static void
ngx_http_upstream_connect(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_http_upstream_t *u)
{
    ngx_int_t          rc;
    ngx_time_t        *tp;
    ngx_connection_t  *c;

    r->connection->log->action = "connecting to upstream";

    if (u->state && u->state->response_sec) {
        tp = ngx_timeofday();
        u->state->response_sec = tp->sec - u->state->response_sec;
        u->state->response_msec = tp->msec - u->state->response_msec;
    }

    u->state = ngx_array_push(r->upstream_states);
    if (u->state == NULL) {
        ngx_http_upstream_finalize_request(r, u,
                                           NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
        return;
    }

    ngx_memzero(u->state, sizeof(ngx_http_upstream_state_t));

    tp = ngx_timeofday();
    u->state->response_sec = tp->sec;
    u->state->response_msec = tp->msec;

    rc = ngx_event_connect_peer(&u->peer);

    ngx_log_debug1(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,
                   "http upstream connect: %i", rc);

    if (rc == NGX_ERROR) {
        ngx_http_upstream_finalize_request(r, u,
                                           NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
        return;
    }

    u->state->peer = u->peer.name;

    if (rc == NGX_BUSY) {
        ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ERR, r->connection->log, 0, "no live upstreams");
        ngx_http_upstream_next(r, u, NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_FT_NOLIVE);
        return;
    }

    if (rc == NGX_DECLINED) {
        ngx_http_upstream_next(r, u, NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_FT_ERROR);
        return;
    }

    /* rc == NGX_OK || rc == NGX_AGAIN || rc == NGX_DONE */

    c = u->peer.connection;

    c->data = r;

    c->write->handler = ngx_http_upstream_handler;
    c->read->handler = ngx_http_upstream_handler;

    u->write_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_send_request_handler;
    u->read_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_process_header;

    c->sendfile &= r->connection->sendfile;
    u->output.sendfile = c->sendfile;

    if (c->pool == NULL) {

        /* we need separate pool here to be able to cache SSL connections */

        c->pool = ngx_create_pool(128, r->connection->log);
        if (c->pool == NULL) {
            ngx_http_upstream_finalize_request(r, u,
                                               NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
            return;
        }
    }

    c->log = r->connection->log;
    c->pool->log = c->log;
    c->read->log = c->log;
    c->write->log = c->log;

    /* init or reinit the ngx_output_chain() and ngx_chain_writer() contexts */

    u->writer.out = NULL;
    u->writer.last = &u->writer.out;
    u->writer.connection = c;
    u->writer.limit = 0;

    if (u->request_sent) {
        if (ngx_http_upstream_reinit(r, u) != NGX_OK) {
            ngx_http_upstream_finalize_request(r, u,
                                               NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
            return;
        }
    }

    if (r->request_body
        && r->request_body->buf
        && r->request_body->temp_file
        && r == r->main)
    {
        /*
         * the r->request_body->buf can be reused for one request only,
         * the subrequests should allocate their own temporary bufs
         */

        u->output.free = ngx_alloc_chain_link(r->pool);
        if (u->output.free == NULL) {
            ngx_http_upstream_finalize_request(r, u,
                                               NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
            return;
        }

        u->output.free->buf = r->request_body->buf;
        u->output.free->next = NULL;
        u->output.allocated = 1;

        r->request_body->buf->pos = r->request_body->buf->start;
        r->request_body->buf->last = r->request_body->buf->start;
        r->request_body->buf->tag = u->output.tag;
    }

    u->request_sent = 0;

    if (rc == NGX_AGAIN) {
        ngx_add_timer(c->write, u->conf->connect_timeout);
        return;
    }

#if (NGX_HTTP_SSL)

    if (u->ssl && c->ssl == NULL) {
        ngx_http_upstream_ssl_init_connection(r, u, c);
        return;
    }

#endif

    ngx_http_upstream_send_request(r, u);
}