of hashes for use in its hash-based filtering system was integral to the success of MagnetMix because, without the identifying hashes, Lime Wire’s customers could simply use its P2P software application to illegally download copyrighted content from other users for free, instead of purchasing such content legally through MagnetMix. In light of this commercial rationale for procuring hashes, counter-defendants’ mandatory licensing regime effectively raised the costs for Lime Wire and other retail distributors whose business models relied on hash-based filtering technology, thereby reducing the ability of such distributors to compete effectively with other intrabrand retailers selling counter-defendants’ music. See Primetime 24 Joint Venture v. NBC, 219 F.3d 92, 98, 101-02 (2d Cir.2000) (<HOLDING>). Although “the primary purpose of the
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