(and supporting Exhibits). 136 . Thompson, 901 F.2d at 470 (and cases cited therein) (district court's denial of qualified immunity to the individual defendants, as it related to the plaint ahoma, 520 U.S. at 403, 117 S.Ct. 1382. 155 .Id. 156 . See Turner v. Upton County, Texas, 915 F.2d 133, 136 (5th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1069, 111 S.Ct. 788, 112 L.Ed.2d 850 (1991). As discussed at greater length below, a governmental entity’s final policy-maker(s) in an area are those individuals with the authority to independently perform the joint tasks of (1) setting goals for the governmental entity in their area of responsibility and (2) selecting the methods by which the governmental entity attempts to achieve those goals. 157 . See Fraire v. City of Arlington, 957 F.2d at 1278, (<HOLDING>); Rodriguez v. Avita, 871 F.2d 552, 554-55 (5th
holding that a citys failure to discipline a police officer for an isolated incident involving the alleged use of excessive force to effect an arrest did not give rise to an inference that the city had an official policy authorizing or encouraging police misconduct holding that a police officer was not liable for use of excessive force since  951 requirements were satisfied holding that arrest made with probable cause and without excessive force does not give rise to iied claim holding police officer is a public official recognizing that the fourth amendment protects against the use of excessive force by police officers in carrying out an arrest