under the statute. See Lanier, 520 U.S. at 267, 117 S.Ct. at 1225 (stating that judicial interpretations of a statute may provide fair warning by clarifying a statute’s meaning). And because both cathine and cathi-none are controlled substances, that cathi-none might eventually transform entirely into cathine as the plant decomposes does not render unclear the unlawfulness of possessing khat. Minnesota’s requirement that drug possession be knowing mitigates any lingering vagueness concerns. Because the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant knew he possessed an illegal substance, there is little danger of arbitrary enforcement. See Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 499, 102 S.Ct. 1186, 1193, 71 L.Ed.2d 362 (1982) (<HOLDING>). We conclude that Ali had adequate notice that
recognizing that statutes requiring intent are not likely to be invalidated because of vagueness holding residual clause of acca void for vagueness holding such statutes are not analogous statutes of limitation for erisa purposes recognizing that a scienter requirement may mitigate a statutes vagueness holding that va code  182603 is not void for vagueness