(In re Dempster), 182 B.R. 790, 802 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1995)). A trust or fiduciary relationship need not be established in order to find a debt excepted from discharge by an act of embezzlement. Green v. Pawlinski (In re Pawlinski), 170 B.R. 380, 390 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1994). A creditor’s debt may be found nondischargeable under the fraud or defalcation prong of section 523(a)(4) if he is able to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) an express trust or fiduciary relationship existed between him and the debtor; and (2) the debtor committed fraud or defalcation in the course of that relationship. In re Woldman, 92 F.3d 546, 547 (7th Cir.1996); CFC Wireforms, Inc. v. Monroe (In re Monroe), 304 B.R. 349, 358 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2004); see also Grogan, 498 U.S. at 291, 111 S.Ct. 654 (<HOLDING>). An express trust requires an explicit
holding all exceptions to discharge under  523a must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence holding that the standard of proof for dischargeability exceptions under section 523a is preponderance of the evidence holding that the standard of proof for dischargeability actions is the preponderance of the evidence standard holding that a creditor objecting to the dischargeability of a debt under  523a must prove its case by a preponderance of the evidence holding that the proper standard of proof is preponderance of the evidence