Ltd., 875 F.2d 762 (9th Cir.1989), is misplaced. The forum selection clause in that case, which was held to be enforceable, stated: “Venue of any action brought hereunder shall be deemed to be in Gloucester County, Virginia.” Id. at 763 (emphasis added). The forum-selection clause in the frame contract states: “Any disputes ... will be submitted to the competent court in Rotterdam.” Van Wingerden Decl., Exh. 1 § 14.0 (emphasis added). These clauses are analogous. See Terra Intern., Inc. v. Mississippi Chemical Corp., 922 F.Supp. 1334, 1373 (N.D.Iowa 1996) (“will” as used in forum selection clause is not permissive; immaterial that parties did not use “shall” or “must,” or “only” or “exclusively”); see also Collier Cobb & Assoc., Inc. v. Leak, 61 N.C.App. 249, 253, 300 S.E.2d 583 (1983) (<HOLDING>); cf. Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 471-72,
holding that a states use of the word shall is mandatory language holding that the terms and conditions placed on applicants are not subjects of mandatory bargaining holding that the term shall is mandatory for purposes of statutory construction when the statute is unambiguous holding that the statute is mandatory recognizing that shall will and must are all mandatory terms