state plans “to provide for granting an opportunity for a fair hearing before the State agency [responsible for the Medicaid program] to any individual whose claim for medical assistance under the plan is denied or is not acted upon with reasonable promptness,” § 1396a(a)(3), and generally states that the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services should withhold future Medicaid payments to states, that fail to comply with § 1396a of the Act, see § 1396c. Medicaid regula tions regarding the fair hearing process are more extensive, but they are not incompatible with § 1983 enforcement. See 42 C.F.R. § 431.200-250 (2002); Blessing, 520 U.S. at 348, 117 S.Ct. 1353 (commenting specifically upon the “limited state grievance procedures for individuals” in the Medicaid Act); id. (<HOLDING>); accord Wilder, 496 U.S. at 521, 523, 110
holding that supervisory liability under  1983 must be based on active unconstitutional behavior and cannot be based upon a mere failure to act internal quotation marks omitted holding that an appeal is not moot so long as the appellate court can fashion relief that is both effective and equitable internal quotation marks omitted alteration in original holding that a plaintiffs ability to invoke  1983 cannot be defeated simply by the availability of administrative mechanisms to protect the plaintiffs interests alteration in original and quotation marks omitted holding that a ruling from a prior decision of this court becomes the law of the case that cannot be challenged in a later proceeding quotation marks omitted holding that the reviewing court must accept the adverse credibility finding so long as one of the identified grounds is supported by substantial evidence and goes to the heart of the petitioners claim of persecution internal quotation marks omitted first alteration in original