and unequivocal. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 441, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987) (contrasting mandatory obligations and “precatory” provisions under the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees). Accordingly, individual foreign nationals have rights under Article 36(l)(b) of the Vienna Convention. It has long been recognized that, where treaty provisions establish individual rights, these rights must be enforced by the courts of the United States at the behest of the individual. See United States v. Rauscher, 119 U.S. 407, 418-19, 7 S.Ct. 234, 30 L.Ed. 425 (1886) (citing Head Money Cases, 112 U.S. 580, 5 S.Ct. 247, 28 L.Ed. 798 (1884)); see also United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655, 659-60, 112 S.Ct. 2188, 119 L.Ed.2d 441 (1992) (<HOLDING>). Because Article 36(l)(b) establishes
holding that the doctrine may only be predicated on continuing unlawful acts and not on the continuing effects of earlier unlawful conduct recognizing the continuing authority of rauscher recognizing continuing validity of the butner decision recognizing a split of authority holding that because a  1326 violation constitutes a continuing offense venue may lie in any district in which the continuing conduct occurred