claim. 1. Does the Supremacy Clause Supply a Preemption Right of Action? By its terms, § 247c(c) merely authorizes the HHS Secretary to make grants to the states for surveillance activities relating to sexually transmitted diseases. The statute confers no individual rights and therefore the remedy of § 1983 is unavailable. Planned Parenthood acknowledges as much, but persuaded the district court that the Supremacy Clause supplies a preemption right of action of its own force. We have our doubts. It is well-established that the Supremacy Clause is “not a source of any federal rights.” Chapman v. Hous. Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 613, 99 S.Ct. 1905, 60 L.Ed.2d 508 (1979); see also m. Ass’n of Mortg. Brokers v. Office of Banks & Real Estate, 308 F.3d 762, 765 (7th Cir.2002) (<HOLDING>). The Supremacy Clause “ ‘secure[s] federal
recognizing that the supremacy clause is not a source of any federal rights holding federal regulations have the force of law and may create enforceable rights holding the takings clause inapplicable to the states of its own force holding that because federal regulations have the force of law they may create enforceable rights under  1983 recognizing that the supremacy clause does not of its own force create rights