  The discovery of ferromagnetism in two-dimensional (2D) monolayers has
stimulated growing research interest in both spintronics and material science.
However, these 2D ferromagnetic layers are mainly prepared through an
incompatible approach for large-scale fabrication and integration, and
moreover, a fundamental question whether the observed ferromagnetism actually
correlates with the 2D crystalline order has not been explored. Here, we choose
a typical 2D ferromagnetic material, Fe3GeTe2, to address these two issues by
investigating its ferromagnetism in an amorphous state. We have fabricated
nanometer-thick amorphous Fe3GeTe2 films approaching the monolayer thickness
limit of crystallized Fe3GeTe2 (0.8 nm) through magnetron sputtering. Compared
to crystallized Fe3GeTe2, we found that the basic ferromagnetic attributes,
such as the Curie temperature that directly reflects magnetic exchange
interactions and local anisotropic energy, do not change significantly in the
amorphous states. This is attributed to that the short-range atomic order, as
confirmed by valence state analysis, is almost the same for both phases. The
persistence of ferromagnetism in the ultrathin amorphous counterpart has also
been confirmed through magnetoresistance measurements, where two unconventional
switching dips arising from electrical transport within domain walls are
clearly observed in the amorphous Fe3GeTe2 single layer. These results indicate
that the long-range ferromagnetic order of crystallized Fe3GeTe2 may not
correlate to the 2D crystalline order and the corresponding ferromagnetic
attributes can be utilized in an amorphous state which suits large-scale
fabrication in a semiconductor technology-compatible manner for spintronics
applications.


  For a given target system and apparatus described by quantum theory, the
so-called quantum no-programming theorem indicates that a family of states
called programs in the apparatus with a fixed unitary operation on the total
system programs distinct unitary dynamics to the target system only if the
initial programs are orthogonal to each other. The current study aims at
revealing whether a similar behavior can be observed in generalized
probabilistic theories (GPTs). Generalizing the programming scheme to GPTs, we
derive a similar theorem to the quantum no-programming theorem. We furthermore
demonstrate that programming of reversible dynamics is related closely to a
curious structure named a quasi-classical structure on the state space.
Programming of irreversible dynamics, i.e., channels in GPTs is also
investigated.


  We investigate in this short report the rate of increase of positive
numerical recursion with quadratic non-linearity. More exactly, we intent to
calculate the logarithmic index of its increasing.
  We present also the possible application in the theory of the Navier-Stokes
equations.


  A Nitche's method is presented to couple non-conforming two and three
dimensional NURBS (Non Uniform Rational B-splines) patches in the context of
isogeometric analysis (IGA). We present results for elastic stress analyses
under the static condition of two and three dimensional NURBS geometries. The
contribution fills the gap in the literature and enlarges the applicability of
NURBS-based isogeometric analysis.


  We consider the problem of detecting an abrupt change in the distribution of
a sequentially observed stochastic process. We establish the optimality of the
CUSUM test with respect to a modified version of Lorden's criterion for
arbitrary processes with continuous paths and apply this general result to the
special case of fractional diffusion-type processes. As a by-product, we show
that the CUSUM test optimizes Lorden's original criterion when a fractional
Brownian motion with Hurst index H adopts a polynomial drift term with exponent
H + 1/2 after the change.


  We develop a complex differential geometric approach to the theory of higher
residues and primitive forms from the viewpoint of Kodaira-Spencer gauge
theory, unifying the semi-infinite period maps for Calabi-Yau models and
Landau-Ginzburg models. We give an explicit perturbative construction of
primitive forms with respect to opposite filtrations and primitive elements.
This leads to a concrete algorithm to compute the Taylor expansions of
primitive forms as well as the description of their moduli space for all
weighted homogenous cases. As an example, we present unknown perturbative
expressions for the primitive form of E_12 singularity and illustrate its
application to Landau-Ginzburg mirror symmetry with FJRW-theory.


  This article deals with the flow of Newtonian fluids through
axially-symmetric corrugated tubes. An analytical method to derive the relation
between volumetric flow rate and pressure drop in laminar flow regimes is
presented and applied to a number of simple tube geometries of
converging-diverging nature. The method is general in terms of fluid and tube
shape within the previous restrictions. Moreover, it can be used as a basis for
numerical integration where analytical relations cannot be obtained due to
mathematical difficulties.


  This paper considers Bayesian persuasion for routing games where information
about the uncertain state of the network is provided by a traffic information
system (TIS) using public signals. In this setup, the TIS commits to a
signalling scheme and participants form a posterior belief about the state of
the network based on prior beliefs and the received signal. They subsequently
select routes minimizing their individual expected travel time under their
posterior beliefs, giving rise to a Wardrop equilibrium. We investigate how the
TIS can infer the prior beliefs held by the participants by designing suitable
signalling schemes, and observing the equilibrium flows under different
signals. We show that under mild conditions a signalling scheme that allows for
exact inference of the prior exists. We then provide an iterative algorithm
that finds such a scheme in a finite number of steps. We show that schemes
designed by our algorithm are robust, in the sense that they can still identify
the prior after a small enough perturbation. We also investigate the case where
the population is divided among multiple priors, and give conditions under
which the fraction associated to each prior can be identified. Several examples
illustrate our results.


  Recent studies have shown that Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
(POTS) patients have abnormal low frequency $\approx 0.1$ Hz blood pressure and
heart rate dynamics. These dynamics are attributed to the baroreflex and can
give insight into the mechanistic causes which are the basis for proposed
subgroups of POTS. In this study we develop a baroreflex model replicating the
low-frequency dynamics observed in POTS patient data as well as represent
subgroups of POTS in our model. We utilize signal processing to quantify the
effects that model parameters have on low-frequency oscillations. Results show
that key physiological parameters that represent the hypothesized causes are
central to our model's ability to reproduce observed dynamics from patient
data.


  A systematic study of energy conservation for extended magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) models that include Hall terms and electron inertia is performed. It is
observed that commonly used models do not conserve energy in the ideal limit,
i.e., when viscosity and resistivity are neglected. In particular, a term in
the momentum equation that is often neglected is seen to be needed for
conservation of energy.


  The global aging population presents significant challenges for societies
worldwide, particularly in an increasingly digitalized era. The Learning
Society is crucial in preparing different societies and their people to address
these challenges effectively. This paper extends this concept and proposes a
new conceptual framework, Learning Societies for Digital Aging, empowering all
members across various sectors from different ages to acquire and develop the
necessary knowledge, skills, and competencies to navigate and thrive in an
increasingly digital world. It presents seven guiding principles for developing
this conceptual framework: 1) Centering Humanistic Values, 2) Embracing
Digital, 3) Cultivating Learning Societies, 4) Advancing Inclusiveness, 5)
Taking Holistic Approaches, 6) Encouraging Global Knowledge Sharing, and 7)
Fostering Adaptability. By integrating these guiding principles into the
design, implementation, and evaluation of formal, nonformal, and informal
learning opportunities for people of all ages, stakeholders can contribute to
creating and nurturing learning societies that cater to aging populations in
the digital world. This paper aims to provide a foundation for further research
and action toward building more inclusive, adaptive, and supportive learning
environments that address the challenges of digital aging and foster more
empathetic, informed, and prepared societies for the future of aging.


  Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy combined with $ab-initio$
electronic structure calculations is used to unravel the structural phase
transition path from the low-temperature polar structure to the
high-temperature structural phase in $Ca_3Ti_2O_7$, a hybrid improper
ferroelectric. This procedure explores the unique features of a local probe
environment approach by monitoring the evolution of the electric field gradient
tensor at the calcium sites. The local environments, observed above 1057 K,
confirm a structural phase transition from the $A2_1am$ symmetry to an
orthorhombic $Acaa$ symmetry in the $Ca_3Ti_2O_7$ crystal lattice, disagreeing
with the frequently reported avalanche structural transition from the polar
$A2_1am$ phase to the aristotype $I4/mmm$ phase. Moreover, the EFG temperature
dependency, within the $A2_1am$ temperature stability, is shown to be sensitive
to the recently proposed $Ca_3Ti_2O_7$ ferroelectric polarization decrease
within the 500-800~K temperature range.


  Let $(X,L)$ be a quasi-polarized canonical Calabi-Yau threefold. In this
note, we show that $\vert mL\vert$ is basepoint free for $m\geq 4$. Moreover,
if the morphism $\Phi_{\vert 4L\vert}$ is not birational onto its image and
$h^0(X,L)\geq 2$, then $L^3=1$. As an application, if $Y$ is a $n$-dimensional
Fano manifold such that $-K_Y=(n-3)H$ for some ample divisor $H$, then $\vert
mH\vert$ is basepoint free for $m\geq 4$ and if the morphism $\Phi_{\vert
4H\vert}$ is not birational onto its image, then $Y$ is either a weighted
hypersurface of degree $10$ in the weighted projective space
$\mathbb{P}(1,\cdots,1,2,5)$ or $h^0(Y,H)=n-2$.


  We present rest-frame optical spectra of 12 nitrogen-loud quasars at z ~ 2.2,
whose rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra show strong nitrogen broad emission
lines. To investigate their narrow-line region (NLR) metallicities, we measure
the equivalent width (EW) of the [OIII]5007 emission line: if the NLR
metallicity is remarkably high as suggested by strong UV nitrogen lines, the
[OIII]5007 line flux should be very week due to the low equilibrium temperature
of the ionized gas owing to significant metal cooling. In the result, we found
that our spectra show moderate EW of the [OIII]5007 line similar to general
quasars. This indicates nitrogen-loud quasars do not have extremely metal-rich
gas clouds in NLRs. This suggests that strong nitrogen lines from broad-line
regions (BLRs) are originated by exceptionally high abundances of nitrogen
relative to oxygen without very high BLR metallicities. This result indicates
that broad-emission lines of nitrogen are not good indicators of the BLR
metallicity in some cases. On the other hand, we also investigate virial
black-hole masses and Eddington ratios by using the Hbeta and CIV1549 lines for
our sample. As a result, we found that black-hole masses and Eddington ratios
of nitrogen-loud quasars tend to be low and high relative to normal quasars,
suggesting that nitrogen-loud quasars seem to be in a rapidly-accreting phase.
This can be explained in terms of a positive correlation between Eddington
ratios and nitrogen abundances of quasars, that is probably caused by the
connection between the mass accretion onto black holes and nuclear star
formation.


  We construct a minimal representation of the orthosymplectic Lie supergroup
$OSp(p,q|2n)$, generalising the Schr\"odinger model of the minimal
representation of $O(p,q)$ to the super case. The underlying Lie algebra
representation is realized on functions on the minimal orbit inside the Jordan
superalgebra associated with $\mathfrak{osp}(p,q|2n)$, so that our construction
is in line with the orbit philosophy. Its annihilator is given by a Joseph-like
ideal for $\mathfrak{osp}(p,q|2n)$, and therefore the representation is a
natural generalization of a minimal representations to the context of Lie
superalgebras. We also calculate its Gelfand--Kirillov dimension and construct
a non-degenerate sesquilinear form for which the representation is
skew-symmetric and which is the analogue of an $L^2$-inner product in the
supercase.


  The evolution of electron conductance in the presence of inelastic effects is
studied as an atomic gold contact is formed evolving from a low-conductance
regime (tunneling) to a high-conductance regime (contact). In order to
characterize each regime, we perform density functional theory (DFT)
calculations to study the geometric and electronic structures, together with
the strength of the atomic bonds and the associated vibrational frequencies.
The conductance is calculated by first evaluating the transmission of electrons
through the system, and secondly by calculating the conductance change due to
the excitation of vibrations. As found in previous studies [Paulsson et al.,
Phys. Rev. B. 72, 201101(R) (2005)] the change in conductance due to inelastic
effects permits to characterize the crossover from tunneling to contact. The
most notorious effect being the crossover from an increase in conductance in
the tunneling regime to a decrease in conductance in the contact regime when
the bias voltage matches a vibrational threshold. Our DFT-based calculations
actually show that the effect of vibrational modes in electron conductance is
rather complex, in particular when modes localized in the contact region are
permitted to extend into the electrodes. As an example, we find that certain
modes can give rise to decreases in conductance when in the tunneling regime,
opposite to the above mentioned result. Whereas details in the inelastic
spectrum depend on the size of the vibrational region, we show that the overall
change in conductance is quantitatively well approximated by the simplest
calculation where only the apex atoms are allowed to vibrate. Our study is
completed by the application of a simplified model where the relevant
parameters are obtained from the above DFT-based calculations.


  Covid-19 has rapidly redefined the agenda of technological research and
development both for academics and practitioners. If the medical scientific
publication system has promptly reacted to this new situation, other domains,
particularly in new technologies, struggle to map what is happening in their
contexts. The pandemic has created the need for a rapid detection of
technological convergence phenomena, but at the same time it has made clear
that this task is impossible on the basis of traditional patent and publication
indicators. This paper presents a novel methodology to perform a rapid
detection of the fast technological convergence phenomenon that is occurring
under the pressure of the Covid-19 pandemic. The fast detection has been
performed thanks to the use of a novel source: the online blogging platform
Medium. We demonstrate that the hybrid structure of this social journalism
platform allows a rapid detection of innovation phenomena, unlike other
traditional sources. The technological convergence phenomenon has been modelled
through a network-based approach, analysing the differences of networks
computed during two time periods (pre and post COVID-19). The results led us to
discuss the repurposing of technologies regarding "Remote Control", "Remote
Working", "Health" and "Remote Learning".


  BIQA (Blind Image Quality Assessment) is an important field of study that
evaluates images automatically. Although significant progress has been made,
blind image quality assessment remains a difficult task since images vary in
content and distortions. Most algorithms generate quality without emphasizing
the important region of interest. In order to solve this, a multi-stream
spatial and channel attention-based algorithm is being proposed. This algorithm
generates more accurate predictions with a high correlation to human perceptual
assessment by combining hybrid features from two different backbones, followed
by spatial and channel attention to provide high weights to the region of
interest. Four legacy image quality assessment datasets are used to validate
the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Authentic and synthetic distortion
image databases are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
method, and we show that it has excellent generalization properties with a
particular focus on the perceptual foreground information.


  Quality humanitarian information is essential for efficient, effective and
coordinated humanitarian responses. During crises, however, humanitarian
responders rarely have access to quality information in order to provide the
much-needed relief in a timely fashion. Traditional methods for the acquisition
and evaluation of humanitarian information typically confront challenges such
as poor accessibility, limited sources, and the capacity of monitoring and
documentation. The more recent emergence of user generated content from online
social platforms addressed some challenges faced by traditional methods, but it
also raised many concerns regarding information quality and verifiability,
among others, that affect both the public and humanitarian actors. This paper
provides an overview of information verification methods in literature and
reviews information collection and verification practices and tools used by
news agencies and humanitarian organizations. Twenty crowd-sourced information
projects in humanitarian and human rights nature are surveyed. We discuss the
findings and give recommendations for future research.


  In solid materials, the parameters relevant to quantum effects, such as the
spin quantum number, are basically determined and fixed at the chemical
synthesis, which makes it challenging to control the amount of quantum
correlations. We propose and demonstrate a method for active control of the
classical-quantum crossover in magnetic insulators by applying external
pressure. As a concrete example, we perform high-field, high-pressure
measurements on CsCuCl$_3$, which has the structure of weakly-coupled spin
chains. The magnetization process experiences a continuous evolution from the
semi-classical realm to the highly-quantum regime with increasing pressure.
Based on the idea of "squashing" the spin chains onto a plane, we characterize
the change in the quantum correlations by the change in the value of the local
spin quantum number of an effective two-dimensional model. This opens a way to
access the tunable classical-quantum crossover of two-dimensional spin systems
by using alternative systems of coupled-chain compounds.


  Articulated objects like cabinets and doors are widespread in daily life.
However, directly manipulating 3D articulated objects is challenging because
they have diverse geometrical shapes, semantic categories, and kinetic
constraints. Prior works mostly focused on recognizing and manipulating
articulated objects with specific joint types. They can either estimate the
joint parameters or distinguish suitable grasp poses to facilitate trajectory
planning. Although these approaches have succeeded in certain types of
articulated objects, they lack generalizability to unseen objects, which
significantly impedes their application in broader scenarios. In this paper, we
propose a novel framework of Generalizable Articulation Modeling and
Manipulating for Articulated Objects (GAMMA), which learns both articulation
modeling and grasp pose affordance from diverse articulated objects with
different categories. In addition, GAMMA adopts adaptive manipulation to
iteratively reduce the modeling errors and enhance manipulation performance. We
train GAMMA with the PartNet-Mobility dataset and evaluate with comprehensive
experiments in SAPIEN simulation and real-world Franka robot. Results show that
GAMMA significantly outperforms SOTA articulation modeling and manipulation
algorithms in unseen and cross-category articulated objects. We will
open-source all codes and datasets in both simulation and real robots for
reproduction in the final version. Images and videos are published on the
project website at: http://sites.google.com/view/gamma-articulation


  We present several matrix and operator inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type.
We first establish a majorization version for monotone convex functions on
matrices. We then utilize the Mond-Pecaric method to get an operator version
for convex functions. We also present some applications. Finally we obtain an
Hermite-Hadamard inequality for operator convex functions, positive linear maps
and operators acting on Hilbert spaces.


  The quantification of the "measurement uncertainty" aspect of Heisenberg's
Uncertainty Principle---that is, the study of trade-offs between accuracy and
disturbance, or between accuracies in an approximate joint measurement on two
incompatible observables---has regained a lot of interest recently. Several
approaches have been proposed and debated. In this paper we consider Ozawa's
definitions for inaccuracies (as root-mean-square errors) in approximate joint
measurements, and study how these are constrained in different cases, whether
one specifies certain properties of the approximations---namely their standard
deviations and/or their bias---or not. Extending our previous work [C.
Branciard, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 6742 (2013)], we derive new
error-trade-off relations, which we prove to be tight for pure states. We show
explicitly how all previously known relations for Ozawa's inaccuracies follow
from ours. While our relations are in general not tight for mixed states, we
show how these can be strengthened and how tight relations can still be
obtained in that case.


  We prove that the Gaussent--Littelmann root operators on galleries can be
expressed purely in terms of retractions of a (Bruhat-Tits) building. In
addition we establish a connection to the root datum at infinity.


  In the paper Proposed model for calculating the standard formation enthalpy
of binary transition-metal systems, Zhang and Liu proposed to modify the
standard Miedema model. This, to include atomic size effects by a prefactor
S(c). After applying formulae proposed by Zhang and Liu, it was not possible to
reproduce their results. So, their equations were analyzed, and it was found
that the results can be reproduced if the equation for the prefactor S(C) is
modified.It is shown that the equation of S(C) can be expressed in an
alternative way, in which the difference of surface area is eliminated. Then,
the difference in size of the atoms, expressed as a difference in surface area,
the justification stated by Zhang and Liu for the introduction of S(c), is no
longer present after the analysis.


  We investigate theoretically a one-dimensional ideal Bose gas that is driven
into a steady state far from equilibrium via the coupling to two heat baths: a
global bath of temperature $T$ and a "hot needle", a bath of temperature
$T_h\gg T$ with localized coupling to the system. Remarkably, this system
features a crossover to finite-size Bose condensation at temperatures $T$ that
are orders of magnitude larger than the equilibrium condensation temperature.
This counterintuitive effect is explained by a suppression of long-wavelength
excitations resulting from the competition between both baths. Moreover, for
sufficiently large needle temperatures ground-state condensation is superseded
by condensation into an excited state, which is favored by its weaker coupling
to the hot needle. Our results suggest a general strategy for the preparation
of quantum degenerate nonequilibrium steady states with unconventional
properties and at large temperatures.


  Measuring the integrated stellar halo light around galaxies is very
challenging. The surface brightness of these haloes are expected to be many
magnitudes below dark sky and the central brightness of the galaxy. Here I show
that in some of the recent literature the effect of very extended Point Spread
Function (PSF) tails on the measurements of halo light has been underestimated;
especially in the case of edge-on disc galaxies. The detection of a halo along
the minor axis of an edge-on galaxy in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field can largely
be explained by scattered galaxy light. Similarly, depending on filter and the
shape one assumes for the uncertain extended PSF, 20 to 80 per cent of the halo
light found along the minor axis of scaled and stacked Sloan Digital Sky Survey
(SDSS) edge-on galaxy images can be explained by scattered galaxy light.
Scattered light also significantly contributes to the anomalous halo colours of
stacked SDSS images. The scattered light fraction decreases when looking in the
quadrants away from the minor axis. The remaining excess light is well modelled
with a Sersic profile halo with shape parameters based on star count halo
detections of nearby galaxies. Even though the contribution from PSF scattered
light does not fully remove the need for extended components around these
edge-on galaxies, it will be very challenging to make accurate halo light shape
and colour measurements from integrated light without very careful PSF
measurements and scattered light modelling.


  Recent advances in the areas of Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and
Machine Learning have contributed to the rise of a growing number of complex
applications. These applications will be data-intensive, delay-sensitive, and
real-time as smart devices prevail more in our daily life. Ensuring Quality of
Service (QoS) for delay-sensitive applications is a must, and fog computing is
seen as one of the primary enablers for satisfying such tight QoS requirements,
as it puts compute, storage, and networking resources closer to the user. In
this paper, we first introduce FogPlan, a framework for QoS-aware Dynamic Fog
Service Provisioning (QDFSP). QDFSP concerns the dynamic deployment of
application services on fog nodes, or the release of application services that
have previously been deployed on fog nodes, in order to meet low latency and
QoS requirements of applications while minimizing cost. FogPlan framework is
practical and operates with no assumptions and minimal information about IoT
nodes. Next, we present a possible formulation (as an optimization problem) and
two efficient greedy algorithms for addressing the QDFSP at one instance of
time. Finally, the FogPlan framework is evaluated using a simulation based on
real-world traffic traces.


  Android is Google's latest open source software platform for mobile devices
which has already attained enormous popularity. The purpose of this paper is to
describe the development of mobile application for shopping mall using Android
platform. A prototype was developed for the shoppers of Bashundhara Shopping
Mall of Bangladesh. This prototype will serve as a framework for any such
applications (apps). The paper presents a practical demonstration of how to
integrate shops' information, such as names, categories, locations,
descriptions, floor layout and so forth, with map module via an android
application. A summary of survey results of the related literature and projects
have also been included. Critical Evaluation of the prototype along with future
research and development plan has been revealed. The paper will serve as a
guideline for the researchers and developers to introduce and develop similar
apps.


  We consider gauge theories with multitrace deformations in the context of
certain AdS/CFT models with explicit breaking of conformal symmetry and
supersymmetry. In particular, we study the standard four-dimensional confining
model based on the D4-brane metric at finite temperature. We work in the
self-consistent Hartree approximation, which becomes exact in the large-N limit
and is equivalent to the AdS/CFT multitrace prescription that has been proposed
in the literature. We show that generic multitrace perturbations have important
effects on the phase structure of these models. Most notably they can induce
new types of large-N first-order phase transitions.


  The standard approaches for describing top quark production and its decay
dynamics are currently mostly either based on the narrow-width (NW) limit or on
off-shell fixed-order calculations. In this article we present a factorised
approach for boosted top quarks that combines the properties of the NW limit
and off-shell computations accounting for the dominant off-shell effects in an
expansion in $m_t/Q$ with the hard scattering scale $Q$. We discuss the key
ideas of our approach and show some preliminary results at tree-level.


  Since most inverse problems arising in scientific and engineering
applications are ill-posed, prior information about the solution space is
incorporated, typically through regularization, to establish a well-posed
problem with a unique solution. Often, this prior information is an assumed
statistical distribution of the desired inverse problem solution. Recently, due
to the unprecedented success of generative adversarial networks (GANs), the
generative network from a GAN has been implemented as the prior information in
imaging inverse problems. In this paper, we devise a novel iterative algorithm
to solve inverse problems in imaging where a dual-structured prior is imposed
by combining a GAN prior with the compound Gaussian (CG) class of
distributions. A rigorous computational theory for the convergence of the
proposed iterative algorithm, which is based upon the alternating direction
method of multipliers, is established. Furthermore, elaborate empirical results
for the proposed iterative algorithm are presented. By jointly exploiting the
powerful CG and GAN classes of image priors, we find, in compressive sensing
and tomographic imaging problems, our proposed algorithm outperforms and
provides improved generalizability over competitive prior art approaches while
avoiding performance saturation issues in previous GAN prior-based methods.


  Elastic turbulence is a chaotic regime that emerges in polymer solutions at
low Reynolds numbers. A common way to ensure stability in numerical simulations
of polymer solutions is to add artificially large polymer-stress diffusion. In
order to assess the accuracy of this approach in the elastic-turbulence regime,
we compare numerical simulations of the two-dimensional Oldroyd-B and FENE-P
models sustained by a cellular force with and without artificial diffusion. We
find that artificial diffusion can have a dramatic effect even on the
large-scale properties of the flow and we show some of the spurious phenomena
that may arise when artificial diffusion is used.


  It is now well-known that the surface magnetic fields observed in cool,
lower-mass stars on the main sequence (MS) are generated by dynamos operating
in their convective envelopes. However, higher-mass stars (above 1.5 Msun) pass
their MS lives with a small convective core and a largely radiative envelope.
Remarkably, notwithstanding the absence of energetically-important envelope
convection, we observe very strong (from 300 G to 30 kG) and organised (mainly
dipolar) magnetic fields in a few percent of the A and B-type stars on the MS,
the origin of which is not well understood. In this poster we propose that
these magnetic fields could be of fossil origin, and we present very strong
observational results in favour of this proposal.


  The Hausdorff distance is a relatively new measure of similarity of graphs.
The notion of the Hausdorff distance considers a special kind of a common
subgraph of the compared graphs and depends on the structural properties
outside of the common subgraph. There was no known efficient algorithm for the
problem of determining the Hausdorff distance between two trees, and in this
paper we present a polynomial-time algorithm for it. The algorithm is recursive
and it utilizes the divide and conquer technique. As a subtask it also uses the
procedure that is based on the well known graph algorithm of finding the
maximum bipartite matching.


  Neural IR models, such as DRMM and PACRR, have achieved strong results by
successfully capturing relevance matching signals. We argue that the context of
these matching signals is also important. Intuitively, when extracting,
modeling, and combining matching signals, one would like to consider the
surrounding text (local context) as well as other signals from the same
document that can contribute to the overall relevance score. In this work, we
highlight three potential shortcomings caused by not considering context
information and propose three neural ingredients to address them: a
disambiguation component, cascade k-max pooling, and a shuffling combination
layer. Incorporating these components into the PACRR model yields Co-PACRR, a
novel context-aware neural IR model. Extensive comparisons with established
models on Trec Web Track data confirm that the proposed model can achieve
superior search results. In addition, an ablation analysis is conducted to gain
insights into the impact of and interactions between different components. We
release our code to enable future comparisons.


  We present the analysis of two-particle angular correlations using coordinate
systems defined with the conventional beam axis and the event thrust axis, and
propose the latter to be a useful representation for the correlation structure
interpretation in the $e^+ e^-$ collision system. The $e^+ e^-$ collisions to
hadronic final states at center-of-mass energies of $\sqrt{s} = 10.52$ GeV and
$10.58$ GeV are recorded by the Belle detector at KEKB. In this paper, results
on the first dataset are supplementary to the previous Belle publication
arXiv:2201.01694 while the latter one is the first two-particle correlation
measurement at a collision energy on the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance and sensitive
to its decay products. Measurements are reported as a function of the
charged-particle multiplicity. Finally, a qualitative understanding of the
correlation structure is discussed using a combination of Monte Carlo
simulations and experimental data.


  Plasma wakefields can enable very high accelerating gradients for frontier
high energy particle accelerators, in excess of 10 GeV/m. To overcome limits on
total acceleration achievable, specially shaped drive beams can be used in both
linear and nonlinear plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFA), to increase the
transformer ratio, implying that the drive beam deceleration is minimized
relative to acceleration obtained in the wake. In this Letter, we report the
results of a nonlinear PWFA, high transformer ratio experiment using
high-charge, longitudinally asymmetric drive beams in a plasma cell. An
emittance exchange process is used to generate variable drive current profiles,
in conjunction with a long (multiple plasma wavelength) witness beam. The
witness beam is energy-modulated by the wakefield, yielding a response that
contains detailed spectral information in a single-shot measurement. Using
these methods, we generate a variety of beam profiles and characterize the
wakefields, directly observing beam-loaded transformer ratios up to R=7.8.
Furthermore, a spectrally-based reconstruction technique, validated by 3D
particle-in-cell simulations, is introduced to obtain the drive beam current
profile from the decelerating wake data.


  Learning fair representation is crucial for achieving fairness or debiasing
sensitive information. Most existing works rely on adversarial representation
learning to inject some invariance into representation. However, adversarial
learning methods are known to suffer from relatively unstable training, and
this might harm the balance between fairness and predictiveness of
representation. We propose a new approach, learning FAir Representation via
distributional CONtrastive Variational AutoEncoder (FarconVAE), which induces
the latent space to be disentangled into sensitive and nonsensitive parts. We
first construct the pair of observations with different sensitive attributes
but with the same labels. Then, FarconVAE enforces each non-sensitive latent to
be closer, while sensitive latents to be far from each other and also far from
the non-sensitive latent by contrasting their distributions. We provide a new
type of contrastive loss motivated by Gaussian and Student-t kernels for
distributional contrastive learning with theoretical analysis. Besides, we
adopt a new swap-reconstruction loss to boost the disentanglement further.
FarconVAE shows superior performance on fairness, pretrained model debiasing,
and domain generalization tasks from various modalities, including tabular,
image, and text.


  Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques have drawn significant
attention due to their ability to yield competitive results while updating only
a small portion of the adjustable parameters. However, existing PEFT methods
pose challenges in hyperparameter selection, such as choosing the rank for LoRA
or Adapter, or specifying the length of soft prompts. To address these
challenges, we propose a novel fine-tuning approach for neural models, named
Representation EDiting (RED), which modifies the representations generated at
some layers through the application of scaling and biasing operations. While
existing PEFT methods still demonstrate over-parameterization that could
potentially undermine the generalization ability acquired from pre-training,
RED can substantially reduce the number of trainable parameters by a factor of
25, 700 compared to full parameter fine-tuning and by a factor of 32 relative
to LoRA. Remarkably, RED achieves results comparable or superior to both full
parameter fine-tuning and other PEFT methods. Extensive experiments across
various model architectures and scales, including RoBERTa, GPT-2, T5, and
LLaMA-2, have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of RED1, thereby
positioning it as a promising PEFT strategy for large-scale neural models.


  The Lambert problem consists in connecting two given points in a given lapse
of time under the gravitational influence of a fixed center. While this problem
is very classical, we are concerned here with situations where friction forces
act alongside the Newtonian attraction. Under some boundedness assumptions on
the friction, there exists exactly one rectilinear solution if the two points
lie on the same ray, and at least two solutions travelling in opposite
directions otherwise.


  Given an existing trained neural network, it is often desirable to learn new
capabilities without hindering performance of those already learned. Existing
approaches either learn sub-optimal solutions, require joint training, or incur
a substantial increment in the number of parameters for each added domain,
typically as many as the original network. We propose a method called
\emph{Deep Adaptation Networks} (DAN) that constrains newly learned filters to
be linear combinations of existing ones. DANs precisely preserve performance on
the original domain, require a fraction (typically 13\%, dependent on network
architecture) of the number of parameters compared to standard fine-tuning
procedures and converge in less cycles of training to a comparable or better
level of performance. When coupled with standard network quantization
techniques, we further reduce the parameter cost to around 3\% of the original
with negligible or no loss in accuracy. The learned architecture can be
controlled to switch between various learned representations, enabling a single
network to solve a task from multiple different domains. We conduct extensive
experiments showing the effectiveness of our method on a range of image
classification tasks and explore different aspects of its behavior.


  We prove that regular supercuspidal representations of $p$-adic groups are
uniquely determined by their character values on very regular elements -- a
special class of regular semisimple elements on which character formulae are
very simple -- provided that this locus is sufficiently large. As a
consequence, we resolve a question of Kaletha by giving a description of
Kaletha's $L$-packets of regular supercuspidal representations which mirrors
Langlands' construction for real groups following Harish-Chandra's
characterization theorem for discrete series representations. Our techniques
additionally characterize supercuspidal representations in general, giving
$p$-adic analogues of results of Lusztig on reductive groups over finite
fields. In particular, we establish an easy, non-cohomological characterization
of unipotent supercuspidal representations when the residue field of the base
field is sufficiently large.


  A conjecture stated by Raychaudhuri which claims that the only physical
perfect fluid non-rotating non-singular cosmological models are comprised in
the Ruiz-Senovilla and Fernandez-Jambrina families is shown to be incorrect. An
explicit counterexample is provided and the failure of the argument leading to
the result is explicitly pointed out.


  This paper investigates the effects of network constraints in energy system
models at transmission level on renewable energy generation and curtailment as
the network is being spatially aggregated. We seek to reproduce historically
measured curtailment in Germany for the years 2013-2018 using an open model of
the transmission system, PyPSA-Eur. Our simulations include spatial and
temporal considerations, including congestion per line as well as curtailment
per control zone and quarter. Results indicate that curtailment at high network
resolution is significantly overestimated due to inaccurate allocation of
electricity demand and renewable capacities to overloaded sites. However, high
congestion rates of the transmission network decrease as the network is
clustered to a smaller number of nodes, thus reducing curtailment. A measure to
capture errors in the assignment of electricity demand and power plants is
defined and hints towards a preferable spatial resolution. Thus, we are able to
balance the effects of accurate node assignment and network congestion
revealing that a reduced model can capture curtailment from recent historical
data. This shows that it is possible to reduce the network to improve
computation times and capture the most important effects of network constraints
on variable renewable energy feed-in at the same time.


  We address the analyticity and large time decay rates for strong solutions of
the Hall-MHD equations. By Gevrey estimates, we show that the strong solution
with small initial date in $H^r(\mathbb{R}^3)$ with $r>\f 52$ becomes analytic
immediately after $t>0$, and the radius of analyticity will grow like
$\sqrt{t}$ in time. Upper and lower bounds on the decay of higher order
derivatives are also obtained, which extends the previous work by Chae and
Schonbek (J. Differential Equations 255 (2013), 3971--3982).


  Many approaches to a semiclassical description of gravity lead to an integer
black hole entropy. In four dimensions this implies that the Schwarzschild
radius obeys a formula which describes the distance covered by a Brownian
random walk. For the higher-dimensional Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole,
its radius relates similarly to a fractional Brownian walk. We propose a
possible microscopic explanation for these random walk structures based on
microscopic chains which fill the interior of the black hole.


  Finite-state systems have applications in systems biology, formal
verification and synthesis of infinite-state (hybrid) systems, etc. As
deterministic finite-state systems, logical control networks (LCNs) consist of
a finite number of nodes which can be in a finite number of states and update
their states. In this paper, we investigate the synthesis problem for
observability of LCNs based on state feedback with exogenous input by using the
semitensor product proposed by Daizhan Cheng and the notion of observability
graph (previously called weighted pair graph) proposed by us. We show that
state feedback with exogenous input can either enforce or weaken observability
of an LCN. We prove that for an LCN $\Sigma$ and another closed-loop LCN
$\Sigma_{\mathcal{C}}$ obtained by feeding a state-feedback controller
$\mathcal{C}$ with exogenous input into $\Sigma$, (1) if $\Sigma$ is
observable, then $\Sigma_{\mathcal{C}}$ can be either observable or not; (2) if
$\Sigma$ is not observable, $\Sigma_{\mathcal{C}}$ can also be observable or
not. We also prove that if an unobservable LCN can be made observable by state
feedback with exogenous input, then it can also be made observable by state
feedback (without exogenous input, equivalent to state feedback with constant
input). Furthermore, we give an upper bound on the number of state-feedback
controllers that are needed to be tested in order to verify whether an
unobservable LCN can be made observable by state feedback, and based on the
procedure of obtaining the upper bound, we design an observability synthesis
algorithm, by additionally combining the ideas of a greedy algorithm and
dynamic programming. These results open the study of observability synthesis in
LCNs.


  An array of 3He-filled proportional counters will be used in the Sudbury
Neutrino Observatory to measure the neutral-current interaction of neutrinos
and deuterium. We describe the backgrounds to this detection method.


  We propose a class of qubit networks that admit perfect state transfer of any
two-dimensional quantum state in a fixed period of time. We further show that
such networks can distribute arbitrary entangled states between two distant
parties, and can, by using such systems in parallel, transmit the higher
dimensional systems states across the network. Unlike many other schemes for
quantum computation and communication, these networks do not require qubit
couplings to be switched on and off. When restricted to $N$-qubit spin networks
of identical qubit couplings, we show that $2\log_3 N$ is the maximal perfect
communication distance for hypercube geometries. Moreover, if one allows fixed
but different couplings between the qubits then perfect state transfer can be
achieved over arbitrarily long distances in a linear chain. This paper expands
and extends the work done in PRL 92, 187902.


  Density perturbations in cosmology, i.e. spherically symmetric adiabatic
perturbations of a Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) spacetime, are
locally exactly equivalent to a different FLRW solution, as long as their
wavelength is much larger than the sound horizon of all fluid components. This
fact is known as the "separate universe" paradigm. However, no such relation is
known for anisotropic adiabatic perturbations, which correspond to an FLRW
spacetime with large-scale tidal fields. Here, we provide a closed, fully
relativistic set of evolutionary equations for the nonlinear evolution of such
modes, based on the conformal Fermi (CFC) frame. We show explicitly that the
tidal effects are encoded by the Weyl tensor, and are hence entirely different
from an anisotropic Bianchi I spacetime, where the anisotropy is sourced by the
Ricci tensor. In order to close the system, certain higher derivative terms
have to be dropped. We show that this approximation is equivalent to the local
tidal approximation of Hui and Bertschinger (1995). We also show that this very
simple set of equations matches the exact evolution of the density field at
second order, but fails at third and higher order. This provides a useful,
easy-to-use framework for computing the fully relativistic growth of structure
at second order.


  We propose a new method for learning word representations using hierarchical
regularization in sparse coding inspired by the linguistic study of word
meanings. We show an efficient learning algorithm based on stochastic proximal
methods that is significantly faster than previous approaches, making it
possible to perform hierarchical sparse coding on a corpus of billions of word
tokens. Experiments on various benchmark tasks---word similarity ranking,
analogies, sentence completion, and sentiment analysis---demonstrate that the
method outperforms or is competitive with state-of-the-art methods. Our word
representations are available at
\url{http://www.ark.cs.cmu.edu/dyogatam/wordvecs/}.


  We prove a closed formula counting semistable twisted Higgs bundles of fixed
rank and degree over a smooth projective curve defined over a finite field. We
also prove a formula for the Donaldson-Thomas invariants of the moduli spaces
of twisted Higgs bundles over a curve.


  In this paper, we consider the so-called uniquely decodable one-to-one code
(UDOOC) that is formed by inserting a "comma" indicator, termed the unique word
(UW), between consecutive one-to-one codewords for separation. Along this
research direction, we first investigate several general combinatorial
properties of UDOOCs, in particular the enumeration of the number of UDOOC
codewords for any (finite) codeword length. Based on the obtained formula on
the number of length-n codewords for a given UW, the per-letter average
codeword length of UDOOC for the optimal compression of a given source
statistics can be computed. Several upper bounds on the average codeword length
of such UDOOCs are next established. The analysis on the bounds of average
codeword length then leads to two asymptotic bounds for sources having
infinitely many alphabets, one of which is achievable and hence tight for a
certain source statistics and UW, and the other of which proves the
achievability of source entropy rate of UDOOCs when both the block size of
source letters for UDOOC compression and UW length go to infinity. Efficient
encoding and decoding algorithms for UDOOCs are also given in this paper.
Numerical results show that the proposed UDOOCs can potentially result in
comparable compression rate to the Huffman code under similar decoding
complexity and yield a smaller average codeword length than that of the
Lempel-Ziv code, thereby confirming the practicability of UDOOCs.


  How can an author store digital information so that it will be reliably
useful, even years later when he is no longer available to answer questions?
Methods that might work are not good enough; what is preserved today should be
reliably useful whenever someone wants it. Prior proposals fail because they
confound saved data with irrelevant details of today's information
technology--details that are difficult to define, extract, and save completely
and accurately.
  We use a virtual machine to represent and eventually to render any data
whatsoever. We focus on a case of intermediate difficulty--an executable
procedure--and identify a variant for every other data type. This solution
might be more elaborate than needed to render some text, image, audio, or video
data. Simple data can be preserved as representations using well-known
standards. We sketch practical methods for files ranging from simple structures
to those containing computer programs, treating simple cases here and deferring
complex cases for future work. Enough of the complete solution is known to
enable practical aggressive preservation programs today.


  In this paper we present results illustrating the power and flexibility of
one-bit teleportations in quantum bus computation. We first show a scheme to
perform a universal set of gates on continuous variable modes, which we call a
quantum bus or qubus, using controlled phase-space rotations, homodyne
detection, ancilla qubits and single qubit measurement. The resource usage for
this scheme is lower than any previous scheme to date. We then illustrate how
one-bit teleportations into a qubus can be used to encode qubit states into a
quantum repetition code, which in turn can be used as an efficient method for
producing GHZ states that can be used to create large cluster states. Each of
these schemes can be modified so that teleportation measurements are
post-selected to yield outputs with higher fidelity, without changing the
physical parameters of the system.


  Large neutrino event numbers in future experiments measuring coherent elastic
neutrino nucleus scattering allow precision measurements of standard and new
physics. We analyze the current and prospective limits of a light scalar
particle coupling to neutrinos and quarks, using COHERENT and CONUS as
examples. Both lepton number conserving and violating interactions are
considered. It is shown that current (future) experiments can probe for scalar
masses of a few MeV couplings down to the level of $10^{-4}$ $(10^{-6})$.
Scalars with masses around the neutrino energy allow to determine their mass
via a characteristic spectrum shape distortion. Our present and future limits
are compared with constraints from supernova evolution, Big Bang
nucleosynthesis and neutrinoless double beta decay. We also outline UV-complete
underlying models that include a light scalar with coupling to quarks for both
lepton number violating and conserving coupling to neutrinos.


  We investigate whether there may be one or many companions orbiting at close
distance to the light cylinder around the extremely intermittent pulsars PSR
B1931+24 and PSR J1841-0500. These pulsars, behaving in a standard way when
they are active, also "switch off" for durations of several days, during which
their magnetospheric activity is interrupted or reduced. We constrained our
analysis on eight fundamental properties of PSR B1931+24 that summarise the
observations. We considered that the disruption/activation of the
magnetospheric activity would be caused by the direct interaction of the star
with the Alfv\'en wings emanating from the companions. We also considered the
recurrence period of 70 days to be the period of precession of the periastron
of the companions orbit. We analysed in which way the time scale of the
"on/off" pseudo-cycle would be conditioned by the precession of the periastron
and not by the orbital time scale, and we derived a set of orbital constraints
that we solved. We then compared the model, based on PSR 1931+24, with the
known properties of PSR 1841+0500. We conclude that PSR B1931+24 may be
surrounded at a close distance to the star by a stream of small bodies of
kilometric or sub-kilometric sizes that could originate from the tidal
disruption of a body of moderate size that fell at a close distance to the
neutron star on an initially very eccentric orbit. This scenario is also
compatible with the properties of PSR J1841-0500, although the properties of
PSR J1841-0500 are, by now, less constrained. These results raise new
questions. Why are the asteroids not yet evaporated ? What kind of interaction
can explain the disruption of the magnetospheric activity ? These questions are
the object of two papers in preparation that will complete the present
analysis.


  We provide a description of unlabelled enumeration techniques, with complete
proofs, for graphs that can be canonically obtained by substituting 2-pole
networks for the edges of core graphs. Using structure theorems for toroidal
and projective-planar graphs containing no K33-subdivisions, we apply these
techniques to obtain their unlabelled enumeration.


  The results of speckle interferometric observations of 115 metal-poor stars
[m/H]<-1 within 250 pc from the Sun and with proper motions mu <= 0.2"/yr, made
with the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, are reported. Close companions with separations ranging
from 0.034" to 1" were observed for 12 objects - G76-21, G59-1, G63-46,
G135-16, G168-42, G141-47, G142-44, G190-10, G28-43, G217-8, G130-7, and G89-14
- eight of them are astrometrically resolved for the first time. The newly
resolved systems include one triple star - G190-10. If combined with
spectroscopic and visual data, our results imply a
single:binary:triple:quadruple star ratio of 147:64:9:1 for a sample of 221
primary components of halo and thick-disk stars.


  Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method has proved its
potential in detecting highly resistive hydrocarbon bearing formations. A novel
frequency domain CSEM inversion approach using fictitious wave domain time
stepping modelling is presented. Using Lagrangian-based adjoint state method,
the inversion gradient with respect to resistivity can be computed by the
product between the forward and adjoint fields. Simulation of the adjoint field
using the same modelling engine is challenging as it requires time domain
adjoint source time functions while only a few discrete frequencies of the data
residual are available for the inversion. A regularized linear inverse problem
is formulated in order to estimate a long time series from very few frequency
samples. It can then be solved using linear optimization technique, yielding a
matrix-free implementation. Instead of computing adjoint source time function
one by one at each receiver location, a basis function implementation has been
developed such that the inverse problem can be solved only once and reused
every time to construct all time-domain adjoint sources. The method allows
computing all frequencies of the EM fields in one go without heavy memory and
computational overhead, making efficient 3D CSEM inversion feasible. Numerical
examples are employed to demonstrate the application of our method.


  The log transformation of the dependent variable is not innocuous when using
a difference-in-differences (DD) model. With a dependent variable in logs, the
DD term captures an approximation of the proportional difference in growth
rates across groups. As I show with both simulations and two empirical
examples, if the baseline outcome distributions are sufficiently different
across groups, the DD parameter for a log-specification can be different in
sign to that of a levels-specification. I provide a condition, based on (i) the
aggregate time effect, and (ii) the difference in relative baseline outcome
means, for when the sign-switch will occur.


  We present results from deep observations of the Galactic shell-type
supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7-3946 (also known as G347.3-0.5) conducted
with the complete H.E.S.S. array in 2004. Detailed morphological and spatially
resolved spectral studies reveal the very-high-energy (VHE -- Energies E > 100
GeV) gamma-ray aspects of this object with unprecedented precision. Since this
is the first in-depth analysis of an extended VHE gamma-ray source, we present
a thorough discussion of our methodology and investigations of possible sources
of systematic errors. Gamma rays are detected throughout the whole SNR. The
emission is found to resemble a shell structure with increased fluxes from the
western and northwestern parts. The differential gamma-ray spectrum of the
whole SNR is measured over more than two orders of magnitude, from 190 GeV to
40 TeV, and is rather hard with indications for a deviation from a pure power
law at high energies. Spectra have also been determined for spatially separated
regions of RX J1713.7-3946. The flux values vary by more than a factor of two,
but no significant change in spectral shape is found. There is a striking
correlation between the X-ray and the gamma-ray image. Radial profiles in both
wavelength regimes reveal the same shape almost everywhere in the region of the
SNR. The VHE gamma-ray emission of RX J1713.7-3946 is phenomenologically
discussed for two scenarios, one where the gamma rays are produced by VHE
electrons via Inverse Compton scattering and one where the gamma rays are due
to neutral pion decay from proton-proton interactions. In conjunction with
multi-wavelength considerations, the latter case is favoured. However, no
decisive conclusions can yet be drawn regarding the parent particle population
dominantly responsible for the gamma-ray emission from RX J1713.7-3946.


  The Loschmidt echo is a popular quantity that allows making predictions about
the stability of quantum states under time evolution. In our work, we present
an approach that allows us to find a differential equation that can be used to
compute the Loschmidt echo. This approach, while in essence perturbative, has
the advantage that it converges at finite order. We demonstrate that the
approach for generically chosen matrix Hamiltonians often offers advantages
over Taylor and cumulant expansions even when we truncate at finite order. We
then apply the approach to two ordinary band Hamiltonians (multi-Weyl
semimetals and AB bilayer graphene) to obtain the Loschmidt echo after a quench
for an arbitrary starting state and find that the results readily generalize to
find transmission amplitudes and specific contributions to the partition
function, too. We then test our methods on many body spin and fermionic
Hamiltonians and find that while the approach still offers advantages, more
care has to be taken than in a generic case.


  We characterize the biharmonic curves in the special linear group $SL(2,R)$.
In particular, we show that all proper biharmonic curves in $SL(2,R)$are
helices and we give their explicit parametrizations as curves in the
pseudo-Euclidean space $R^4_2$.


  It was shown in a recent paper by Boavida de Brito and Weiss that a
well-known construction which to a plain (=monochromatic) topological operad
associates a topological category and a functor from it to the category of
finite sets is homotopically fully faithful, under mild conditions on the
operads. The main result here is a generalization of that statement to
k-truncated plain topological operads. A k-truncated operad is a weaker version
of operad where all operations have arity at most k.


  Privacy policies are long, complex documents that end-users seldom read.
Privacy labels aim to ameliorate these issues by providing succinct summaries
of salient data practices. In December 2020, Apple began requiring that app
developers submit privacy labels describing their apps' data practices. Yet,
research suggests that app developers often struggle to do so. In this paper,
we automatically identify possible discrepancies between mobile app privacy
policies and their privacy labels. Such discrepancies could be indicators of
potential privacy compliance issues.
  We introduce the Automated Privacy Label Analysis System (ATLAS). ATLAS
includes three components: a pipeline to systematically retrieve iOS App Store
listings and privacy policies; an ensemble-based classifier capable of
predicting privacy labels from the text of privacy policies with 91.3% accuracy
using state-of-the-art NLP techniques; and a discrepancy analysis mechanism
that enables a large-scale privacy analysis of the iOS App Store.
  Our system has enabled us to analyze 354,725 iOS apps. We find several
interesting trends. For example, only 40.3% of apps in the App Store provide
easily accessible privacy policies, and only 29.6% of apps provide both
accessible privacy policies and privacy labels. Among apps that provide both,
88.0% have at least one possible discrepancy between the text of their privacy
policy and their privacy label, which could be indicative of a potential
compliance issue. We find that, on average, apps have 5.32 such potential
compliance issues.
  We hope that ATLAS will help app developers, researchers, regulators, and
mobile app stores alike. For example, app developers could use our classifier
to check for discrepancies between their privacy policies and privacy labels,
and regulators could use our system to help review apps at scale for potential
compliance issues.


  Spatial planning in cluttered environments is crucial for mobile systems,
particularly agile quadrotors. Existing methods, both optimization-based and
learning-based, often focus only on success rates in specific environments and
lack a unified platform with tasks of varying difficulty. To address this, we
introduce FlightBench, the first comprehensive open-source benchmark for 3D
spatial planning on quadrotors, comparing classical optimization-based methods
with emerging learning-based approaches. We also develop a suite of task
difficulty metrics and evaluation metrics to quantify the characteristics of
tasks and the performance of planning algorithms. Extensive experiments
demonstrate the significant advantages of learning-based methods for high-speed
flight and real-time planning, while highlighting the need for improvements in
complex conditions, such as navigating large corners or dealing with view
occlusion. We also conduct analytical experiments to justify the effectiveness
of our proposed metrics. Additionally, we show that latency randomization
effectively enhances performance in real-world deployments. The source code is
available at \url{https://github.com/thu-uav/FlightBench}.


  Eleven density functionals are compared with regard to their performance for
the lattice constants of solids. We consider standard functionals, such as the
local-density approximation and the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE)
generalized-gradient approximation (GGA), as well as variations of PBE GGA,
such as PBEsol and similar functionals, PBE-type functionals employing a
tighter Lieb-Oxford bound, and combinations thereof. Several of these
variations are proposed here for the first time. On a test set of 60 solids we
perform a system-by-system analysis for selected functionals and a full
statistical analysis for all of them. The impact of restoring the gradient
expansion and of tightening the Lieb-Oxford bound is discussed, and confronted
with previous results obtained from other codes, functionals or test sets. No
functional is uniformly good for all investigated systems, but surprisingly,
and pleasingly, the simplest possible modifications to PBE turn out to have the
most beneficial effect on its performance. The atomization energy of molecules
was also considered and on a testing set of six molecules, we found that the
PBE functional is clearly the best, the others leading to strong overbinding.


  We analyze optical soliton propagation in the presence of weak absorption
lines with much narrower linewidths as compared to the soliton spectrum width
using the novel perturbation analysis technique based on an integral
representation in the spectral domain. The stable soliton acquires spectral
modulation that follows the associated index of refraction of the absorber. The
model can be applied to ordinary soliton propagation and to an absorber inside
a passively modelocked laser. In the latter case, a comparison with water vapor
absorption in a femtosecond Cr:ZnSe laser yields a very good agreement with
experiment. Compared to the conventional absorption measurement in a cell of
the same length, the signal is increased by an order of magnitude. The obtained
analytical expressions allow further improving of the sensitivity and
spectroscopic accuracy making the soliton absorption spectroscopy a promising
novel measurement technique.


  The Wasserstein barycenter is a geometric construct which captures the notion
of centrality among probability distributions, and which has found many
applications in machine learning. However, most algorithms for finding even an
approximate barycenter suffer an exponential dependence on the dimension $d$ of
the underlying space of the distributions. In order to cope with this "curse of
dimensionality," we study dimensionality reduction techniques for the
Wasserstein barycenter problem. When the barycenter is restricted to support of
size $n$, we show that randomized dimensionality reduction can be used to map
the problem to a space of dimension $O(\log n)$ independent of both $d$ and
$k$, and that \emph{any} solution found in the reduced dimension will have its
cost preserved up to arbitrary small error in the original space. We provide
matching upper and lower bounds on the size of the reduced dimension, showing
that our methods are optimal up to constant factors. We also provide a coreset
construction for the Wasserstein barycenter problem that significantly
decreases the number of input distributions. The coresets can be used in
conjunction with random projections and thus further improve computation time.
Lastly, our experimental results validate the speedup provided by
dimensionality reduction while maintaining solution quality.


  We present a Macaulay2 package that produces compactifications of adjoint
orbits and of the fibres of symplectic Lefschetz fibrations on them. We use
Macaulay2 functions to calculate the corresponding Hodge diamonds, which then
reveal topological information about the Lefschetz fibrations.


  We investigate theoretically and numerically the diffusion-limited
evaporation of a liquid deposited on a fiber in two configurations: a sleeve
and a axisymmetric barrel-shaped droplet. For a sleeve, the local flux depends
on both the aspect ratio and the smallest length of the problem. By using
analytical calculations and 3D finite elements simulations, we predict a
divergence of this flux further localized at the edge as the aspect ratio
increases. The evaporation of axisymmetric drops on a fiber is studied with
numerical simulations. For sufficiently large volumes, we evidence that the
evaporation rate is almost independent of the wetting properties of the liquid,
even for small contact angles, and that the droplets evaporate as spheres of
the same volume.


  We address some of the most commonly raised questions about entanglement,
especially with regard to so-called occupation number entanglement. To answer
unambiguously whether entanglement can exist in a one-atom delocalized state,
we propose an experiment capable of showing violations of Bell's inequality
using only this state and local operations. As a byproduct, this experiment
suggests a means of creating an entangled state of two different chemical
species. By comparison with a massless system, we argue that there should be no
fundamental objection to such a superposition and its creation may be within
reach of present technology.


  We analyze the renormalization group flow in a recently constructed class of
integrable sigma-models which interpolate between WZW current algebra models
and the non-Abelian T-duals of PCM for a simple group G. They are characterized
by the integer level k of the current algebra, a deformation parameter lambda
and they exhibit a remarkable invariance involving the inversion of lambda. We
compute the beta-function for lambda to leading order in 1/k. Based on
agreement with previous results for the exact beta-function of the non-Abelian
bosonized Thirring model and matching global symmetries, we state that our
integrable models are the resummed version (capturing all counterterms in
perturbation theory) of the non-Abelian bosonized Thirring model for a simple
group G. Finally, we present an analogous treatment in a simple example of a
closely related class of models interpolating between gauged WZW coset CFTs and
the non-Abelian T-duals of PCM for the coset G/H.


  Quantum metrology fundamentally relies upon the efficient management of
quantum uncertainties. We show that, under equilibrium conditions, the
management of quantum noise becomes extremely flexible around the quantum
critical point of a quantum many-body system: this is due to the critical
divergence of quantum fluctuations of the order parameter, which, via
Heisenberg's inequalities, may lead to the critical suppression of the
fluctuations in conjugate observables. Taking the quantum Ising model as the
paradigmatic incarnation of quantum phase transitions, we show that it exhibits
quantum critical squeezing of one spin component, providing a scaling for the
precision of interferometric parameter estimation which, in dimensions $d \geq
2$, lies in between the standard quantum limit and the Heisenberg limit.
Quantum critical squeezing saturates the maximum metrological gain allowed by
the quantum Fisher information in $d=\infty$ (or with infinite-range
interactions) at all temperatures, and it approaches closely the bound in a
broad range of temperatures in $d=2$ and 3. This demonstrates the immediate
metrological potential of equilibrium many-body states close to quantum
criticality, which are accessible \emph{e.g.} to atomic quantum simulators via
elementary adiabatic protocols.


  We present a complete study of boundary bound states and related boundary
S-matrices for the sine-Gordon model with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Our
approach is based partly on the bootstrap procedure, and partly on the explicit
solution of the inhomogeneous XXZ model with boundary magnetic field and of the
boundary Thirring model. We identify boundary bound states with new ``boundary
strings'' in the Bethe ansatz. The boundary energy is also computed.


  Enshrouded in several well-known controversies, dwarf galaxies have been
extensively studied to learn about the underlying cosmology, notwithstanding
that physical processes regulating their properties are poorly understood. To
shed light on these processes, we introduce the Pandora suite of 17
high-resolution (3.5 parsec half-cell side) dwarf galaxy formation cosmological
simulations. Commencing with thermo-turbulent star formation and mechanical
supernova feedback, we gradually increase the complexity of physics
incorporated leading to full-physics models combining magnetism, on-the-fly
radiative transfer and the corresponding stellar photoheating, and
SN-accelerated cosmic rays. We investigate combinations of these processes,
comparing them with observations to constrain what are the main mechanisms
determining dwarf galaxy properties. We find hydrodynamical `SN feedback-only'
simulations struggle to produce realistic dwarf galaxies, leading either to
overquenched or too centrally concentrated, dispersion dominated systems when
compared to observed field dwarfs. Accounting for radiation with cosmic rays
results in extended and rotationally-supported systems. Spatially `distributed'
feedback leads to realistic stellar and HI masses as well as kinematics.
Furthermore, resolved kinematic maps of our full-physics models predict
kinematically distinct clumps and kinematic misalignments of stars, HI and HII
after star formation events. Episodic star formation combined with its
associated feedback induces more core-like dark matter central profiles, which
our `SN feedback-only' models struggle to achieve. Our results demonstrate the
complexity of physical processes required to capture realistic dwarf galaxy
properties, making tangible predictions for integral field unit surveys, radio
synchrotron emission, and for galaxy and multi-phase interstellar medium
properties that JWST will probe.


  Let g be a Lie algebra over a field F of characteristic zero, let C be a
certain tensor category of representations of g, and C-du a certain category of
duals. By a Tannaka reconstruction we associate to C and C-du a monoid M with
coordinate ring of matrix coefficients F[M], (which has in general no natural
coalgebra structure), as well as a Lie algebra Lie(M). We interprete the monoid
M algebraic geometrically as a weak algebraic monoid with Lie algebra Lie(M).
The monoid M acts by morphisms of varieties on every object of C, the Lie
algebra Lie(M) acts by the differentiated action.
  If g is in a natural way a subalgebra of Lie(M), we say that C and C-du are
good for integrating g. In this situation we treat: The adjoint action of the
unit group of M on Lie(M). The relation between g and M-invariant subspaces.
The embedding of F[M] in the dual of the universal enveloping algebra of g. A
Peter-and-Weyl-type theorem if the category C is semisimple. The
Jordan-Chevalley decompositions for certain elements of M and Lie(M). An
embedding theorem related to subalgebras of g which act locally finite.
Prounipotent subgroups of M, and generalized toric submonoids of M. We show
that C and C-du are good for integrating g, if the Lie algebra g is generated
by integrable locally finite elements.


  The nonlinear scalar field model of space-time film (Born -- Infeld type
nonlinear scalar field model) is considered. Its spherically symmetrical
solution is obtained. This solution gives the class of moving solitary
solutions or solitons with the Lorentz transformation. We consider the distant
interaction between such spheroidal solitons or spherons. This interaction is
caused by the nonlinearity of the model. Starting from the static configuration
with two spherons we show that the interaction under investigation is similar
to electromagnetic one.


  I report the discovery of two new Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars in Circinus via
detection of their C, N and He Near-Infrared emission lines, using ESO-NTT-SOFI
archival data. The H- and K-band spectra of WR67a and WR67b, indicate that they
are Wolf-Rayet stars of WN6h and WC8 sub-types, respectively. WR67a presents a
weak-lined spectrum probably reminiscent of young hydrogen rich main-sequence
stars such as WR25 in Car OB1 and HD97950 in NGC3603. Indeed, this conclusion
is reinforced by the close morphological match of the WR67a H- and K-band
spectra with that for WR21a, a known extremely massive binary system. WR67b is
probably a non-dusty WC8 Wolf-Rayet star that has a estimated heliocentric
distance of 2.7(0.9) kpc, which for its Galactic coordinates, puts the star
probably in the near portion of the Scutum-Centaurus arm.


  The solution to the problem of finding the minimum number of monochromatic
triples $(x,y,x+ay)$ with $a\geq 2$ being a fixed positive integer over any
2-coloring of $[1,n]$ was conjectured by Butler, Costello, and Graham (2010)
and Thanathipanonda (2009). We solve this problem using a method based on
Datskovsky's proof (2003) on the minimum number of monochromatic Schur triples
$(x,y,x+y)$. We do this by exploiting the combinatorial nature of the original
proof and adapting it to the general problem.


  A fluid motion through the flow element is presented in the kind of an
autooscillating system with the distributed parameters: mass, elasticity,
viscosity. The system contains a self-excited oscillator and possesses a
self-regulation on base of the intrinsic voluntary negative servo output
feedback. The interaction dynamics of the submerged jet, out-flowing out of a
flow element, with the homogeneous for it surrounding medium as well as
dynamics of evolution of the spiral-vortex structures, appearing at the
relative motion of fluids, are described for the first time. The conceptual
model of a flow in the kind of the completed system of the cause and effect
relationship, that presents the fluid motion process as a result in interaction
of the motive power, applied from without, and the internal wave mechanism,
selfregulating the flow structure and its intensity, is created.


  In this letter, we present an interactive probabilistic mapping framework for
a mobile manipulator picking objects from a pile. The aim is to map the scene,
actively decide where to go next and which object to pick, make changes to the
scene by picking the chosen object, and then map these changes alongside. The
proposed framework uses a novel dynamic Gaussian Process (GP) Implicit Surface
method to incrementally build and update the scene map that reflects
environment changes. Actively the framework provides the next-best-view,
balancing the need for picking object reachability with map information gain
(IG). To enforce a priority of visiting boundary segments over unknown regions,
the IG formulation includes an uncertainty gradient-based frontier score by
exploiting the GP kernel derivative. This leads to an efficient strategy that
addresses the often conflicting requirement of unknown environment exploration
and object picking exploitation given a limited execution horizon. We
demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework with software simulation and
real-life experiments.


  We model the effect of photon and ultra-light pseudoscalar mixing on the
propagation of electromagnetic radiation through the extragalactic medium. The
medium is modelled as a large number of magnetic domains, uncorrelated with one
another. We obtain an analytic expression for the different Stokes parameters
in the limit of small mixing angle. The different Stokes parameters are found
to increase linearly with the number of domains. We also verify this result by
direct numerical simulations. We use this formalism to estimate the effect of
pseudoscalar-photon mixing on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
polarization. We impose limits on the model parameters by the CMB observations.
We find that the currently allowed parameter range admits a CMB circular
polarization up to order $10^{-7}$.


  In electrophysiology, multielectrode array devices (MEA) are the gold
standard for the study of large ensambles of electrogenic cells. In the last
decades, thanks to the adoption of nanotechnologies, the study of physiological
and pathological conditions of electro-active cells in culture have becomes
increasingly accurate. In parallel, studies exploited the integration of
nanostructures with delivering capabilities with single-cell specificity and
high throughput in biosensing platforms. Delivery and recording have
independently led to great advances in neurobiology, however, their integration
on a single chip would give complete insights into pathologies development and
fundamental advancements in drug screening methods. In this work, we
demonstrate how a microfluidic-MEA technology may be used to record both
spontaneous and chemically induced activity in vitro. We propose a device that
can deliver molecules to only a few chosen cells and detecting the response in
cellular activity at multiple sites simultaneously. In addition, will be
discussed how the adoption of nanoporous metamaterial in place of
nanostructures might lower costs and speed up production. Furthermore, this
same material, will be identified for the first time in this work as
photoelectrical modulating material for eliciting electrogenic cells firing
activity. Specifically, by converting NIR laser pulses into stimulatory
currents, plasmonic metamaterials may be employed to induce action potentials.
This method enables remote access to optical pacing with precise spatiotemporal
control, allowing to be used as a valid alternative of the traditional
genetic-based optical stimulation techniques. Therefore, in addition to
pharmaceutical applications, these final characteristics may pave the way for a
new generation of minimally invasive, cellular type-independent all-optical
plasmonic pacemakers and muscle actuators.


  We study the stability of Hopfions embedded in the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) model
of two oppositely charged components. It has been shown by Babaev et al. [Phys.
Rev. B 65, 100512 (2002)] that this model contains the Faddeev-Skyrme (FS)
model, which is known to have topologically stable configurations with a given
Hopf charge, the so-called Hopfions. Hopfions are typically formed from a
unit-vector field that points to a fixed direction at spatial infinity and
locally forms a knot with a soft core. The GL model, however, contains extra
fields beyond the unit-vector field of the FS model and this can in principle
change the fate of topologically non-trivial configurations. We investigate the
stability of Hopfions in the two-component GL model both analytically (scaling)
and numerically (first order dissipative dynamics). A number of initial states
with different Hopf charges are studied; we also consider various different
scalar potentials, including a singular one. In all the cases studied, we find
that the Hopfions tend to shrink into a thin loop that is too close to a
singular configuration for our numerical methods to investigate.


  We present selected known results and some of their improvements, involving
Gurarii spaces. A Banach space is Gurarii if it has certain natural extension
property for almost isometric embeddings of finite-dimensional spaces. Deleting
the word "almost", we get the notion of a strong Gurarii space. There exists a
unique (up to isometry) separable Gurarii space, however strong Gurarii spaces
cannot be separable. The structure of the class of non-separable Gurarii spaces
seems to be not very well understood. We discuss some of their properties and
state some open questions. In particular, we characterize non-separable Gurarii
spaces in terms of skeletons of separable subspaces, we construct a
non-separable Gurarii space with a projectional resolution of the identity and
we show that no strong Gurarii space can be weakly Lindel\"of determined.


  The conventional oblique parameters analyses of precision electroweak data
can be consistently cast in the modern framework of the Standard Model
effective field theory (SMEFT) when restrictions are imposed on the SMEFT
parameter space so that it describes universal theories. However, the
usefulness of such analyses is challenged by the fact that universal theories
at the scale of new physics, where they are matched onto the SMEFT, can flow to
nonuniversal theories with renormalization group (RG) evolution down to the
electroweak scale, where precision observables are measured. The departure from
universal theories at the electroweak scale is not arbitrary, but dictated by
the universal parameters at the matching scale. But to define oblique
parameters, and more generally universal parameters at the electroweak scale
that directly map onto observables, additional prescriptions are needed for the
treatment of RG-induced nonuniversal effects. We perform a RG analysis of the
SMEFT description of universal theories, and discuss the impact of RG on
simplified, universal-theories-motivated approaches to fitting precision
electroweak and Higgs data.


  A simple site-diluted classical XY model is proposed to study the magnetic
properties of the ferromagnetic polycrystalline
Fe[Se$_2$CN(C$_2$H$_5$)$_2$]$_2$Cl diluted with diamagnetic
Zn[S$_2$CN(C$_2$H$_5$)$_2$]$_2$. An extra superexchange interaction is assumed
between next-nearest-neighbors on a simple cubic lattice, which are induced by
a diluted ion. The critical properties are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations
using a hybrid algorithm, single histograms procedures and finite-size scaling
techniques. Quite good fits to the experimental results of the ordering
temperature are obtained, namely its much less rapidly decreasing with dilution
than predicted by the standard diluted 3$d$ XY model, and the change in
curvature around $86\%$ of the magnetic Fe[Se$_2$CN(C$_2$H$_5$)$_2$]$_2$Cl
compound.


  The non-Hermitian skin effect is a distinctive phenomenon in non-Hermitian
systems, which manifests as the anomalous localization of bulk states at the
boundary. To understand the physical origin of the non-Hermitian skin effect, a
bulk band characterization based on the dynamical degeneracy on an equal
frequency contour is proposed, which reflects the strong anisotropy of the
spectral function. In this paper, we report the experimental observation of
both phenomena in a two-dimensional acoustic crystal, and reveal their
remarkable correspondence by performing single-frequency excitation
measurements. Our work not only provides a controllable experimental platform
for studying the non-Hermitian physics, but also confirms the correspondence
between the non-Hermitian skin effect and the dynamical degeneracy splitting,
paving a new way to characterize the non-Hermitian skin effect.


  Design and operational performance of table-top measurement apparatus is
presented towards direct Planck constant traceable high accuracy and high
precision small forces and optical power measurements within SI unit system. An
electromagnetic force compensation weighing balances, highly reflective mirrors
and high-energy pulsed laser unit (static average power 20 W) are tailored
together with a specially developed opto-electro-mechanical measurement
infrastructure for cross-mapping the scale-systems of precision small force
measurements obtained with a state-of-the-art classical kinematic system
employing Kibble balance principle in the range of 10 nN to 4000 nN in
comparison with forces generated due to quantum-mechanical effect namely the
transfer of the momentum of the photons from a macroscopic object. Detailed
overview of the adapted measurement methodology, the static and the limits of
dynamic measurement, the metrological traceability routes of the measurement
parameters, quantities and their measurement uncertainties, parametric
up(down)-scaling perspectives of the measurements are presented with respect to
the state-of-the-art measurement principles and standard procedures within the
newly redefined International System of Units (SI).


  A scheme to derive hadronic interactions induced by effective multi-quark
terms is presented within the framework of chiral effective field theory. It is
employed to work out the list of parity- and time-reversal-symmetry-violating
hadronic interactions that are relevant for the computation of nuclear
contributions to the electric dipole moments of the hydrogen-2, helium-3 and
hydrogen-3 nuclei. We also derive the scattering and Faddeev equations required
to compute electromagnetic form factors in general and electric dipole moments
in particular.


  We systematically calculate the radiative corrections of order $\alpha/\pi$
to elastic muon-proton scattering at low momentum transfers. These include
vacuum polarization, photon-loop form factors of the muon and the proton,
two-photon exchange corrections and soft photon radiation. In particular, we
discuss these corrections for the kinematics of the upcomimg AMBER experiment
with a $100\,$GeV muon beam energy. It is found that for the ratio to the Born
cross section, only the minor terms from the photon-loop form factors of the
proton and two-photon exchange depend on the proton structure predetermined by
the strong interactions. Since a prominent role among the radiative corrections
is played by soft photon radiation, the calculation of the bremsstrahlung
process $\mu p \to\mu p \gamma$ should be extended beyond the soft photon
approximation and tailored to the specific experimental conditions.


  A large body of literature has shown the substantial inter-regional
functional connectivity in the mammal brain. One important property remaining
un-studied is the cross-time interareal connection. This paper serves to
provide a tool to characterize the cross-time functional connectivity. The
method is extended from the temporal embedding based brain temporal coherence
analysis. Both synthetic data and in-vivo data were used to evaluate the
various properties of the cross-time functional connectivity matrix, which is
also called the cross-regional temporal coherence matrix.


  Kinetic equations for the stationary state distribution function of ions
moving through narrow pores are solved for a number of one-dimensional models
of single ion transport. Ions move through pores of length $L$, under the
action of a constant external field and of a concentration gradient. The
interaction of single ions with the confining pore surface and with water
molecules inside the pore are modelled by a Fokker-Planck term in the kinetic
equation, or by uncorrelated collisions with thermalizing centres distributed
along the pore. The temporary binding of ions to polar residues lining the pore
is modelled by stopping traps or energy barriers. Analytic expressions for the
stationary ion current through the pore are derived for several versions of the
model, as functions of key physical parameters. In all cases, saturation of the
current at high fields is predicted. Such simple models, for which results are
analytic, may prove useful in the study of the current/voltage relations of ion
channels through membranes.


  Theoretical results show that neural networks can be approximated by Gaussian
processes in the infinite-width limit. However, for fully connected networks,
it has been previously shown that for any fixed network width, $n$, the
Gaussian approximation gets worse as the network depth, $d$, increases. Given
that modern networks are deep, this raises the question of how well modern
architectures, like ResNets, are captured by the infinite-width limit. To
provide a better approximation, we study ReLU ResNets in the
infinite-depth-and-width limit, where both depth and width tend to infinity as
their ratio, $d/n$, remains constant. In contrast to the Gaussian
infinite-width limit, we show theoretically that the network exhibits
log-Gaussian behaviour at initialization in the infinite-depth-and-width limit,
with parameters depending on the ratio $d/n$. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we
demonstrate that even basic properties of standard ResNet architectures are
poorly captured by the Gaussian limit, but remarkably well captured by our
log-Gaussian limit. Moreover, our analysis reveals that ReLU ResNets at
initialization are hypoactivated: fewer than half of the ReLUs are activated.
Additionally, we calculate the interlayer correlations, which have the effect
of exponentially increasing the variance of the network output. Based on our
analysis, we introduce Balanced ResNets, a simple architecture modification,
which eliminates hypoactivation and interlayer correlations and is more
amenable to theoretical analysis.


  In the analysis of elastic-scattering experimental data, optical-model
parameters (usually, depths of real and imaginary potentials) are fitted and
conclusions are drawn analyzing their variations at bombardment energies close
to the Coulomb barrier (threshold anomaly). The judgement about the shape of
this variation (related to the physical processes producing this anomaly)
depends on these fitted values but the robustness of the conclusions strongly
depends on the uncertainties with which these parameters are derived. We will
show that previous published studies have not used a common criterium for the
evaluation of the parameter uncertainties. In this work, a study of these
uncertainties is presented, using conventional statistic tools as well as
bootstrapping techniques. As case studies, these procedures are applied to
re-analyze detailed elastic-scattering data for the $^{12}$C + $^{208}$Pb and
the $^6$Li + $^{80}$Se systems.


  Two classes of Gamma Ray Bursts have been identified so far, characterized by
T_90 durations shorter and longer than approximately 2 seconds. We show here
that the BATSE 3B data allow a good fit with three Gaussian distributions in
log T_90. The chi^2 statistic indicates a 40 % probability for two Gaussians,
whereas the three-Gaussian fit probability is 98 %. Using another statistical
method, it is argued that the probability that the third class is a random
fluctuation is less than 0.02 %.


  Brans-Dicke (BD), one of the first proposed scalar-tensor theories of
gravity, effectively makes the gravitational constant of general relativity
(GR) time-dependent. Constraints on the BD parameter $\omega$ serve as a
benchmark for testing GR, which is recovered in the limit $\omega \rightarrow
\infty$. Current small-scale astrophysical constraints $\omega \gtrsim 10^5$
are much tighter than large-scale cosmological constraints $\omega \gtrsim
10^3$, but the two decouple if the true theory of gravity features screening.
On the largest cosmological scales, BD approximates the most general
second-order scalar-tensor (Horndeski) theory, so constraints here have wider
implications. These constraints will improve with upcoming large-scale
structure and cosmic microwave background surveys. To constrain BD with weak
gravitational lensing, one needs its nonlinear matter power spectrum
$P_\mathrm{BD}$. By comparing the boost $B = P_\mathrm{BD}/P_\mathrm{GR}$ from
linear theory and nonlinear $N$-body simulations, we show that the nonlinear
boost can simply be predicted from linear theory if the BD and GR universes are
parameterized in a way that makes their early cosmological evolution and
quasilinear power today similar. In particular, they need the same $H_0 /
\sqrt{\smash[b]{G_{\rm eff}(a=0)}}$ and $\sigma_8$, where $G_{\rm eff}$ is the
(effective) gravitational strength. Our prediction is $1\%$ accurate for
$\omega \geq 100$, $z \leq 3$, and $k \leq 1\,h/\mathrm{Mpc}$; and $2\%$ up to
$k \leq 5\,h/\mathrm{Mpc}$. It also holds for $G_\mathrm{BD}$ that do not match
Newton's constant today, so one can study GR with different gravitational
constants $G_\mathrm{GR}$ by sending $\omega \rightarrow \infty$. We provide a
code that computes $B$ with the linear Einstein-Boltzmann solver hi_class and
multiplies it by the nonlinear $P_\mathrm{GR}$ from EuclidEmulator2 to predict
$P_\mathrm{BD}$.


  Social decisions made by individuals are easily influenced by information
from their social neighborhoods. A key predictor of social contagion is the
multiplicity of social contexts inside the individual's contact neighborhood,
which is termed structural diversity. However, the existing models have limited
decomposability for analyzing large-scale networks, and suffer from the
inaccurate reflection of social context diversity. In this paper, we propose a
new truss-based structural diversity model to overcome the weak
decomposability. Based on this model, we study a novel problem of truss-based
structural diversity search in a graph G, that is, to find the r vertices with
the highest truss-based structural diversity and return their social contexts.
o tackle this problem, we propose an online structural diversity search
algorithm in $O(\rho(m+\mathcal{T}))$ time, where $\rho$, $m$, and
$\mathcal{T}$ are respectively the arboricity, the number of edges, and the
number of triangles in $G$. To improve the efficiency, we design an elegant and
compact index, called TSD-index, for further expediting the search process. We
further optimize the structure of TSD-index into a highly compressed GCT-index.
Our GCT-index-based structural diversity search utilizes the global triangle
information for fast index construction and finds answers in $O(m)$ time.
Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our
proposed model and algorithms, against state-of-the-art methods.


  We consider sequences of finite weighted random graphs that converge locally
to unimodular i.i.d. weighted random trees. When the weights are atomless, we
prove that the matchings of maximal weight converge locally to a matching on
the limiting tree. For this purpose, we introduce and study unimodular
matchings on weighted unimodular random trees as well as a notion of optimality
for these objects. In this context, we prove that, in law, there is a unique
optimal unimodular matching for a given unimodular tree. We then prove that
this law is the local limit of the sequence of matchings of maximal weight.
Along the way, we also show that this law is characterised by an equation
derived from a message passing algorithm.