  Proteins belonging to immunoglobulin superfamily(IgSF) show remarkably
conserved nature both in their folded structure and in their folding process,
but they neither originate from very similar sequences nor demonstrate
functional conservation. Treating proteins as fractal objects, without studying
spatial conservation in positioning of particular residues in IgSF, this work
probed the roots structural invariance of immunoglobulins(Ig). Symmetry in
distribution of mass, hydrophobicity, polarizability recorded very similar
extents in Ig and in structurally-closest non-Ig structures. They registered
similar symmetries in dipole-dipole, {\pi}-{\pi}, cation-{\pi} cloud
interactions and also in distribution of active chiral centers, charged
residues and hydrophobic residues. But in contrast to non-Ig proteins, extents
of residual interaction symmetries in Ig.s of largely varying sizes are found
to converge to exactly same magnitude of correlation dimension - these are
named 'structural attractors', who's weightages depend on ensuring exact
convergence of pairwise-interaction symmetries to attractor magnitude. Small
basin of attraction for Ig attractors explained the strict and consistent
quality control in ensuring stability and functionality of IgSF proteins. Low
dependency of attractor weightage on attractor magnitude demonstrated that
residual-interaction symmetry with less pervasive nature can also be crucial in
ensuring Ig stability.


  We introduce two new conditions for bounded domains, namely
$A^p$-completeness and boundary blow down type, and show that, for two bounded
domains $D_1$ and $D_2$ that are $A^p$-complete and not of boundary blow down
type, if there exists a linear isometry from $A^p(D_1)$ to $A^{p}(D_2)$ for
some real number $p>0$ with $p\neq $ even integers, then $D_1$ and $D_2$ must
be holomorphically equivalent, where for a domain $D$, $A^p(D)$ denotes the
space of $L^p$ holomorphic functions on $D$.


  Measurement of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies has been
playing a lead role in precision cosmology by providing some of the tightest
constrains on cosmological models and parameters. However, precision can only
be meaningful when all major systematic effects are taken into account.
Non-circular beams in CMB experiments can cause large systematic deviation in
the angular power spectrum, not only by modifying the measurement at a given
multipole, but also introducing coupling between different multipoles through a
deterministic bias matrix. Here we add a mechanism for emulating the effect of
a full bias matrix to the Planck likelihood code through the parameter
estimation code SCoPE. We show that if the angular power spectrum was measured
with a non-circular beam, the assumption of circular Gaussian beam or
considering only the diagonal part of the bias matrix can lead to huge error in
parameter estimation. We demonstrate that, at least for elliptical Gaussian
beams, use of scalar beam window functions obtained via Monte Carlo simulations
starting from a fiducial spectrum, as implemented in Planck analyses for
example, leads to em only few percent of sigma deviation of the best-fit
parameters. However, we notice more significant differences in the posterior
distributions for some of the parameters, which would in turn lead to incorrect
errorbars. These differences can be reduced, so that the errorbars match within
few percent, by adding an iterative reanalysis step, where the beam window
function would be recomputed using the best-fit spectrum estimated in the first
step.


  The spectral function for finite nuclei is computed within the framework of
the Local Density Approximation, starting from nuclear matter spectral
functions obtained with a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction. The spectral
function is decomposed into a single-particle part and a ''correlated'' part;
the latter is treated in the local density approximation.
  As an application momentum distributions, quasi-particle strengths and
overlap functions for valence hole states, and the light-cone momentum
distribution in finite nuclei are computed.


  The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next generation of Imaging
Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. It would reach unprecedented sensitivity and
energy resolution in very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. In order to reach
these goals, the systematic uncertainties derived from the varying atmospheric
conditions shall be reduced to the minimum. Different instruments may help to
account for these uncertainties. Several groups in the CTA consortium are
currently building Raman LIDARs to be installed at the CTA sites. Raman LIDARs
are devices composed of a powerful laser that shoots into the atmosphere, a
collector that gathers the backscattered light from molecules and aerosols, a
photosensor, an optical module that spectrally select wavelengths of interest,
and a read-out system. Raman LIDARs can reduce the systematic uncertainties in
the reconstruction of the gamma-ray energies down to 5 % level. All Raman
LIDARs subject of this work, have design features that make them different than
typical Raman LIDARs used in atmospheric science, and are characterized by
large collecting mirrors ($\sim2~$m$^2$). They have multiple elastic and Raman
read-out channels (at least 4) and custom-made optics design. In this paper,
the motivation for Raman LIDARs, the design and the status of advance of these
technologies are described.


  The exploration of existing commercial opportunities has been increasing the
share of commercial (non-aeronautical) revenues in the total revenues of
airports worldwide. These revenues, also called commercial, non-aeronautical,
or non-tariff revenues, come from rentals, duty-free shops, food and beverage
sales, parking, advertising, etc. In other words, everything that is not the
main business of the airport. Consequently, the dependence on commercial
revenues has also become increasingly important, and airport managers are
interested in understanding how to improve their financial results with this
new revenue source, as it not only improves financial outcomes but also
optimizes passengers' time and money consumption options at airports.
Therefore, this chapter seeks to discuss the main determinants of commercial
revenues at national airports, analyzing the possible impacts of the behavior
of passengers from low-cost carriers (LCC) on these revenues, combined with
other determining factors.


  Whether the quantum mechanics (QM) is non-local is an issue disputed for a
long time. The violation of the Bell-type inequalities was considered as
proving this non-locality. However, these inequalities are constructed on a
class of local hidden variables, which obey the calculus with positive
probabilities. Such a calculus is rather suitable for billiard balls while the
QM deals with wave-packets of complex amplitudes. There is no wonder that a
calculus with positive numbers does not match a calculus with complex numbers.
The present text describes a different model of hidden variables for
entanglements, model that reproduces the quantum predictions in different
experiments, and also explains why the QM is nonlocal. The model deals with
waves, some of them full and the others empty, and the hidden variables mark
which waves are full. The basic physical concept with which the model operates
is joint amplitudes of probability, and not probabilities. The latter are a
secondary concept, the probability of a combination of results being equal to
the absolute square of sum of all the contributing joint amplitudes. Thus the
non-locality appears: a) a joint amplitude ignores distance, it handles distant
particles as if they were one single particle at one single place, b) joint
amplitudes are complex numbers and the sum of several contributions may vanish,
blocking the respective combination of wave-packets and therefore of results.
Although showing the success of the model, this text does not advocate for
full/empty waves. It is shown that this hypothesis works only as long as one
does not consider moving observers, and does not compare their conclusions. The
real purpose here is to point to a severe impasse: assuming the existence of a
preferred frame contradicts the theory of relativity, while refuting the
full/empty waves idea one runs into other insurmountable difficulties.


  We present a set of conditions which, if satisfied, provide for a complete
asymptotic analysis of random matrices with source term containing two distinct
eigenvalues. These conditions are shown to be equivalent to the existence of a
particular algebraic curve. For the case of a quartic external field, the curve
in question is proven to exist, yielding precise asymptotic information about
the limiting mean density of eigenvalues, as well as bulk and edge
universality.


  I present a GHRS archival study of the interstellar absorption lines in the
line-of-sight to the HI-rich starburst dwarf galaxy NGC 1705, in the 1170 to
1740A range at ~ 120 km/s resolution. The absorption features arising due to
photospheric lines are distinctly different from the interstellar lines. The
interstellar lines consist of three relatively narrow components at LSR
velocities of -20, 260 and 540 km/s and include absorption by neutral atoms,
singly ionized atoms and atoms in higher ionization states. The analysis
presented in this paper consists of (1) a list of all interstellar absorption
features with > 3 sigma significance and their measured equivalent widths and
(2) plots of the lines in the various atomic species together with the results
of non-linear least square fit profiles to the observed data and (3)
unpublished 21-cm maps from the Wakker & van Woerden survey showing the
large-scale HI distribution in the region near the NGC 1705 sightline and high
velocity cloud HVC 487. Further, I report weak N I 1200A triplet absorption for
the supershell component, which in the absence of dust depletion and ionization
corrections implies a low N abundance. A low N abundance for the supershell is
consistent with an interpretation of nucleosynthetic enrichment by time-delayed
"primary" nitrogen production, the age estimate of 10 - 20 x 10^6 years for the
central superstar cluster NGC 1705-1 (Heckman and Leitherer, 1997) and the
underabundance of Fe reported by Sahu and Blades (1997).


  Spectroscopic observations of 48 emission-line objects of M33 have been
obtained with the multi-object, wide field, fibre spectrograph AF2/WYFFOS at
the 4.2m WHT telescope (La Palma, Spain). Line intensities and logarithmic
extinction, cbeta, are presented for 42 objects. Their location in the Sabbadin
& D'Odorico diagnostic diagram (Halpha/[SII] vs Hlapha/[NII]) suggests that
>70% of the candidates are Planetary Nebulae (PNe). Chemical abundances and
nebular physical parameters have been derived for the three of the six PNe
where the 4363A [OIII] emission line was measurable. These are disc PNe,
located within a galactocentric distance of 4.1 kpc, and, to date, they are the
farthest PNe with a direct chemical abundance determination. No discrepancy in
the Helium, Oxygen and Argon abundances has been found in comparison with
corresponding abundances of PNe in our Galaxy. Only a lower limit to the
sulphur abundance has been obtained since we could not detect any [SIII] line.
N/H appears to be lower than the Galactic value; some possible explanations for
this under-abundance are discussed.


  We present a simple calculation of the nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter
at finite temperature in a relativistic framework, using the real time thermal
field theory. The imaginary parts of one-loop graphs are identified with
discontinuities across the unitary and the Landau cuts. We find that in general
both the cuts contribute significantly to the spectral function in the region
of (virtual) nucleon mass usually considered, even though the unitary cut is
ignored in the literature. Also our relativistic spectral function differs from
the one in non-relativistic approximation, used in some earlier calculations.


  We construct the finite-temperature dynamical phase diagram of the fully
connected transverse-field Ising model from the vantage point of two disparate
concepts of dynamical criticality. An analytical derivation of the classical
dynamics and exact diagonalization simulations are used to study the dynamics
after a quantum quench in the system prepared in a thermal equilibrium state.
The different dynamical phases characterized by the type of non-analyticities
that emerge in an appropriately defined Loschmidt-echo return rate directly
correspond to the dynamical phases determined by the spontaneous breaking of
$\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry in the long-time steady state. The dynamical phase
diagram is qualitatively different depending on whether the initial thermal
state is ferromagnetic or paramagnetic. Whereas the former leads to a dynamical
phase diagram that can be directly related to its equilibrium counterpart, the
latter gives rise to a divergent dynamical critical temperature at vanishing
final transverse-field strength.


  In this paper we consider the 1D Green-Naghdi system over a nonflat bottom.
This system describes the evolution of water waves over an uneven bottom in the
shallow water regime in terms of the water depth $h$ and the horizontal
velocity $u$. Using a Lagrangian formulation of this system on a Sobolev type
diffeomorphism group we prove local well-posedness for $(h,u)$ in the Sobolev
space $(1+H^s(\mathbb R)) \times H^{s+1}(\mathbb R),\; s > 1/2$. This improves
the local well-posedness range.


  The World Year of Physics (2005) is an international celebration to
commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of Einstein's "Annus Mirabilis". The
United Nations has officially declared 2005 the International Year of Physics.
However, the impact of Einstein's ideas was not restricted to physics. Among
numerous other disciplines, Einstein also made significant and specific
contributions to Earth Sciences. His geosciences-related letters, comments, and
scientific articles, are dispersed, not easily accesible and are poorly known.
The present review attempts to integrate them, as a tribute to Einstein in
commemoration of this centenary. These contributions can be classified into
three basic areas: geodynamics, geological (planetary) catastrophism and
fluvial geomorphology.


  The high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade is setting now a new challenge for
particle detector technologies. The increase in luminosity will produce a
particle background in the gas-based muon detectors that is ten times higher
than under conditions at the LHC. The detailed knowledge of the detector
performance in the presence of such a high background is crucial for an
optimized design and efficient operation after the HL-LHC upgrade. A precise
understanding of possible aging effects of detector materials and gases is of
extreme importance. To cope with these challenging requirements, a new Gamma
Irradiation Facility (GIF++) was designed and built at the CERN SPS North Area
as successor of the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) during the Long Shutdown 1
(LS1) period. It features an intense source of 662 keV photons with adjustable
intensity, to simulate continuous background over large areas, and, combined
with a high energy muon beam, to measure detector performance in the presence
of the background. The new GIF++ facility has been operational since spring
2015. In addition to describing the facility and its infrastructure, the goal
of this work is to provide an extensive characterization of the GIF++ photon
field with different configurations of the absorption filters in both the
upstream and downstream irradiation areas. Moreover, the measured results are
benchmarked with Geant4 simulations to enhance the knowledge of the radiation
field. The absorbed dose in air in the facility may reach up to 2.2 Gy/h
directly in front of the irradiator. Of special interest is the low-energy
photon component that develops due to the multiple scattering of photons within
the irradiator and from the concrete walls of the bunker.


  We present the semileptonic decay of $B_{c}$ meson in a QCD potential model
with the coulombic part of the Cornell potential $-\frac{4\alpha_{S}}{3r}+br+c$
as perturbation. Computing the slope and curvature of Isgur Wise function in
this approach, we study the pseudoscalar and vector form factors for the
transition of $B_{c}$ meson to its S wave charmonium $c\bar{c}$ states.
Numerical estimates of widths for the transitions of $B_{c}\rightarrow
J/\psi(\eta_{c})l\nu_{l}$ are presented. The results are found to be in good
agreement with other theoretical values.


  In this paper, we provide a new criterion for the stable transitivity of
volume preserving finite generated group on any compact Riemannian manifold. As
one of our applications, we generalised a result of Dolgopyat and Krikorian in
\cite{DK} and obtained stable transitivity for random rotations on the sphere
in any dimension. As another application, we showed that for $\infty \geq r
\geq 2$, any $C^r$ volume preserving partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism $g$ on
any compact Riemannian manifold $M$ having sufficiently H\"older stable or
unstable distribution, for any sufficiently large integer $K$, for any
$(f_i)_{i=1}^{K}$ in a $C^1$ open $C^r$ dense subset of
$\textnormal{\Diff}^r(M,m)^K$, the group generated by $g, f_1,\cdots, f_K$ acts
transitively.


  We analytically study the effects of periodically alternating magnetic fields
on the dynamics of a tight-binding ring. It is shown that an arbitrary quantum
state can be frozen coherently at will by the very frequent square-wave field
as well as the monochromatic-wave field when the corresponding optimal
amplitudes are taken. Numerical simulations show that the average fidelity
depends on not only the system parameters, but also the features of the quantum
state. Moreover, taking the initial zero-momentum Gaussian wave packets as
examples, we show the dependence of the threshold frequency on the width of the
packet for the given average fidelities. These observations provide a means to
perform the quantum state engineering.


  Two different approaches to the Roberts dynamo problem are considered.
Firstly, the equations governing the magnetic field are specified to both
harmonic and subharmonic solutions and reduced to matrix eigenvalue problems,
which are solved numerically. Secondly, a mean magnetic field is defined by
averaging over proper areas, corresponding equations are derived, in which the
induction effect of the flow occurs essentially as an anisotropic alpha-effect,
and they are solved analytically. In order to check the reliability of the
statements on the Karlsruhe experiment which have been made on the basis of a
mean-field theory, analogous statements are derived for a rectangular dynamo
box containing 50 Roberts cells, and they are compared with the direct
solutions of the eigenvalue problem mentioned. Some shortcomings of the simple
mean-field theory are revealed.


  The non-relativistic limit of integrable field theories at equilibrium has
been intensively studied in the previous years; the simplest non-trivial case
relates the sinh-Gordon model to the Lieb-Liniger model. Here we study this
non-relativistic limit out of equilibrium, namely in the time evolution after a
quantum quench. The obtained results agree with the known ones for the
Lieb-Liniger model, thus showing that the non-relativistic limit is applicable
in this out-of-equilibrium setting.


  Observations and semianalytical galaxy formation and evolution models (SAMs)
have suggested the existence of a stellar mass-stellar metallicity relation
(MZR), which is shown to be universal for different types of galaxies over a
large range of stellar masses ($M_*\sim 10^3$-$10^{11}M_\odot$) and dark matter
(DM) halo masses ($M_{\rm halo}\sim 10^9$-$10^{15}h^{-1}M_\odot$). In this
work, we construct a chemical evolution model to investigate the origin of the
MZR, including both the effects of gas inflows and outflows in galaxies. We
solve the MZR from the chemical evolution model, by assuming that the cold gas
mass ($M_{\rm cold}$) and the stellar feedback efficiency ($\beta$) follow some
power-law scaling relationships with $M_*$ during the growth of a galaxy, i.e.,
$M_{\rm cold}\propto M_*^{\alpha_{\rm gs}}$ and $\beta\propto
M_*^{\alpha_{\beta{\rm s}}}$. We use the SAM to obtain these power-law scaling
relations, which appear to be roughly universal over a large range of stellar
masses for both satellites and central galaxies within a large range of halo
masses. The range of the MZRs produced by our models is in a narrow space,
which provides support to the universality of the MZRs. The formation of the
MZR is a result caused jointly by that the cold gas fraction decreases with
increasing $M_*$ and by that the stellar feedback efficiency decreases with
increasing $M_*$ in the galaxy growth, and the exponent in the MZR is around
$-\alpha_{\beta{\rm s}}$ or $1-\alpha_{\rm gs}$. The MZR represents an
''average'' evolutional track for the stellar metallicity of a galaxy. The
comparison of our model with some previous models for the origin of MZRs is
also discussed.


  Object picking in cluttered scenes is a widely investigated field of robot
manipulation, however, ambidextrous robot picking is still an important and
challenging issue. We found the fusion of different prehensile actions (grasp
and suction) can expand the range of objects that can be picked by robot, and
the fusion of prehensile action and nonprehensile action (push) can expand the
picking space of ambidextrous robot. In this paper, we propose a
Push-Grasp-Suction (PGS) tri-mode grasping learning network for ambidextrous
robot picking through the fusion of different prehensile actions and the fusion
of prehensile action and nonprehensile aciton. The prehensile branch of PGS
takes point clouds as input, and the 6-DoF picking configuration of grasp and
suction in cluttered scenes are generated by multi-task point cloud learning.
The nonprehensile branch with depth image input generates instance segmentation
map and push configuration, cooperating with the prehensile actions to complete
the picking of objects out of single-arm space. PGS generalizes well in real
scene and achieves state-of-the-art picking performance.


  We calculate the mean-field thermodynamics of a spherically trapped Fermi gas
with unequal spin populations in the unitarity limit, comparing results from
the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations and the local density approximation. We
follow the usual mean-field decoupling in deriving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes
equations and set up an efficient and accurate method for solving these
equations. In the local density approximation we consider locally homogeneous
solutions, with a slowly varying order parameter. With a large particle number
these two approximation schemes give rise to essentially the same results for
various thermodynamic quantities, including the density profiles. This
excellent agreement strongly indicates that the small oscillation of order
parameters near the edge of trap, sometimes interpreted as spatially
inhomogeneous Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov states in previous studies of
Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, is a finite size effect. We find that a bimodal
structure emerges in the density profile of the minority spin state at finite
temperature, as observed in experiments. The superfluid transition temperature
as a function of the population imbalance is determined, and is shown to be
consistent with recent experimental measurements. The temperature dependence of
the equation of state is discussed.


  A reliable estimation of 3D parameters is a must for several applications
like planning and control. Included in the latter is the Image-Based Visual
Servoing, whose control scheme depends directly on 3D parameters e.g. depth of
points, and depth and direction of 3D straight lines. Recently a framework for
Active Structure-from-Motion was proposed, addressing the former feature type.
However, straight lines were not addressed. These are 1D objects, which allow
for more robust detection and tracking. In this work, the problem of Active
Structure-from-Motion for 3D straight lines is addressed. An explicit
representation of this type of feature is presented, and a change of variables
is proposed, which allows the dynamics of the line to respect the conditions
for observability of the framework. The approach is validated first in
simulation for a single line, and second using a real robot. The latter set of
experiments are conducted first for a single line, and then for three lines,
which is the minimum required number of lines to control a 6 degree of freedom
camera.


  Fault localization is a critical process that involves identifying specific
program elements responsible for program failures. Manually pinpointing these
elements, such as classes, methods, or statements, which are associated with a
fault is laborious and time-consuming. To overcome this challenge, various
fault localization tools have been developed. These tools typically generate a
ranked list of suspicious program elements. However, this information alone is
insufficient. A prior study emphasized that automated fault localization should
offer a rationale.
  In this study, we investigate the step-by-step reasoning for explainable
fault localization. We explore the potential of Large Language Models (LLM) in
assisting developers in reasoning about code. We proposed FuseFL that utilizes
several combinations of information to enhance the LLM results which are
spectrum-based fault localization results, test case execution outcomes, and
code description (i.e., explanation of what the given code is intended to do).
We conducted our investigation using faulty code from Refactory dataset. First,
we evaluate the performance of the automated fault localization. Our results
demonstrate a more than 30% increase in the number of successfully localized
faults at Top-1 compared to the baseline. To evaluate the explanations
generated by FuseFL, we create a dataset of human explanations that provide
step-by-step reasoning as to why specific lines of code are considered faulty.
This dataset consists of 324 faulty code files, along with explanations for 600
faulty lines. Furthermore, we also conducted human studies to evaluate the
explanations. We found that for 22 out of the 30 randomly sampled cases, FuseFL
generated correct explanations.


  The material in this note is used as an introduction to distributed
algorithms in a four year course on software and automatic control system in
the computer technology department of the Komsomolsk-on-Amur state technical
university. All our the program examples are written in Borland C/C++ 5.02 for
Windows 95/98/2000/NT/XP, and hence suit to compile and execute by Visual
C/C++. We consider the following approaches of the distributed computing: the
conversion of recursive algorithms to multithread applications, a realization
of the pairing algorithm, the building of wave systems by Petri nets and object
oriented programming.


  Phylogenetic networks generalize phylogenetic trees, and have been introduced
in order to describe evolution in the case of transfer of genetic material
between coexisting species. There are many classes of phylogenetic networks,
which can all be modeled as families of graphs with labeled leaves. In this
paper, we focus on rooted and unrooted level-k networks and provide enumeration
formulas (exact and asymptotic) for rooted and unrooted level-1 and level-2
phylogenetic networks with a given number of leaves. We also prove that the
distribution of some parameters of these networks (such as their number of
cycles) are asymptotically normally distributed. These results are obtained by
first providing a recursive description (also called combinatorial
specification) of our networks, and by next applying classical methods of
enumerative, symbolic and analytic combinatorics.


  We present ALMA observations at a spatial resolution of 0.2 arcsec (60 pc) of
CO emission from the Taffy galaxies (UGC 12914/5). The observations are
compared with narrow-band Pa$\alpha$, mid-IR, radio continuum and X-ray
imaging, plus optical spectroscopy. The galaxies have undergone a recent
head-on collision, creating a massive gaseous bridge which is known to be
highly turbulent. The bridge contains a complex web of narrow molecular
filaments and clumps. The majority of the filaments are devoid of star
formation, and fall significantly below the Kennicutt-Schmidt relationship for
normal galaxies, especially for the numerous regions undetected in Pa$\alpha$
emission. Within the loosely connected filaments and clumps of gas we find
regions of high velocity dispersion which appear gravitationally unbound for a
wide range of likely values of $X_{\rm CO}$. Like the "Firecracker" region in
the Antennae system, they would require extremely high external dynamical or
thermal pressure to stop them dissipating rapidly on short crossing timescales
of 2-5~Myrs. We suggest that the clouds may be transient structures within a
highly turbulent multi-phase medium which is strongly suppressing star
formation. Despite the overall turbulence in the system, stars seem to have
formed in compact hotspots within a kpc-sized extragalactic HII region, where
the molecular gas has a lower velocity dispersion than elsewhere, and shows
evidence for a collision with an ionized gas cloud. Like the shocked gas in the
Stephan's Quintet group, the conditions in the Taffy bridge shows how difficult
it is to form stars within a turbulent, multi-phase, gas.


  Herein, we present the statistical properties of active galactic nuclei
(AGNs) for approximately 1 million member galaxies of galaxy groups and
clusters, with 0.1 $<$ cluster redshift ($z_{\rm cl}$) $<$ 1.4, selected using
Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam, the so-called CAMIRA clusters. In this research, we
focused on the AGN power fraction ($f_{\rm AGN}$), which is defined as the
proportion of the contribution of AGNs to the total infrared (IR) luminosity,
$L_{\rm IR}$ (AGN)/$L_{\rm IR}$, and examined how $f_{\rm AGN}$ depends on (i)
$z_{\rm cl}$ and (ii) the distance from the cluster center. We compiled
multiwavelength data using the ultraviolet--mid-IR range. Moreover, we
performed spectral energy distribution fits to determine $f_{\rm AGN}$ using
the CIGALE code with the SKIRTOR AGN model. We found that (i) the value of
$f_{\rm AGN}$ in the CAMIRA clusters is positively correlated with $z_{\rm
cl}$, with the correlation slope being steeper than that for field galaxies,
and (ii) $f_{\rm AGN}$ exhibits a high value at the cluster outskirts. These
results indicate that the emergence of AGN population depends on the redshift
and environment and that galaxy groups and clusters at high redshifts are
important in AGN evolution. Additionally, we demonstrated that cluster--cluster
mergers may enhance AGN activity at the outskirts of particularly massive
galaxy clusters. Our findings are consistent with a related study on the CAMIRA
clusters that was based on the AGN number fraction.


  Air transportation is a complex system characterised by a plethora of
interactions at multiple temporal and spatial scales; as a consequence, even
simple dynamics like sequencing aircraft for landing can lead to the appearance
of emergent behaviours, which are both difficult to control and detrimental to
operational efficiency. We propose a model, based on a modulated Markov jitter,
to represent ordinal pattern properties of real landing operations in European
airports. The parameters of the model are tuned by minimising the distance
between the probability distributions of ordinal patterns generated by the real
and synthetic sequences, as estimated by the Permutation Jensen-Shannon
Distance. We show that the correlation between consecutive hours in the landing
flow changes between airports, and that it can be interpreted as a metric of
efficiency. We further compare the dynamics pre and post COVID-19, showing how
this has changed beyond what can be attributed to a simple reduction of
traffic. We finally draw some operational conclusions, and discuss the
applicability of these findings in a real operational environment.


  We report on the demonstration of a femtosecond all-optical modulator
providing, without nonlinearity and therefore at arbitrarily low intensity,
ultrafast light-by-light control. The device engages the coherent interaction
of optical waves on a metamaterial nanostructure only 30 nm thick to
efficiently control absorption of near-infrared (750-1040 nm) femtosecond
pulses, providing switching contrast ratios approaching 3:1 with a modulation
bandwidth in excess of 2 THz. The functional paradigm illustrated here opens
the path to a family of novel meta-devices for ultra-fast optical data
processing in coherent networks.


  Near-term quantum computers are primarily limited by errors in quantum
operations (or gates) between two quantum bits (or qubits). A physical machine
typically provides a set of basis gates that include primitive 2-qubit (2Q) and
1-qubit (1Q) gates that can be implemented in a given technology. 2Q entangling
gates, coupled with some 1Q gates, allow for universal quantum computation. In
superconducting technologies, the current state of the art is to implement the
same 2Q gate between every pair of qubits (typically an XX- or XY-type gate).
This strict hardware uniformity requirement for 2Q gates in a large quantum
computer has made scaling up a time and resource-intensive endeavor in the lab.
We propose a radical idea -- allow the 2Q basis gate(s) to differ between every
pair of qubits, selecting the best entangling gates that can be calibrated
between given pairs of qubits. This work aims to give quantum scientists the
ability to run meaningful algorithms with qubit systems that are not perfectly
uniform. Scientists will also be able to use a much broader variety of novel 2Q
gates for quantum computing. We develop a theoretical framework for identifying
good 2Q basis gates on "nonstandard" Cartan trajectories that deviate from
"standard" trajectories like XX. We then introduce practical methods for
calibration and compilation with nonstandard 2Q gates, and discuss possible
ways to improve the compilation. To demonstrate our methods in a case study, we
simulated both standard XY-type trajectories and faster, nonstandard
trajectories using an entangling gate architecture with far-detuned transmon
qubits. We identify efficient 2Q basis gates on these nonstandard trajectories
and use them to compile a number of standard benchmark circuits such as QFT and
QAOA. Our results demonstrate an 8x improvement over the baseline 2Q gates with
respect to speed and coherence-limited gate fidelity.


  The Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) is a pronounced mode of
tropical variability. Here, we identify two types of BSISO events, one which
propagates northward over South Asia (SA) from the equatorial Indian Ocean
(EIO), and the other which doesn't. Contrasting their behaviour shows that
northward propagation occurs in multiple stages after convection is initiated
over the EIO. First, convection moves into the southern Arabian Sea (AS) due to
moistening of the free troposphere via horizontal BSISO anomalous winds acting
on the background moisture distribution, and forms a northwest-southeast
(NW-SE) oriented convection band. Subsequently, in the presence of an easterly
vertical shear of monsoon winds and meridional gradient of anomalous vertical
velocity, a NW-SE oriented tilting term is generated that results in a tilted
gyre north of the existing convective anomaly and south-easterly BSISO winds
over the South Asian landmass. In the second stage, these winds tap the ambient
north-westward moisture gradient and help move convection further north over
land. Moreover, background winds advect anomalous moisture to initiate
convection over the Bay of Bengal. For non-propagating events, though a Rossby
gyre results as a response to nascent EIO convection, it is smaller, thus BSISO
advection of moisture is weaker and does not initiate convection over the
southern AS. In turn, the meridional gradient of anomalous vertical velocity is
weak, and the background vertical shear does not generate sufficient tilting
over the northern AS. Thus, the convective wind response stalls, and
large-scale convection does not propagate north of 15N. Thus, free-tropospheric
moisture advection and vortex tilting due to the background vertical shear work
together for robust northward propagation of the BSISO.


  Quantize-Map-and-Forward (QMF) relaying has been shown to achieve the optimal
diversity-multiplexing trade-off (DMT) for arbitrary slow fading full-duplex
networks as well as for the single-relay half-duplex network. A key reason for
this is that quantizing at the noise level suffices to achieve the cut-set
bound approximately to within an additive gap, without any requirement of
instantaneous channel state information (CSI). However, DMT only captures the
high SNR performance and potentially, limited CSI at the relay can improve
performance at moderate SNRs. In this work we propose an optimization framework
for QMF relaying over slow fading channels. Focusing on vector Gaussian
quantizers, we optimize the outage probability for the full-duplex and
half-duplex single relay by finding the best quantization level and relay
schedule according to the available CSI at the relays. For the N-relay diamond
network, we derive an universal quantizer that sharpens the additive
approximation gap of QMF from the conventional \Theta(N) bits/s/Hz to
\Theta(log(N)) bits/s/Hz using only network topology information. Analytical
solutions to channel-aware optimal quantizers for two-relay and symmetric
N-relay diamond networks are also derived. In addition, we prove that suitable
hybridizations of our optimized QMF schemes with Decode-Forward (DF) or Dynamic
DF protocols provide significant finite SNR gains over the individual schemes.


  Using a catalog of 147,986 galaxy redshifts and fluxes from the Sloan Digital
Sky Survey (SDSS) we measure the galaxy luminosity density at z=0.1 in five
optical bandpasses corresponding to the SDSS bandpasses shifted to match their
restframe shape at z=0.1. We denote the bands {0.1}{u}, {0.1}{g}, {0.1}{r},
{0.1}{i}, {0.1}{z}, with \lambda_{eff} = [3216, 4240, 5595, 6792, 8111]
Angstroms respectively. We use a maximum likelihood method which allows for a
general form for the shape of the luminosity function, simple luminosity and
number evolution, incorporates flux uncertainties, and accounts for the flux
limits of the survey. We find luminosity densities at z=0.1 in absolute AB
magnitudes in a Mpc^3 of [-14.10 \pm 0.15, -15.18 \pm 0.03, -15.90 \pm 0.03,
-16.24 \pm 0.03, -16.56 \pm 0.02] in [{0.1}{u}, {0.1}{g}, {0.1}{r}, {0.1}{i},
{0.1}{z}], respectively, using \Omega_0 =0.3, \Omega_\Lambda=0.7, and h=1, and
using Petrosian magnitudes. Similar results are obtained using Sersic model
magnitudes, suggesting that flux from outside the Petrosian apertures is not a
major correction. In the {0.1}{r} band, the best fit Schechter function to our
results has \phi_\ast = (1.49 \pm 0.04) \times 10^{-2} h^3 Mpc^{-3}, M_\ast -
5\log_{10} h = -20.44 \pm 0.01, and \alpha = -1.05\pm 0.01. In solar
luminosities, the luminosity density in {0.1}{r} is (1.84 \pm 0.04) h 10^8
L_{{0.1}{r},\odot} Mpc^{-3}. Our results are consistent with other estimates of
the luminosity density, from the Two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey and
the Millenium Galaxy Catalog. They represent a substantial change (\sim 0.5
mag) from earlier SDSS luminosity density results based on commissioning data,
almost entirely because of the inclusion of evolution in the luminosity
function model.


  Experimentally resolving atomic-scale structural changes of a deformed glass
remains challenging owing to the disordered nature of glass structure. Here, we
show that the structural anisotropy emerges as a general hallmark for different
types of glasses (metallic glasses, oxide glass, amorphous selenium, and
polymer glass) after thermo-mechanical deformation, and it is highly correlates
with local nonaffine atomic displacements detected by the high-energy X-ray
diffraction technique. By analyzing the anisotropic pair density function, we
unveil the atomic-level mechanism responsible for the plastic flow, which
notably differs between metallic glasses and covalent glasses. The structural
rearrangements in metallic glasses are mediated through cutting and formation
of atomic bonds, which occurs in some localized inelastic regions embedded in
elastic matrix, whereas that of covalent glasses is mediated through the
rotation of atomic bonds or chains without bond length change, which occurs in
a less localized manner.


  Recently the concept of the pion cloud in the nucleon turned out to be
successful in understanding the Gottfried sum rule violation observed by the
New Muon Collaboration and the Drell--Yan asymmetry measured in NA51 at CERN.
We propose a further possibility to test this concept at HERA through the
analysis of the structure of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) events induced by
pion--exchange. Momentum and energy distributions of outgoing nucleons as well
as rapidity and multiplicity distributions are investigated using Monte Carlo
simulations. Most observables cannot distinguish this process from ordinary
DIS, but in the energy distribution of final neutrons we find a significantly
different prediction from the pion cloud model. Forward neutron calorimeters
will be essential to test the concept of pions in the nucleon.


  We investigate the universal thermodynamics of the two-component
one-dimensional Bose gas with contact interactions in the vicinity of the
quantum critical point separating the vacuum and the ferromagnetic liquid
regime. We find that the quantum critical region belongs to the universality
class of the spin-degenerate impenetrable particle gas which, surprisingly, is
very different from the single-component case and identify its boundaries with
the peaks of the specific heat. In addition, we show that the compressibility
Wilson ratio, which quantifies the relative strength of thermal and quantum
fluctuations, serves as a good discriminator of the quantum regimes near the
quantum critical point. Remarkably, in the Tonks-Girardeau regime the universal
contact develops a pronounced minimum, reflected in a counterintuitive
narrowing of the momentum distribution as we increase the temperature. This
momentum reconstruction, also present at low and intermediate momenta, signals
the transition from the ferromagnetic to the spin-incoherent Luttinger liquid
phase and can be detected in current experiments with ultracold atomic gases in
optical lattices.


  Mass-loss rate is one of the most important stellar parameters. We aim to
provide mass-loss rates as a function of subdwarf parameters and to apply the
formula for individual subdwarfs, to predict the wind terminal velocities, to
estimate the influence of the magnetic field and X-ray ionization on the
stellar wind, and to study the interaction of subdwarf wind with mass loss from
Be and cool companions. We used our kinetic equilibrium (NLTE) wind models with
the radiative force determined from the radiative transfer equation in the
comoving frame (CMF) to predict the wind structure of subluminous hot stars.
Our models solve stationary hydrodynamical equations, that is the equation of
continuity, equation of motion, and energy equation and predict basic wind
parameters. We predicted the wind mass-loss rate as a function of stellar
parameters, namely the stellar luminosity, effective temperature, and
metallicity. The derived wind parameters (mass-loss rates and terminal
velocities) agree with the values derived from the observations. The radiative
force is not able to accelerate the homogeneous wind for stars with low
effective temperatures and high surface gravities. We discussed the properties
of winds of individual subdwarfs. The X-ray irradiation may inhibit the flow in
binaries with compact components. In binaries with Be components, the winds
interact with the disk of the Be star. Stellar winds exist in subluminous stars
with low gravities or high effective temperatures. Despite their low mass-loss
rates, they are detectable in the ultraviolet spectrum and cause X-ray
emission. Subdwarf stars may lose a significant part of their mass during the
evolution. The angular momentum loss in magnetic subdwarfs with wind may
explain their low rotational velocities. Stellar winds are especially important
in binaries, where they may be accreted on a compact or cool companion.
(abridged)


  Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have the goal of gathering data from the
environment. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) drastically changed
WSN's vision that, as never before, needs to expand and include hundreds or
thousands of sensors. But to follow the current IoT trends new techniques need
to be implemented since orders of thousands of sensor nodes are not manageable
by today's WSNs systems that often rely on manual configuration and hence are
not practical. As an example, the replacement of batteries of thousand of nodes
could be extremely arduous or even impossible for structural health monitoring
of civil infrastructures (i.e. bridges, towers). Hence, the solution to the
growing burden of the system manager is automation, allowing the system to
check its own status, to re-configure itself and fix the major problems in the
network whenever it is possible. In this paper, we present and discuss the main
features needed to achieve an autonomous large scale WSN. Furthermore, we
compare these features with the state of the art of real-world large scale WSN
deployments showing that further solutions are needed to drastically reduce
human intervention while guaranteeing the main functionalities of the system.


  Machine learning has witnessed tremendous success in solving tasks depending
on a single hyperparameter. When considering simultaneously a finite number of
tasks, multi-task learning enables one to account for the similarities of the
tasks via appropriate regularizers. A step further consists of learning a
continuum of tasks for various loss functions. A promising approach, called
\emph{Parametric Task Learning}, has paved the way in the continuum setting for
affine models and piecewise-linear loss functions. In this work, we introduce a
novel approach called \emph{Infinite Task Learning} whose goal is to learn a
function whose output is a function over the hyperparameter space. We leverage
tools from operator-valued kernels and the associated vector-valued RKHSs that
provide an explicit control over the role of the hyperparameters, and also
allows us to consider new type of constraints. We provide generalization
guarantees to the suggested scheme and illustrate its efficiency in
cost-sensitive classification, quantile regression and density level set
estimation.


  We undertook a time-series photometric multi-site campaign for the rapidly
oscillating Ap star HD 99563 and also acquired mean light observations over two
seasons. The pulsations of the star, that show flatter light maxima than
minima, can be described with a frequency quintuplet centred on 1557.653
microHertz and some first harmonics of these. The amplitude of the pulsation is
modulated with the rotation period of the star that we determine with 2.91179
+/- 0.00007 d from the analysis of the stellar pulsation spectrum and of the
mean light data. We break the distorted oscillation mode up into its pure
spherical harmonic components and find it is dominated by the l=1 pulsation,
and also has a notable l=3 contribution, with weak l=0 and 2 components. The
geometrical configuration of the star allows one to see both pulsation poles
for about the same amount of time; HD 99563 is only the fourth roAp star for
which both pulsation poles are seen and only the third where the distortion of
the pulsation modes was modelled. We point out that HD 99563 is very similar to
the well-studied roAp star HR 3831. Finally, we note that the visual companion
of HD 99563 is located in the Delta Scuti instability strip and may thus show
pulsation. We show that if the companion was physical, the roAp star would be a
2.03 solar mass object, seen at a rotational inclination of 44 degrees, which
then predicts a magnetic obliquity of 86.4 degrees.


  Graphs with large spectral gap are important in various fields such as
biology, sociology and computer science. In designing such graphs, an important
question is how the probability of graphs with large spectral gap behaves. A
method based on multicanonical Monte Carlo is introduced to quantify the
behavior of this probability, which enables us to calculate extreme tails of
the distribution. The proposed method is successfully applied to random
3-regular graphs and large deviation probability is estimated.


  We study a credit risk model which captures effects of economic interactions
on a firm's default probability. Economic interactions are represented as a
functionally defined graph, and the existence of both cooperative, and
competitive, business relations is taken into account. We provide an analytic
solution of the model in a limit where the number of business relations of each
company is large, but the overall fraction of the economy with which a given
company interacts may be small. While the effects of economic interactions are
relatively weak in typical (most probable) scenarios, they are pronounced in
situations of economic stress, and thus lead to a substantial fattening of the
tails of loss distributions in large loan portfolios. This manifests itself in
a pronounced enhancement of the Value at Risk computed for interacting
economies in comparison with their non-interacting counterparts.


  We investigate chiral symmetry breaking in a model of Dirac fermions with a
complexified coupling constant whose imaginary part represents dissipation. We
introduce a chiral chemical potential and observe that for real coupling a
relativistic BCS-BEC crossover is realized. We solve the model in the
mean-field approximation and construct the phase diagram as a function of the
complex coupling. It is found that the dynamical mass increases under
dissipation, although the chiral symmetry gets restored if dissipation exceeds
a threshold.


  While the history of machine learning so far largely encompasses a series of
problems posed by researchers and algorithms that learn their solutions, an
important question is whether the problems themselves can be generated by the
algorithm at the same time as they are being solved. Such a process would in
effect build its own diverse and expanding curricula, and the solutions to
problems at various stages would become stepping stones towards solving even
more challenging problems later in the process. The Paired Open-Ended
Trailblazer (POET) algorithm introduced in this paper does just that: it pairs
the generation of environmental challenges and the optimization of agents to
solve those challenges. It simultaneously explores many different paths through
the space of possible problems and solutions and, critically, allows these
stepping-stone solutions to transfer between problems if better, catalyzing
innovation. The term open-ended signifies the intriguing potential for
algorithms like POET to continue to create novel and increasingly complex
capabilities without bound. Our results show that POET produces a diverse range
of sophisticated behaviors that solve a wide range of environmental challenges,
many of which cannot be solved by direct optimization alone, or even through a
direct-path curriculum-building control algorithm introduced to highlight the
critical role of open-endedness in solving ambitious challenges. The ability to
transfer solutions from one environment to another proves essential to
unlocking the full potential of the system as a whole, demonstrating the
unpredictable nature of fortuitous stepping stones. We hope that POET will
inspire a new push towards open-ended discovery across many domains, where
algorithms like POET can blaze a trail through their interesting possible
manifestations and solutions.


  We argue that from observations alone, only the transverse power spectrum
$C_\ell(z_1,z_2)$ and the corresponding correlation function
$\xi(\theta,z_1,z_2)$ can be measured and that these contain the full three
dimensional information. We determine the two point galaxy correlation function
at linear order in perturbation theory. Redshift space distortions are taken
into account for arbitrary angular and redshift separations. We discuss the
shape of the longitudinal and the transversal correlation functions which are
very different from each other and from their real space counterpart. We then
go on and suggest how to measure both, the Hubble parameter, $H(z)$, and the
angular diameter distance, $D_A(z)$, separately from these correlation
functions and perform an Alcock-Paczynski test.


  Contact tracing is an important control strategy for containing Ebola
epidemics. From a theoretical perspective, explicitly incorporating contact
tracing with disease dynamics presents challenges, and population level effects
of contact tracing are difficult to determine. In this work, we formulate and
analyze a mechanistic SEIR type outbreak model which considers the key features
of contact tracing, and we characterize the impact of contact tracing on the
effective reproduction number, $\mathcal R_e$, of Ebola. In particular, we
determine how relevant epidemiological properties such as incubation period,
infectious period and case reporting, along with varying monitoring protocols,
affect the efficacy of contact tracing. In the special cases of either perfect
monitoring of traced cases or perfect reporting of all cases, we derive simple
formulae for the critical proportion of contacts that need to be traced in
order to bring the effective reproduction number $\mathcal R_e$ below one.
Also, in either case, we show that $\mathcal R_e$ can be expressed completely
in terms of observable reported case/tracing quantities, namely $\mathcal
R_e=k\dfrac{(1-q)}{q}+k_m$ where $k$ is the number of secondary traced infected
contacts per primary untraced reported case, $k_m$ is the number of secondary
traced infected contacts per primary traced reported case and $(1-q)/q$ is the
odds that a reported case is not a traced contact. These formulae quantify
contact tracing as both an intervention strategy that impacts disease spread
and a probe into the current epidemic status at the population level. Data from
the West Africa Ebola outbreak is utilized to form real-time estimates of
$\mathcal R_e$, and inform our projections of the impact of contact tracing,
and other control measures, on the epidemic trajectory.


  Patankar schemes have attracted increasing interest in recent years because
they preserve the positivity of the analytical solution of a
production-destruction system (PDS) irrespective of the chosen time step size.
Although they are now of great interest, for a long time it was not clear what
stability properties such schemes have. Recently a new stability approach based
on Lyapunov stability with an extension of the center manifold theorem has been
proposed to study the stability properties of positivity-preserving time
integrators. In this work, we study the stability properties of the classical
modified Patankar--Runge--Kutta schemes (MPRK) and the modified Patankar
Deferred Correction (MPDeC) approaches. We prove that most of the considered
MPRK schemes are stable for any time step size and compute the stability
function of MPDeC. We investigate its properties numerically revealing that
also most MPDeC are stable irrespective of the chosen time step size. Finally,
we verify our theoretical results with numerical simulations.


  Recently, deep learning-based generative models have been introduced to
generate singing voices. One approach is to predict the parametric vocoder
features consisting of explicit speech parameters. This approach has the
advantage that the meaning of each feature is explicitly distinguished. Another
approach is to predict mel-spectrograms for a neural vocoder. However,
parametric vocoders have limitations of voice quality and the mel-spectrogram
features are difficult to model because the timbre and pitch information are
entangled. In this study, we propose a singing voice synthesis model with
multi-task learning to use both approaches -- acoustic features for a
parametric vocoder and mel-spectrograms for a neural vocoder. By using the
parametric vocoder features as auxiliary features, the proposed model can
efficiently disentangle and control the timbre and pitch components of the
mel-spectrogram. Moreover, a generative adversarial network framework is
applied to improve the quality of singing voices in a multi-singer model.
Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model can generate more
natural singing voices than the single-task models, while performing better
than the conventional parametric vocoder-based model.


  (Abridged) Polarized emission from masers is an excellent tool to study
magnetic fields in maser sources. The linear polarization of most masers is
understood as an interplay of maser saturation and anisotropic pumping.
However, for the latter mechanism, no quantitative modeling has been presented
yet. We present a comprehensive model of maser polarization, including
quantitative modeling of both anisotropic pumping and the effects of maser
saturation on the polarization of masers. We extend regular maser excitation
modeling with a dimension that describes the molecular population alignments,
as well as including the linear polarization dimension to the radiative
transfer. The results of the excitation analysis yield the anisotropic pumping
and decay parameters, that are subsequently used in one-dimensional proper
maser polarization radiative transfer modeling. We present the anisotropic
pumping parameters for a variety of transitions from class I CH$_3$OH masers,
H$_2$O masers and SiO masers. SiO masers are highly anisotropically pumped due
to them occurring in the vicinity of a late-type star, that irradiates the
maser region with a strong directional radiation field. Class I CH$_3$OH masers
and H$_2$O masers occur in association with shocks, and they are modestly
anisotropically pumped due to the anisotropy of the excitation region. Our
modeling constitutes the first quantitative constraints on the anisotropic
pumping of masers. We find that anisotropic pumping can explain the high
polarization yields of SiO masers, as well as the modest polarization of
unsaturated class I CH$_3$OH masers. We predict that the $183$ GHz H$_2$O maser
is strongly anisotropically pumped. Finally, we outline a mechanism through
which non-Zeeman circular polarization is produced, when the magnetic field
changes direction along the propagation through an anisotropically pumped
maser.


  Going beyond the linearized study has been a longstanding problem in the
theory of Landau damping. In this paper we establish exponential Landau damping
in analytic regularity. The damping phenomenon is reinterpreted in terms of
transfer of regularity between kinetic and spatial variables, rather than
exchanges of energy; phase mixing is the driving mechanism. The analysis
involves new families of analytic norms, measuring regularity by comparison
with solutions of the free transport equation; new functional inequalities; a
control of nonlinear echoes; sharp scattering estimates; and a Newton
approximation scheme. Our results hold for any potential no more singular than
Coulomb or Newton interaction; the limit cases are included with specific
technical effort. As a side result, the stability of homogeneous equilibria of
the nonlinear Vlasov equation is established under sharp assumptions. We point
out the strong analogy with the KAM theory, and discuss physical implications.


  The aim of this review is to demonstrate that there exists a coherent picture
of strong interactions, based on instantons. Starting from the first principles
of QCD - via the microscopic mechanism of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking
- one arrives to a quantitative description of light hadron properties, with no
fitting parameters. The discussion of the importance of instanton-induced
interactions in soft high-energy scattering is new.


  We demonstrate by experiments and numerical simulations that the
low-temperature current-voltage characteristics in diffusive bilayer graphene
(BLG) exhibit a strong superlinearity at finite bias voltages. The
superlinearity is weakly dependent on doping and on the length of the graphene
sample. This effect can be understood as a result of Joule heating. It is
stronger in BLG than in monolayer graphene (MLG), since the conductivity of BLG
is more sensitive to temperature due to the higher density of electronic states
at the Dirac point.


  We consider the Kondo tunneling induced by multiphonon emission/absorption
processes in magnetic molecular complexes with low-energy singlet-triplet spin
gap and show that the number of assisting phonons may be changed by varying the
Zeeman splitting of excited triplet state. As a result, the structure of
multiphonon Kondo resonances may be scanned by means of magnetic field tuning.


  Let $X$be a complex hyperelliptic curve of genus two equipped with the
canonical metric $ds^2$. We study mean field equations on complex hyperelliptic
curves and show that the Gaussian curvature function of $(X,ds^2)$ determines
an explicit solution to a mean field equation.


  A crucial theorem in Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory (RDMFT)
suggests that the universal pure and ensemble functional coincide on their
common domain of pure N-representable one-matrices. We refute this by a
comprehensive analysis of the geometric picture underlying Levy's constrained
search. Moreover, we then show that the ensemble functional follows instead as
the lower convex envelop of the pure functional. It is particularly remarkable
that the pure functional determines the ensemble functional even outside its
own domain of pure N-representable one-matrices. From a general perspective,
this demonstrates that relaxing pure RDMFT to ensemble RDMFT does not
necessarily circumvent the complexity of the one-body pure N-representability
conditions (generalized Pauli constraints). Instead, the complexity may simply
be transferred from the underlying space of pure N-representable one-matrices
to the structure of the universal one-matrix functional.


  The equilibrium phase diagram of a 1:1 symmetrical mixture composed of
oppositely charged colloids is calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. We
model the system by the DLVO effective interaction potential. The phase diagram
is similar to that of its atomic analog (the ionic fluid), where a liquid-gas
first order transition emerges in the low $T-\rho$ regions being stable with
respect to crystallization. As in the ionic fluids, we have found two different
crystals: at high $T$ the fluid crystallizes in a FCC lattice, whereas at low
$T$, the liquid coexists with a BCC crystal. The region of gas-liquid stability
is observed to be narrower as the interaction range is diminished.


  Precise knowledge of all beam parameters is crucial to fully exploit the
physics potential of the International Linear Collider (ILC). A sufficiently
accurate measurement of the beam polarisation can only be achieved using
dedicated high energy Compton polarimeters combined with well-designed arrays
of Cherenkov detectors. This note focuses on the design and detailed simulation
of a suitable Cherenkov detector prototype and provides an overview of first
results from a highly successful beam test period.


  Large-scale language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, are becoming
increasingly sophisticated and exhibit human-like capabilities, playing an
essential role in assisting humans in a variety of everyday tasks. An important
application of AI is interactive recommendation systems that respond to human
inquiries and make recommendations tailored to the user. In most conventional
interactive recommendation systems, the language model is used only as a
dialogue model, and there is a separate recommendation system. This is due to
the fact that the language model used as a dialogue system does not have the
capability to serve as a recommendation system. Therefore, we will realize the
construction of a dialogue system with recommendation capability by using
OpenAI's Chat-GPT, which has a very high inference capability as a dialogue
system and the ability to generate high-quality sentences, and verify the
effectiveness of the system.


  Asteroids having perihelion distance $q$ $<$ 1.3 AU are classified as
near-Earth objects (NEOs), which are divided into different sub-groups:
Vatira-class, Atira-class, Aten-class, Apollo-class, and Amor-class. 2020
$AV_2$, the first Vatira (Orbiting totally inside Venus' orbit) was discovered
by the Twilight project of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) on January 4,
2020. Upon the discovery of 2020 $AV_2$, a couple of orbital studies of the
short-term orbital evolution of 2020 $AV_2$ have been performed and published
(e.g. de la Fuente Marcos & de la Fuente Marcos 2020; Greenstreet 2020). In
this present work, we performed an assessment of the long-term orbital
evolution of known near-Earth objects and known Atiras under the Yarkovsky
effect by using the \textit{Mercury6} N-body code. We considered not only
planetary gravitational perturbation but also the non-gravitational Yarkovsky
effect. Our calculation shows that the NEOs have generally two dynamical
populations, one short-lived and the other long-lived. From our calculation,
the transfer probabilities of Atira-class asteroids to Vatira-class asteroids
for the first transition are $\sim$13.1 $\pm$ 0.400, $\sim$13.05 $\pm$ 0.005,
and $\sim$ 13.25 $\pm$ 0.450 $\%$ for different values of the Yarkovsky force
(i.e. obliquity of 0, 90, and 180 deg.), respectively. It suggests that the
radiation force may play some role in the long-term evolution of this asteroid
population. Finally, our statistical study implicates that there should be 8.14
$\pm$ 0.133 Atira-class asteroids and 1.05 $\pm$ 0.075 Vatira-asteroids of the
S-type taxonomy.


  Cr^5+ doped K_3NbO_8, considered to be useful as a electron spin qubit, has
been investigated by pulsed X-band (~9.7 GHz) and 240 GHz electron paramagnetic
resonance and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR). Comparison of the low
temperature electronic spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T_1 at 9.7 and 240 GHz
shows that it is 250 times faster at 240 GHz than at X-band. On the other hand,
the spin-spin relaxation rate 1/T_2 appears largely frequency independent and
is very likely related to the superhyperfine (SHF) coupling of the Cr^5+
electron with the surrounding potassium and niobium nuclei. This coupling was
investigated by HYSCORE at 9.7 GHz and pulsed Mims ENDOR at 240 GHz. The high
frequency and field enabled us to unambiguously measure the hyperfine and
quadrupole couplings of the 39K in spite of its small magnetic moment. We find
that the largest 39K SHF coupling is positive, with 0.522 MHz and 0.20 MHz as
its isotropic and dipolar parts respectively. 93Nb ENDOR was dominantly due to
its quadrapolar interaction, with a coupling of about 0.8 MHz, and a SHF
coupling of about 0.08 MHz. The significance of these data to spin qubit
studies is pointed out.


  We produce new examples of non-K\"ahler complete expanding gradient Ricci
solitons on trivial vector bundles over a product of Einstein manifolds with
positive scalar curvature.


  When dealing with an orbit determination problem, uncertainties naturally
arise from intrinsic errors related to observation devices and approximation
models. Following the least squares method and applying approximation schemes
such as the differential correction, uncertainties can be geometrically
summarized in confidence regions and estimated by confidence ellipsoids. We
investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the confidence ellipsoids while the
number of observations and the time span over which they are performed
simultaneously increase. Numerical evidences suggest that, in the chaotic
scenario, the uncertainties decay at different rates whether the orbit
determination is set up to recover the initial conditions alone or along with a
dynamical or kinematical parameter, while in the regular case there is no
distinction. We show how to improve some of the results in \cite{maro.bonanno},
providing conditions that imply a non-faster-than-polynomial rate of decay in
the chaotic case with the parameter, in accordance with the numerical
experiments. We also apply these findings to well known examples of chaotic
maps, such as piecewise expanding maps of the unit interval or affine
hyperbolic toral transformations. We also discuss the applicability to
intermittent maps.


  Decoding natural visual scenes from brain activity has flourished, with
extensive research in single-subject tasks and, however, less in cross-subject
tasks. Reconstructing high-quality images in cross-subject tasks is a
challenging problem due to profound individual differences between subjects and
the scarcity of data annotation. In this work, we proposed MindTuner for
cross-subject visual decoding, which achieves high-quality and rich-semantic
reconstructions using only 1 hour of fMRI training data benefiting from the
phenomena of visual fingerprint in the human visual system and a novel
fMRI-to-text alignment paradigm. Firstly, we pre-train a multi-subject model
among 7 subjects and fine-tune it with scarce data on new subjects, where LoRAs
with Skip-LoRAs are utilized to learn the visual fingerprint. Then, we take the
image modality as the intermediate pivot modality to achieve fMRI-to-text
alignment, which achieves impressive fMRI-to-text retrieval performance and
corrects fMRI-to-image reconstruction with fine-tuned semantics. The results of
both qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate that MindTuner surpasses
state-of-the-art cross-subject visual decoding models on the Natural Scenes
Dataset (NSD), whether using training data of 1 hour or 40 hours.


  We give an intrinsic estimate of the number of connected components of the
complementary set to the amoeba of an exponential sum with real spectrum
improving the result of Forsberg, Passare and Tsikh in the polynomial case and
that of Ronkin in the exponential one.


  Perturbation theory can be reformulated as dynamical theory. Then a sequence
of perturbative approximations is bijective to a trajectory of dynamical system
with discrete time, called the approximation cascade. Here we concentrate our
attention on the stability conditions permitting to control the convergence of
approximation sequences. We show that several types of mapping multipliers and
Lyapunov exponents can be introduced and, respectively, several types of
conditions controlling local stability can be formulated. The ideas are
illustrated by calculating the energy levels of an anharmonic oscillator.


  As a new two-dimensional Dirac material, 8-\textit{Pmmn} borophene hosts
novel anisotropic and tilted massless Dirac fermions (MDFs) and has attracted
increasing interest. However, the potential application of 8-\textit{Pmmn}
borophene in spin fields has not been explored. Here, we study the long-range
RKKY interaction mediated by anisotropic and tilted MDFs in magnetically-doped
8-\textit{Pmmn} borophene. To this aim, we carefully analyze the unique
real-space propagation of anisotropic and tilted MDFs with noncolinear momenta
and group velocities. As a result, we analytically demonstrate the anisotropic
behaviors of long-range RKKY interaction, which have no dependence on the Fermi
level but are velocity-determined, i.e., the anisotropy degrees of oscillation
period and envelop amplitude are determined by the anisotropic and tilted
velocities. The velocity-determined RKKY interaction favors to fully determine
the characteristic velocities of anisotropic and tilted MDFs through its
measurement, and has high tunability by engineering velocities shedding light
on the application of 8-\textit{Pmmn} borophene in spin fields.


  It is proposed, that color-singlet gluon-clusters can be formed in hadrons as
a consequence of self-organized criticality (SOC) in systems of interacting
soft gluons, and that the properties of such spatiotemporal complexities can be
probed experimentally by examing inelastic diffractive scattering. Theoretical
arguments and experimental evidences supporting the proposed picture are
presented --- together with the result of a systematic analysis of the existing
data for inelastic diffractive scattering processes performed at different
incident energies, and/or by using different beam-particles. It is shown that
the size- and the lifetime-distributions of such gluon-clusters can be directly
extracted from the data, and the obtained results exhibit universal power-law
behaviors --- in accordance with the expected SOC-fingerprints.


  We provide isoperimetric Szeg\"{o}-Weinberger type inequalities for the first
nontrivial Neumann eigenvalue $\mu_{1}(\Omega)$ in Gauss space, where $\Omega$
is a possibly unbounded domain of $\mathbb{R}^{N}$. Our main result consists in
showing that among all sets of $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ symmetric about the origin,
having prescribed Gaussian measure, $\mu_{1}(\Omega)$ is maximum if and only if
$\Omega$ is the euclidean ball centered at the origin.


  We study the problem of minimum enclosing rectangle with outliers, which asks
to find, for a given set of $n$ planar points, a rectangle with minimum area
that encloses at least $(n-t)$ points. The uncovered points are regarded as
outliers. We present an exact algorithm with $O(kt^3+ktn+n^2\log n)$ runtime,
assuming that no three points lie on the same line. Here $k$ denotes the number
of points on the first $(t+1)$ convex layers. We further propose a sampling
algorithm with runtime $O(n+\mbox{poly}(\log{n}, t, 1/\epsilon))$, which with
high probability finds a rectangle covering at least $(1-\epsilon)(n-t)$ points
with at most the exact optimal area.


  The formulation of the Higgs effect is studied in the
Glashow--Weinberg--Salam Standard Model, where the constant part of the Higgs
potential is identified with the zeroth mode of the Higgs field. In this model,
the Coleman--Weinberg effective potential obtained from the vacuum--vacuum
transition amplitude is equal to unity at the extremum. This extremum
immediately removes tremendous vacuum cosmological density and predicts mass of
Higgs field. In this model, the kinetic energy density of the Higgs field and
any scalar field can be treated as the rigid state origin that explains
Supernova data in the conformal cosmology without the $\Lambda$ term.


  Recently, the concept of a nonlinear sigma-model over a coset space G/H was
generalized to the case where the group G is an infinite-dimensional Kac-Moody
group, and H its (formal) `maximal compact subgroup'. Here, we study in detail
the one-dimensional (geodesic) sigma-model with G = E10 and H=KE10. We
re-examine the construction of this sigma-model and its relation to the bosonic
sector of eleven-dimensional supergravity, up to height 30, by using a new
formulation of the equations of motion. Specifically, we make systematic use of
KE10-orthonormal local frames, in the sense that we decompose the `velocity' on
E10/KE10 in terms of objects which are representations of the compact subgroup
KE10. This new perspective may help in extending the correspondence between the
E10/KE10 sigma-model and supergravity beyond the level currently checked.


  Very recently, in the 2011 version of the Wien2K code, the long standing
shortcome of the codes based on Density Functional Theory, namely, its
impossibility to account for the experimental band gap value of semiconductors,
was overcome. The novelty is the introduction of a new exchange and correlation
potential, the modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJLDA). In this paper, we
report our detailed analysis of this recent work. We calculated using this
code, the band structure of forty one semiconductors and found an important
improvement in the overall agreement with experiment as Tran and Blaha [{\em
Phys. Rev. Lett.} 102, 226401 (2009)] did before for a more reduced set of
semiconductors. We find, nevertheless, within this enhanced set, that the
deviation from the experimental gap value can reach even much more than 20%, in
some cases. Furthermore, since there is no exchange and correlation energy term
from which the mBJLDA potential can be deduced, a direct optimization procedure
to get the lattice parameter in a consistent way is not possible as in the
usual theory. These authors suggest that a LDA or a GGA optimization procedure
is used previous to a band structure calculation and the resulting lattice
parameter introduced into the 2011 code. This choice is important since small
percentage differences in the lattice parameter can give rise to quite higher
percentage deviations from experiment in the predicted band gap value.


  Context. The diffuse X-ray emission surrounding radio galaxies is generally
interpreted either as due to inverse Compton scattering of non-thermal
radio-emitting electrons on the Cosmic Microwave Background (IC/CMB), or as the
thermal emission arising from the hot gas of the intergalactic medium (IGM)
permeating galaxy clusters hosting such galaxies, or as a combination of both.
In this work we present an imaging and spectral analysis of Chandra
observations for the radio galaxy 3C 187 to investigate its diffuse X-ray
emission and constrain the contribution of these different physical mechanisms.
Aims. The main goals of this work are: (i) to evaluate the extension of the
diffuse X-ray emission from this source, (ii) to investigate the two main
processes that can account for its origin - IC/CMB and thermal emission from
the IGM - and (iii) to test the possibility for 3C 187 to belong to a cluster
of galaxies, that can account for the observed diffuse X-ray emission. Methods.
To evaluate the extension of the X-ray emission around 3C 187 we extracted
surface flux profiles along and across the radio axis. We also extracted X-ray
spectra in the region of the radio lobes and in the cross-cone region to
estimate the contribution of the non-thermal (IC/CMB) and thermal (IGM)
processes to the observed emission, making use of radio (VLA and GMRT) data to
investigate the multi-wavelength emission arising from the lobes. We collected
Pan-STARRS photometric data to investigate the presence of a galaxy cluster
hosting 3C 187, looking for the presence of a "red sequence" in the source
field in the form of a tight clustering of the galaxies in the color space...


  Nonlocality as a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics is witnessed by
violation of Bell inequality or its variants, for which all relevant studies
assume some correlations exhibited by local realistic theories. The strategy of
Bell's theorem is to establish some criteria to distinguish local realistic
theories from quantum mechanics with respect to the nonlocal nature of
entangled systems. Here we propose a model independent study of nonlocality
that needs not to assume any local theory since observation of the expected
nonlocal effect is straightforward quantum mechanically. Our proposal involves
a bipartite polarization-entangled system in which one photon immediately
reduces into a circular-polarization (CP) state when its partner at a
space-like distance is detected in another CP state. The state reduction of the
photon can be mechanically monitored because a CP photon carries angular
momentum and exerts a torque on a half-wave plate whose mechanical motion is
measurable, which is well described by quantum mechanics and independent of any
local realistic assumption.


  "Neutron Optics and Physics (NOP/ BL05)" at MLF in J-PARC is a beamline for
studies of fundamental physics. The beamline is divided into three branches so
that different experiments can be performed in parallel. These beam branches
are being used to develop a variety of new projects. We are developing an
experimental project to measure the neutron lifetime with total uncertainty of
1 s (0.1%). The neutron lifetime is an important parameter in elementary
particle and astrophysics. Thus far, the neutron lifetime has been measured by
several groups; however, different values are obtained from different
measurement methods. This experiment is using a method with different sources
of systematic uncertainty than measurements conducted to date. We are also
developing a source of pulsed ultra-cold neutrons (UCNs) produced from a
Doppler shifter are available at the unpolarized beam branch. We are developing
a time focusing device for UCNs, a so called "rebuncher", which can increase
UCN density from a pulsed UCN source. At the low divergence beam branch, an
experiment to search an unknown intermediate force with nanometer range is
performed by measuring the angular dependence of neutron scattering by noble
gases. Finally the beamline is also used for the research and development of
optical elements and detectors. For example, a position sensitive neutron
detector that uses emulsion to achieve sub-micrometer resolution is currently
under development. We have succeeded in detecting cold and ultra-cold neutrons
using the emulsion detector.


  Deep learning has had remarkable success at analyzing handheld imagery such
as consumer photos due to the availability of large-scale human annotations
(e.g., ImageNet). However, remote sensing data lacks such extensive annotation
and thus potential for supervised learning. To address this, we propose a
highly effective semi-supervised approach tailored specifically to remote
sensing data. Our approach encompasses two key contributions. First, we adapt
the FixMatch framework to remote sensing data by designing robust strong and
weak augmentations suitable for this domain. Second, we develop an effective
semi-supervised learning method by removing bias in imbalanced training data
resulting from both actual labels and pseudo-labels predicted by the model. Our
simple semi-supervised framework was validated by extensive experimentation.
Using 30\% of labeled annotations, it delivers a 7.1\% accuracy gain over the
supervised learning baseline and a 2.1\% gain over the supervised
state-of-the-art CDS method on the remote sensing xView dataset.


  We study the nuclear effects in the electromagnetic structure function
F2(x,Q^2) in nuclei in the deep inelastic lepton nucleus scattering process by
taking into account Fermi motion, binding, pion and rho meson cloud
contributions. Calculations have been done in a local density approximation
using relativistic nuclear spectral functions which include nucleon
correlations for nuclear matter. The ratios over deuteron structure function
are obtained and compared with the recent JLAB results for light nuclei with
special attention to the slope of the x distributions. This magnitude shows a
non trivial A dependence and it is insensitive to possible normalization
uncertainties. The results have also been compared with some of the older
experiments using intermediate mass nuclei.


  We investigate the properties of the BCZ map. Based on our findings, we
define the moduli space associated with its excursions. Subsequently, we
utilize the framework we build to establish a discretized analog of the Riemann
hypothesis (RH) that holds in a stronger sense from a dynamical perspective.
The analog is founded upon a reformulation of the RH, specifically in terms of
estimates of L1-averages of BCZ cocycle along periodic orbits of the BCZ map.
The primary tool we will rely on is the generalized arithmetic sequence, which
we will define and discuss.


  A measurement of the rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of dijet
azimuthal decorrelations is presented, using the quantity $R_{\Delta \phi}$.
The quantity $R_{\Delta \phi}$ specifies the fraction of the inclusive dijet
events in which the azimuthal opening angle of the two jets with the highest
transverse momenta is less than a given value of the parameter $\Delta
\phi_\mathrm{max}$. The quantity $R_{\Delta \phi}$ is measured in
proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$8 TeV as a function of the dijet
rapidity interval, the event total scalar transverse momentum, and $\Delta
\phi_\mathrm{max}$. The measurement uses an event sample corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb$^{-1}$ collected with the ATLAS detector at
the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Predictions of a perturbative QCD calculation
at next-to-leading order in the strong coupling with corrections for
non-perturbative effects are compared to the data. The theoretical predictions
describe the data in the whole kinematic region. The data are used to determine
the strong coupling $\alpha_{\mathrm{S}}$ and to study its running for momentum
transfers from 260 GeV to above 1.6 TeV. An analysis that combines data at all
momentum transfers results in $\alpha_{\mathrm{S}}(m_{Z}) =
0.1127^{+0.0063}_{-0.0027}$.


  Given a finite collection of $C^1$ vector fields on a $C^2$ manifold which
span the tangent space at every point, we consider the question of when there
is locally a coordinate system in which these vector fields are real analytic.
We give necessary and sufficient, coordinate-free conditions for the existence
of such a coordinate system. Moreover, we present a quantitative study of these
coordinate charts. This is the third part in a three-part series of papers. The
first part, joint with Stovall, lay the groundwork for the coordinate system we
use in this paper and showed how such coordinate charts can be viewed as
scaling maps for sub-Riemannian geometry. The second part dealt with the
analogous questions with real analytic replaced by $C^\infty$ and Zygmund
spaces.


  Let $H$ signify the free non-negative Laplacian on $\mathbb{R}^2$ and $H_Y$
the non-negative Dirichlet Laplacian on the complement $Y$ of a nonpolar
compact subset $K$ in the plane. We derive the low-energy expansion for the
Krein spectral shift function (scattering phase) for the obstacle scattering
system $\{\,H_Y,\,H\,\}$ including detailed expressions for the first three
coefficients. We use this to investigate the large time behaviour of the
expected volume of the pinned Wiener sausage associated to $K$.


  Ultra High Energy, UHE, upward Tau neutrinos Tau, anti-neutrino Tau, above
hundred TeVs and up to tens PeV energies, of relevant astrophysical nature, may
lead to UHE Taus and consequent Up-ward Tau air-Showers {UPTAUS} after
interaction on Earth crust surface. The UPTAUS discover may open a new UHE Tau
Neutrino Astrophysics. A new generation of Gamma, X, optical and Radio Arrays
in Space may discover, in the same Auger spirit, such up-coming Air-showers as
well as an additional Tau signal: the nearly Horizontal Tau AIR-Shower
{HORTAUS} originated by UHE neutrinos tau at 10^{19} eV energies arising from a
thin Earth crust corona at few tens of degree below the horizons; a degree
above the horizons, there should be over common diffused cosmic ray albedo, an
additional High Altitudes (nearly Horizontal) Showers {HIAS}, by more common
Cosmic Rays primaries at PeVs up to EeV and ZeV energies, both of hadronic or
of electro-magnetic $\gamma$ nature. Mini-arrays detectors in high Altitude
Balloons tails facing the horizons and the Earth below may also reveal both
UPTAUS, and HIAS, and more rarely HORTAUS. Gamma Burst, Cherenkov flashes and
rarer muons observed by high mountains peak arrays or high quota balloon array
may better probe UPTAUS and HORTAUS. Present and future X-Gamma satellites as
Beppo-Sax may be also able to discover HORTAUS and HIAS discovering transient
events by UHE source (as the Crab) while in occultation by Earth. Because of
the large shower distances and the Earth magnetic field, HIAS and HORTAUS
showers will be split in a {Twin-Beams} fan-shaped wide arc, orthogonal to the
terrestrial magnetic field, with a strong azimuths modulation. Gamma bursts
with rare single muons or neutrons at the horizon, associated with HIAS,
HORTAUS may be discovered by Glast and AMS satellite.


  Event cameras are bio-inspired sensors that perform well in challenging
illumination conditions and have high temporal resolution. However, their
concept is fundamentally different from traditional frame-based cameras. The
pixels of an event camera operate independently and asynchronously. They
measure changes of the logarithmic brightness and return them in the highly
discretised form of time-stamped events indicating a relative change of a
certain quantity since the last event. New models and algorithms are needed to
process this kind of measurements. The present work looks at several motion
estimation problems with event cameras. The flow of the events is modelled by a
general homographic warping in a space-time volume, and the objective is
formulated as a maximisation of contrast within the image of warped events. Our
core contribution consists of deriving globally optimal solutions to these
generally non-convex problems, which removes the dependency on a good initial
guess plaguing existing methods. Our methods rely on branch-and-bound
optimisation and employ novel and efficient, recursive upper and lower bounds
derived for six different contrast estimation functions. The practical validity
of our approach is demonstrated by a successful application to three different
event camera motion estimation problems.


  It is interesting to study the characteristics of the whole family of $B_c$
which contains two different heavy flavors. LHC and the proposed $Z^0$ factory
provide an opportunity because a large database on the $B_c$ family will be
achieved. $B_c$ and its excited states can be identified via their decay modes.
As suggested by experimentalists, $B_c^*(ns)\to B_c+\gamma$ is not easy to be
clearly measured, instead, the trajectories of $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ occurring in
the decay of $B_c(ns)\to B_c(ms)+\pi^+\pi^-$ ($n>m$) can be unambiguously
identified, thus the measurement seems easier and more reliable, therefore this
mode is more favorable at early running stage of LHCb and the proposed $Z^0$
factory. In this work, we calculate the rate of $B_c(ns)\to B_c(ms)+\pi^+\pi^-$
in terms of the QCD multipole-expansion and the numerical results indicate that
the experimental measurements with the luminosity of LHC and $Z^0$ factory are
feasible.


  The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is one of the most successful numerical
algorithms of the 20th century and has found numerous applications in many
branches of computational science and engineering. The FFT algorithm can be
derived from a particular matrix decomposition of the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) matrix. In this paper, we show that the quantum Fourier
transform (QFT) can be derived by further decomposing the diagonal factors of
the FFT matrix decomposition into products of matrices with Kronecker product
structure. We analyze the implication of this Kronecker product structure on
the discrete Fourier transform of rank-1 tensors on a classical computer. We
also explain why such a structure can take advantage of an important quantum
computer feature that enables the QFT algorithm to attain an exponential
speedup on a quantum computer over the FFT algorithm on a classical computer.
Further, the connection between the matrix decomposition of the DFT matrix and
a quantum circuit is made. We also discuss a natural extension of a radix-2 QFT
decomposition to a radix-d QFT decomposition. No prior knowledge of quantum
computing is required to understand what is presented in this paper. Yet, we
believe this paper may help readers to gain some rudimentary understanding of
the nature of quantum computing from a matrix computation point of view.


  Stars with helium cores between ~64 and 133 M_sun are theoretically predicted
to die as pair-instability supernovae. This requires very massive progenitors,
which are theoretically prohibited for Pop II/I stars within the Galactic
stellar mass limit due to mass loss via line-driven winds. However, the runaway
collision of stars in a dense, young star cluster could create a merged star
with sufficient mass to end its life as a pair-instability supernova, even with
enhanced mass loss at non-zero metallicity. We show that the predicted rate
from this mechanism is consistent with the inferred volumetric rate of roughly
~2x10^-9 Mpc^-3 yr^-1 of the two observed pair-instability supernovae, SN
2007bi and PTF 10nmn, neither of which have metal-free host galaxies. Contrary
to prior literature, only pair-instability supernovae at low redshifts z<2 will
be observable with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). We estimate the
telescope will observe ~10^2 such events per year that originate from the
collisional runaway mergers in clusters.


  Let $G_{n,p}$ be the standard Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi-Gilbert random graph and let
$G_{n,n,p}$ be the random bipartite graph on $n+n$ vertices, where each $e\in
[n]^2$ appears as an edge independently with probability $p$. For a graph
$G=(V,E)$, suppose that each edge $e\in E$ is given an independent uniform
exponential rate one cost. Let $C(G)$ denote the random variable equal to the
length of the minimum cost perfect matching, assuming that $G$ contains at
least one. We show that w.h.p. if $d=np\gg(\log n)^2$ then w.h.p. ${\bf
E}[C(G_{n,n,p})] =(1+o(1))\frac{\p^2}{6p}$. This generalises the well-known
result for the case $G=K_{n,n}$. We also show that w.h.p. ${\bf E}[C(G_{n,p})]
=(1+o(1))\frac{\p^2}{12p}$ along with concentration results for both types of
random graph.


  One-parameter functionals of the R\'{e}nyi $R_{\rho,\gamma}(\alpha)$ and
Tsallis $T_{\rho,\gamma}(\alpha)$ types are calculated both in the position
(subscript $\rho$) and momentum ($\gamma$) spaces for the azimuthally symmetric
2D nanoring that is placed into the combination of the transverse uniform
magnetic field $\bf B$ and the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux $\phi_{AB}$ and whose
potential profile is modelled by the superposition of the quadratic and inverse
quadratic dependencies on the radius $r$. Position (momentum) R\'{e}nyi entropy
depends on the field $B$ as a negative (positive) logarithm of
$\omega_{eff}\equiv\left(\omega_0^2+\omega_c^2/4\right)^{1/2}$, where
$\omega_0$ determines the quadratic steepness of the confining potential and
$\omega_c$ is a cyclotron frequency. This makes the sum
${R_\rho}_{nm}(\alpha)+{R_\gamma}_{nm}(\frac{\alpha}{2\alpha-1})$ a
field-independent quantity that increases with the principal $n$ and azimuthal
$m$ quantum numbers and does satisfy corresponding uncertainty relation.
Analytic expression for the lower boundary of the semi-infinite range of the
dimensionless coefficient $\alpha$ where the momentum entropies exist reveals
that it depends on the ring geometry, AB intensity and quantum number $m$. It
is proved that there is the only orbital for which both R\'{e}nyi and Tsallis
uncertainty relations turn into the identity at $\alpha=1/2$ and which is not
necessarily the lowest-energy level. At any coefficient $\alpha$, the
dependence of the position R\'{e}nyi entropy on the AB flux mimics the energy
variation with $\phi_{AB}$ what, under appropriate scaling, can be used for the
unique determination of the associated persistent current. Similarities and
differences between the two entropies and their uncertainty relations are
discussed too.


  An efficient approach to the calculation of the $\epsilon$-entropy is
proposed. The method is based on the idea of looking at the information content
of a string of data, by analyzing the signal only at the instants when the
fluctuations are larger than a certain threshold $\epsilon$, i.e., by looking
at the exit-time statistics. The practical and theoretical advantages of our
method with respect to the usual one are shown by the examples of a
deterministic map and a self-affine stochastic process.


  Through a cascade of generalizations, we develop a theory of motivic
integration which works uniformly in all non-archimedean local fields of
characteristic zero, overcoming some of the difficulties related to
ramification and small residue field characteristics. We define a class of
functions, called functions of motivic exponential class, which we show to be
stable under integration and under Fourier transformation, extending results
and definitions from previous papers. We prove uniform results related to
rationality and to various kinds of loci. A key ingredient is a refined form of
Denef-Pas quantifier elimination which allows us to understand definable sets
in the value group and in the valued field.


  Cellular signaling is essential in information processing and decision
making. Therefore, a variety of experimental approaches have been developed to
study signaling on bulk and single-cell level. Single-cell measurements of
signaling molecules demonstrated a substantial cell-to-cell variability,
raising questions about its causes and mechanisms and about how cell
populations cope with or exploit cellular heterogeneity. To gain insights from
single-cell signaling data, analysis and modeling approaches have been
introduced. This review discusses these modeling approaches, with a focus on
recent advances in the development and calibration of mechanistic models.
Additionally, it outlines current and future challenges.


  The author gives the full list of his conjectures on series for powers of
$\pi$ and other important constants scattered in some of his public papers or
his private diaries. The list contains 234 reasonable conjectural series. On
the list there are 178 reasonable series for $\pi^{-1}$, four series for
$\pi^2$, two series for $\pi^{-2}$, four series for $\pi^4$, two series for
$\pi^5$, three series for $\pi^6$, seven series for $\zeta(3)$, one series for
$\pi\zeta(3)$, two series for $\pi^2\zeta(3)$, one series for $\zeta(3)^2$,
three series involving both $\zeta(3)^2$ and $\pi^6$, one series for
$\zeta(5)$, three series involving both $\zeta(5)$ and $\zeta(2)\zeta(3)$, two
series involving both $\pi\zeta(5)$ and $\pi^3\zeta(3)$, three series involving
$\zeta(7)$, three series for $K=L(2,(\frac{\cdot}{3}))$, one series for the
Catalan constant $G$, two series for $\pi G$, one series involving both
$\pi^3G$ and $\pi^2\zeta(3)$, two series for $\pi K$, two series involving
$L=L(4,(\frac{\cdot}3))$, three series involving
$\beta(4)=L(4,(\frac{-4}{\cdot}))$, and four series for $\pi^2\log a$ with
$a=2,3,(\sqrt5+1)/2$. The code of a conjectural series is underlined if and
only if a complete proof of the identity is available.


  This study discusses the effects of the new technology on the democratic
system by reviewing the political history of democracy in philosophic view. The
study explores the philosophical discussion of democracy and its components
that is designed by most influential philosophers whom most of them agreed on
the importance of education and knowledge to be the two main components. The
study connects the democratic progress in the State of Kuwait to its roots,
namely knowledge and education.