causation, the result would not be that surcharge was unavailable to all Plaintiffs, but rather that the availability of surcharge would turn on individualized issues, such as whether a particular employee would have demanded a higher salary to offset the diminished retirement benefits. But in this scenario — hopefully merely a hypothetical one — in which the Court’s class-wide causal inference for make-whole surcharge was legal error, unjust-enrichment surcharge might still be available on a classwide basis. For example, the Court could draw the inference, informed by basic economics, that if CIGNA had disclosed that its pension benefits were less valuable, some proportion of employees would have demanded and received higher salaries. See 1 Handbook of Labor Economics 641-42 (1986) (<HOLDING>); Inland Steel Co. v. NLRB, 170 F.2d 247,
recognizing change recognizing this rule recognizing rule recognizing basic wagepension tradeoff recognizing presumption