erred. A petitioner claiming protected status based on political opinion does not need to show that he took the affirmative action of joining a political party. Rather, the petitioner needs to show only that he expressed political opinion, which may include affirmative or negative conduct: A political opinion can be expressed negatively as well as affirmatively. A refusal to support a cause — by staying home on election day, by refusing to take an oath of allegiance, or by refusing to step forward at an induction center— can express a political opinion as effectively as an affirmative statement or affirmative conduct. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 486, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992) (Stevens, J., dissenting); see also Yidong Bu v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 424, 431 (6th Cir.2007) (<HOLDING>). Opposition to a political party is a means of
holding that fathers military service alone was neither political opinion nor sufficient to establish imputed political opinion recognizing that purely personal retribution is of course not persecution on account of political opinion but holding that when the alleged government corruption is inextricably intertwined with governmental operation the exposure and prosecution of such an abuse of public trust is necessarily political holding that opposition to government corruption may constitute political opinion holding that persecution was on account of political opinion because petitioners prosecutorial investigation into acts of political corruption was by its very nature political holding that opposition to a gangs criminal activity is not a protected political opinion