372 U.S. 726
83 S.Ct. 1028
10 L.Ed.2d 93
William M. FERGUSON, Attorney General for the State  of Kansas, et al., Appellants,v.Frank C. SKRUPA, doing business as Credit Advisors.
No. 111.
Argued March 20, 1963.
Decided April 22, 1963.

William M. Ferguson, Wellington, Kan., for appellants.
Lawrence Weigand, Wichita, Kan., for appellee.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.


1
In this case, properly here on appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1253, we are asked to review the judgment of a three-judge District Court enjoining, as being in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, a Kansas statute making it a misdemeanor for any person to engage 'in the business of debt adjusting' except as an incident to 'the lawful practice of law in this state.'1 The statute defines 'debt adjusting' as 'the making of a contract, express, or implied with a particular debtor whereby the debtor agrees to pay a certain amount of money periodically to the person engaged in the debt adjusting business who shall for a consideration distribute the same among certain specified creditors in accordance with a plan agreed upon.'


2
The complaint, filed by appellee Skrupa doing business as 'Credit Advisors,' alleged that Skrupa was engaged in the business of 'debt adjusting' as defined by the statute, that his business was a 'useful and desirable' one, that his business activities were not 'inherently immoral or dangerous' or in any way contrary to the public welfare, and that therefore the business could not be 'absolutely prohibited' by Kansas. The three-judge court heard evidence by Skrupa tending to show the usefulness and desirability of his business and evidence by the state officials tending to show that 'debt adjusting' lends itself to grave abuses against distressed debtors, particularly in the lower income brackets, and that these abuses are of such gravity that a number of States have strictly regulated 'debt adjusting' or prohibited it altogether.2 The court found that Skrupa's business did fall within the Act's proscription and concluded, one judge dissenting, that the Act was prohibitory, not regulatory, but that even if construed in part as regulatory it was an unreasonable regulation of a 'lawful business,' which the court held amounted to a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court accordingly enjoined enforcement of the statute.3


3
The only case discussed by the court below as support for its invalidation of the statute was Commonwealth v. Stone, 191 Pa.Super. 117, 155 A.2d 453 (1959), in which the Superior Court of Pennsylvania struck down a statute almost identical to the Kansas act involved here. In Stone the Pennsylvania court held that the State could regulate, but could not prohibit, a 'legitimate' business. Finding debt adjusting, called 'budget planning' in the Pennsylvania statute, not to be 'against the public interest' and concluding that it could 'see no justification for such interference' with this business, the Pennsylvania court ruled that State's statute to be unconstitutional. In doing so, the Pennsylvania court relied heavily on Adams v. Tanner, 244 U.S. 590, 37 S.Ct. 662, 61 L.Ed. 1336 (1917), which held that the Due Process Clause forbids a State to prohibit a business which is 'useful' and not 'inherently immoral or dangerous to public welfare.'


4
Both the District Court in the present case and the Pennsylvania court in Stone adopted the philosophy of Adams v. Tanner, and cases like it, that it is the province of courts to draw on their own views as to the morality, legitimacy, and usefulness of a particular business in order to decide whether a statute bears too heavily upon that business and by so doing violates due process. Under the system of government created by our Constitution, it is up to legislatures, not courts, to decide on the wisdom and utility of legislation. There was a time when the Due Process Clause was used by this Court to strike down laws which were thought unreasonable, that is, unwise or incompatible with some particular economic or social philosophy. In this manner the Due Process Clause was used, for example, to nullify laws prescribing maximum hours for work in bakeries, Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 25 S.Ct. 539, 49 L.Ed. 937 (1905), outlawing 'yellow dog' contracts, Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1, 35 S.Ct. 240, 59 L.Ed. 441 (1915), setting minimum wages for women, Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525, 43 S.Ct. 394, 67 L.Ed. 785 (1923), and fixing the weight of loaves of bread, Jay Burns Baking Co. v. Bryan, 264 U.S. 504, 44 S.Ct. 412, 68 L.Ed. 813 (1924). This intrusion by the judiciary into the realm of legislative value judgments was strongly objected to at the time, particularly by Mr. Justice Holmes and Mr. Justice Brandeis. Dissenting from the Court's invalidating a state statute which regulated the resale price of theatre and other tickets, Mr. Justice Holmes said,


5
'I think the proper course is to recognize that a state      Legislature can do whatever it sees fit to do unless it is      restrained by some express prohibition in the Constitution of      the United States or of the State, and that Courts should be      careful not to extend such prohibitions beyond their obvious      meaning by reading into them conceptions of public policy      that the particular Court may happen to entertain.'4


6
And in an earlier case he had emphasized that, 'The criterion of constitutionality is not whether we believe the law to be for the public good.'5


7
The doctrine that prevailed in Lochner, Coppage, Adkins, Burns, and like cases—that due process authorizes courts to hold laws unconstitutional when they believe the legislature has acted unwisely—has long since been discarded. We have returned to the original constitutional proposition that courts do not substitute their social and economic beliefs for the judgment of legislative bodies, who are elected to pass laws. As this Court stated in a unanimous opinion in 1941, 'We are not concerned * * * with the wisdom, need, or appropriateness of the legislation.'6 Legislative bodies have broad scope to experiment with economic problems, and this Court does not sit to 'subject the state to an intolerable supervision hostile to the basic principles of our government and wholly beyond the protection which the general clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was intended to secure.'7 It is now settled that States 'have power to legislate against what are found to be injurious practices in their internal commercial and business affairs, so long as their laws do not run afoul of some specific federal constitutional prohibition, or of some valid federal law.'8


8
In the face of our abandonment of the use of the 'vague contours'9 of the Due Process Clause to nullify laws which a majority of the Court believed to be economically unwise, reliance on Adams v. Tanner is as mistaken as would be adherence to Adkins v. Children's Hospital, overruled by West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379, 57 S.Ct. 578, 81 L.Ed. 703 (1937). Not only has the philosophy of Adams been abandoned, but also this Court almost 15 years ago expressly pointed to another opinion of this Court as having 'clearly undermined' Adams.10 We conclude that the Kansas Legislature was free to decide for itself that legislation was needed to deal with the business of debt adjusting. Unquestionably, there are arguments showing that the business of debt adjusting has social utility, but such arguments are properly addressed to the legislature, not to us. We refuse to sit as a 'superlegislature to weigh the wisdom of legislation,'11 and we emphatically refuse to go back to the time when courts used the Due Process Clause 'to strike down state laws, regulatory of business and industrial conditions, because they may be unwise, improvident, or out of harmony with a particular school of thought.'12 Nor are we able or willing to draw lines by calling a law 'prohibitory' or 'regulatory.' Whether the legislature takes for its textbook Adam Smith, Herbert Spencer, Lord Keynes, or some other is no concern of ours.13 The Kansas debt adjusting statute may be wise or unwise. But relief, if any be needed, lies not with us but with the body constituted to pass laws for the State of Kansas.14


9
Nor is the statute's exception of lawyers a denial of equal protection of the laws to nonlawyers. Statutes create many classifications which do not deny equal protection; it is only 'invidious discrimination' which offends the Constitution.15 The business of debt adjusting gives rise to a relationship of trust in which the debt adjuster will, in a situation of insolvency, be marshalling assets in the manner of a proceeding in bankruptcy. The debt adjuster's client may need advice as to the legality of the various claims against him remedies existing under state laws governing debtor-creditor relationships, or provisions of the Bankruptcy Act—advice which a nonlawyer cannot lawfully give him. If the State of Kansas wants to limit debt adjusting to lawyers,16 the Equal Protection Clause does not forbid it. We also find no merit in the contention that the Fourteenth Amendment is violated by the failure of the Kansas statute's title to be as specific as appellee thinks it ought to be under the Kansas Constitution.


10
Reversed.


11
Mr. Justice HARLAN concurs in the judgment on the ground that this state measure bears a rational relation to a constitutionally permissible objective. See Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 491, 75 S.Ct. 461, 466, 99 L.Ed. 563.



1
 Kan.Gen.Stat.(Supp.1961) § 21—2464.


2
 Twelve other States have outlawed the business of debt adjusting. Fla.Stat.Ann. (1962) §§ 559.10—559.13; Ga.Code Ann. (Supp.1961) §§ 84—3601 to 84—3603; Me.Rev.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1961) c. 137, §§ 51—53; Mass.Gen.Laws Ann. (1958) c. 221, § 46C; N.J.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1962) 2A:-99A—1 to 2A:99A—4; N.Y.Penal Law (Supp.1962) §§ 410—412; Ohio Rev.Code Ann. (1962 Supp.) §§ 4710.01 4710.99; Okl.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1962) Tit. 24, §§ 15—18; Pa.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1961) Tit. 18, § 4899; Va.Code Ann. (1958) § 54—44.1; W.Va.Code Ann. (1961) § 6112(4); Wyo.Stat.Ann. (1957) §§ 33—190 to 33—192. Seven other States regulate debt adjusting. Cal.Fin.Code Ann. (1955 and Supp. 1962) §§ 12200—12331; Ill.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1962) c. 16 1/2, §§ 251—272; Mich.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1961) §§ 23.630(1)—23.630(18); Minn.Stat.Ann. (1947 and 1962 Supp.) §§ 332.04—332.11; Ore.Rev.Stat. (1961) §§ 697.610—697.992; R.I.Gen. Laws (Supp.1962) §§ 5—42—1 to 5—42—9; Wis.Stat.Ann. (1957) § 218.02. The courts of New Jersey have upheld a New Jersey statute like the Kansas statute here in question. American Budget Corp. v. Furman, 67 N.J.Super. 134, 170 A.2d 63, aff'd per curiam, 36 N.J. 129, 175 A.2d 622 (1961).


3
 Skrupa v. Sanborn, 210 F.Supp. 200 (D.C.D.Kan.1961).


4
 Tyson & Brother, etc. v. Banton, 273 U.S. 418, 445, 446, 47 S.Ct. 426, 433, 434, 71 L.Ed. 718 (1927) (dissenting opinion). Mr. Justice Brandeis joined in this dissent, and Mr. Justice Stone dissented in an opinion joined by Mr. Justice Holmes and Mr. Justice Brandeis. Mr. Justice Sanford dissented separately.


5
 Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525, 567, 570, 43 S.Ct. 394, 406, 67 L.Ed. 785 (1923) (dissenting opinion). Chief Justice Taft, joined by Mr. Justice Sanford, also dissented. Mr. Justice Brandeis took no part.


6
 Olsen v. Nebraska ex rel. Western Reference & Bond Assn., 313 U.S. 236, 246, 61 S.Ct. 862, 865, 85 L.Ed. 1305 (1941) (upholding a Nebraska statute limiting the amount of the fee which could be charged by private employment agencies).


7
 Sproles v. Binford, 286 U.S. 374, 388, 52 S.Ct. 581, 585, 76 L.Ed. 1167 (1932). And Chief Justice Hughes, for a unanimous Court, added, 'When the subject lies within the police power of the state, debatable questions as to reasonableness are not for the courts but for the Legislature, which is entitled to form its own judgment, and its action within its range of discretion cannot be set aside because compliance is burdensome.' Id., at 388—389, 52 S.Ct. at 585.


8
 Lincoln Federal Labor Union, etc. v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co., 335 U.S. 525, 536, 69 S.Ct. 251, 257, 93 L.Ed. 212 (1949).
Mr. Justice Holmes even went so far as to say that 'subject to compensation when compensation is due, the Legislature may forbid or restrict any business when it has a sufficient force of public opinion behind it.' Tyson & Brother v. Banton, 273 U.S. 418, 445, 446, 47 S.Ct. 426, 434, 71 L.Ed. 718 (1927) (dissenting opinion).


9
 See Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525, 567, 568, 43 S.Ct. 394, 405, 67 L.Ed. 785 (1923) (Holmes, J., dissenting).


10
 Lincoln Federal Labor Union, etc. v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co., 335 U.S. 525, 535, 69 S.Ct. 251, 256, 93 L.Ed. 212 (1949), referring to Olsen v. Nebraska ex rel. Western Reference & Bond Assn., 313 U.S. 236, 61 S.Ct 862, 85 L.Ed. 1305 (1941). Ten years later, in Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622, 631—632, 71 S.Ct. 920, 927, 95 L.Ed. 1233 (1951), this Court again commented on the infirmity of Adams.


11
 Day-Brite Lighting, Inc., v. Missouri, 342 U.S. 421, 423, 72 S.Ct. 405, 407, 96 L.Ed. 469 (1952).


12
 Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 488, 75 S.Ct. 461, 464, 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955).


13
 'The 14th Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics.' Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 74, 75, 25 S.Ct. 539, 546, 49 L.Ed. 937 (1905) (Holmes, J., dissenting).


14
 See Daniel v. Family Security Life Ins. Co., 336 U.S. 220, 224, 69 S.Ct. 550, 552, 93 L.Ed. 632 (1949); Secretary of Agriculture v. Central Roig Ref. Co., 338 U.S. 604, 618, 70 S.Ct. 403, 410, 94 L.Ed. 381 (1950).


15
 See Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 488—489, 75 S.Ct. 461, 465, 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955); Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61, 78—79, 31 S.Ct. 337, 340, 55 L.Ed. 369 (1911).


16
 Massachusetts and Virginia prohibit debt pooling by laymen by declaring it to constitute the practice of law. Mass.Gen.Laws Ann. (1958) c. 221, § 46C; Va. Code Ann. (1958) § 54 44.1. The Massachusetts statute was upheld in Home Budget Service, Inc., v. Boston Bar Assn., 335 Mass. 228, 139 N.E.2d 387 (1957).


