acts or gave encouragement that assisted the commission of the crime, and (3) the defendant intended the commission of the crime or had knowledge that the principal intended it when the defendant gave aid or encouragement. Brown, 441 F.3d at 351 (citing People v. Cannes, 460 Mich. 750, 597 N.W.2d 130, 135 (1999)). “Aiding and abetting” consists of all forms of assistance rendered to the perpetrator of a crime, including all words or deeds that might support, encourage, or incite the commission of a crime. Carines, 597 N.W.2d at 135. “Although intent is a required element for the aiding-and-abetting offense, intent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence.” Brown, 441 F.3d at 351 (citing People v. Wilson, 196 Mich.App. 604, 493 N.W.2d 471, 476 (1992)); Carines, 597 N.W.2d at 135 (<HOLDING>). Several factors may be considered in
holding intent may be inferred from large amount of marijuana holding intent may be inferred from all facts and circumstances holding specific intent to harm may be inferred from the circumstances and that finding is a matter for the jury holding that parties may stipulate to facts from which jurisdiction may be inferred holding that direct proof of intent to defraud is unnecessary and that it may be inferred from the act of the parties and from all circumstances