we conclude that any error in the admission of the testimony was harmless. XI. Cumulative error In nearly every instance in which the Appellants claimed error in the proceedings leading to their convictions, we have found that the district court did not err. To those claims, cumulative error is simply inapplicable. See United States v. Martinez-Martinez, 369 F.3d 1076, 1090 (9th Cir.2004). To the extent that we have found that any claimed error of the district court was harmless, or that claimed error did not rise to the level of plain error, we conclude that the cumulative effect of such claimed errors is also harmless because it is more probable than not that, taken together, they did not materially affect the verdict. See United States v. Berry, 627 F.2d 198, 201 (9th Cir.1980) (<HOLDING>); United States v. Wallace, 848 F.2d 1464, 1476
holding cumulative error not reversible if it is more probably harmless than not holding that an error is harmless where it is highly probably that the error did not affect the outcome of the case holding that to grant a new trial the error must be more than harmless holding improperly admitted evidence may be harmless if cumulative holding that it was reversible error for the trial court to consider cumulative error in assessing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel