A reasonable inference may be drawn from this evidence that it was “standard operating procedure” to obtain those examinations without seeking judicial authorization or notifying the parents; indeed, given the absence of any individualized suspicion of sexual abuse, it is difficult to imagine, on the basis of the record before us, why else the Wallis children would have been subjected to the invasive examinations. The Wallises also produced sufficient evidence to create a question of fact for the jury as to whether these customs and practices had a “direct causal link” to the deprivations of the Wallises’ constitutional rights detailed above. City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989); Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1444, 1456 (9th Cir.1994) (<HOLDING>); Jackson v. Gates, 975 F.2d 648, 654 (9th
holding that where no underlying constitutional violation occurred the city cannot be liable under monell holding that a city may be held liable on account of the unconstitutional conduct of city officials only if the citys policy or custom played a part in the violation holding that the policy or practice must be the direct cause or moving force behind the constitutional violation holding that a city may not be held liable under  1983 where there was no underlying constitutional violation by any of its officers holding that city may properly be held liable where policy is moving force behind constitutional violation