IS SO ORDERED. 1 . The recently-enacted section 379(a) provides that in enforcement actions under the FFDCA, jurisdiction “shall be presumed to exist.” 21 U.S.C. § 379(a). The indictments charge conspiracies to adulterate milk spanning from August 1992 until June 1998. Congress approved amendment of section 379(a) to include food and drugs on November 21, 1997 and the statute went into effect ninety days thereafter. (1st Cir.1992), quotinq United States v. Rivera-Medina, 845 F.2d 12, 15 (1st Cir.1988) (stating that "It is well settled that ‘a realistic probability of a de minimis effect on'interstate commerce’ is all that need be shown to establish federal jurisdiction over extortionate crimes affecting interstate commerce.”); United States v. Murphy, 480 F.2d 286, 290 (1st Cir.1973) (<HOLDING>); YMCA of the Pikes Peak Region, Inc. v. NLRB,
holding that in the context of hobbs act prosecutions  an indictment need not set forth facts alleging how interstate commerce was affected nor otherwise state any theory of interstate impact holding that the government can satisfy the hobbs act interstate commerce requirement by showing that the robbery resulted in the closure of a business engaged in interstate commerce holding that de minimus impact on interstate commerce is enough to sustain jurisdiction pursuant to federal meat inspection act holding that conviction for hobbs act robbery is constitutional so long as it has de minimis impact on interstate commerce recognizing that  the interstate nexus requirement is satisfied by proof of a probable or potential impact on interstate commerce