uses means the customary and traditional uses by rural Alaskans); id. § 3112(1) (“The utilization of the public lands in Alaska is to cause the least adverse impact possible on rural residents who depend upon subsistence uses of the resources of such lands_”) (Emphasis added.) Until the Alaska Supreme Court’s decision in McDowell v. State, 785 P.2d 1 (Alaska 1989), Alaska implemented the requirements of ANILCA with its state subsistence law, 1986 Alaska Sess. Laws 52. As required by ANILCA, the Alaska statute granted a preference to rural Alaska residents, such as the Villages, to take fish and game for nonwasteful subsistence purposes. See 16 U.S.C. § 3115(d) (appropriate state laws supersede federal regulation). The McDowell court invalidated Alaska’s statute. McDowell, 785 P.2d at 6 (<HOLDING>). The unenforeeability of the state subsistence
holding that the alaska hire law which requires that all oil and gas leases easements or rightsofway permits et cetera contain requirement that qualified alaska residents be hired in preference to nonresidents is unconstitutional as violative of the privileges and immunities clause of the constitution holding that rural preference violates the equal access provisions of the alaska constitution subsistence hunting and fishing must be made available to all alaskans recognizing that provisions of the colorado constitution should be construed in the context of the constitution as a whole holding that the due process clause of the alaska constitution guarantees the right to effective counsel in proceedings for the termination of parental rights holding that idaho statute which gives preference to the appointment of men over women as estate administrators violates the equal protection clause