similar action in the past or intended to do so in the future — because even a single decision by such a body unquestionably constitutes an act of official government policy. See, e.g., Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622, 100 S.Ct. 1398, 63 L.Ed.2d 673 (1980) (City Council passed resolution firing plaintiff without a pretermination hearing). Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986). The Pembaur Court explained that the “[a]uthority to make municipal policy may be granted directly by a legislative enactment,” id. at 483, 106 S.Ct. 1292, and that ultimately “whether an official has final policymaking authority is a question of state law.” Id. See City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 124, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988) (<HOLDING>). The court must identify who speaks with final
holding that where a public official takes discretionary action that the official knows will directly benefit a financial interest that the official has concealed in violation of a state criminal law that official has deprived the public of his honest services under  1346 holding that the question of whether a municipal official is a policymaking official is a matter of state law to be decided by the court holding that determination as to whether an official has been delegated final policymaking authority is a question of law for the court not one of fact for the juiy holding that it may be decided as a matter of law holding that determination of whether an official was acting on behalf of the state or the local government is determined by state law