alleged conduct was causally connected to the plaintiffs deprivation. Gutierrez-Rodriguez v. Cartagena, 882 F.2d 553, 558 (1st Cir.1989). Hence, to succeed in a section 1983 action, plaintiffs must prove that defendants’ actions were a cause in fact or a proximate cause of their injury. See Collins v. City Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992). A. Excessive Force The plaintiff alleges that his rights pursuant to the Fourth, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments were violated when police officers used excessive force during an altercation in which he was involved. (Docket No. 33 at 4-5.) The Supreme Court has held that “because the Fourth Amendment provides an explicit textual source of constitutional protection against this sort of 249, 256 (1st Cir.1996) (<HOLDING>) (internal citation omitted). The excessive
holding the same for malicious prosecution holding that there is no due process right to appellate review holding that there is no substantive due process right under the fourteenth amendment to be free from malicious prosecution holding that the fourth amendment right implicated in a malicious prosecution action is the right to be free of unreasonable seizure of the person holding that section 1983 claims alleging due process violations stemming from malicious prosecution are unavailable when a state malicious prosecution action exists