as “Bivens-type actions based directly on the Constitution.”). The Court in Bush held a Bivens-type action would not lie where a federal statutory scheme provided a remedy for the violation of a particular constitutional right, in that case, the First Amendment right to free speech. Id. at 390, 103 S.Ct. at 2417. The Bivens implied cause of action against federal officers complements the statutory § 1983 cause of action which lies against state or other non-federal government officials. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1988). The deterrent effect provided by Bivens-type, actions works similarly to that provid n of Conway, 127 N.H. 593, 503 A.2d 1385 (1986) (refusing to imply a cause of action when a statutory remedial scheme exists); Corum v. University of North Carolina, 330 N.C. 761, 413 S.E.2d 276 (<HOLDING>) cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 493,121
recognizing that state agencies which are independent of the state are citizens of the state recognizing exception under state constitution holding that the state police is a state agency holding that where it is alleged that state has violated rights conferred by constitution governmental immunity is not available in state court action but declining to infer a right to sue the state for damages on the basis of a violation of the michigan constitution holding that in the absence of an adequate state remedy one whose constitutional rights are violated has a direct claim against the state under the state constitution