  A barrier certificate often serves as an inductive invariant that isolates an
unsafe region from the reachable set of states, and hence is widely used in
proving safety of hybrid systems possibly over an infinite time horizon. We
present a novel condition on barrier certificates, termed the invariant
barrier-certificate condition, that witnesses unbounded-time safety of
differential dynamical systems. The proposed condition is the weakest possible
one to attain inductive invariance. We show that discharging the invariant
barrier-certificate condition -- thereby synthesizing invariant barrier
certificates -- can be encoded as solving an optimization problem subject to
bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). We further propose a synthesis algorithm
based on difference-of-convex programming, which approaches a local optimum of
the BMI problem via solving a series of convex optimization problems. This
algorithm is incorporated in a branch-and-bound framework that searches for the
global optimum in a divide-and-conquer fashion. We present a weak completeness
result of our method, namely, a barrier certificate is guaranteed to be found
(under some mild assumptions) whenever there exists an inductive invariant (in
the form of a given template) that suffices to certify safety of the system.
Experimental results on benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency
of our approach.


  We present the Sequent Calculus Trainer, a tool that supports students in
learning how to correctly construct proofs in the sequent calculus for
first-order logic with equality. It is a proof assistant fostering the
understanding of all the syntactic principles that need to be obeyed in
constructing correct proofs. It does not provide any help in finding good proof
strategies. Instead it aims at understanding the sequent calculus on a lower
syntactic level that needs to be mastered before one can consider proof
strategies. Its main feature is a proper feedback system embedded in a
graphical user interface. We also report on some empirical findings that
indicate how the Sequent Calculus Trainer can improve the students' success in
learning sequent calculus for full first-order logic.


  We are interested in automatic scene understanding from geometric cues. To
this end, we aim to bring semantic segmentation in the loop of real-time
reconstruction. Our semantic segmentation is built on a deep autoencoder stack
trained exclusively on synthetic depth data generated from our novel 3D scene
library, SynthCam3D. Importantly, our network is able to segment real world
scenes without any noise modelling. We present encouraging preliminary results.


  We address the multi-satellite scheduling problem with limited observation
capacities that arises from the need to observe a set of targets on the Earth's
surface using imaging resources installed on a set of satellites. We define and
analyze the conflict indicators of all available visible time windows of
missions, as well as the feasible time intervals of resources. The problem is
then formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model, in which
constraints are derived from a careful analysis of the interdependency between
feasible time intervals that are eligible for observations. We apply the
proposed model to several different problem instances that reflect real-world
situations. The computational results verify that our approach is effective for
obtaining optimum solutions or solutions with a very good quality.


  We propose an algebraic method for extracting excited states from lattice
gauge theory correlation functions. Instead of fitting to a sum of decaying
exponentials, we adopt a variant of Prony's method to obtain $M$ energies
(exponential decay rates) by finding the roots of an $M^{\rm th}$ order
polynomial, and then solving for the amplitudes linearly. The resulting states
tend to have overlapping error ellipses, making identification of states
ambiguous. This is especially problematic at large Euclidean times where the
signal to noise may be low, as well as when many states are extracted. We
propose a variation of K-means clustering to identify each extracted state.


  We present a new construction of four dimensional $\mathcal N=3$ theories,
given by M5 branes wrapping a $T^2$ in an M-theory U-fold background. The
resulting setup generalizes the one used in the usual class $\mathcal S$
construction of four dimensional theories by using an extra discrete symmetry
on the M5 worldvolume. Together with the M-theory U-fold description of $(0,2)$
$E$-type six-dimensional SCFTs, this allows to construct new, exceptional,
$\mathcal N=3$ theories.


  Complex networks characterized by global transport processes rely on the
presence of directed paths from input to output nodes and edges, which organize
in characteristic linked components. The analysis of such network-spanning
structures in the framework of percolation theory, and in particular the key
role of edge interfaces bridging the communication between core and periphery,
allow us to shed light on the structural properties of real and theoretical
flow networks, and to define criteria and quantities to characterize their
efficiency at the interplay between structure and functionality. In particular,
it is possible to assess that an optimal flow network should look like a "hairy
ball", so to minimize bottleneck effects and the sensitivity to failures.
Moreover, the thorough analysis of two real networks, the Internet
customer-provider set of relationships at the autonomous system level and the
nervous system of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans --that have been shaped by
very different dynamics and in very different time-scales--, reveals that
whereas biological evolution has selected a structure close to the optimal
layout, market competition does not necessarily tend toward the most customer
efficient architecture.


  Based on the single particle approximation [V. F. Dmitriev {\it et al}, Phys.
Rev. C {\bf50}, 2358 (1994), C.-C. Chen, Phys. Rev. A {\bf51}, 2611 (1995)],
the Landau quantization associated with an atom with a magnetic quadrupole
moment is introduced, and then, rotating effects on this analogue of the Landau
quantization is investigated. It is shown that rotating effects can modify the
cyclotron frequency and breaks the degeneracy of the analogue of the Landau
levels.


  In this paper, we find an explicit formulas, or recurrences, in terms of
generating functions for the cardinalities of the sets $S_n(T;\tau)$ of all
permutations in $S_n$ that contain $\tau\in S_k$ exactly once and avoid a
subset $T\subseteq S_3$, $|T|\geq2$. The main body of the paper is divided into
three sections corresponding to the cases $|T|=2,3$ and $|T|\geq4$.


  The Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs) are key tools in Monte Carlo
simulations. More recently, the MIXMAX PRNG has been included in ROOT and Class
Library for High Energy Physics (CLHEP) software packages and claims to be a
state of art generator due to its long period, high performance and good
statistical properties. In this paper the various statistical tests for MIXMAX
are performed. The results compared with those obtained from other PRNGs, e.g.
Mersenne Twister, Ranlux, LCG reveal better qualities for MIXMAX in generating
random numbers. The Mersenne Twister is by far the most widely used PRNG in
many software packages including packages in High Energy Physics (HEP), however
the results show that MIXMAX is not inferior to Mersenne Twister.


  We study the Q^2-evolution of the form factors (FFs) for the
nucleon-to-N(1680) transition in the framework of an effective field theory. To
this end, the intrinsic symmetries of the spin-5/2 Rarita-Schwinger (RS) fields
are analyzed, and a Lagrangian of the electromagnetic N-N(1680) interactions is
constructed. The Lagrangian preserves all the intrinsic symmetries of the
spin-5/2 field--point and gauge invariance--and does not involve lower-spin
components of the reducible RS field. Besides, the symmetries postulate the
definitions of the Lagrangian FFs. These FFs are modeled as dispersionlike
expansions in a vector-meson--dominance model. A good agreement with the
experimental data is achieved.


  In 2008, Langevin and Leander determined the dual function of three classes
of monomial bent functions with the help of Stickelberger's theorem: Dillon,
Gold and Kasami. In their paper, they proposed one very strong condition such
that their method works, and showed that both Gold exponent and Kasami exponent
satisfy this condition. In 2018, Pott {\em et al.} investigated the issue of
vectorial functions with maximal number of bent components. They found one
class of binomial functions which attains the upper bound. They also proposed
an open problem regarding monomial function with maximal number of bent
components.
  In this paper, we obtain an interesting result about the condition of
Langevin and Leander, and solve the open problem of Pott {\em et al.}.
Specifically, we show that: 1) for a monomial bent function over
$\mathbb{F}_{2^{2k}}$, if the exponent satisfies the first part of the
condition of Langevin and Leander, then it satisfies the entire condition; 2)
$x^{2^k+1}$ is the only monomial function over $\mathbb{F}_{2^{2k}}$ which has
maximal number of bent components. Fortunately, as a consequence, we also solve
an open problem of Ness and Helleseth in 2006.


  We discuss two-photon and hadronic production of $B_c$ mesons in
nonrelativistic bound state approximation and to lowest order in the coupling
constants $\alpha$ and $\alpha_s$. It is shown that in photon-photon
collisions, heavy quark fragmentation is dominated by recombination of $\bar b$
and $c$ quarks up to the highest accessible transverse momenta. In contrast, in
hadroproduction, which at high energies mainly involves gluon--gluon
collisions, the fragmentation mechanism dominates at transverse momenta $p_T >
m_{B_c}$, providing a simple and satisfactory approximation of the complete
$O(\alpha_s^4)$ results in the high-$p_T$ regime. Contradictions in previous
publications on hadroproduction of $B_c$ mesons are clarified. We also present
predictions for cross sections and differential distributions at present and
future accelerators.


  Let P -> M be a principal G-bundle. Using techniques from the loop
representation of gauge theory, we construct well-defined substitutes for
``Lebesgue measure'' on the space A of connections on P and for ``Haar
measure'' on the group Ga of gauge transformations. More precisely, we define
algebras of ``cylinder functions'' on the spaces A, Ga, and A/Ga, and define
generalized measures on these spaces as continuous linear functionals on the
corresponding algebras. Borrowing some ideas from lattice gauge theory, we
characterize generalized measures on A, Ga, and A/Ga in terms of graphs
embedded in M. We use this characterization to construct generalized measures
on A and Ga, respectively. The ``uniform'' generalized measure on A is
invariant under the group of automorphisms of P. It projects down to the
generalized measure on A/Ga considered by Ashtekar and Lewandowski in the case
G = SU(n). The ``generalized Haar measure'' on Ga is right- and left-invariant
as well as Aut(P)-invariant. We show that averaging any generalized measure on
A against generalized Haar measure gives a gauge-invariant generalized measure
on A.


  This paper discusses a decentralized finance (DeFi) application called
MakerDAO. The Maker Protocol, built on the Ethereum blockchain, enables users
to create and hold currency. Current elements of the Maker Protocol are the Dai
stable coin, Maker Vaults, and Voting. MakerDAO governs the Maker Protocol by
deciding on key parameters (e.g., stability fees, collateral types and rates,
etc.) through the voting power of Maker (MKR) holders. The Maker Protocol is
one of the largest decentralized applications (DApps) on the Ethereum
blockchain and is the first decentralized finance (DeFi) application to earn
significant adoption. The objective of this paper is to analyze and discuss the
significance, uses, and functions of this DeFi application.


  Quantum walks are not only algorithmic tools for quantum computation but also
not trivial models which describe various physical processes. The paper
compares one-dimensional version of the free particle Dirac equation with
discrete time quantum walk (DTQW). We show that the discretized Dirac equation
when compared with DTQW results in interesting relations. It is also shown that
two relativistic effects associated with the Dirac equation, namely
Zitterbewegung (quivering motion) and Klein's paradox, are present in DTQW,
which can be implemented within non-relativistic quantum mechanics.


  Dropout is a popular technique for regularizing artificial neural networks.
Dropout networks are generally trained by minibatch gradient descent with a
dropout mask turning off some of the units---a different pattern of dropout is
applied to every sample in the minibatch. We explore a very simple alternative
to the dropout mask. Instead of masking dropped out units by setting them to
zero, we perform matrix multiplication using a submatrix of the weight
matrix---unneeded hidden units are never calculated. Performing dropout
batchwise, so that one pattern of dropout is used for each sample in a
minibatch, we can substantially reduce training times. Batchwise dropout can be
used with fully-connected and convolutional neural networks.


  We present a full study of an improved nonlinear plasmonic slot waveguides
(NPSWs) in which buffer linear dielectric layers are added between the Kerr
type nonlinear dielectric core and the two semi-infinite metal regions. For TM
polarized waves, the inclusion of these supplementary layers have two
consequences. First, they reduced the overall losses. Secondly, they modify the
types of solutions that propagate in the NPSWs adding new profiles enlarging
the possibilities offered by these nonlinear waveguides. Our structure also
provides longer propagation length due to the decrease of the losses compared
to the simple nonlinear slot waveguide and exhibits, for well-chosen refractive
index or thickness of the buffer layer, a spatial transition of its main modes
that can be controlled by the power. We provide a full phase diagram of the TM
wave operating regimes of these improved NPSWs. The stability of the main TM
modes is then demonstrated numerically using the FDTD. We also demonstrate the
existence of TE waves for both linear and nonlinear cases (for some
configurations) in which the maximum intensity is located in the middle of the
waveguide. This kind of structures could be fabricated and characterized
experimentally due to the realistic parameters chosen to model them.


  This paper provides a recipe for deriving calculable approximation errors of
mean-field models in heavy-traffic with the focus on the well-known load
balancing algorithm -- power-of-two-choices (Po2). The recipe combines Stein's
method for linearized mean-field models and State Space Concentration (SSC)
based on geometric tail bounds. In particular, we divide the state space into
two regions, a neighborhood near the mean-field equilibrium and the complement
of that. We first use a tail bound to show that the steady-state probability
being outside the neighborhood is small. Then, we use a linearized mean-field
model and Stein's method to characterize the generator difference, which
provides the dominant term of the approximation error. From the dominant term,
we are able to obtain an asymptotically-tight bound and a nonasymptotic upper
bound, both are calculable bounds, not order-wise scaling results like most
results in the literature. Finally, we compared the theoretical bounds with
numerical evaluations to show the effectiveness of our results. We note that
the simulation results show that both bounds are valid even for small size
systems such as a system with only ten servers.


  Coronavirus disease 2019 in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients is
associated with more severe outcomes than non-immunosuppressed hosts. However,
exactly which risk factors cause Long COVID in acute COVID cases remains
unknown. More importantly, the impact of Long COVID on patient survival remains
understudied, especially when examined alongside the effect of SOT. All
patients have been identified with acute COVID in the National COVID
Collaborative Cohort registry. We compared patient demographics in Long COVID
vs. those without Long COVID based on descriptive statistics. Multivariable
logistics regressions were used to determine the factors related to the
likelihood of developing Long COVID from a case of acute COVID. Multi-variables
Cox regression was used to determine the time-to-event outcome of patient
survival with Long COVID. This study reviewed data from a cohort of 6,416,500
acute COVID patients. Of that group, 31,744 patients developed Long COVID from
ICD diagnosis. The mean (q1, q3) age was 39 (22, 57) years old, and 55% of
patients were female. From this cohort, a total of 31,744 (1%) developed Long
COVID and 43,565 (1%) had SOT, with a total of 698 SOT patients identified with
Long COVID. Mean age of those with Long COVID was 52 (39, 64) years old and 64%
of patients were female. Most of the SOT patients were kidney transplant
recipients. From the Cox regression analysis of patient survival, there were
many significant factors related to patient survival, with elderly SOT patients
having a much higher hazard ratio of 27.8 (26.3, 29.4). This study has
identified the important risk factors that are more likely to cause Long COVID
in an acute COVID cohort. We investigated hazard ratios of patient survival
based on multivariable Cox models, which found that Long COVID had a more
direct impact on survival in elderly patients and those with SOT.


  Flickering is a universal phenomenon in accreting astronomical systems which
still defies detailed physical understanding. It is particularly evident in
cataclysmic variables (CVs). Attempting to define boundary conditions for
models, the strength of the flickering is measured in several thousand light
curves of more than 100 CVs. The flickering amplitude is parameterized by the
FWHM of a Gaussian fit to the magnitude distribution of data points in a light
curve. This quantity requires several corrections before a comparison between
different sources can be made. While no correlations of the flickering strength
with simple parameters such as component masses, orbital inclination or period
were detected, a dependence on the absolute magnitude of the primary component
and on the CV subtype is found. In particular, flickering in VY Scl tpye
novalike variables is systematically stronger than in UX UMa type novalikes.
The broadband spectrum of the flickering light source can be fit by simple
models but shows excess in the $U$ band. When the data permitted to investigate
the flickering strength as a function of orbital phase in eclipsing CVs, such a
dependence was found, but it is different for different systems. Surprisingly,
there are also indications for variations of the flickering strength with the
superhump phase in novalike variables with permanent superhumps. In dwarf
novae, the flickering amplitude is high during quiescence, drops quickly at an
intermediate magnitude when the system enters into (or returns from) an
outburst and, on average, remains constant above a given brightness threshold.


  In this paper, we investigate the sequence estimation problem of binary and
quadrature phase shift keying faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling and propose
two novel low-complexity sequence estimation techniques based on concepts of
successive interference cancellation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first approach in the literature to detect FTN signaling on a symbol-by-symbol
basis. In particular, based on the structure of the self-interference inherited
in FTN signaling, we first find the operating region boundary---defined by the
root-raised cosine (rRC) pulse shape, its roll-off factor, and the time
acceleration parameter of the FTN signaling---where perfect estimation of the
transmit data symbols on a symbol-by-symbol basis is guaranteed, assuming
noise-free transmission. For noisy transmission, we then propose a novel
low-complexity technique that works within the operating region and is capable
of estimating the transmit data symbols on a symbol-by-symbol basis. To reduce
the error propagation of the proposed successive symbol-by-symbol sequence
estimator (SSSSE), we propose a successive symbol-by-symbol with go-back-$K$
sequence estimator (SSSgb$K$SE) that goes back to re-estimate up to $K$
symbols, and subsequently improves the estimation accuracy of the current data
symbol. Simulation results show that the proposed sequence estimation
techniques perform well for low intersymbol interference (ISI) scenarios and
can significantly increase the data rate and spectral efficiency. Additionally,
results reveal that choosing the value of $K$ as low as $2$ or $3$ data symbols
is sufficient to significantly improve the bit-error-rate performance. Results
also show that the performance of the proposed SSSgb$K$SE, with $K = 1$ or $2$,
surpasses the performance of the lowest complexity equalizers reported in the
literature, with reduced computational complexity.


  We study a random process with reinforcement, which evolves following the
dynamics of a given diffusion process in a bounded domain and is resampled
according to its occupation measure when it reaches the boundary. We show that
its occupation measure converges to the unique quasi-stationary distribution of
the diffusion process absorbed at the boundary of the domain. Our proofs use
recent results in the theory of quasi-stationary distributions and stochastic
approximation techniques.


  We extend quantum noise spectroscopy (QNS) of amplitude control noise to
settings where dephasing noise or detuning errors make significant
contributions to qubit dynamics. Previous approaches to characterize amplitude
noise are limited by their vulnerability to low-frequency dephasing noise and
static detuning errors, which can overwhelm the target control noise signal and
introduce bias into estimates of the amplitude noise spectrum. To overcome this
problem, we leverage optimal control to identify a family of amplitude control
waveforms that optimally suppress low-frequency dephasing noise and detuning
errors, while maintaining the spectral concentration in the amplitude filter
essential for spectral estimation. The waveforms found via numerical
optimization have surprisingly simple analytic forms, consisting of oscillating
sine waves obeying particular amplitude and frequency constraints. In
numerically simulated QNS experiments, these waveforms demonstrate superior
robustness, enabling accurate estimation of the amplitude noise spectrum in
regimes where existing approaches are biased by low-frequency dephasing noise
and detuning errors.


  This paper presents a novel design concept for spintronic nanoelectronics
that emphasizes a seamless integration of spin-based memory and logic circuits.
The building blocks are magneto-logic gates based on a hybrid
graphene/ferromagnet material system. We use network search engines as a
technology demonstration vehicle and present a spin-based circuit design with
smaller area, faster speed, and lower energy consumption than the
state-of-the-art CMOS counterparts. This design can also be applied in
applications such as data compression, coding and image recognition. In the
proposed scheme, over 100 spin-based logic operations are carried out before
any need for a spin-charge conversion. Consequently, supporting CMOS
electronics requires little power consumption. The spintronic-CMOS integrated
system can be implemented on a single 3-D chip. These nonvolatile logic
circuits hold potential for a paradigm shift in computing applications.


  We will examine the Left-Right Twin Higgs(LRTH) Models as a solution of muon
g-2 anomaly with the background of the Higgs global fit data. In the
calculation, the joint constrains from the theory, the precision electroweak
data, the 125 GeV Higgs data, the leptonic flavor changing decay \mu \to
e\gamma decays, and the constraints m_{\nu_R}>m_T>m_{W_H} are all considered.
And with the small mass of the \phi^0, the direct searches from the $h\to
\phi^0\phi^0$ channels can impose stringent upper limits on Br(h\to
\phi^0\phi^0) and can reduce the allowed region of m_{\phi^0} and f. It is
concluded that the muon g-2 anomaly can be explained in the region of 200 GeV
\leq M\leq 500 GeV, 700 GeV \leq f\leq 1100 GeV, 13 GeV \leq m_{\phi^0}\leq 55
GeV, 100 GeV \leq m_{\phi^\pm}\leq 900 GeV, and m_{\nu_R}\geq 15 TeV after
imposing all the constraints mentioned above.


  We study the possibility of texture zeros in Majorana light neutrino mass
matrix in the light of dark large mixing angle (DLMA) solution to solar
neutrino problem where solar mixing angle ($\sin^2{\theta_{12}}\simeq 0.7 $)
lies in the second octant instead of first octant in standard large mixing
angle (LMA) scenario ($\sin^2{\theta_{12}}\simeq 0.3 $). In three neutrino
scenario, we find that LMA and DLMA solutions lead to different set of allowed
and disallowed textures with one and two zeros. While being consistent with
existing bounds from neutrino oscillation data, neutrinoless double beta decay
and cosmology these allowed textures also lead to interesting correlations
among light neutrino parameters which can distinguish LMA from DLMA solution.
We also check the implications for texture zeros in $3+1$ neutrino scenario
using both LMA and DLMA solutions. While LMA and DLMA solutions do not play
decisive role in ruling out texture zeros in this case, they do give rise to
distinct predictions and correlations between light neutrino parameters.


  We consider the problem of estimating the mean of a random vector based on
i.i.d. observations and adversarial contamination. We introduce a multivariate
extension of the trimmed-mean estimator and show its optimal performance under
minimal conditions.


  Linear and circular polarizations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been
detected during recent years. We adopt a simplified model to investigate GRB
polarization characteristics in this paper. A compressed two-dimensional
turbulent slab containing stochastic magnetic fields is considered, and jitter
radiation can produce the linear polarization under this special magnetic field
topology. Turbulent Faraday rotation measure (RM) of this slab makes strong
wavelength-dependent depolarization. The jitter photons can also scatter with
those magnetic clumps inside the turbulent slab, and a nonzero variance of the
Stokes parameter $V$ can be generated. Furthermore, the linearly and circularly
polarized photons in the optical and radio bands may suffer heavy absorptions
from the slab. Thus we consider the polarized jitter radiation transfer
processes. Finally, we compare our model results with the optical detections of
GRB 091018, GRB 121024A, and GRB 131030A. We suggest simultaneous observations
of GRB multi-wavelength polarization in the future.


  We present high spatial resolution mid-IR images of the ring of UCHII regions
in W49A obtained at Gemini North, allowing us to identify the driving source of
its powerful H2O maser outflow. These data also confirm our previous report
that several radio sources in the ring are undetected in the mid-IR because
they are embedded deep inside the cloud core. We locate the source of the water
maser outflow at the position of the compact mid-IR peak of source G (source
G:IRS1). This IR source is not coincident with any identified compact radio
continuum source, but is coincident with a hot molecular core, so we propose
that G:IRS1 is a hot core driving an outflow analogous to the wide-angle
bipolar outflow in OMC-1. G:IRS1 is at the origin of a larger bipolar cavity
and CO outflow. The water maser outflow is orthogonal to the bipolar CO cavity,
so the masers probably reside near its waist in the cavity walls. Models of the
IR emission require a massive protostar of 45Msun, 3e5Lsun, and an effective
envelope accretion rate of 1e-3Msun/yr. Feedback from the central star could
potentially drive the H2O maser outflow, but it has insufficient radiative
momentum to have driven the large-scale CO outflow, requiring that this massive
star had an active accretion disk over the past 10^4 yr. Combined with the
spatialy resolved morphology in IR images, G:IRS1 in W49 provides compelling
evidence for a massive protostar that formed by accreting from a disk,
accompanied by a bipolar outflow.


  In a first systematic effort to characterize the intra-night optical
variability (INOV) of different classes of narrow line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1)
galaxies, we have carried out observations on a sample of radio-loud (RL) and
radio-quiet (RQ) NLSy1 galaxies. The RL-NLSy1 galaxies are further divided into
{\gamma}-ray loud (GL) and {\gamma}-ray quiet (GQ) NLSy1 galaxies. Our sample
consists of four sets, each set consisting of a RQ-NLSy1, a GQ-NLSy1 and a
GL-NLSy1 galaxy, closely matched in redshift and optical luminosity. Our
observations on both RQ and GQ-NLSy1 galaxies consist of a total of 19 nights,
whereas the data for GL-NLSy1 galaxies (18 nights) were taken from literature
published earlier by us. This enabled us to do a comparison of the duty cycle
(DC) of different classes of NLSy1 galaxies. Using power-enhanced F-test, with
a variability threshold of 1%, we find DCs of about 55%, 39% and 0% for GL, GQ
and RQ-NLSy1 galaxies respectively. The high DC and large amplitude of INOV
(24.0 +/- 13.7%) shown by GL-NLSy1 galaxies relative to the other two classes
might be due to their inner aligned relativistic jets having large bulk Lorentz
factors. The null DC of RQ-NLSy1 galaxies could mean the presence of low power
and/or largely misaligned jets in them. However, dividing RL-NLSy1 galaxies
into low and high optical polarization sources, we find that sources with large
polarization show somewhat higher DCs (69%) and amplitudes (29%) compared to
those with low polarization. This points to a possible link between INOV and
optical polarization.


  We study the implications of a large degree of compositeness for the light
generation quarks in composite pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone-boson Higgs models. We
focus in particular on viable scenarios where the right-handed up-type quarks
have a sizable mixing with the strong dynamics. For concreteness we assume the
latter to be characterized by an SO(5)/SO(4) symmetry with fermionic resonances
in the SO(4) singlet and fourplet representations. Singlet partners dominantly
decay to a Higgs boson and jets. As no dedicated searches are currently looking
for these final states, singlet partners can still be rather light. Conversely,
some fourplet partners dominantly decay to an electroweak gauge boson and a
jet, a signature which has been analyzed at the LHC. To constrain the parameter
space of this scenario we have reinterpreted various LHC analyses. In the limit
of first two generation degeneracy, as in minimal flavor violation or
U(2)-symmetric flavor models, fourplet partners need to be relatively heavy,
with masses above 1.8 TeV, or the level of compositeness needs to be rather
small. The situation is rather different in models that deviate from the first
two generation degeneracy paradigm, as the charm parton distribution functions
are suppressed relative to the up quark ones. The right-handed charm quark can
be composite and its partners being as light as 600 GeV, while the right-handed
up quark needs either to be mostly elementary or to have its partners as heavy
as 2 TeV. Models with fully composite singlet fermions are also analyzed,
leading to similar conclusions. Finally, we consider the case where both the
fourplet and the singlet states are present. In this case the bounds could be
significantly weaken due to a combination of smaller production rates and the
opening of new channels including cascade processes.


  The KP and 2D Toda tau-functions of hypergeometric type that serve as
generating functions for weighted single and double Hurwitz numbers are related
to the topological recursion programme. A graphical representation of such
weighted Hurwitz numbers is given in terms of weighted constellations. The
associated classical and quantum spectral spectral curves are derived, and
these are interpreted combinatorially in terms of the graphical model. The pair
correlators are given a finite Christoffel-Darboux representation and
determinantal expressions are obtained for the multipair correlators. The genus
expansion of the multicurrent correlators is shown to provide generating series
for weighted Hurwitz numbers of fixed ramification profile lengths. The WKB
series for the Baker function is derived and used to deduce the loop equations
and the topological recursion relations in the case of polynomial weight
functions.


  We study the quantum dynamics of N coherently driven two-level atoms coupled
to an optical resonator. In the strong coupling regime the cavity field
generated by atomic scattering interferes destructively with the pump on the
atoms. This suppresses atomic excitation and even for strong driving fields
prevents atomic saturation, while the stationary intracavity field amplitude is
almost independent of the atom number. The magnitude of the interference effect
depends on the detuning between laser and cavity field and on the relative
atomic positions and is strongest for a wavelength spaced lattice of atoms
placed at the antinodes of the cavity mode. In this case three dimensional
intensity minima are created in the vicinity of each atom. In this regime
spontaneous emission is suppressed and the dominant loss channel is cavity
decay. Even for a cavity linewidth larger than the atomic natural width, one
regains strong interference through the cooperative action of a sufficiently
large number of atoms. These results give a new key to understand recent
experiments on collective cavity cooling and may allow to implement fast
tailored atom-atom interactions as well as nonperturbative particle detection
with very small energy transfer.


  Ultracold Fermi gases with tuneable interactions represent a unique test bed
to explore the many-body physics of strongly interacting quantum systems. In
the past decade, experiments have investigated a wealth of intriguing
phenomena, and precise measurements of ground-state properties have provided
exquisite benchmarks for the development of elaborate theoretical descriptions.
Metastable states in Fermi gases with strong repulsive interactions represent
an exciting new frontier in the field. The realization of such systems
constitutes a major challenge since a strong repulsive interaction in an atomic
quantum gas implies the existence of a weakly bound molecular state, which
makes the system intrinsically unstable against decay. Here, we exploit
radio-frequency spectroscopy to measure the complete excitation spectrum of
fermionic 40K impurities resonantly interacting with a Fermi sea of 6Li atoms.
In particular, we show that a well-defined quasiparticle exists for strongly
repulsive interactions. For this "repulsive polaron" we measure its energy and
its lifetime against decay. We also probe its coherence properties by measuring
the quasiparticle residue. The results are well described by a theoretical
approach that takes into account the finite effective range of the interaction
in our system. We find that a non-zero range of the order of the interparticle
spacing results in a substantial lifetime increase. This major benefit for the
stability of the repulsive branch opens up new perspectives for investigating
novel phenomena in metastable, repulsively interacting fermion systems.


  In a recent article R. T. Cahill claims that the cosmological model based on
his "new physics of a dynamical 3-space" resolves the CMB-BBN Lithium-7 and
Helium-4 abundance anomalies. In this note it is shown that this conclusion is
wrong, resulting from a misunderstanding. In fact, primordial nucleosynthesis
in this non-standard cosmological model exacerbates the LIthium-7 problem and
creates new problems for primordial Helium-4 and Deuterium.


  Fixed-frequency superconducting quantum processors are one of the most mature
quantum computing architectures with high-coherence qubits and simple controls.
However, high-fidelity multi-qubit gates pose tight requirements on individual
qubit frequencies in these processors , and these constraints are difficult to
satisfy when constructing larger processors due to the large dispersion in the
fabrication of Josephson junctions. In this article, we propose a
mixed-integer-programming-based optimization approach that determines qubit
frequencies to maximize the fabrication yield of quantum processors. We study
traditional qubit and qutrit (three-level) architectures with cross-resonance
interaction processors. We compare these architectures to a differential
AC-Stark shift based on entanglement gates and show that our approach greatly
improves the fabrication yield and also increases the scalability of these
devices. Our approach is general and can be adapted to problems where one must
avoid specific frequency collisions.


  We discuss the use of Daubechies wavelets in discretizing quantum field
theories.


  For a mean curvature flow of complete graphical hypersurfaces
$M_{t}=\operatorname{graph} u(\cdot,t)$ defined over domains $\Omega_{t}$, the
enveloping cylinder is $\partial\Omega_{t}\times\mathbb{R}$. We prove the
smooth convergence of $M_{t}-h\,e_{n+1}$ to the enveloping cylinder under
certain circumstances. Moreover, we give examples demonstrating that there is
no uniform curvature bound in terms of the inital curvature and the geometry of
$\Omega_{t}$. Furthermore, we provide an example where the hypersurface
increasingly oscillates towards infinity in both space and time. It has
unbounded curvature at all times and is not smoothly asymptotic to the
enveloping cylinder. We also prove a relation between the initial spatial
asymptotics at the boundary and the temporal asymptotics of how the surface
vanishes to infinity for certain rates in the case $\Omega_{t}$ are balls.


  Accurate measurements of osculating orbital elements are essential in order
to understand and model the complex dynamic behavior of Near Earth Asteroids
(NEAs). ESA's Gaia mission promises to have great potential in this respect. In
this article we investigate the prospects of constraining orbits of newly
discovered and known NEAs using nearly simultaneous observations from the Earth
and Gaia. We find that observations performed simultaneously from two sites can
effectively constrain preliminary orbits derived via statistical ranging. By
linking discoveries stored in the Minor Planet Center databases to Gaia
astrometric alerts one can identify nearly simultaneous observations of Near
Earth Objects and benefit from improved initial orbit solutions at no
additional observational cost.


  We revise the classical continuum formulation behind the Spin Foam approach
to the quantization of gravity. Based on the recent applications of the current
EPRL-FK model beyond triangulations, we identify the tension with the
implementation of the 'volume' part of simplicity constraints, required for the
passage from the topological BF theory to gravity. The crucial role, played by
4d normals in the linear version of constraints, necessitates the extension of
the configuration space, and we argue to switch from normal 3-forms directly to
tetrads. The requirement of vanishing torsion leads to consider first an
unconstrained extended Poincare BF theory, which we characterize fully both at
the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian levels, paying special attention to its gauge
symmetries. The simplicity constraints are introduced naturally, in the spirit
of Plebanski formulation, and we give their tetradic version, dual to that of
using 3-forms. This brings us much closer to the geometric content of General
Relativity.


  We study quadratic algebras over a field $\textbf{k}$. We show that an
$n$-generated PBW algebra $A$ has finite global dimension and polynomial growth
\emph{iff} its Hilbert series is $H_A(z)= 1 /(1-z)^n$. Surprising amount can be
said when the algebra $A$ has \emph{quantum binomial relations}, that is the
defining relations are nondegenerate square-free binomials $xy-c_{xy}zt$ with
non-zero coefficients $c_{xy}\in \textbf{k}$. In this case various good
algebraic and homological properties are closely related. The main result shows
that for an $n$-generated quantum binomial algebra $A$ the following conditions
are equivalent: (i) A is a PBW algebra with finite global dimension; (ii) A is
PBW and has polynomial growth; (iii) A is an Artin-Schelter regular PBW
algebra; (iv) $A$ is a Yang-Baxter algebra; (v) $H_A(z)= 1/(1-z)^n;$ (vi) The
dual $A^{!}$ is a quantum Grassman algebra; (vii) A is a binomial skew
polynomial ring. So for quantum binomial algebras the problem of classification
of Artin-Schelter regular PBW algebras of global dimension $n$ is equivalent to
the classification of square-free set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter
equation $(X,r)$, on sets $X$ of order $n$.


  We study the travelling wave problem J\astu - u - cu' + f (u) = 0 in R,
u(-\infty) = 0, u(+\infty) = 1 with an asymmetric kernel J and a monostable
nonlinearity. We prove the existence of a minimal speed, and under certain
hypothesis the uniqueness of the profile for c = 0. For c = 0 we show examples
of nonuniqueness.


  We study a certain linear automorphism of a vertex operator algebra induced
by the formal change of variable $f(x)=e^x-1$ and describe examples showing how
this relates the theory of vertex operator algebras to Bernoulli numbers,
Bernoulli polynomial values, and related numbers. We give a recursion for such
numbers derived using vertex operator relations, and study the Jacobi identity
for modified vertex operators that was introduced in work of Lepowsky.


  A nonlinear control system is said to be weakly contractive in the control if
the flow that it generates is non-expanding (in the sense that the distance
between two trajectories is a non-increasing function of time) for some fixed
Riemannian metric independent of the control. We prove in this paper that for
such systems, local asymptotic stabilizability implies global asymptotic
stabilizability by means of a dynamic state feedback. We link this result and
the so-called Jurdjevic and Quinn approach.


  In this paper we propose new insights and ideas to set up quantitative
boundary estimates for solutions to Dirichlet problem of a class of fully
non-linear elliptic equations on compact Hermitian manifolds with real analytic
Levi flat boundary. With the quantitative boundary estimates at hand, we can
establish the gradient estimate and give a unified approach to investigate the
existence and regularity of solutions of Dirichlet problem with sufficiently
smooth boundary data, which include the geodesic equation in the space of
K\"ahler metrics as a special case. Our method can also be applied to Dirichlet
problem for analogous fully non-linear elliptic equations on a compact
Riemannian manifold with concave boundary.


  This paper reports on the design of wildlife crossing structures (WCSs) along
a new expressway in China, which exemplifies the country's increasing efforts
on wildlife protection in infrastructure projects. The expert knowledge and
field surveys were used to determine the target species in the study area and
the quantity, locations, size, and type of the WCSs. The results on relative
abundance index and encounter rate showed that the ibex (\textit{Capra ibex}),
argali sheep (Ovis ammon), and goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) are the
main ungulates in the study area. Among them, the goitered gazelle is the most
widely distributed species. WCSs were proposed based on the estimated crossing
hotspots. The mean deviation distance between those hotspots and their nearest
proposed WCSs is around 341m. In addition, those 16 proposed underpass WCSs
have a width of no less than 12m and height of no lower than 3.5m, which is
believed to be sufficient for ungulates in the area. Given the limited
availability of high-resolution movement data and wildlife-vehicle collision
data during road's early design stage, the approach demonstrated in this paper
facilitates practical spatial planning and provides insights into designing
WCSs in a desert landscape.


  The production of $W$ boson pairs in association with one jet in $pp$
collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV is studied using data corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ collected by the ATLAS detector during
2012 at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The cross section is measured in a
fiducial phase-space region defined by the presence of exactly one electron and
one muon, missing transverse momentum and exactly one jet with a transverse
momentum above 25 GeV and a pseudorapidity of $|\eta|<4.5$. The leptons are
required to have opposite electric charge and to pass transverse momentum and
pseudorapidity requirements. The fiducial cross section is found to be
$\sigma^{\mathrm{fid,1\textrm{-}jet}}_{WW}=136\pm6($stat$)\pm14($syst$)\pm3($lumi$)$
fb. In combination with a previous measurement restricted to leptonic final
states with no associated jets, the fiducial cross section of $WW$ production
with zero or one jet is measured to be
$\sigma^{\mathrm{fid,}\leq\mathrm{1\textrm{-}jet}}_{WW}=511\pm9($stat$)\pm26($syst$)\pm10($lumi$)$
fb. The ratio of fiducial cross sections in final states with one and zero jets
is determined to be $0.36\pm0.05$. Finally, a total cross section extrapolated
from the fiducial measurement of $WW$ production with zero or one associated
jet is reported. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions and
found in good agreement.


  A procedure to obtain noncommutative version for any nondegenerated dynamical
system is proposed and discussed. The procedure is as follow. Let $S=\int dt
L(q^A, ~ \dot q^A)$ is action of some nondegenerated system, and $L_1(q^A, ~
\dot q^A, ~ v_A)$ is the corresponding first order Lagrangian. Then the
corresponding noncommutative version is $S_N=\int dt[ L_1(q^A, ~ \dot q^A, \~
v_A)+ \dot v_A\theta^{AB}v_B]$. Namely, the system $S_N$ has the following
properties: 1) It has the same number of physical degrees of freedom as the
initial system $S$. 2) Equations of motion of the system are the same as for
the initial system $S$, modulo the term which is proportional to the parameter
$\theta^{AB}$. 3) Configuration space variables have the noncommutative
brackets: $\{q^A, ~ q^B\}=-2\theta^{AB}$. It is pointed also that quantization
of the system $S_N$ leads to quantum mechanics with ordinary product replaced
by the Moyal product.


  This paper is devoted to the Harish-Chandra-type decomposition of the global
nonsymmetric spherical functions in terms of their asymptotic expansions and
the q,t-generalization of the celebrated c-function. This is for any reduced
root systems in the q,t-setting; we pay special attention to the case of A1,
where this decomposition is very explicit.


  We present a numerical study of Rayleigh-B\'enard convection disturbed by a
longitudinal wind. Our results show that under the action of the wind, the
vertical heat flux through the cell initially decreases, due to the mechanism
of plumes-sweeping, and then increases again when turbulent forced convection
dominates over the buoyancy. As a result, the Nusselt number is a non-monotonic
function of the shear Reynolds number. We provide a simple model that captures
with good accuracy all the dynamical regimes observed. We expect that our
findings can lead the way to a more fundamental understanding of the of the
complex interplay between mean-wind and plumes ejection in the
Rayleigh-B\'enard phenomenology.


  Metal halide perovskite solar cells being one of the fastest emerging
technologies for renewable energy still has to become more industry friendly in
a way that will allow using it for thin film modules or tandems with
conventional silicon devices. The simplest way to achieve this is to use
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique for tandem production. In this work,
we show a method for a single step production of MAPbI3 films in a simple
two-zone CVD reactor from lead diacetate and methyl-ammonium iodide powders.
Obtained films show highly ordered cubic MAPbI3 phase with a thickness of
400-500 um, good photoluminescence response and absorption band edge similar to
spin-coated film. We used those films to produce p-i-n solar cells with
ITO/NiO/MAPbI3/C60/Cu structure. The best cell showed negligible 0.23 % PCE
right after the manufacturing but significantly improved to 5.5 % PCE after 8
hours of storage in the dark. The main limiting factor affecting the efficiency
is low current density, which we attribute to non-optimized growth conditions;
however, our approach is a first step to a single step CVD deposition of MAPbI3
on any type of substrates including texturized silicon subcells for better
overall efficiency.


  We study two well-known $SU(N)$ chiral gauge theories with fermions in the
symmetric, anti-symmetric and fundamental representations. We give a detailed
description of the global symmetry, including various discrete quotients.
Recent work argues that these theories exhibit a subtle mod 2 anomaly, ruling
out certain phases in which the theories confine without breaking their global
symmetry, leaving a gapless composite fermion in the infra-red. We point out
that no such anomaly exists. We further exhibit an explicit path to the gapless
fermion phase, showing that there is no kinematic obstruction to realising
these phases.


  We study the Z_5-orbifolding of the CHL string theory by explicitly
constructing the modular form tilde{Phi}_2 generating the degeneracies of the
1/4-BPS states in the theory. Since the additive seed for the sum form is a
weak Jacobi form in this case, a mismatch is found between the modular forms
generated from the additive lift and the product form derived from threshold
corrections. We also construct the BKM Lie superalgebra, tilde{G}_5,
corresponding to the modular form tilde{Delta}_1 (Z) = tilde{Phi}_2 (Z)^{1/2}
which happens to be a hyperbolic algebra. This is the first occurrence of a
hyperbolic BKM Lie superalgebra. We also study the walls of marginal stability
of this theory in detail, and extend the arithmetic structure found by Cheng
and Dabholkar for the N=1,2,3 orbifoldings to the N=4,5 and 6 models, all of
which have an infinite number of walls in the fundamental domain. We find that
analogous to the Stern-Brocot tree, which generated the intercepts of the walls
on the real line, the intercepts for the N >3 cases are generated by linear
recurrence relations. Using the correspondence between the walls of marginal
stability and the walls of the Weyl chamber of the corresponding BKM Lie
superalgebra, we propose the Cartan matrices for the BKM Lie superalgebras
corresponding to the N=5 and 6 models.


  Porous silicon layers were embedded with ZnTe using the isothermal close
space sublimation technique. The presence of ZnTe was demonstrated using
cross-sectional energy dispersive spectroscopy maps. ZnTe embedded samples
present intense room temperature photoluminescence along the whole visible
range. We ascribe this PL to ZnTe nanocrystals of different sizes grown on the
internal pore surface. Such crystals, with different orientations and sizes,
were observed in transmission electron microscopy images, while transmission
electron diffraction images of the same regions reveal ZnTe characteristic
patterns.


  To realize holographic communications, a potential technology for spectrum
efficiency improvement in the future sixth-generation (6G) network, antenna
arrays inlaid with numerous antenna elements will be deployed. However, the
increase in antenna aperture size makes some users lie in the Fresnel region,
leading to the hybrid near-field and far-field communication mode, where the
conventional far-field channel estimation methods no longer work well. To
tackle the above challenge, this paper considers channel estimation in a
hybrid-field multipath environment, where each user and each scatterer can be
in either the far-field or the near-field region. First, a joint angular-polar
domain channel transform is designed to capture the hybrid-field channel's
near-field and far-field features. We then analyze the power diffusion effect
in the hybrid-field channel, which indicates that the power corresponding to
one near-field (far-field) path component of the multipath channel may spread
to far-field (near-field) paths and causes estimation error. We design a novel
power-diffusion-based orthogonal matching pursuit channel estimation algorithm
(PD-OMP). It can eliminate the prior knowledge requirement of path numbers in
the far field and near field, which is a must in other OMP-based channel
estimation algorithms. Simulation results show that PD-OMP outperforms current
hybrid-field channel estimation methods.


  Entanglement entropy (EE) in interacting field theories has two important
issues: renormalization of UV divergences and non-Gaussianity of the vacuum. In
this letter, we investigate them in the framework of the two-particle
irreducible formalism. In particular, we consider EE of a half space in an
interacting scalar field theory. It is formulated as $\mathbb{Z}_M$ gauge
theory on Feynman diagrams: $\mathbb{Z}_M$ fluxes are assigned on plaquettes
and summed to obtain EE. Some configurations of fluxes are interpreted as
twists of propagators and vertices. The former gives a Gaussian part of EE
written in terms of a renormalized 2-point function while the latter reflects
non-Gaussianity of the vacuum.


  Motivated by applications of distributed storage systems to key-value stores,
the multi-version coding problem was formulated to efficiently store frequently
updated data in asynchronous decentralized storage systems. Inspired by
consistency requirements in distributed systems, the main goal in the
multi-version coding problem is to ensure that the latest possible version of
the data is decodable, even if the data updates have not reached some servers
in the system. In this paper, we study the storage cost of ensuring consistency
for the case where the data versions are correlated, in contrast to previous
work where data versions were treated as being independent. We provide
multi-version code constructions that show that the storage cost can be
significantly smaller than the previous constructions depending on the degree
of correlation, despite the asynchrony and the decentralized nature. Our
achievability results are based on Reed-Solomon codes and random binning.
Through an information-theoretic converse, we show that our multi-version codes
are nearly-optimal, within a factor of $2$, in certain interesting regimes.


  We study the evolution of photoluminescence (PL) from homogeneous and
inhomogeneous ensembles of a few coupled QDs. We discuss the relation between
signals from a given QD ensemble under strong and weak excitation (full
inversion and linear response regimes): A system homogeneous enough to manifest
superradiant emission when strongly inverted shows a non-exponential decay of
the PL signal under spatially coherent weak excitation. In an inhomogeneous
ensemble the PL decay is always nearly exponential with a qualitatively
different form of the time dependence in the two excitation regimes and with a
higher rate under weak excitation.


  We propose a general, yet simple patch that can be applied to existing
regularization-based continual learning methods called classifier-projection
regularization (CPR). Inspired by both recent results on neural networks with
wide local minima and information theory, CPR adds an additional regularization
term that maximizes the entropy of a classifier's output probability. We
demonstrate that this additional term can be interpreted as a projection of the
conditional probability given by a classifier's output to the uniform
distribution. By applying the Pythagorean theorem for KL divergence, we then
prove that this projection may (in theory) improve the performance of continual
learning methods. In our extensive experimental results, we apply CPR to
several state-of-the-art regularization-based continual learning methods and
benchmark performance on popular image recognition datasets. Our results
demonstrate that CPR indeed promotes a wide local minima and significantly
improves both accuracy and plasticity while simultaneously mitigating the
catastrophic forgetting of baseline continual learning methods. The codes and
scripts for this work are available at https://github.com/csm9493/CPR_CL.


  We study the homotopy theory of a certain type of diagram categories whose
vertices are in variable categories with a functorial path, leading to a good
calculation of the homotopy category in terms of cofibrant objects. The theory
is applied to the category of mixed Hodge diagrams of differential graded
algebras. Using Sullivan's minimal models, we prove a multiplicative version of
Beilinson's Theorem on mixed Hodge complexes. As a consequence, we obtain
functoriality for the mixed Hodge structures on the rational homotopy type of
complex algebraic varieties. In this context, the mixed Hodge structures on
homotopy groups obtained by Morgan's theory follow from the derived functor of
the indecomposables of mixed Hodge diagrams.


  The central engines of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are powered by accreting
supermassive black holes, and while AGNs are known to play an important role in
galaxy evolution, the key physical processes occur on scales that are too small
to be resolved spatially (aside from a few exceptional cases). Reverberation
mapping is a powerful technique that overcomes this limitation by using echoes
of light to determine the geometry and kinematics of the central regions.
Variable ionizing radiation from close to the black hole drives correlated
variability in surrounding gas/dust, but with a time delay due to the light
travel time between the regions, allowing reverberation mapping to effectively
replace spatial resolution with time resolution. Reverberation mapping is used
to measure black hole masses and to probe the innermost X-ray emitting region,
the UV/optical accretion disk, the broad emission line region and the dusty
torus. In this article we provide an overview of the technique and its varied
applications.


  It is believed that turbulence may have a significant impact on star
formation and the dynamics and evolution of the molecular clouds in which this
occurs. It is also known that non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects influence
the nature of this turbulence. We present the results of a numerical study of
4-fluid MHD turbulence in which the dynamics of electrons, ions, charged dust
grains and neutrals and their interactions are followed. The parameters
describing the fluid being simulated are based directly on observations of
molecular clouds. We find that the velocity and magnetic field power spectra
are strongly influenced by multifluid effects on length-scales at least as
large as 0.05 pc. The PDFs of the various species in the system are all found
to be close to log-normal, with charged species having a slightly less
platykurtic (flattened) distribution than the neutrals. We find that the
introduction of multifluid effects does not significantly alter the structure
functions of the centroid velocity increment.


  We consider zero sum stochastic games. For every discount factor $\lambda$, a
time normalization allows to represent the game as being played on the interval
[0, 1]. We introduce the trajectories of cumulated expected payoff and of
cumulated occupation measure up to time t $\in$ [0, 1], under
$\epsilon$-optimal strategies. A limit optimal trajectory is defined as an
accumulation point as the discount factor tends to 0. We study existence,
uniqueness and characterization of these limit optimal trajectories for
absorbing games.


  Software engineers who collaborate to develop software in teams often have to
manually merge changes they made to a module (e.g. a class), because the change
conflicts with one that has just been made by another engineer to the same or
another module (e.g. a supplier class). This is due to the fact that engineers
edit code separately, and loosely coordinate their work via a source control or
a software configuration management system (SCM). This work proposes to
eliminate almost all the need to manually merge a recent change, by proposing a
Collaborative Real Time Coding approach. In this approach, valid changes to the
code are seen by others in real time, but intermediate changes (that cause the
code not to compile) result in blocking other engineers from making changes
related to the entity (e.g. method) being modified, while allowing them to work
on most of the system. The subject of collaborative real time editing systems
has been studied for the past 20 years. Research in this field has mostly
concentrated on collaborative textual and graphical editing. In this work we
address the challenges involved in designing a collaborative real time coding
system, as well as present the major differences when compared to collaborative
editing of plain text. We then present a prototype plug in for the Eclipse
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that allows for a collaborative coding
to take place.


  Co-operation of the Feynman DIagram ANAlyzer (DIANA) with the underlying
operational system (UNIX) is presented. We discuss operators to run external
commands and a recent development of parallel processing facilities and an
extension in the spirit of a component model.


  Generalizing the simplex method, circuit augmentation schemes for linear
programs follow circuit directions through the interior of the underlying
polyhedron. Steepest-descent augmentation is especially promising, but an
implementation of the iterative scheme is a significant challenge. We work
towards a viable implementation through a model in which a single linear
program is updated dynamically to remain in memory throughout. Computational
experiments exhibit dramatic improvements over a naive approach and reveal
insight into the next steps required for large-scale computations.


  This paper presents a new approach for predicting team performance from the
behavioral traces of a set of agents. This spatiotemporal forecasting problem
is very relevant to sports analytics challenges such as coaching and opponent
modeling. We demonstrate that our proposed model, Spatial Temporal Graph
Convolutional Networks (ST-GCN), outperforms other classification techniques at
predicting game score from a short segment of player movement and game
features. Our proposed architecture uses a graph convolutional network to
capture the spatial relationships between team members and Gated Recurrent
Units to analyze dynamic motion information. An ablative evaluation was
performed to demonstrate the contributions of different aspects of our
architecture.


  Deep learning-based models are developed to automatically detect if a retina
image is `referable' in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening. However, their
classification accuracy degrades as the input images distributionally shift
from their training distribution. Further, even if the input is not a retina
image, a standard DR classifier produces a high confident prediction that the
image is `referable'. Our paper presents a Dirichlet Prior Network-based
framework to address this issue. It utilizes an out-of-distribution (OOD)
detector model and a DR classification model to improve generalizability by
identifying OOD images. Experiments on real-world datasets indicate that the
proposed framework can eliminate the unknown non-retina images and identify the
distributionally shifted retina images for human intervention.


  Active inference is a Bayesian framework for understanding biological
intelligence. The underlying theory brings together perception and action under
one single imperative: minimizing free energy. However, despite its theoretical
utility in explaining intelligence, computational implementations have been
restricted to low-dimensional and idealized situations. In this paper, we
present a neural architecture for building deep active inference agents
operating in complex, continuous state-spaces using multiple forms of
Monte-Carlo (MC) sampling. For this, we introduce a number of techniques, novel
to active inference. These include: i) selecting free-energy-optimal policies
via MC tree search, ii) approximating this optimal policy distribution via a
feed-forward `habitual' network, iii) predicting future parameter belief
updates using MC dropouts and, finally, iv) optimizing state transition
precision (a high-end form of attention). Our approach enables agents to learn
environmental dynamics efficiently, while maintaining task performance, in
relation to reward-based counterparts. We illustrate this in a new toy
environment, based on the dSprites data-set, and demonstrate that active
inference agents automatically create disentangled representations that are apt
for modeling state transitions. In a more complex Animal-AI environment, our
agents (using the same neural architecture) are able to simulate future state
transitions and actions (i.e., plan), to evince reward-directed navigation -
despite temporary suspension of visual input. These results show that deep
active inference - equipped with MC methods - provides a flexible framework to
develop biologically-inspired intelligent agents, with applications in both
machine learning and cognitive science.


  In the study of computer codes, filling space as uniformly as possible is
important to describe the complexity of the investigated phenomenon. However,
this property is not conserved by reducing the dimension. Some numeric
experiment designs are conceived in this sense as Latin hypercubes or
orthogonal arrays, but they consider only the projections onto the axes or the
coordinate planes. In this article we introduce a statistic which allows
studying the good distribution of points according to all 1-dimensional
projections. By angularly scanning the domain, we obtain a radar type
representation, allowing the uniformity defects of a design to be identified
with respect to its projections onto straight lines. The advantages of this new
tool are demonstrated on usual examples of space-filling designs (SFD) and a
global statistic independent of the angle of rotation is studied.


  We study the Kondo lattice Shastry-Sutherland model with additional
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya(DM) interactions, exploring the possible magnetic phases
in its multi-dimensional parameter space. Treating the local moments as
classical spins and using a variational ansatz, we identify the parameter
ranges over which various common magnetic orderings are potentially stabilized.
Our results reveal that the competing interactions result in a heightened
susceptibility towards a wide range of spin configurations including
longitudinal ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic order, coplanar flux
configurations and most interestingly, multiple non-coplanar configurations
including a novel canted-Flux state as the different Hamiltonian parameters
like electron density, interaction strengths and degree of frustration are
varied.


  An alternative triplet-wave expansion formalism for dimerized spin systems is
presented, a modification of the 'bond operator' formalism of Sachdev and
Bhatt. Projection operators are used to confine the system to the physical
subspace, rather than constraint equations. The method is illustrated for the
case of the alternating Heisenberg chain, and comparisons are made with the
results of dimer series expansions and exact diagonalization. Some discussion
is included of the phenomenon of 'quasiparticle breakdown', as it applies to
the two-triplon bound states in this model.


  The dynamics of all quadratic Newton maps of rational functions are
completely described. The Julia set of such a map is found to be either a
Jordan curve or totally disconnected. It is proved that no Newton map with
degree at least three of any rational function is conformally conjugate to a
unicritical polynomial(i.e., with exactly one finite critical point). However,
there are cubic Newton maps which are conformally conjugate to other
polynomials. The Julia set of such a Newton map is shown to be a closed curve.
It is a Jordan curve whenever the Newton map has two attracting fixed points.


  The conditions are discussed for which an ensemble of interacting oscillators
may demonstrate the Landau-Hopf scenario of successive birth of multi-frequency
quasi-periodic motions. A model is proposed that is a network of five globally
coupled oscillators characterized by controlled degree of activation of
individual oscillators. Illustrations are given for successive birth of tori of
increasing dimension via quasi-periodic Hopf bifurcations.


  Combining analytical and numerical methods, we study within the framework of
the homogeneous non-linear Boltzmann equation, a broad class of models relevant
for the dynamics of dissipative fluids, including granular gases. We use the
new method presented in a previous paper [J. Stat. Phys. 124, 549 (2006)] and
extend our results to a different heating mechanism, namely a deterministic
non-linear friction force. We derive analytically the high energy tail of the
velocity distribution and compare the theoretical predictions with high
precision numerical simulations. Stretched exponential forms are obtained when
the non-equilibrium steady state is stable. We derive sub-leading corrections
and emphasize their relevance. In marginal stability cases, power-law behaviors
arise, with exponents obtained as the roots of transcendental equations. We
also consider some simple BGK (Bhatnagar, Gross, Krook) models, driven by
similar heating devices, to test the robustness of our predictions.


  The dynamical interactions that occur in newly formed planetary systems may
reflect the conditions occurring in the protoplanetary disk out of which they
formed. With this in mind, we explore the attainment and maintenance of orbital
resonances by migrating planets in the terrestrial mass range. Migration time
scales varying between millions of years and thousands of years are considered.
In the former case, for which the migration time is comparable to the lifetime
of the protoplanetary gas disk, a 2:1 resonance may be formed. In the latter,
relatively rapid migration regime commensurabilities of high degree such as 8:7
or 11:10 may be formed. However, in any one large-scale migration several
different commensurabilities may be formed sequentially, each being associated
with significant orbital evolution. We also use a simple analytic theory to
develop conditions for first order commensurabilities to be formed. These
depend on the degree of the commensurability, the imposed migration and
circularization rates, and the planet mass ratios. These conditions are found
to be consistent with the results of our simulations.


  Quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) occur in galaxies in which supermassive black
holes (SMBHs) are growing substantially through rapid accretion of gas. Many
popular models of the co-evolutionary growth of galaxies and SMBHs predict that
QSOs are also sites of substantial recent star formation, mediated by important
processes, such as major mergers, which rapidly transform the nature of
galaxies. A detailed study of the star-forming properties of QSOs is a critical
test of such models. We present a far-infrared Herschel/PACS study of the mean
star formation rate (SFR) of a sample of spectroscopically observed QSOs to z~2
from the COSMOS extragalactic survey. This is the largest sample to date of
moderately luminous AGNs studied using uniform, deep far-infrared photometry.
We study trends of the mean SFR with redshift, black hole mass, nuclear
bolometric luminosity and specific accretion rate (Eddington ratio). To
minimize systematics, we have undertaken a uniform determination of SMBH
properties, as well as an analysis of important selection effects within
spectroscopic QSO samples that influence the interpretation of SFR trends. We
find that the mean SFRs of these QSOs are consistent with those of normal
massive star-forming galaxies with a fixed scaling between SMBH and galaxy mass
at all redshifts. No strong enhancement in SFR is found even among the most
rapidly accreting systems, at odds with several co-evolutionary models.
Finally, we consider the qualitative effects on mean SFR trends from different
assumptions about the star-forming properties of QSO hosts and redshift
evolution of the SMBH-galaxy relationship. While limited currently by
uncertainties, valuable constraints on AGN-galaxy co-evolution can emerge from
our approach.


  The generalized complex numbers can be realized in terms of $2\times2$ or
higher-order matrices and can be exploited to get different ways of looking at
the trigonometric functions. Since Chebyshev polynomials are linked to the
power of matrices and to trigonometric functions, we take the quite natural
step to discuss them in the context of the theory of generalized complex
numbers. We also briefly discuss the two-variable Chebyshev polynomials and
their link with the third-order Hermite polynomials.


  We study theoretical implications of direct dark matter searches in the
minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). We assume that no accidental
cancellations occur in the spin-independent elastic neutralino-quark scattering
cross section, but do not impose any relations among the weak-scale MSSM
parameters. We show that direct detection cross section below 10^-44 cm^2
requires the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) neutralino to be close to
either a pure gaugino or pure Higgsino limit, with smaller cross sections
correlated with smaller admixture of the subdominant components. The current
XENON100 bound rules out essentially all models in which the lightest
neutralino has the Higgsino fraction between 0.2 and 0.8. Furthermore, smaller
direct detection cross sections correlate with stronger fine-tuning in the
electroweak symmetry breaking sector. In the gaugino LSP scenario, the current
XENON100 bound already implies some fine-tuning: for example, at least 10%
tuning is required if the LSP mass is above 70 GeV. In both gaugino and
Higgsino LSP scenarios, the direct dark matter searches currently being
conducted and designed should lead to a discovery if no accidental
cancellations or fine-tuning at a level below 1% is present.


  Over a decade ago, it was shown that every edge unfolding of the Platonic
solids was without self-overlap, yielding a valid net. We consider this
property for regular polytopes in arbitrary dimensions, notably the simplex,
cube, and orthoplex. It was recently proven that all unfoldings of the $n$-cube
yield nets. We show this is also true for the $n$-simplex and the $4$-orthoplex
but demonstrate its surprising failure for any orthoplex of higher dimension.


  Crossbar-based PIM DNN accelerators can provide massively parallel in-situ
operations. A specifically designed compiler is important to achieve high
performance for a wide variety of DNN workloads. However, some key compilation
issues such as parallelism considerations, weight replication selection, and
array mapping methods have not been solved. In this work, we propose PIMCOMP -
a universal compilation framework for NVM crossbar-based PIM DNN accelerators.
PIMCOMP is built on an abstract PIM accelerator architecture, which is
compatible with the widely used Crossbar/IMA/Tile/Chip hierarchy. On this
basis, we propose four general compilation stages for crossbar-based PIM
accelerators: node partitioning, weight replicating, core mapping, and dataflow
scheduling. We design two compilation modes with different inter-layer pipeline
granularities to support high-throughput and low-latency application scenarios,
respectively. Our experimental results show that PIMCMOP yields improvements of
1.6$\times$ and 2.4$\times$ in throughput and latency, respectively, relative
to PUMA.


  In this paper, we present a result on using algebraic conjugates to form a
sequence of approximations to an algebraic number, and in this way obtain
effective irrationality measures for related algebraic numbers. From this
result, we are able to generalise Thue's Fundamentaltheorem.


  We define the uniform face ideal of a simplicial complex with respect to an
ordered proper vertex colouring of the complex. This ideal is a monomial ideal
which is generally not squarefree. We show that such a monomial ideal has a
linear resolution, as do all of its powers, if and only if the colouring
satisfies a certain nesting property.
  In the case when the colouring is nested, we give a minimal cellular
resolution supported on a cubical complex. From this, we give the graded Betti
numbers in terms of the face-vector of the underlying simplicial complex.
Moreover, we explicitly describe the Boij-S\"oderberg decompositions of both
the ideal and its quotient. We also give explicit formul\ae\ for the
codimension, Krull dimension, multiplicity, projective dimension, depth, and
regularity. Further still, we describe the associated primes, and we show that
they are persistent.


  A variety is a class of algebraic structures axiomatized by a set of
equations. An equation is linear if there is at most one occurrence of an
operation symbol on each side. We show that a variety axiomatized by linear
equations has the strong amalgamation property.
  Suppose further that the language has no constant symbol and, for each
equation, either one side is operation-free, or exactly the same variables
appear on both sides. Then also the joint embedding property holds.
  Examples include most varieties defining classical Maltsev conditions. In a
few special cases, the above properties are preserved when further unary
operations appear in the equations.


  We analyze single particle coherence and interference in the presence of
particle loss and derive an inequality that relates the preservation of
coherence, the creation of superposition with the vacuum, and the degree of
particle loss. We find that loss channels constructed using linear optics form
a special subclass. We suggests a generalized spectroscopy where, in analogy
with the absorption spectrum, we measure a "coherence loss spectrum" and a
"superposition creation spectrum". The theory is illustrated with examples.


  Using the Moyal *-product and orthosymplectic supersymmetry, we construct a
natural non trivial supertrace and an associated non degenerate invariant
supersymmetric bilinear form for the Lie superalgebra structure of the Weyl
algebra. We decompose adjoint and twisted adjoint actions. We define a
renormalized supertrace and a formal inverse Weyl transform in a deformation
quantization framework and develop some examples.


  The influential work of Bravo et al. 2018 shows that derivative free play in
strongly monotone games has complexity $O(d^2/\varepsilon^3)$, where
$\varepsilon$ is the target accuracy on the expected squared distance to the
solution. This note shows that the efficiency estimate is actually
$O(d^2/\varepsilon^2)$, which reduces to the known efficiency guarantee for the
method in unconstrained optimization. The argument we present simple interprets
the method as stochastic gradient play on a slightly perturbed strongly
monotone game.


  Autoregressive transformers have shown remarkable success in video
generation. However, the transformers are prohibited from directly learning the
long-term dependency in videos due to the quadratic complexity of
self-attention, and inherently suffering from slow inference time and error
propagation due to the autoregressive process. In this paper, we propose
Memory-efficient Bidirectional Transformer (MeBT) for end-to-end learning of
long-term dependency in videos and fast inference. Based on recent advances in
bidirectional transformers, our method learns to decode the entire
spatio-temporal volume of a video in parallel from partially observed patches.
The proposed transformer achieves a linear time complexity in both encoding and
decoding, by projecting observable context tokens into a fixed number of latent
tokens and conditioning them to decode the masked tokens through the
cross-attention. Empowered by linear complexity and bidirectional modeling, our
method demonstrates significant improvement over the autoregressive
Transformers for generating moderately long videos in both quality and speed.
Videos and code are available at https://sites.google.com/view/mebt-cvpr2023 .


  Spintronics in halide perovskites has drawn significant attention in recent
years, due to highly tunable spin-orbit fields and intriguing interplay with
lattice symmetry. Spin lifetime -- a key parameter that determines the
applicability of materials for spintronics and spin-based quantum information
applications -- has been extensively measured in halide perovskites, but not
yet assessed from first-principles calculations. Here, we leverage our
recently-developed \emph{ab initio} density-matrix dynamics framework to
compute the spin relaxation time ($T_{1}$) and ensemble spin dephasing time
($T_{2}^{*}$) in a prototype halide perovskite, namely CsPbBr$_{3}$ with
self-consistent spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and quantum descriptions of the
electron scattering processes. We also implement the Land\'e $g$-factor for
solids from first principles and take it into account in our dynamics, which is
required to accurately capture spin dephasing at external magnetic fields. We
thereby predict intrinsic spin lifetimes as an upper bound for experiments,
identify the dominant spin relaxation pathways, and evaluate the dependence on
temperature, external fields, carrier density,and impurities. Importantly, we
find that the Fr{\"o}hlich interaction that dominates carrier relaxation
contributes negligibly to spin relaxation, consistent with the spin-conserving
nature of this interaction. We investigated the effect of spin-orbit field with
inversion asymmetry on spin lifetime, and we demonstrated from our calculation,
persistent spin helix can enhance spin lifetime when the spin-split is large,
but it can not be realized by Rashba SOC. Our theoretical approach may lead to
new strategies to optimize spin and carrier transport properties in spintronics
and quantum information applications.


  We study a semisimple extension of a Takiff superalgebra which turns out to
have a remarkably rich representation theory. We determine the blocks in both
the finite-dimensional and BGG module categories and also classify the Borel
subalgebras. We further compute all extension groups between two
finite-dimensional simple objects and prove that all non-principal blocks in
the finite-dimensional module category are Koszul.


  A key question in modern neuroscience is how cognitive changes in a human
brain can be quantified and captured by functional connectomes (FC) . A
systematic approach to measure pairwise functional distance at different brain
states is lacking. This would provide a straight-forward way to quantify
differences in cognitive processing across tasks; also, it would help in
relating these differences in task-based FCs to the underlying structural
network. Here we propose a framework, based on the concept of Jensen-Shannon
divergence, to map the task-rest connectivity distance between tasks and
resting-state FC. We show how this information theoretical measure allows for
quantifying connectivity changes in distributed and centralized processing in
functional networks. We study resting-state and seven tasks from the Human
Connectome Project dataset to obtain the most distant links across tasks. We
investigate how these changes are associated to different functional brain
networks, and use the proposed measure to infer changes in the information
processing regimes. Furthermore, we show how the FC distance from resting state
is shaped by structural connectivity, and to what extent this relationship
depends on the task. This framework provides a well grounded mathematical
quantification of connectivity changes associated to cognitive processing in
large-scale brain networks.


  The lack of experimental evidence at the LHC for physics beyond the Standard
model (BSM) of elementary particles together with necessity of its existence to
provide solutions of internal problems of the Standard model (SM) as well as of
physical nature of the basic elements of the modern cosmology demonstrates the
conspiracy of BSM physics. Simultaneously the data of precision cosmology only
tighten the constraints on the deviations from the now standard LambdaCDM model
and thus exhibit conspiracy of the nonstandard cosmological scenarios. We show
that studying new physics in combination of its physical, astrophysical and
cosmological probes, can not only unveil the conspiracy of BSM physics but will
also inevitably reveal nonstandard features in the cosmological scenario.


  We outline a conventional path integral derivation of the transverse force
and the friction for a vortex in a superconductor based on the BCS theory. The
derivation is valid in both clean and dirty limits at both zero and finite
temperatures. The transverse force is found to be precisely as what has been
obtained by Ao and Thouless using the Berry's phase method. The friction is
essentially the same as the Bardeen and Stephen's result.
  Errors in some previous representive microscopic derivations are discussed.


  We explore changes in the adiabatic low-order g-mode pulsation periods of
0.526, 0.560, and 0.729 M$_\odot$ carbon-oxygen white dwarf models with
helium-dominated envelopes due to the presence, absence, and enhancement of
$^{22}$Ne in the interior. The observed g-mode pulsation periods of such white
dwarfs are typically given to 6$-$7 significant figures of precision. Usually
white dwarf models without $^{22}$Ne are fit to the observed periods and other
properties. The root-mean-square residuals to the $\simeq$ 150$-$400 s
low-order g-mode periods are typically in the range of $\sigma_{rms}$
$\lesssim$ 0.3 s, for a fit precision of $\sigma_{rms}/ P$ $\lesssim$ 0.3 %. We
find average relative period shifts of $\Delta P/P$ $\simeq$ $\pm$ 0.5 % for
the low-order dipole and quadrupole g-mode pulsations within the observed
effective temperature window, with the range of $\Delta P/P$ depending on the
specific g-mode, abundance of $^{22}$Ne, effective temperature, and mass of the
white dwarf model. This finding suggests a systematic offset may be present in
the fitting process of specific white dwarfs when $^{22}$Ne is absent. As part
of the fitting processes involves adjusting the composition profiles of a white
dwarf model, our study on the impact of $^{22}$Ne can provide new inferences on
the derived interior mass fraction profiles. We encourage routinely including
$^{22}$Ne mass fraction profiles, informed by stellar evolution models, to
future generations of white dwarf model fitting processes.


  This study introduces the leveled-text generation task, aiming to rewrite
educational materials to specific readability levels while preserving meaning.
We assess the capability of GPT-3.5, LLaMA-2 70B, and Mixtral 8x7B, to generate
content at various readability levels through zero-shot and few-shot prompting.
Evaluating 100 processed educational materials reveals that few-shot prompting
significantly improves performance in readability manipulation and information
preservation. LLaMA-2 70B performs better in achieving the desired difficulty
range, while GPT-3.5 maintains original meaning. However, manual inspection
highlights concerns such as misinformation introduction and inconsistent edit
distribution. These findings emphasize the need for further research to ensure
the quality of generated educational content.


  Recognizing the imperative to address the reliability and transparency issues
of Large Language Models (LLM), this work proposes an LLM maturity model
tailored for text-to-query applications. This maturity model seeks to fill the
existing void in evaluating LLMs in such applications by incorporating
dimensions beyond mere correctness or accuracy. Moreover, this work introduces
a real-world use case from the law enforcement domain and showcases QueryIQ, an
LLM-powered, domain-specific text-to-query assistant to expedite user workflows
and reveal hidden relationship in data.


  We examine the comparative thermal evolution of Jupiter and Saturn applying
recent theoretical results for helium's immiscibility in fluid metallic
hydrogen. The redistribution of helium in their interiors proceeds very
differently for the two planets. We confirm that based on Jupiter's atmospheric
helium depletion as observed in situ by the Galileo entry probe, Jupiter's
interior helium has differentiated modestly, and we present models reconciling
Jupiter's helium depletion, radius, and heat flow at the solar age. Jupiter's
recently revised Bond albedo implies a lower intrinsic flux for the planet,
accommodating more luminosity from helium differentiation such that mildly
superadiabatic interiors can satisfy all constraints. The same phase diagram
applied to the less massive Saturn predicts dramatic helium differentiation to
the degree that Saturn inevitably forms a helium-rich shell or core, an outcome
previously proposed by Stevenson & Salpeter and others. The luminosity from
Saturn's helium differentiation is sufficient to extend its cooling time to the
solar age, even for adiabatic interiors. This model predicts Saturn's
atmospheric helium to be depleted to Y=0.07+/-0.01, corresponding to a He/H_2
mixing ratio 0.036+/-0.006. We also show that neon differentiation may have
contributed to both planets' luminosity in the past. These results demonstrate
that Jupiter and Saturn's thermal evolution can be explained self-consistently
with a single physical model, and emphasize that nontrivial helium
distributions should be considered in future models for Saturn's internal
structure and dynamo.


  Layered semiconductors, such as MoS2, have attracted interest as channel
materials for post-silicon and beyond-CMOS electronics. Much attention has been
devoted to the monolayer limit, but the monolayer channel is not necessarily
advantageous in terms of the performance of field-effect transistors (FETs).
Therefore, it is important to investigate the characteristics of FETs that have
multilayer channels. Here, we report the staircase-like transfer
characteristics of FETs with exfoliated multilayer MoS2 flakes. Atomic force
microscope characterizations reveal that the presence of thinner terraces at
the edges of the flakes accompanies the staircase-like characteristics. The
anomalous staircase-like characteristics are ascribable to a difference in
threshold-voltage shift by charge transfer from surface adsorbates between the
channel center and the thinner terrace at the edge. This study reveals the
importance of the uniformity of channel thickness.


  The leading soft photon theorem implies that four-dimensional scattering
amplitudes are controlled by a two-dimensional (2D) $U(1)$ Kac-Moody symmetry
that acts on the celestial sphere at null infinity ($\mathcal{I}$). This
celestial $U(1)$ current is realized by components of the electromagnetic
vector potential on the boundaries of $\mathcal{I}$. Here, we develop a
parallel story for Low's subleading soft photon theorem. It gives rise to a
second celestial current, which is realized by vector potential components that
are subleading in the large radius expansion about the boundaries of
$\mathcal{I}$. The subleading soft photon theorem is reexpressed as a celestial
Ward identity for this second current, which involves novel shifts by one unit
in the conformal dimension of charged operators.


  This paper considers belief propagation algorithm over pair-wise graphical
models to develop low complexity, iterative multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) detectors. The pair-wise graphical model is a bipartite graph where a
pair of variable nodes are related by an observation node represented by the
bivariate Gaussian function obtained by marginalizing the posterior joint
probability density under the Gaussian input assumption. Specifically, we
consider two types of pair-wise models, the fully connected and ring-type. The
pair-wise graphs are sparse, compared to the conventional graphical model in
[18], insofar as the number of edges connected to an observation node (edge
degree) is only two. Consequently the computations are much easier than those
of maximum likelihood (ML) detection, which are similar to the belief
propagation (BP) that is run over the fully connected bipartite graph. The link
level performance for non-Gaussian input is evaluated via simulations, and the
results show the validity of the proposed algorithms. We also customize the
algorithm with Gaussian input assumption to obtain the Gaussian BP run over the
two pair-wise graphical models and, for the ring-type, we prove its convergence
in mean to the linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimates. Since the
maximum a posterior (MAP) estimator for Gaussian input is equivalent to the
linear MMSE estimator, it shows the optimality, in mean, of the scheme for
Gaussian input.


  Starting from N=2 supersymmetric theories in 2 dimensions, we formulate a
novel time-dependent supersymmetric quantum theory where the R-charge is
twisted along the time. The invariance of the supersymmetric index under
variations of the action for these theories leads to two predictions: In the IR
limit it predicts how the degeneracy of BPS states change as we cross the walls
of marginal stability. On the other hand, its equivalence with the UV limit
relates this to the spectrum of the U(1) R-charges of the Ramond ground states
at the conformal point. This leads to a conceptually simple derivation of
results previously derived using tt* geometry, now based on time-dependent
supersymmetric quantum mechanics.


  Quantitative analyses of low-mass hydrogen-deficient (super-)giant stars -
so-called extreme helium stars - to date face two major difficulties. First,
theory fails to reproduce the observed helium lines in their entirety, wings
and line cores. Second, a general mismatch exists for effective temperatures
derived from ionization equilibria and from spectral energy distributions.
Here, we demonstrate how the issue can be resolved using state-of-the-art
non-LTE line-formation for these chemically peculiar objects. Two unique
high-gravity B-type objects are discussed in detail, the pulsating variable
V652 Her and the metal-poor star HD144941. In the first case atmospheric
parameters from published LTE analyses are largely recovered, in the other a
systematic offset is found. Hydrogen abundances are systematically smaller than
previously reported, by up to a factor ~2. Extreme helium stars turn out to be
important testbeds for non-LTE model atoms for helium. Improved non-LTE
computations show that analyses assuming LTE or based on older non-LTE model
atoms can predict equivalent widths, for the HeI 10830A transition in
particular, in error by up to a factor ~3.


  Crop type maps are critical for tracking agricultural land use and estimating
crop production. Remote sensing has proven an efficient and reliable tool for
creating these maps in regions with abundant ground labels for model training,
yet these labels remain difficult to obtain in many regions and years. NASA's
Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) spaceborne lidar instrument,
originally designed for forest monitoring, has shown promise for distinguishing
tall and short crops. In the current study, we leverage GEDI to develop
wall-to-wall maps of short vs tall crops on a global scale at 10 m resolution
for 2019-2021. Specifically, we show that (1) GEDI returns can reliably be
classified into tall and short crops after removing shots with extreme view
angles or topographic slope, (2) the frequency of tall crops over time can be
used to identify months when tall crops are at their peak height, and (3) GEDI
shots in these months can then be used to train random forest models that use
Sentinel-2 time series to accurately predict short vs. tall crops. Independent
reference data from around the world are then used to evaluate these GEDI-S2
maps. We find that GEDI-S2 performed nearly as well as models trained on
thousands of local reference training points, with accuracies of at least 87%
and often above 90% throughout the Americas, Europe, and East Asia. Systematic
underestimation of tall crop area was observed in regions where crops
frequently exhibit low biomass, namely Africa and South Asia, and further work
is needed in these systems. Although the GEDI-S2 approach only differentiates
tall from short crops, in many landscapes this distinction goes a long way
toward mapping the main individual crop types. The combination of GEDI and
Sentinel-2 thus presents a very promising path towards global crop mapping with
minimal reliance on ground data.


  Kinematic numerators of Yang-Mills scattering amplitudes possess a rich Lie
algebraic structure that suggest the existence of a hidden infinite-dimensional
kinematic algebra. Explicitly realizing such a kinematic algebra is a
longstanding open problem that only has had partial success for simple helicity
sectors. In past work, we introduced a framework using tensor currents and
fusion rules to generate BCJ numerators of a special subsector of NMHV
amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory. Here we enlarge the scope and explicitly
realize a kinematic algebra for all NMHV amplitudes. Master numerators are
obtained directly from the algebraic rules and through commutators and
kinematic Jacobi identities other numerators can be generated. Inspecting the
output of the algebra, we conjecture a closed-form expression for the master
BCJ numerator up to any multiplicity. We also introduce a new method, based on
group algebra of the permutation group, to solve for the generalized gauge
freedom of BCJ numerators. It uses the recently introduced binary BCJ relations
to provide a complete set of NMHV kinematic numerators that consist of pure
gauge.


  In this paper, we study a relativistic quantum dynamics of spin-$0$ scalar
particle interacts with scalar potential in the presence of a uniform magnetic
field and quantum flux in the background of Kaluza-Klein theory (KKT). We solve
Klein-Gordon equation in the considered framework and analyze the relativistic
analogue of the Aharonov-Bohm effect for bound states. We show that the energy
levels depend on the global parameters characterizing the space-time, the
scalar potential and the magnetic field which break their degeneracy.