1978, Pub. L. No. 95-555, 92 Stat. 2016 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k) (2012)); Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 239-40, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 1785, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989) (interpreting “because of’ in the context of discrimination), superseded by statute, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 2002e-2(m)); Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642, 656-57, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 2124-25, 104 L.Ed.2d 733 (1989) (requiring proof of discriminatory intent in disparate impact cases), superseded by statute, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k)); Patterson V. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 176-77, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 2372, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989) (<HOLDING>), superseded by statute, Civil Rights . Act of
holding that conduct occurring after the formation of an employment contract could not be racial discrimination under  1981 holding that title vii precludes a claim under section 1981 for racial discrimination against a federal employee holding unequivocally that  1981 protects against racial discrimination in private employment holding that section 1981 prohibits racial discrimination in private employment against whites as well as nonwhites holding with little discussion that section 1981 applies to private racial discrimination