circumstance”); Skinner v. Ry. Labor Executives’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 624, 109 S.Ct. 1402, 103 L.Ed.2d 639 (1989) (“[A] showing of individualized suspicion is not a constitutional floor, below which a search must be presumed unreasonable.”). Accordingly, the Supreme Court has recognized “limited circumstances in which the usual rule [requiring individualized suspicion] does not apply.” Edmond, 531 U.S. at 37, 121 S.Ct. 447. Individualized suspicion is not needed, for example, in cases involving “an exigency that justifies immediate action on the police’s part.” Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 117 n. 6, 126 S.Ct. 1515, 164 L.Ed.2d 208 (2006); see also id. (collecting and summarizing exigent circumstances that may justify warrantless searches); Edmond, 531 U.S. at 44, 121 S.Ct. 447 (<HOLDING>); United States v. Harper, 617 F.2d 35 (4th
holding that suspicion must be individualized holding that a reasonable suspicion requirement for searches and seizures on the high seas survives fourth amendment scrutiny holding that circumstances created reasonable suspicion for investigatory stop recognizing circumstances involving exigencies that permit seizures without individualized suspicion holding reasonable suspicion is based on totality of circumstances