotransitive when restricted to the sharp elements of a continuous dcpo. These
include the strongly maximal elements, as studied by Smyth and Heckmann. We
develop the theory of strongly maximal elements highlighting its connection to
sharpness and the Lawson topology. Finally, we illustrate the intrinsic
apartness, sharpness and strong maximality by considering several natural
examples of continuous dcpos: the Cantor and Baire domains, the partial
Dedekind reals, the lower reals and finally, an embedding of Cantor space into
an exponential of lifted sets.


  We study the effects of Kelvin Helmholtz Instability (KHI) on the cold
streams that feed massive halos at high redshift, generalizing our earlier
results to include the effects of radiative cooling and heating from a UV
background, using analytic models and high resolution idealized simulations. We
currently do not consider self-shielding, thermal conduction or gravity. A key
parameter in determining the fate of the streams is the ratio of the cooling
time in the turbulent mixing layer which forms between the stream and the
background following the onset of the instability, $t_{\rm cool,mix}$, to the
time in which the mixing layer expands to the width of the stream in the
non-radiative case, $t_{\rm shear}$. This can be converted into a critical
stream radius, $R_{\rm s,crit}$, such that $R_{\rm s}/R_{\rm s,crit}=t_{\rm
shear}/t_{\rm cool,mix}$. If $R_{\rm s}<R_{\rm s,crit}$, the non-linear
evolution proceeds similarly to the non-radiative case studied by Mandelker et
al. 2019a. If $R_{\rm s}>R_{\rm s,crit}$, which we find to almost always be the
case for astrophysical cold streams, the stream is not disrupted by KHI.
Rather, background mass cools and condenses onto the stream, and can increase
the mass of cold gas by a factor of $\sim 3$ within 10 stream sound crossing
times. The mass entrainment induces thermal energy losses from the background
and kinetic energy losses from the stream, which we model analytically. Roughly
half of the dissipated energy is radiated away from gas with $T<5\times
10^4{\rm K}$, suggesting much of it will be emitted in Ly$\alpha$.


  The paper presents the application of Variational Autoencoders (VAE) for data
dimensionality reduction and explorative analysis of mass spectrometry imaging
data (MSI). The results confirm that VAEs are capable of detecting the patterns
associated with the different tissue sub-types with performance than standard
approaches.


  We investigate the high-energy neutrino emission expected from newly born
magnetars surrounded by their stellar ejecta. Protons might be accelerated up
to 0.1-100 EeV energies possibly by, e.g., the wave dissipation in the winds,
leading to hadronic interactions in the stellar ejecta. The resulting PeV-EeV
neutrinos can be detected by IceCube/KM3Net with a typical peak time scale of a
few days after the birth of magnetars, making the characteristic soft-hard-soft
behavior. Detections would be important as a clue to the formation mechanism of
magnetars, although there are ambiguities coming from uncertainties of several
parameters such as velocity of the ejecta. Non-detections would also lead to
useful constraints on the scenario.


  The two-dimensional (2D) quantum spin system (CuCl)LaNb2O7 has a spin-singlet
ground state with a gap of 2.3 meV, while the isostructural material
(CuBr)LaNb2O7 displays collinear antiferromagnetic order at TN = 32 K. Here we
report on the synthesis of solid solution (CuCl1-xBrx)LaNb2O7 (0 < x < 1), and
its structural and magnetic properties by means of magnetic susceptibility,
high-field magnetization, and neutron diffraction studies. The x-dependence of
cell parameters follows Vegards law, verifying the uniform distribution of Cl
and Br atoms at the halide site, though a more complex structural evolution is
inferred from an opposing correlation between the intra- and interlayer cell
distances (vs. x). 5%-Br substitution is found to induce antiferromagnetic
order with TN = 7 K, consistent with a recent mSR study, and the magnetic
structure is collinear, having a significantly reduced moment. Further Br
substitution leads to a linear increase in TN up to x = 1. These results
indicate that (CuCl)LaNb2O7 is located in the vicinity of the quantum phase
boundary.


  We extend the Adler-Manin trace on the algebra of pseudodifferential symbols
to a twisted setting.


  We study the modal logic of the closure algebra $P_2$, generated by the set
of all polygons in the Euclidean plane $\mathbb{R}^2$. We show that this logic
is finitely axiomatizable, is complete with respect to the class of frames we
call "crown" frames, is not first order definable, does not have the Craig
interpolation property, and its validity problem is PSPACE-complete.


  In this paper, we apply the Perturbative Least Action Method to model the
Local Group of galaxies for various Cosmological models. We show that though
the galaxy masses are theoretically good discriminators of $\Omega_M$ given
some observed MW and M31 separation and radial velocity, current estimates of
the masses are insufficient to make any cosmological claims. We then discuss
additional complications to expand this analysis.


  In this article we give an adelic proof of the Chevalley-Gras formula for
global fields, which itself is a generalization of the ambiguous class number
formula. The idea is to reduce the formula to the Hasse norm theorem, the local
and global reciprocity laws. We also give an adelic proof of the Chevalley-Gras
formula for $0$-th divisor class group in the function field case, which
extends a result of Rosen.


  The anisotropic superconducting properties of single crystals of Cu0.07TiSe2
were studied by measurements of magnetization and electrical resistivity. TC is
around 3.9 K, and the measured upper critical field (Hc2) values are ~1.25 T
and 0.8 T, for applied field parallel and perpendicular to the TiSe2 planes,
respectively. The anisotropy ratio gamma_anis = H^ab_c2 / H^c_c2 is close to
1.6 and nearly temperature independent. The lower critical field (Hc1) values
are much smaller (~ 32 Oe for H||ab and 17 Oe for H||c); demagnetizing
corrections for field perpendicular to the thin plate crystals are required for
the determination of H^c_c1. The anisotropy of the critical fields is described
well by the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory, and the characteristic GL
parameters are determined and discussed.


  We introduce graded gamma rings from a more general point of view via methods
developed by Krasner and Halberstadt for graded rings. We propose three
equivalent aspects of studying graded gamma rings, nonhomogeneous,
semihomogeneous and homogeneous. The graded Jacobson radical of a graded gamma
ring is introduced and its elementwise description is given. Also, a relation
between the graded Jacobson radical and the Jacobson radical of a graded gamma
ring is examined.


  We will report on the status of a new large scale calculation of
thermodynamic quantities in QCD with light up and down quarks corresponding to
an almost physical light quark mass value and a heavier strange quark mass.
These calculations are currently being performed on the QCDOC Teraflops
computers at BNL. We will present new lattice calculations of the transition
temperature and various susceptibilities reflecting properties of the chiral
transition. All these quantities are of immediate interest for heavy ion
phenomenology.


  We consider the problem of bounded-error quantum state identification: given
either state \alpha_0 or state \alpha_1, we are required to output `0', `1' or
`?' ("don't know"), such that conditioned on outputting `0' or `1', our guess
is correct with high probability. The goal is to maximize the probability of
not outputting `?'. We prove a direct product theorem: if we're given two such
problems, with optimal probabilities a and b, respectively, and the states in
the first problem are pure, then the optimal probability for the joint
bounded-error state identification problem is O(ab). Our proof is based on
semidefinite programming duality and may be of wider interest.
  Using this result, we present two exponential separations in the simultaneous
message passing model of communication complexity. Both are shown in the
strongest possible sense. First, we describe a relation that can be computed
with O(log n) classical bits of communication in the presence of shared
randomness, but needs Omega(n^{1/3}) communication if the parties don't share
randomness, even if communication is quantum. This shows the optimality of
Yao's recent exponential simulation of shared-randomness protocols by quantum
protocols without shared randomness. Second, we describe a relation that can be
computed with O(log n) classical bits of communication in the presence of
shared entanglement, but needs Omega((n/log n)^{1/3}) communication if the
parties share randomness but no entanglement, even if communication is quantum.
This is the first example in communication complexity of a situation where
entanglement buys you much more than quantum communication does.


  This paper investigates two conjectures for calculating the density
dependence of the density-scaling exponent of a single-component,
pair-potential liquid with strong virial potential-energy correlations. The
first conjecture gives an analytical expression for the density-scaling
exponent directly in terms of the pair potential. The second conjecture is a
refined version of this, which involves the most likely nearest-neighbor
distance determined from the pair-correlation function. The two conjectures for
the density-scaling exponent are tested by simulations of three systems, one of
which is the standard Lennard-Jones liquid. While both expressions give
qualitatively correct results, the second expression is more accurate.


  A gauged U(1)_B-L symmetry predicts three right handed handed neutrinos and
its spontaneous breaking automatically yields the seesaw mechanism. In a
supersymmetric setting this breaking can be nicely linked with inflation to
yield deltaT/ T proportional to (M_B-L / M_P)^2, where M_B-L (M_P) denote the
B-L breaking (Planck) scale. Thus M_B-L is estimated to be of order 10^16 GeV,
and the heaviest right handed neutrino mass is less than or of order 10^14 GeV.
A second right handed neutrino turns out to have a mass of order 10-10^2 T_r,
where T_r (<~10^9 GeV) denotes the reheat temperature. A U(1) R symmetry plays
an essential role in implementing inflation and leptogenesis, resolving the
MSSM mu problem and eliminating dimension five nucleon decay. An unbroken Z_2
subgroup plays the role of matter parity. The scalar spectral index
n_s=0.99+-0.01 for the simplest models, while in smooth hybrid inflation
n_s>=0.97. The tensor to scalar ratio r is negligible, and dn_s/dlnk<~10^-3.


  Recently, fake images generated by artificial intelligence (AI) models have
become indistinguishable from the real, exerting new challenges for fake image
detection models. To this extent, simple binary judgments of real or fake seem
less convincing and credible due to the absence of human-understandable
explanations. Fortunately, Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) bring possibilities
to materialize the judgment process while their performance remains
undetermined. Therefore, we propose FakeBench, the first-of-a-kind benchmark
towards transparent defake, consisting of fake images with human language
descriptions on forgery signs. FakeBench gropes for two open questions of LMMs:
(1) can LMMs distinguish fake images generated by AI, and (2) how do LMMs
distinguish fake images? In specific, we construct the FakeClass dataset with
6k diverse-sourced fake and real images, each equipped with a Question&Answer
pair concerning the authenticity of images, which are utilized to benchmark the
detection ability. To examine the reasoning and interpretation abilities of
LMMs, we present the FakeClue dataset, consisting of 15k pieces of descriptions
on the telltale clues revealing the falsification of fake images. Besides, we
construct the FakeQA to measure the LMMs' open-question answering ability on
fine-grained authenticity-relevant aspects. Our experimental results discover
that current LMMs possess moderate identification ability, preliminary
interpretation and reasoning ability, and passable open-question answering
ability for image defake. The FakeBench will be made publicly available soon.


  Human mobility is increasing in its volume, speed and reach, leading to the
movement and introduction of pathogens through infected travelers. An
understanding of how areas are connected, the strength of these connections and
how this translates into disease spread is valuable for planning surveillance
and designing control and elimination strategies. While analyses have been
undertaken to identify and map connectivity in global air, shipping and
migration networks, such analyses have yet to be undertaken on the road
networks that carry the vast majority of travellers in low and middle income
settings. Here we present methods for identifying road connectivity
communities, as well as mapping bridge areas between communities and key
linkage routes. We apply these to Africa, and show how many highly-connected
communities straddle national borders and when integrating malaria prevalence
and population data as an example, the communities change, highlighting regions
most strongly connected to areas of high burden. The approaches and results
presented provide a flexible tool for supporting the design of disease
surveillance and control strategies through mapping areas of high connectivity
that form coherent units of intervention and key link routes between
communities for targeting surveillance.


  Despite imperfect score-matching causing drift in training and sampling
distributions of diffusion models, recent advances in diffusion-based acoustic
models have revolutionized data-sufficient single-speaker Text-to-Speech (TTS)
approaches, with Grad-TTS being a prime example. However, the sampling drift
problem leads to these approaches struggling in multi-speaker scenarios in
practice due to more complex target data distribution compared to
single-speaker scenarios. In this paper, we present Multi-GradSpeech, a
multi-speaker diffusion-based acoustic models which introduces the Consistent
Diffusion Model (CDM) as a generative modeling approach. We enforce the
consistency property of CDM during the training process to alleviate the
sampling drift problem in the inference stage, resulting in significant
improvements in multi-speaker TTS performance. Our experimental results
corroborate that our proposed approach can improve the performance of different
speakers involved in multi-speaker TTS compared to Grad-TTS, even outperforming
the fine-tuning approach. Audio samples are available at
https://welkinyang.github.io/multi-gradspeech/


  The statistical matching problem is a data integration problem with
structured missing data. The general form involves the analysis of multiple
datasets that only have a strict subset of variables jointly observed across
all datasets. The simplest version involves two datasets, labelled A and B,
with three variables of interest $X, Y$ and $Z$. Variables $X$ and $Y$ are
observed in dataset A and variables $X$ and $Z$ are observed in dataset $B$.
Statistical inference is complicated by the absence of joint $(Y, Z)$
observations. Parametric modelling can be challenging due to identifiability
issues and the difficulty of parameter estimation. We develop computationally
feasible procedures for the statistical matching of non-Gaussian data using
suitable data augmentation schemes and identifiability constraints.
Nearest-neighbour imputation is a common alternative technique due to its ease
of use and generality. Nearest-neighbour matching is based on a conditional
independence assumption that may be inappropriate for non-Gaussian data. The
violation of the conditional independence assumption can lead to improper
imputations. We compare model based approaches to nearest-neighbour imputation
on a number of flow cytometry datasets and find that the model based approach
can address some of the weaknesses of the nonparametric nearest-neighbour
technique.


  Homoclinic bifurcation of 4-dimensional symplectic mappings is asymptotically
studied. We construct the 2-dimensional stable and unstable manifolds near the
sub-manifolds which experience exponentially small splitting, and successfully
obtain exponentially small oscillating terms in the 2-dimensional manifolds.


  Manipulation and locomotion are closely related problems that are often
studied in isolation. In this work, we study the problem of coordinating
multiple mobile agents to exhibit manipulation behaviors using a reinforcement
learning (RL) approach. Our method hinges on the use of hierarchical sim2real
-- a simulated environment is used to learn low-level goal-reaching skills,
which are then used as the action space for a high-level RL controller, also
trained in simulation. The full hierarchical policy is then transferred to the
real world in a zero-shot fashion. The application of domain randomization
during training enables the learned behaviors to generalize to real-world
settings, while the use of hierarchy provides a modular paradigm for learning
and transferring increasingly complex behaviors. We evaluate our method on a
number of real-world tasks, including coordinated object manipulation in a
multi-agent setting. See videos at
https://sites.google.com/view/manipulation-via-locomotion


  New experimental absolute atomic transition probabilities are reported for
203 lines of V II. Branching fractions are measured from spectra recorded using
a Fourier transform spectrometer and an echelle spectrometer. The branching
fractions are normalized with radiative lifetime measurements to determine the
new transition probabilities. Generally good agreement is found between this
work and previously reported V II transition probabilities. Use of two
spectrometers, independent radiometric calibration methods, and independent
data analysis routines enables a reduction in systematic uncertainties, in
particular those due to optical depth errors. In addition, new hyperfine
structure constants are measured for selected levels by least squares fitting
line profiles in the FTS spectra. The new V II data are applied to high
resolution visible and UV spectra of the Sun and metal-poor star HD 84937 to
determine new, more accurate V abundances. Lines covering a range of wavelength
and excitation potential are used to search for non-LTE effects. Very good
agreement is found between our new solar photospheric V abundance, log
{\epsilon}(V) = 3.95 from 15 V II lines, and the solar-system meteoritic value.
In HD 84937, we derive [V/H] = -2.08 from 68 lines, leading to a value of
[V/Fe] = 0.24.


  We propose a new dynamical method to connect equilibrium quantum phase
transitions and quantum coherence using out-of-time-order correlations (OTOCs).
Adopting the iconic Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick and transverse-field Ising models as
illustrative examples, we show that an abrupt change in coherence and
entanglement of the ground state across a quantum phase transition is
observable in the spectrum of multiple quantum coherence (MQC) intensities,
which are a special type of OTOC. We also develop a robust protocol to obtain
the relevant OTOCs using quasi-adiabatic quenches through the ground state
phase diagram. Our scheme allows for the detection of OTOCs without
time-reversal of coherent dynamics, making it applicable and important for a
broad range of current experiments where time-reversal cannot be achieved by
inverting the sign of the underlying Hamiltonian.


  A key challenge for many quantum gravity approaches is to construct states
that describe smooth geometries on large scales. Here we define a family of
$(2+1)$-dimensional quantum gravity states which arise from curvature
excitations concentrated at point like defects and describe homogeneously
curved geometries on large scales. These states represent therefore vacua for
three-dimensional gravity with different values of the cosmological constant.
They can be described by an anomaly-free first class constraint algebra
quantized on one and the same Hilbert space for different values of the
cosmological constant. A similar construction is possible in four dimensions,
in this case the curvature is concentrated along string-like defects and the
states are vacua of the Crane-Yetter model. We will sketch applications for
quantum cosmology and condensed matter.


  We investigate different types of neutrino hot dark matter with respect to
structure formation and anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background
radiation (CMBR). The possibility of neutrino hot dark matter produced through
the decay of a heavier neutrino by the process nu_H -> nu_L + phi, where phi is
a scalar particle, is discussed in detail. This type of dark matter can
possibly be distinguished observationally from the standard neutrino dark
matter by using new CMBR data from the upcoming satellite missions MAP and
PLANCK.


  We propose studies of special Riemannian geometries with structure groups
$H_1=SO(3)\subset SO(5)$, $H_2=SU(3)\subset SO(8)$, $H_3=Sp(3)\subset SO(14)$
and $H_4=F_4\subset SO(26)$ in respective dimensions 5, 8, 14 and 26. These
geometries, have torsionless models with symmetry groups $G_1=SU(3)$,
$G_2=SU(3)\times SU(3)$, $G_3=SU(6)$ and $G_4=E_6$. The groups $H_k$ and $G_k$
constitute a part of the `magic square' for Lie groups. Apart from the $H_k$
geometries in dimensions $n_k$, the `magic square' Lie groups suggest studies
of a finite number of other special Riemannian geometries. Among them the
smallest dimensional are U(3) geometries in dimension 12. The other structure
groups for these Riemannian geometries are: $S(U(3)\times U(3))$, U(6),
$E_6\times SO(2)$, $Sp(3)\times SU(2)$, $SU(6)\times SU(2)$, $SO(12)\times
SU(2)$ and $E_7\times SU(2)$. The respective dimensions are: 18, 30, 54, 28,
40, 64 and 112. This list is supplemented by the two `exceptional' cases of
$SU(2)\times SU(2)$ geometries in dimension 8 and $SO(10)\times SO(2)$
geometries in dimension 32.


  We discuss the quantization of a spherical dust shell in a rigorous manner.
Classically, the shell can collapse to form a black hole with a singularity. In
the quantum theory, we construct a well-defined self-adjoint extension for the
Hamilton operator. As a result, the evolution is unitary and the singularity is
avoided. If we represent the shell initially by a narrow wave packet, it will
first contract until it reaches the region where classically a black hole would
form, but then re-expands to infinity. In a way, the state can be interpreted
as a superposition of a black hole with a white hole.


  The Trojan Horse nucleus invariance for the binary d(d,p)t reaction was
tested using the quasi free $^2$H($^6$Li, pt)$^4$He and $^2$H($^3$He,pt)H
reactions after $^6$Li and $^3$He break-up, respectively. The astrophysical
S(E)-factor for the d(d,p)t binary process was then extracted in the framework
of the Plane Wave Approximation applied to the two different break-up schemes.
The obtained results are compared with direct data as well as with previous
indirect investigations. The very good agreement confirms the applicability of
the Plane Wave Approximation and suggests the independence of binary indirect
cross section on the chosen Trojan Horse nucleus also for the present case.


  We study the contribution of spectator massive scalar fields to the
inflationary density perturbations through the universal gravitational
coupling. We find that such contribution has several remarkable properties: it
does not decrease as the mass of the spectator field increases; it has a
significant size and cannot be turned off by any adjustable parameters; and it
applies to all massive scalars existed during inflation, making the overall
effect unexpectedly large. As a result, the primordial density perturbations
are anomalously sensitive to the high energy physics.


  The described Dark Abelian Sector Model (DASM) extends the Standard Model
(SM) by a ``dark'' sector containing a spontaneously broken $U(1)_\text{d}$
gauge group. Keeping this dark sector quite generic we only add one additional
Higgs boson, one Dirac fermion, and right-handed SM-like neutrinos to the SM.
Using the only two singlet operators of the SM with dimension less than 4 (the
$U(1)_\text{Y}$ field-strength tensor and the SM Higgs mass operator
$|\Phi|^2$) as well as the right-handed neutrino fields we open up three
portals to the dark sector. Dark sectors, such as the one of the DASM, that
introduce an additional Higgs boson $\text{H}$ as well as an additional
$\text{Z}'$ gauge boson can have a large influence on the predictions for
electroweak precision observables and even accommodate possible dark matter
candidates. We consider one of the two Higgs bosons to be the known
$125\,\text{GeV}$ Higgs boson and parameterize the extension of the scalar
sector by the mass of the second Higgs boson, the Higgs mixing angle, and a
Higgs self-coupling. We do not assume any mass hierarchy in the gauge sector
and use the mass of the additional $\text{Z}'$ boson and a corresponding
gauge-boson mixing angle to parameterize the extension of the gauge sector. The
fermion sector is parameterized by the mass of the additional fermion and a
fermion mixing angle. We describe an on-shell as well as an
$\overline{\text{MS}}$ renormalization scheme for the DASM sectors and give
explicit results for the renormalization constants at the 1-loop level, and,
thus, prepare the ground for full NLO predictions for collider observables in
the DASM. As a first example, we provide the DASM prediction for the W-boson
mass derived from muon decay.


  We suggest a new mechanism for generation of large-scale magnetic field in
the hot plasma of early universe which is based on the parity violation in weak
interactions and depends neither on helicity of matter turbulence resulting in
the standard alpha-effect nor on general rotation. The mechanism can result in
a self-excitation of an (almost) uniform cosmological magnetic field.


  We consider the problem of a qubit driven by a harmonically oscillating
external field while it is coupled to a quantum two-level system. We perform a
systematic numerical analysis of the problem by varying the relevant
parameters. The numerical calculations agree with the predictions of a simple
intuitive picture, namely one that takes into consideration the four-level
energy spectrum, the simple principles of Rabi oscillations and the basic
effects of decoherence. Furthermore, they reveal a number of other interesting
phenomena. We provide explanations for the various features that we observe in
the numerical calculations and discuss how they can be used in experiment. In
particular, we suggest an experimental procedure to characterize an environment
of two-level systems.


  A stochastic sewing lemma which is applicable for processes taking values in
Banach spaces is introduced. Applications to additive functionals of fractional
Brownian motion of distributional type are discussed.


  In this Note, for the future purposes of relative formal derived deformation
theory and of derived coisotropic structures, we prove the existence of a model
structure on the category of dg-Lie algebroids over a cochain differential
non-positively graded commutative algebra over a commutative base ring k of
characteristic 0.


  Schur-Horn theorems focus on determining the diagonal sequences obtainable
for an operator under all possible basis changes, formally described as the
range of the canonical conditional expectation of its unitary orbit. Following
a brief background survey, we prove an infinite dimensional Schur-Horn theorem
for positive compact operators with infinite dimensional kernel, one of the two
open cases posed recently by Kaftal- Weiss. There, they characterized the
diagonals of operators in the unitary orbits for finite rank or zero kernel
positive compact operators. Here we show how the characterization problem
depends on the dimension of the kernel when it is finite or infinite
dimensional. We obtain exact majorization characterizations of the range of the
canonical conditional expectation of the unitary orbits of positive compact
operators with infinite dimensional kernel, unlike the approximate
characterizations of Arveson-Kadison, but extending the exact characterizations
of Gohberg-Markus and Kaftal-Weiss. Recent advances in this subject and related
subjects like traces on ideals show the relevance of new kinds of sequence
majorization as in the work of Kaftal-Weiss (e.g., strong majorization and
another majorization similar to what here we call $p$-majorization), and of
Kalton-Sukochev (e.g., uniform Hardy-Littlewood majorization), and of
Bownik-Jasper (e.g., Riemann and Lebesgue majorization). Likewise key tools
here are new kinds of majorization, which we call $p$- and approximate
$p$-majorization ($0\le p\le \infty$).


  Culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP), initially developed by Ladson-Billings,
is an instructional framework for supporting diverse learners by drawing on
their cultural backgrounds and experiences. In line with the CRP framework, we
developed a tutorial on static equilibrium using skateboarding, a popular
activity on university campuses, as a culturally relevant context. To address
specific student conceptions about static equilibrium documented in the physics
education research (PER) literature, we used the elicit-confront-resolve (ECR)
strategy to develop the tutorial. In this paper, we provide a detailed account
of how we operationalized the ECR strategy in designing the sequences of
questions in the tutorial. Additionally, we present anecdotal evidence to show
that the culturally relevant tutorial appears to effectively engage students
and motivate their interest in learning physics.


  Several types of Silicon Photomultipliers were exposed to short pulsed laser
light (~ 30 ps FWHM) with its intensity varying from single photon to well
above the number of microcells of the device. We observed a significant
deviation of the output of SiPMs from the expected behavior although such
response curve is considered to be rather trivial. We also noticed that the
output exceeds the maximum expected pulse height, which should be defined as
the total number of pixels times the single photon pulse height. At the highest
light intensity (~ 500 times the number of pixels) that we tested, the signal
output reached up to twice the maximum theoretical pulse height, and still did
not fully saturate.


  In this paper we prove the local well-posedness (LWP) for the 3D compressible
Euler equations describing the motion of a liquid in an unbounded initial
domain with moving boundary. The liquid is under the influence of gravity but
without surface tension, and it is not assumed to be irrotational. We apply the
tangential smoothing method introduced in [10,11] to construct the
approximation system with energy estimates uniform in the smooth parameter. It
should be emphasized that, when doing the nonlinear a priori estimates, we need
neither the higher order wave equation of the pressure and delicate elliptic
estimates, nor the higher regularity on the flow-map or initial vorticity.
Instead, we adapt the Alinhac's good unknowns to the estimates of full spatial
derivatives.


  We construct a topos in which the Dedekind reals are countable.
  To accomplish this, we first define a new kind of toposes that we call
parameterized realizability toposes. They are built from partial combinatory
algebras whose application operation depends on a parameter, and in which
realizers operate uniformly with respect to a given parameter set. Our topos is
the parameterized realizability topos whose realizers are oracle-computable
partial maps, with oracles serving as parameters and ranging over the
representations of a non-diagonalizable sequence, discovered by Joseph Miller.
It is a sequence of reals in $[0,1]$ that is non-diagonalizable in the sense
that any real in $[0,1]$ that is oracle-computable, uniformly in oracles
representing the sequence, must already appear in the sequence. The Dedekind
reals are countable in the topos because the non-diagonalizable sequence
appears in it as an epimorphism.
  The topos is intuitionistic, as it invalidates both the law of excluded
middle and the axiom of countable choice. The Cauchy reals are uncountable. The
Hilbert cube is countable, from which Brouwer's fixed-point theorem follows as
an easy corollary of Lawvere's fixed-point theorem. From the 1-dimensional
Brouwer's fixed-point theorem we obtain the intermediate value theorem and the
lesser limited principle of omniscience. The Kreisel-Lacombe-Shoenfield-Tseitin
theorem stating that all real-valued maps are continuous is valid, because the
usual proof is uniform with respect to oracles. Lastly, the closed interval
$[0,1]$, being countable, can trivially be covered by a sequence of open
intervals whose lengths add up to any prescribed $0 < \epsilon < 1$, and such a
cover has no finite subcover. However, we show that any sequence of open
intervals with rational endpoints covering $[0,1]$ must has a finite subcover.


  Clinical trial records are variable resources or the analysis of patients and
diseases. Information extraction from free text such as eligibility criteria
and summary of results and conclusions in clinical trials would better support
computer-based eligibility query formulation and electronic patient screening.
Previous research has focused on extracting information from eligibility
criteria, with usually a single pair of medical entity and attribute, but
seldom considering other kinds of free text with multiple entities, attributes
and relations that are more complex for parsing. In this paper, we propose a
knowledge-guided text structuring framework with an automatically generated
knowledge base as training corpus and word dependency relations as context
information to transfer free text into formal, computer-interpretable
representations. Experimental results show that our method can achieve overall
high precision and recall, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of
the proposed method.


  The geometric Satake equivalence and the Springer correspondence are closely
related when restricting to small representations of the Langlands dual group.
We prove this result for \'etale sheaves, including the case of the mixed
characteristic affine Grassmannian, assuming a sufficient ramification. In this
process, we construct a monoidal structure on the restriction functor of Satake
categories. We construct also a canonical isomorphism between a mixed
characteristic affine Grassmannian under a sufficient ramification and an equal
characteristic one.


  The decay bar B -> bar K* (-> bar K pi) l+ l- offers great opportunities to
explore the physics at and above the electroweak scale by means of an angular
analysis. We investigate the physics potential of the seven CP asymmetries plus
the asymmetry in the rate, working at low dilepton mass using QCD factorization
at next-to leading order (NLO). The b ->s CP asymmetries are doubly
Cabibbo-suppressed \lesssim 1 % in the Standard Model and its extensions where
the CKM matrix is the only source of CP violation. Three CP asymmetries are
T-odd, and can be O(1) in the presence of non-standard CP violation. The T-even
asymmetries can reach O(0.1), limited by the small strong phases in the large
recoil region. We furthermore point out an easy way to measure CP phases from
time-integrated, untagged bar B_d, B_d -> K* (-> K0 pi0) l+ l- and bar B_s,B_s
-> phi (-> K+ K-) l+ l- decays. Analyses of these CP asymmetries can rule out,
or further support the minimal description of CP violation through the CKM
mechanism. Experimental studies are promising for (super) flavor factories and
at hadron colliders.


  The robustness of distributed optimization is an emerging field of study,
motivated by various applications of distributed optimization including
distributed machine learning, distributed sensing, and swarm robotics. With the
rapid expansion of the scale of distributed systems, resilient distributed
algorithms for optimization are needed, in order to mitigate system failures,
communication issues, or even malicious attacks. This survey investigates the
current state of fault-tolerance research in distributed optimization, and aims
to provide an overview of the existing studies on both fault-tolerant
distributed optimization theories and applicable algorithms.


  We construct a Kitaev model, consisting of a Hamiltonian which is the sum of
commuting local projectors, for surfaces with boundaries and defects of
dimension 0 and 1. More specifically, we show that one can consider cell
decompositions of surfaces whose 2-cells are labeled by semisimple Hopf
algebras and 1-cells are labeled by semisimple bicomodule algebras. We
introduce an algebra whose representations label the 0-cells and which reduces
to the Drinfeld double of a Hopf algebra in the absence of defects. In this way
we generalize the algebraic structure underlying the standard Kitaev model
without defects or boundaries, where all 1-cells and 2-cells are labeled by a
single Hopf algebra and where point defects are labeled by representations of
its Drinfeld double. In the standard case, commuting local projectors are
constructed using the Haar integral for semisimple Hopf algebras. A central
insight we gain in this paper is that in the presence of defects and
boundaries, the suitable generalization of the Haar integral is given by the
unique symmetric separability idempotent for a semisimple (bi-)comodule
algebra.


  These are notes of a talk to the International Conference on Algebra in honor
of A. I. Mal'tsev, Novosibirsk, USSR, 1989 (to appear in Contemporary
Mathematics). The concept of a divisor with complex coefficients on an
algebraic curve is introduced. We consider families of complex divisors, or,
equivalently, families of invertible sheaves and define Arakelov-type metrics
on some invertible sheaves produced from them on the base. We apply this
technique to obtain a formula for the measure on the moduli space that gives
tachyon correlators in string theory.


  Fully braided analog of Faddeev-Reshetikhin-Takhtajan construction of
quasitriangular bialgebra $A(X,R)$ is proposed. For given pairing $C$
factor-algebra $A(X,R;C)$ is a dual quantum braided group. Corresponding
inhomogeneous quantum group is obtained as a result of generalized
bosonization. Construction of first order bicovariant differential calculus is
proposed.


  Water dissociation is of fundamental importance in scientific fields and has
drawn considerable interest in diverse technological applications. However, the
high activation barrier of breaking the O-H bond within the water molecule has
been identified as the bottleneck, even for the water adsorbed on the graphene
oxide (GO). Herein, using the density functional theory calculations, we
demonstrate that the water molecule can be spontaneously dissociated on GO
supported by the (111) surface of the copper substrate (Copper-GO). This
process involves a proton transferring from water to the interfacial oxygen
group, and a hydroxide covalently bonding to GO. Compared to that on GO, the
water dissociation barrier on Copper-GO is significantly decreased to be less
than or comparable to thermal fluctuations. This is ascribed to the
orbital-hybridizing interaction between copper substrate and GO, which enhances
the reaction activity of interfacial oxygen groups along the basal plane of GO
for water dissociation. Our work provides a novel strategy to access water
dissociation via the substrate-enhanced reaction activity of interfacial oxygen
groups on GO and indicates that the substrate can serve as an essential key to
tuning the catalytic performance of various two-dimensional material devices.


  We consider the family of non-local and non-convex functionals proposed and
investigated by J. Bourgain, H. Brezis and H.-M. Nguyen in a series of papers
of the last decade. It was known that this family of functionals
Gamma-converges to a suitable multiple of the Sobolev norm or the total
variation, depending on the summability exponent, but the exact constants and
the structure of recovery families were still unknown, even in dimension one.
  We prove a Gamma-convergence result with explicit values of the constants in
any space dimension. We also show the existence of recovery families consisting
of smooth functions with compact support.
  The key point is reducing the problem first to dimension one, and then to a
finite combinatorial rearrangement inequality.


  The confining pressure $P$ is perhaps the most important parameter
controlling the properties of granular matter. Strongly compressed granular
media are, in many respects, simple solids in which elastic perturbations
travel as ordinary phonons. However, the speed of sound in granular aggregates
continuously decreases as the confining pressure decreases, completely
vanishing at the jamming-unjamming transition. This anomalous behavior suggests
that the transport of energy at low pressures should not be dominated by
phonons. In this work we use simulations and theory to show how the response of
granular systems becomes increasingly nonlinear as pressure decreases. In the
low pressure regime the elastic energy is found to be mainly transported
through nonlinear waves and shocks. We numerically characterize the propagation
speed, shape, and stability of these shocks, and model the dependence of the
shock speed on pressure and impact intensity by a simple analytical approach.


  In this paper, energy-preserving methods are formulated and studied for
solving charged-particle dynamics. We first formulate the scheme of
energy-preserving methods and analyze its basic properties including algebraic
order and symmetry. Then it is shown that these novel methods can exactly
preserve the energy of charged-particle dynamics. Moreover, the long time
momentum conservation is studied along such energy-preserving methods. A
numerical experiment is carried out to illustrate the notable superiority of
the new methods in comparison with the popular Boris method in the literature.


  A numerical study of the dynamic of the nonselfgravitating, unmagnetized,
nonaxisymmetric, and rotating the torus around the non-rotating black hole is
presented. We investigate the instability of the rotating torus subject to
perturbations presented by increasing or decreasing the angular velocity of the
stable torus. We have done, for the first time, an extensive analysis of the
torus dynamic response to the perturbation of the angular velocity of the
stable torus. We show how the high, moderate, and low values of the
perturbations affect the torus dynamic and help us to understand the properties
of the instability and Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO). Our numerical
simulations indicate the presence of Papaloizou-Pringle instability (PPI) with
global m=1 mode and QPOs for the moderate and lower values of the perturbations
on the angular velocity of the stable torus. Furthermore, with the lower values
of the perturbations, the torus can lead to a wiggling initially and then PPI
is produced in it. Finally, the matter of the torus would be dissipated due to
the presence of a strong torque.


  Let H be a self-adjoint operator such that exp(-aH) is of trace class for
some a<1. Let V be a symmetric operator, Kato bounded relative to H. We show
that log Tr[exp(-H+xV)] is a real analytic function of x in a hood of x=0. We
show that the Gibbs states of H+xV form a real analytic Banach manifold. This
work has been extended in math-ph/9910031.


  We introduce two 1D tight-binding models based on the Tribonacci
substitution, the hopping and on-site Tribonacci chains, which generalize the
Fibonacci chain. For both hopping and on-site models, a perturbative real-space
renormalization procedure is developed. We show that the two models are
equivalent at the fixed point of the renormalization group flow, and that the
renormalization procedure naturally gives the Local Resonator Modes.
Additionally, the Rauzy fractal, inherent to the Tribonacci substitution, is
shown to serve as the analog of conumbering for the Tribonacci chain. The
renormalization procedure is used to repeatedly subdivide the Rauzy fractal
into copies of itself, which can be used to describe the eigenstates in terms
of Local Resonator Modes. Finally, the multifractal dimensions of the energy
spectrum and eigenstates of the hopping Tribonacci chain are computed, from
which it can be concluded that the Tribonacci chains are critical.


  Martian meteorites can provide valuable information about past environmental
conditions on Mars. Allan Hills 84001 formed more than 4 Gyr ago, and owing to
its age and long exposure to the Martian environment, this meteorite has
features that may record early processes. These features include a highly
fractured texture, gases trapped during one or more impact events or during
formation of the rock, and spherical Fe-Mg-Ca carbonates. Here we have
concentrated on providing new insights into the context of these carbonates
using a range of techniques to explore whether they record multiple
precipitation and shock events. The petrographic features and compositional
properties of these carbonates indicate that at least two pulses of Mg- and
Fe-rich solutions saturated the rock. Those two generations of carbonates can
be distinguished by a very sharp change in compositions, from being rich in Mg
and poor in Fe and Mn, to being poor in Mg and rich in Fe and Mn. Between these
two generations of carbonate is evidence for fracturing and local corrosion.


  We study the differential cross sections for electroweak gauge-boson and
Higgs production at small and very small transverse-momentum q_T. Large
logarithms are resummed using soft-collinear effective theory. The collinear
anomaly generates a non-perturbative scale q_*, which protects the processes
from receiving large long-distance hadronic contributions. A numerical
comparison of our predictions with data on the transverse-momentum distribution
in Z-boson production at the Tevatron and LHC is given.


  We introduce a notion of $F$-concavity which largely generalizes the usual
concavity. By the use of the notions of closedness under positive scalar
multiplication and closedness under positive exponentiation we characterize
power concavity and power log-concavity among nontrivial $F$-concavities,
respectively. In particular, we have a characterization of log-concavity as the
only $F$-concavity which is closed both under positive scalar multiplication
and positive exponentiation. Furthermore, we discuss the strongest
$F$-concavity preserved by the Dirichlet heat flow, characterizing
log-concavity also in this connection.


  Results of the computation of the automorphism groups for the groups of
orders $16p$ and $16p^{2}$ are given. In some cases it has not been possible to
give as complete a set of results as was done previously for the case of groups
of order $8p^2$. Problems arise for those groups of the form ($C_{p} \times
C_{p}$) @ $\G$[16] that occur in the orders $p\equiv 1$ mod(8) and $p\equiv 7$
mod(8), where $G$[16] means any group of order 16. The groups $G$[16] in
question are $C_{16}$, $D_{8}$, $QD_{8}$, and $Q_{4}$. For the other cases,
explicit presentations are presented for the automorphism groups of the groups
of orders 16$p$ and 16$p^2$.


  In this paper, an integrated passive sensing and communication system working
in 60 GHz band is elaborated, and the sensing performance is investigated in an
application of hand gesture recognition. Specifically, in this integrated
system, there are two radio frequency (RF) chains at the receiver and one at
the transmitter. Each RF chain is connected with one phased array for analog
beamforming. To facilitate simultaneous sensing and communication, the
transmitter delivers one stream of information-bearing signals via two beam
lobes, one is aligned with the main signal propagation path and the other is
directed to the sensing target. Signals from the two lobes are received by the
two RF chains at the receiver, respectively. By cross ambiguity coherent
processing, the time-Doppler spectrograms of hand gestures can be obtained.
Relying on the passive sensing system, a dataset of received signals, where
three types of hand gestures are sensed, is collected by using Line-of-Sight
(LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) paths as the reference channel respectively.
Then a neural network is trained by the dataset for motion detection. It is
shown that the classification accuracy rate is high as long as sufficient
sensing time is assured. Finally, an empirical model characterizing the
relation between the classification accuracy and sensing duration is derived
analytically.


  Bilayer Kondo systems present interesting models to illustrate the
competition between the Kondo effect and intermoment exchange. Such bilayers
can exhibit two sharply distinct Fermi liquid phases which are distinguished by
whether or not the local moments participate in the Fermi sea. We study these
phases and the evolution from one to the other upon changing Kondo coupling. We
argue that an ordered state with spontaneous interlayer phase coherence
generically intervenes between the two Fermi liquids. Such a condensate phase
breaks a U(1) symmetry and is bounded by a finite-temperature
Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Based on general arguments and mean-field
calculations we investigate the phase diagram and associated quantum phase
transitions.


  This article analyzes the data for the five gravitational wave (GW) events
detected in Hanford(H1), Livingston(L1) and Virgo(V1) detectors by the LIGO
collaboration. It is shown that GW170814, GW170817, GW151226 and GW170104 are
very weak signals whose amplitude does not rise significantly during the GW
event, and they are indistinguishable from non-stationary detector noise. LIGO
software implements cross-correlation funcion(CCF) of H1/L1 signals with the
template reference signal, in frequency domain, in a matched filter, using 32
second windows. It is shown that this matched filter misfires with high SNR/CCF
peaks, even for very low-amplitude, short bursts of sine wave signals and
additive white gaussian noise(AWGN), all the time. It is shown that this
erratic behaviour of the matched filter, is due to the error in signal
processing operations, such as lack of cyclic prefix necessary to account for
circular convolution. It is also shown that normalized CCF method implemented
in time domain using short windows, does not have false CCF peaks for sine wave
and noise bursts. It is shown that the normalized CCF for GW151226 and
GW170104, when correlating H1/L1 and template, is indistinguishable from
correlating detector noise and the template. It is also shown that the
normalized CCF for GW151226 and GW170104, when correlating H1/L1 and template,
is indistinguishable from correlating H1/L1 and bogus chirp templates which are
frequency modulated(FM) waveforms which differ significantly from ideal
templates. Similar results are shown with LIGO matched filter, which misfires
with high Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) for bogus chirp templates.


  In recent years, cloud service providers have been building and hosting
datacenters across multiple geographical locations to provide robust services.
However, the geographical distribution of datacenters introduces growing
pressure to both local and global environments, particularly when it comes to
water usage and carbon emissions. Unfortunately, efforts to reduce the
environmental impact of such datacenters often lead to an increase in the cost
of datacenter operations. To co-optimize the energy cost, carbon emissions, and
water footprint of datacenter operation from a global perspective, we propose a
novel framework for multi-objective sustainable datacenter management (MOSAIC)
that integrates adaptive local search with a collaborative decomposition-based
evolutionary algorithm to intelligently manage geographical workload
distribution and datacenter operations. Our framework sustainably allocates
workloads to datacenters while taking into account multiple geography- and
time-based factors including renewable energy sources, variable energy costs,
power usage efficiency, carbon factors, and water intensity in energy. Our
experimental results show that, compared to the best-known prior work
frameworks, MOSAIC can achieve 27.45x speedup and 1.53x improvement in Pareto
Hypervolume while reducing the carbon footprint by up to 1.33x, water footprint
by up to 3.09x, and energy costs by up to 1.40x. In the simultaneous
three-objective co-optimization scenario, MOSAIC achieves a cumulative
improvement across all objectives (carbon, water, cost) of up to 4.61x compared
to the state-of-the-arts.


  In this paper we show global existence of Lipschitz continuous solution for
the stable Muskat problem with finite depth (confined) and initial data
satisfying some smallness conditions relating the amplitude, the slope and the
depth. The cornerstone of the argument is that, for these \emph{small} initial
data, both the amplitude and the slope remain uniformly bounded for all
positive times. We notice that, for some of these solutions, the slope can grow
but it remains bounded. This is very different from the infinite deep case,
where the slope of the solutions satisfy a maximum principle. Our work
generalizes a previous result where the depth is infinite.


  In this paper, we first prove that $u,v,h$ are linearly dependent over ${\bf
K}$ if $JH$ is nilpotent and $H$ has the form: $H=(u(x,y,z),v(u,h),h(x,y))$
with $H(0)=0$ or $H=(u(x,y),v(u,h),h(x,y,z))$ with $H(0)=0$. Then we classify
polynomial maps of the form $H=(u(x,y),v(x,y,z), h(x,y))$ in the case that $JH$
is nilpotent and $(\deg_yu,\deg_yh)\leq 2$.


  To study the nature of the quark-hadron phase transition, it is important to
investigate the space-time structure of the hadron-emitting source in heavy-ion
collisions. Measurements of HBT correlations have proven to be a powerful tool
to gain information about the source. In these proceedings, we report the
current status of the analysis of source parameters obtained from L\'evy fits
to the measured one-dimensional two-pion correlation functions in Au+Au
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV.


  We propose a hybrid silicon waveguide scheme to avoid the impact of noise
photons induced by pump lights in application scenarios of quantum photonic
circuits with quantum light sources. The scheme is composed of strip waveguide
and shallow-ridge waveguide structures. It utilizes the difference of biphoton
spectra generated by spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) in these two
waveguides. By proper pumping setting and signal/idler wavelength selection,
the generation of desired photon pairs is confined in the strip waveguide. The
impact of noise photons generated by SFWM in the shallow-ridge waveguide could
be avoided. Hence, the shallow-ridge waveguide could be used to realize various
linear operation devices for pump light and quantum state manipulations. The
feasibility of this scheme is verified by theoretical analysis and primary
experiment. Two applications are proposed and analyzed, showing its great
potential on silicon-based quantum photonic circuits.


  The heaviest known elementary particle, the top quark, was discovered in 1995
by the CDF and D0 collaborations at the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at
Fermilab. Since its discovery, a large program was set in motion by the CDF and
D0 collaborations to characterize the production and decay properties of top
quarks, and investigate their potential for searches of new phenomena beyond
the standard model. During the past 20 years, new methods were developed and
implemented to improve the measurements and searches for new physics in the
top-quark sector. This article reviews the achievements and results obtained
through studies of the top quark at the Tevatron.


  We present charm CP violation and mixing measurements at Belle. They are the
first observation of $D^0-\bar{D}^0$ mixing in $e^+e^-$ collisions from
$D^0\rightarrow K^+\pi^-$ decays, the most precise mixing and indirect CP
violation parameters from $D^0\rightarrow K^0_S\pi^+\pi^-$ decays, and the
time-integrated CP asymmetries in $D^0\rightarrow\pi^0\pi^0$ and
$D^0\rightarrow K^0_S\pi^0$ decays. Our mixing measurement in $D^0\rightarrow
K^+\pi^-$ decays excludes the no-mixing hypothesis at the 5.1 standard
deviation level. The mixing parameters
$x=(0.56\pm0.19^{+0.03+0.06}_{-0.09-0.09})%$,
$y=(0.30\pm0.15^{+0.04+0.03}_{-0.05-0.06})%$ and indirect CP violation
parameters $|q/p|=(0.90^{+0.16+0.05+0.06}_{-0.15-0.04-0.05})$,
arg$(q/p)=(-6\pm11\pm3^{+3}_{-4})^{\circ}$ measured from $D^0\rightarrow
K^0_S\pi^+\pi^-$ decays, and the time-integrated CP asymmetries
$A^{D^0\rightarrow\pi^0\pi^0}_{CP}=(-0.03\pm0.64\pm0.10)%$ and
$A^{D^0\rightarrow K^0_S\pi^0}_{CP}=(-0.21\pm0.16\pm0.07)%$ are the most
precise measurements to date. Our measurements here are consistent with
predictions of the standard model.


  Active learning aims to reduce annotation cost by predicting which samples
are useful for a human teacher to label. However it has become clear there is
no best active learning algorithm. Inspired by various philosophies about what
constitutes a good criteria, different algorithms perform well on different
datasets. This has motivated research into ensembles of active learners that
learn what constitutes a good criteria in a given scenario, typically via
multi-armed bandit algorithms. Though algorithm ensembles can lead to better
results, they overlook the fact that not only does algorithm efficacy vary
across datasets, but also during a single active learning session. That is, the
best criteria is non-stationary. This breaks existing algorithms' guarantees
and hampers their performance in practice. In this paper, we propose dynamic
ensemble active learning as a more general and promising research direction. We
develop a dynamic ensemble active learner based on a non-stationary multi-armed
bandit with expert advice algorithm. Our dynamic ensemble selects the right
criteria at each step of active learning. It has theoretical guarantees, and
shows encouraging results on $13$ popular datasets.


  As one of data-driven approaches to computational mechanics in elasticity,
this paper presents a method finding a bound for structural response, taking
uncertainty in a material data set into account. For construction of an
uncertainty set, we adopt the segmented least squares so that a data set that
is not fitted well by the linear regression model can be dealt with. Since the
obtained uncertainty set is nonconvex, the optimization problem solved for the
uncertainty analysis is nonconvex. We recast this optimization problem as a
mixed-integer programming problem to find a global optimal solution. This
global optimality, together with a fundamental property of the order
statistics, guarantees that the obtained bound for the structural response is
conservative, in the sense that, at least a specified confidence level,
probability that the structural response is in this bound is no smaller than a
specified target value. We present numerical examples for three different types
of skeletal structures.


  Pursuant to recommendations of the United Nations Conference on the
Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) and deliberations
of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS),
annual UN/European Space Agency workshops on basic space science have been held
around the world since 1991. These workshops contributed to the development of
astrophysics and space science, particularly in developing nations. Following a
process of prioritization, the workshops identified the following elements as
particularly important for international cooperation in the field: (i)
operation of astronomical telescope facilities implementing TRIPOD, (ii)
virtual observatories, (iii) astrophysical data systems, (iv) concurrent design
capabilities for the development of international space missions, and (v)
theoretical astrophysics such as applications of nonextensive statistical
mechanics. Beginning in 2005, the workshops focus on preparations for the
International Heliophysical Year 2007 (IHY2007). The workshops continue to
facilitate the establishment of astronomical telescope facilities as pursued by
Japan and the development of low-cost, ground-based, world-wide instrument
arrays as lead by the IHY secretariat.


  A graph is $\textit{cubelike}$ if it is a Cayley graph for some elementary
abelian $2$-group $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$. The core of a graph is its smallest
subgraph to which it admits a homomorphism. More than ten years ago,
Ne\v{s}et\v{r}il and \v{S}\'amal (On tension-continuous mappings.
$\textit{European J. Combin.,}$ 29(4):1025--1054, 2008) asked whether the core
of a cubelike graph is cubelike, but since then very little progress has been
made towards resolving the question. Here we investigate the structure of the
core of a cubelike graph, deducing a variety of structural, spectral and
group-theoretical properties that the core "inherits" from the host cubelike
graph. These properties constrain the structure of the core quite severely ---
even if the core of a cubelike graph is not actually cubelike, it must bear a
very close resemblance to a cubelike graph. Moreover we prove the much stronger
result that not only are these properties inherited by the core of a cubelike
graph, but also by the orbital graphs of the core. Even though the core and its
orbital graphs look very much like cubelike graphs, we are unable to show that
this is sufficient to characterise cubelike graphs. However, our results are
strong enough to eliminate all non-cubelike vertex-transitive graphs on up to
$32$ vertices as potential cores of cubelike graphs (of any size). Thus, if one
exists at all, a cubelike graph with a non-cubelike core has at least $128$
vertices and its core has at least $64$ vertices.


  Quantum random number generation is a key ingredient for quantum cryptography
and fundamental quantum optics and could advance Monte-Carlo simulations and
machine learning. An established generation scheme is based on single photons
impinging on a beam splitter. Here, we experimentally demonstrate quantum
random number generation solely based on the spontaneous emission process in
combination with the symmetric emission profile of a dipole aligned orthogonal
to the laboratory frame. The demonstration builds on defect centers in
hexagonal boron nitride and benefits from the ability to manipulate and align
the emission directionality. We prove the randomness in the correlated photon
detection events making use of the NIST randomness test suite and show that the
randomness remains for two independently emitting defect centers. The scheme
can be extended to random number generation by coherent single photons with
potential applications in solid-state based quantum communication at room
temperature.


  We reexamine several issues related to the physics of scaling in electron
scattering from nuclei. A basic model is presented in which an assumed form for
the momentum distribution having both long- and short-range contributions is
incorporated in the single-particle Green function. From this one can obtain
saturation of nuclear matter for an NN interaction with medium-range attraction
and short-range repulsion, and can obtain the density-density polarization
propagator and hence the electromagnetic response and scaling function. For the
latter, the shape of the scaling function and how it approaches scaling as a
function of momentum transfer are both explored.


  We report the optical identification of an $R=18.3$ mag, $z=2.432$ quasar at
the position of a 6 cm radio source and a faint \rosat PSPC X-ray source. The
quasar lies within the error circles of unidentified extreme-UV (EUV)
detections by the \euve and \rosat WFC all-sky surveys at $\sim 400$ \AA\ and
$\sim 150$ \AA, respectively. A 21 cm H I emission measurement in the direction
of the quasar with a $21'$-diameter beam yields a total H I column density of
$N_{H}=3.3\times 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$, two orders of magnitude higher than the
maximum allowed for transparency through the Galaxy in the EUV. The source of
the EUV flux is therefore probably nearby ($\ltorder 100$ pc), and unrelated to
the quasar.


  A network consisting of $n$ source-destination pairs and $m$ relays is
considered. Focusing on the large system limit (large $n$), the throughput
scaling laws of two-hop relaying protocols are studied for Rayleigh fading
channels. It is shown that, under the practical constraints of single-user
encoding-decoding scheme, and partial channel state information (CSI) at the
transmitters (via integer-value feedback from the receivers), the maximal
throughput scales as $\log n$ even if full relay cooperation is allowed.
Furthermore, a novel decentralized opportunistic relaying scheme with receiver
CSI, partial transmitter CSI, and no relay cooperation, is shown to achieve the
optimal throughput scaling law of $\log n$.


  We present NeuralLabeling, a labeling approach and toolset for annotating 3D
scenes using either bounding boxes or meshes and generating segmentation masks,
affordance maps, 2D bounding boxes, 3D bounding boxes, 6DOF object poses, depth
maps, and object meshes. NeuralLabeling uses Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) as a
renderer, allowing labeling to be performed using 3D spatial tools while
incorporating geometric clues such as occlusions, relying only on images
captured from multiple viewpoints as input. To demonstrate the applicability of
NeuralLabeling to a practical problem in robotics, we added ground truth depth
maps to 30000 frames of transparent object RGB and noisy depth maps of glasses
placed in a dishwasher captured using an RGBD sensor, yielding the
Dishwasher30k dataset. We show that training a simple deep neural network with
supervision using the annotated depth maps yields a higher reconstruction
performance than training with the previously applied weakly supervised
approach. We also show how instance segmentation and depth completion datasets
generated using NeuralLabeling can be incorporated into a robot application for
grasping transparent objects placed in a dishwasher with an accuracy of 83.3%,
compared to 16.3% without depth completion.


  We present a novel pneumatic augmentation to traditional electric
motor-actuated legged robot to increase intermittent power density to perform
infrequent explosive hopping behaviors. The pneumatic system is composed of a
pneumatic pump, a tank, and a pneumatic actuator. The tank is charged up by the
pump during regular hopping motion that is created by the electric motors. At
any time after reaching a desired air pressure in the tank, a solenoid valve is
utilized to rapidly release the air pressure to the pneumatic actuator (piston)
which is used in conjunction with the electric motors to perform explosive
hopping, increasing maximum hopping height for one or subsequent cycles. We
show that, on a custom-designed one-legged hopping robot, without any
additional power source and with this novel pneumatic augmentation system,
their associated system identification and optimal control, the robot is able
to realize highly explosive hopping with power amplification per cycle by a
factor of approximately 5.4 times the power of electric motor actuation alone.


  We present $V,I$ light curves for 12 variable stars identified in the newly
discovered satellite of the Milky Way in the Bootes constellation (Belokurov et
al. 2006).Our sample includes 11 RR Lyrae stars (5 first overtone, 5
fundamental mode and 1 double mode pulsator),and one long period variable close
to the galaxy red giant branch tip. The RR Lyrae stars trace very well the
average $V$ luminosity of the galaxy horizontal branch, leading to a true
distance modulus for the galaxy of $\mu_0$=19.11 $\pm$ 0.08 mag for an assumed
metal abundance of [Fe/H]=-2.5 (Monoz et al. 2006), and for $E(B-V)$=0.02 mag.
Average periods are <Pab>=0.69 d and <Pc>=0.37 d for {\it ab-} and {\it c-}
type RR Lyrae stars, respectively, making of Bootes the second pure Oosterhoff
type II (OoII) dSph after Ursa Minor. The location of the double mode RR Lyrae
(RRd) in the Petersen diagram is consistent with RRd stars in OoII clusters,
and corresponds to an intrinsic luminosity of $log L/logL\odot$=1.72 (for
Z=10$^{-4}$ and M=0.80 M$\odot$) according to Bono et al. (1996) pulsation
models.


  We present the results of our investigation of three samples kinematically
representative of the thin and thick disks and the Hercules stream using the
catalogue of Soubiran & Girard (2005). We have observed abundance trends and
age distribution of each component. Our results show that the two disks are
chemically well separated, they overlap greatly in metallicity and both show
parallel decreasing trends of alpha elements with increasing metallicity, in
the interval -0.80 < [Fe/H] < -0.30. The thick disk is clearly older than the
thin disk with a tentative evidence of an Age-Metallicity Relation over 2-3 Gyr
and a hiatus in star formation before the formation of the thin disk. In order
to improve the statistics on the disk's abundance trends, we have developed an
automatic code, TGMET{\Large\alpha}; to determine (Teff, logg, [Fe/H],
[\alpha/Fe]) for thousands of stellar spectra available in spectroscopic
archives. We have assessed the performances of the algorithm for 350 spectra of
stars being part of the abundance catalogue.


  Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and plasma membrane-derived exosome-mimetic
nanovesicles demonstrate significant potential for drug delivery. Latter
synthetic provides higher throughput over physiological EVs. However they face
size-stability and self-agglomeration challenges in physiological solutions to
be properly characterized and addressed. Here we demonstrate a fast and
high-throughput nanovesicle screening methodology relying on dynamic light
scattering (DLS) complemented by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements,
suitable for the evaluation of hydrodynamic size instabilities and aggregation
effects in nanovesicle solutions under varying experimental conditions and
apply it to the analysis of bio-engineered nanovesicles derived from
erythrocytes as well as physiological extracellular vesicles isolated from
animal seminal plasma. The synthetic vesicles exhibit a significantly higher
degree of agglomeration, with only 8 % of them falling within the typical
extracellular vesicle size range (30-200 nm) in their original preparation
conditions. Concurrent zeta potential measurements performed on both
physiological and synthetic nanovesicles yielded values in the range of -17 to
-22 mV, with no apparent correlation to their agglomeration tendencies.
However, mild sonication and dilution were found to be effective means to
restore the portion of EVs-like nanovesicles in synthetic preparations to
values of 54% and 63%, respectively, The results illustrate the capability of
this DLS-AFM-based analytical method for real-time, high-throughput and
quantitative assessments of agglomeration effects and size instabilities in
bioengineered nanovesicle solutions, providing a powerful and easy-to-use tool
to gain insights to overcome such deleterious effects and leverage the full
potential of this promising biocompatible drug-delivery carriers for a broad
range of pharmaceutical applications.


  In statistical learning theory, generalization error is used to quantify the
degree to which a supervised machine learning algorithm may overfit to training
data. Recent work [Xu and Raginsky (2017)] has established a bound on the
generalization error of empirical risk minimization based on the mutual
information $I(S;W)$ between the algorithm input $S$ and the algorithm output
$W$, when the loss function is sub-Gaussian. We leverage these results to
derive generalization error bounds for a broad class of iterative algorithms
that are characterized by bounded, noisy updates with Markovian structure. Our
bounds are very general and are applicable to numerous settings of interest,
including stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD) and variants of the
stochastic gradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (SGHMC) algorithm. Furthermore, our
error bounds hold for any output function computed over the path of iterates,
including the last iterate of the algorithm or the average of subsets of
iterates, and also allow for non-uniform sampling of data in successive updates
of the algorithm.


  We address the local spectral behavior of the random matrix $\Pi_1 U^{\otimes
k} \Pi_2 U^{\otimes k *} \Pi_1$, where $U$ is a Haar distributed unitary matrix
of size $n\times n$, the factor $k$ is at most $c_0\log n$ for a small constant
$c_0>0$, and $\Pi_1,\Pi_2$ are arbitrary projections on $\ell_2^{n^k}$ of ranks
proportional to $n^k$. We prove that in this setting the $k$-fold Kronecker
product behaves similarly to the well-studied case when $k=1$.


  We have performed a detailed spectral analysis of the inner halo Galactic
globular cluster (GC) NGC 6723 using high resolution (R$\approx$ 22000-48000)
spectra for for eleven red giant branch stars collected with MIKE (Magellan)
and FEROS (MPG/ESO). This globular is located at the minimum of the bimodal
metallicity distribution of GCs suggesting that it might be an excellent
transitional system between metal-intermediate and metal-rich GCs. In spite of
its metal-intermediate status, it is characterized by an extended horizontal
branch and by a large number of RR Lyrae stars. We investigated abundances of a
variety of species including light, $\alpha$-, Fe-peak, and neutron capture
elements. We found a mean metallicity $[Fe/H]=-0.93 \pm 0.05$ dex, and a
typical $\alpha$ -enrichment ($[\alpha/Fe] \approx 0.39$) that follows the
trend of metal-poor and metal-intermediate GCs. The same outcome applies for
light metals (Na, Al), Fe-peak (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), $s$/$r$-process
elements (Ba, Eu) and for the classical anti-correlation: Na-O and Mg-Al. The
current findings further support the evidence that the chemical enrichment of
NGC 6723 is in more line with metal-intermediate GCs and their lower
metallicity counterparts, and it does not bring forward the prodrome of the
metal-rich regime.


  Photoresponsive surfactants provide a unique microfluidic driving mechanism.
Since their molecular shapes change under illumination and thereby affect
surface tension of fluid interfaces, Marangoni flow along the interface occurs.
To describe the dynamics of the surfactant mixture at a planar interface, we
formulate diffusion-advection-reaction equations for both surfactant densities.
They also include adsorption from and desorption into the neighboring fluids
and photoisomerization by light. We then study how the interface responds when
illuminated by spots of light. Switching on a single light spot, the density of
the switched surfactant spreads in time and assumes an exponentially decaying
profile in steady state. Simultaneously, the induced radial Marangoni flow
reverses its flow direction from inward to outward. We use this feature to set
up specific feedback rules, which couple the advection velocities sensed at the
light spots to their intensities. As a result two neighboring spots switch on
and off alternately. Extending the feedback rule to light spots arranged on the
vertices of regular polygons, we observe periodic switching patterns for
even-sided polygons, where two sets of next-nearest neighbors alternate with
each other. A triangle and pentagon also show regular oscillations, while
heptagon and nonagon exhibit irregular oscillations due to frustration. While
our findings are specific to the chosen set of parameters, they show how
complex patterns at photoresponsive fluid interfaces emerge from simple
feedback coupling.


  Carrier spins in semiconductor nanocrystals are promising candidates for
quantum information processing. Using a combination of time-resolved Faraday
rotation and photoluminescence spectroscopies, we demonstrate optical spin
polarization and coherent spin precession in colloidal CsPbBr3 nanocrystals
that persists up to room temperature. By suppressing the influence of
inhomogeneous hyperfine fields with a small applied magnetic field, we
demonstrate inhomogeneous hole transverse spin-dephasing times (T2*) that
approach the nanocrystal photoluminescence lifetime, such that nearly all
emitted photons derive from coherent hole spins. Thermally activated LO phonons
drive additional spin dephasing at elevated temperatures, but coherent spin
precession is still observed at room temperature. These data reveal several
major distinctions between spins in nanocrystalline and bulk CsPbBr3 and open
the door for using metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals in spin-based quantum
technologies.


  The tunneling spectra of small metallic grains shows an unusual structure of
the differential conductance peaks. Namely, resonance peaks appear in clusters,
or develop substructure as the the gate voltage is changed. These features are
manifestations of a nonequilibrium behavior which appears when the applied
source-drain voltage is sufficiently large. Electron-electron Coulomb
interaction as well as an attractive pairing interaction play an important role
in determining the magnitude and energy scales of the phenomena. For normal
grains each cluster of resonances is identified with one excited
single-electron state of the metal particle, shifted as a result of the
different nonequilibrium occupancy configurations of the other single-electron
states. For superconducting grains in the odd charging state, the substructure
of the resonance is explained by nonequilibrium ``gapless'' excitations
associated with different energy levels occupied by the unpaired electron. The
excitations are generated by inelastic cotunneling.


  We propose a thermodynamic model of free energy expansion up to eighth order
of magnetisation to describe the complex magnetic phase transitions in
ferromagnetic superconductor UGe$_2$. The model successfully describes
transitions between ordered phases which take place without changing of
magnetic structure but only of magnetisation which is the case of UGe$_2$ where
two magnetic phases with same structure but with different magnitude occur with
decreasing of temperature. We consider the infuence of pressure on magnetic
transitions in the simplest form of including it only in pressure dependence of
Curie temperature for the transition between the paramagnetic and themagnetic
phase with the lower magnetic moment FM1. Our results show that for pressures
lower than some limiting pressure the transition betweenlow-and
high-magnetisation phase remains of crossover type. Above this limiting
pressure this transition changes to real thermodynamic transition of first
order.


  In this thesis, we investigate the dynamical Casimir effect, the creation of
particles from vacuum by dynamical boundary conditions or dynamical background,
and its backreaction to the motion of the boundary. The backreaction of
particle creation to the boundary motion is studied using quantum field theory
in curved spacetime technique, in 1+1 dimension and 3+1 dimension. The relevant
quantities in these quantum field processes are carefully analyzed, including
regularization of the UV and IR divergent of vacuum energy, and estimation of
classical backreaction effects like radiation pressure. We recovered the
qualitative result of backreaction in 1+1 dimensions. In the 3+1 dimension, we
find that the backreaction tends to slow down the system to suppress the
further particle creation, similar to the case of cosmological particle
creation.


  Kato has constructed reflection functors for KLR algebras which categorify
the braid group action on a quantum group by algebra automorphisms. We prove
that these reflection functors are monoidal.