as well.”). Like many “general” rules, however, this one contains exceptions, the most important of which is that “federal courts may decide labor law questions that emerge as collateral issues in suits brought under independent federal remedies.” Connell Constr. Co. v. Plumbers & Steamfitters Local Union No. 100, 421 U.S. 616, 626, 95 S.Ct. 1830, 44 L.Ed.2d 418 (1975). Connell, for example, held that federal courts may decide labor-law questions that emerge as collateral issues in federal antitrust lawsuits even though such questions would normally fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the NLRB under Garmon and even though state antitrust laws are nonetheless preempted under the same circumstances. Id. at 626, 635-36, 95 S.Ct. 1830; see Beck, 487 U.S. at 743-44, 108 S.Ct. 2641 (<HOLDING>); Kaiser Steel, 455 U.S. at 86, 102 S.Ct. 851
holding that congress referred claims under the labormanagement reporting and disclosures act not to the nlrb but to the federal courts even when the conduct at issue is also an arguably unfair labor practice holding that a federal district court may decide whether an activity is an unfair labor practice under the nlra when the matter is raised as a defense to a claim under an independent federal remedy over which the federal district courts do have jurisdiction holding that gannon preemption does not constitute complete preemption for removal purposes because  7 and 8 of the nlra do not create jurisdiction in the federal district courts instead those provisions vest jurisdiction in the nlrb to determine unfair labor practices and state courts are as able to determine if jurisdiction belongs in the nlrb as are the federal district courts holding that a determination of whether the defendants actions constituted a taking under the louisiana constitution does not implicate any issues of federal law and thus does not provides a basis for a federal district court to exercise federal subject matter jurisdiction holding that district courts do not have appellate jurisdiction over state courts