517 U.S. 654116 S.Ct. 1638134 L.Ed.2d 880
HENDERSONv.UNITED STATESCertiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
No. 95-232.
Argued March 19, 1996
Decided May 20, 1996

Syllabus*
Petitioner Henderson filed this suit under the Suits in Admiralty Act  for injuries he received as a seaman aboard a vessel owned by the United  States.  He accomplished service on the United States in the manner and  within the time allowed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4, which sets  an extendable 120-day period for service.  Service on the Attorney  General occurred 47 days after the complaint was filed, but service on the United States Attorney, though timely under Rule 4's extendable  deadline, took 147 days.  The United States moved to dismiss the action,  arguing that although the time and manner of service satisfied Rule 4's  requirements, Henderson had failed to serve process ``forthwith'' as  required by Section(s) 2 of the Suits in Admiralty Act.  The District  Court dismissed Henderson's complaint for lack of subjectmatter  jurisdiction, based on Circuit precedent holding that Section(s) 2's  service ``forthwith'' requirement conditions the Government's waiver of sovereign immunity and is therefore a jurisdictional prerequisite. The  Court of Appeals affirmed.
Held:  The Suits in Admiralty Act's ``forthwith'' instruction for  service of process has been superseded by Rule 4.  Pp. 6-19.
(a) Rule 4's regime conflicts irreconcilably with Section(s) 2's service  ``forthwith'' instruction.  The Federal Rules convey a clear message  that complaints are not to be dismissed if served within 120 days, or  within such additional time as the court may allow, but Section(s) 2's  ``forthwith'' instruction is indicative of a far shorter time.  The  Government urges that the conflict dissolves if one reads Rule 4 as  establishing not an affirmative right to serve a complaint within 120  days, but an outer boundary for timely service.  Reading Rule 4 in its historical context, however, leads to the conclusion that the 120-day  provision operates as an irreducible allowance.  Pp. 6-9.
(b) In the Rules Enabling Act, Congress ordered that, in matters of  "practice and procedure," 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2072(a), the Federal  Rules shall govern, and "[a]ll laws in conflict with such rules shall be  of no further force or effect," Section(s) 2072(b).  Correspondingly,  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 82 provides that the Rules cannot be  construed to extend or limit federal jurisdiction.  Section 2 of the  Suits in Admiralty Act contains a broad waiver of sovereign immunity in its first sentence, but this does not mean, as the United States asserts, that Section(s) 2 in its entirety is ``jurisdictional.'' Several of Section(s) 2's provisions, notably its generous venue and  transfer provisions, as well as its service provision, are not sensibly  typed "substantive" or "jurisdictional." Instead, they have a distinctly  facilitative, "procedural" cast, dealing with case processing, not  substantive rights or consent to suit. The service "forthwith"  prescription is not made "substantive" or "jurisdictional" by its  inclusion-along with broad venue choices-in Section(s) 2. The  prescription is best characterized as a rule of procedure, of the kind  Rule 4 supersedes.  A plaintiff like Henderson, on commencement of an  action under the Suits in Admiralty Act, must resort to Rule 4 for  instructions on service of process.  In that Rule, one finds  instructions governing, inter alia, form and issuance of the summons,  service of the summons together with the complaint, who may serve process, and proof of service.  The Rule also describes how service  shall or may be effected on various categories of defendants.  It is  uncontested that all these prescriptions apply in Suits in Admiralty Act  cases, just as they apply in other federal cases.  There is no reason  why the prescription governing time for service is not, as is the whole  of Rule 4, a nonjurisdictional rule governing "practice and procedure"  in federal cases, see 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2072(a), consistent with the Rules Enabling Act and Rule 82, and rendering provisions like the  Suits in Admiralty Act's service "forthwith" requirement "of no further  force or effect," Section(s) 2072(b).  Pp. 9-19.  51 F. 3d 574, reversed  and remanded.
Ginsburg, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Stevens,  Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, and Breyer, JJ., joined. Scalia, J., filed a  concurring opinion, in which Kennedy, J., joined.  Thomas, J., filed a  dissenting opinion, in which Rehnquist, C. J., and O'Connor, J., joined.
Justice Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court.


1
This case concerns the period allowed for service of process in  a civil action commenced by a seaman injured aboard a vessel owned by  the United States.  Recovery in such cases is governed by the Suits in  Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 741 et seq., which broadly  waives the Government's sovereign immunity. See Section(s) 742 (money  judgments); Section(s) 743 (costs and interest).  Rule 4 of the Federal  Rules of Civil Procedure allows 120 days to effect service of the  summons and timely filed complaint, a period extendable by the court.  The Suits in Admiralty Act, however, instructs that service shall be  made "forthwith."  Section(s) 742.  The question presented is whether the Act's "forthwith" instruction for service of process has been superseded by the Federal Rule.


2
In the Rules Enabling Act, 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2071 et seq.,  Congress ordered that, in matters of "practice and procedure,"  Section(s) 2072(a), the Federal Rules shall govern, and "[a]ll laws in  conflict with such rules shall be of no further force or effect,"  Section(s) 2072(b).  We hold that, in actions arising under federal law,  commenced in compliance with the governing statute of limitations, the  manner and timing of serving process are generally nonjurisdictional  matters of "procedure" controlled by the Federal Rules.


3
* On August 27, 1991, petitioner Lloyd Henderson, a merchant mariner, was injured while working aboard a vessel owned and operated by  the United States.  On April 8, 1993, after exhausting administrative  remedies, Henderson filed a seaman's personal injury action against the  United States, pursuant to the Suits in Admiralty Act, 41 Stat. 525, as  amended, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 741 et seq.1  Under that Act,  suits of the kind Henderson commenced "may be brought . . . within two  years after the cause of action arises."  Section(s) 745.  Henderson  brought his action well within that time period.  He commenced suit, as Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 3 instructs, simply "by filing a complaint with the court."2


4
Having timely filed his complaint, Henderson attempted to follow  the Federal Rules on service.  It is undisputed that the following  Rules, and nothing in the Suits in Admiralty Act, furnished the  immediately relevant instructions.  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(a)  (1988) provided: "Upon the filing of the complaint the clerk shall  forthwith issue a summons and deliver the summons to the plaintiff or  the plaintiff's attorney, who shall be responsible for prompt service of  the summons and a copy of the complaint."  Rule 4(b) provided: "The  summons shall be signed by the clerk, [and] be under the seal of the  court." Rule 4(d) stated: "The summons and complaint shall be served together."3


5
A series of slips occurred in obtaining the summons required by  Rule 4.  Henderson's counsel requested the appropriate summons forms and  file-stamped copies of the complaint on April 8, 1993, the day he filed  Henderson's complaint.  But the court clerk did not respond immediately.  Counsel eventually obtained the forms on April 21, 1993, and completed  and returned them to the clerk.  On May 4, counsel received the summons  mailed to him from the clerk's office, and on May 19, counsel sent the  summons and complaint, by certified mail, to the Attorney General,4  who received them on May 25.


6
Service on the local United States Attorney took longer.  On May  25, Henderson's counsel forwarded the summons and complaint, as received  from the clerk, to a "constable" with a request to effect service.  On  June 1, the constable's office returned the documents, informing  Henderson's counsel that the summons was not in proper form, because it  lacked the court's seal.  Counsel thereupon wrote to the court clerk  requesting new summons forms with the appropriate court seal.  Counsel  repeated this request on August 19; ultimately, on August 25,  Henderson's counsel received the properly sealed summons.


7
Once again, Henderson's counsel requested the constable's service and, on August 30, moved for an extension of time to serve the  United States Attorney.5  The court granted the motion, extending the  time for service until September 15.  The United States Attorney  received personal service of the summons and complaint, in proper form,  on September 3, 1993.


8
Thus, the Attorney General received the complaint 47 days after  Henderson filed suit, and the United States Attorney was personally  served 148 days after Henderson commenced the action by filing his  complaint with the court.  On November 17, 1993, the United States moved  to dismiss the action.  The grounds for, and disposition of, that motion  led to Henderson's petition for certiorari.


9
The United States has never maintained that it lacked notice of  Henderson's complaint within the 2-year limitation period prescribed for  Suits in Admiralty Act claims.  See 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 745; Tr.  of Oral Arg. 38-39 (counsel for United States acknowledged that service  on Attorney General gave Government actual notice three months before  2-year limitation period ended).6  Nor has the Government asserted  any prejudice to the presentation of its defense stemming from the  delayed service of the summons and complaint.  And the manner and timing of service, it appears beyond debate, satisfied the requirements of  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 (titled "Summons" and detailing  prescriptions on service of process).


10
In support of its motion to dismiss, the United States relied exclusively on Section(s) 2 of the Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C.  App. Section(s) 742, which provides in part:


11
"The libelant [plaintiff] shall forthwith serve a copy of his libel [complaint] on the United States attorney for [the] district [where suit is brought] and mail a copy thereof by registered mail to  the Attorney General of the United States."


12
This provision has remained unchanged since its enactment in 1920, 18 years before the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure became effective, and 46 years before admiralty cases were brought within the  realm of the Civil Rules.  The Government argued that Henderson's  failure to serve process "forthwith," as required by Section(s) 742,  deprived the District Court of subject-matter jurisdiction because  Section(s) 742 describes the conditions of the United States' waiver of  sovereign immunity.


13
The District Court initially denied the Government's motion, but  reconsidered the matter based on an intervening Fifth Circuit decision,  United States v. Holmberg, 19 F. 3d 1062, cert. denied, 513 U. S. ___   (1994).  The court in Holmberg, agreeing with the United States, held  that the Section(s) 742 service "forthwith" requirement "is a condition  of the Government's waiver of sovereign immunity and, thus, a  jurisdictional prerequisite."  19 F. 3d, at 1064.  In so ruling, the  Holmberg court rejected the argument that service of process under the  Suits in Admiralty Act, as in the generality of cases arising and  timely-filed under federal law, is a matter of procedure, now governed  by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.


14
Bound by Holmberg, the District Court dismissed Henderson's complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, and the Court of  Appeals, adhering to Holmberg, affirmed.  51 F. 3d 574 (CA5 1995).7   We granted certiorari to resolve disagreement among lower courts on the  question whether Federal Rule 4, which authorizes an extendable 120-day  period for service of process, supersedes the Suits in Admiralty Act  provision that service on the United States be made "forthwith."8

II

15
The United States first suggests that Rule 4's extendable 120-day time prescription, and the Suits in Admiralty Act's service  "forthwith" instruction, can and should be read harmoniously.  The Rule  4 time limit for service, Rule 4(j) at the time Henderson's action  commenced,9 provided:


16
"(j) Summons: Time Limit for Service. If a service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after  the filing of the complaint and the party on whose behalf such service  was required cannot show good cause why such service was not made within  that period, the action shall be dismissed as to that defendant . . . ."  Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(j) (1988).


17
Section 2 of the Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 742, prescribes service "forthwith," see supra, at 5, a word  not precisely defined in the Act or in case law, but indicative of a  time far shorter than 120 days.  The apparent conflict dissolves, the  Government urges, if one reads Rule 4 as establishing not "an  affirmative right to serve [a] complaint" within 120 days, but only an  outer boundary for timely service. See Brief for United States 14, 18,  26; Tr. of Oral Arg. 28, 30.


18
We reject the Government's view of the time the Federal Rules authorize for service.  Reading Rule 4 in its historical context, we  conclude that the 120-day provision operates not as an outer limit  subject to reduction, but as an irreducible allowance. Prior to 1983,  Rule 4 contained no time limit for service.  Until the changes installed  that year, United States marshals attended to service.  The relevant  Rule 4 provisions read:


19
"(a)  Summons: issuance.  Upon the filing of the complaint the  clerk shall forthwith issue a summons and deliver it for service to the  marshal or to any other person authorized by Rule 4(c) to serve it. . .


20
. . . .


21
United States marshal, by his deputy, or by some person specially  appointed by the court for that purpose . . . ."  Fed. Rule Civ. Proc.


22
Marshals were expected to effect service expeditiously, and Rule  41(b), providing for dismissal "[f]or failure of the plaintiff to  prosecute," could be invoked as a check against unreasonable delay.  See  9 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure Section(s) 2370,  pp. 374-376 (2d ed. 1995); 2 J. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice Para(s)  4.18, p. 436 (2d ed. 1995).


23
Rule 4 changes made operative in 1983 completed a shift in responsibility for service from the United States marshals to the plaintiff.  See Mullenix, Hope Over Experience: Mandatory Informal Discovery and the Politics of Rulemaking, 69 N. C. L. Rev. 795, 845   (1991).  With marshals no longer available as routine process servers,  the Judicial Conference considered a time control necessary; the  Conference proposed, and this Court approved, 120 days from the filing  of the complaint as the appropriate limit.  Congress relaxed the rule  change by authorizing an extension of the 120-day period if the party responsible for service showed "good cause."  See supra, at 6-7; 128  Cong. Rec. 30931-30932 (1982), reprinted in 28 U. S. C. App., p. 647.


24
Most recently, in 1993 amendments to the Rules, courts have been  accorded discretion to enlarge the 120-day period "even if there is no  good cause shown."  See Advisory Committee's Notes on Fed. Rule Civ.  Proc. 4, 28 U. S. C. App., p. 654.10  And tellingly, the text of Rule  4 sets out, as "[a] specific instance of good cause," ibid., allowance  of "a reasonable time" to "cur[e] the failure to serve multiple officers  . . . of the United States if the plaintiff has effected service on  either the United States attorney or the Attorney General" within the prescribed 120 days.  Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(i)(3).


25
The Federal Rules thus convey a clear message: Complaints are not to be dismissed if served within 120 days, or within such additional  time as the court may allow.  Furthermore, the United States  acknowledges that, Section(s) 2 of the Suits in Admiralty Act aside,  Rule 4's extendable 120-day time prescription applies to the full range  of civil litigation, including cases brought against the United States  under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2675, and the  Tucker Act, ch. 359, 24 Stat. 505 (1887) (current version 28 U. S. C.  Section(s) 1346, 1491 and other scattered sections of 28 U. S. C.).  See  Tr. of Oral Arg. 33.  We are therefore satisfied that Rule 4's regime  conflicts irreconcilably with Suits in Admiralty Act Section(s) 2's  service "forthwith" instruction, and we turn to the dispositive  question: Does the Rule supersede the inconsistent statutory direction?

III

26
The Rules Enabling Act, 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2071 et seq., authorizes the Supreme Court "to prescribe general rules of practice and  procedure . . . for cases in the United States district courts . . . and  courts of appeals,"  Section(s) 2072(a), and directs:


27
"Such rules shall not abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive  right.  All laws in conflict with such rules shall be of no further  force or effect after such rules have taken effect."  Section(s)  2072(b).


28
Correspondingly, and in confirmation of the understanding and practice under the former Federal Equity Rules, Federal Rule of Civil  Procedure 82 provides: "[The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] shall not  be construed to extend or limit the jurisdiction of the United States  district courts or the venue of actions therein."  See 1937 Advisory  Committee's Notes on Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 82, 28 U. S. C. App., p. 821   (Rule 82 confirms that the Rules' broad allowance of claim joinder "does  not extend federal jurisdiction."); see also Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure Section(s) 3141, pp. 210-214.


29
According to the United States, Rule 4 cannot supersede Section(s) 2 of the Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s)  742, for the latter is "jurisdictional" and affects "substantive rights"  by setting the terms on which the United States waives its sovereign  immunity.  Henderson, in contrast, characterizes the Suits in Admiralty  Act's service "forthwith" instruction as a nonjurisdictional processing  rule.  Service "forthwith," he urges, forms no part of the immunity  waiver or Section(s) 745's statute of limitations, but is simply a direction for the conduct of litigation once the case is timely launched  in court-a characteristically "how to" direction in conflict with, and  therefore superseded by, Rule 4.


30
Before examining the text of Section(s) 742 to determine the character of the service "forthwith" provision, we note that the conflict with Rule 4 is of relatively recent vintage.  The Suits in  Admiralty Act, which allows in personam suits against the United States  for maritime torts, was enacted in 1920, 18 years before the advent of  the Federal Rules. Furthermore, admiralty cases were processed, from  1845 until 1966, under discrete Admiralty Rules.  Even after 1966, the  year admiralty cases were brought under the governance of the Federal  Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 4 and the Suits in Admiralty Act service "forthwith" provision could co-exist.  Rule 4, as just recounted, originally contained no time prescription, only the direction that,  "[u]pon the filing of the complaint the clerk shall forthwith issue a  summons and deliver it for service," generally to a United States  marshal.  See supra, at 7-8.  It was only in 1983, when plaintiffs were  made responsible for service without the aid of the marshal, that the  120-day provision came into force, a provision that rendered Rule 4's  time frame irreconcilable with Section(s) 742's service "forthwith" instruction.


31
Section 2 of the Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 742, captioned "Libel in personam," contains a broad waiver  of sovereign immunity in its first sentence:


32
"In cases where if [a vessel owned or operated by the United States] were privately owned or operated . . . a proceeding in admiralty  could be maintained, any appropriate nonjury proceeding in personam may  be brought against the United States . . . ."


33
Section 3 of the Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 743, although  captioned "Procedure in cases of libel in personam," completes the  immunity waiver by providing for costs and interest on money judgments  against the United States.11  See United States v. Bodcaw Co., 440 U.  S. 202, 203-204, n. 3 (1979); Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 54(d)(1) (absent an  authorizing statute, United States is not liable for costs); Library of Congress v. Shaw, 478 U. S. 310, 314 (1986) (absent an authorizing  statute, United States is not liable for interest).


34
The United States asserts that not just the first sentence of Section(s) 742, but that section in its entirety is "jurisdictional,"  spelling out the terms and conditions of the Government's waiver of  sovereign immunity, in contrast to the next section of the Suits in  Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 743, which governs  "procedure," specifying in its first sentence: "Such suits shall proceed  and shall be heard and determined according to the principles of law and  to the rules of practice obtaining in like cases between private  parties."  See Brief for United States 26-27; see also Holmberg, 19 F.  3d, at 1064; Libby v. United States, 840 F. 2d 818, 820 (CA11 1988) ("The fact that the waiver of sovereign immunity is declared in section  742, while the procedures governing admiralty suits against the United  States are specified in section 743, indicates that the requirements  contained in section 742 are more than procedural.").  The dissent  adopts this argument hook, line, and sinker.  See post, at 3-4 (finding  key to text and structure of the Suits in Admiralty Act in Congress'  placement of service requirement in Section(s) 2 (46 U. S. C. App.  Section(s) 742) rather than Section(s) 3 (46 U. S. C. App. Section(s)  743)).  But just as Section(s) 743 is not "purely procedural," for it  waives the Sovereign's immunityas to costs and interest, so Section(s) 742 is not pervasively "jurisdictional." The sentence immediately following Section(s) 742's broad waiver, and immediately preceding the  sentence on service, reads:


35
"Such suits shall be brought in the district court of the United  States for the district in which the parties so suing, or any of them,  reside or have their principal place of business in the United States,  or in which the vessel . . . charged with liability is found."


36
This notably generous-to-plaintiffs provision will be recognized  instantly as one describing venue choices, not subject-matter  jurisdiction.  Cf. 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 1391 ("Venue generally").

Section 742's final sentence provides:

37
"Upon application of either party the cause may, in the discretion of the court, be transferred to any other district court of  the United States."


38
Cf. 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 1404 (change of venue to more convenient forum); Section(s) 1406 (authorizing transfer, rather than  dismissal, when venue is improperly laid).  Congress simultaneously  added to the Suits in Admiralty Act, the Public Vessels Act, and the  Federal Tort Claims Act the transfer provision just set out so that  "jurisdictional" dismissals could be avoided when plaintiffs commenced  suit under the wrong statute.  See S. Rep. No. 1894, 86th Cong., 2d  Sess., pp. 2-5 (1960); cf. 28  U. S. C. Section(s) 1631 (authorizing  transfer, inter alia, when review of agency action is sought in the  wrong federal court).  In short, far from reining in "jurisdiction," Section(s) 742's venue and transfer provisions afford plaintiffs multiple forum choices and spare plaintiffs from dismissal for suing in  the wrong place or under the wrong Act.12


39
Section 742's critical sentence on service reads:


40
"The libelant [plaintiff] shall forthwith serve a copy of his libel [complaint] on the United States attorney for such district and  mail a copy thereof by registered mail to the Attorney General . . . ."


41
Rule 4, as observed at oral argument, see Tr. of Oral Arg. 27-28, provides for dispatch of the summons and complaint to the Attorney General "by registered or certified mail."  See supra, at 3,  and n. 4. The Government's sovereign-immunity waiver, counsel for the  United States agreed, did not depend on registered mail service, the  sole form of mailing Section(s) 742 authorizes; "in this day and age,"  counsel said, "certified mail would be acceptable."  Tr. of Oral Arg.  28-29.  But see post, at 7, n. 4 ("jurisdiction in [a Suits in Admiralty  Act] suit may turn upon the plaintiff's use of registered mail").  It  thus appears that several of Section(s) 742's provisions are not  sensibly typed "substantive" or "jurisdictional."  Instead, they have a distinctly facilitative, "procedural" cast.  They deal with case processing, not substantive rights or consent to suit.13


42
If the service "forthwith" prescription is not made "substantive" or "jurisdictional" by its inclusion-along with broad  venue choices-in Section(s) 742, is it a rule of procedure superseded by  Rule 4?  Before we address that dispositive question, we note a  preliminary issue.  Rule 4(j), which contained the 120-day prescription  at the time Henderson filed suit, was not simply prescribed by this  Court pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act.  See 28 U. S. C. Section(s)  2074 (rules transmitted by Court to Congress "not later than May 1"  become effective "no earlier than December 1" of the same year unless Congress otherwise provides). Instead, the Rule was enacted into law by  Congress as part of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Amendments Act  of 1982, Section(s) 2, 96 Stat. 2527.  See supra, at 8.  As the United  States acknowledges, however, a Rule made law by Congress supersedes  conflicting laws no less than a Rule this Court prescribes.  See Brief  for United States 16, n. 14 ("We agree with petitioner . . . that  Section 2072(b) provides the best evidence of congressional intent  regarding the proper construction of Rule 4(j) and its interaction with  other laws.").


43
Returning to the dispositive question, we need not linger over  the answer.  What we have so far said, and the further elaboration  below, lead securely to this response: Rule 4 governs summons and  service in this case in whole and not in part.


44
A plaintiff like Henderson, on commencement of an action under  the Suits in Admiralty Act, must immediately resort to Rule 4 for  instructions on service of process.  See supra, at 3, and nn. 3, 4.  In  that Rule, one finds instructions governing, inter alia, form and  issuance of the summons, service of the summons together with the  complaint, who may serve process, and proof of service.14  The Rule  also describes how service shall or may be effected on various  categories of defendants,15 including, in detail, "the United States,  and Its Agencies, Corporations, or Officers."16  All these  prescriptions, it is uncontested, apply in Suits in Admiralty Act cases,  just as they apply in other federal cases.  We see no reason why the  prescription governing time for service17 is not, as is the whole of  Rule 4, a nonjurisdictional rule governing "practice and procedure" in federal cases, see 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2072(a), consistent with the  Rules Enabling Act and Federal Rule 82, and rendering provisions like  the Suits in Admiralty Act's service "forthwith" requirement "of no  further force or effect," Section(s) 2072(b). See Jones & Laughlin  Steel, Inc. v. Mon River Towing, Inc., 772 F. 2d 62, 66 (CA3 1985) (just  as Rule 4 "now governs the method of service of process in admiralty  actions, as well as service of process on the United States in all civil  cases to which it is a party," so the "congressional enactment of a  uniform 120-day period for accomplishing service of process" supersedes inconsistent prior law, in particular, "the Suits in Admiralty Act's  requirement of forthwith service"); Kenyon v. United States, 676 F. 2d  1229, 1232 (CA9 1981) (Boochever, J., concurring) ("I can see no logical  reason why there should be a different method of service in this one  instance [Suits in Admiralty Act cases] in which the United States is a defendant.").18


45
Service of process, we have come to understand, is properly regarded as a matter discrete from a court's jurisdiction to adjudicate  a controversy of a particular kind,19 or against a particular  individual or entity.20  Its essential purpose is auxiliary, a  purpose distinct from the substantive matters aired in the precedent on  which the dissent, wrenching cases from context, extensively relies-who  may sue,21 on what claims,22 for what relief,23 within what  limitations period.24  Instead, the core function of service is to  supply notice of the pendency of a legal action, in a manner and at a  time that affords the defendant a fair opportunity to answer the  complaint and present defenses and objections.25  Seeing service in  this light, and in view of the uniform system Rule 4 of the Federal  Rules of Civil Procedure provides, we are satisfied that the service  "forthwith" provision of Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App.  Section(s) 742, has been displaced by Rule 4, and therefore has no  current force or effect.


46
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the dismissal of Henderson's complaint is reversed, and the  case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.


47
It is so ordered.


48
djq  Justice Scalia, with whom Justice Kennedy joins, concurring.


49
I join the opinion of the Court.  I write separately to make clear that it is not my view, and I do not understand the Court to hold,  that no procedural provision can be jurisdictional.  It assuredly is  within the power of Congress to condition its waiver of sovereign  immunity upon strict compliance with procedural provisions attached to  the waiver, with the result that failure to comply will deprive a court  of jurisdiction.  For the reasons stated by the Court, I do not think  that the legislative scheme here makes the "forthwith" service  requirement such a condition.


50
djq  Justice Thomas, with whom the Chief Justice and Justice O'Connor  join, dissenting.


51
The Suits in Admiralty Act (SAA) entitles the United States to  be served with process "forthwith" in all admiralty proceedings brought  under the Act.  As a statutory condition on the Government's waiver of  its immunity, this time restriction on service demands strict compliance  and delimits the district court's jurisdiction to entertain suits in  admiralty against the United States.  The majority's conclusion that  this requirement is supplanted by former Federal Rule of Civil Procedure  4(j) (now Rule 4(m)) rests on a misreading of the SAA and is  irreconcilable with our sovereign immunity jurisprudence.  Because I  believe that Congress intended to restrict admiralty suits against the United States to those cases in which the United States receives service  of process forthwith, I respectfully dissent.


52
As a sovereign, the United States "is immune from suit save as  it consents to be sued."  United States v. Sherwood, 312 U. S. 584, 586   (1941).  "A necessary corollary of this rule is that when Congress  attaches conditions to legislation waiving the sovereign immunity of the  United States, those conditions must be strictly observed, and  exceptions thereto are not to be lightly implied."  Block v. North  Dakota ex rel. Board of Univ. and School Lands, 461 U. S. 273, 287   (1983).  See also Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U. S. 156, 160-161 (1981)  ("Like a waiver of sovereign immunity itself, which must be  `unequivocally expressed,' `this Court has long decided that limitations  and conditions upon which the Government consents to be sued must be strictly observed and exceptions thereto are not to be implied'" (citations omitted)).  The fact that the condition involves a matter of  procedure does not affect the analysis, for "in many cases this Court  has read procedural rules embodied in statutes waiving immunity  strictly, with an eye to effectuating a restrictive legislative purpose  when Congress relinquishes sovereign immunity."  Honda v. Clark, 386 U.  S. 484, 501 (1967).


53
As always, the starting point in interpreting the extent of a waiver of sovereign immunity is the text of the statute.  Section 2 of  the Act contains the actual waiver.  It provides that "[i]n cases where  if [a] vessel [of the United States] were privately owned or operated,  or if . . . cargo [of the United States] were privately owned or  possessed, or if a private person or property were involved, a  proceeding in admiralty could be maintained, any appropriate nonjury  proceeding in personam may be brought against the United States."  46 U.  S. C. App. Section(s) 742.  Section 2 also contains the service  provision at issue in this case, which states that a plaintiff suing the  United States in admiralty "shall forthwith serve a copy of his libel on  the United States attorney for such district and mail a copy thereof by  registered mail to the Attorney General of the United States, and shall  file a sworn return of such service and mailing.  Such service and mailing shall constitute valid service on the United States." Ibid.  Section 3 of the Act, aptly titled "Procedure in cases of libel in  personam," provides that suits under the SAA "shall proceed and shall be  heard and determined according to the principles of law and to the rules  of practice obtaining in like cases between private parties."  Section(s) 743.


54
The text and structure of the SAA lead me to conclude that Congress intended to allow admiralty suits to proceed against the United  States only in cases in which process is served "forthwith."  The key to  understanding the scheme enacted by Congress lies not so much in  Congress' decision to place this service requirement in Section(s) 2 as  in its decision not to address service of process in Section(s) 3; for  this reason, the majority's sentence-by-sentence analysis of Section(s)  2, see ante, at 12-14, is largely beside the point.  Section 3 provides that the ordinary rules of procedure governing private parties in admiralty also govern suits under the SAA.  But Congress excepted from  this provision the service-of-process requirement and placed it in a  separate section altogether. This suggests not only that Congress  attached greater significance to the requirement that process be served  forthwith than to other procedural rules, but, more importantly, that  Congress expected process to be served forthwith in SAA cases regardless  of the "principles of law and . . . rules of practice obtaining in like  cases between private parties."  46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 743.


55
Even were I not convinced that the SAA's requirement of prompt  service is a condition on the Government's waiver of sovereign immunity,  I still could not agree with the majority that it clearly is not a  condition on the waiver.  At best, the SAA is ambiguous on this point,  and when interpreting the breadth of a waiver of sovereign immunity,  ambiguity must always be resolved in favor of the Government.  See  United States v. Williams, 514 U. S. ___, ___ (1995) (slip op., at 4).  We have consistently reaffirmed "the traditional principle that the Government's consent to be sued must be construed strictly in favor of  the sovereign, and not enlarge[d] . . . beyond what the language  requires." United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U. S. 30, 34   (1992) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).  See also  Library of Congress v. Shaw, 478 U. S. 310, 318 (1986).  It is at least  plausible to interpret the SAA's service provision as a condition on the  waiver, and that is enough to justify construing the statute in the  Government's favor.  Cf. Nordic Village, supra, at 37.


56
Because the SAA's service requirement is best read as a condition on the Government's waiver of sovereign immunity, it necessarily follows that this requirement cannot be superseded by a  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure.  Sovereign immunity is by nature  jurisdictional, FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U. S. 471, 475 (1994), and the terms  of the United States' "`consent to be sued in any court define that  court's jurisdiction to entertain the suit.'" Ibid. (quoting Sherwood,  312 U. S., at 586). Though the Rules Enabling Act provides that all  previously enacted laws that are "in conflict with" the Federal Rules of  Civil Procedure "shall be of no further force or effect," 28 U. S. C.  Section(s) 2072(b), it also expressly provides that the Federal Rules  "shall not abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right," ibid.  Allowing SAA claims in which process is not served forthwith to proceed against the United States infringes upon the Government's immunity and  thereby alters a substantive right in direct contravention of the Rules  Enabling Act. Moreover, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 82 makes clear  that the Rules of Procedure "shall not be construed to extend or limit  the jurisdiction of the United States district courts."  Given the jurisdictional nature of a waiver of sovereign immunity, allowing this  suit to proceed also violates Rule 82.


57
I do not mean to imply that ordinary procedural rules automatically become jurisdictional prerequisites in civil cases simply  because the United States is a defendant; they do not. But Congress  certainly has the power to impose a procedural requirement as a  condition on a waiver of sovereign immunity and to require strict  compliance with that condition as a prerequisite to invoking or  maintaining the court's jurisdiction. The text and structure of the SAA  demonstrate that Congress exercised this power when it enacted the SAA,  and "nothing in the . . . rules of civil practice so far as they may be  applicable in suits brought in district courts [against the Government] authorizes the maintenance of any suit against the United States to  which it has not otherwise consented."  Sherwood, supra, at 589.26


58
The majority rejects the proposition, accepted by four of the five Courts of Appeals that have addressed this issue, that a service  requirement can serve as a condition on a waiver of sovereign  immunity.27  This cannot be, the majority concludes, because service  is "not sensibly typed `substantive' or `jurisdictional,'" and instead  has a "`procedural' cast" and "deal[s] with case processing."  Ante, at  14.  But the proper inquiry is not whether the condition is in nature  "procedural" or "substantive," for we have long maintained that even  procedural rules can condition a waiver of sovereign immunity.  See  Honda, 386 U. S., at 501.  The fact that Congress has determined to limit the scope of its consent to suit is sufficient to restrict federal  court jurisdiction over the United States, regardless of the nature of  the condition Congress has attached.  For instance, though no one would  claim that failure to satisfy a statute of limitations in a case between  private parties would serve as a jurisdictional bar to the plaintiff's  suit, we have long held that a statute of limitations attached to a  waiver of sovereign immunity functions as a condition on the waiver and  defines the limits of the district court's jurisdiction to hear a claim against the United States.  See Williams, 514 U. S., at ___, n. 7 (slip  op., at 7, n. 7); Block, 461 U. S., at 287; United States v. Kubrick,  444 U. S. 111, 117-118 (1979); Soriano v. United States, 352 U. S. 270,  271, 273 (1957).  See generally 14 C. Wright, A. Miller, & E. Cooper,  Federal Practice and Procedure, Section(s) 3654, pp. 194-199   (1985).28  The same is true of the SAA's service requirement.  While  service of process in a case between private parties may generally be  understood to be "a matter discrete from a court's jurisdiction to  adjudicate a controversy of a particular kind," ante, at 17, a waiver of  sovereign immunity conditioned upon a particular method of service would  transform what is ordinarily a nonjurisdictional rule into a  jurisdictional one.29


59
Once the majority concludes that Congress attached no particular  significance to the SAA's requirement that process be served forthwith,  the conclusion that Rule 4(j), by operation of the Rules Enabling Act,  displaces Section(s) 2's service requirement would appear to flow  naturally.  But that is not the case.  As the Government concedes, the  Rules Enabling Act is "technically inapplicable" in this case, Brief for  United States 16, n. 14, because Rule 4(j) was not promulgated by this  Court but rather was enacted by Congress, see Pub. L. 97-462, 96 Stat. 2528, and the Rules Enabling Act by its terms nullifies only statutory  rules of procedure that conflict with rules promulgated by the Supreme  Court.


60
The majority acknowledges the inapplicability of the Rules Enabling Act, ante, at 14-15, but appears to apply the Act nonetheless,  ante, at 16 (citing 28 U. S. C. Section(s) 2072(b)). The majority is  not entirely clear on this point, however, and it appears that the  majority may instead find that Rule 4(j) effected an implied repeal of  Section(s) 2's service requirement independent of the Rules Enabling  Act.  See ante, at 15 ("[A] Rule made law by Congress supersedes  conflicting laws no less than a Rule this Court prescribes").  The  majority may mean by this statement only that the Rules Enabling Act  pertains equally to Rules of Procedure promulgated by this Court and by  Congress, but I am reluctant to assume, absent clearer indication, the Court's reliance on a method of statutory construction that allows us to  rewrite a statute when the text does not address the specific situation  before us or when it does not generate an outcome that we desire.  Regardless of the rubric under which this case is actually decided, the  Court, in my opinion, reaches the wrong conclusion.  In contrast to the  rest of the procedures that apply in SAA cases, the Act requires a  specific method of service even though the procedures that govern  similar cases may differ. This, in combination with the critical fact  that this case involves a waiver of sovereign immunity, leads me to  conclude that Rule 4(j) does not displace  the service requirement of Section(s) 2 either under the Rules Enabling Act or as an implied repeal.


61
The only question remaining is whether Henderson served his complaint on the United States "forthwith."  There is no reasonable  argument that he did.  Henderson served his complaint on the United  States Attorney 148 days after he filed it in the District Court.  Although we have never undertaken to define "forthwith" as it is used in  the SAA, it is clear that the term "connotes action which is immediate,  without delay, prompt, and with reasonable dispatch."  Amella v. United  States, 732 F. 2d 711, 713 (CA9 1984) (citing Black's Law Dictionary 588   (5th ed. 1979)).  See also Dickerman v. Northern Trust Co., 176 U. S.  181, 192-193 (1900).  Whatever problems Henderson may have had in serving his complaint upon the United States, the 148-day delay can  hardly be described as process served forthwith under even the most  generous definition of the term.  I respectfully dissent.



*
 The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience  of the reader.  See United States v. Detroit Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.


1
 Henderson's complaint also invoked the Public Vessels Act,  43 Stat. 1112, as amended, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 781 et seq. The  Government maintains, however, that Henderson's suit falls under the  exclusive governance of the Suits in Admiralty Act, because his claim  arose from employment aboard a Maritime Administration vessel.  See  Brief for United States 8, n. 9 (citing 57 Stat. 45, as amended, 50 U.  S. C. App. Section(s) 1291(a) (1988 ed.)).  Henderson apparently does  not contest this assertion.  In any case, claims under both Acts proceed  the same way. See 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 782 (suits under the  Public Vessels Act "shall be subject to and proceed in accordance with the provisions" of the Suits in Admiralty Act).


2
 In a suit on a right created by federal law, filing a complaint suffices to satisfy the statute of limitations.  See West v.  Conrail, 481 U. S. 35, 39 (1987).  In a federal-court suit on a  state-created right, however, a plaintiff must serve process before the  statute of limitations has run, if state law so requires for a similar  state-court suit.  See Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U. S. 740,  752-753 (1980) (reaffirming Ragan v. Merchants Transfer & Warehouse Co.,  337 U. S. 530 (1949)).  But cf. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U. S. 460 (1965)  (method of service, as distinguished from time period for commencement  of civil action, is governed by Federal Rules in all actions, including  suits based on state-created rights).


3
 The substance of these provisions is retained in current


4
 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(d)(4), effective at that time, instructed that "a copy of the summons and of the complaint [be  sent] by registered or certified mail to the Attorney General of the  United States at Washington, District of Columbia."  The same  instruction currently appears in Rule 4(i)(1)(B).


5
 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(j), then in force,  provided for service of the summons and complaint within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, a time limit subject to extension for good  cause.  The substance of this provision is retained in current Rule  4(m), which permits a district court to enlarge the time for service  "even if there is no good cause shown." Advisory Committee's Notes on  1993 Amendments to Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4, 28 U. S. C. App., p. 654.


6
 In any event, the filing of the complaint within the limitation period rendered the action timely.  See supra, at 2, n. 2.


7
 The Holmberg court "agree[d] that there has been no uniform definition of forthwith," as that term is used in Section(s) 742, 19 F.  3d, at 1065, and the Court of Appeals in the instant case took no  position on whether service on the Attorney General 47 days after  commencement of the action could count as "forthwith." 51 F. 3d, at  577.  The court held, however, that the "forthwith" requirement applies  to service on both officers-the United States Attorney and the Attorney  General-and stated that "completing service in 148 days [through service  on the United States Attorney] is not forthwith."  Id., at 576.


8
 Compare, e.g., Libby v. United States, 840 F. 2d 818,  819-821 (CA11 1988); Kenyon v. United States, 676 F. 2d 1229, 1231 (CA9 1981); Battaglia v. United States, 303 F. 2d 683, 685-686 (CA2), cert.  dism'd, 371 U. S. 907 (1962), with Jones & Laughlin Steel, Inc. v. Mon  River Towing, Inc., 772 F. 2d 62, 66 (CA3 1985).  See also Kenyon, 676  F. 2d, at 1231-1232 (Boochever, J., concurring); Battaglia, 303 F. 2d,  at 686-687 (Friendly, J., concurring).


9
 Currently, Rule 4(m) states the time limit for service.  See supra, at 4, n. 5.


10
 Rule 4(m), captioned "Time Limit for Service," currently provides:
"If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court,  upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff,  shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or  direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that  if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall  extend the time for service for an appropriate period. . . ."  (Emphasis  added.)


11
 Specifically, the second sentence of Section(s) 743 reads:
"A decree against the United States . . . may include costs of suit, and when the decree is for a money judgment, interest at the rate  of 4 per centum per annum until satisfied, or at any higher rate which  shall be stipulated in any contract upon which such decree shall be  based."


12
 While striving for fidelity to what Congress wrote, see  post, at 2, 8, the dissent inexplicably writes off many of Section(s) 742's words as "largely beside the point," post, at 3.


13
 Even before admiralty proceedings were placed under the governance of the Federal Rules, Judge Henry Friendly trenchantly observed:
"I cannot believe Congress meant [to render `jurisdictional' every failure by a libelant to comply with a procedural step outlined in  the Suits in Admiralty Act]; I should have supposed that, once Congress  gave the basic consent to sue the United States, as it did in the first  sentence of [Section(s) 742], it was content to have the courts decide  the effect of various procedural lapses in the same manner as `if such  vessel were privately owned or operated.'"  Battaglia v. United States,  303 F. 2d, at 686 (Friendly, J., concurring).
Circuit precedent was otherwise, however, and therefore Judge Friendly reluctantly concurred in the "Draconian conclusion" that a 4-month delay in mailing the pleadings to the Attorney General called  for dismissal of the case, despite "forthwith" service on the United  States Attorney. Cf. Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(i)(B)(3) ("court shall allow  a reasonable time" to "cur[e] the failure to serve multiple officers  . . . of the United States if the plaintiff has effected service on  either the United States attorney or the Attorney General").


14
 Currently, Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(a), (b), (c), and (l).


15
 Currently, Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(e)-(j).


16
 Currently, Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(i); formerly, Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(d)(4).  See supra, at 3, and n. 4; Kenyon, 676 F. 2d, at  1232 (Boochever, J., concurring) (noting that Section 2 of the Suits in  Admiralty Act, 46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 742, specifies mailing "by  registered mail to the Attorney General of the United States," and  commenting that the Federal Rule, then Rule 4(d)(4), supersedes,  allowing "registered or certified mail").  The current Rule-4(i)-further  facilitates service when the United States is a party by permitting the  United States Attorney to designate clerical employees to receive  process and allowing service on the United States Attorney by mail.  See  Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4(i)(A).


17
 The Government acknowledges the aim of the rulemakers,  from the start, to provide "`a uniform and comprehensive method of service for all actions against the United States,'" Brief for United  States 19-20, n. 18 (quoting Advisory Committee's Notes on 1937 Adoption  of Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 4, 28 U. S. C. App., p. 641), but tenders a  distinction between "method" and "timing" of service, Brief for United  States 19-20, n. 18.  Current Rule 4(i)(3) shows why the suggested  separation of "time" from "method" or "manner" in this context is not  credible.  That provision, addressing "time" in relation to "manner,"  instructs: "The court shall allow a reasonable time for service of  process . . . for the purpose of curing the failure to serve multiple officers . . . of the United States if the plaintiff has effected service on either the United States attorney or the Attorney General of  the United States."


18
 Judge Boochever, like Judge Friendly, see supra, at 14, n. 13, reluctantly concurred in Circuit precedent, which ranked service  "forthwith" "a condition precedent to the congressional waiver of the  Government's sovereign immunity," Kenyon, 676 F. 2d, at 1231.  But he  stated cogently the view he would take "if freed from the bounds of  stare decisis":
"Section 742 does not constitute an integral part of the substantive waiver of sovereign immunity, but is a mere procedural provision necessary at the time of the statute's enactment, to effectuate that waiver.  As such it was superseded by the Federal Rules."  Id., at 1232 (concurring opinion).
Curiously, although the Ninth Circuit, in Kenyon and other cases, has typed the Suits in Admiralty Act service "forthwith" provision "jurisdictional," that Court of Appeals has pointed to a remedy for litigants in Henderson's situation: Amend the complaint, even  after the 2-year statute of limitations (46 U. S. C. App. Section(s)  745) has run, serve the United States Attorney and the Attorney General  "forthwith," and by those steps, gain the benefit of the original  complaint filing date through the application of the "relation back"  provision of Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 15(c).  See Ashland v.  Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., 711 F. 2d 1431, 1435-1437 (CA9 1983) (allowing  such relation back when plaintiff amended a complaint, brought four  years earlier under the Federal Tort Claims Act, to assert instead a claim under the Suits in Admiralty Act); cf. Tr. of Oral Arg. 38 (counsel for United States acknowledged that Henderson, who filed his  complaint April 8, 1993, could have filed a fresh complaint anytime  before August 27 of that year (the date the 2-year statute of  limitations expired), and served it "forthwith," thereby avoiding the  loss of his claim).


19
 I.e., subject-matter jurisdiction.  See 13 C. Wright, A. Miller, & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure Section(s) 3522, p.  78 (2d ed. 1984); Restatement (Second) of Judgments Section(s) 11, p.  108 (1982) (defining "subject matter jurisdiction" as the "authority [of  the court] to adjudicate the type of controversy involved in the  action").


20
 On relationships sufficient to support "jurisdiction over persons," see generally Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws Section(s) 27-32, 35-44, 47-52 (1971 and Supp. 1989).  See also 4 Wright  & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure Section(s) 1064.


21
 See United States v. Sherwood, 312 U. S. 584 (1941)  (Tucker Act, allowing contract claims against United States, does not authorize joinder of claims between private parties).


22
 See United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U. S. 30,  39 (1992) (Bankruptcy Code Section(s) 106(c) does not waive the Government's sovereign immunity from bankruptcy trustee's monetary relief claims).


23
 See Library of Congress v. Shaw, 478 U. S. 310, 323 (1986) (Government's waiver of immunity from suit for damages does not waive  immunity with respect to interest).


24
 See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 514 U. S. ___, ___,  n. 7 (slip op., at 7, n. 7) (1995); Block v. North Dakota ex rel. Board  of Univ. and School Lands, 461 U. S. 273, 287 (1983).  But cf. Honda v.  Clark, 386 U. S. 484 (1967) (Trading with Enemy Act Section(s) 34(f)  provided a 60-day claim-filing limitation; Court applied traditional  equitable tolling principles to preserve petitioners' cause of action  where similar suit was filed within 60-day limitation).


25
 See Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U. S. 306, 314 (1950) (to qualify as adequate, notice generally must "apprise  interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an  opportunity to present their objections").  See also Von Mehren &  Trautman, Jurisdiction to Adjudicate: A Suggested Analysis, 79 Harv. L.  Rev. 1121, 1134 (1966) (recognizing notice as a matter separate from  bases of adjudicatory jurisdiction); 4 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure Section(s) 1063, p. 225 (same).


26
 For instance, in United States v. Sherwood, 312 U. S. 584 (1941), we held that the possibility of joinder under the liberal joinder provisions of the Federal Rules does not authorize a district  court to hear a claim brought against the Government for breach of  contract by a party not specifically authorized to bring suit against  the United States under the Tucker Act. Notwithstanding the possibility  of joinder in a similar case between private parties, we explained that  "[t]he matter [was] not one of procedure but of jurisdiction whose  limits are marked by the Government's consent to be sued," and held that  the Government's consent to suit "may be conditioned . . . on the restriction of the issues to be adjudicated in the suit, to those between the claimant and the Government."  Id., at 591.


27
 See United States v. Holmberg, 19 F. 3d 1062 (CA5), cert. denied, 513 U. S. ___ (1994); Libby v. United States, 840 F. 2d 818   (CA11 1988); Amella v. United States, 732 F. 2d 711 (CA9 1984);  Battaglia v. United States, 303 F. 2d 683 (CA2), cert. dism'd, 371 U. S.  907 (1962).  Only one Circuit has gone the other way.  See Jones &  Laughlin Steel, Inc. v. Mon River Towing, Inc., 772 F. 2d 62 (CA3 1985).


28
 Although we held in Irwin v. Department of Veterans  Affairs, 498 U. S. 89, 95-96 (1990), that statutes of limitations in  cases brought against the Government are presumptively subject to equitable tolling, we also reaffirmed in that case that a time restriction on suit against the United States "is a condition to the  waiver of sovereign immunity and thus must be strictly construed."  Id.,  at 94.  Irwin did mark a departure from our earlier, and stricter,  treatment of statutes of limitations in the sovereign immunity context,  but our decision in United States v. Williams, 514 U. S. ___ (1995),  makes clear that statutes of limitations in suits brought against the  United States are no less jurisdictional prerequisites than they were  before Irwin. Williams confirmed that a statute of limitations  "narrow[s] the waiver of sovereign immunity," id., at ___, n. 7 (slip  op., at 7, n. 7), and cited for this proposition United States v. Dalm,  494 U. S. 596 (1990), which held that failure to file a claim against the Government for a federal tax refund within the statute of limitations operates as a jurisdictional bar to suit.


29
 I recognize that, under my reading of the Act,  jurisdiction in an SAA suit may turn upon the plaintiff's use of  registered mail, which is also specified in the sentence of Section(s) 2 that requires process to be served forthwith.  46 U. S. C. App. Section(s) 742.  Though this may seem like an odd requirement from our  modern perspective, the most sensible textual reading of the Act is  still that Congress sought to impose a specific method of service in SAA  cases without regard to the rules governing service generally.  Congress  is free to amend the statute if it determines that the SAA has fallen  out of date with modern mailing practices.


