  We study the spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg model on the square lattice with the first
and second nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic couplings $J_1$, $J_2$, as well
as the three-spin scalar chiral coupling $J_{\chi}$. Using density matrix
renormalization group calculations, we obtain a quantum phase diagram of this
system for $0 \leq J_2/J_1 \leq 1.0$ and $0 \leq J_{\chi}/J_1 \leq 1.5$. We
identify the N\'eel and stripe magnetic order phase at small $J_{\chi}$
coupling. With growing $J_{\chi}$, we identify the emergent chiral spin liquid
(CSL) phase characterized by the quantized spin Chern number $C = 1/2$ and
entanglement spectrum with the quasidegenerate group of levels agreeing with
chiral SU(2)$_1$ conformal field theory, which is an analog of the $\nu = 1/2$
Laughlin state in spin system. In the vicinity of the N\'eel and CSL phase
boundary, our numerical results do not find evidence to support the phase
coexistence of N\'eel order and topological order that was conjectured by
mean-field calculations. In the larger $J_2$ and $J_{\chi}$ coupling regime,
the entanglement spectrum of the ground state also exhibits the chiral
quasidegeneracy consistent with a CSL, but the adiabatic flux insertion
simulations fail to obtain the quantized Chern number. By analyzing the
finite-size scaling of magnetic order parameter, we find the vanished magnetic
order suggesting a magnetic disorder phase, whose nature needs further studies.
Different from the spin-$1$ $J_1$-$J_2$-$J_\chi$ model, we do not find the
coexistent stripe magnetic order and topological order. We also investigate the
$J_{\chi}$ dominant regime and find a strong tendency of the system to develop
a dimer order rather than the chiral spin magnetic order observed in the
spin-$1$ model.


  This work shows that fractals can be obtained from Mechanical Laws without
being forced by any algorithm, closing the gap between the Platonic world of
Mathematics and Nature. Fractal tree crown directly emerges when applying
elasticity theory to branching stresses in a binary tree. Vertical
displacements of nodes are given by the Takagi curve, while the horizontal ones
are given by a linear combination of inverses of $\beta$-Cantor functions. In
addition, both fractal dimensions are related, which suggests a deeper
connection between the Takagi Curve and the $\beta$-Cantor function.


  Can a generic magnetic insulator exhibit a Hall current? The quantum
anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) is one example of an insulating bulk carrying a
quantized Hall conductivity and other insulators (with zero Chern number)
present zero Hall conductance in the linear response regime. Here, we find that
a general magnetic insulator possesses a nonlinear Hall conductivity quadratic
to the electric field if the system breaks inversion symmetry. This
conductivity originates from an induced orbital magnetization due to virtual
interband transitions. We identify three contributions to the wavepacket
motion, a velocity shift, a positional shift, and a Berry curvature
renormalization. In contrast to the crystalline solid, we find that this
nonlinear Hall conductivity vanishes for Landau levels of a 2D electron gas,
indicating a fundamental difference between the QAHE and the Integer quantum
Hall effect.


  Aims. We study the geometry and kinematics of the circumstellar environment
of the Be star Kappa CMa in the Br gamma emission line and its nearby
continuum. Methods. We use the VLTI/AMBER instrument operating in the K band
which provides a spatial resolution of about 6 mas with a spectral resolution
of 1500 to study the kinematics within the disk and to infer its rotation law.
In order to obtain more kinematical constraints we also use an high spectral
resolution Pa beta line profile obtain in December 2005 at the Observatorio do
Pico do Dios, Brazil and we compile V/R line profile variations and spectral
energy distribution data points from the literature. Results. Using
differential visibilities and differential phases across the Br gamma line we
detect an asymmetry in the disk. Moreover, we found that kappa CMa seems
difficult to fit within the classical scenario for Be stars, illustrated
recently by alpha Arae observations, i.e. a fast rotating B star close to its
breakup velocity surrounded by a Keplerian circumstellar disk with an enhanced
polar wind. Finally we discuss the possibility for kappa CMa to be a critical
rotator with a Keplerian rotating disk and try to see if the detected asymmetry
can be interpreted within the "one-armed" viscous disk framework.


  This paper analyses the impact of various parameter changes on the estimation
of parameters for massive black hole binary (MBHB) systems using a Bayesian
inference technique. Several designed MBHB systems were chosen for comparison
with a fiducial system to explore the influence of parameters such as sky
location, inclination angle, anti-spin, large mass ratio and light mass. And
the two reported MBHB candidates named OJ287 and Tick-Tock are also considered.
The study found that the network of TianQin and LISA can break certain
degeneracies among different parameters, improving the estimation of
parameters, particularly for extrinsic parameters. Meanwhile, the degeneracies
between different intrinsic parameters are highly sensitive to the value of the
parameters. Additionally, the small inclination angles and limited detection of
the inspiral phase can introduce significant bias in the estimation of
parameters. The presence of instrument noise will also introduce bias and
worsen the precision. The paper concludes that the network of TianQin and LISA
can significantly improve the estimation of extrinsic parameters by about one
order of magnitude while yielding slight improvements in the intrinsic
parameters. Moreover, parameter estimation can still be subject to biases even
with a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio if the detected signal does not
encompass all stages of the inspiral, merger, and ringdown.


  We study the Yamabe flow starting from an asymptotically flat manifold
$(M^n,g_0)$. We show that the flow converges to an asymptotically flat, scalar
flat metric in a weighted global sense if $Y(M,[g_0])>0$, and show that the
flow does not converge otherwise. If the scalar curvature is nonnegative and
integrable, then the ADM mass at time infinity drops by the limit of the total
scalar curvature along the flow.


  We perform direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES)
of an initially spherical region of turbulence evolving in free space. The
computations are performed with a lattice Green's function method, which allows
the exact free-space boundary conditions to be imposed on a compact vortical
region. LES simulations are conducted with the stretched vortex sub-grid stress
model. The initial condition is spherically windowed, isotropic homogeneous
incompressible turbulence. We study the spectrum and statistics of the decaying
turbulence and compare the results with decaying isotropic turbulence,
including cases representing different low wavenumber behavior of the energy
spectrum (i.e. k^2 versus k^4). At late times the turbulent sphere expands with
both mean radius and integral scale showing similar time-wise growth exponents.
The low wavenumber behavior has little effect on the inertial scales, and we
find that decay rates follow Saffman (1967) predictions in both cases, at least
until about 400 initial eddy turnover times. The boundary of the spherical
region develops intermittency and features ejections of vortex rings. These are
shown to occur at the integral scale of the initial turbulence field and are
hypothesized to occur due to a local imbalance of impulse on this scale.


  We study the perturbation by a critical term and a $(p-1)$-superlinear
subcritical nonlinearity of a quasilinear elliptic equation containing a
singular potential. By means of variational arguments and a version of the
concentration-compactness principle in the singular case, we prove the
existence of solutions for positive values of the parameter under the principal
eigenvalue of the associated singular eigenvalue problem.


  Quantum optimal control theory is a powerful tool for engineering quantum
systems subject to external fields such as the ones created by intense lasers.
The formulation relies on a suitable definition for a target functional, that
translates the intended physical objective to a mathematical form. We propose
the use of target functionals defined in terms of the one-particle density and
its current. A strong motivation for this is the possibility of using
time-dependent density-functional theory for the description of the system
dynamics. We exemplify this idea by defining an objective functional that on
one hand attempts a large overlap with a target density and on the other hand
minimizes the current. The latter requirement leads to optimized states with
increased stability, which we prove with a few examples of one- and
two-dimensional one-electron systems.


  Globular clusters are known to harbour a significant population of neutron
star X-ray binaries that could be responsible for delaying the inevitable core
collapse of these dense clusters. As a result, their progeny, namely
millisecond pulsars, are also present in large numbers. Following the
confirmation using the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope that millisecond pulsars
are indeed gamma-ray emitters, we report on the detection of the Galactic
globular cluster 47 Tuc with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This is the first
detection of a Galactic globular cluster in the gamma-ray domain. The gamma-ray
spectrum is consistent with gamma-ray emission from a population of millisecond
pulsars. The observed gamma-ray luminosity implies an upper limit of 60
millisecond pulsars present in 47 Tucanae.


  Smoothing methods have become part of the standard tool set for the study and
solution of nondifferentiable and constrained optimization problems as well as
a range of other variational and equilibrium problems. In this note we
synthesize and extend recent results due to Beck and Teboulle on infimal
convolution smoothing for convex functions with those of X. Chen on gradient
consistency for nonconvex functions. We use epi-convergence techniques to
define a notion of epi-smoothing that allows us to tap into the rich
variational structure of the subdifferential calculus for nonsmooth, nonconvex,
and nonfinite-valued functions. As an illustration of the versatility and range
of epi-smoothing techniques, the results are applied to the general constrained
optimization for which nonlinear programming is a special case.


  We present a quantum circuit representation consisting entirely of qubit
initialisations (I), a network of controlled-NOT gates (C) and measurements
with respect to different bases (M). The ICM representation is useful for
optimisation of quantum circuits that include teleportation, which is required
for fault-tolerant, error corrected quantum computation. The non-deterministic
nature of teleportation necessitates the conditional introduction of corrective
quantum gates and additional ancillae during circuit execution. Therefore, the
standard optimisation objectives, gate count and number of wires, are not
well-defined for general teleportation-based circuits. The transformation of a
circuit into the ICM representation provides a canonical form for an exact
fault-tolerant, error corrected circuit needed for optimisation prior to the
final implementation in a realistic hardware model.


  Let $K$ be a field with a discrete valuation, and let $p$ be a prime. It is
known that if $\Gamma \lhd \Gamma_0 < \mathrm{PGL}_2(K)$ is a Schottky group
normally contained in a larger group which is generated by order-$p$ elements
each fixing $2$ points $a_i, b_i \in \mathbb{P}_K^1$, then the quotient of a
certain subset of the projective line $\mathbb{P}_K^1$ by the action of
$\Gamma$ can be algebraized as a superelliptic curve $C : y^p = f(x) / K$. The
subset $S \subset K \cup \{\infty\}$ consisting of these pairs $a_i, b_i$ of
fixed points is mapped bijectively modulo $\Gamma$ to the set $\mathcal{B}$ of
branch points of the superelliptic map $x : C \to \mathbb{P}_K^1$. A conjecture
of Gerritzen and van der Put, in the case that $C$ is hyperelliptic and $K$ has
residue characteristic $\neq 2$, compares the cluster data of $S$ with that of
$\mathcal{B}$. We show that this conjecture requires a slight modification in
order to hold and then prove a much stronger version of the modified conjecture
that holds for any $p$ and any residue characteristic.


  Magnetic flux emergence into the outer layers of the Sun is a fundamental
mechanism for releasing energy into the chromosphere and the corona. In this
paper, we study the emergence of granular-sized flux concentrations and the
structuring of the corresponding physical parameters and atmospheric
diagnostics in the upper photo- sphere and in the chromosphere. We make use of
a realistic 3D MHD simulation of the outer layers of the Sun to study the
formation of the Ca II 8542 line. We also derive semi-empirical 3D models from
non-LTE inversions of our observations. These models contain depth-dependent
information of the temperature and line-of-sight stratification. Our analysis
explains the peculiar Ca II 8542 profiles observed in the flux-emerging region.
In addition, we derive detailed temperature and velocity maps describing the
ascent of magnetic bubbles from the photosphere to the chromosphere. The
inversions suggest that, in active regions, granular-sized bubbles emerge up to
the lower chromosphere where the existing large-scale field hinders their
ascent. We report hints of heating when the field reaches the chromosphere.


  LiDAR sensor is essential to the perception system in autonomous vehicles and
intelligent robots. To fulfill the real-time requirements in real-world
applications, it is necessary to efficiently segment the LiDAR scans. Most of
previous approaches directly project 3D point cloud onto the 2D spherical range
image so that they can make use of the efficient 2D convolutional operations
for image segmentation. Although having achieved the encouraging results, the
neighborhood information is not well-preserved in the spherical projection.
Moreover, the temporal information is not taken into consideration in the
single scan segmentation task. To tackle these problems, we propose a novel
approach to semantic segmentation for LiDAR sequences named Meta-RangeSeg,
where a new range residual image representation is introduced to capture the
spatial-temporal information. Specifically, Meta-Kernel is employed to extract
the meta features, which reduces the inconsistency between the 2D range image
coordinates input and 3D Cartesian coordinates output. An efficient U-Net
backbone is used to obtain the multi-scale features. Furthermore, Feature
Aggregation Module (FAM) strengthens the role of range channel and aggregates
features at different levels. We have conducted extensive experiments for
performance evaluation on SemanticKITTI and SemanticPOSS. The promising results
show that our proposed Meta-RangeSeg method is more efficient and effective
than the existing approaches. Our full implementation is publicly available at
https://github.com/songw-zju/Meta-RangeSeg .


  Supermassive black holes and intermediate mass black holes are believed to
exist in the Universe. There is no established astrophysical explanation for
their origin and considerations have been made in the literature that those
massive black holes (MBHs) may be primordial black holes (PBHs), black holes
which are formed in the early universe (well before the matter-radiation
equality) due to the direct collapse of primordial overdensities. This paper
aims at discussing the possibility of excluding the PBH scenario as the origin
of the MBHs. We first revisit the constraints on PBHs obtained from the CMB
distortion that the seed density perturbation causes. By adopting a recent
computation of the CMB distortion sourced by the seed density perturbation and
the stronger constraint on the CMB distortion set by the COBE/FIRAS experiment
used in the literature, we find that PBHs in the mass range $6\times
10^4~M_\odot \sim 5 \times 10^{13}~M_\odot$ are excluded. Since PBHs lighter
than $6 \times 10^4~M_\odot$ are not excluded from the non-observation of the
CMB distortion, we propose a new method which can potentially exclude smaller
PBHs as well. Based on the observation that large density perturbations
required to create PBHs also result in the copious production of ultracompact
minihalos (UCMHs), compact dark matter halos formed at around the
recombination, we show that weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) as
dark matter annihilate efficiently inside UCMHs to yield cosmic rays far
exceeding the observed flux. Our bound gives severe restriction on the
compatibility between the particle physics models for WIMPs and the PBH
scenario as the explanation of MBHs.


  In this paper we derive the dispersion relation of the surface waves at the
interfaces between Mott insulating and Superfluid phases for confined
Bose-Einstein Condensates. We then calculate their contribution to the heat
capacity of the system and show how its low temperature scaling allows an
experimental test of the existence and properties of Mott Insulator-Superfluid
domains.


  The black-hole information paradox provides one of the sharpest foci for the
conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity and has become the
proving-ground of would-be theories of quantum gravity. String theory has made
significant progress in resolving this paradox, and has led to the fuzzball and
microstate geometry programs. The core principle of these programs is that
horizons and singularities only arise if one tries to describe gravity using a
theory that has too few degrees of freedom to resolve the physics. String
theory has sufficiently many degrees of freedom and this naturally leads to
fuzzballs and microstate geometries: The reformation of black holes into
objects with neither horizons nor singularities. This not only resolves the
paradox but provides new insights into the microstructure of black holes. We
summarize the current status of this approach and describe future prospects and
additional insights that are now within reach. This paper is an expanded
version of our Snowmass White Paper arXiv:2203.04981.


  We commonly use agreement measures to assess the utility of judgements made
by human annotators in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. While
inter-annotator agreement is frequently used as an indication of label
reliability by measuring consistency between annotators, we argue for the
additional use of intra-annotator agreement to measure label stability over
time. However, in a systematic review, we find that the latter is rarely
reported in this field. Calculating these measures can act as important quality
control and provide insights into why annotators disagree. We propose
exploratory annotation experiments to investigate the relationships between
these measures and perceptions of subjectivity and ambiguity in text items.


  Consider a Markovian Petri net with race policy. The marking process has a
"product form" stationary distribution if the probability of viewing a given
marking can be decomposed as the product over places of terms depending only on
the local marking. First we observe that the Deficiency Zero Theorem of
Feinberg, developped for chemical reaction networks, provides a structural and
simple sufficient condition for the existence of a product form. In view of
this, we study the classical subclass of free-choice nets. Roughly, we show
that the only such Petri nets having a product form are the state machines
which can alternatively be viewed as Jackson networks.


  Z2Z4-additive codes have been defined as a subgroup of Z2^{r} x Z4^{s} in [5]
where Z2, Z4 are the rings of integers modulo 2 and 4 respectively and r and s
positive integers. In this study, we define a new family of codes over the set
Z2^{r}[\bar{\xi}] x Z4^{s}[\xi] where \xi is the root of a monic basic
primitive polynomial in Z4[x]. We give the standard form of the generator and
parity-check matrices of codes over Z2^{r}[\bar{\xi}] x Z4^{s}[\xi] and also we
introduce skew cyclic codes and their spanning sets over this set.


  This work deals with the problem of photon detection generated from the
mirror-induced Dynamical Casimir Effect. Particularly we are interested in
measurement of those statistical characteristics of a generated intracavity
field which may confirm its nonthermal properties. Here an indirect protocol
for quadrature dispersion measurement is presented.


  Since by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) regulatory the
radio spectrum available to spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is
restricted to certain limited frequency intervals, there are many different
spaceborne SAR systems sharing common frequency bands. Due to this reason, it
is reported that two spaceborne SARs at orbit cross positions can potentially
cause severe mutual interference. Specifically, the transmitting signal of a
SAR, typically linear frequency modulated (LFM), can be directly received by
the side or back lobes of another SAR's antenna, causing radiometric artefacts
in the focused image. This paper tries to model and characterize the artefacts,
and study efficient methods for mitigating them. To this end, we formulate an
analytical model for describing the artefact, which reveals that the mutual
interference can introduce a two-dimensional LFM radiometric artefact in image
domain with a limited spatial extent. We show that the artefact is low-rank
based on range-azimuth decoupling analysis and two-dimensional high-order
Taylor expansion. Based on the low rank model, we show that two methods, i.e.,
principle component analysis and its robust variant, can be adopted to
efficiently mitigate the artefact via processing in image domain. The former
method has the advantage of fast processing speed, for example, a sub-swath of
Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath image can be processed within 70 seconds
via block-wise operation, whereas the latter provides improved accuracy for
sparse point-like scatterers. Experiment results demonstrate that the
radiometric artefacts caused by mutual interference in Sentinel-1 level-1
images can be efficiently mitigated via the proposed methods.


  In the last years there has been a substantial increase in the number of the
reported massive and luminous star-forming regions with related explosive
outflows thanks to the superb sensitivity and angular resolution provided by
the new radio, infrared, and optical facilities. Here, we report one more
explosive outflow related with the massive and bright star-forming region IRAS
12326$-$6245 using Band 6 sensitive and high angular resolution ($\sim$0.2$"$)
Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations. We find over
10 molecular and collimated well-defined streamers, with Hubble-Lemaitre like
expansion motions, and pointing right to the center of a dusty and molecular
shell (reported for the first time here) localized in the northern part of the
UCHII region known as G301.1A. The estimated kinematic age, and energy for the
explosion are $\sim$700 yrs, and 10$^{48}$ erg, respectively. Taking into
account the recently reported explosive outflows together with IRAS
12326$-$6245, we estimate an event rate of once every 90 yr in our Galaxy,
similar to the formation rate of massive stars.


  High-velocity neutron stars (HVNSs) that were kicked out from their birth
location can be potentially identified with their large proper motions, and
possibly with large parallax, when they come across the solar neighborhood. In
this paper, we study the feasibility of hunting isolated HVNSs in wide-area
optical surveys by modeling the evolution of NS luminosity taking into account
spin-down and thermal radiation. Assuming the upcoming 10-year VRO LSST
observation, our model calculations predict that about 10 HVNSs mainly
consisting of pulsars with ages of $10^4$--$10^5$ yr and thermally emitting NSs
with $10^5$--$10^6$ yr are detectable. We find that a few NSs with effective
temperature $< 5 \times 10^5$ K, which are likely missed in the current and
future X-ray surveys, are also detectable. In addition to the standard neutron
star cooling models, we consider a dark matter heating model. If such a strong
heating exists we find that the detectable HVNSs would be significantly cooler,
i.e., $\lesssim 5\times 10^5$ K. Thus, the future optical observation will give
an unique NS sample, which can provide essential constraints on the NS cooling
and heating mechanisms. Moreover, we suggest that providing HVNS samples with
optical surveys is helpful for understanding the intrinsic kick-velocity
distribution of NSs.


  Continuously monitoring the environment of a quantum many-body system reduces
the entropy of (purifies) the reduced density matrix of the system, conditional
on the outcomes of the measurements. We show that, for mixed initial states, a
balanced competition between measurements and entangling interactions within
the system can result in a dynamical purification phase transition between (i)
a phase that locally purifies at a constant system-size-independent rate, and
(ii) a "mixed" phase where the purification time diverges exponentially in the
system size. The residual entropy density in the mixed phase implies the
existence of a quantum error-protected subspace where quantum information is
reliably encoded against the future non-unitary evolution of the system. We
show that these codes are of potential relevance to fault-tolerant quantum
computation as they are often highly degenerate and satisfy optimal tradeoffs
between encoded information densities and error thresholds. In spatially local
models in 1+1 dimensions, this phase transition for mixed initial states occurs
concurrently with a recently identified class of entanglement phase transitions
for pure initial states. The mutual information of an initially
completely-mixed state in 1+1 dimensions grows sublinearly in time due to the
formation of the error protected subspace. The purification transition studied
here also generalizes to systems with long-range interactions, where
conventional notions of entanglement transitions have to be reformulated.
Purification dynamics is likely a more robust probe of the transition in
experiments, where imperfections generically reduce entanglement and drive the
system towards mixed states. We describe the motivations for studying this
novel class of non-equilibrium quantum dynamics in the context of advanced
quantum computing platforms and fault-tolerant quantum computation.


  Tracking all nuclei of an embryo in noisy and dense fluorescence microscopy
data is a challenging task. We build upon a recent method for nuclei tracking
that combines weakly-supervised learning from a small set of nuclei center
point annotations with an integer linear program (ILP) for optimal cell lineage
extraction. Our work specifically addresses the following challenging
properties of C. elegans embryo recordings: (1) Many cell divisions as compared
to benchmark recordings of other organisms, and (2) the presence of polar
bodies that are easily mistaken as cell nuclei. To cope with (1), we devise and
incorporate a learnt cell division detector. To cope with (2), we employ a
learnt polar body detector. We further propose automated ILP weights tuning via
a structured SVM, alleviating the need for tedious manual set-up of a
respective grid search. Our method outperforms the previous leader of the cell
tracking challenge on the Fluo-N3DH-CE embryo dataset. We report a further
extensive quantitative evaluation on two more C. elegans datasets. We will make
these datasets public to serve as an extended benchmark for future method
development. Our results suggest considerable improvements yielded by our
method, especially in terms of the correctness of division event detection and
the number and length of fully correct track segments. Code:
https://github.com/funkelab/linajea


  Let $M$ be the moduli space of generalized parabolic bundles (GPBs) of rank
$r$ and degree $d$ on a smooth curve $X$. Let $M_{\bar L}$ be the closure of
its subset consisting of GPBs with fixed determinant ${\bar L}$. We define a
moduli functor for which $M_{\bar L}$ is the coarse moduli scheme. Using the
correspondence between GPBs on $X$ and torsion-free sheaves on a nodal curve
$Y$ of which $X$ is a desingularization, we show that $M_{\bar L}$ can be
regarded as the compactified moduli scheme of vector bundles on $Y$ with fixed
determinant. We get a natural scheme structure on the closure of the subset
consisting of torsion-free sheaves with a fixed determinant in the moduli space
of torsion-free sheaves on $Y$. The relation to Seshadri--Nagaraj conjecture is
studied.


  In a recent paper, we presented a new definition of influences in product
spaces of continuous distributions, and showed that analogues of the most
fundamental results on discrete influences, such as the KKL theorem, hold for
the new definition in Gaussian space. In this paper we prove Gaussian analogues
of two of the central applications of influences: Talagrand's lower bound on
the correlation of increasing subsets of the discrete cube, and the
Benjamini-Kalai-Schramm (BKS) noise sensitivity theorem. We then use the
Gaussian results to obtain analogues of Talagrand's bound for all discrete
probability spaces and to reestablish analogues of the BKS theorem for biased
two-point product spaces.


  In this short note, we show that the negative curvature is preserved in the
deformation of hyperbolic warped product metrics under Ricci flow. It is also
showed that the flow converges to a flat metric as time going to infinity.


  We present an asteroseismological study on the two high-gravity pulsating
PG1159 (GW Vir or DOV) stars, PG 2131+066 and PG 1707+427, and on the pulsating
[WCE] star NGC 1501. We compute adiabatic $g$-mode pulsation periods on PG1159
evolutionary models with stellar masses ranging from 0.530 to 0.741 Msun. These
models take into account the complete evolution of progenitor stars, through
the thermally pulsing AGB phase, and born-again episode. We constrain the
stellar mass of PG 2131+066, PG 1707+427 and NGC 1501 by comparing the observed
period spacing with the asymptotic period spacing and with the average of the
computed period spacings. We also employ the individual observed periods in
search of representative seismological models for each star. This work closes
our short series of asteroseismological studies on pulsating pre-white dwarf
stars. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of asteroseismology for probing
the internal structure and evolutionary status of pre-white dwarf stars. In
particular, asteroseismology is able to determine stellar masses of PG1159
stars with an accuracy comparable or even better than spectroscopy.


  The Wavelength-shifting Optical Module (WOM) is a novel photosensor concept
for the instrumentation of large detector volumes with single-photon
sensitivity. The key objective is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio which is
achieved by decoupling the photosensitive area of a sensor from the cathode
area of its photomultiplier tube (PMT).
  The WOM consists of a transparent tube with two PMTs attached to its ends.
The tube is coated with wavelength-shifting paint absorbing ultra-violet
photons with nearly $100\,\%$ efficiency. Depending on the environment, e.g.
air (ice), up to $73\,\%$ $(41\,\%)$ of the subsequently emitted optical
photons can be captured by total internal reflection and propagate towards the
PMTs where they are recorded.
  The optical properties of the paint, the geometry of the tube and the
coupling of the tube to the PMTs have been optimized for maximal sensitivity
based on theoretical derivations and experimental evaluations. Prototypes were
built to demonstrate the technique and to develop a reproducible construction
process.
  Important measurable characteristics of the WOM are the wavelength dependent
effective area, the transit time spread of detected photons and the
signal-to-noise ratio. The WOM outperforms bare PMTs especially with respect to
the low signal-to-noise ratio with an increase of a factor up to 8.9 in air
(5.2 in ice). Since the gain in sensitivity is mostly in the UV-regime, the WOM
is an ideal sensor for Cherenkov and scintillation detectors.


  For a flux qubit described by a two-level system of equations we propose a
special time dependent external control field. We show that for a qubit placed
in this field there exists a critical value of tunnel frequency. When the
tunnel frequency is close to its critical value, the probability value of a
definite direction of the current circulating in a Josephson-junction circuit
may be kept above 1/2 during a desirable time interval. We also show that such
a behavior is not much affected by a sufficiently small dissipation.


  This article compiles and examines a comprehensive coronal
magnetic-null-point survey created by potential-field-source-surface (PFSS)
modeling and Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA)
observations. The locations of 582 potential magnetic null points in the corona
were predicted from the PFSS model between Carrington Rotations (CR) 2098 (June
2010) and 2139 (July 2013). These locations were manually inspected, using
contrast-enhanced SDO/AIA images in 171 angstroms at the east and west solar
limb, for structures associated with nulls. A Kolmogorov--Smirnov (K--S) test
showed a statistically significant difference between observed and predicted
latitudinal distributions of null points. This finding is explored further to
show that the observability of null points could be affected by the Sun's
asymmetric hemisphere activity. Additional K--S tests show no effect on
observability related to eigenvalues associated with the fan and spine
structure surrounding null points or to the orientation of spine. We find that
approximately 31% of nulls obtained from the PFSS model were observed in
SDO/AIA images at one of the solar limbs. An observed null on the east solar
limb had a 51.6% chance of being observed on the west solar limb. Predicted
null points going back to CR 1893 (March 1995) were also used for comparing
radial and latitudinal distributions of nulls to previous work and to test for
correlation of solar activity to the number of predicted nulls.


  The time-dependent analysis of the decays $\Lambda_b\to \Lambda +D^0(t)$ and
$\Lambda_b\to \Lambda +\bar{D}^0(t)$ is discussed. The effect of particle
mixing due to time evolution of $D^0$ and $\bar{D}^0$ on the observables for
these decays viz the branching ratio of decay widths and the asymmetry
parameters $\alpha ,\beta$ and $\gamma$ are analysed. It is shown that it is
possible to extract information about $(\Delta m/\Gamma)\sin \hat{\gamma}$ from
the experimental data for these observables. Here $\Delta
m=m_{D_1^0}-m_{D_2^0},\Gamma$ is the decay widths for $D^{\prime}s$ and
$\hat{\gamma}$ is the weak phase.


  To exchange complex data structures in distributed systems, documents written
in context-free languages are exchanged among communicating parties. Unparsing
these documents correctly is as important as parsing them correctly because
errors during unparsing result in injection vulnerabilities such as cross-site
scripting (XSS) and SQL injection. Injection attacks are not limited to the web
world. Every program that uses input to produce documents in a context-free
language may be vulnerable to this class of attack. Even for widely used
languages such as HTML and JavaScript, there are few approaches that prevent
injection attacks by context-sensitive encoding, and those approaches are tied
to the language. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to derive
context-sensitive encoder from context-free grammars to provide correct
unparsing of maliciously crafted input data for all context-free languages. The
presented solution integrates encoder definition into context-free grammars and
provides a generator for context-sensitive encoders and decoders that are used
during (un)parsing. This unparsing process results in documents where the input
data does neither influence the structure of the document nor change their
intended semantics. By defining encoding during language definition, developers
who use the language are provided with a clean interface for writing and
reading documents written in that language, without the need to care about
security-relevant encoding.


  A semilinear relation is a finite union of finite intersections of open and
closed half-spaces over, for instance, the reals, the rationals, or the
integers. Semilinear relations have been studied in connection with algebraic
geometry, automata theory, and spatiotemporal reasoning. We consider semilinear
relations over the rationals and the reals. Under this assumption, the
computational complexity of the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) is known
for all finite sets containing R+={(x,y,z) | x+y=z}, <=, and {1}. These
problems correspond to expansions of the linear programming feasibility
problem. We generalise this result and fully determine the complexity for all
finite sets of semilinear relations containing R+. This is accomplished in part
by introducing an algorithm, based on computing affine hulls, which solves a
new class of semilinear CSPs in polynomial time. We further analyse the
complexity of linear optimisation over the solution set and the existence of
integer solutions.


  The clinical management of breast cancer depends on an accurate understanding
of the tumor and its anatomical context to adjacent tissues and landmark
structures. This context may be provided by semantic segmentation methods;
however, previous works have been largely limited to a singular focus on the
tumor alone and rarely other tissue types. In contrast, we present a method
that exploits tissue-tissue interactions to accurately segment every major
tissue type in the breast including: chest wall, skin, adipose tissue,
fibroglandular tissue, vasculature and tumor via standard-of-care Dynamic
Contrast Enhanced MRI. Comparing our method to prior state-of-the-art, we
achieved a superior Dice score on tumor segmentation while maintaining
competitive performance on other studied tissues across multiple institutions.
Briefly, our method proceeds by localizing the tumor using 2D object detectors,
then segmenting the tumor and surrounding tissues independently using two 3D
U-nets, and finally integrating these results while mitigating false positives
by checking for anatomically plausible tissue-tissue contacts. The object
detection models were pre-trained on ImageNet and COCO, and operated on MIP
(maximum intensity projection) images in the axial and sagittal planes,
establishing a 3D tumor bounding box. By integrating multiple relevant
peri-tumoral tissues, our work enables clinical applications in breast cancer
staging, prognosis and surgical planning.


  We have studied the associated production processes of a neutral top-Higgs in
the topcolor assisted technicolor model with a pair of heavy quarks in
\gamma\gamma collisions at the International Linear Collider (ILC). We find
that the cross section for t\bar{t}h_t in \gamma\gamma collisions is at the
level of a few fb with the c.m. energy \sqrt{s}=1000 GeV, which is consistent
with the results of the cross section of t\bar{t}H in the standard model and
the cross section of t\bar{t}h in the minimal supersymmetric standard modeland
the little Higgs models. It should be distinct that hundreds of to thousands of
h_t per year can be produced at the ILC, this process of \gamma\gamma \to
t\bar{t}h_t is really interesting in testing the standard model and searching
the signs of technicolor.


  We summarise results for the predicted density and peculiar velocity fields
from the PSCz survey. We have used a generalisation of the Path Interchange
Zeldovich Approximation to determine the velocity field; the most remarkable
feature being a coherent large-scale flow along the baseline connecting the
Local Supercluster, Centaurus and the Shapley Concentration. Comparison of the
predicted and observed bulk flows gives a value of beta = 0.50+-0.1.
  We re-examine the PSCz dipole, with improved redshift completeness at
low-latitudes and using PIZA to estimate real-space distances. We find the
dipole to be stable between 80 and 180 hMpc, although there appears to be a
significant contribution to the dipole around 200 hMpc. The overall
misalignment with the CMB dipole remains at 20degrees. The implied value of
beta is in the range 0.40-0.55 with statistical error +-0.1. We also present
the density field and a preliminary dipole analysis from the almost completed
Behind The Plane survey, which extends the PSCz to cover 93% of the sky
including the proposed core of the Great Attractor. We find a density peak at
(325,-5,3500km/s), about half as massive as Centaurus or Pavo-Indus, and
forming part of a continuous filament linking them across the Plane. We also
find evidence for a much larger `Greater Attractor' directly behind the GA, at
a distance of 125 hMpc, and more massive than the Shapley concentration.
  At large distances the dipole direction is in much improved agreement with
the CMB: at 250-300hMpc, the misalignment is only 5-10 degrees, though this
depends on the incompleteness corrections made. The dipole amplitude implies a
value for the parameter beta of 0.44+-0.1.


  We present a new direct adaptive control approach for nonlinear systems with
unmatched and matched uncertainties. The method relies on adjusting the
adaptation gains of individual unmatched parameters whose adaptation transients
would otherwise destabilize the closed-loop system. The approach also
guarantees the restoration of the adaptation gains to their nominal values and
can readily incorporate direct adaptation laws for matched uncertainties. The
proposed framework is general as it only requires stabilizability for all
possible models.


  High resolution Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Tunnelling
Microscopy (STM) imaging with functionalized tips is well established, but a
detailed understanding of the imaging mechanism is still missing. We present a
numerical STM/AFM model, which takes into account the relaxation of the probe
due to the tip-sample interaction. We demonstrate that the model is able to
reproduce very well not only the experimental intra- and intermolecular
contrasts, but also their evolution upon tip approach. At close distances, the
simulations unveil a significant probe particle relaxation towards local minima
of the interaction potential. This effect is responsible for the sharp
sub-molecular resolution observed in AFM/STM experiments. In addition, we
demonstrate that sharp apparent intermolecular bonds should not be interpreted
as true hydrogen bonds, in the sense of representing areas of increased
electron density. Instead they represent the ridge between two minima of the
potential energy landscape due to neighbouring atoms.


  Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have attracted a great deal of
attention because of their possible use in information processing and
electromagnetic sensing technologies. We examined theatomistic generation
mechanism for the NV defect aligned in the [111] direction of C(111)
substrates. We found that N is incorporated in the C bilayers during the
lateral growth arising from a sequence of kink propagation along the step edge
down to [-1,-1,2]. As a result, the atomic configuration with the N-atom
lone-pair pointing in the [111] direction is formed, which causes preferential
alignment of NVs. Our model is consistent with recent experimental data for
perfect NV alignment in C(111) substrates.


  Intersubband transitions in a superlattice under homogeneous electric field
is studied within the tight-binding approximation. Since the levels are
equi-populated, the non-zero response appears beyond the Born approximation.
Calculations are performed in the resonant approximation with scattering
processes exactly taken into account. The absorption coefficient is equal zero
for the resonant excitation while a negative absorption (gain without
inversion) takes place below the resonance. A detectable gain in the THz
spectral region is obtained for the low-doped $GaAs$-based superlattice and
spectral dependencies are analyzed taking into account the interplay between
homogeneous and inhomogeneous mechanisms of broadening.


  We reconsider models of fermion masses and mixings based on a gauge anomalous
horizontal U(1) symmetry. In the simplest model with a single flavon field and
horizontal charges of the same sign for all Standard Model fields, only very
few charge assignements are allowed when all experimental data, including
neutrino oscillation data, is taken into account. We show that a precise
description of the observed fermion masses and mixing angles can easily be
obtained by generating sets of the order one parameters left unconstrained by
the U(1) symmetry. The corresponding Yukawa matrices show several interesting
features which may be important for flavour changing neutral currents and CP
violation effects in supersymmetric models.


  Rejuvenation in particle filters is necessary to prevent the collapse of the
weights when the number of particles is insufficient to sample the high
probability regions of the state space. Rejuvenation is often implemented in a
heuristic manner by the addition of stochastic samples that widen the support
of the ensemble. This work aims at improving canonical rejuvenation methodology
by the introduction of additional prior information obtained from
climatological samples; the dynamical particles used for importance sampling
are augmented with samples obtained from stochastic covariance shrinkage. The
ensemble transport particle filter, and its second order variant, are extended
with the proposed rejuvenation approach. Numerical experiments show that
modified filters significantly improve the analyses for low dynamical ensemble
sizes.


  A set of quantitative predictions for the day-night asymmetry in the Super -
Kamiokande detector is presented. For these predictions, neutrino events are
collected in ``samples'' defined by the trajectories in the Earth of the
corresponding solar neutrinos. The more important samples considered here are:
the full sample of neutrinos detected at night, the sample of night neutrinos
which cross the Earth core and the sample of night neutrinos which does not
cross the Earth core. For energy integrated event rates, the day-night
asymmetry for core crossing neutrinos is up to six times bigger than the
day-night asymmetry for the full sample of night neutrinos. When the reduction
in statistics is considered, an effective enhancement up to a factor $\approx
2.3$ is obtained. The selection of core crossing neutrinos may be relevant for
the recoil - $e^-$ spectra too. From these results it is reasonable to expect
the Super Kamiokande detector be able to constrain the small mixing angle
solution of the solar neutrino problem ($\sin^2 2 \theta_v \leq 0.01$) through
the day-night effect. Furthermore, it is proposed that the day-night effect may
limits the total flux of 8B neutrino produced in the Sun. At last, the
sensitivity of these predictions to the Earth model uncertainties is
quantitatively discussed.


  We present a new simple self-consistent field theory of the polarizable
flexible polymer chain under the external constant electric field with account
for the many-body electrostatic dipole correlations. We show the effect of
electrostatic dipole correlations on the electric field-induced globule-coil
transition. We demonstrate that only when the polymer chain is in the coil
conformation, the electrostatic dipole correlations of monomers can be
considered as pairwise. However, when the polymer chain is in collapsed state,
the dipole correlations have to be considered at the many-body level.


  Streamer blowout (SBO) coronal mass ejections (CMEs) represent a particular
class of CMEs that are characterized by a gradual swelling of the overlying
streamer and a slow CME containing a flux-rope structure. SBO CMEs arising from
the streamer flank fall into a special category of SBO CMEs involving three
lower arches under the higher streamer arcade. However, the initiation
mechanism for this special category of SBO CMEs remains elusive, due to the
observational limitations. Here we report critical observations of a SBO CME
associated with the eruption of a polar crown filament that originated from the
streamer flank. The filament slowly rose toward the solar equator with the
writhing motion, and underwent a sudden acceleration before its eruption.
Interestingly, during the rising, the filament fields experienced gradual
external reconnections, which is evidenced by the dip-shaped bottom of the
enveloping flux-rope structure changing from a smooth concave, the slow inflows
($\sim$1.8 km s$^{-1}$) from both the filament fields and the coronal loops
beneath, and the persistent brightenings around the interface between the
filament fields and the coronal loops beneath. The newly formed lower loops at
the filament source and the Y-shaped structure in the stretched tail fields
indicate the internal reconnections for the filament eruption. The clear
signatures of the external and internal reconnections shed light on the
initiation mechanisms of SBO CMEs.


  We investigate the Ti-doping effect on the charge density wave (CDW) of
1T-TaS2 by combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements and
first-principle calculations. Although the Ti-doping induced phase evolution
seems regular with increasing of the doping concentration (x), an unexpected
chiral CDW phase is observed in the sample with x = 0.08, in which Ti atoms
almost fully occupy the central Ta atoms in the CDW clusters. The emergence of
the chiral CDW is proposed to be from the doping-enhanced orbital order. Only
when x = 0.08, the possible long-range orbital order can trigger the chiral CDW
phase. Compared with other 3d-elements doped 1T-TaS2, the Ti-doping retains the
electronic flat band and the corresponding CDW phase, which is a prerequisite
for the emergence of chirality. We expect that introducing elements with a
strong orbital character may induce a chiral charge order in a broad class of
CDW systems. The present results open up another avenue for further exploring
the chiral CDW materials.


  We consider the Kepler potential and its relatives $q\mapsto
-\|q\|^{-2(1-1/n)}$, $n\in\mathbb{N}$ in arbitrary dimension $d$. We derive a
unique real-analytic symplectic extension of phase space on which the
Hamiltonian flow is complete and still real-analytic.


  Evolving Lorentzian wormholes with the required matter satisfying the Energy
conditions are discussed. Several different scale factors are used and the
corresponding consequences derived. The effect of extra, decaying (in time)
compact dimensions present in the wormhole metric is also explored and certain
interesting conclusions are derived for the cases of exponential and
Kaluza--Klein inflation.


  We consider singular integrals associated to homogeneous kernels on self
similar sets. Using ideas from ergodic theory we prove, among other things,
that in Euclidean spaces the principal values of singular integrals associated
to real analytic, homogeneous kernels fail to exist a.e. on self similar sets
satisfying some separation conditions. Furthermore in general metric groups,
using similar techniques, we generalize a criterion of $L^2$-unboundedness for
singular integrals on self similar sets.


  We perform an extrapolative analysis of "fast-growth" free-energy-difference
(DF) estimates of a computer-modeled, fully-solvated ethane<->methanol
transformation. The results suggest that extrapolation can greatly reduce the
systematic error in DF estimated from a small number of very fast switches. Our
extrapolation procedure uses block-averages of finite-data estimates, and
appears to be particularly useful for broad, non-Gaussian distributions of data
which produce substantial systematic errors with insufficient data. In every
tested case, the extrapolative results were better than direct estimates.


  Motivated by problems where jumps across lower dimensional subsets and sharp
transitions across interfaces are of interest, this paper studies the
properties of fractional bounded variation ($BV$)-type spaces.
  Two different natural fractional analogs of classical $BV$ are considered:
$BV^\alpha$, a space induced from the Riesz-fractional gradient that has been
recently studied by Comi-Stefani; and $bv^\alpha$, induced by the
Gagliardo-type fractional gradient often used in Dirichlet forms and
Peridynamics - this one is naturally related to the
Caffarelli-Roquejoffre-Savin fractional perimeter. Our main theoretical result
is that the latter $bv^\alpha$ actually corresponds to the
Gagliardo-Slobodeckij space $W^{\alpha,1}$. As an application, using the
properties of these spaces, novel image denoising models are introduced and
their corresponding Fenchel pre-dual formulations are derived. The latter
requires density of smooth functions with compact support. We establish this
density property for convex domains.


  The paper addresses kinematic and geometrical aspects of the Orthoglide, a
three-DOF parallel mechanism. This machine consists of three fixed linear
joints, which are mounted orthogonally, three identical legs and a mobile
platform, which moves in the Cartesian x-y-z space with fixed orientation. New
solutions to solve inverse/direct kinematics are proposed and a detailed
workspace analysis is performed taking into account specific joint limit
constraints.


  Metasurface optics provide an ultra-thin alternative to conventional
refractive lenses. A present challenge is in realizing metasurfaces that
exhibit tunable optical properties and achromatic behavior across the visible
spectrum. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and characterization of
metasurface lenses ("metalenses") that use asymmetric TiO2 nanostructures to
induce a polarization-dependent optical response. By rotating the polarization
of linearly-polarized input light, the focal length of a 40 micrometer-diameter
metalens is tuned from 220-550 micrometers with nearly diffraction-limited
performance. We show that imparting a wavelength-dependent polarization
rotation on incident light enables achromatic focusing over a wide band of the
visible spectrum, 483-620 nm. We use this property to demonstrate varifocal
color imaging with white light from a halogen source. Tunable achromatic
metalenses may be useful for applications in imaging and display.


  We propose a new framework for understanding and representing related salient
events in a video using visual semantic role labeling. We represent videos as a
set of related events, wherein each event consists of a verb and multiple
entities that fulfill various roles relevant to that event. To study the
challenging task of semantic role labeling in videos or VidSRL, we introduce
the VidSitu benchmark, a large-scale video understanding data source with $29K$
$10$-second movie clips richly annotated with a verb and semantic-roles every
$2$ seconds. Entities are co-referenced across events within a movie clip and
events are connected to each other via event-event relations. Clips in VidSitu
are drawn from a large collection of movies (${\sim}3K$) and have been chosen
to be both complex (${\sim}4.2$ unique verbs within a video) as well as diverse
(${\sim}200$ verbs have more than $100$ annotations each). We provide a
comprehensive analysis of the dataset in comparison to other publicly available
video understanding benchmarks, several illustrative baselines and evaluate a
range of standard video recognition models. Our code and dataset is available
at vidsitu.org.


  Boson sampling has been theoretically proposed and experimentally
demonstrated to show quantum computational advantages. However, it still lacks
the deep understanding of the practical applications of boson sampling. Here we
propose that boson sampling can be used to efficiently simulate the work
distribution of multiple identical bosons. We link the work distribution to
boson sampling and numerically calculate the transition amplitude matrix
between the single-boson eigenstates in a one-dimensional quantum piston
system, and then map the matrix to a linear optical network of boson sampling.
The work distribution can be efficiently simulated by the output probabilities
of boson sampling using the method of the grouped probability estimation. The
scheme requires at most a polynomial number of the samples and the optical
elements. Our work opens up a new path towards the calculation of complex
quantum work distribution using only photons and linear optics.


  Incompatibility is a feature of quantum theory that sets it apart from
classical theory, and the inability to clone an unknown quantum state is one of
the most fundamental instances. The no-hiding theorem is another such instance
that arises in the context of the black-hole information paradox, and can be
viewed as being dual to no-cloning. Here, we formulate both of these
fundamental features of quantum theory in a single form that is amenable to
efficient verification, and that is robust to errors arising in state
preparation and measurements. We extend the notion of unitarity - an average
figure of merit that for quantum theory captures the coherence of a quantum
channel - to general physical theories. Then, we introduce the notion of
compatible unitarity pair (CUP) sets, that correspond to the allowed values of
unitarities for compatible channels in the theory. We show that a CUP-set
constitutes a simple 'fingerprint' of a physical theory, and that
incompatibility can be studied through them. We derive information-disturbance
constraints on quantum CUP-sets that encode both the no-cloning/broadcasting
and no-hiding theorems of quantum theory. We then develop randomised
benchmarking protocols that efficiently estimate quantum CUP-sets and provide
simulations using IBMQ of the simplest instance. Finally, we discuss ways in
which CUP-sets and quantum no-go theorems could provide additional information
to benchmark quantum devices.


  ipie is a Python-based auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) package
that has undergone substantial improvements since its initial release [J. Chem.
Theory Comput., 2022, 19(1): 109-121]. This paper outlines the improved
modularity and new capabilities implemented in ipie. We highlight the ease of
incorporating different trial and walker types and the seamless integration of
ipie with external libraries. We enable distributed Hamiltonian simulations,
allowing for multi-GPU simulations of large systems. This development enabled
us to compute the interaction energy of a benzene dimer with 84 electrons and
1512 orbitals, which otherwise would not have fit on a single GPU. We also
support GPU-accelerated multi-slater determinant trial wavefunctions
[arXiv:2406.08314] to enable efficient and highly accurate simulations of
large-scale systems. This allows for near-exact ground state energies of
multi-reference clusters, [Cu$_2$O$_2$]$^{2+}$ and
[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)]$^{2-}$. We also describe implementations of free
projection AFQMC, finite temperature AFQMC, AFQMC for electron-phonon systems,
and automatic differentiation in AFQMC for calculating physical properties.
These advancements position ipie as a leading platform for AFQMC research in
quantum chemistry, facilitating more complex and ambitious computational method
development and their applications.


  We consider the problem of evaluating regular spanners over compressed
documents, i.e., we wish to solve evaluation tasks directly on the compressed
data, without decompression. As compressed forms of the documents we use
straight-line programs (SLPs) -- a lossless compression scheme for textual data
widely used in different areas of theoretical computer science and particularly
well-suited for algorithmics on compressed data. In terms of data complexity,
our results are as follows. For a regular spanner M and an SLP S that
represents a document D, we can solve the tasks of model checking and of
checking non-emptiness in time O(size(S)). Computing the set M(D) of all
span-tuples extracted from D can be done in time O(size(S) size(M(D))), and
enumeration of M(D) can be done with linear preprocessing O(size(S)) and a
delay of O(depth(S)), where depth(S) is the depth of S's derivation tree. Note
that size(S) can be exponentially smaller than the document's size |D|; and,
due to known balancing results for SLPs, we can always assume that depth(S) =
O(log(|D|)) independent of D's compressibility. Hence, our enumeration
algorithm has a delay logarithmic in the size of the non-compressed data and a
preprocessing time that is at best (i.e., in the case of highly compressible
documents) also logarithmic, but at worst still linear. Therefore, in a
big-data perspective, our enumeration algorithm for SLP-compressed documents
may nevertheless beat the known linear preprocessing and constant delay
algorithms for non-compressed documents.


  A reduction formula for the branching coefficients of tensor products of
representations and more generally restrictions of representations of a
semisimple group to a semisimple subgroup is proved in work by Knutson-Tao and
Derksen-Weyman. This formula holds when the highest weights of the
representations belong to a codimension 1 face of the Horn cone, which by work
by Ressayre corresponds to a Littlewood-Richardson coefficient equal to 1. We
prove a similar reduction formula when this coefficient is equal to 2, and show
some properties of the class of the branch divisor corresponding to a
generically finite morphism of degree 2 naturally defined in this context.


  Road rutting is a severe road distress that can cause premature failure of
road incurring early and costly maintenance costs. Research on road damage
detection using image processing techniques and deep learning are being
actively conducted in the past few years. However, these researches are mostly
focused on detection of cracks, potholes, and their variants. Very few research
has been done on the detection of road rutting. This paper proposes a novel
road rutting dataset comprising of 949 images and provides both object level
and pixel level annotations. Object detection models and semantic segmentation
models were deployed to detect road rutting on the proposed dataset, and
quantitative and qualitative analysis of model predictions were done to
evaluate model performance and identify challenges faced in the detection of
road rutting using the proposed method. Object detection model YOLOX-s achieves
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>of 61.6% and semantic segmentation model PSPNet (Resnet-50)
achieves IoU of 54.69 and accuracy of 72.67, thus providing a benchmark
accuracy for similar work in future. The proposed road rutting dataset and the
results of our research study will help accelerate the research on detection of
road rutting using deep learning.


  In this work, we investigate how to make use of model reduction techniques to
identify the vulnerability of a closed-loop system, consisting of a plant and a
supervisor, that might invite attacks. Here, the system vulnerability refers to
the existence of key observation sequences that could be exploited by a
specific smart sensor attack to cause damage infliction. We consider a
nondeterministic smart attack, i.e., there might exist more than one attack
choice over each received observation, and adopt our previously proposed
modeling framework, where such an attack is captured by a standard finite-state
automaton. For a given supervisor S and a smart sensor attack model A, another
smart attack model A' is called attack equivalent to A with respect to S, if
the resulting compromised supervisor, defined as the composition of the
supervisor S and attack model A', is control equivalent to the original
compromised supervisor, defined as the composition of S and A. Following the
spirit of supervisor reduction that relies on the concept of control
congruence, we will show that, this problem of synthesizing a reduced smart
attack model A' that is attack equivalent to A with respect to S, can be
transformed to a classical supervisor reduction problem, making all existing
synthesis tools available for supervisor reduction directly applicable to our
problem. A simplified and ideally minimum-state attack model can reveal all
necessary observation sequences for the attacker to be successful, thus,
reminds system designers to take necessary precautions in advance, which may
improve system resilience significantly. An example is presented to show the
effectiveness of our proposed attack model reduction technique to identify the
system vulnerability.


  We found a gravity solution of p+1 dimensional extended object with
SO(p)xSO(9-p) symmetry which has zero pressure and zero dilaton charge. We
expect that this object is a residual tachyon dust after tachyon condensation
of brane and anti-brane system discussed by Sen, recently. We also discuss the
Hawking temperature and some properties of this object.


  We investigate the magnetization dynamics of a pair of ferromagnetic
insulators (FMIs) deposited on the surface of a topological insulator (TI). Due
to the nonlinear nature of the underlying physics and intrinsic dynamics, the
FMIs can exhibit oscillatory behaviors even under a constant applied voltage.
The motion of the surface electrons of the TI, which obeys relativistic quantum
mechanics, provides a mechanism of direct coupling between the FMIs. In
particular, the spin polarized current of the TI surface electrons can affect
the magnetization of the two FMIs, which in turn modulates the electron
transport, giving rise to a hybrid relativistic quantum/classical nonlinear
dynamical system. We find robust phase and anti-phase locking between the
magnetization dynamics. As driving the surface electrons of a TI only requires
extremely low power, our finding suggests that nano FMIs coupled by a spin
polarized current on the surface of TI have the potential to serve as the
fundamental building blocks of unconventional, low-power computing paradigms.


  Euler operators are partial differential operators of the form $P(\theta)$
where $P$ is a polynomial and $\theta_j = x_j \partial/\partial x_j$. They are
surjective on the space of temperate distributions on $R^d$. We show that this
is, in general, not true for the space of Schwartz distributions on $R^d$,
$d\ge 3$, for $d=1$, however, it is true. It is also true for the space of
distributions of finite order on $R^d$ and on certain open sets $\Omega\subset
R^d$, like the euclidian unit ball.


  Pinch point singularities, associated with flat band magnetic excitations,
are tell-tale signatures of Coulomb spin liquids. While their properties in the
presence of quantum fluctuations have been widely studied, the fate of the
complementary non-analytic features -- shaped as half-moons and stars --
arising from adjacent shallow dispersive bands has remained unexplored. Here,
we address this question for the spin $S=1/2$ Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the
kagome lattice with second and third neighbor couplings, which allows one to
tune the classical ground state from flat bands to being governed by shallow
dispersive bands for intermediate coupling strengths. Employing the
complementary strengths of variational Monte Carlo, pseudo-fermion functional
renormalization group, and density-matrix renormalization group, we establish
the quantum phase diagram. The U(1) Dirac spin liquid ground state of the
nearest-neighbor antiferromagnet remains remarkably robust till intermediate
coupling strengths when it transitions into a pinwheel valence bond crystal
displaying signatures of half-moons in its structure factor. Our work thus
identifies a microscopic setting that realizes one of the proximate orders of
the Dirac spin liquid identified in a recent work [Song, Wang, Vishwanath, He,
Nat. Commun. 10, 4254 (2019)]. For larger couplings, we obtain a collinear
magnetically ordered ground state characterized by star-like patterns.


  Based on the construction by Hosomichi, Seong and Terashima we consider N=1
supersymmetric 5D Yang-Mills theory with matter on a five-sphere with radius r.
This theory can be thought of as a deformation of the theory in flat space with
deformation parameter r and this deformation preserves 8 supercharges. We
calculate the full perturbative partition function as a function of r/g^2,
where g is the Yang-Mills coupling, and the answer is given in terms of a
matrix model. We perform the calculation using localization techniques. We also
argue that in the large N-limit of this deformed 5D Yang-Mills theory this
matrix model provides the leading contribution to the partition function and
the rest is exponentially suppressed.


  Very High Energy (VHE) gamma rays and charged cosmic rays (CCRs) provide an
observational window into the acceleration mechanisms of extreme astrophysical
environments. One of the major challenges at Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes
(IACTs) designed to look for VHE gamma rays, is the separation of air showers
initiated by CCRs which form a background to gamma ray searches. Two other less
well studied problems at IACTs are a) the classification of different primary
nuclei among the CCR events and b) identification of anomalous events initiated
by Beyond Standard Model particles that could give rise to shower signatures
which differ from the standard images of either gamma rays or CCR showers. The
problems of categorizing the primary particle that initiates a shower image, or
the problem of tagging anomalous shower events in a model independent way, are
problems that are well suited to a machine learning (ML) approach. Traditional
studies that have explored gamma ray/CCR separation have used a multivariate
analysis based on derived shower properties, which contains significantly
reduced information about the shower. In our work, we address the problems
outlined above by using ML architectures trained on full simulated shower
images, as opposed to training on just a few derived shower properties. We
illustrate the techniques of binary and multi-category classification using
convolutional neural networks, and we also pioneer the use of autoencoders for
anomaly detection at VHE gamma ray experiments. As a case study, we apply our
techniques to the H.E.S.S. experiment. However, the real strength of the
techniques that we broach here in the context of VHE gamma ray observatories,
is that these methods can be applied broadly to any other IACT, such as the
upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), or can even be suitably adapted to
CCR experiments.


  We present Spitzer IRAC and IRS observations of the dark cloud L1287. The
mid-infrared (MIR) IRAC images show deeply embedded infrared sources in the
vicinity of the FU Orionis objects RNO 1B and RNO 1C suggesting their
association with a small young stellar cluster. For the first time we resolve
the MIR point source associated with IRAS 00338+6312 which is a deeply embedded
intermediate-mass protostar driving a known molecular outflow. The IRAC colors
of all objects are consistent with young stars ranging from deeply embedded
Class 0/I sources to Class II objects, part of which appear to be locally
reddened. The two IRS spectra show strong absorption bands by ices and dust
particles, confirming that the circumstellar environment around RNO 1B/1C has a
high optical depth. Additional hydrogen emission lines from pure rotational
transitions are superimposed on the spectra. Given the outflow direction, we
attribute these emission lines to shocked gas in the molecular outflow powered
by IRAS 00338+6312. The derived shock temperatures are in agreement with high
velocity C-type shocks.


  In this paper, we give a new effective superpotential that makes clear
Bethe/Gauge correspondence between 2d (and 3d) $\text{SO/Sp}$ gauge theories
and open $\text{XXX}$ (and $\text{XXZ}$) spin chains with diagonal boundary
conditions, and also works in the case of 2d (and 3d) $\text{BC}_{N}$-type
gauge theories which is not previously discussed in the literature. Especially,
for exceptional Lie algebras $\text{F}_{4}$, $\text{G}_{2}$, we give the
effective superpotential and vacuum equations. For $\text{E}_{6,7,8}$, we only
give theirs effective superpotential for convenience.


  We present a panoramic review of several observational and theoretical
aspects of the modern astrophysical research about the origin of the
Fundamental Plane (FP) relation for Early-Type Galaxies (ETGs). The discussion
is focused on the problem of the tilt and the tightness of the FP, and on the
attempts to derive the luminosity evolution of ETGs with redshift. Finally, a
number of observed features in the FP are interpreted from the standpoint of a
new theoretical approach based on the two-component tensor virial theorem.


  This paper has been withdrawn by the author; see the much expanded, improved,
and generalized version at arXiv:0811.2073.


  We investigate the heat conduction properties of molecular junctions
comprising anharmonic interactions. We find that nonlinear interactions can
lead to novel phenomena: it negative differential thermal conductance and heat
rectification. Based on analytically solvable models we derive an expression
for the heat current that clearly reflects the interplay between anharmonic
interactions, strengths of coupling to the thermal reservoirs, and junction
asymmetry. This expression indicates that negative differential thermal
conductance shows up when the molecule is strongly coupled to the thermal
baths, even in the absence of internal molecular nonlinearities. In contrast,
diode like behavior is expected for a highly anharmonic molecule with an
inherent structural asymmetry. Anharmonic interactions are also necessary for
manifesting Fourier type transport. We briefly present an extension of our
model system that can lead to this behavior.


  In this paper we investigate singularities on toric fibrations. In this
context we study a conjecture of Shokurov (a special case of which is due to
M$^\rm{c}$Kernan) which roughly says that if $(X,B)\to Z$ is an $\epsilon$-lc
Fano type log Calabi-Yau fibration, then the singularities of the log base
$(Z,B_Z+M_Z)$ are bounded in terms of $\epsilon$ and $\dim X$ where $B_Z,M_Z$
are the discriminant and moduli divisors of the canonical bundle formula. A
corollary of our main result says that if $X\to Z$ is a toric Fano fibration
with $X$ being $\epsilon$-lc, then the multiplicities of the fibres over
codimension one points are bounded depending only on $\epsilon$ and $\dim X$.


  The integration of emotional intelligence in machines is an important step in
advancing human-computer interaction. This demands the development of reliable
end-to-end emotion recognition systems. However, the scarcity of public
affective datasets presents a challenge. In this literature review, we
emphasize the use of generative models to address this issue in
neurophysiological signals, particularly Electroencephalogram (EEG) and
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). We provide a comprehensive
analysis of different generative models used in the field, examining their
input formulation, deployment strategies, and methodologies for evaluating the
quality of synthesized data. This review serves as a comprehensive overview,
offering insights into the advantages, challenges, and promising future
directions in the application of generative models in emotion recognition
systems. Through this review, we aim to facilitate the progression of
neurophysiological data augmentation, thereby supporting the development of
more efficient and reliable emotion recognition systems.


  Network games are an important class of games that model agent interactions
in networked systems, where players are situated at the nodes of a graph and
their payoffs depend on the actions taken by their neighbors. We extend the
classical framework by considering a game model where the strategies are
positive semidefinite matrices having trace one. These (continuous) games can
serve as a simple model of quantum strategic interactions. We focus on the
zero-sum case, where the sum of all players' payoffs is equal to zero. We
establish that in this class of games, Nash equilibria can be characterized as
the projection of a spectrahedron, that is, the feasible region of a
semidefinite program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that determining whether a
game is a semidefinite network game is equivalent to deciding if the value of a
semidefinite program is zero. Beyond the zero-sum case, we characterize Nash
equilibria as the solutions of a semidefinite linear complementarity problem.


  Let H be a symplectic vector space, let V be a vector space, and consider the
nilpotent Lie algebra L_H(V) = H \otimes V + S^2(V) with bracket [(h_1 \otimes
v_1;a_1),(h_2 \otimes v_2;a_2)] = (0,<h_1,h_2> v_1 v_2) . In this paper, we
calculate the Lie algebra homology of L_H(V) as a polynomial functor of V. This
has applications to the analysis of the Leray-Serre spectral sequence of the
fibrations of moduli spaces of pointed curves M_{1,n}->M_{1,1} and
M_{g,n}->M_g.


  We study the metal-insulator transition in a very general two-channel
transport model, where charge carriers are coupled to a correlated background
medium. The fluctuations of the background were described as bosonic
excitations, having the ability to relax. Employing an analytical
projector-based renormalization technique, we calculate the ground-state and
spectral properties of this fermion-boson model and corroborate recent
numerical results, which indicate---in dependence on the `stiffness' of the
background medium---a Luttinger-liquid to charge-density-wave transition for
the one-dimensional half-filled band case. In particular, we determine the
renormalized electron and boson dispersion relations and show that the quantum
phase transition is not triggered by a softening of the boson modes. Thus the
charge density wave is different in nature from an usual Peierls distorted
state.


  Linguistic variables represent crisp information in a form and precision
appropriate for the problem. For example, to answer the question "How are you?"
one may say "I am fine." the linguistic variables like "fine", so common in
everyday speech. In this paper an alternative interpretation of linguistic
variables is introduced with the notion of a linguistic description of a value
or set of values. The use of linguistic variables in many applications reduces
the overall computation complexity of the application. Linguistic variables
have been shown to be particularly useful in complex non-linear applications.
Here we are applying the concept of reasoning with Linguistic Quantifiers to
define the Linguistic Finite Automata along with the expansion of \delta^{\box}
and \lambda^{\box} over \delta and \lambda.


  Small droplets on slender conical fibers spontaneously move along the fiber
due to capillary action. The droplet motion depends on the geometry of the
cone, the surface wettability, the surface tension, the viscosity, and the
droplet size. Here we study with experiments and numerical simulations, the
formation, spontaneous motion, and the eventual merger, of multiple droplets on
slender conical fibers as they interact with each other. The droplet size and
their spacing on the fibre is controlled by the Plateau-Rayleigh instability
after dip-coating the conical fiber. Once these droplets are formed on the
fiber, they spontaneously start to move. Since droplets of different size move
with different speeds, they effectively coarsen the droplet patterning by
merging on the fiber. The droplet merging process affects locally the droplet
speed and alters the spatiotemporal film deposition on the fiber.


  Example weighting algorithm is an effective solution to the training bias
problem, however, most previous typical methods are usually limited to human
knowledge and require laborious tuning of hyperparameters. In this paper, we
propose a novel example weighting framework called Learning to Auto Weight
(LAW). The proposed framework finds step-dependent weighting policies
adaptively, and can be jointly trained with target networks without any
assumptions or prior knowledge about the dataset. It consists of three key
components: Stage-based Searching Strategy (3SM) is adopted to shrink the huge
searching space in a complete training process; Duplicate Network Reward (DNR)
gives more accurate supervision by removing randomness during the searching
process; Full Data Update (FDU) further improves the updating efficiency.
Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of weighting policy explored
by LAW over standard training pipeline. Compared with baselines, LAW can find a
better weighting schedule which achieves much more superior accuracy on both
biased CIFAR and ImageNet.


  It has been known for several decades that Einstein's field equations, when
projected onto a null surface, exhibits a structure very similar to
non-relativistic Navier-Stokes equation. I show that this result arises quite
naturally when gravitational dynamics is viewed as an emergent phenomenon.
Extremising the spacetime entropy density associated with the null surfaces
leads to a set of equations which, when viewed in the local inertial frame,
becomes identical to the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation. This is in contrast with
the usual description of Damour-Navier-Stokes (DNS) equation in a general
coordinate system, in which there appears a Lie derivative rather than
convective derivative. I discuss this difference, its importance and why it is
more appropriate to view the equation in a local inertial frame. The viscous
force on fluid, arising from the gradient of the viscous stress-tensor,
involves the second derivatives of the metric and does not vanish in the local
inertial frame while the viscous stress-tensor itself vanishes so that inertial
observers detect no dissipation. We thus provide an entropy extremisation
principle that leads to the DNS equation, which makes the hydrodynamical
analogy with gravity completely natural and obvious. Several implications of
these results are discussed.


  Primality generation is the cornerstone of several essential cryptographic
systems. The problem has been a subject of deep investigations, but there is
still a substantial room for improvements. Typically, the algorithms used have
two parts trial divisions aimed at eliminating numbers with small prime factors
and primality tests based on an easy-to-compute statement that is valid for
primes and invalid for composites. In this paper, we will showcase a technique
that will eliminate the first phase of the primality testing algorithms. The
computational simulations show a reduction of the primality generation time by
about 30% in the case of 1024-bit RSA key pairs. This can be particularly
beneficial in the case of decentralized environments for shared RSA keys as the
initial trial division part of the key generation algorithms can be avoided at
no cost. This also significantly reduces the communication complexity. Another
essential contribution of the paper is the introduction of a new one-way
function that is computationally simpler than the existing ones used in
public-key cryptography. This function can be used to create new random number
generators, and it also could be potentially used for designing entirely new
public-key encryption systems.


  We implement numerical linked cluster expansions (NLCEs) to study dynamics of
lattice systems following quantum quenches, and focus on a hard-core boson
model in one-dimensional lattices. We find that, in the nonintegrable regime
and within the accessible times, local observables exhibit exponential
relaxation. We determine the relaxation rate as one departs from the integrable
point and show that it scales quadratically with the strength of the
integrability breaking perturbation. We compare the NLCE results with those
from exact diagonalization calculations on finite chains with periodic boundary
conditions, and show that NLCEs are far more accurate.


  This study introduces a first step for constructing a hybrid reduced-order
models (ROMs) for segregated fluid-structure interaction in an Arbitrary
Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach at a high Reynolds number using the Finite
Volume Method (FVM). The ROM is driven by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)
with hybrid techniques that combines the classical Galerkin projection and two
data-driven methods (radial basis networks , and neural networks/ long short
term memory). Results demonstrate the ROM ability to accurately capture the
physics of fluid-structure interaction phenomena. This approach is validated
through a case study focusing on flow-induced vibration (FIV) of a pitch-plunge
airfoil at a high Reynolds number 10000000.


  We study the heat transport along an edge state of a two-dimensional electron
gas in the quantum Hall regime, in contact to two reservoirs at different
temperatures. We consider two exactly solvable models for the edge state
coupled to the reservoirs. The first one corresponds to filling $\nu=1$ and
tunneling coupling to the reservoirs. The second one corresponds to integer or
fractional filling of the sequence $\nu=1/m$ (with $m$ odd), and capacitive
coupling to the reservoirs. In both cases we solve the problem by means of
non-equilibrium Green function formalism. We show that heat propagates chirally
along the edge in the two setups. We identify two temperature regimes, defined
by $\Delta$, the mean level spacing of the edge. At low temperatures, $T<
\Delta$, finite size effects play an important role in heat transport, for both
types of contacts. The nature of the contacts manifest themselves in different
power laws for the thermal conductance as a function of the temperature. For
capacitive couplings a highly non-universal behavior takes place, through a
prefactor that depends on the length of the edge as well as on the coupling
strengths and the filling fraction. For larger temperatures, $T>\Delta$,
finite-size effects become irrelevant, but the heat transport strongly depends
on the strength of the edge-reservoir interactions, in both cases. The thermal
conductance for tunneling coupling grows linearly with $T$, whereas for the
capacitive case it saturates to a value that depends on the coupling strengths
and the filling factors of the edge and the contacts.


  We initiate the study of congestion games with variable demands where the
(variable) demand has to be assigned to exactly one subset of resources. The
players' incentives to use higher demands are stimulated by non-decreasing and
concave utility functions. The payoff for a player is defined as the difference
between the utility of the demand and the associated cost on the used
resources. Although this class of non-cooperative games captures many elements
of real-world applications, it has not been studied in this generality, to our
knowledge, in the past. We study the fundamental problem of the existence of
pure Nash equilibria (PNE for short) in congestion games with variable demands.
We call a set of cost functions C consistent if every congestion game with
variable demands and cost functions in C possesses a PNE. We say that C is FIP
consistent if every such game possesses the alpha-Finite Improvement Property
for every alpha>0. Our main results are structural characterizations of
consistency and FIP consistency for twice continuously differentiable cost
functions. Specifically, we show 1. C is consistent if and only if C contains
either only affine functions or only homogeneously exponential functions (c(x)
= a exp(p x)). 2. C is FIP consistent if and only if C contains only affine
functions. Our results provide a complete characterization of consistency of
cost functions revealing structural differences to congestion games with fixed
demands (weighted congestion games), where in the latter even inhomogeneously
exponential functions are FIP consistent. Finally, we study consistency and FIP
consistency of cost functions in a slightly different class of games, where
every player experiences the same cost on a resource (uniform cost model). We
give a characterization of consistency and FIP consistency showing that only
homogeneously exponential functions are consistent.


  This article presents a machinery based on polyhedral products that produces
faithful representations of graph products of finite groups and direct products
of finite groups into automorphisms of free groups $\rm Aut(F_n)$ and outer
automorphisms of free groups $\rm Out(F_n)$, respectively, as well as faithful
representations of products of finite groups into the linear groups $\rm
SL(n,\mathbb Z)$ and $\rm GL(n,\mathbb Z)$. These faithful representations are
realized as monodromy representations.


  We investigate the low energy structure of the Kahler potential in SUSY QCD
with Nf=Nc+1 quark flavors. Since this theory's moduli space is everywhere
smooth, a systematic power series expansion of its Kahler potential can be
developed in terms of confined meson and baryon fields. Perturbation theory in
the supersymmetric sigma model based upon a momentum expansion consistent with
naive dimensional analysis and 1/Nf power counting exhibits some similarities
with ordinary QCD chiral perturbation theory along with several key
differences. We compute meson and baryon wavefunction renormalization as well
as Kahler potential operator mixing to leading nontrivial order. We also deduce
the asymptotic dependence of the lowest dimension operators' coefficients upon
moduli space location along flat directions where the theory is Higgsed down to
Nf-1=(Nc-1)+1 SUSY QCD. Although an exact form for the confining phase Kahler
potential remains unknown, we find that some detailed Kahler sector information
can nevertheless be derived from first principles.


  Systematic comparisons of jet pair correlations obtained in Cu+Cu and Au+Au
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$200 GeV are presented. The measured jet-pair
distributions for both systems, show strong modification of the away-side jet.
For the same number of participating nucleons, the modification does not show a
strong dependence on the collision system. It is suggested that such
comparisons can provide important constraints for models which predict specific
path length dependent jet modification effects.


  Spacetime singularities in general relativity are commonly thought to be
problematic, in that they signal a breakdown in the theory. We address the
question of how to interpret this breakdown, restricting our attention to
classical considerations (though our work has ramifications for more general
classical metric theories of gravity, as well). In particular, we argue for a
new claim: spacetime singularities in general relativity signal indeterminism.
  The usual manner in which indeterminism is formulated for physical theories
can be traced back to Laplace. This formulation is based on the non-uniqueness
of future (or past) states of a physical system -- as understood in the context
of a physical theory -- as a result of the specification of an antecedent state
(or, respectively, of a subsequent state). We contend that for physical
theories generally, this formulation does not comprehensively capture the
relevant sense of a lack of determination. And, in particular, it does not
comprehensively capture the sense(s) in which a lack of determination (and so,
indeterminism) arises due to spacetime singularities in general relativity.
  We thus present a novel, broader formulation, in which indeterminism in the
context of some physical theory arises whenever one of the three following
conditions holds: future (and/or past) states are (i) not unique -- as for
Laplacian notions of indeterminism; (ii) not specified; or (iii) `incoherent'
-- that is, they fail to satisfy certain desiderata that are internal to the
theory and/or imposed from outside the theory. We apply this formulation to
salient features of singularities in general relativity and show that this
broader sense of indeterminism can comprehensively account for (our
interpretation of) the breakdown signaled by their occurrence.


  Python has become a standard scientific computing language with fast-growing
support of machine learning and data analysis modules, as well as an increasing
usage of big data. The Dynamic Distributed Dimensional Data Model (D4M) offers
a highly composable, unified data model with strong performance built to handle
big data fast and efficiently. In this work we present an implementation of D4M
in Python. $D4M.py$ implements all foundational functionality of D4M and
includes Accumulo and SQL database support via Graphulo. We describe the
mathematical background and motivation, an explanation of the approaches made
for its fundamental functions and building blocks, and performance results
which compare $D4M.py$'s performance to D4M-MATLAB and D4M.jl.


  We have carried out a first-principles theoretical study of the magnetically
induced polarization in orthorhombic TbMnO3, a prototypical material in which a
cycloidal spin structure generates an electric polarization via the spin-orbit
interaction. We compute both the electronic and the lattice-mediated
contributions to the polarization and find that the latter is strongly
dominant. We analyze the spin-orbit induced forces and lattice displacements
from both atomic and mode-decomposition viewpoints, and show that a simple
model based on nearest Mn--Mn neighbor Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions is
not able to account fully for the results. The direction and magnitude of our
computed polarization are in good agreement with experiment.


  On an orientable manifold M, we consider a regular even dimensional foliation
F which is globally defined by a set of k-independent 1-forms. We give
necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a regular Poisson
structure on M whose Characteristic foliation is precisely F. Moreover,
introducing a special class of the foliated 1-cohomology we describe
obstructions for the existence of unimodular Poisson structures with a given
characteristic foliation. In the same lines, we also give conditions for the
existence of transversally constant Poisson structures.


  We use directed graphs called "syzygy quivers" to study the asymptotic growth
rates of the dimensions of the syzygies of representations of finite
dimensional algebras. For any finitely generated representation of a monomial
algebra, we show that this growth rate is poly-exponential, i.e. the product of
a polynomial and an exponential function, and give a procedure for computing
the corresponding degree and base from a syzygy quiver. We characterize the
growth rates arising in this context: The bases of the occurring exponential
functions are the real, nonnegative algebraic integers $b$ whose irreducible
polynomial over $\mathbb{Q}$ has no root with with modulus larger than $b$.
Moreover, we show that these growth rates are invariant under stable derived
equivalences.


  Determinants of invertible pseudo-differential operators (PDOs) close to
positive self-adjoint ones are defined throughthe zeta-function regularization.
We define a multiplicative anomaly as the ratio $\det(AB)/(\det(A)\det(B))$
considered as a functionon pairs of elliptic PDOs. We obtained an explicit
formula for the multiplicative anomaly in terms of symbols of operators. For a
certain natural classof PDOs on odd-dimensional manifolds generalizing the
class of ellipticdifferential operators, the multiplicative anomaly is
identically $1$. For elliptic PDOs from this class a holomorphic determinant
and a determinant for zero orders PDOs are introduced. Using various algebraic,
analytic, and topological tools we study local and global properties of the
multiplicative anomaly and of the determinant Lie group closely related with
it. The Lie algebra for the determinant Lie group has a description in terms of
symbols only. Our main discovery is that there is a {\em quadratic
non-linearity} hidden in the definition of determinants of PDOs through
zeta-functions. The natural explanation of this non-linearity follows from
complex-analytic properties of a new trace functional TR on PDOs of non-integer
orders. Using TR we easily reproduce known facts about noncommutative residues
of PDOs and obtain several new results. In particular, we describe a structure
of derivatives of zeta-functions at zero as of functions on logarithms of
elliptic PDOs. We propose several definitions extending zeta-regularized
determinants to general elliptic PDOs. For elliptic PDOs of nonzero complex
orders we introduce a canonical determinant in its natural domain of
definition.


  The Daya Bay reactor antineutrino experiment has recently measured the
neutrino mixing parameter sin22{\theta}13 by observing electron antineutrino
disappearance over kilometer-scale baselines using six antineutrino detectors
at near and far distances from reactor cores at the Daya Bay nuclear power
complex. Liquid scintillator contained in transparent target vessels is used to
detect electron antineutrinos via the inverse beta-decay reaction. The Daya Bay
experiment will operate for about five years yielding a precision measurement
of sin22{\theta}13. We report on long-term studies of poly(methyl methacrylate)
known as acrylic, which is the primary material used in the fabrication of the
target vessels for the experiment's antineutrino detectors. In these studies,
acrylic samples are subjected to gaseous and liquid environmental conditions
similar to those experienced during construction, transport, and operation of
the Daya Bay acrylic target vessels and detectors. Mechanical and optical
stability of the acrylic as well as its interaction with detector liquids is
reported.


  The objectives of this study are to model the endocardiac radiofrequency (RF)
ablation procedure and to employ the Hyperbolic Bioheat Equation (HBE), which
takes the thermal wave behaviour into account, comparing the results with those
obtained using the common Pennes Bioheat Equation (BE) method. A complex model
is created to cover particular endocardiac physical and geometry environment.
Finite Element Method (FEM) is adopted to study the model with both BE and HBE
methods. Different convection coefficients and voltages are applied to simulate
different conditions. Lesion size, max temperature and specified position
temperature are selected as criteria to evaluate the simulated results. The
study found that during ablation, the lesion size difference ratio can reach
20% in some periods. The difference is obvious and cannot be neglected.